Annotated bibliography of climate change adaptation [resilience building] in the marine environment (areas of economics, ecology, physiology, policy,

community
science etc)

Abel, N., R. Gorddard, et al. (2011). "Sea level rise, coastal development and planned retreat: analytical framework, governance principles and an Australian case study." Environmental Science & Policy 14(3): 279288. Sea level rise is a major global issue for areas of coastal development. This article explores the concept of, and develops an analytical framework for planned retreat from the sea behind natural ecological defenses as an adaptation option to global sea level rising. The authors use South East Queensland, Australia as a case study and describe why the option of planned retreat in this area is diminishing as a viable management and adaptation option. The authors present five guiding principles for the implementation of planned retreat which could be adopted in coastal governance policies. DOI: 10.1016/j.envsci.2010.12.002 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S146290111000167X KEYWORDS: adaptation; climate change; coastal development; ecological defence; governance; management; planned retreat; policy; sea level rise Adger, N. W., S. Huq, et al. (2003). "Adaptation to climate change in the developing world." Progress in Development Studies 3(3): 179195. Resistance of social and ecological systems to extreme events is dependent on resilience. Socialecological systems which are resilient to disasters typically incorporate mechanisms for dealing with and learning from change and unforseen events. This type of disaster management requires multilevel governance systems that can develop resilience measures within the system. Coastal use in terms of human settlement, resource use and global environment change emphasize the need for building resilience in coastal systems. Resilience of coastal ecosystems to recover following disturbance should not be anticipated, and socioeconomic resilience must be understood and actively incorporated into management of these areas. DOI: 10.1191/1464993403ps060o http://pdj.sagepub.com/content/3/3/179.abstract KEYWORDS: adaptation; climate change; environmental policy; uncertainty; vulnerability Adger, W. N. (2000). "Social and ecological resilience: are they related?" Progress in Human Geography 24(3): 347364. Social resilience (ability of groups to cope with stress exerted from social, political and environmental change) and ecological resilience (the ability of ecosystems to resist change in the face of perturbance) are clearly linked. This link appears strongest for social groups that rely on ecological and environmental resources for their livelihoods. However, it is unclear whether resilience in ecosystems transfers to resilience in communities; which is examined here in reference to a resourcedependent coastal community in Vietnam. The issues of resilience and vulnerability are likely to become more important in the development of resource management questions for the future. DOI: 10.1191/030913200701540465 http://phg.sagepub.com/content/24/3/347.abstract KEYWORDS: Resilience; social resilience; cultural geography; ecological resilience; human ecology; resource;

dependency; sustainable development; southeastAsia; resource; vulnerability; sustainability; environment; conservation; biodiversity; inequality; knowledge; security Adger, W. N. (2003). "Social capital, collective action, and adaptation to climate change." Economic Geography 79(4): 387404. Society is faced with the challenge of how to best adapt to future climate change, and the ability to adapt is, in part, governed by the ability to act collectively. Collective action and social capital perspectives help to inform the nature of adaptive capacity and policy formation. The need to learn from past and present adaptation strategies will help to understand the way in which adaptation occurs as well as the limitations of change that are acting in these processes. Aspects of social capital are discussed for two examples: weather extremes in coastal SE Asia and communitybased coastal management in the Caribbean. Both examples highlight the need to base resource management on building resilience to climate change, and illustrate how adaptation processes and collective action help adapt to climate change for the future. DOI: 10.1111/j.19448287.2003.tb00220.x http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.19448287.2003.tb00220.x/abstract KEYWORDS: Climate change; adaptive policy; social capital; vulnerability; adaptation; resilience; global climate; change; coastal management; economic development; environmental risk; vulnerability; management; framework; impacts; Vietnam; policy; institutions; perspective; government Adger, W. N. (2006). "Vulnerability." Global Environmental Change 16(3): 268281. The paper highlights the danger of research, and research terminology, contributing to a compartmentalised view of systems management. Research and practitioner efforts need to develop shared frameworks for learning. DOI: 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2006.02.006 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959378006000422 KEYWORDS: vulnerability, adaptation, resilience, review Adger, W. N., N. W. Arnell, et al. (2005). "Successful adaptation to climate change across scales." Global Environmental ChangeHuman and Policy Dimensions 15(2): 7786. Climate change impacts and responses are presently observed in physical and ecological systems. Adaptation to these impacts is increasingly being observed in both physical and ecological systems as well as in human adjustments to resource availability and risk at different spatial and societal scales. This paper reviews the nature of adaptation and the implications of different spatial scales for these processes. The authors argue that elements of effectiveness, efficiency, equity and legitimacy are important in judging success in terms of the sustainability of development pathways into an uncertain future. DOI: 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2004.12.005 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/09593780/15/2 KEYWORDS: adaptation; vulnerability; scenarios; sustainability; decision making Adger, W. N., S. Dessai, et al. (2009). "Are there social limits to adaptation to climate change?" Climatic Change 93(34): 335354. While there is a recognised need to adapt to changing climatic conditions, there is an emerging discourse of limits to such adaptation. Limits are traditionally analysed as a set of immutable thresholds in biological, economic or technological parameters. This paper contends that limits to adaptation are endogenous to society and hence contingent on ethics, knowledge, attitudes to risk and culture. The authors conclude that the issues of values and ethics, risk, knowledge and culture construct societal limits to adaptation, but that these limits are mutable. DOI: 10.1007/s105840089520z http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s105840089520z KEYWORDS: adaptive capacity; change impacts; resilience; vulnerability; climate change Adger, W. N., T. P. Hughes, et al. (2005). "Socialecological resilience to coastal disasters." Science 309(5737): 10361039. Resistance of social and ecological systems to extreme events is dependent on resilience. Socialecological
Marine Adaptation Network Annotated Bibliography Climate change adaptation in the marine environment Updated 15/05/2013

systems which are resilient to disasters typically incorporate mechanisms for dealing with and learning from change and unforseen events. This type of disaster management requires multilevel governance systems that can develop resilience measures within the system. Coastal use in terms of human settlement, resource use and global environment change emphasize the need for building resilience in coastal systems. Resilience of coastal ecosystems to recover following disturbance should not be anticipated, and socioeconomic resilience must be understood and actively incorporated into management of these areas. DOI: 10.1126/science.1112122 http://www.sciencemag.org/content/309/5737/1036.abstract KEYWORDS: Resilience; adaptation; climate change; social; ecological; coralreefs; vulnerability; hurricanes; management; resistance; capacity; tsunami; crisis Adger, W. N., J. Paavola, et al., Eds. (2006). Fairness in adaptation to climate change, MIT Press. This book looks at the challenges of ensuring that policy responses to climate change do not place undue and unfair burdens on already vulnerable populations. Developing countries are more dependent on climatesensitive livelihoods such as farming and fishing and hence are more vulnerable. It brings together scholars from political science, economics, law, human geography, and climate science to offer the first assessment of the social justice issues in adaptation to climate change. ISBN10:0262511932 ISBN13: 9780262511933 http://mitpress.mit.edu/books/fairnessadaptationclimatechange KEYWORDS: adaptation; climate change; policy Adger, W. N. and K. Vincent (2005). "Uncertainty in adaptive capacity." Comptes Rendus Geoscience 337(4): 399410. The capacity to adapt is a critical element of the process of adaptation: it is the vector of resources that represent the asset base from which adaptation actions can be made. Adaptive capacity can in theory be identified and measured at various scales, from the individual to the nation. The assessment of uncertainty within such measures comes from the contested knowledge domain and theories surrounding the nature of the determinants of adaptive capacity and the human action of adaptation. The paper outlines the nature of uncertainty for the major elements of adaptive capacity and illustrates these issues with the example of a social vulnerability index for countries in Africa. DOI: 10.1016/j.crte.2004.11.004 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S163107130400330X KEYWORDS: climate change; adaptive capacity; vulnerability; uncertainties Agrawala, S. and S. Fankhauser, Eds. (2008). Economic Aspects of Adaptation to Climate Change: Costs, Benefits and Policy Instruments. This report provides a critical assessment of adaptation costs and benefits in key climate sensitive sectors, as well as at national and global levels. It moves the discussion beyond cost estimation to the potential and limits of economic and policy instruments including insurance and risk sharing, environmental markets and pricing, and public private partnerships that can be used to motivate adaptation actions. They describe that the adaptation must be an integral part of the global deal that will succeed the Kyoto Protocol. Developing countries rightly look to the developed world to help them in their development in the context of a changing climate. DOI: 10.1787/9789264046214en http://www.oecd.org/document/2/0,3343,en_2649_34361_40691458_1_1_1_1,00.html KEYWORDS: adaptation; climate change; economic; policy Ainsworth, C. H., J. F. Samhouri, et al. (2011). "Potential impacts of climate change on Northeast Pacific marine foodwebs and fisheries." Ices Journal of Marine Science 68(6): 12171229. The authors explore the potential implications of climate change on the marine foodweb structure in North Pacific shelf ecosystems. Using simulations they explored the changes in: primary productivity, species range shifts, zooplankton community size structure, ocean acidification and ocean deoxygenation. The model simulations predicted that the performance of fisheries and the relative abundance of species
Marine Adaptation Network Annotated Bibliography Climate change adaptation in the marine environment Updated 15/05/2013

in the northeast Pacific are expected to change, but not uniformly. The challenge of predicting climate change impacts must be met in order to adapt and manage rapidly changing marine ecosystems in the 21st century. DOI: 10.1093/icesjms/fsr043 http://icesjms.oxfordjournals.org/content/68/6/1217.short Keywords: Alaska; British Columbia; California; climate change; dissolved oxygen; Ecopath; Ecosim; ocean acidification; primary production; range shift; sea surface temperature. Akst, J. (2011). "Adapting to Climate Change." The Scientist 25(9): 2323. Recognizing the need for a better understanding of how the changing climate is affecting indigenous populations around the world, a 5year research program, Indigenous Health Adaptation to Climate Change (IHACC), was launched in April 2011. This article provides a short description of the project background and its goal. ISSN: 08903670 http://search.proquest.com/docview/888587114/13D7B5650AD1AA60EB4/8?accountid=14245 KEYWORD: indigenous; adaptation; climate change; IHACC Allison, E. H., A. L. Perry, et al. (2009). "Vulnerability of national economies to the impacts of climate change on fisheries." Fish and Fisheries 10(2): 173196. Based on several socioeconomic indices, such as the relative importance of fisheries to national economies and diets, the societal adaptive capacity and the exposure to climate change, this study compares the vulnerability of the capture fisheries of 132 national economies to climate change impacts. Among the most vulnerable countries (mainly in Africa, South America and Asia), several countries were among the least developed, poorest and most dependent on fisheries. Despite uncertainties in the impacts of climate change on fisheries, this study indicates that developing countries have the greatest need for adaptation management procedures. DOI:10.1111/j.14672979.2008.00310.x http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.14672979.2008.00310.x/abstract KEYWORDS: climate change; vulnerability; impact; fisheries; poverty; adaptation; inequalities; society; policy; development Allison, G. (2004). "The influence of species diversity and stress intensity on community resistance and resilience." Ecological Monographs 74(1): 117134. The autor presents the results of an experiment in the high zone of a rocky intertidal community in which a thermal stress was applied to experimental plots that differed in diversity. This diversity gradient was created by a prior manipulation of macroalgal species composition. The autor determined the magnitude of the effects of the thermal stress on the different compositional treatments and followed the recovery of the community from the stress. Community resilience was highly dependent on species initially present and degree of disturbance. In highly disturbed areas, initial recovery trajectory was similar in early successional stages, but differences arose later; appearing related to the composition of the surrounding regeneration pool. For treatments devoid of thermal stress, lowdiversity plots remained in states unlike the reference condition for most of the experimentally duration, however plots in highdiversity treatments returned to states similar to the reference rapidly. This work demonstrates that resilience (but not resistance). The influence of diversity on the overall dynamics of a system is likely to be strongly contingent on the characteristics of the stress and the characteristics of the removed species. DOI: 10.1890/020681 http://www.esajournals.org/doi/abs/10.1890/020681 KEYWORDS: disturbance; diversity manipulation; diversitystability; macroalgae; Oregon; resilience; resistance; rocky intertidal community; thermal stress; temperature Alongi, D. M. (2008). "Mangrove forests: Resilience, protection from tsunamis, and responses to global climate change." Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 76(1): 113. This paper reviews mangrove resilience to large infrequent disturbance (tsunamis) and their role in coastal protection, as well as to climate change and the future of mangroves in light of these changes. Mangroves have shown considerable resilience over time scales corresponding with shoreline evolution.
Marine Adaptation Network Annotated Bibliography Climate change adaptation in the marine environment Updated 15/05/2013

Evidence for this comes from soil accretion rates in mangroves which are currently keeping pace with mean sealevel rise; with further evidence for resilience coming from recovery patterns from natural disturbances which, combined with life history traits, suggest pioneerphase characteristics. Physiological tolerances and competitive interactions produce stand composition and forest structure leading to a mosaic of interrupted succession sequences that occur in response to physical/chemical gradients and landform changes. In certain circumstances, mangroves may offer limited protection from tsunamis, with the magnitude of energy absorption depends on a number of variables including tree density, stem and root diameter, shore slope, bathymetry, spectral characteristics of incident waves, and tidal stage when entering the mangrove forest. Climate change may lead to losses of 1015% of mangroves, but should be considered secondary to annual losses of 12% from deforestation. Mangrove resilience is strengthened by a number of factors including a large reservoir of belowground nutrients, rapid rates of nutrient flux and microbial decomposition, complex and highly efficient biotic controls, selfdesign and redundancy of keystone species, and numerous feedbacks. DOI: 10.1016/j.ecss.2007.08.024 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0272771407003915 KEYWORDS: climate change; disasters; disturbance; mangrove forest; resilience; tsunami; sea level rise Alter, E. A., M. P. Simmonds, et al. (2010). "Forecasting the consequences of climatedriven shifts in human behavior on cetaceans." Marine Policy 34(5): 943954. This study explores the range of potential humanmediatedor tertiary effects of climate change on cetaceans, along with the physical and biological changes underlying them. Inaddition, factors that may make particular cetacean taxa especially sensitiveto humanmediated climate impacts are discussed. The potential consequences and risks faced by particular cetacean species are assessed here in the face of predicted climatedriven shifts in human behaviour. Policy recommendations are made here based on findings; including recommendation to incorporate information on cetacean populations into climateadaptation decisions and that humanmediated impacts of climate change be included in cetacean conservation and management plans. DOI: 10.1016/j.marpol.2010.01.026 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308597X10000278 KEYWORDS: Climate change; cetaceans; economic activity; conservation; whales; dolphins; Arctic; IWC Amaral, V., H. N. Cabral, et al. (2011). "Resistance among wild invertebrate populations to recurrent estuarine acidification." Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 93(4): 460467. Acid sulphate soils (ASS) pose a significant threat to estuarine ecosystems. Naive calcifying organisms that are exposed to runoff from ASS for even short periods (12 months) suffer 80% mortality and slowed growth. This paper observed wild oyster, gastropod and crab populations by sampling within three estuaries of New South Wales, Australia. It was confirmed that the oyster Saccostrea glomerata and gastropods (primarily Bembicium aura turn) were less abundant at ASSaffected than reference sites, while crab abundances did not differ between the acidified and reference sites, and impacts to bivalves and gastropods were far smaller than predicted. This study suggests that at the population level, calcifying organisms display a certain degree of natural resistance to recurrent disturbance from ASS runoff. DOI: 10.1016/j.ecss.2011.05.024 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0272771411001818 KEYWORDS: acidity; anthropogenic stress; estuarine acidification; pH; proteomics; waterlogged soils Amaral, V., E. L. Thompson, et al. (2012). "The proteomes of Sydney rock oysters vary spatially according to exposure to acid sulfate runoff." Marine and Freshwater Research 63(4): 361369. Acid sulfate soils (ASS) pose a serious threat to the ecology, biodiversity and economic development of estuaries. Oysters display reduced abundance, growth rate and shell thickness when exposed to ASS runoff, yet the molecular underpinnings of their responses have not been explored. This paper applied a quantitative and investigative proteomic methodology to the gill tissue proteomes of Sydney rock oysters (Saccostrea glomerata) to identify differences in protein abundances between oysters close to and away from ASS outflow drains. The study found spatial variation in the protein expression of S. glomerata relating to ASS discharge. This suggests that there may be genetic resistance to ASS runoff (acquired through recurrent exposure) or that altered protein expression may underpin shortterm responses.
Marine Adaptation Network Annotated Bibliography Climate change adaptation in the marine environment Updated 15/05/2013

DOI: doi.org/10.1071/MF11213 http://www.publish.csiro.au/?paper=MF11213 KEYWORDS: acidity; anthropogenic stress; estuarine acidification; proteomics; waterlogged soils; acid sulfate soils; runoff; Sydney rock oyster Anderson, L. G. (2002). "A bioeconomic analysis of marine reserves." Natural Resource Modelling 15(3): 311334. The use of marine reserves as a fishery management tool is receiving increased attention in the literature and in real world management. This paper feollows Hannesson [1999] and Sanchirico and Wilen [2001] where effort is a function of profitability which is in part determined by the existence of reserves. The paper extends Hannessons analysis by deriving sustainable catch and revenue curves which provide a more complete picture of how marine reserves affect the proportion of the stock which is available for harvest and a comparison of the economic operation of the fleet under open access and marine reserves. DOI: 10.1111/j.19397445.2002.tb00092.x http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.19397445.2002.tb00092.x/abstract KEYWORDS: bioeconomic; sustainable catch; marine reserves; stock assessment Andersson, A. J. and F. T. Mackenzie (2011). "Technical comment on Kroeker et al. (2010) Metaanalysis reveals negative yet variable effects of ocean acidification on marine organisms. Ecology Letters, 13, 14191434." Ecology Letters 14(8): 12. Ocean acidification as a result of increasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations has attracted a wealth of interest over the impacts this may have on marine organisms and associated ecosystems. To date, experimental results have varied and sometimes contradicted each other, thus making it difficult to quantitatively synthesize research findings. This Technical Comment addresses the issue of calcification strategies of marine organisms and the need for categorizing different mineral groups used by calcifying organisms, which the authors believe should not be combined together into one group nor treated as the same category. The authors provide comment on the metaanalysis performed by Kroeker et al. (2010) and suggest further refinements for analyses evaluating the sensitivity and responsiveness of calcareous organisms to ocean acidification. DOI: 10.1111/j.14610248.2011.01646.x http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.14610248.2011.01646.x/abstract KEYWORDS: Aragonite; CaCO3; calcification; calcite; carbonate chemistry; CO2; metaanalysis; Mgcalcite; ocean acidification; solubility. Anthony, K. R. N. and J. A. Maynard (2011). "Coral reefs in the emergency room: continued carbon emissions will increase the need for intensive care." Carbon Management 2(3): 215218. Escalating CO2 levels in the atmosphere pose major threats to the worlds coral reefs. Recent studies have shown that mitigating localscale stressors caused by human activity promotes the resilience of reefs to the global threat from carbon emissions, and failing to mitigate localscale stressors will result in declining conditions of many reefs during this century. This article argues that continued mitigation of localscale stressors is important to preserve reef ecosystem function, and is crucially urgent for sustaining coral reefs and their dependent socioeconomic systems in developing countries. DOI 10.4155/cmt.11.21 http://www.futurescience.com/doi/abs/10.4155/cmt.11.21 KEYWORDS: coral reef; localscale; mitigation; carbon emission; marine protected area; fisheries Anthony, K. R. N., J. A. Maynard, et al. (2011). "Ocean acidification and warming will lower coral reef resilience." Global Change Biology 17(5): 17981808. The combined effect of CO2 and fishing pressure on herbivores, on the resilience of a simplified benthic reef community was modeled. Ecological resilience was defined as the capacity of the community to maintain and recover to coraldominated states, and depended on the growth and mortality of simulated branching corals and macroalgae. Coral growth and survival were affected by acidification and warming through processes of calcification, coral bleaching, temperatureinduced mortality, macroalgal mortality by grazing and macroalgal nutrientdependent growth. The IPCCs fossilfuel intensive A1FI predictions for sea surface temperature and CO2 concentrations for this century were used as inputs to the model. Results indicate that herbivore overfishing and nutrification result in increased vulnerability to higher CO2
Marine Adaptation Network Annotated Bibliography Climate change adaptation in the marine environment Updated 15/05/2013

concentrations and that above 450500 ppm CO2, management of localscale disturbances will be critical for reef ecosystems. DOI: 10.1111/j.13652486.2010.02364.x http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.13652486.2010.02364.x/abstract;jsessionid=3E6A64D2129F51AAFC B3373ADA06567B.d02t03 KEYWORDS: global warming; ocean acidification; climate change; coral reefs; resilience; overfishing Armitage, D., M. Marschke, et al. (2008). "Adaptive comanagement and the paradox of learning." Global Environmental Change 18(1): 8698. The processes of individual and collective adaptive learning are fundamental to adaptation to climate change. Understanding of these processes is also in its infancy, and further understanding is needed in areas such as capacity, risk, identification of best practice, and the development of critical assessment frameworks. DOI: 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2007.07.002 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959378007000490 KEYWORDS: adaptive governance; adaptive management; collaborative management; comanagement; learning; sustainability; naturalresource management; socialecological systems; resilience; community; framework; conservation; experience; Indonesia Arroyo, A. M., S. M. Naim, et al. (2011). "Vulnerability to climate change of marine and coastal fisheries in Mexico." Atmsfera 24(1): 103123. Biotic and abiotic factors impact on marine and coastal ecosystems, and this in turn impacts on human populations and their resulting interactions with the ecosystems. This article presents an overview of the fishing activities adopted in marine and coastal environments in Mexico and discusses the potential implications of climate change on the ecosystems and human activities in the region. The authors examine the sustainability of marine ecosystem in light of current and future predictions of human fishing activities and changing climatic conditions, including sea surface temperature, sea level rise and precipitation patterns. http://journals.unam.mx/index.php/atm/article/view/23805/0 KEYWORDS: circulation models; climate change; coastal lagoon; coral reef; current; fisheries; marine ecosystem; sea grass communities; sustainability Arthur, R. I., K. Lorenzen, et al. (2010). "Assessing impacts of introduced aquaculture species on native fish communities: Nile tilapia and major carps in SE Asian freshwaters." Aquaculture 299(14): 8188. This study presents results from experiments carried out between 1999 and 2002 in wetland sites in 46 southern Lao PDR. The effect of the introduction and stocking of nonnative species was estimated by comparing traits between sites where the nonnative species were introduced and sites where these species were absent. Stocking of nonnative species increased fish biomass by 180% in the observational study and by 49% in the experimental study (sites of recent nonnative species stocking). Native fish biomass was not affected by stocking of the nonnative species. Except for a moderately negative effect on Simpson diversity and equitability in the observational study, stocking of the nonnative species did not significantly impact traits in the different sites. This mildtomoderate impact on the native fish communities suggests that the introduction of these species to these sites would constitute a viable fisheries enhancement procedure. DOI: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2009.11.022 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0044848609009387 KEYWORDS: fisheries; enhancement; native species; species introduction; aquaculture; yield; risk Badjeck, M.C., E. H. Allison, et al. (2010). "Impacts of climate variability and change on fisherybased livelihoods." Marine Policy 34(3): 375383. Almost 1.5 billion consumers rely on fish oil for more than 20% of their dietary protein, provided by the 36 million fisherfolk that depend on fishing for their livelihood. There is escalating concern for food security and the livelihoods of these fisherfolk with increasing evidence of the impacts climate change on aquatic systems; however this area is somewhat neglected in climate adaptation policy. This paper synthesizes the pathways through which climate change and variability impact the livelihood of fisherfolk at
Marine Adaptation Network Annotated Bibliography Climate change adaptation in the marine environment Updated 15/05/2013

household and community levels, exploring current and potential adaptation strategies, and assesses management and climate policies in relation to these. From this, responses to climate change should include approaches building the livelihood asset base while minimizing vulnerability to stressors; understanding of response mechanisms to climate change (to inform planned adaptation); recognition of climatechange driven opportunity; adaptive strategies with multisector perspectives and recognising the potential of fisheries contribution towards mitigation efforts. DOI: 10.1016/j.marpol.2009.08.007 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308597X09001237 KEYWORDS: Climate change; adaptation; fishery; climate adaptation policy; fisheries; livelihoods; climate variability Bailey, A. J. (2011). "Population geographies and climate change." Progress in Human Geography 35(5): 686695. It is recognized that climate change can lead to changes in demographic conditions, regional shifts in fertility, morbidity and mortality, mobility, overall population growth and distribution. This report describes how studies of the population geographies are deepening an appreciation of climate change and the nature of the climate change debate. DOI: 10.1177/0309132510383358 http://phg.sagepub.com/content/35/5/686.short KEYWORDS: demography; climate change; ecological citizenship, global networks, governmentality, migration, Stern Report, vulnerability Baker, A. C. (2001). "Ecosystems Reef corals bleach to survive change." Nature 411(6839): 765766. Coral bleaching involves the loss of symbiotic algae from reefbuilding invertebrates is a drastic and highly detrimental response to adverse environmental conditions. This work presents results from transplant experiments using varying combinations of coral host and algal symbiont, and supports an alternative understanding where bleaching offers a highrisk ecological opportunity for corals to free themselves of suboptimal algae and acquire new symbionts. This approach could be advantageous for reefs facing increasingly frequent and severe mass bleaching due to climate change. DOI: doi:10.1038/35081151 http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v411/n6839/full/411765a0.html KEYWORDS: zooxanthellae; diversity; ecology; resilience; climate change; coral bleaching Baker, A. C., C. J. Starger, et al. (2004). "Coral reefs: corals' adaptive response to climate change." Nature 430(7001): 741741. Coral reefs may potentially be able to safeguard against extinction by changing to new symbionts. Longterm response of coral reefs to climate change depends on their reefbuilding symbioses to adapt or acclimatize to warmer temperatures, although as yet, there is no direct evidence that this response can occur. This paper demonstrates that corals containing unusual algal symbionts which are thermally tolerant are more abundant on coral reefs which have been affected severely by recent climate change impacts. This represents an adaptive shift in symbionts communities, making them more resistant to potential future increases in thermal stress. DOI: doi:10.1038/430741a http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v430/n7001/full/430741a.html KEYWORDS: reef corals; flexibility; hypothesis; mortality; diversity; patterns; ecology; climate change; adaptation Balmford, A., P. Gravestock, et al. (2004). "The worldwide costs of marine protected areas." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 101(26): 96949697. This paper provides an estimate of the costs of a global MPA network, based on a survey of the running costs of 83 MPAs worldwide. Annual running costs were higher in MPAs that were smaller, closer to coasts, and in highcost, developed countries. Models extrapolating these findings suggest that a global MPA network conserving 2030% of the world's seas might cost between $5 billion and $19 billion annually to run and would probably create one million jobs. However, there are potential private gains from improved fisheries and tourism and likely social gains from increasing the sustainability of fisheries and securing vital ecosystem services. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0403239101
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http://www.pnas.org/content/101/26/9694.abstract KEYWORDS: reserves; conservation; biodiversity; benefits; collapse; ecosystems; fisheries; Africa; region; Marine Protected Areas Balston, J. (2009). "An analysis of the impacts of longterm climate variability on the commercial barramundi (Lates calcarifer) fishery of northeast Queensland, Australia." Fisheries Research 99(2): 8389. Decadal climate oscillations in the Pacific Ocean such as the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation (IPO) and Pacific Interdecadal Oscillation (PDO), have been shown to have largescale impacts on some of the pelagic fisheries of the world. However, few studies have linked inshore fisheries with longterm climate cycles. This study investigated the relationship between the barramundi (Laces calcarifer) landings in northeast Queensland and the index of the Quasibiennial Oscillation. DOI: 10.1016/j.fishres.2009.05.001 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fishres.2009.05.001 KEYWORDS: decadal; fisheries; barramundi; management; sustainable; longterm; oscillations Balston, J. (2009). "Shortterm climate variability and the commercial barramundi (Lates calcarifer) fishery of northeast Queensland, Australia." Marine and Freshwater Research 60(9): 912923. Largescale climate changes (e.g. El Nio) have been known to affect the catch of both inshore and offshore species. Local changes to water temperatures and river flow have also been shown to affect species, but research on the relationship between climate variability and catadromous species that are dependent on estuarine nursery habitats and freshwater flows is more limited. In this study, the correlation between the barramundi catch from the Princess Charlotte Bay area and climate variables were analyzed. It was found that warmer sea surface temperatures, high rainfall, increased freshwater flow and low evaporation were significantly correlated with barramundi catch 2 years later and suggest that young barramundi survival is enhanced under these conditions. DOI: 10.1071/mf08283 http://www.publish.csiro.au/paper/MF08283.htm KEYWORDS: ENSO; MJO; SOI; sustainable; management; fisheries; barramundi Ban, N. C., H. M. Alidina, et al. (2010). "Cumulative impact mapping: Advances, relevance and limitations to marine management and conservation, using Canada's Pacific waters as a case study." Marine Policy 34(5): 876886. The cumulative impact of human activities on marine ecosystems is an important concept which is rapidly developing as a valuable tool for the effective management of marine ecosystems. The more information that is acquired about the location and impacts of human activities on the ecosystems of concern could enable a reduction in the stressors that are acting on these systems. This article presents human activity data from a regional area in Canadas Pacific marine waters. The authors map and analyses the cumulative impacts of 38 human activities in the region and assess the effectiveness of preexisting conservation regions. The authors were surprised to discover that most areas with conservation status actually contained higher impact levels as a result of human activities than surrounding regions, and discuss limitations that exist in cumulative impact mapping. DOI: 10.1016/j.marpol.2010.01.010 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308597X10000114 KEYWORDS: climate change; cumulative impact; management; marine ecosystem; region Barange, M., W. W. L. Cheung, et al. (2010). "Modelling the potential impacts of climate change and human activities on the sustainability of marine resources." Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 2(56): 326333. The authors of this article call for the development of modeling frameworks that are capable of evaluating the transfer of climate signals from the atmosphere to marine environments, and the resulting impact this may have on both marine organisms and fisheries operations. This article discusses emerging models which attempt to address the above phenomenon, the associated challenges, and the significant advances which could be made in the management of marine ecosystems with the development of coupled modeling frameworks. DOI: 10.1016/j.cosust.2010.10.002 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877343510001089
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KEYWORDS: climate signals; development; impacts; marine ecosystem; management; coupled modelling frameworks Barange, M. and R. I. Perry (2009). Physical and ecological impacts of climate change relevant to marine and inland capture fisheries and aquaculture. Climate change implications for fisheries and aquaculture: overview of current scientific knowledge. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Technical Paper No. 530. K. Cochrane, C. D. Young, D. Soto and T. Bahri. Rome, FAO: pp. 7106. This chapter reviews the physical and ecological impacts of climate change relevant to marine and inland capture fisheries and aquaculture. The chapter consists of four sections: 1) Climate change: the physical basis in marine and freshwater systems; 2) Observed effects of climate variability and change on ecosystem and fish production processes; 3) Scenarios of climate change impacts on fish production and ecosystems; 4) Summary of findings. The chapter concludes with specific anticipated responses of regional marine ecosystems (Arctic, North Atlantic, North Pacific, coastal upwelling, tropical and subtropical regions, coral reefs, freshwater systems and aquaculture systems) to climate change. http://www.fao.org/docrep/012/i0994e/i0994e00.htm KEYWORDS: ecological impacts; climate change; impacts; inland; fisheries; ocean acidification; seasonality processes Barnes, D. K. A., H. J. Griffiths, et al. (2009). "Geographic range shift responses to climate change by Antarctic benthos: where we should look." Marine Ecology Progress Series 393: 1326. Several strategies exist for Southern Ocean species facing climate change (e.g. warming); including toleration, adaptation, migration or extinction. Evidence suggests that toleration and adaptation are often not possible due to slow generation turnover. Avoiding extinction therefore relies on linear migration, moving into deeper waters, or both. Evidence of these types of rangeshifts occurring exist along linear coastlines, however there are no continuous shelf/slope connections to Antarctica (which contains 3 major linear shelves). The greatest potential for thermallydriven range shifts is for the Kerguelen Plateau. Geographic range of several Southern Ocean invertebrate species was examined for areas where species limits coincided. Monitoring of these range shifts will provide information into the biodiversity response to climate change, and help to determine whether species are becoming tolerant or migrating to other areas. DOI: 10.3354/meps08246 http://www.intres.com/abstracts/meps/v393/p1326/ KEYWORDS: Climate change; adaptation; Southern Ocean; rangeshifts; biodiversity; continental shelf; Southern Ocean; geographic limits; regional warming; South Georgia; Kerguelen Barnett, J. (2001). "Adapting to climate change in Pacific Island Countries: The problem of uncertainty." World Development 29(6): 977993. This paper highlights the inability of Pacific Island countries to plan effectively for sealevel rise and climate change due to scientific uncertainty. Specific Pacific Island climate change and sealevel issues are discussed, exploring the limitations of the dominant approach to climate change induced vulnerability and adaptation. Scientific uncertainty creates problems for policies aimed at dealing with climate change and sealevel rise. The dominant approach to dealing with these requires impact anticipation; which the author argues is not a successful strategy, and should be replaced with enhancing resilience of entire island socialecological systems in order to formulate goals aimed at adaptation policy making. DOI: 10.1016/S0305750X(01)000225 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305750X01000225 KEYWORDS: Climate change; sealevel rise; resilience; socialecological; adaptation; Pacific Islands; policy; resilience; uncertainty; vulnerability; adaptation Barrett, R. D. H., A. Paccard, et al. (2011). "Rapid evolution of cold tolerance in stickleback." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 278(1703): 233238. Increasing global temperatures as a result of climate change are predicted to impact on biological communities, although the way in which organisms and communities respond to these changes will vary and depend upon species adaptive evolution of temperature tolerance. This article reports research
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findings of the adaptive evolution of cold tolerance in stickleback fish populations. Freshwater sticklebacks were shown to tolerate lower minimum temperatures compared with marine sticklebacks, while marine sticklebacks demonstrated cold tolerance evolution over three generations when placed within a freshwater environment. The authors conclude that cold tolerance appears to be under strong selection and marine sticklebacks demonstrate sufficient genetic variation which should allow them to adapt to temperature changes over a relatively short timescale. DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2010.0923 http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/early/2010/07/29/rspb.2010.0923.abstract KEYWORDS: adaptation; climate change; cold tolerance; evolution; phenotype; stickleback; temperature Baskett, M. L., S. D. Gaines, et al. (2009). "Symbiont diversity may help coral reefs survive moderate climate change." Ecological Applications 19(1): 317. Climate change and its associated thermal stressrelated impacts on coral reefs causing mass bleaching events represents one of the greatest anthropogenic threats faced by reefs. Although corals and their symbiont algae may have some ability to respond to thermal changes through genetic adaptation and changes in community composition, the rate at which climate change is occurring may be too rapid for corals to be able to respond. This study developed a model of coral and symbiont ecological dynamics and symbiont evolutionary dynamics to be able to test the potential for response. The results of modeling with no variation in thermal tolerance by symbionts suggest that reef collapse would occur within decades under multiple future climate change scenarios. Results with genetic or community variability in thermal tolerance predicted coral reef persistence into the next century, but this was dependent on lowering of greenhouse gas emissions. Greenhouse gas emissions will have a significant effect on the future of coral reefs, and accounting for biodiversity and biological dynamics is vital to being able to estimating the size of this effect. DOI: 10.1890/080139.1 http://www.esajournals.org/doi/abs/10.1890/080139.1 KEYWORDS: adaptation; climate change; coral reefs; quantitative genetic model; zooxanthellae Baskett, M. L., R. M. Nisbet, et al. (2010). "Conservation management approaches to protecting the capacity for corals to respond to climate change: a theoretical comparison." Global Change Biology 16(4): 12291246. Coral reefs are faced with a number of anthropogenic threats including bleaching from climate change related impacts. Protecting the capacity of corals to respond to increases in thermal stress may involve: promoting resistance and resilience of coral reefs and reducing anthropogenic impacts that are likely to decrease resistance and resilience. This work quantitatively compares potential priorities and current recommendations for protecting the response capacity of corals to climate change with emphasis on the relevant dynamics, processes, and parameters in a sizestructured model of coral and zooxanthellae ecological and evolutionary dynamics in relation to predicted future thermal stress. Modeled results incorporating varying initial conditions show that protecting diverse communities is essential for maintaining longterm coral cover, as is protecting communities comprised of higher abundances of thermally tolerant species. This work also suggests greater relative importance of reducing additional anthropogenic impacts that affect coralmacroalgal competition, early coral life history stages, and coral survivorship. Model results incorporating temperature trajectories from different locations, both with and without connectivity, show that protection of, and connectivity to, lowthermalstress locations may also increase capacity for corals to be able to respond to climate change impacts. DOI: 10.1111/j.13652486.2009.02062.x http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.13652486.2009.02062.x/abstract KEYWORDS: coral bleaching; coral reefs; global climate change; quantitative; genetic model; sizestructured matrix model; adaptation Battaglene, S., C. Carter, et al. (2008). Scoping study into adaptation of the Tasmanian salmonid aquaculture industry to potential impacts of climate change. Report to DAFF, August 2008., Tasmania, Australia: 90. This study has three objectives: 1) Identify and review key climate change information needs as they relate to the Tasmanian salmonid aquaculture industry; 2) Scope the likely impacts of climate change as they relate to the Tasmanian salmonid aquaculture industry; and 3) Scope possible solutions for adaptation and identify viable industry development opportunities.
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http://www.imas.utas.edu.au/ data/assets/pdf_file/0020/68420/Salmonid_Climate_Change_Final_Report_Distri bution.pdf KEYWORDS: Tasmania; salmonoid; aquaculture; review; climate change; adaptation; opportunities Beisner, B. E., D. T. Haydon, et al. (2003). "Alternative stable states in ecology." Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 1(7): 376382. Theory behind the idea of alternative stable states existing in communities has developed two perspectives into how a community may shift from one stable state to another. One idea assumes a constant environment with variables that shift (e.g. population density), and the other anticipates changes to underlying environmental drivers. The alternative stable states theory is reviewed here, examining the two perspectives and incorporating the concepts of resilience and hysteresis as well as the role that stochasticity plays within each. DOI: 10.1890/15409295(2003)001[0376:ASSIE]2.0.CO;2 http://www.esajournals.org/doi/abs/10.1890/15409295(2003)001%5B0376%3AASSIE%5D2.0.CO%3B2?journalCo de=fron KEYWORDS: Resilience; hysteresis; alternative stable states; thresholds; communities; ecosystems; stability; systems; lakes Belkin, I. M. (2009). "Rapid warming of Large Marine Ecosystems." Progress In Oceanography 81(14): 207213. The seasurface temperature (SST) trends of 63 Large Marine Ecosystems (LMEs) was investigated using the U.K. Meteorological Office Hadley Centre SST climatology from 1957 to 2006. The majority of LMEs have experienced an accelerated warming since the early 80s, with the exception of two upwelling areas, California and Humboldt currents, which have undergone a slight cooling. Three regions of particularly intense warming were detected: the Subarctic Gyre, the European Seas and the East Asian Seas. DOI: 10.1016/j.pocean.2009.04.011 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0079661109000317 KEYWORDS: Global warming; large marine ecosystems; subarctic gyre; European seas; East Asian seas Bell, J., J. JE, et al. (2011). Vulnerability of tropical Pacific fisheries and aquaculture to climate change. This is report is a major undertaking by eminent regional scientists on behalf of the Secretariat of the Pacific Community (SPC). In order to understand the vulnerability of the sector to the changing climate and how best to adapt, this book brings together valuable contributions from scientists and fisheries managers from 36 institutions around the world to provide this vital information. The book provides a comprehensive assessment of the vulnerability of tropical Pacific fisheries and aquaculture to climate change. http://www.spc.int/climatechange/fisheries/assessment/mainbook.html KEYWORDS: Pacific; vulnerability; tropical fisheries; aquaculture; climate change Bell, J. D., S. W. Purcell, et al. (2008). "Restoring smallscale fisheries for tropical sea cucumbers." Ocean & Coastal Management 51(89): 589593. This study discusses management procedures needed for the restoration of smallscale fisheries of tropical sea cucumbers, currently threatened by overexploitation. A threestep procedure: 1. restocking notake zones with hatcheryreared juveniles; 2. aggregating wild individuals in notake zones; and 3. opening small farms to rear wildcaught sea cucumbers to the size above sexual maturity, is given and its socioeconomic and ecological benefits are discussed. DOI:10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2008.06.011 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0964569108000586 KEYWORDS: fisheries; overexploitation; holothuria; management; restocking; conservation; sustainability; adaptation; mitigation Bellwood, D. R., T. P. Hughes, et al. (2004). "Confronting the coral reef crisis." Nature 429(6994): 827833. An urgent reassessment of current management practices is needed to address the worldwide decline in coral reefs which is largely the result of overharvesting, pollution, disease and climate change. Such a largescale crisis requires scalingup of management efforts which are based primarily on increasing knowledge of the ecological processes that underlie coral reef resilience. To do this, the authors review
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the ecological roles of critical reef functional groups fundamental to understanding resilience and the avoidance of phase shifts to less desirable ecosystems. Biogeographic differences in species richness and composition of functional groups are identified, highlighting the vulnerability of Caribbean reef ecosystems. Implications arise for reef restoration, fisheries management, the implementation of marine protected areas and importance of biodiversity hotspots as conservation management tools. The authors highlight the critical lack of coral reef knowledge, and the need to focus on creating resilient coral reef ecosystems. DOI: 10.1038/nature02691 http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v429/n6994/abs/nature02691.html KEYWORDS: Climate change; resilience; biodiversity; conservation; coral reefs; greatbarrierreef; DiademaAntillarum philippi; longterm decline; biodiversity hotspots; phaseshifts; conservation priorities; genotypic; diversity; Caribbean corals; juvenile corals; eastern Pacific Bengtsson, J., P. Angelstam, et al. (2003). "Reserves, resilience and dynamic landscapes." Ambio 32(6): 389396. Biodiversity conservation is essential for being able to maintain ecosystem resilience and ensure a sustainable flow of ecosystem goods and services. Existing reserves and parks are unlikely to be able to incorporate the longterm and largescale dynamics that influence ecosystems, therefore conservation strategies need to be proactive in incorporating the large areas of land that are managed for use by humans. Spatial resilience (ecological memory) is essential for ecosystems to be able to restructure following natural and human induced perturbance. Existing static reserves should be complemented with dynamic reserves that are part of ecosystem management, since longterm biodiversity conservation requires an understanding the processes that allow species to persist in natural and humandominated ecosystems. DOI: 10.1579/0044744732.6.389 http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1579/0044744732.6.389?prevSearch=&cookieSet=1 KEYWORDS: Resilience; biodiversity; ecosystem management; reefmarinepark; coralreefs; ecosystem management; infrequent; disturbances; ecological resilience; rainforests; biodiversity; conservation; diversity; island Benson, M. H. and A. S. Garmestani (2011). "Can We Manage for Resilience? The Integration of Resilience Thinking into Natural Resource Management in the United States." Environmental Management 48(3): 392399. This paper examines the concept of resilience and the manner in which some legal and regulatory frameworks governing federal natural resource agencies have difficulty accommodating it. As federal agencies begin to incorporate this concept, careful attention should be paid to what managing for resilience will require in terms of institutional reconfigurations and resource investment in order to make it successful. DOI: 10.1007/s0026701196935 http://www.springerlink.com/content/974155p706635364/ keywords: Resilience; Socialecological systems; Natural resource management; Environmental management; Governance; Agencies Berkes, F. (2009). "Evolution of comanagement: Role of knowledge generation, bridging organizations and social learning." Journal of Environmental Management 90(5): 16921702. Further research is needed to better understand the maturing processes described in this article, particularly in regard to the dynamic qualities of networks. Longitudinal approaches have potential value in providing much needed information in regard to knowledge creation, capacity building, elaboration of networks and collective learning processes generally. DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2008.12.001 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301479708003587 KEYWORDS: comanagement; knowledge; bridging organizations; social learning; institutions; governance Berkes, F., J. Colding, et al., Eds. (2003). Navigating socialecological systems: building resilience for complexity and change. Cambridge, UK., Cambridge University Press. This book discusses sustainability in terms of developing new conceptual frameworks to better understand the dynamics between social and ecological systems. The underlying framework rests on
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complex systems theory, with emphasis of exploring ways to build socialecological resilience (i.e. adaptive management) which will thereby increase the capacity for coping with complexity and change. DOI: 10.1016/j.biocon.2004.01.010 http://www.cambridge.org/gb/knowledge/isbn/item5706278/?site_locale=en_GB KEYWORDS: resilience; socialecological; adaptive capacity Berkes, F., J. Mathias, et al. (2001). "The Canadian Arctic and the Oceans Act: the development of participatory environmental research and management." Ocean & Coastal Management 44(78): 451469. The paper examines the emergence and development of aboriginal participation in resource management in the Canadian Arctic. It emphasizes the use of traditional environmental knowledge as a mechanism by which participatory approaches can be implemented in the region. DOI: 10.1016/S09645691(01)000606 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0964569101000606 KEYWORDS: comanagement; traditional knowledge; decentralisation; aboriginal groups; fisheries; arctic; canada Berkes, F. and C. S. Seixas (2005). "Building resilience in lagoon socialecological systems: A locallevel perspective." Ecosystems 8(8): 967974. Local level assessment and the development of resilience factors is a critical area of research for adaptive learning and adaptation to climate change. Although the authors of this article identify a number of challenges in developing resilience factors into tools for measurement, based on both qualitative and quantitative data, there is potential for further expansion in this area. This will have a direct influence on the capacity for adaptive learning frameworks to guide and influence adaptation within systems subject to dynamic change. DOI: 10.1007/s1002100501404 http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs1002100501404 KEYWORDS: resilience; lagoon systems; socialecological systems; fisheries; Brazil Bierwagen, B. G., R. Thomas, et al. (2008). "Capacity of management plans for aquatic invasive species to integrate climate change." Conservation Biology 22(3): 568574. This paper examined available U.S. state aquatic invasive species (AIS) management plans to assess each program's capacity to adapt to climatechange effects. Most plans did not mention climate change specifically, but some did acknowledge climatic boundaries of species and ecosystem sensitivities to changing conditions. Activities associated with monitoring showed the highest capacity to include information on changing conditions, and future revisions to management plans are likely to be the easiest avenue through which to address climatechange effects on AIS management activities. The results show that programs have the capacity to incorporate information about climatechange effects and that the adaptivemanagement framework may be an appropriate approach. DOI: 10.1111/j.15231739.2008.00954.x http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18577086 KEYWORDS: adaptive capacity; adaptive management; aquatic invasive species; management plans; climate change; adaptive management Bigano, A., F. Bosello, et al. (2008). "Economywide impacts of climate change: a joint analysis for sea level rise and tourism." Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change 13(8): 765791. This paper attempts to disentangle and highlight the role of the interactions among the diverse impacts of climate change on human life. It focuses on the economic assessment of two specific climate change impacts: sealevel rise and changes in tourism flows. By using a Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model the two impacts categories are analysed in both developed and developing countries. DOI 10.1007/s1102700791399 KEYWORDS: Climate change; Sea level rise; Tourism; Computable general equiribrium model Bishop, M. J., M. A. Coleman, et al. (2010). "Crosshabitat impacts of species decline: response of estuarine sediment communities to changing detrital resources." Oecologia 163(2): 517525. In most ecosystems there is not information about how the taxonomic composition of organic matter influences community composition. The supply of Phyllospora comosa, Sargassum sp. and Ecklonia
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radiata were experimentally manipulated to assess responses by macroinvertebrate communities. This demonstrated that the ecological ramifications of speces decline can extend to spatially removed ecosystems. This study concludes that even prior to extinction of detrital sources, small changes in their provision of organic matter may alter the structure of subsidised communities. DOI: 10.1007/s004420091555y http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s004420091555y Keywords: Detritus; extinction; macroinvertebrates; Phyllospora comosa; spatial subsidy Blanchon, P., A. Eisenhauer, et al. (2009). "Rapid sealevel rise and reef backstepping at the close of the last interglacial highstand." Nature 458(7240): 881886. A complete reefcrest sequence and its Useries from the northeast Yucatan peninsula (Mexico) for the last interglacial sealevel highstand were analyzed. Reef development was affected by sealevel; reefcrest demise occurred at +3m and reef backstepping occurred at +6m. Backstepping appeared to be triggered 121 kyr ago by 23m jumps in sealevel caused by an episode of icesheet instability at the end of the last interglacial period. DOI: 10.1038/Nature07933 http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v458/n7240/full/nature07933.html KEYWORDS: climatechange; coral reef; isotopeanalysis; sealevel; interglacial; Bahamas Bohensky, E., J. R. A. Butler, et al. (2011). "Future makers or future takers? A scenario analysis of climate change and the Great Barrier Reef." Global Environmental Change 21(3): 876893. Four scenarios designed to investigate how key uncertainties may influence climate change impacts on the Great Barrier Reef and adjacent catchments by 2100 are discussed. Results suggest the positive shortterm outcome of regional mitigation procedures, but indicate their potential risks in the longterm due the existence of thresholds in the functioning of marine ecosystem. This study advocates for stronger regional management procedures, and the urgent need for action from decisionmakers to maintain ecosystem services and the resulting human wellbeing. DOI: 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2011.03.009 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959378011000367 KEYWORDS: climate change; great barrier reef; future scenarios; regional management; human wellbeing; decisionmaking; stakeholders; mitigation; adaptation; scale. Booth, D. J., N. Bond, et al. (2011). "Detecting range shifts among Australian fishes in response to climate change." Marine and Freshwater Research 62(9): 10271042. Studies about the climateinduced environmental changes and their apparent and potential implications for freshwater, estuarine and marine fish were reviewed. Only one Australian study exhibited evidence of climateinduced range shifts, and most studies focusing instead on future predictions. The authors found that increases in water temperature, reduced freshwater flows and changes in ocean currents are likely to be the key drivers of climateinduced range shifts in Australian fishes. DOI: 13231650/11/091027 http://www.publish.csiro.au/?paper=MF10270 KEYWORDS: catch databases; climatechange impacts; distributional patterns; distributional range; geographic limits; habitat loss; ocean acidification; range edge; sealevel rise Brander, K. (2009). "Impacts of climate change on marine ecosystems and fisheries." Marine Biological Association of India 51(1): 113. This review collects and discusses the historical background and the evidence of impacts of climate variability, the anthropogenic climate change and how it affects the ocean climate. The author list every impact found like sensitivity of growth and early life survival of fish, changes in distribution of organisms. Also, he discussed about the evaluating and prediction studies, their level of confidence, credibility and prediction ability. The author identifies vulnerable areas, species and marine ecosystems. http://mbai.org.in/journaldload.php?id=2090&bkid=97 KEYWORDS: Climate change; marine ecosystems; fisheries; variability Brander, K. (2010). "Impacts of climate change on fisheries." Journal of Marine Systems 79(34): 389402.

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Evidence of the impacts of climate change on marine ecosystems is accumulating, but must be evaluated in the context of the "normal" climate cycles and variability which have caused fluctuations in fisheries. Recent studies of the effects of climate on primary production are reviewed and the consequences for fisheries production are evaluated through regional examples. Although our existing knowledge is in many respects incomplete it nevertheless provides an adequate basis for improved management of fisheries and of marine ecosystems and for adapting to climate change. In order to adapt to changing climate, future monitoring and research must be closely linked to responsive, flexible and reflexive management systems. DOI: 10.1016/j.jmarsys.2008.12.015 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0924796309000931 KEYWORDS: climate change; climate impact; fish populations; fisheries management; marine ecosystems Brander, K. M. (2007). "Global fish production and climate change." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 104(50): 1970919714. This paper identifies a number of climaterelated threats to both fisheries and aquaculture, but suggests low confidence in predictions of future fisheries production because of uncertainty over future global aquatic net primary production. There are strong interactions between the effects of fishing and the effects of climate because fishing reduces the age, size, and geographic diversity of populations and the biodiversity of marine ecosystems, making both more sensitive to additional stresses such as climate change. Reducing fishing mortality in the majority of fisheries, which are currently fully exploited or overexploited, is the principal feasible means of reducing the impacts of climate change. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0702059104 http://www.pnas.org/content/104/50/19709.abstract KEYWORDS: fisheries; net primary production; aquaculture; climate; El Nio Brierley, A. S. and M. J. Kingsford (2009). "Impacts of climate change on marine organisms and ecosystems." Current Biology 19(14): 602614. This paper reviews several physical processes affected by climate change and their effects on biological processes and ecosystems. Among others, global warming, ocean acidification, sealevel rise and altered ocean circulation will affect biological processes on diverse spatial and temporal scales, with negative implications for ecosystems services and human food security. The potential for adaptation of organisms is discussed along with the variability of resistance and resilience of ecosystems, which in some cases may translate into ecosystem regime shifts. Mitigation procedures are explored, with an emphasis on the reduction of CO2 emissions. DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2009.05.046 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19640499 KEYWORDS: climate change; ocean acidification; sealevel rise; global warming; oceanic circulation; regime shift; ecosystem services; mitigation; resilience Broderick, K. (2008). "Adaptive management for water quality improvement in the great barrier reef catchments: Learning on the edge." Geographical Research 46(3): 303313. The paper suggests an adaptive management approach to achieve water quality improvement in large catchments based on stakeholder participation. The findings show the importance of process and participation for adaptive management and suggest that success can be judged in terms of learning outcomes. DOI: 10.1111/j.17455871.2008.00525.x http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.17455871.2008.00525.x/abstract KEYWORDS: adaptive management; water quality; learning; Great Barrier Reef; Australia

Brooks, N., W. Neil Adger, et al. (2005). "The determinants of vulnerability and adaptive capacity at the national level and the implications for adaptation." Global Environmental ChangeHuman and Policy Dimensions 15(2): 151163. This paper presents a set of indicators of vulnerability and capacity to adapt to climate variability, derived using a novel empirical analysis of data aggregated at the national level on a decadal timescale. The
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analysis is based on a conceptual framework in which risk is viewed in terms of outcome, and is a function of physically defined climate hazards and socially constructed vulnerability. The data are used to provide a robust assessment of vulnerability to climaterelated mortality at the national level, and represent an entry point to more detailed explorations of vulnerability and adaptive capacity. DOI: 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2004.12.006 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959378004000913 KEYWORDS: vulnerability; adaptive capacity; indicators; nationallevel; risk; mortality; governance; literacy; health; climate change Brown, C. J., E. A. Fulton, et al. (2010). "Effects of climatedriven primary production change on marine food webs: implications for fisheries and conservation." Global Change Biology 16(4): 11941212. The effects of changes in primary production on Australian ecosystems was simulated using Ecosim coupled to models of lower trophic levels. Results indicate that the expected increase in primary productivity will, on the whole, benefit ecosystem production, fisheries and threatened marine species. However, the inclusion of complex competition and predation submodels resulted, in some cases, in the opposite response. Management procedures should therefore account for processes driving primary productivity, while future modeling studies should focus on predation and competition processes. DOI: 10.1111/j.13652486.2009.02046.x http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.13652486.2009.02046.x/abstract KEYWORDS: Climate change; primary production; fisheries; conservation; management procedures; predation; competition, ecological interactions; food web model Bruno, J. F., H. Sweatman, et al. (2009). "Assessing evidence of phase shifts from coral to macroalgal dominance on coral reefs." Ecology 90(6): 14781484. Using 3581 surveys of 1851 reefs from 1996 to 2006, the frequency, spatial extent, and degree of macroalgal dominance of coral reefs were analyzed. Results indicate an overall macroalgal dominance that is less intense than expected, contradicting previous studies. These results have implications for coral reef management procedures since these ecosystems appear to be more resistant to macroalgal blooms than assumed. DOI: 10.1890/081781.1 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19569362 KEYWORDS: Coral reefs; climate change; macroalgal dominance; resilience; caribbean; Florida keys; Great Barrier Reef; IndoPacific; macroalgae; phase shifts; reef management Bunce, M., K. Brown, et al. (2010). "Policy misfits, climate change and crossscale vulnerability in coastal Africa: how development projects undermine resilience." Environmental Science & Policy 13(6): 485497. East African coastal, social and ecological systems are subject to an array of environmental, social and economic changes. Recent work has stressed the link between human vulnerability in the worlds poorest countries and the exposure to numerous stressors acting in combination with climate change, further intensifying their vulnerability. Mixed model empirical research explores local perceptions of recent changes at 4 coastal sites in eastern Africa. Climate and nonclimate stressors are used and ranked according to livelihood. Specifically, two regional and international policy programs are perceived to have eroded resilience and intensified vulnerability a river basin management and the development of a Marine Protected Area. This may represent an example of policy development failing to account for the crossscale dynamic of change (a policy misfit), interactions between numerous stressors or longterm climate change. This problem may be remedied by adaptive governance which builds on the adaptive capacity of those most vulnerable in society. DOI: 10.1016/j.envsci.2010.06.003 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1462901110000663 KEYWORDS: resilience; climate change; stressor; vulnerability; adaptive governance; adaptive governance; development policy; Marine Protected Areas; river basins; Africa; adaptation Burns, P. and L. Bibbings (2009). "The end of tourism? Climate change and societal challenges." TwentyFirst Century Society 4(1): 3151. Tourism is likley to affected by global change. Yet the industry is characterised by a fragmented and global
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supply chain, and due to this, tourism business and consumer contradictions accentuate the problem. This paper identifies those issues and presents them as a series of research questions, relating to ethical consumption, sustainability, policies, actions and communication. While sustainable tourism is possible and desirable, mitigation has to acknowledge the anthropogenic causes of climate change, and responses should be underpinned by this. DOI: 10.1080/17450140802642424 http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/17450140802642424 KEYWORDS: Climate change; societal challenges; sustainable tourism; ethical consumption. Bussey, M., R. W. Carter, et al. (2012). "Framing adaptive capacity through a historyfutures lens: Lessons from the South East Queensland Climate Adaptation Research Initiative." Futures 44(4): 385397. The paper examines how the historyfutures interface can inform adaptation options to climate change based on case studies in Southeast Queensland. The findings demonstrate that adaptive capacity varies with context and is affected by the complexity, technology, leadership, institutions and imaginative resources inherent to the social system examined. The paper suggests a set of 'practical' lessons for those engaged with climate change currently and into the future. DOI: 10.1016/j.futures.2011.12.002 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0016328711002874 KEYWORDS: adaptive capacity; climate change; futures; complex systems; Australia; Queensland; scenarions Byrne, M. (2011). Impact of ocean warming and ocean acidification on marine invertebrate life history stages:Vulnerability and potential for persistance in a changing ocean. Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review, Vol 49. R. N. Gibson, R. J. A. Atkinson and J. D. M. Gordon. 49: 142. Data about thermo and pH/pCO2 tolerance of fertilization and development in marina invertebrates are reviewed in order to do a prognostication over the next 100200 years. The data show that the warming and acidification/hypercapnia in the ocean produce damage on larvae, embryos and early juveniles, as skeletal dissolution and mortality. The interactive effect of these stressors for marine biota remains a significant challenge. eBook: 9781439853658: http://www.taylorandfrancis.com/books/details/9781439853641/ KEYWORDS: Climate change; warming; acidification; hypercapnia; calcifying stage; calcification; thermotolerance; vulnerabilities invertebrates; vulnerabilities larvae; early juveniles; embryos Byrne, M., M. Ho, et al. (2010). "Unshelled abalone and corrupted urchins: development of marine calcifiers in a changing ocean." Proceedings of the Royal Society BBiological Sciences 278(1716): 23762383. The ocean warming, acidification, decreased carbonate saturation and their interactive effects are likely to have a negative impact on the skeletogenesis process of marine invertebrates. The effects of warming and acidification were experimentally examined in one species of abalone and one species of sea urchin by experimentally manipulating fertilization conditions. Exposure to warming and acidification resulted in unshelled larvae and abnormal juveniles. The authors conclude that projected climate change will have deleterious effects on development in these two vulnerable species. DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2010.2404 http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/early/2010/12/21/rspb.2010.2404.abstract KEYWORDS: Climate change; ocean warming; ocean acidification; calcification; vulnerability sea urchin; vulnerability; abalone Byrne, M., N. Soars, et al. (2010). "Fertilization in a suite of coastal marine invertebrates from SE Australia is robust to nearfuture ocean warming and acidification." Marine Biology 157(9): 20612069. Fertilization in marine organisms may be negatively affected by climate change driven ocean acidification and hypercapnia; due to the narcotic effect these stressors have on sperm. Contrastingly, warmer less viscous may positively affect swimming speed of sperm, and thus ocean warming may enhance fertilization. To assess future vulnerability that ocean might have on fertilization success, the interactive effects of ocean warming and ocean acidification/hypercapnia on fertilization in intertidal and shallow subtidal echinoids, an asteroid and a mollusc species was examined. Eggs were fertilized in all combinations of three temperature and pH/PCO2 treatments and placed in projected nearfuture
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conditions for SE Australia. Fertilization was not significantly affected by warming or acidification, indicating that fertilization may be robust to temperature and pH/PCO2 fluctuations, reflecting possible adaptation to temperature and PH fluctuations that often characterise shallow coastal habitats. Climate change impacts should focus on vulnerable life history stages, such as embryo and larval stages which have long development times and may therefore be subject to temperature and pH impacts. http://www.springerlink.com/content/b124760j48467523/ DOI: 10.1007/s0022701014749 KEYWORDS: Climate change; ocean acidification; hypercapnia; fertilization; adaptation; echinoid Campbell, A. H., T. Harder, et al. (2011). "Climate change and disease: bleaching of a chemically defended seaweed." Global Change Biology 17(9): 29582970. Environmental change can result in disease increase and spread by affecting host susceptibility and its pathogens. The authors experimentally manipulated temperature, solar radiation, algal chemical defences and microbial pathogens to investigate how these factors impacted a bleaching disease affecting seaweeds. They concluded that higher water temperatures were associated with a higher frequency and severity of bleaching and also showed that microbial communities of bleached seaweeds were distinct from those in healthy seaweeds. These results indicate that bleaching in some seaweeds is the result of temperaturemediated bacterical infections, and highlights the potential for warming to influence disease dynamics. DOI: warming ocean; macroalgae; surfaceassociated microbial communities; pathogens macroalgae. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.13652486.2011.02456.x/abstract KEYWORDS: warming ocean; macroalgae; surfaceassociated microbial communities; pathogens macroalgae. Carter, D. W. (2003). "Protected areas in marine resource management: another look at the economics and research issues." Ocean & Coastal Management 46(5): 439456. This paper reviews the research to date that relates to the economics of MPAs. A special effort is made to examine the evidence on the benefits and costs of MPAs in terms of consumptive and nonconsumptive marine resource interests. General observations are made regarding the net effects of MPAs on these two stakeholder categories. In general, the review finds that the empirical research on the economics of MPAs is limited and that there are several issues that might merit further investigation. The researchable topics are suggested as a way to better understand the socioeconomic impacts of MPAs and the potential response of stakeholders to proposed protected areas. DOI: 10.1016/S09645691(03)000176 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0964569103000176 KEYWORDS: bioeconomic model; coralreefs; reserves; marine protected areas Cash, D. W., W. C. Clark, et al. (2003). "Knowledge systems for sustainable development." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 100(14): 80868091. The authors discuss three main points or issues: the historical analyses of environmental issues, the evaluations of scientific advice about environmental assessments; and the advising of "boundary work" which is working between communities of experts and communities of decision markers. Finally, this work integrates, applies and extends these points to the study mostly of systems programs linking knowledge to action for sustainable development. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1231332100 http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/3139884?uid=3737536&uid=2&uid=4&sid=21100837184741 KEYWORDS: Science boundary; negotiations; information; environmental management; regimes; sustainable development Casini, M., J. Hjelm, et al. (2009). "Trophic cascades promote thresholdlike shifts in pelagic marine ecosystems." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 106(1): 197202. The authors use information collected during three decades (19742005) to show evidence for a reorganization of the central Baltic Sea ecosystem caused by cascading effects of the top predator collapse. They provide quantitative evidence that the underlying mechanisms driving the trophic cascade allowed the establishment of 2 alternative ecosystem configurations that are separated by an ecological threshold and characterized by different system structure, functioning, and stability. This study provides a

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contribution to debate on the consequences of top predator declines in marine systems. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0806649105 http://www.pnas.org/content/106/1/197.short KEYWORDS: Alternative dynamics; ecological thresholds; ecosystem resilience; Baltic Sea; climate versus topdown control CBD (2010). REPORT ON IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PROGRAMME OF WORK ON MARINE AND COASTAL BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY. UNEP/CBD/SBSTTA. This document is organized in three sections. The first section provides an update on the global status of marine and coastal biodiversity. The second section reviews the implementation of the programme of work at the national, regional and global levels. The third sections review main barriers to implementation of the programme of work and priorities for capacity building to address these barriers. UNEP/CBD/SBSTTA/14/INF/2 www.cbd.int; http://www.cbd.int/doc/?meeting=SBSTTA14; http://www.cbd.int/doc/?meeting=SBSTTA14; http://www.cbd.int/doc/meetings/sbstta/sbstta14/official/sbstta1404en.pdf Keywords: coastal biodiversity; global status; implementation of the programme; biological diversity; coastal protected areas; invasive alien species Chaloupka, M., N. Kamezaki, et al. (2008). "Is climate change affecting the population dynamics of the endangered Pacific loggerhead sea turtle?" Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 356(12): 136143. It is widely understood that pelagic longline fisheries pose the major risk for endangered Pacific loggerhead turtles but the effects of other risk factors such as humaninduced global climate change have rarely been considered. This paper used generalised additive regression modeling and autoregressiveprewhitened crosscorrelation analysis to explore whether regional ocean temperatures affect the longterm nesting population dynamics for the 2 Pacific loggerhead genetic stocks in Japan, and Australia. DOI: 10.1016/j.jembe.2007.12.009 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022098107005813 KEYWORDS: Climate change; Loggerhead sea turtle; nesting trends; SST Chambers, L. E., C. A. Devney, et al. (2011). "Observed and predicted effects of climate on Australian seabirds." Emu 111(3): 235251. The effects of climate variation on marine top predators remains unknown owing to the difficulty in obtaining longterm and shortterm datasets on multiple species. Many seabirds are apex predators for which changes in climatic and oceanic dynamics have driven range movements poleward, reduced breeding success and altered breeding timing for some species. This paper reviews the literature to assess and determine the vulnerability of Australian seabirds to variation and change in climate and identify which species and ecosystems may be more resilient to future climate warming. DOI:10.1071/mu10033 http://www.publish.csiro.au/?paper=MU10033 KEYWORDS: Climate change; ENSO; seasurface temperature; sea birds. Chapin, F. S., S. R. Carpenter, et al. (2010). "Ecosystem stewardship: sustainability strategies for a rapidly changing planet." Trends in Ecology and Evolution 25: 241249. This review discusses the concept of ecosystem stewardship, which is described as an actionoriented framework that is proposed to address the socialecological sustainability of a changing planet. In order to make optimal use of our current understanding of the implications of climate change, the authors discuss the development of strategies to compliment this knowledge, which include reducing the magnitude of known stresses, adopting proactive policies and avoidance of unsustainable socioecological traps. The authors posit that through ecological stewardship, socialecological systems that have some form of adaptive capacity and resilience to climate change will be able to sustain ecosystem services. DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2009.10.008. http://www.stockholmresilience.org/publications/artiklar/ecosystemstewardshipsustainabilitystrategiesforarapidl ychangingplanet.5.7549e4d91267b3b9887800029022.html KEYWORDS: adaptation; climate change; ecosystem; global warming; resource management; stresses
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Chapin, F. S., M. Hoel, et al. (2006). "Building resilience and adaptation to manage Arctic change." Ambio 35(4): 198202. The Arctic system is important biologically (migrations of marine mammals and fish as well as birds), economically (petroleum and minerals) and ecologically (e.g. Polar Regions are the cooling systems for the planet); therefore developing management policy to enhance the resilience and adaptation ability of the Arctic system are fundamentally essential. Resilience is being able to sustain ecosystem attributes important to society despite change (such as global warming) and adaptation refers to the development of socioecological relationships that function effectively under new (i.e. changing) conditions. The Arctic represents a somewhat important ecosystem for being able to maintain nearnatural ecological and social processes, and represents the opportunity to therefore better understand the dynamics of change and to apply these in areas which have had greater human modification. http://pinnacle.allenpress.com/doi/pdf/10.1579/00447447(2006)35%5B198:BRAATM%5D2.0.CO%3B2 KEYWORDS: Resilience; adaptation; climate change; Arctic; vulnerability Chapman, R. W., A. Mancia, et al. (2011). "The transcriptomic responses of the eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica, to environmental conditions." Molecular Ecology 20(7): 14311449. This article explored changes in gene expression in the eastern oyster in response to oceanic physiochemical conditions and contaminants. It was shown that temperature, pH, salinity and dissolved oxygen affected oyster physiology, with interactions between temperature and pH impacting gene expression. The authors successfully used transcript signatures to measure transcript responses to environmental conditions, and propose that important linkages between transcriptomics and physiological outcomes may provide an integrated approach for assessing the impacts of climate change on marine organisms. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365294X.2011.05018.x http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365294X.2011.05018.x/abstract KEYWORDS: adaptation; climate change; ecological genetics; ecotoxicology; genomics/proteomics; gene expression; environmental variation; oyster physiology Charles, A. (2012). "People, oceans and scale: governance, livelihoods and climate change adaptation in marine socialecological systems." Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 4(3): 351357. The paper examines elements for successful and sustainable interactions of people and oceans, based on a socialecological systems (SESs) perspective. It examines several themes including governance, livelihoods, wellbeing and climate adaptation. The paper suggests that crossscale linkages connecting scales of impacts and levels of decisionmaking are critical elements in improving marine SESs governance. DOI: 10.1016/j.cosust.2012.05.011 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877343512000668 KEYWORDS: socialecological systems; marine systems; humanocean interactions; crossscale linkages; adaptation Checkley, D. M., Jr., A. G. Dickson, et al. (2009). "Elevated CO2 enhances otolith growth in young fish." Science 324(5935): 1683. Eggs and prefeeding larvae of white sea bass were experimentally subjected to CO2induced acidified conditions prior to the measurement of their sagittal otolith. While negative impacts of acidification on the growth of several other taxas have been reported and linked to reduced calcification, this study reports an enhancement of otolith growth in young white sea bass, partly due to the constancy of pH in the endolymph. This unexpected result highlights the need for a better understanding of the different effects of CO2 and pH on biomineralization processes in marine organisms. DOI: 10.1126/science.1169806 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19556502 KEYWORDS: acidification; calcification; fish; larval growth; pH; otolith; metabolism Cheong, S. M. (2012). "Community Adaptation to the HebeiSpirit Oil Spill." Ecology and Society 17(3). The paper focuses on the significance of dependence for communities to survive and adapt in times of environmental disasters. The findings show that dependence is necessary and can be both positive and negative depending on the relations between external entities and affected communities as well as the
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capacity of the community to absorb resources and information. DOI: 10.5751/Es05079170326 http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol17/iss3/art26/ KEYWORDS: environmental disaster; adaptive capacity; community adaptation; environmental change Cheung, W. W. L., J. Dunne, et al. (2011). "Integrating ecophysiology and plankton dynamics into projected maximum fisheries catch potential under climate change in the Northeast Atlantic." ICES Journal of Marine Science: Journal du Conseil 68(6): 10081018. The authors report that this information has not been factored into previous global analyses which projected species distributional shifts and fisheries catch potential across the global oceanic systems by 2050 (contained within the Special Report on Emission Scenarios (SRES)). This article uses a dynamic bioclimatic envelope model which aims to incorporate these factors into projections of species distributions and catch potentials within the Northeast Atlantic marine region. The authors discuss the implications of ocean acidification and reduced oxygen content on species growth performance, distributions and catch potentials, and the differences between the authors projections compared with previous projections. DOI: 10.1093/icesjms/fsr012 http://icesjms.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2011/04/13/icesjms.fsr012.abstract KEYWORDS: biogeochemistry; climate change; distribution; fisheries catch potential; marine; Atlantic; ocean acidification; oxygen; range shift Cheung, W. W. L., V. W. Y. Lam, et al. (2009). "Projecting global marine biodiversity impacts under climate change scenarios." Fish and Fisheries 10(3): 235251. The global patterns of climate change impacts on marine biodiversity were investigated using a novel dynamic bioclimatic envelope model, by projecting the 2050 distributional ranges of 1066 exploited fish and invertebrates. Results indicate that climate change may result in local species extinctions and species invasions, particularly intense in subpolar regions. Such dramatic shifts in species composition will have severe impacts on ecosystem services. DOI: 10.1111/j.14672979.2008.00315.x http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.14672979.2008.00315.x/abstract KEYWORDS: bioclimate envelope; climate change impact; global marine biodiversity; nichebased model, species turnover; model projections; species extinction; species invasion; ecosystem services Cheung, W. W. L., V. W. Y. Lam, et al. (2010). "Largescale redistribution of maximum fisheries catch potential in the global ocean under climate change." Global Change Biology 16(1): 2435. Climate change impacts on global food supplies have in recent focused primarily on terrestrial sources, ignoring the large contribution that comes from marine capture fisheries; with globalscale projections of the impacts of climate change on these fisheries is lacking. This paper predicts the climate change impacts on global catch potential modeled for 20052055 for 1066 species of exploited marine fish and invertebrates. This illustrates the potential of largescale redistribution of global catch potential, with major increases in high latitude regions and decreases in tropical regions. Additionally, catch potential is expected to decline in the southward margins of semienclosed seas and increase in poleward tips of continental shelf margins, particularly evident in the Pacific Ocean. It is predicted that under these climate change scenarios, the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) regions with the greatest increase in catch potential include Norway, Greenland, Alaska and Russia (Asia). On the other hand, the EEZ regions with the greatest decrease in maximum catch potential are expected to include Indonesia, the United States (excluding Alaska and Hawaii), Chile and China. Further to this, many of the tropical regions that are likely to be impacted the most are already socioeconomically vulnerable to these changes. These results indicate the need to design, develop and implement adaptation policy aimed at minimizing climate change impacts through fisheries. DOI: 10.1111/j.13652486.2009.01995.x http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.13652486.2009.01995.x/abstract KEYWORDS: catch; climate change; fisheries; global; marine; redistribution; marine fishes; models; productivity; temperature; ecology; growth; cod

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Cheung, W. W. L., J. Pinnegar, et al. (2012). "Review of climate change impacts on marine fisheries in the UK and Ireland." Aquatic ConservationMarine and Freshwater Ecosystems 22(3): 368388. The paper reviews existing knowledge of the exposure of marine ecosystems to oceanatmospheric changes, the consequences of these changes for marine fisheries, and the adaptability of the fisheries sector in the UK and Ireland. It proposes that, despite knowledge gaps, mitigation and adaptation should not be hindered, particularly measures that can generate cobenefits. DOI: 10.1002/Aqc.2248 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/aqc.2244/abstract KEYWORDS: fisheries; climate change; adaptation; UK; impacts; ocean acidification; review Chircop, A. (2010). "Regional cooperation in marine environmental protection in the South China Sea: a reflection on new directions for marine conservation." Ocean Development & International Law 41(4): 334356. This article outlines the need for action in marine environmental cooperation at both regional and global levels, amid recommendations from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fourth Assessment. The article discusses the current situation within the South China Sea (SCS) region and the need for accelerated action to protect marine ecosystems in light of further proposed climate and ecological changes to the regions coastal marine ecosystems. DOI: 10.1080/00908320.2010.499300 http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00908320.2010.499300 KEYWORDS: adaptation; climate change; coastal marine ecosystem; IPCC; management; marine conservation; marine protected areas; South China Sea; region Cinner, J. E., T. R. McClanahan, et al. (2009). "Linking social and ecological systems to sustain coral reef fisheries." Current Biology 19(3): 206212. The socioeconomic factors shaping the ways that societies use coral reefs are poorly understood. This paper examines relationships between human population density, a multidimensional index of socioeconomic development, reef complexity, and the condition of coral reef fish populations in five countries across the Indian Ocean (Madagascar; Seychelles; Kenya; Mauritius; Tanzania). DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2008.11.055 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982208015728 KEYWORDS: Conservation of Natural Resources; Ecosystem; Fisheries methods; Fishes/growth & development; Indian Ocean Islands; Interviews as Topic; Population Density; Socioeconomic Factors

Cinner, J. E., T. R. McClanahan, et al. (2012). "Vulnerability of coastal communities to key impacts of climate change on coral reef fisheries." Global Environmental Change 22(1): 1220. The paper examines three dimensions of vulnerability (exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity) of coastal communities to the impacts of coral bleaching on fishery returns. It also proposes a networkbased approach to examining sensitivity to changes that incorporates linkages between fishery and nonfishery occupations. Such approach is believed to provide insights into the types of policy interventions that may help reduce vulnerability. DOI: 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2011.09.018 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959378011001579 KEYWORDS: vulnerability; fisheries; coral reefs; network analysis; adaptive capacity; environmental change Cinner, J. E., T. R. McClanahan, et al. (2009). "Gearbased fisheries management as a potential adaptive response to climate change and coral mortality." Journal of Applied Ecology 46(3): 724732. Managing fisheries across coral mortality events is expected to influence the persistence of species and reef recovery potential. The most common management recommendation has been to prohibit fishing using fisheries closures, but this response often has limited support from resource users. This study presents a way to help reduce the negative impacts of climate change and potentially increase resilience of marine ecosystems by managing fishing gear. Specific gears used by artisanal fishers differentially target fish functional groups. For instance, traps and spear guns targeted a high proportion of species highly susceptible to coral mortality and critical to coral reef resilience. Given that full fisheries closures are not always practical, selectively banning or restricting fishing gears is a potentially powerful tool for
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reducing the detrimental ecosystem effects of climate change disturbances. DOI: 10.1111/j.13652664.2009.01648.x http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/bsc/jappl/2009/00000046/00000003/art00027 KEYWORDS: adaptive management; coral bleaching; climate change; herbivory; coral reef; artisanal fishery; reef fish communities; Great Barrier reef; marine protectred areas; Papua New Guinea; phaseshifts; resilience; degradation; exploitation; conservation Clark, T. D., K. M. Jeffries, et al. (2011). "Exceptional aerobic scope and cardiovascular performance of pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) may underlie resilience in a warming climate." Journal of Experimental Biology 214(18): 30743081. This work investigated the resilience of pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) to high temperatures in comparison to other Pacific salmonids. The reason is because the pink salmon has some exceptional cardiorespiratory adaptations and thermal tolerance during their spawning migration in the rivers. These characteristics offer a physiological explanation for the success of this kind of salmon throughout the current climate warming and would confer a selective advantage over other species. DOI: 10.1242/jeb.060517 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21865520 KEYWORDS: cardiac output; climate change; energy expenditure; global warming; heart rate; metabolic rate; oxygen consumption rate; sex specific; temperature; data storage tags; Sockeye salmon; Fraser river; swimming performance; Pacific salmon; fresh water; spawning migration; thermal tolerance; British Columbia; metabolic rates Cochrane, K., C. De Young, et al. (2009). Climate change implications for fisheries and aquaculture: overview of current scientific knowledge. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Technical Paper. No. 530, Rome: 212 pp. This workshop report contains three papers reviewing different aspects of the current scientific knowledge of climate change impacts on fisheries and aquaculture. The first paper links the physical processes known to be impacted by climate change (e.g. stratification, circulation, sea level) to observed changes in ecosystem structure and fish production processes, in both marine and inland fisheries. In the last section, authors propose scenarios of anticipated responses of fish production to climate change in different regional marine ecosystems. The second paper focuses on capture fisheries and the expected impacts of climate change on these complex and dynamic socialecological systems. This paper further explores the concepts of vulnerability and adaptive capacity of systems, their spatial and socioeconomical heterogeneity, and the need for government intervention in the implementation of mitigation and adaptation procedures. The last paper reviews the potential impacts of climate change on aquaculture. After reviewing the current state and trends in aquaculture production, the authors examine the direct and indirect impacts of climate change on this sector. Finally, potential adaptation and mitigation procedures that could be implemented in this sector are addressed. ISBN:9789251063477 http://www.fao.org/docrep/012/i0994e/i0994e00.htm KEYWORDS: Climate change; fisheries; aquaculture impacts; marine; inland; impacts; adaptation; mitigation strategies, scenarios; carbon sequestration; carbon emission Cochrane, K. L., N. L. Andrew, et al. (2011). "Primary fisheries management: a minimum requirement for provision of sustainable human benefits in smallscale fisheries." Fish and Fisheries 12(3): 275288. This study discusses the benefits and limits of primary fisheries management, a term initially used in health care, where primary health care covers the basic needs of all. Although primary fisheries management may be beneficial for more fishermen, its lowcost implementation results in low benefits and high risk due to high uncertainties. On the other hand, tertiary management (higher costs, based on power sharing and ecosystem approaches) is less uncertain and results in greater benefits and long term viability. Primary fisheries management is therefore seen as an emergency and temporary procedure, while tertiary management is a necessity for long term sustainability. DOI:10.1111/j.14672979.2010.00392.x http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.14672979.2010.00392.x/abstract KEYWORDS: Fisheries management; health care; poverty reduction; precautionary; approach; primary management; smallscale fisheries.
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Coghlan, A. and B. Prideaux (2009). "Welcome to the Wet Tropics: the importance of weather in reef tourism resilience." Current Issues in Tourism 12(2): 89104. The effect of weather conditions on the reef experience of 1000 tourists in the Cairns/Port Douglas region was tested. Results suggest a strong negative impact of poor weather conditions on the level of satisfaction of tourists, due to the disruption of their activities (e.g. diving, seasickness). This result indicates the importance of weather conditions on the reef tourism industry, an industry already vulnerable to climate change. DOI: 10.1080/13683500802596367 http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13683500802596367 KEYWORDS: climate change; reef; tourism; weather; Great Barrier Reef Coleman, H., M. Foley, et al. (2011). Decision Guide: Selecting Support Tools for Marine Spatial Planning. C. Stanford Universtiy. This report presents the role that decision support tools can play in marine spatial planning. Inputting scientific and spatial information into decision making approaches is gaining momentum, whereby human activities in the marine environment are planned around maintaining ecosystem health, function and services. The report provides a framework for future planning processes, and uses a spatial component to add a regionalbased focus, with the overarching goal to promote the efficient use of marine areas while reducing the impact this may have on marine ecosystems. In order to achieve these goals, spatiallyexplicit tools will be required by resource planners and managers to assist with the incorporation of data from a range of disciplines (i.e. ecological, economic, social systems), the assessment of management alternatives and the evaluation of management progress. The report is intended as a Decision Guide in order to assist resource managers and planners with the selection process of decision support tools for marine spatial planning relevant to their region. http://centerforoceansolutions.org/sites/default/files/cos_msp_guide_6.pdf KEYWORDS: climate change; conflict; ecosystembased management; impact; marine spatial planning; planning tool; resource use. Coles, S. L. and B. E. Brown (2003). Coral bleaching Capacity for acclimatization and adaptation. Advances in Marine Biology. London, Academic Press Ltd. 46: 183223. Coral bleaching has occurred with increasing frequency in the past 20 years, particularly during periods of El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Studies indicate that bleaching results largely from increased sea water temperatures under high light conditions, which act to increase biochemical reaction rates associated with zooxanthellar photosynthesis, producing toxic forms of oxygen which inhibit cellular processes. Predictions of increasing ocean temperatures result from global warming, and suggest that annual temperature maxima levels within 30 years may cause frequent bleaching and widespread decline, yet these projections have not incorporated the variability which exists in bleaching response. Information suggests that corals and their associated symbionts may be capable of acclimatization and selective adaptation to a degree. Potential mechanisms providing resistance and protection to elevated temperatures and light include inducible heat shock proteins that act to refold denatured cellular and structural proteins, production of oxidative enzymes which act to inactivate harmful oxygen radicals, fluorescent coral pigments that reflect and dissipate light energy, and phenotypic adaptations of zooxanthellae and adaptive shifts in their populations at increased temperatures. When considered in combination with experimental and observational evidence of coral recovery, these mechanisms suggest an undefined capacity to adapt to climate change impacts. Although there are limits to level of acclimatization, models will not be able to accurately predict coral reef destiny until there is a better understanding of coralalgal acclimatization and adaptation potential. DOI:10.1016/S00652881(03)460045 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0065288103460045 KEYWORDS: climate change; coral bleaching; Great Barrier Reef; El Nio; heatshockprotein; Southern oscillation event; Scleractinian corals Colten, C. E., J. Hay, et al. (2012). "Community Resilience and Oil Spills in Coastal Louisiana." Ecology and Society 17(3).
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The paper employs a comparative historical analysis to examine practices that natural resourcedependent residents deploy to cope with disruptions and that are retained in their collective memory ("inherent resilience"). It analyses activities taken in advance of and following a series of oil spills in terms of community resilience: anticipation, reduced vulnerability, response, and recovery. DOI: 10.5751/Es05047170305 http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol17/iss3/art5/ KEYWORDS: resilience; social memory; shocks; socialecological systems; adaptive capacity; vulnerability Cooley, S. R. and S. C. Doney (2009). "Anticipating ocean acidification's economic consequences for commercial fisheries." Environmental Research Letters 4(2): 8. Increasing anthropogenic CO2 emissions over the last two centuries have substantially increased ocean acidification, and currently, the global ocean absorbs about ~30% of the released anthropogenic CO2. Increasing dissolved CO2 and decreasing ocean pH, carbonate ion concentration and calcium carbonate mineral saturation on a worldwide scale. This acidification of surface waters and decrease in areas hospitable to calcium carbonate shells and skeletons may have severe impact for humans, the first of which being declining harvests and fishery revenues from decreases in shellfish, their predators and also their coral reef habitats. Using a US fishery example, economic projections for the next 50 years are modeled using atmospheric CO2 trajectories and laboratorybased studies of their effects, with focus on mollusks. In 2007 mollusks contributed $748 million (19%) of the US exvessel revenues. The impacts of ocean acidification on this fishery include substantial declines in revenue, job loss and indirect economic costs associated with marine habitat damage caused by acidification, which also alters resource availability and disrupts other ecosystem services. This paper reviews the implications for marine management strategies and proposes potential adaptation strategies designed to support fishery based communities which may already possess lower economic resilience. DOI: 10.1088/17489326/4/2/024007 http://iopscience.iop.org/17489326/4/2/024007 KEYWORDS: Climate change; resilience; adaptation; ocean acidification; commercial fisheries; economic assessment; management implications Cooley, S. R., H. L. KitePowell, et al. (2009). "Ocean Acidification's Potential to Alter Global Marine Ecosystem Services." Oceanography 22(4): 172181. The causes and consequences of ocean acidification on ecosystem services are discussed. The projected negative economic impacts are expected to particularly occur in developing and coastal nations, which are the most dependent on ecosystem services. This study further reviews several published ecosystem services values, and, compares global fisheries captures and seafood production to protein human requirements. Global trends suggest an increased vulnerability of lowlatitude regions to ocean acidification and a consequently greater need for adaptive mitigation strategies. http://www.tos.org/oceanography/archive/224_cooley.pdf KEYWORDS: climate change; ocean acidification; ecosystem services; adaptation; mitigation; fisheries; aquaculture Cote, I. M. and E. S. Darling (2010). "Rethinking Ecosystem Resilience in the Face of Climate Change." Plos Biology 8(7): 5. The authors argue that the expected increase in resilience of natural communities to climate change through reduction in local stressors may be incorrect, indicating that resiliencebased management may result in increased vulnerability to the impacts of climate change; and corals reefs are used as a model to demonstrate this. Coral reefs are in decline worldwide, and face multiple stressors including climate change, fishing, eutrophication and sedimentation. Coral reef conservation management typically advocates marine reserves as spatial management options to increase resilience, but the authors discuss whether reserves really do meet this goal. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1000438 http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.1000438 KEYWORDS: Resilience; ecosystem resilience; climate change; disturbance; coral reefs; marine protected areas; coralreef crisis; alternative states; Caribbean reefs; phaseshifts; biodiversity; management Cote, M. and A. J. Nightingale (2012). "Resilience thinking meets social theory: Situating social change in
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socioecological systems (SES) research." Progress in Human Geography 36(4): 475489. The paper examines normative and epstemological questions stemming from the extension of the concept of resilience to society. It suggests that examining the role of knowledge at the social and environmental dynamics intersections is a way to help address such questions. DOI: 10.1177/0309132511425708 http://phg.sagepub.com/content/36/4/475 KEYWORDS: resilience; social theory; socialecological systems Coulthard, S. (2008). "Adapting to environmental change in artisanal fisheries Insights from a South Indian Lagoon." Global Environmental Change 18(3): 479489. This paper examines adaptation among villages in a south Indian fishery using livelihood diversification analysis. The findings suggest that fishers involved with a largely specialised fishery are the least able to adapt. DOI: 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2008.04.003 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959378008000277 KEYWORDS: fisheries; adaptation; adaptive capacity; livelihood analysis; India Coulthard, S. (2009). Adaptation and conflict within fisheries: insights for living with climate change. Adapting to climate change: thresholds, values, governance. W.N. Adger, I. Lorenzoni and K. OBrien. Cambridge, UK, Cambridge University Press: 255268. This work discusses about the cause of the global crisis in fisheries, develops the themes of currently actions for future fishing, climate changefisheries, prediction of impacts, fish abundance and fish habitats. This chapter explores and proposes how the fisher and fishing society is adapting (or not) to the many changes and challenges now faced. http://ebooks.cambridge.org/chapter.jsf?bid=CBO9780511596667&cid=CBO9780511596667A026 Keywords: conflict within fisheries; climate change; adaptation; society adaptation; human livelihoods; predicted impacts; fish habitats Coulthard, S. (2012). "Can We Be Both Resilient and Well, and What Choices Do People Have? Incorporating Agency into the Resilience Debate from a Fisheries Perspective." Ecology and Society 17(1). The paper explores tensions between adapting to change on the one hand, and the pursuit of wellbeing on the other in the context of fisheries. It argues that policies seeking to support fisheries resilience need to incorporate the consequences of adaptation on fisher wellbeing, agency in negotiating adaptation strategies, and feedbacks into the resilience of fisheries as a socialecological system. DOI: 10.5751/Es04483170104 http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol17/iss1/art4/ KEYWORDS: fisheries; resilience; socialecological systems; adaptive capacity; vulnerability; tradeoffs CuberoPardo, P., C. Donovan, et al. (2011). "A proposal to define vulnerability of cetacean areas to human development: variables and analysis procedures applied to the Gulf of California." Aquatic ConservationMarine and Freshwater Ecosystems 21(5): 433447. This publication classified the cetacean habitats into vulnerability levels related anthropogenic activity and cetacean characteristics. They explored the Gulf of California as a case study, identified biophysical and anthropogenic factors and variables in order to measure those factors. This methodology was based on costeffective variables for which data can be easily obtained through governmental and research institutions. They concluded that major development centers require management priority if cetaceans are to be protected. DOI: 10.1002/aqc.1205 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/aqc.1205/abstract Keywords: multivariate analysis; spatial modelling; large marine areas; principal component analysis; cetacean fragility; anthropogenic risks and damage; cetacean vulnerability; bottle nosed dolphins; Tursiops truncatus; climate change; Balaenoptera acutorostrata; Humpback whales; marine mammals; Minke whales; Florida Bay impacts Cumming, G. S., G. Barnes, et al. (2005). "An exploratory framework for the empirical measurement of resilience."
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Ecosystems 8(8): 975987. This paper seeks to explore a framework for the operationalization of resilience for empirical studies; which has previously not been done. Resilience is likened to a systems ability to maintain its identity (key relationships and their continuity through space and time). Also fundamental to understanding the concepts of resilience and identity are innovation (sources may include diversity, migration, level of education and technological advances) and memory (e.g. Elderly people, seed banks, social and biological legacies that persist after disturbances, customs and taboos, laws, or formal archives and libraries). Surrogate measures of current resilience are developed based on assessment of potential for identity changes under specified perturbations and drivers when combined with a scenariobased approach to considering alternative futures. This approach provides insight into mechanisms behind change as well as to consequences of policy and management decisions. DOI: 10.1007/s100210050129z http://www.springerlink.com/content/p3374422353780v1/fulltext.pdf KEYWORDS: Resilience; infrastructure; connectivity; networks; identity; socialecological system; interdisciplinary; scenario Curtin, R. and R. Prellezo (2010). "Understanding marine ecosystem based management: A literature review." Marine Policy 34(5): 821830. Ecosystem based management has recently been adopted and implemented across national and international organizations and governmental policy makers. This type of management takes into account the intricate nature and interconnectedness of ecosystem components and ecosystem services which are determined by the structures and functions thereof. This review addresses concepts of ecosystem based management, discusses its implementation across fisheries and marine systems and acknowledges that human activity can play a vital role in transforming ecosystem functioning. DOI: 10.1016/j.marpol.2010.01.003 http://www.mendeley.com/research/understandingmarineecosystembasedmanagementaliteraturereview/ KEYWORDS: complex adaptive systems; climate change; ecology; ecosystembased management; global warming; integrated management; socioeconomy; zoning; stakeholder involvement. Dale, A. and D. Armitage (2011). "Marine mammal comanagement in Canada's Arctic: Knowledge coproduction for learning and adaptive capacity." Marine Policy 35(4): 440449. This article discusses the emerging concept of, and challenges associated with knowledge coproduction using a comanagement case study in Nunavut, Canada. Knowledge coproduction is proposed to assist scientists, managers, marine users and the broader community in sharing their expertise and knowledge across multiple aspects and uses of the marine environment, with the aim of learning and adapting within a comanagement capacity for the management of regional marine ecosystem areas. The authors highlight how a greater understanding of knowledge coproduction could assist with overcoming challenges that may arise within a comanagement environment. DOI: 10.1016/j.marpol.2010.10.019 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308597X1000206X KEYWORDS: adaptive capacity; challenges; comanagement; community; environment; marine ecosystem; Canada; knowledge coproduction; social learning; traditional knowledge Dalton, S. and A. Carroll (2011). "Monitoring coral health to determine coral bleaching Response at high latitude eastern Australian reefs: an applied model for a changing climate." Diversity 3(4): 592610. This work explored spatial patterns of coral bleaching to determine variability of bleaching susceptibility among coral kinds. The autors compared their data (NSW, Australia, 3031.5 S) with published bleaching threshold data (Caribbean, Africa and central and northern Pacific regions), and finally proposed a coral bleaching model. They found the coral bleaching threshold is at 3031.5 S ranges between 26.526.8 C. The results expose that the dominant coral kind at study zone are highly susceptible to thermal stress, therefore increases in seawater temperature (exceed 26.5 C) in the study zone for a period greater than four weeks, will result in extensive coral bleaching, with associated mortality determined by the duration of the thermal anomaly and the intensity of insolation. DOI:10.3390/d3040592 http://www.mdpi.com/14242818/3/4/592
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Keywords: coral bleaching; bleaching thresholds; subtropical scleractinian corals; thermal stress. Dambacher, J. M., D. J. Gaughan, et al. (2009). "Qualitative modelling and indicators of exploited ecosystems." Fish and Fisheries 10(3): 305322. Qualitative modeling was used to identify and interpret indicators of use in the implementation of ecosystembased fishery management. Such an approach complements quantitative methods, which often suffer from the lack of observations. Models describing different ecosystems differently harvested were used and their sensitivities to perturbations tested. Community structure was identified as a major driver of dynamics. This approach permitted to cope for the lack of precise data and enabled the exploration of the socioeconomic feedbacks controlling exploited systems. DOI:10.1111/j.14672979.2008.00323.x http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.14672979.2008.00323.x/abstract KEYWORDS: ecosystembased management; model; exploitation; adaptation; community matrix; indicators; press perturbation; qualitative modelling; time averaging Dang, V., P. Speck, et al. (2012). "Influence of elevated temperatures on the antiviral and antibacterial immune response of abalone Haliotis rubra." Fish and Shellfish Immunology 32: 732 740. This work reported a positive correlation between water temperature and both antiviral and antibacterial activity in wild abalone. The authors also experimented with abalone in the laboratory to determine that the results were consistent with the field study. In both cases, prolonged exposure to elevated temperature depressed antibacterial activity. Therefore, the abalone would more resilience to viruses than bacteria under conditions of elevated temperature. Nevertheless, this immune depression due to prolonged exposure to elevated water temperatures could increase epidemic disease occurrence with continued ocean warming. DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2012.01.022 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1050464812000332 Keywords: Antiviral activity; Antibacterial activity; Heat stress; Haemocytes; Superoxide anion Danovaro, R., Corinaldesi C, et al. (2010). "Marine viruses and global climate change." FEMS Microbiology Reviews 35: 9931034. This article discusses case studies of climate change and the potential consequences on virus functions and virushost interactions. The authors analyse published information about how marine viruses influence biochemical process of the ocean. The data suggests that marine viruses will be significantly influenced by climate change and that in turn, viruses could influence processes contributing to climate change. DOI: 10.1111/j.15746976.2010.00258.x http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.15746976.2010.00258.x/abstract KEYWORDS: marine viruses; climate change; marine prokaryotes; biological carbon pump; ocean acidification; marine aerosol. Davoudi, S., J. Crawford, et al. (2009). Planning for Climate Change: Strategies for Mitigation and Adaptation for Spatial Planners. London, Earthscan. This book provides guidance for spatial planners on how to meet the economic, social and environmental challenges that climate change raises for urban and regional development. Some points developed here are: climate change and spatial planning responses, climate change mitigation and adaptation in developed nations, urban form, patterns of settlement compared, transport policies, transitioning away from oil and vulnerability. http://books.google.com.au/books?id=rnEfm7tok4cC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false KEYWORDS: change climate; vulnerability; urban form; regional development; transport policies. Daw, T., W. Adger, et al. (2008). Climate change and capture fisheries. Worldfish Centre Report. FAO: 243. This review explores the concepts of fisheries' contribution to food security, to livelihood and economic development, current trends and status of fisheries, the exposure and sensitivity of fisheries to climate change. The conceptual frameworks is in the categories of fisheries, vulnerability and resilience, socioeconomic context and units and scales of analysis. The authors analyze the mitigation actions like the
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fisheries' contribution to greenhouse gas emissions, impacts of global mitigation actions on fisheries. Also are discussed the climate change impacts on fisheries like the potential impacts ans impacts pathways, impacts by sector, market and trade impacts, future impacts, vulnerability of regions, groups and hot spots, examples of adaptation in fisheries and the building adaptive capacity in fisheries. https://www.uea.ac.uk/polopoly_fs/1.104700!daw%20et%20al%202008%20climate%20change%20and%20captur e%20fisheries.pdf KEYWORDS: climate change; valuebased decisions; largescale resilience Daw, T. M., J. E. Cinner, et al. (2012). "To Fish or Not to Fish: Factors at Multiple Scales Affecting Artisanal Fishers' Readiness to Exit a Declining Fishery." PLoS ONE 7(2). The paper investigates how socioeconomic variables affected whether fishermen would exit fisheries in the context of hypothetical scenarios of catch declines. It demonstrates how adaptive responses to change are influenced by factors at multiple scales, and highlight the importance of understanding natural resourcebased livelihoods in the context of the wider economy and society. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031460 http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0031460 KEYWORDS: adaptive capacity; fisheries; scenarios; socioeconomic drivers; environmental change DCC, D. o. C. C. (2009). Climate change risks to Australias coast: A first pass national assessment. A. Government. Adaptation is one of the three pillars of the Australian Governments climate change strategy. This Report presents the findings of the first national assessment of the risks of climate change for the whole of Australias coastal zone. http://www.climatechange.gov.au/publications/coastline/climatechangeriskstoaustraliascoasts.aspx KEYWORDS: risk assessment; climate change strategy; coastal zone De Silva, S. S. and D. Soto (2009). Climate change and aquaculture: potential impacts, adaptation and mitigation. Climate change implications for fisheries and aquaculture: overview of current scientific knowledge. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Technical Paper. K. Cochrane, C. De Young, D. Soto and T. Bahri. Rome, FAO. 530: 151212. This chapter reviews the potential impacts of climate change on aquaculture. After reviewing the current state and trends in aquaculture production, the authors inspect the direct and indirect impacts of climate change on this sector. Finally, potential adaptation and mitigation procedures that could be implemented in this sector are addressed. ISBN:9789251063477 ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/012/i0994e/i0994e04.pdf KEYWORDS: Climate change; fisheries; aquaculture; adaptation; mitigation De'ath, G., J. M. Lough, et al. (2009). "Declining coral calcification on the Great Barrier Reef." Science 323: 116119. Skeletal records from 328 colonies of massive Porites corals from 69 reefs of the Great Barrier Reef (GBR) were analyzed to investigate trends in calcification. Results indicate a calcification decline by 14.2% since 1990, unprecedented in the last 400 years. The combined effect of increased temperature stress and reduced aragonite saturation state of seawater may be responsible for such a decline. DOI: 10.1126/science.1165283 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19119230 KEYWORDS: climate change; coral reef; calcification; Great Barrier Reef; vulnerability Della Patrona, L., B. Beliaeff, et al. (2011). "Mitigation of sea level rise effects by addition of sediment to shrimp ponds." Aquaculture Environment Interactions 2(1): 2738. Shrimp ponds in New Caledonia are threatened by sea level rise due to their proximity to mangroves. This study presents a simple, lowcost and efficient procedure to mitigate the effects of sea level rise. Adding 15 cm of agricultural soil to the pond bottoms reduced the vulnerability to sea level rise and unexpectedly enhanced the yield of the shrimp ponds, through increased survival and food conversion ratio. Although the method requires improvements (e.g. the addition of soil negatively impacted meiofaunal colonization) it appears to be an effective and easily applicable solution for New Caledonian farmers. DOI:10.3354/aei00028 http://www.intres.com/abstracts/aei/v2/n1/p2738/
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KEYWORDS: aquaculture; sea level rise; mitigation; shrimp pond; strategy; yield; adaptation Denman, K., J. R. Christian, et al. (2011). "Potential impacts of future ocean acidification on marine ecosystems and fisheries: current knowledge and recommendations for future research." ICES Journal of Marine Science: Journal du Conseil 68(6): 10191029. Ocean acidification has led to a reduction in the level of supersaturation of calcium carbonate in marine environments globally, while the potential pressure of carbon dioxide has increased. The authors present research findings of predicted changes in the ocean surface pH levels from the Canadian Earth System Model (CanESM1) which demonstrate that CO2 is the major driving factor of ocean acidification when compared with other changes associated with climate change. The authors provide recommendations of a framework which considers the effects of multiple stressors derived from climate change on the thermal tolerance abilities of marine organisms. DOI: 10.1093/icesjms/fsr074 http://icesjms.oxfordjournals.org/content/68/6/1019.abstract KEYWORDS: adaptation; behavioural response; climate change; CO2; framework; ocean acidification; physiological response; projections; thermal tolerance Devney, C. A., M. Short, et al. (2009). "Cyclonic and anthropogenic influences on tern populations." Wildlife Research 36(5): 368378. The authors worked used 18 years of demographic data collected on the three principal seabird species breeding at Michaelmas Cay (Australia) to investigate the potential influence of two threatening processes, cyclone activity and anthropogenic disturbance, on longterm population trends. Neither cyclones nor tourism had lasting negative impacts on these seabird species breeding. However, the large fluctuations in the sizes of the breeding populations of these species, the inconclusive nature of the recent population trends, limited availability of data on tourism trends suggest that a cautionary approach towards management of these populations is warranted and that strategies attempting to mitigate the potential impacts from tourism and pelagic fishery industries should continue. DOI: 10.1071/wr08142 http://www.publish.csiro.au/paper/WR08142 KEYWORDS: anthropogenic stressors; population dynamics; Longterm population; breedingpopulation dynamics. deYoung, B., M. Barange, et al. (2008). "Regime shifts in marine ecosystems: detection, prediction and management." Trends in Ecology & Evolution 23(7): 402409. Regime shifts are relatively sudden changes between contrasting, persistent states of a system, and the marine realm has exhibited surprisingly abrupt changes in form and function. There are three key drivers of regime shifts in oceans: abiotic processes, biotic processes and changes to structural habitat. These drivers can include both natural and anthropogenic components acting simultaneously, and whose influences are often difficult to separate. Being able to predict oceanic regime shifts and direct management accordingly depends on the shift characteristics in terms of drivers (anthropogenic and natural), scale (local to basin) and management action potential (adaptation to mitigation strategies). The conceptual framework presented enhances oceanic regime shift detection and prediction ability as well as to effectively manage these shifts. This framework uses three examples: the North Pacific, the North Sea and Caribbean coral reefs, and determines that the ability to effectively adapt or manage regime shifts depends upon their uniqueness and to understanding causes, linkages and observational capabilities. DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2008.03.008 http://www.cell.com/trends/ecologyevolution/abstract/S01695347(08)001663 KEYWORDS: longterm changes; cod Gadus morhua; North Pacific; climate; variability; coralreef; fishery; management; German Bight. DiazPulido, G., M. Gouezo, et al. (2011). "High CO2 enhances the competitive strength of seaweeds over corals." Ecology Letters 14(2): 156162. This paper presents the case that increasing concentrations of atmospheric CO(2) may be an additional process driving a shift from corals to seaweeds on reefs by comparing the mortality of coral (Acropora intermedia) relative to the abundance of the coralreef seaweed (Lobophora papenfussii). http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.14610248.2010.01565.x/abstract
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KEYWORDS: Carbon dioxide; coral reefs; coralalgal competition; macroalgae; ocean acidification DiazPulido, G., L. J. McCook, et al. (2009). "Doom and boom on a resilient reef: climate change, algal overgrowth and coral recovery." PLoS One 4(4): e5239. The mechanisms of ecological recovery in inshore reefs of the Great Barrier Reef were investigated after the 2006 mass bleaching event. Observations show that an unprecedented bloom of seaweed occurred after the event, and that colonized corals recovered in less than a year and without involving the recruitment of new coral larvae. These results indicate the high resilience of some reefs through mechanisms of regeneration and outcompetition of seaweed, providing new insights for reef ecosystem management. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0005239 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19384423 KEYWORDS: climate change; coral reef; recovery; resilience; Great Barrier Reef Dixson, D. L., P. L. Munday, et al. (2010). "Ocean acidification disrupts the innate ability of fish to detect predator olfactory cues." Ecology Letters 13(1): 6875. This work demonstrates that Amphiprion percula (marine damselfish) larvae innately detect predators by olfactory cues and that this ability remains through to larval settlement. Larvae that were reared in aquaria (i.e. not previously exposed to predators) were able to distinguish between olfactory cues of predators and nonpredators. However, when eggs and larvae were exposed to conditions simulating ocean acidification (pH 7.8 and 1000ppm CO2), larvae at settlement stage became attracted to predators and were unable to distinguish between these and nonpredators. Newly hatched A. percula larvae were not affected by CO2 exposure, retaining the ability to distinguish predators from nonpredators. If this inability to distinguish predators translates to increases in mortality, consequences lie in the replenishment and sustainability of marine populations. DOI: 10.1111/j.14610248.2009.01400.x http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.14610248.2009.01400.x/abstract KEYWORDS: Amphiprion percula; innate behaviour; ocean acidification; olfactory cues; predator recognition; adaptation; coral reef fish Done, T. J. (1999). "Coral community adaptability to environmental change at the scales of regions, reefs and reef zones." American Zoologist 39(1): 6679. Decreased calcification rates caused by reduced aragonite saturation state of water may also increase the impact that severe weather events have on coral reefs. Additionally, increased frequency of extreme weather events that cause mass coral mortality are likely to more often set back coral reef communities to early successional stages or alternate states. Larger areas and longer the period of dominance of coral/coralline algae zones of reefs by noncalcifying stages will reduce the capacity of the reef to accrete the limestone bulk which is locked up in the large skeletal units of the late (old) successional stages. The flowon effects for other reef biota such as reef fish are unpredictable, but a shifting steadystate mosaic null model may deliver a useful conceptual tool for baseline definition and tracking subsequent changes through time. DOI: 10.1093/icb/39.1.66 http://icb.oxfordjournals.org/content/39/1/66.abstract KEYWORDS: Great Barrier Reef; Acanthaster planci; stable states; phase shifts; disturbance; adaptation; climate change Donelson, J. M., P. L. Munday, et al. (2010). "Effects of elevated water temperature and food availability on the reproductive performance of a coral reef fish." Marine Ecology Progress Series 401: 233243. The effect of temperature and food availability on the reproductive performance of the coral reef damselfish (Acanthochromis polyacanthus) was experimentally tested on breeding pairs over a full breeding season. Reproductive output declined with increasing temperature and was null at the highest temperature (31.5C, projected for 2100) and the lowest prey concentration. With increasing temperatures, individuals also grew slower and produced smaller eggs. The reduction of reproductive output was found to be a combination of reduced breeding rate and reduced spermatogenesis, suggesting the high vulnerability of this species to ocean warming.
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DOI:10.3354/Meps08366 http://www.intres.com/abstracts/meps/v401/p233243/ KEYWORDS: warming; coral reef fish; reproduction; vulnerability Donnelly, R. (2011). Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment: Queensland Marine Aquarium Supply Industry, 2010. Research Publication no.108. T. Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority. The marine aquarium supply sector comprises less than 30 businesses and operates within two hand collection fisheries adjacent to the east coast of Queensland. The sector collects a vast array of colourful tropical and subtropical fish species, corals and invertebrates to supply Australian domestic retail aquarium outlets and international wholesalers that ultimately provide the specimens to home hobbyists. The threat of climate change and the associated predicted impacts on coral reefs prompted the industry to include a preliminary response to events linked to climate change in their Stewardship Action Plan (statement of operational standards). These response strategies complement climate change response planning developed by the government agencies that oversee sustainable fisheries production and the conservation of biodiversity on the Great Barrier Reef. The Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority (GBRMPA) funded the Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment for the aquarium supply sector to further develop industry's climate change preparedness. The report forms the first stage of a Climate Change Adaptation Plan. The report includes an analysis of the dynamics and value of the sector; a summary of the predicted biophysical effects of climate change on the Great Barrier Reef and the added consequences of carbon pollution mitigation policy; a review of methodology for assessing ecological risk of the fisheries amid the predicted impacts of climate change; a review of the current management of the fisheries and protected areas, including the integrative response involving the management agencies and the industry and concludes with an assessment of the vulnerability of the marine aquarium supply sector to climate change. ISBN 978 1 921682 44 5 (pdf) http://www.gbrmpa.gov.au/ data/assets/pdf_file/0019/8209/gbrmpa_RP108_CC_VA_QldAquariumSupplyIndust ry2010.pdf http://www.gbrmpa.gov.au/resourcesandpublications/publications KEYWORDS: marine aquarium; climate change; Queensland; Great Barrier Reef; vulnerability assessment Donner, S. D., W. J. Skirving, et al. (2005). "Global assessment of coral bleaching and required rates of adaptation under climate change." Global Change Biology 11(12): 22512265. Coral reefs appear highly vulnerable to climate change, with increasing water temperatures causing coral bleaching, which is the loss of colour due to breakdown of the symbiosis with the dinoflagellate Symbiodinium. Frequent or severe bleaching can have consequences such as reduced reproduction, growth, disease resistance and/or survivorship across large geographic scales. Global climate change could increase the frequency at which coral bleaching occurs, thereby threatening longterm coral reef viability. This paper conducts a global assessment of coral bleaching under climate change conditions by adapting NOAA Coral Reef Watch bleaching prediction method to the output of a low and high climate sensitivity general circulation model (GCM). This involves developing algorithms that predict mass coral bleaching with GCMresolution sea surface temperatures for thousands of coral reefs; then using algorithms to determine coral bleaching frequency and the required thermal adaptation of corals under 2 emissions scenarios. Results indicated that coral bleaching could become an annual or biannual event in the next 3050 years unless there is an increase of 0.21.0 degrees C in thermal tolerance per decade. The geographic variability required in thermal adaptation means that some regions may be particularly vulnerable to climate change impacts (e.g. Micronesia and western Polynesia). Monitoring and modelling advances will further refine the predictions for individual coral reefs, but without a concerted and accelerated effort to stabilize greenhouse gas emissions, the global prediction is unlikely to change. DOI: 10.1111/j.13652486.2005.01073.x http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.13652486.2005.01073.x/abstract KEYWORDS: adaptation; bleaching; climate change; coral reefs; general circulation; model; ocean warming; symbiosis; Great Barrier Reef; diversity; mortality; conservation; flexibility; thresholds; resilience; impacts; ecology; growth Doria, M. D., E. Boyd, et al. (2009). "Using expert elicitation to define successful adaptation to climate change."
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Environmental Science & Policy 12(7): 810819. This paper develops definitions of adaptation and successful adaptation to climate change, with a view to evaluating adaptations. There is little consensus on the definition of adapting to climate change in existing debates or on the criteria by which adaptation actions can be deemed successful or sustainable. In this paper, a variant of the Delphi technique is used to elicit expert opinion on a definition of successful adaptation to climate change. According to the final definition, agreed by the Delphi panel, successful adaptation is any adjustment that reduces the risks associated with climate change, or vulnerability to climate change impacts, to a predetermined level, without compromising economic, social, and environmental sustainability. DOI: 10.1016/j.envsci.2009.04.001 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1462901109000616 KEYWORDS: expert elicitation; successful adaptation; climate change; change impacts; policy Duarte, C. M. (2000). "Marine biodiversity and ecosystem services: an elusive link." Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 250(12): 117131. This work examines simple seagrass assemblages, which have limited species worldwide yet provide strong evidence for the existence of a strong positive link between species richness and ecosystem function. Ecosystem functions are, nevertheless, dependent on community composition, rather than number, for the functions are speciesspecific properties. Despite this, evidence shows that increasing species richness should be linked to an increase in the functional repertoire that exists in the community, and will lead to more efficient use of resources and greater ecosystem function capacity and sustainability under disturbance. Positive interactions in seagrass communities dependent on the presence of engineering species in the community that facilitate the growth of other species, provides increasing expectation of enhanced functional performance of mixed communities. Multispecific communities also have a number of unrealised functional potentials which may be essential in ensuring the ecosystem function sustainability in the face of disturbance. This work shows that comparatively simple seagrass communities provide reasons to expect a strong positive relationship between species diversity and the functions and services that marine ecosystems provide to humans. DOI: 10.1016/S00220981(00)001945 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022098100001945 KEYWORDS: Seagrass; marine ecosystems; ecosystem services Dupont, S., O. OrtegaMartinez, et al. (2010). "Impact of nearfuture ocean acidification on echinoderms." Ecotoxicology 19: 449462. Oceanic warming and acidification are profounds affecting marine ecosystems, with calcification one of the focuses for understanding the impact of CO2drivenclimate change on one of the key groups likely to be impacted: echinoderms. Echinoderms are often keystone ecosystem engineers. This paper reviews the impacts of ocean acidification on this group, revealing that they are a surprisingly robust group and that important differences in sensitivity to ocean acidification are found between populations and species. This work suggests that populations and species which are naturally exposed to varying pH conditions may be preadapted to future changes in ocean acidification. Although more data are still needed to fully understand and predict vulnerability to future conditions, this work suggests that nearfuture ocean acidification will negatively impact on this group with consequences likely at the ecosystem level. DOI: 10.1007/s1064601004636 http://www.springerlink.com/content/2052510111052808/ KEYWORDS: Ocean acidification; climate change; echinoderm; CO2 Dwyer, L., D. Edwards, et al. (2009). "Destination and enterprise management for a tourism future." Tourism Management 30(1): 6374. Reviewing the outcome of a series of workshops joining a range of Australian tourism stakeholders, this study investigates how global change key drivers (economic, political, environmental, technological, demographic and social) may affect the global tourism industry by 2020. Adaptation strategies to develop sustainable tourism applicable by tourism operators are discussed. DOI: 10.1016/j.tourman.2008.04.002 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0261517708000745
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KEYWORDS: climate change; stakeholders; drivers of change; tourism; sustainability; adaptation Dwyer, L. and C. W. Kim (2003). "Destination competitiveness: determinants and indicators." Current Issues in Tourism 6(5): 369413. This paper has four major objectives: to develop a model of destination competitiveness that identifies key success factors in determining destination competitiveness; to develop an appropriate set of indicators of destination competitiveness; to highlight the advantages and limitations of the model; and to identify areas for further conceptual and empirical research. The paper develops a model of destination competitiveness that will enable comparisons between countries and between tourism sector industries. This allows identification of the relative strengths and weaknesses of different tourism destinations. DOI: 10.1080/13683500308667962 http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13683500308667962 KEYWORDS: tourism industry; destination competitiveness; competitive indicators Eakin, C., Lough JM, et al. (2009). Climate variability and change: monitoring data and evidence for increased coral bleaching stress. Coral Bleaching: Patterns and Processes, Causes and Consequences. M. v. Oppen and J. Lough. Heidelberg, Germany, Springer: 4167. This chapter focuses on the changing physical environment of coral reef ecosystems and especially sea surface temperatures (SSTs) that are responsible for most mass coral breaching events. The authors use longterm climatic datasets to document SST changes near coral reefs over the past 150 years. The authors also describe the application of satellitebased SST's and related products that have been developed to detect and monitor global environmental conditions that may lead to coral bleaching. DOI: 10.1007/9783540697756_4 http://www.springerlink.com/content/r21867725m1443w1/ Keywords: Coral reefs; global changes; coral reef ecosystems; SST; El NioSouthern Oscillation events Econsearch (2011). The economic impact of aquaculture on the South Australian state and regional economies, 2009/10. . P. F. a. Aquaculture, Marryatville SA 5068: 68. South Australia has been conducting an annual assessment of the economic impact of aquaculture activity since 1997, and this report is an update for 2009/10. Estimates of the economic impact of aquaculture activity in South Australia in 2009/10 are provided for the following aquaculture sectors: tuna (Southern Bluefin Tuna); marine finfish (predominantly Yellowtail Kingfish, and Mulloway); oysters (predominantly Pacific Oyster and Native Oyster); mussels (Blue Mussel); abalone (predominantly Greenlip Abalone); freshwater finfish (predominantly Barramundi and Rainbow Trout); marron and yabbies; and other aquaculture (predominantly algae Beta carotene and Dunaliella salina and Brine Shrimp). http://www.pir.sa.gov.au/ data/assets/pdf_file/0005/156209/AquaImpacts10_Final_110617.pdf KEYWORDS: economic impacts; aquaculture industry; South Australia Edgar, G. J., J. Moverley, et al. (1997). "The conservationrelated benefits of a systematic marine biological sampling programme: The Tasmanian reef bioregionalisation as a case study." Biological Conservation 79(23): 227240. In order to maximise the conservation value of sites within a proposed system of representative MPAs around Tasmania, quantitative surveys of plants and animals were made around the Tasmanian coastline. Reef communities in the northern Bass Strait area were found to be distinctly different from those occurring further south, and are considered here to reflect a division between two biographical provinces. These two areas were each divisible into four biogeographical regions (bioregions). At least one marine reserve within each bioregion would be required within an integrated system of representative MPAs. In addition to the identification of appropriate MPA sites, this systematic sampling programme has generated baseline data which can assess the impact of MPAs after they have been declared and monitor the longterm effects of climate change. DOI: 10.1016/S00063207(96)00095X http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S000632079600095X KEYWORDS: marine; Tasmanian reef; biological sampling; marine protected areas; rocky reef Einarsson, N. (2009). "From good to eat to good to watch: whale watching, adaptation and change in Icelandic
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fishing communities." Polar Research 28(1): 129138. Since the early 20th century fishing has been the backbone of the Icelandic economy, and is still the most important industry in the country. This paper provides a summary of the introduction of whale watching industry in a fishing village in northeast Iceland, and how local inhabitants reconcile opposing views on whales, whaling and the new cetacean tourism. The paper also discusses the conflict between fishermen and marine mammals in an area where marine mammals are seen as competitors or pests. DOI 10.1111/j.17518369.2008.00092.x http://www.polarresearch.net/index.php/polar/article/view/6098 KEYWORDS: whale watching industry; marine mammals; competition; fisheries; conflict; tourism; Iceland Eliason, E. J., T. D. Clark, et al. (2011). "Differences in Thermal Tolerance Among Sockeye Salmon Populations." Science 332(6025): 109112. Increased mortalities of adult sockeye salmon have been correlated with increased sea surface temperatures. The authors discuss the role and variability of cardiorespiratory physiology of salmon at populationbased levels and relate this to historical climatic conditions that salmon encounter during migratory activities. Results from this investigation suggest that physiological adaptation by sockeye salmon can occur at very localised scales. DOI: 10.1126/science.1199158 http://www.sciencemag.org/content/332/6025/109.full KEYWORDS: adaptation; climate change; localised; migration; mortality; physiology; population; salmon; temperature; trout; variation Elmqvist, T., C. Folke, et al. (2003). "Response diversity, ecosystem change, and resilience." Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 1(9): 488494. The production of ecosystem service and function are dependent on the resilience of desirable ecosystem states, of which biological diversity is thought to enhance. Response diversity which is the array of responses to environmental change among species which contribute to the same function, is fundamental to a systems resilience. This is particularly important following change. Examples of response diversity across spatial and temporal scales are presented, demonstrating the adaptive capacity of this mechanism. It also highlights the need to incorporate the response diversity concept when developing planning and management and restoration strategies since it is likely to contribute significantly to ecosystem resilience against disturbance, mismanagement and degradation. DOI: 10.1890/15409295(2003)001[0488:RDECAR]2.0.CO;2 http://www.esajournals.org/doi/abs/10.1890/15409295%282003%29001%5B0488%3ARDECAR%5D2.0.CO%3B2?j ournalCode=fron KEYWORDS: coralreef; species richness; seed dispersal; mass mortality; resource; use; biodiversity; scale; population; abundance; dynamics; resilience Fabricius, K. E., C. Langdon, et al. (2011). "Losers and winners in coral reefs acclimatized to elevated carbon dioxide concentrations." Nature Climate Change 1(3): 165169. Ocean acidification due to rising atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations has deleterious effects on the performance of many marine organisms, but few empirical or modeling studies have addressed the longterm consequences of ocean acidification for marine ecosystems. This paper investigated coral reefs, seagrasses and sediments that are acclimatized to low pH at three cool and shallow volcanic carbon dioxide seeps in Papua New Guinea. The model suggests that ocean acidification, together with temperature stress, will probably lead to severely reduced diversity, structural complexity and resilience of IndoPacific coral reefs within this century. DOI: 10.1038/nclimate1122 http://www.nature.com/nclimate/journal/v1/n3/full/nclimate1122.html KEYWORDS: Papua New Guinea; coral reefs, seagrasses; sediments; carbon dioxide; acidification Falaleeva, M., C. O'Mahony, et al. (2011). "Towards climate adaptation and coastal governance in Ireland: Integrated architecture for effective management?" Marine Policy 35(6): 784793. Irelands coastal communities are particularly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change as Irelands population and industrial centres are concentrated in coastal locations. This paper explores how
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experience gained from integrated coastal zone management (ICZM) implementation can be harnessed to inform the development and implementation of climate adaptation policies, with a particular focus on the coastal zone. The paper identifies barriers and opportunities for sciencepolicy integration. DOI: 10.1016/j.marpol.2011.01.005 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308597X11000066 KEYWORDS: ICZM; Ireland; integration; adaptation policies; climate change; vulnerability; resilience

FAO (2010). Report of the APFIC/FAO Regional Consultative Workshop Securing sustainable smallscale fisheries: Bringing together responsible fisheries and social development. FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific. R. PUBLICATION, Bangkok, Thailand. 19. This report summarizes findings and discussions from a workshop held in Thailand in October 2010 on securing sustainable smallscale fisheries. Key thematic areas were addressed to determine adequate governance practices, assistance needs and sustainable management procedures for smallscale fisheries. The rights of fishers were identified along with several key principles (e.g. transparency, gender equality) used to determine critical goals that must be attained to support and secure smallscale fisheries globally. ISBN: 9789251067246 http://www.fao.org/docrep/013/i1934e/i1934e00.pdf KEYWORDS: fisheries; sustainability; climate change; communities; smallscale; management; policy; human rights; vulnerability FAO (2010). State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy: 197 pp. This 2010 edition of the biannual report of the FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department provides a comprehensive overview of the state of world fisheries and aquaculture. The first part of the document reviews the trends in production, utilization and trade of world fisheries resources. The second part addresses selected issues in fisheries and aquaculture (e.g. biosecurity in aquaculture and transparency in the fisheries sector). The third part highlights special studies, including an overview of the implications of climate change for fisheries and aquaculture, a section on the ecosystem approach to fisheries, and, a review of the benefits of recent technological advancements in geographic information systems. The final section presents an outlook for the future of inland fisheries, a growing and socioeconomically dynamic sector in great need of improved management. ISBN: 9789251066751 http://www.fao.org/docrep/013/i1820e/i1820e00.htm KEYWORDS: fisheries; aquaculture; policy; socioeconomy; development; food security; exploitation; fish stocks; management; mitigation; poverty; climate change; biodiversity; conservation; adaptation; risk Fazey, I., J. G. P. Gamarra, et al. (2010). "Adaptation strategies for reducing vulnerability to future environmental change." Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 8(8): 414422. Although management strategies focus on developing shortterm capacities to cope with environmental change, they then inadvertently disregard the possibility that they may actually be increasing vulnerability to unanticipated future changes. With the aim of developing more effective longterm strategies to cope with change, this paper presents a conceptual framework of adaptation. The framework highlights the need to reduce the risk of further intensifying problems by ensuring that adaptation: addresses both humaninduced and biophysical drivers of change; maintains a diversity of response options available for the future; and fosters human capacities which allow the uptake of those response options. Longterm adaptation relies also on emphasis on strategies that act to enhance human values, skills and behaviours that are conducive to sustainable activities. DOI: 10.1890/080215 http://www.esajournals.org/doi/abs/10.1890/080215?journalCode=fron KEYWORDS: climatechange; adaptive capacity; ecosystem services; resilience; management; systems; sustainability; flexibility; uncertainty; Australia; adaptation Feng, M., E. Weller, et al. (2009). The Leeuwin Current. A Marine Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation Report
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Card for Australia 2009. E. Poloczanska, A. Hobday and A. Richardson: 111. The Leeuwin Current (LC) is a warm, poleward flowing ocean boundary current off the west and south coasts of Australia, driven by largescale meridional (northsouth) pressure gradient. The LC and its interannual variability have profound impacts on marine ecosystems off the west and south coasts of Australia. This paper privides summary of observed impacts of climate change from both largescale and regional perspective, assesses potential impacts using climate model projections, adaptation responces, and identifies the knowledge gaps. ISBN 9781921609039. http://www.oceanclimatechange.org.au/content/images/uploads/Leeuwin_Current.pdf KEYWORDS: Leeuwin Current; marine ecosystems; Australia; climate model; adaptation responces. Foley, M. M., B. S. Halpern, et al. (2010). "Guiding ecological principles for marine spatial planning." Marine Policy 34(5): 955966. Despite recent and current efforts to govern and regulate human activities within marine ecosystems, and human use of marine resources, declining health of marine ecosystems is being recorded globally. The use of ecosystembased marine spatial planning is one strategy which has been proposed to increase the sustainable use of marine environments by humans. This strategy examines the spatial distribution of ocean activities in order to better monitor and regulate patterns and areas of marine use, with the overarching aim of protecting ecosystem health and services and their continued sustained use. This article recommends four main ecological principles for guiding future ecosystembased marine spatial planning activities, which include (i) maintaining and (ii) restoring a range of species, habitat and ecosystembased properties; and accounting for (iii) context and (iv) uncertainty within these systems during the planning process. DOI: 10.1016/j.marpol.2010.02.001 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308597X10000436 KEYWORDS: climate change; ecology; ecological principles; ecosystem; human impact; framework; guide; marine spatial planning; policy; resources; sustainability Folke, C. (2006). "Resilience: The emergence of a perspective for socialecological systems analyses." Global Environmental ChangeHuman and Policy Dimensions 16(3): 253267. This paper reviews the origin of the resilience perspective, providing a synopsis of its development in understanding the dynamics of socialecological systems to date. The concept inspired social and environmental scientists to question the dominant stable equilibrium view. This approach emphasizes nonlinear dynamics, thresholds, uncertainty and surprise, how phases of gradual change interplay with periods of rapid change and how these dynamics interact across both temporal and spatial scales. History of the resilience approach was dominated by empirical observations of ecosystem dynamics that were interpreted in mathematical models which then developed into adaptive management response. Currently efforts are being made to integrate the social component, with recent advances including understanding social processes including social learning memory, mental models and knowledgesystem integration, visioning and scenario building, leadership, agents and actor groups, social networks, institutional and organizational inertia and change, adaptive capacity, transformability and systems of adaptive governance strategies which permit for the management of vital ecosystem services. DOI: 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2006.04.002 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959378006000379 KEYWORDS: resilience; socialecological systems; adaptive capacity; transformations; natural resource management; ecosystem management; climate change; regime shifts; stable states; coralreefs; biodiversity; sustainability; vulnerability Folke, C., S. Carpenter, et al. (2004). "Regime shifts, resilience, and biodiversity in ecosystem management." Annual Review of Ecology Evolution and Systematics 35(1): 557581. Resilience is the capacity of a system to absorb perturbance and to maintain structure, function and feedbacks mechanisms in the face of change. Regimeshifts, whereby human impact drives a system to a less desirable state, indicate a shift in ecosystem services and therefore, have consequences on humans. Human activities such as pollution, resource exploitation, landuse change, and climate impact all reduce ecosystem resilience, and are resulting in more frequent regime shifts. These activities act to reduce
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resilience by removing response diversity, whole functional groups, whole trophic levels, or by impacting on ecosystems through pollution, emissions and climate change, which all alters the degree, frequency and duration of disturbance regimes. This paper reviews the evidence of regime shifts in relation to resilience of complex adaptive systems and the associated roles of biological diversity. It also emphasizes the need for adaptive management strategies that incorporate resilience into sustainability planning. DOI: 10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.35.021103.105711 http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/full/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.35.021103.105711 KEYWORDS: alternate states; regime shifts; response diversity; complex adaptive; systems; ecosystem; services; alternative stable states; coral reefs; Baltic sea; speciesdiversity; phaseshifts; trophic cascades; climate change; shallow lakes; ElNino; vegetation; resilience; biodiversity Ford, S. E. and M. M. Chintala (2006). "Northward expansion of a marine parasite: Testing the role of temperature adaptation." Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 339(2): 226235. In vitro and in vivo experiments were used to test whether the northward range expansion of the eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica) parasite, Perkinsus marinus was associated with a lowtemperature adapted strain of the parasite. In vitro proliferation of nine P. marinus isolates from three southern sites was measured at seven temperatures to determine whether between and within geographic location differences existed in proliferation rate, and whether these were linked to temperature. There was no evidence of lowtemperature adaptation, but at the higher temperatures the southern isolates exhibited higher proliferation rates than their northern counterparts, suggesting potential hightemperature adaptation of strains that are routinely subjected to higher temperatures. There was significant withinlocation variation among isolates, but the data tended to group by geographic location, supporting the regional component of proliferation rate hypothesis of P. marinus isolates. These data support the hypothesis that resent warming in the northeastern US is a likely contributing factor to P. marinus range extension. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022098106004424 KEYWORDS: climate change; Crassostrea virginica; in vitro; in vivo; range extension; pathogen. FRDC (2010). Australian Fishing Industry: Sector Overview. An RD&E Overview Paper developed for the Fisheries R&D Corporation FRDC Project: 2009214 2009214: 118. This report undertakes a strategic review and analysis of the business environment for the fishing and aquaculture industries in Australia to support the establishment of a national RD&E framework. The review covers commercial, recreational and indigenous fishers and the seafood industry. The objectives for this review are 1) To assess and analyse the current business and operating environments for the fishing and aquaculture industries; 2) To develop the scenario forecasts for the future business and operating environments for the fishing and aquaculture industries including opportunities and threats; 3) Based on the forecasted scenarios, identify the R&D strategies to form the basis for a national RD&E plan. KEYWORDS: strategic review; fishing industry; aquaculture industry; RD & E plans FRDC (2010). Overview of the Australian Fishing and Aquaculture Industry: Present and Future A report supporting the development of Working Together: The National Fishing and Aquaculture RD&E Strategy. A report supporting the development of Working Together: The National Fishing and Aquaculture RD&E Strategy: 115. This report presents the findings from a strategic review and analysis of the business environment for the fishing and aquaculture industry, which was undertaken to support the development of Working Together: the National Fishing and Aquaculture RD&E Strategy. http://frdc.com.au/research/Documents/Final_reports/2009214DLD.pdf KEYWORDS: strategic review; fishing industry; aquaculture industry; national RD&E plan Friedman, K., H. Eriksson, et al. (2011). "Management of sea cucumber stocks: patterns of vulnerability and recovery of sea cucumber stocks impacted by fishing." Fish and Fisheries 12(1): 7593. A timeseries approach was used to investigate changes in sea cucumber populations in different Pacific Island countries (Samoa, Tonga, Palau, Fiji and Papua New Guinea), some of which have been subjected to a moratorium on exports for the last decade. Results indicate the negative impacts of artisanal fishing
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activities, and varying recovery rates after cessation of fishing. Some species did not show signs of recovery despite moratoriums, suggesting population dynamics constrained by the Allee effect. The authors suggest that current management strategies are ineffective and discuss new adaptive approaches that could be implemented. DOI:10.1111/j.14672979.2010.00384.x http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.14672979.2010.00384.x/abstract KEYWORDS: aquaculture; management; sea cucumber; vulnerability; recovery; fisheries; Great Barrier Reef Fuentes, M., J. Maynard, et al. (2009). "Proxy indicators of sand temperature help project impacts of global warming on sea turtles in northern Australia." Endangered Species Research 9: 3340. Global warming poses serious threats to sea turtle populations since sex determination and hatching success are dependent on nest temperature. This paper uses regression analyses to correlate air temperature (AT) and highresolution sea surface temperature (SST) to sand temperature at 5 rookeries in northern Australia in order to investigate the rates at which sand temperatures are likely to change. The projections presented here can inform the timely and targeted implementation of localscale management strategies to reduce the impacts of global warming on sea turtle populations. DOI: 10.3354/esr00224. http://www.intres.com/abstracts/esr/v9/n1/p3340/ KEYWORDS: Global warming; Temperature ; Sea turtles; Sex ratio; Hatching success; Torres Strait; Australia. Fuller, T., D. P. Morton, et al. (2008). "Incorporating uncertainty about species' potential distributions under climate change into the selection of conservation areas with a case study from the Arctic Coastal Plain of Alaska." Biological Conservation 141(6): 15471559. This article presents a conservation planning framework for decisions under uncertainty, which arise from climate changedriven distributional shifts in a species range. The planning framework utilises a twostage optimization model which (i) selects a nominal conservation area network followed by (ii) evaluation of its performance under climate scenarios. The authors focus on a case study of the Arctic Coastal Plain in Alaska for demonstration of their conservation framework. DOI: 10.1016/j.biocon.2008.03.021 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006320708001262 KEYWORDS: Arctic National Wildlife Refuge; biodiversity; climate change; conservation planning framework; management; model; reserve Fulton, E. A. (2011). "Interesting times: winners, losers, and system shifts under climate change around Australia." Ices Journal of Marine Science 68(6): 13291342. The effect of cumulative human action on the climate and biosphere of Earth has the potential of affecting significantly many critical marine ecosystem services. There is now a keen interest among resource management groups about what ecological, economic, and social implications are associated with shifts in ecosystem structure and function induced by global change.This paper discusses a very early attempt to consider how multiple drivers might simultaneously act to reshape Australian marine ecosystems. DOI: 10.1093/icesjms/fsr032 http://icesjms.oxfordjournals.org/content/68/6/1329.short KEYWORDS: adaptive capacity; ecosystem models; global climate change; regime shifts. Fulton, E. A., J. S. Link, et al. (2011). "Lessons in modelling and management of marine ecosystems: the Atlantis experience." Fish and Fisheries 12(2): 171188. Attempts to model exploited marine ecosystems can increase understanding of system dynamics; identify major processes, drivers and responses; highlight major gaps in knowledge; and provide a mechanism to road test management strategies before implementing them in reality. The Atlantis modelling framework has been used in these roles for a decade and is regularly being modified and applied to new questions. This paper describes some common lessons learned from its implementation, particularly in regard to when these tools are most effective and the likely form of best practices for ecosystembased management (EBM). DOI: 10.1111/j.14672979.2011.00412.x

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http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.14672979.2011.00412.x/abstract?deniedAccessCustomisedMessage =&userIsAuthenticated=false KEYWORDS: Atlantis; ecosystem modelling; ecosystembased management; exploited marine ecosystems; system dynamics Furlow, J., J. B. Smith, et al. (2011). "Building resilience to climate change through development assistance: USAID's climate adaptation program." Climatic Change 108(3): 411421. In recent years, the development assistance community has recognized that climate change poses a stress on economic and social development in poor countries and has turned its attention to addressing climate stress. The US Agency for International Development developed a methodology of working with stakeholders to identify sources of climate related vulnerability and approaches to reducing that vulnerability. DOI: 10.1007/s1058401101274 http://www.springerlink.com/content/h60688gw57221141/ KEYWORDS: USAID; development assistance; adaptation; vulnerability assessment Fussel, H. M. (2009). "An updated assessment of the risks from climate change based on research published since the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report." Climatic Change 97(34): 469482. This paper provides an updated assessment of the status of scientific knowledge of climate change to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report (AR4), which was published in 2007. The current assessment is based a comprehensive review of the relevant scientific literature which has been published since the AR4 was released. Many of the risks that were first identified in the AR4 are now considered much greater, including sealevel rise, the amplification of global warming due to biological and geological carboncycle feedbacks, future committed warming due to a strong aerosol mask, increases in climate variability and risks to marine ecosystems from climate change and ocean acidification. Scientific debate still remains around a number of topics including changes in tropical cyclone activity. Additionally, greenhouse gas emissions have accelerated recently, and without targeted policy intervention, will continue to do so. This paper emphasizes the urgency for implementing mitigation policies as well as the development and implementation of comprehensive adaptation policies. DOI: 10.1007/s1058400996485 http://www.springerlink.com/content/yj352w65g181016m/ KEYWORDS: sealevel rise; ice massloss; tropical cyclones; ocean acidification; AR4 simulations; CO2; temperature; intensity; Atlantic; system; climate change Galaz, V., B. Crona, et al. (2012). "Polycentric systems and interacting planetary boundaries Emerging governance of climate changeocean acidificationmarine biodiversity." Ecological Economics 81: 2132. The paper explores the global governance challenge posed by planetary boundaries interactions. It highlights a range of mechanisms of polycentric order operating at the international level through the interplay between individuals, international organizations and their collaboration patterns, and the associated challenges/vulnerabilities. DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2011.11.012 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0921800911004964 KEYWORDS: adaptive governance; policentric systems; climate change; fisheries; aquaculture; international organisation Game, E. T., E. McDonaldMadden, et al. (2008). "Should We Protect the Strong or the Weak? Risk, Resilience, and the Selection of Marine Protected Areas." Conservation Biology 22(6): 16191629. It is thought that marine reserves recover faster than unprotected habitats when uncontrolled disturbance occurs; this paper defined the problem of deciding which habitat should be protected (those at greatest or lowest risk) mathematically for two alternate conservation objectives. This was followed by analytically solving this problem for both and determining the conditions under which different protection strategies was optimal. In the goal was to maximise the potential of having at least one healthy site, then the most effective strategy was to protect the site with the lowest risk. However, if the goal was to maximise the number of healthy sites, then the best approach was more complex. If protected areas were likely to spend high amounts of time in a degraded condition, then it was optimal to protect sites of low
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risk, but if most areas were largely healthy then it was better to protect sites that were at higher risk. DOI: 10.1111/j.15231739.2008.01037.x http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.15231739.2008.01037.x/abstract KEYWORDS: catastrophes; coral reefs; cyclones; habitat disturbance; marine reserves; reserve selection; climate change; Marine Protected Areas; resilience Gardiner, N. M., P. L. Munday, et al. (2010). "CounterGradient Variation in Respiratory Performance of Coral Reef Fishes at Elevated Temperatures." Plos One 5(10): 13. The effect of increasing temperatures on species distribution and abundance includes range shifts, population collapses, local extinctions, and phase shifts, and the response of a species depends on how different populations are affected throughout its geographic range. This means that local adaptation to thermal gradients could result in populations within a species to respond to global warming differently. For aquatic animals, response to increased temperatures will depend on the ability to keep up with increased oxygen demand. Since populations at different latitudes experience different thermal environments, respiratory performance is likely to vary between populations. Geographic variation in respiratory performance was examined in tropical marine fishes by comparing thermal effects on resting and maximum rates of oxygen uptake in six species of reef fish from two locations on the Great Barrier Reef. Strong countergradient variation in aerobic scope was observed between locations in four species (from two families). Highlatitude populations performed better than those from lowlatitudes. Latitudinal variation was driven by ~80% higher maximum rate of oxygen uptake for populations from higher latitudes. These data suggest that compensatory mechanisms for populations in highlatitudes may enhance their performance at high temperatures, and that these populations will be less impacted by increasing ocean temperatures than low latitude populations. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0013299 http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0013299 KEYWORDS: climate change; Great Barrier Reef; thermal tolerance; evolutionary significance; hypoxia tolerance; oxygen limitation; larval; marine fishes GBRMPA (2009). Great Barrier Reef Outlook Report 2009. T. Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority, Australia: 141. The aim of this report is to provide information about:: the condition of the ecosystem of the Great Barrier Reef Region (including the ecosystem outside the Region where it affects the Region). Social and economic factors influencing the Great Barrier Reef ecosystem, management effectiveness of the Great Barrier Reef, and riskbased assessment of the longterm outlook for the Region. ISBN 978 1 876945 89 3 http://www.gbrmpa.gov.au/ data/assets/pdf_file/0018/3843/OutlookReport_Full.pdf KEYWORDS: Great Barrier Reef; ecosystems; social; economics; indicators; riskbased assessment Gerber, L. R., J. Wielgus, et al. (2007). "A decision framework for the adaptive management of an exploited species with implications for marine reserves." Conservation Biology 21(6): 15941602. This paper applies a decisiontheory framework to optimally allocate conservation resources between improving data on population status and establishing a reserve for species conservation. The goal was to maximize reserve benefits given the constraints of a population growth rate that would permit sustainability of resources. The decision framework presented here may be used to identify the minimum number of years of data needed before a management decision about reserve establishment could be made that is reasonably likely to meet its management objectives. DOI: 10.1111/j.15231739.2007.00824.x http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.15231739.2007.00824.x/abstract KEYWORDS: adaptive management; decision theory; leopard grouper; marine reserve; Sea of Cortes; species monitoring; protected areas Gillson, J., J. Scandol, et al. (2009). "Estuarine gillnet fishery catch rates decline during drought in eastern Australia." Fisheries Research 99(1): 2637. This paper analysed relationships between hydrological variation and fisheries catch rates from nine permanently open estuaries in eastern Australia. The aims of the study are 1) to examine relationships
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between drought declaration, rainfall, freshwater flow and fisheries catch rates from 1997 to 2007; and 2) to investigate aspects of the freshwater flow regime that were most important in determining fisheries catch rates. DOI: 10.1016/j.fishres.2009.04.007 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165783609001003 KEYWORDS: Estuarinedependent fish; Drought; Freshwater flow; Catchability; River regulation Gilman, E. L., J. Ellison, et al. (2008). "Threats to mangroves from climate change and adaptation options: A review." Aquatic Botany 89(2): 237250. This paper reviews the state of understanding of the effects of projected climate change on mangrove ecosystems, including the state of knowledge for assessing mangrove resistance and resilience to relative sealevel rise. The paper then identifies adaptation options to avoid and minimize adverse outcomes from predicted mangrove responses to projected climate change. DOI: 10.1016/j.aquabot.2007.12.009 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S030437700800003X KEYWORDS: Adaptation; Climate change; Mangrove; Mitigation; Sealevel rise Gilmour, P. W., P. D. Dwyer, et al. (2013). "Enhancing the agency of fishers: A conceptual model of selfmanagement in Australian abalone fisheries." Marine Policy 37: 165175. This paper explores factors contributing to variation in levels of selfmanagement in five Australian abalone fisheries, and develops a conceptual model of selfmanagement using data from interviews, management workshops and surveys. It demonstrates the complexity of fisheries comanagement and highlights the diverse opportunities for policy makers and managers to improve fishery outcomes. DOI: 10.1016/j.marpol.2012.04.015 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308597X1200084X KEYWORDS: fisheries; comanagement; adaptive capacity; socialecological systems Glynn, P. W. (1993). "CoralReef bleaching Ecological Perspectives." Coral Reefs 12(1): 117. Coral reef bleaching results from loss of symbiotic zooxanthellae and/or a reduction in photosynthetic pigment concentrations that occur in zooxanthellae. Consequences of bleaching of reefbuilding scleractinian corals and hydrocorals are of particular concern, with data suggesting that scale, frequency and severity of recent bleaching disturbances are greater than ever before recorded. Stressors such as temperature, light, salinity, sedimentation, aerial exposure and pollutants often result in small scale bleaching, but there is not much definitive evidence for explaining large scale bleaching events in terms of potential climate change. This is mostly the result of lack of standardised methods for assessing bleaching and lack of continuous longterm baseline data. Efforts must be directed at understanding impacts of bleaching on current reef community along with longterm effects on competition, predation, symbioses, bioerosion and substrate condition, which all have the ability to effect coral recruitment and recovery. Present evidence suggests that many corals will be unable to adapt to the rapid rates of ocean warming that are predicted for the nearfuture. DOI: 10.1007/BF00303779 http://www.springerlink.com/content/k12w48311274206n/ KEYWORDS: coral bleaching; Great Barrier Reef; adaptation; El Nio; ultravioletradiation; community structure; Scleractinian corals Gssling, S., C. M. Hall, et al. (2010). "The Future of Tourism: Can Tourism Growth and Climate Policy be Reconciled ? A Mitigation Perspective." Tourism Recreation Research 35(2): 119130. The increase in tourisminduced greenhouse gas emissions caused by the global growth of tourism, and, the increasing need for mitigation procedures to maintain the sustainability of the tourism industry are two opposing processes discussed in this study. Current management procedures appear to be insufficient and radical changes in policies are needed to ensure a climatically sustainable global tourism. he article concludes that radical change will be needed to reconcile the holiday and business travel demands of a growing world population with the climate policy targets of the international community, specifically restricting anthropogenic global warming to less than 2 C. http://www.mendeley.com/research/futuretourismtourismgrowthclimatepolicyreconciledclimatechangemi
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tigationperspective/ KEYWORDS: climate change; tourism; sustainability; mitigation; greenhouse gas; industry; adaptation; management procedures Grafton, R. Q. (2010). "Adaptation to climate change in marine capture fisheries." Marine Policy 34(3): 606615. This paper discusses the way in which management objectives and instruments influence system resilience and adaptation; outlines a decisionmaking process for assessment of vulnerability to climate change and adaptivemanagement responses; provides intertemporal framework for assisting managers on when to adapt; presents a risk simulation approach outlining uncertainties of potential losses as a result of climate change and the benefits of adaptation; provides an explanation of how adaptation capacity can be strengthened by adaptive comanagement; and presents a variety of potential winwin management tools. DOI: 10.1016/j.marpol.2009.11.011 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308597X09001845 KEYWORDS: adaptation; climate change; fisheries; socialecological systems; stock assessment; uncertainty; management; conservation; resilience; governance; resource; reserves; trends Grafton, R. Q., R. Hilborn, et al. (2008). "Positioning fisheries in a changing world." Marine Policy 32(4): 630634. Marine capture fisheries face major and complex challenges: habitat degradation, poor economic returns, social hardships from depleted stocks, illegal fishing, and climate change. The key factors that prevent the transition to sustainable fisheries are information failures, transition costs, use and nonuse conflicts and capacity constraints. Using the experiences of fisheries successes and failures it is argued only through better governance and institutional change that encompasses the public good of the oceans and societal values will fisheries be made sustainable. DOI: 10.1016/j.marpol.2007.11.003 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308597X07001327 KEYWORDS: governance; public and private benefits; fisheries; biodiversity; sustainability. Grafton, R. Q. and T. Kompas (2005). "Uncertainty and the active adaptive management of marine reserves." Marine Policy 29(5): 471479. Unpredictable environmental fluctuations are a major problem in fisheries. To mitigate these uncertainties, reserves are advocated to help ensure population persistence, reduce population and harvest variance, provide a 'hedge' against management failures and increase resilience. Using recent insights from the modelling of marine reserves, this paper proposes a sixstep process for establishing and adaptively managing reserves for fishery purposes. DOI: 10.1016/j.marpol.2004.07.006 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308597X04000880 KEYWORDS: marine reserves; uncertainty; adaptive management; protected areas; fisheries management Grafton, R. Q., T. Kompas, et al. (2005). "Marine reserves with ecological uncertainty." Bulletin of Mathematical Biology 67(5): 957971. The authors develop a dynamic bioeconomic model to ascertain whether marine reserves can generate positive economic returns to fishers in a deterministic and a stochastic environment when harvesting is optimal. Using a stochastic optimal control model with two forms of ecological uncertainty this paper demonstrates that reserves create a resilience effect that allows for the population to recover faster. The tradeoff of a larger reserve is a reduced harvest in the absence of a negative shock such that a reserve will never encompass the entire population if the goal is to maximize the economic returns from harvesting, and fishing is profitable. Overall, the results show that, in many cases, there is no tradeoff between the economic payoff of fishers and ecological benefits when a reserve is established at equal to, or less than, its optimum size. DOI: 10.1016/j.bulm.2004.11.006 http://www.springerlink.com/content/7128wq2p78625444/ KEYWORDS: fisheries management; marine reserve; metapopulation; dynamics; stocks; model Grafton, R. Q., T. Kompas, et al. (2005). "The bioeconomics of marine reserves: A selected review with policy
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implications." Journal of Bioeconomics 7: 161178. The paper 'bridges the divide' between the biological and economic literature on marine reserves. It provides a selected review of the traditional use of reserves, the early reserve literature, the potential benefits of reserves, spillovers from reserves to harvested areas and bioeconomic models of marine reserves. The bioeconomics literature is examined from the perspectives of deterministic models, spatial economic models and models that include uncertainty and stochasticity. Insights from the review are used to provide management implications in terms of reserve design, stakeholder cooperation and process, reservefishery transfers, traditional management controls, and ecosystem approaches to managing fisheries. DOI: 10.1007/s1081800568851 http://www.springerlink.com/content/y1x4q13683888584/ KEYWORDS: reserve spillovers; deterministic; stochasticity; spatial models; fisheries management Grafton, R. Q., T. O. M. Kompas, et al. (2006). "The economic payoffs from marine reserves: Resource rents in a stochastic environment." The Economic Record 82(259): 469480. This paper analysed the economic payoffs from marine reserves using a stochastic optimal control model, with a jumpdiffusion process. The results show that even if the reserve and harvested populations face the same negative shocks, harvesting is optimal, the population is persistent and there is no uncertainty over current stock size, a reserve can increase resource rents. Using fishery data it is shown that the payoffs from a reserve, and also optimum reserve size, increase the larger is the magnitude of the negative shock, the greater its frequency and the larger its relative impact on the harvested population. DOI: 10.1111/j.14754932.2006.00360.x http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.14754932.2006.00360.x/abstract KEYWORDS: bioeconomic model; protected areas; stochastic model; marine reserve; fisheries; management; ecosystems Graham, N. A. J., T. D. Ainsworth, et al. (2011). "From microbes to people: tractable benefits of notake areas for coral reefs." Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review 49: 105135. This paper attempts to synthesize all potential costs and benefits of coral reef notake areas (NTAs) and critically examine evidence of their impacts on both ecosystems and societies. The study identified the lack of knowledge about the capacity of NTAs to provide socioeconomic benefits as a key scientific gap. ISSN: 00783218 http://xa.yimg.com/kq/groups/23692934/735252035/name/Graham+et+al.+OMBAR+2011.pdf KEYWORDS: notake marine areas; socioeconomic benefits; climate change; coral reefs; marine megafauna; microbial communities Graham, N. A. J., T. R. McClanahan, et al. (2008). "Climate Warming, Marine Protected Areas and the OceanScale Integrity of Coral Reef Ecosystems." Plos One 3(8): 9. This work assesses the impacts of the mass bleaching event that occurred in 1998 affecting coral cover, reef structural complexity and reef fishes from 7 countries, 66 sites and 26 degrees of latitude in the Indian Ocean. Bayesian metaanalysis showed that changes in the size structure, diversity and trophic composition of reef fish communities have all followed this decline in corals. Ocean scale integrity has been lost, however effects were showed spatial variation at multiple scales, suggesting impacts and vulnerability are affected by geography, but not the management regime. Existing notake marine protected areas continued to support high fish biomass, but they did not appear to have a positive effect on the ecosystem response to the large scale disturbance of coral decline. Future conservation and management efforts need to identify and subsequently protect regional refugia, and develop resiliencebuilding policy and framework into management options for climate change. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0003039 http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0003039 KEYWORDS: climate change; coral reefs; Marine Protected Areas; resilience; thermal tolerance Gruber, N. (2011). "Warming up, turning sour, losing breath: ocean biogeochemistry under global change." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A 369(1943): 19801996. Increasing temperature, ocean acidification and ocean deoxygenation are predicted to significantly alter
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ocean function and ecosystem dynamics over the coming decades and centuries, including aspects of physical, chemical and biological processes. This article discusses the impacts of warming, acidification, and deoxygenation at regional and global scales and likely mitigation strategies for reducing the rate at which these factors are occurring globally. DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2011.0003 http://rsta.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/369/1943/1980 KEYWORDS: climate change; deoxygentation; global warming; ocean acidification; ocean biogeochemistry; temperature Guest, J., A. Baird, et al. (2012). "Contrasting patterns of coral bleaching susceptibility in 2010 suggest an adaptive response to thermal stress." PLoS ONE 7(3): 18. The authors examine the bleaching and mortality responses of corals at sites with contrasting thermal histories during a largescale bleaching event in 2010. Their data provide evidence in support of both hypotheses as they documented an unprecedented reversal in the susceptibility of coral genera, but only at sites where bleaching occurred in 1998. Furthermore the authors show that corals generally bleached less severely at locations where temperature variability has been greater and warming rates lower over the last 60 years. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033353 http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0033353 KEYWORDS: spatial variation; temporal variation; thermal tolerance; coral; taxa; bleaching; South East Asia Gunderson, L. H. and L. E. Pritchard Jr. (2002). Resilience and the behaviour of largescale systems. Washington DC, Island Press. This book examines resilience and change theories, offering understanding of how ecological resilience and human adaptability properties interact in complex and regionalscale systems. Concepts of resilience and stability in largescale ecosystems are addressed in terms of theoretical concepts, along with the empirical application of those concepts. Practical implications of new theoretical approaches are discussed in terms of sustaining systems in light of human impacts. Key properties of complex adaptive systems contributing to resilience are reviewed, and include multiple equilibria, complexity, selforganization at multiple scales and order. This book also uses case studies to explore the biophysical dimensions of resilience in different ecosystems, and presents information on the relationship between recovery times and resilience for perturbed systems. http://books.google.com.au/books/about/Resilience_and_the_Behavior_of_Large_Sca.html?id=r9CgJNV_6KAC KEYWORDS: resilience; complex adaptive systems; regional scale Haapasaari, P., S. Kulmala, et al. (2012). "Growing into Interdisciplinarity: How to Converge Biology, Economics, and Social Science in Fisheries Research?" Ecology and Society 17(1). The paper analyses how and what kind of interdisciplinarity between natural scientists, environmental economists, and social scientists grew from the need to better understand the complexity and uncertainty in the context of the Baltic salmon fisheries. It suggests that interdisciplinarity is a learning process that takes place between individuals, between disciplines, and between types of knowledge. DOI: 10.5751/Es04503170106 http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol17/iss1/art6/ KEYWORDS: fisheries; interdisciplinarity; learning; socialecological systems; fisheries; baltic Haapkyla, J., J. MelbourneThomas, et al. (2010). "Spatiotemporal patterns of coral disease prevalence on Heron Island, Great Barrier Reef, Australia." Coral Reefs 29(4): 10351045. This work investigates temporal patterns in coral disease and potential drivers of this around Heron Island. Surveys between 2007 and 2009 identified six diseases: brown band syndrome (BrB), growth anomalies (GA), ulcerative white spots (UWS), white syndrome (WS), skeletal eroding band disease (SEB) and black band disease (BBD); with lowest disease occurrence in Nov 2007 and highest in August 2008. Evidence of seasonality was detected for two diseases: BrB and UW, with this being the first recording of higher BrB in winter. The dominance of Gas and SEB was not seasonal, although incidence of GA increased throughout the study duration. WS was slightly higher in summer, but overall prevalence was relatively low. Sites with high abundance of staghorn Acropora and Montipora had greatest disease. These data
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emphasize the correlations between coral disease prevalence, seasonally varying environmental parameters and coral community composition, yet highlight for more work in these areas. DOI: 10.1007/s003380100660z http://www.springerlink.com/content/b300236124w6h871/ KEYWORDS: coral disease; IndoPacific; seasonality; sea surface temperature; brown band syndrome; growth anomalies; climate change; resilience. Halford, A., A. J. Cheal, et al. (2004). "Resilience to largescale disturbance in coral and fish assemblages on the Great Barrier Reef." Ecology 85(7): 18921905. The data revealed largescale resilience and predictable recovery of these species assemblages. Live coral cover decreased from >80% to <10% in some northeastern reefs during 198789, which was potentially the result of storm damage. This allowed comparison of fish and benthic communities prior to the disturbance and throughout the time of disturbance. Hard coral cover increased at a slow rate from 199294, but accelerated in growth rate and was the same as predisturbance by 1998. The community was dominated by tabulate Acropora corals, which have rapid growth and competitive dominance, and allowed this quick response. Overall, 88% of fish species decreased in abundance post disturbance, but subsequently increased to predisturbance levels except for two species. These data suggest that habitat may play an important role in modifying fish assemblages, with both coral and fish assemblages demonstrating resilience to largescale natural disturbance. DOI: 10.1890/034017 http://www.esajournals.org/doi/abs/10.1890/034017 KEYWORDS: coral assemblage; disturbance; Great Barrier Reef; large scale; recovery; reef fish; assemblage; resilience; Acanthaster planci; tropical cyclone; catastrophic predation; herbivorous fishes; temporal patterns; habitat structure; communities; dynamics; recruitment Hallegraeff, G. M. (2010). "Ocean Climate Change, Phytoplankton Community Responses, and Harmful Algal Blooms: A Formidable Predictive Challenge " Journal of Phycology 46(2): 220235. This paper highlights the limitations in the understanding of marine ecosystem responses to multifactorial physicochemical climate drivers and emphasizes the lack of knowledge regarding genetic and phenotypic adaptation ability of marine microalgae to accelerating climate change. This work stresses that lack of preparedness of human society in the face of increasing algal biotoxin problems, and calls for increased vigilance in areas that are currently poorly monitored. Phytoplankton community changes can also provide early warning systems for climatedriven perturbances. DOI: 10.1111/j.15298817.2010.00815.x http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.15298817.2010.00815.x/abstract KEYWORDS: adaptation; algal blooms; climate change; continuous plankton recorder; ENSO; NAO; ocean acidification; range expansion; NorthAtlantic oscillation; plankton recorder survey; dinoflagellate; cysts; atmospheric CO2; red tides; Gymnodinium catenatum; positive feedback; marine plankton; El Nio Halsnaes, K. and S. Traerup (2009). "Development and Climate Change: A Mainstreaming Approach for Assessing Economic, Social, and Environmental Impacts of Adaptation Measures." Environmental Management 43(5): 765778. The paper introduces the socalled climate change mainstreaming approach, where vulnerability and adaptation measures are assessed in the context of general development policy objectives. The approach is based on the application of a limited set of indicators. These indicators are selected as representatives of focal development policy objectives, and a stepwise approach for addressing climate change impacts, development linkages, and the economic, social and environmental dimensions related to vulnerability and adaptation are introduced. The conclusions of the paper confirm that climate risks can be reduced at relatively low costs, but the uncertainty is still remaining about some of the wider development impacts of implementing climate change adaptation measures. DOI: 10.1007/s0026700992730 http://www.springerlink.com/content/y3x0212l15286h70/ KEYWORDS: climate change; mainstreaming; sustainable development. Hansen, L., J. Biringer, et al., Eds. (2003). Buying Time: A Users Manual for Building Resistance and Resilience to
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Climate Change in Natural Systems. Washington, DC, WWF. The aim of this manual is to provide support for natural resource and protected area managers as they begin to contemplate how to respond to climate change. This study demonstrates a clear fingerprint of climate change. Parmesan and Yohe (2003) analysed data from over 1700 species to demonstrate that climate change has already altered range boundaries and phenology. Root et al. (2003) showed that 80% of the 143 studies they used demonstrated trait characteristics conferring climate change predictions. Examples are provided showing specific climatedriven ecosystem responses. http://wwf.panda.org/?8678/BUYINGTIMEAUsersManualforBuildingResistanceandResiliencetoClimateCh angeinNaturalSystems KEYWORDS: climate change; resilience; resistance; IPCC Harding, S., E. Clark, et al. (2010). GLOBE Action Plan for Coral Reefs. G. International. This action plan provides international legislators and policymakers with clear and targeted actions to build resilience in tropical shallowwater coral reef ecosystems and in the people that rely on them. A key aim of the initiative is to promote winwin policies that increase the ecological resilience of coral reefs while boosting the social resilience of the communities and stakeholders that depend on them. http://www.icriforum.org/sites/default/files/Globe%20Action%20Plan%20for%20Coral%20Reefs_08102010.pdf KEYWORDS: coral reefs; action plan; climate change; resilience; legislators; anthropogenic degradation Harley, C. D. G., A. R. Hughes, et al. (2006). "The impacts of climate change in coastal marine systems (vol 9, pg 228, 2006)." Ecology Letters 9(4): 500500. The authors review recent advances in our understanding of the physical and chemical nature of climate change in coastal oceans. Recent work suggests that the abiotic changes and biological responses will be substantially more complex than first anticipated, for example, with changes in chemistry likely to be more important for performance and survival in many organisms than temperature. Conservation and management efforts will require enhancement of predictive frameworks, and direction of future research should include identifying key demographic transitions that act to influence population dynamics, predict communitylevel impacts of dominant species, involve adaptation ability, and understand the appropriate time scales in which systems will be able to respond DOI: 10.1111/j.14610248.2005.00871.x http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.14610248.2005.00871.x/abstract KEYWORDS: Anthropogenic climate change; carbon dioxide (CO2); coastal oceanography; community structure; distributional shifts; marine ecosystems; ocean pH; population dynamics; synergistic effects; temperature Hartog, J. R., A. J. Hobday, et al. (2011). "Habitat overlap between southern bluefin tuna and yellowfin tuna in the east coast longline fishery implications for present and future spatial management." DeepSea Research Part IiTopical Studies in Oceanography 58(5): 746752. The spatial managenent, where the core habitat is identified and then fishing activity in that habitat modified to protect the species of concern, is an useful measure to minimize unwanted bycatch. However, the effectiveness of such measure can be influenced by climate change as species distributions are likely to change. The East Australia Current (EAC) is one of the fastest warming ocean regions in the southern hemisphere. To consider the future change in distribution of Southern bluefin tuna (SBT) and yellowfin tuna (YFT) compared to the present and to explore the potential impact on fishers and managers of the future, the paper uses future ocean predictions from the CSIRO Bluelink ocean model for the year 2064 to generate habitat predictions. DOI: 10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.06.005 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0967064510002122 KEYWORDS: Southern bluefintuna; Yellowfin tuna; Bycatch reduction; Spatial management; Habitat prediction; Climate change Harvell, C. D., C. E. Mitchell, et al. (2002). "Ecology Climate warming and disease risks for terrestrial and marine biota." Science 296(5576): 21582162. Extinction or rapid decline in population numbers can be the result of infectious diseases. Many pathogens are susceptible to temperature, rainfall and humidity, and can create synergisms that could potentially affect biodiversity. Increases in global warming can amplify pathogen development and
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survival rates, spread of disease and susceptibility of pathogen hosts. Global warming is predicted to increase frequency or severity of disease impacts for hostparasite systems; however some pathogens may decline with increasing temperatures, and releasing hosts from disease. Climatic events such as El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) have influenced pathogens including coral disease and oyster pathogens. To improve effective epidemic predictions in wild populations, we need to be able to separate both independent and interactive effects of various climate drivers on disease impact. DOI: 10.1126/science.1063699 http://www.sciencemag.org/content/296/5576/2158.abstract KEYWORDS: amphibian population declines; emerging infectiousdiseases; vectorborne diseases; Phytophthora cinnamomi; Perkinsus marinus; massmortality; Culex quinquefasciatus; Haemonchus contortus; climate change Harwitasari, D. and J. A. van Ast (2011). "Climate change adaptation in practice: people's responses to tidal flooding in Semarang, Indonesia." Journal of Flood Risk Management 4(3): 216233. In many places in the world the effects of common floods are increased by climate change. This paper presents a case study on tidal flooding in Semarang, along the coastline of the Indonesian island of Java. The study provides relevant information about the way people in the affected areas perceive flood risks and adaptation opportunities. DOI: 10.1111/j.1753318X.2011.01104.x http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1753318X.2011.01104.x/abstract Keywords: flood adaptation; climate change; integrated water management; coastal lowlands Hasselmann, K., M. Latif, et al. (2003). "The challenge of longterm climate change." Science 302(5652): 19231925. Climate policy needs to address the multidecadal to centennial time scale of climate change. Although the realization of shortterm targets is an important first step, to be effective climate policies need to be conceived as longterm programs that will achieve a gradual transition to an essentially emissionfree economy on the time scale of a century. This requires a considerably broader spectrum of policy measures than the primarily marketbased instruments invoked for shorter term mitigation policies. A successful climate policy must consist of a dual approach focusing on both shortterm targets and longterm goals. DOI: 10.1126/science.1090858 http://www.sciencemag.org/content/302/5652/1923.abstract KEYWORDS: climate change; policy; fossilfuel CO2; model; stewardship; economics Havenhand, J. N., F. R. Buttler, et al. (2008). "Nearfuture levels of ocean acidification reduce fertilization success in a sea urchin." Current Biology 18(15): 651652. Gametes and larvae of the sea urchin H. erythrogramma were subjected to CO2induced acidification (pH reduced by 0.4, ca 1000 ppm CO2, the upper limit of predictions for 2100) in tanks. Sperm swimming speed, motility and hence, fertilization success were significantly reduced in acidified water. These findings suggest that ocean acidification may drastically impact taxa with calcareous larval skeletons in the near future, putting entire populations, species or ecosystems at risk. DOI:10.1016/j.cub.2008.06.015 http://www.cell.com/currentbiology/abstract/S09609822%2808%29007355 KEYWORDS: ocean acidification; fertilization; urchin; calcification; gametes; fertility Hawkins, S. J., H. E. Sugden, et al. (2009). "Consequences of climatedriven biodiversity changes for ecosystem functioning of North European rocky shores." Marine EcologyProgress Series 396: 245259. This paper reviews the response of intertidal biodiversity from rocky shores in the British Isles to global climate change, using longterm data sets. There is evidence suggesting that warming around the British Isles has resulted in the highest sea surface temperatures ever recorded in this region. Poleward movement on rocky shores is distinctive and dependent on life history characteristics, dispersal ability and habitat requirements. The authors predict that the balance of primary producers and secondary consumers may change along wave exposure gradients that match changes occurring with latitude, which will alter the export and import of primary production. Increases in grazer and sessile invertebrate diversity will potentially be accompanied by a reduction in primary production by large canopyforming
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algae, which are discussed here in relation to biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. DOI: 10.3354/meps08378 http://www.intres.com/abstracts/meps/v396/p245259/ KEYWORDS: climate change; intertidal; range shifts; biodiversity; ecosystem functioning; Northeast Atlantic. Hemming, N. G. (2009). Isotopes Illuminate Chemical Change: Boron Isotope pH Proxy. Chemical Evolution II: From the Origins of Life to Modern Society. A. S. Series, American Chemical Society. 1025: 157177. This book chapter discusses methods relating to the indirect acquisition of climatic information that is otherwise directly unavailable. Using boron isotopes as a proxy for estimating ancient ocean pH may assist in our understanding of natural variations in atmospheric CO2 concentrations, given present knowledge on the relationship between atmosphere and surface ocean. This chapter discusses the important value of CO2 and temperature proxies for predictions of future climatic shifts. DOI: 10.1021/bk20091025.ch009 http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/bk20091025.ch009 KEYWORDS: climate change; Boron; isotope; global warming; pH proxy. Hennige, S. J., D. J. Smith, et al. (2010). "Acclimation and adaptation of scleractinian coral communities along environmental gradients within an Indonesian reef system." Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 391(12): 143152. Multiple sites along a gradient of light, temperature, and turbidity within the Wakatobi Marine National Park, South East Sulawesi, Indonesia, were selected to include optimal, intermediate and marginal sites in terms of survival threshold limits of corals. Across this gradient, coral communities ranged from diverse, mixed growth form assemblages to specialised, massive growth form dominated. Only one species of massive (Goniastrea aspera) was identified at most marginal and optimal sites, but branching species (Acropora formosa and Porites cylindrical) were only recorded at optimal sites. The Symbiodinium community changed along the gradient, from different clades on optimal (in branching and massive species) and marginal reefs (in massive species). Massive coral species exhibited variability in both respiration and photosynthesis, suggesting the inability to consider all corals equal across environments. Information on presentday marginal environments is important for understanding reef biodiversity, function, and accretion in terms of future climate change impacts. DOI: 10.1016/j.jembe.2010.06.019 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022098110002248 KEYWORDS: acclimation; adaptation; environmental gradients; marginal reefs; massive corals; Symbiodinium; Great Barrier Reef; shadeadapted colonies; Pocillopora damicornis; Stylophora pistillatal; Goniastrea aspera; climate change; South Africa; ultraviolet radiation; symbiotic algae. HerrfahrdtPahle, E. and C. PahlWostl (2012). "Continuity and Change in Socialecological Systems: the Role of Institutional Resilience." Ecology and Society 17(2). The paper illustrates the tension between the concepts of continuity and change, how they interact, and how they build or erode institutional resilience. Elements of institutional continuity and change are discussed in the context of learning opportunities, adaptaion and sustainable pathways. DOI: 10.5751/Es04565170208 http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol17/iss2/art8/ KEYWORDS: adaptation; institutional arrangements; adaptive capacity; resilience, governance Hinrichsen, H. H., M. DickeyCollas, et al. (2011). "Evaluating the suitability of coupled biophysical models for fishery management." Ices Journal of Marine Science 68(7): 14781487. This paper assessed the potential role of coupled biophysical models in enhancing the conservation, management, and recovery of fish stocks, with emphasis on anchovy, cod, herring, and sprat in European waters. The aim is not to provide an exhaustive summary of the worldwide use of coupled biophysical models in marine systems, but to focus on the development and application of individualbased models (IBMs) for selected fish stocks. The paper (i) evaluate the utility of biophysical IBMs for understanding the dynamics of early life stages of commercial fish, (ii) highlight how process knowledge gained on the selected fish stocks has been integrated into biophysical models, and (iii) comment on the fisheries management utility of IBMs.
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DOI: 10.1093/icesjms/fsr056 http://icesjms.oxfordjournals.org/content/68/7/1478.short KEYWORDS: adaptive management strategies; applicability of biophysical models; collapsed fish stocks; earlylifestage survival; environmental variability. Hobday, A., B. Mapstone, et al. (2009). Enhancing species adaptation to climate change. A Marine Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation Report Card for Australia 2009. E. Poloczanska, A. Hobday and A. Richardson, NCCARF Publication 05/09, ISBN 9781921609039. This report card explains climate change adaptation in the context of marine species, autonomous (through natural physical and biological processes) and human induced (planned) adaptation, adaptation actions in practice, and options available. ISBN: 9781921609039 http://eprints.jcu.edu.au/11300/1/Adaptation_to_climate_change.pdf KEYWORDS: adaptation options; adaptation actions; climate change. Hobday, A. J. (2010). "Ensemble analysis of the future distribution of large pelagic fishes off Australia." Progress In Oceanography 86(12): 291301. Impacts of warming water on oceanic species are most likely to be detected as changes in distribution. Global climate models provide insight into possible future conditions, but there is also considerable uncertainty regarding future changes because of differences in model structure and future scenarios. To address some of this uncertainty, this paper considered output from multiple climate models through an ensemble analysis and examined potential changes in the distribution of large pelagic fishes captured by longline fisheries on the east and west coast of Australia by the year 2100. DOI: 10.1016/j.pocean.2010.04.023 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0079661110000571 KEYWORDS: global climate models; distribution changes; uncertainty; multiple climate models; fisheries Hobday, A. J. (2011). "Sliding baselines and shuffling species: implications of climate change for marine conservation." Marine Ecologyan Evolutionary Perspective 32(3): 392403. This paper used projected changes in sea surface temperature (SST) for the period 20632065 from a downscaled ocean model to illustrate the similarity to, and movements of, present pelagic environments within conservation planning areas off Eastern Australia. Climateaware conservation planning should consider the use of mobile protected areas to afford protection to species changing their distribution. DOI: 10.1111/j.14390485.2011.00459.x http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.14390485.2011.00459.x/abstract KEYWORDS: distribution change; sea surface temperature; downscaled ocean model; conservation planning; mobile protected area. Hobday, A. J., J. Dowdney, et al. (2007). Ecological Risk Assessment for the Effects of Fishing: Southern Bluefin Tuna Purse Seine Fishery. Report for the Australian Fisheries Management Authority. CSIRO, Canberra: 110 pp. The ERAEF method (Ecological Risk Assessment for Effect of Fishing, developed in a research program sponsored by CMAR and AFMA) is applied to assess the ecological impacts of the Southern Bluefin Tuna Purse Seine Fishery. This method follows a hierarchical framework to assess fishing impacts on five ecological components (target species; byproduct and bycatch species; threatened, endangered and protected species; habitats; and ecological communities), using four analytical steps designed to sequentially eliminate fishing hazards of lesser importance. This costefficient prioritization enables the implementation of appropriate management strategies targeted at highrisk components. This document contains the three first steps of the process, namely, scoping, expert judgmentbased level 1 analysis and empiricallybased Level 2 analysis. http://www.environment.gov.au/coasts/fisheries/commonwealth/southernbluefintuna/pubs/sbtattachmentbfi sheryreport.pdf KEYWORDS: fisheries; Southern Bluefin tuna; risk assessment; management; strategy. Hobday, A. J. and J. M. Lough (2011). "Projected climate change in Australian marine and freshwater environments." Marine and Freshwater Research 62(9): 10001014.
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Access to information on future climate is critical for many biologists and managers working to determine species and ecosystem impacts from climate change. This paper first explains how climate projections are obtained, discussing some of the associated caveats and limitations. The paper then provides a range of projections for Australias aquatic environments. DOI: 10.1071/mf10302 http://www.publish.csiro.au/paper/MF10302 KEYWORDS: climatechange impacts; freshwater fishes; future climate scenarios; global climate model; marine fishes; impacts; management. Hobday, A. J. and E. S. Poloczanska (2010). Marine fisheries and aquaculture. Adapting agriculture to climate change: preparing Australian agriculture, forestry and fisheries for the future. C. Stokes and M. Howden. Collingwood, Australia, CSIRO Publishing: 205228. This is a chapter of book which describes the causes and consequences of climate change to providing options for people to work towards adaptation action. Climate change implications and adaptation options are given for the key Australian primary industries of in marine fisheries, and aquaculture resources. Case studies demonstrate the options for each industry. This chapter summarises updated climate change scenarios for Australia, the observed and predicted impacts on marine fisheries and aquaculture, and outlines adaptation options and priorities for the future. http://www.publish.csiro.au/pid/6170.htm KEYWORDS: fisheries; aquaculture; adaptation options; predictions. Hobday, A. J., E. S. Poloczanska, et al. (2008). Implications of climate change for Australian fisheries and aquaculture: a preliminary assessment. Implications of climate change for Australian fisheries and aquaculture: a preliminary assessment. A. J. P. Hobday, E. S.; Matear, R. J. . Canberra, Australia, Department of Climate Change, Commonwealth of Australia: ix + 74 pp. This report reviews the potential impacts of climate change on Australias fisheries and aquaculture, and provides a preliminary assessment of the state of knowledge of the implications of climate change for fisheries and aquaculture in Australia. The report also notes the need for fisheries and aquaculture management policies to better integrate the effects of climate variability and climate change in establishing harvest levels and developing future strategies. ISBN: 9781921298172 http://www.cabdirect.org/abstracts/20103268711.html KEYWORDS: review; potential impacts; climate change; fisheries; aquaculture; assessment; managment policies; strategies. Hobday, A. J., A. D. M. Smith, et al. (2011). "Ecological risk assessment for the effects of fishing." Fisheries Research 108(23): 372384. The ERAEF (Ecological Risk Assessment for the Effects of Fishing) framework is a tool used to assist in the implementation of ecosystembased fisheries management, which has been applied to 30 fisheries in Australia and elsewhere. This method follows a hierarchical framework, passing through different analytical steps designed to sequentially eliminate fishing hazards of lesser importance, while maximizing the use of available data. This costefficient prioritization enables the implementation of appropriate management strategies targeted on highrisk species. DOI:10.1016/j.fishres.2011.01.013 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165783611000324 KEYWORDS: fisheries; Australia; ecological risk assessment; management; sustainability; adaptation. HoeghGuldberg, O. (1999). "Climate change, coral bleaching and the future of the world's coral reefs." Marine and Freshwater Research 50(8): 839866. This work considers the biochemical, physiological and ecological perspectives of coral bleaching; as well as analyses outputs from three models of climate change simulating sea temperature change and how bleaching frequency and intensity will change over the next century. Results indicate that reefbuilding thermal tolerances are expected to be exceeded annually over the coming decades, with events as severe as the 1998 bleaching likely to become common within 20 years. Information indicates that coral adaptive capacity may already be exceeded, and that adaptation will not be able to match the rate of climate
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change, resulting in loss and degradation of coral reefs on a global scale. DOI: 13231650/99/080839 http://www.publish.csiro.au/nid/126/paper/MF99078.htm KEYWORDS: global climate change; zooxanthellae; temperature; photoinhibition; coral bleaching; adaptation; acclimation. HoeghGuldberg, O. (2001). Sizing the impact: Coral reef ecosystems as early casualties of climate change. Fingerprints of Climate Change: Adapted Behaviour and Shifting Species Ranges. New York, Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publ: 203228. This conference paper summarises the impacts of climate change on coral reef ecosystems, describes climate projections, and provides evidence of the scale of impact expected in the future. http://www.springer.com/environment/global+change++climate+change/book/9780306467165 KEYWORDS: coral reef ecosystems; climate change; impacts. HoeghGuldberg, O. (2004). "Coral reefs in a century of rapid environmental change." Symbiosis 37(13): 131. Characteristic symbioses of coral reefs have been used to explain their structure, biodiversity and existence, with complex interrelationships between hosts, habitats and symbionts belie combined nutrient and community dynamics that create this something from nothing circumstance. The reverse side of these dynamics is a close dependency between species, which can result in nonlinear relationships as conditions change. There is more focus on these responses in light of increasing anthropogenic influences. Both Caribbean and IndoPacific corals are now in severe decline which has resulted in substantial reorganisation of how coral reefs function. Mass coral bleaching has been brought about by rapid climate change, and has increased since the 1970s; with mass bleaching events triggered by small increases in water temperature, often during ENSO events. Loss of coral has flowon effects for other species, much of which is yet not fully known. Research must focus on understanding the extent of thermal tolerances of corals and their symbionts if bleaching and disease are linked; how coral loss will affect other species; and how coral loss will affect the people that depend on them. http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:73713 KEYWORDS:symbiosis; coral reefs; dinoflagellate; climate change; Gymnodinium microadriaticum freudenthal; Great Barrier Reef; Symbiodinium microadriaticum; Marine invertebrates; elevated temperature; Montastrea annularis; genetic variation; ultraviolet radiation; Seriatopora hystrix; Community structure HoeghGuldberg, O. and J. F. Bruno (2010). "The Impact of Climate Change on the World's Marine Ecosystems." Science 328(5985): 15231528. Understanding of how marine ecosystems are being affected by humaninduced climate change is fairly limited. Recent studies have predicted ocean systems being driven towards conditions not witnessed for millions of years, with substantial risks to fundamental and irreversibly ecological transformations a potential outcome. Current climate impacts of anthropogenic origin include decreased ocean productivity, altered food web dynamics, decreases in abundance of habitatforming species, changing distributions and greater disease occurrence. Although there is still considerable uncertainty about spatial and temporal aspects, it is clear that climate change will fundamentally alter marine systems, and will create vast challenges for societies globally, but particularly in developing countries. DOI: 10.1126/science.1189930 http://www.sciencemag.org/content/328/5985/1523.abstract KEYWORDS: ocean acidification; hydrogensulfide; southernocean; icesheet; temperature; CO2; resilience; eruptions; anoxia; climate change HoeghGuldberg, O., H. HoeghGuldberg, et al. (2009). The Coral Triangle and Climate Change: Ecosystems, People and Societies at Risk. B. World Wildlife Fund, Australia. www.panda.org/coraltriangle. This report sets out the full extent of the threats and proposes solutions to the challenges facing the Coral Triangle and its people. Based on a thorough consideration of the climate, biology, economics and social characteristics of the region, it shows why these challenges are increasing, and how unchecked climate change will ultimately undermine and destroy ecosystems and livelihoods in the Coral Triangle. The report offers two possible scenarios for the future. In one world, the international community continues down a track towards catastrophic climate change and the Coral Triangle countries do little to protect coastal
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ecosystems from the onslaught of local threats. This report is a summary of a comprehensive study involving over 20 experts and based on 300 peerreviewed scientific articles. ISBN: 9781921031359 http://wwf.panda.org/what_we_do/where_we_work/coraltriangle/problems/climatechangecoraltriangle/ KEYWORDS: livelihoods; Coral Triangle, future scenarios; coastal ecosystems; coastal management; growth strategies; coastal resources. HoeghGuldberg, O., P. J. Mumby, et al. (2007). "Coral reefs under rapid climate change and ocean acidification." Science 318(5857): 17371742. The authors review the current understanding of how anthropogenic climate change and increasing ocean acidity are affecting coral reefs and offer scenarios for how coral reefs will change over this century. The scenarios are intended to provide a framework for proactive responses to the changes that have begun in coral reef ecosystems and to provoke thinking about future management and policy challenges for coral reef protection. Predicted conditions suggest that climate change and global warming will include carbonate accretion resulting in further decline in coral reefs. This is likely to decrease diversity of reef communities and the failure to maintain carbonate reef structures. Additionally, climate change intensifies stresses from declines in water quality and exploitation of key species, which heightens the risk of functional collapse. DOI: 10.1126/science.1152509 http://www.sciencemag.org/content/318/5857/1737.abstract KEYWORDS: atmospheric co2; glacial cycles; marine; dynamics; ecology; disturbances; recruitment; thresholds; resilience; intensity; climate change; ocean acidification; coral reefs Hof, C., I. Levinsky, et al. (2011). "Rethinking species' ability to cope with rapid climate change." Global Change Biology 17(9): 29872990. Recent geophysical studies challenge the view that the speed of current and projected climate change is unprecedented. The fact that the documented abrupt climate changes do not coincide with any of the known major extinction events raises questions about species abilities to cope with climatic changes, and whether we fully understand this process. This paper propose that the advances in geophysical research challenge current views about species ability to cope with climate change, and that lessons must be learned for modelling future impacts of climate change on species. DOI: 10.1111/j.13652486.2011.02418.x http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.13652486.2011.02418.x/abstract KEYWORDS: adaptation; biodiversity; dispersal; extinction; habitat fragmentation; phenotypic plasticity; rapid climate change. Hofmann, G. E., J. P. Barry, et al. (2010). "The effect of ocean acidification on calcifying organisms in marine ecosystems: an organismtoecosystem perspective. ." Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 41(1): 127147. This review addresses the impacts of anthropogenicdriven ocean acidification on marine organisms spanning diverse marine ecosystems across the globe. The authors focus on reviewing literature concerned with the implications of ocean acidification on marine taxonomic groups that precipitate calcium carbonate from the ocean (i.e. calcification). The authors highlight that research needs to be expanded on the impacts of ocean acidification on fertilization, early lifehistory stages and interactions with synergistic stressors, in order to grasp the longterm implications of ocean acidification. DOI: 10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.110308.120227 http://www.annualreviews.org/toc/ecolsys/41/1 KEYWORDS: acclimation; adaptation; calcification; climate change; CO2; diversity; marine ecosystem; ocean acidification; stressors. Holbrook, N., J. Davidson, et al. (2009). El Nio Southern Oscillation. A Marine Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation Report Card for Australia 2009. E. Poloczanska, A. Hobday and A. Richardson: 25. This report card describes how El NioSouthern Oscillation (ENSO) affects Australias Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) marine waters, provide evidece of observed impacts, potential impacts, adaptation options available for resource managers, conservation managers, and tourism, and identifies key knowledge gaps.
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ISBN 9781921609039. http://www.oceanclimatechange.org.au/content/images/uploads/ENSOfinal.pdf KEYWORDS: ENSO; El Nio; model simulations; El Niolike; La Nia; AR4model; Holling, C. S. (1973). "Resilience and Stability of Ecological Systems." Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 4: 123. This paper deals with the theory of resilience and stability of ecological systems, providing some reallife examples to illustrate and a synthesis of findings. This work explores theoretical and empirical ecology in terms of traditional analysis pathways and shows the tendency to emphasize the importance of quantitative rather than qualitative analysis. The author surmises that traditional views of natural systems may therefore be less a meaningful reality than a perceptual convenience. This paper further explores resilience and stability as well as the interplay between the two, and discusses how this may manifest in ecological systems. http://www.jstor.org/stable/info/2096802 KEYWORDS: resilience; stability; ecological systems; empirical ecology. Hollowed, A. B., M. Barange, et al. (2011). "Effects of climate change on fish and fisheries: forecasting impacts, assessing ecosystem responses, and evaluating management strategies Preface." Ices Journal of Marine Science 68(6): 984985. This document is the preface of a scientific report from the PICES/ICES/FAO international symposium held in April 2010 in Sendai, Japan. This report covers a wide range of scientific, social and economic themes, and constitutes an assessment of the current knowledge of the impacts of climate change on fisheries. DOI:10.1093/icesjms/fsr085 http://icesjms.oxfordjournals.org/content/68/6/984 KEYWORDS: fisheries; climate change; ecosystem response; management strategies Hughes, L. (2011). "Climate change and Australia: key vulnerable regions." Regional Environmental Change 11(S1): S189S195. This paper summarizes recent and projected climate trends in Australia and discusses how species may respond to these changes in the context of the particular environmental characteristics and biogeographic history of the continent. It also identifies particular regions and ecosystems likely to be most negatively affected in the short to medium term. DOI: 10.1007/s1011301001589 http://www.springerlink.com/content/v2173l67541t4277/ KEYWORDS: Australia; Great Barrier Reef; vulnerability; tropics; ecosystems; Southwest Western Australia; biodiversity; climate trends; adaptation responses Hughes, T. P., A. H. Baird, et al. (2003). "Climate change, human impacts, and the resilience of coral reefs." Science 301(5635): 929933. This paper reviews the current knowledge of status of current reefs, including human threats now and in the future, giving rise to new directions for research which will support effective management of these resources. It is expected that reefs will change rather than disappear, with species already exhibiting greater tolerance to climate change and bleaching. Reef resilience strategies need to be developed and implemented along with policy decisions aimed at reducing the rate of global warming. DOI: 10.1126/science.1085046 http://www.sciencemag.org/content/301/5635/929.abstract KEYWORDS: Great Barrier Reef; marine reserves; biodiversity; ecosystems; evolution; perspectives; disturbance; mortality; diversity; coral reefs; climate change. Hughes, T. P., D. R. Bellwood, et al. (2011). "Shifting baselines, declining coral cover, and the erosion of reef resilience: comment on Sweatman et al. (2011)." Coral Reefs 30(3): 653660. This paper examines 1) why does coral cover decline and question the focus and accuracy of Sweatman et al.s (2011) attribution of just three sources of acute mortality as the cause of longterm loss of coral cover; 2) the utility of older records of coral cover for correcting shifting baselines, and we refute Sweatman et al.s (2011) claim that earlier studies reported losses of corals that were 3times higher than
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their more recent results; and 3)whether Sweatman et al.s (2011) dismissal of runoff as a cause of ecosystem degradation is credible and conclude that it is not. DOI: 10.1007/s0033801107876 http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s0033801107876 KEYWORDS: shifting baselines; climate change; monitoring; coral cover. Hughes, T. P., D. R. Bellwood, et al. (2005). "New paradigms for supporting the resilience of marine ecosystems." Trends in Ecology & Evolution 20(7): 380386. The authors argue that anticipating and preventing unwanted regime shifts in an SES context will require an improved understanding of the dynamic and complex processes that support or undermine resilience, and of the socioeconomic drivers and governance systems that shape the use of living marine resources. In conclusion, the key element in SES resiliencebased management is the recognition of the linkages between the environment and people. Natural resources are too valuable, economically, culturally and aesthetically, to be squandered. This paper draws attention to the emergence of a complex systems approach for sustaining and rebuilding marine ecosystems by linking ecological resilience to government, economics and society. DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2005.03.022 http://www.cell.com/trends/ecologyevolution/abstract/S01695347(05)000844 KEYWORDS: kelp forest ecosystems; regime shifts; coral reefs; NorthAtlantic; fishery management; climate change; Pacific Ocean; human impacts; biodiversity; conservation; resilience; diversity. Hughes, T. P., N. A. J. Graham, et al. (2010). "Rising to the challenge of sustaining coral reef resilience." Trends in Ecology & Evolution 11: 633642. The authors focus on reefs that have lost their capacity to remain in or return to a coraldominated state, a worldwide phenomenon that is variously referred to as phaseshifts, regimeshifts or movement between alternate stable states or basins of attraction. Their goals here are to address the controversies, clarify the theoretical framework of phaseshifts and ecosystem resilience, provide an outline of gaps in knowledge and novel areas of research that are in most urgent need of attention, and to highlight that the solutions to coral reef degradation will depend on an overdue overhaul of policies, governance structures and science based management. DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2010.07.011 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20800316 KEYWORDS: phase shift; coral reefs; human impacts; coral decline; management Hughes, T. P., M. J. Rodrigues, et al. (2007). "Phase shifts, herbivory, and the resilience of coral reefs to climate change." Current Biology 17(4): 360365. This study manipulated the density of large herbivorous fishes on the Great Barrier Reef (GBR) to examine their influence on the resilience of coral reef assemblages following large scale coralbleaching that occurred in 1998. The experiment was conducted in a notake marine reserve where coral abundance and diversity had been significantly reduced by the coral bleaching event. The data highlight the management of fish stocks in preventing ecosystem phase shifts and managing reef resilience. Local stewardship of fishing effort is an achievable goal for reef conservation which may also provide some insurance against largescale disturbances which are impractical to manage. DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2006.12.049 http://www.cell.com/currentbiology/abstract/S09609822%2807%29008822 KEYWORDS: ecosystems; recovery; decline; climate change; phase shift; Great Barrier Reef; resilience; fishing communities Hurlimann, A. (2011). "Household use of and satisfaction with alternative water sources in Victoria Australia." Journal of Environmental Management 92(10): 26912697. This article explores the informal and noncentralised substitution of potable water with alternative water sources, in the context of the state of Victoria, southeastern Australia. This is important given there has been limited research published about substitution of potable water sources in the context of developed nations. The results indicate substitution of centralised water supplies with alternatives occurs. Garden watering has the highest rate of alternative water source use. Water previously used in the laundry is
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most commonly used for this purpose. The alternative water source used varies depending on the purpose of the water use. DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2011.06.007 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21715083 Keywords: Alternative water sources; Domestic; Australia; Community; Drought; Adaptation. Ian Perry, R. and R. E. Ommer (2010). "Introduction: Coping with global change in marine socialecological systems." Marine Policy 34(4): 739741. An international symposium on Coping with global change in marine socialecological systems was held in attempt to bridge these gaps as well as to explore the conceptual, comparative and governance issues concerning marine socialecological systems. This paper introduces this topic, briefly describing the nine papers that arose from it (making up a special issue of Marine Policy). Progress is being made towards the study of marine social and ecological systems as combined systems, but that a number of challenges remain including incorporation of multistakeholder involvement, longterm perspectives and developing flexible livelihoods and governance strategies. DOI: 10.1016/j.marpol.2010.01.025 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308597X10000266 KEYWORDS: Socialecological systems; global change; fishing communities; ecosystems; vulnerability; climate change. Ito, S., K. Rose, et al. (2010). Ocean ecosystem responses to future global change scenarios: a way forward. Marine Ecosystems and Global Change. B. e. al., Oxford University Press. Global environmental change including climate change, biodiversity loss, changes in hydrological and biogeochemical cycles, and intensive exploitation of natural resources is having significant impacts on the world's oceans. This handbook advances knowledge of the structure and functioning of marine ecosystems, and their past, present, and future responses to physical and anthropogenic forcing. It illustrates how climate and humans impact marine ecosystems, providing a comprehensive review of the physical and ecological processes that structure marine ecosystems as well as the observation, experimentation, and modeling approaches required for their study. http://horizon.ucsd.edu/miller/download/GLOBEC_Book_Ch10/GLOBEC_Book_Ch10.pdf KEYWORDS: ocean; ecosystem response; global change scenarios; GLOBEC, projections Ives, M. C., J. P. Scandol, et al. (2009). "Modelling the possible effects of climate change on an Australian multifleet prawn fishery." Marine and Freshwater Research 60(12): 12111222. The commercial catch of school prawns (Metapenaeus macleayi) has been shown to be positively correlated with the rates of river discharge in northern New South Wales, Australia. In this study, a simulation model was developed to analyse the dynamics of the stock for 10 years under alternative river discharge scenarios, and the effectiveness of a series of management strategies under these scenarios was examined. DOI: 10.1071/mf07110 http://www.publish.csiro.au/nid/126/paper/MF07110.htm KEYWORDS:Bayesian modeling; climate variability; management strategy evaluation; stock assessment Iwamura, T., K. A. Wilson, et al. (2010). "A climatic stability approach to prioritizing global conservation investments." PLoS One 5(11). Methods for incorporating climate change into conservation planning have been developed for regional scale planning. The majority of these approaches are based on the prediction of species range shifts and use correlative species distribution models which predict species ranges using occurrence or abundance data and environmental variables. However, utility of conservation prioritization based on future species ranges remains constrained by our ability to compile and analyse these data for thousands of species over large spatial scales. As an alternative, this paper presents an approach to developing a resource allocation algorithm for conservation investment that incorporates the ecological stability of ecoregions under climate change. The approach focuses on the climatic stability of ecological regions for terrestrial endemic vertebrates and identifies priority areas predicted to be robust to the impacts of climate change. It incorporates the impacts of climate change into conservation planning without
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depending on predicting species future ranges. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0015103 http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0015103 KEYWORDS: climatic stability approach; conservation planning; resource allocation algorithm; robust; impacts; climate change Jacob, S., P. Weeks, et al. (2013). "Development and evaluation of social indicators of vulnerability and resiliency for fishing communities in the Gulf of Mexico." Marine Policy 37: 8695. The paper develops social indicators of vulnerability and resilience for fishingreliant communities in the Gulf of Mexico. Both qualitative and quantitative indicators are proposed based on secondary data and ethnographic research. DOI: 10.1016/j.marpol.2012.04.014 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308597X12000759 KEYWORDS: social indicators; resilience; fisheries; evaluation Jennings, S. and K. Brander (2010). "Predicting the effects of climate change on marine communities and the consequences for fisheries." Journal of Marine Systems 79(34): 418426. A modeling approach is used to predict the effects of climate change on the structure and function of marine communities. This model focuses on the sizestructure of communities and does not require information about the dynamics of the component populations. According to the authors, sizestructure may be predicted by combining metabolic scaling, predatorprey interactions and energy transfer in food webs, to predictions of primary production. This approach has weaknesses (since taxas are not explicitly represented, the model does not discriminate fishable from nonfishable species) but provides valid 'null' outputs used as baseline results for model comparisons and evaluations. DOI:10.1016/j.jmarsys.2008.12.016 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0924796309000955 KEYWORDS: fisheries; climate change; marine communities; metabolism; size; primary production Ji, R. B., M. Edwards, et al. (2010). "Marine plankton phenology and life history in a changing climate: current research and future directions." Journal of Plankton Research 32(10): 13551368. In situ and satellite data from biological time series data has revealed significant phonological variability in marine phytoplankton. The impact which climate change has on the range of this variability is important, and this paper summarises recent work on phytoplankton and zooplankton phenology. This work then suggests 4 ways in which to better direct phytoplankton phenology shifts: examination of the primary mode of predicted future changes (e.g. fixed vs. evolutionary adaptation of timing); broader understanding of phenology at species and community levels; including advancing statistical metrics for indexing timing and trophic synchrony; and improved deliberation of spatiotemporal scales and the Lagrangian nature of plankton assemblages in being able to separate temporal and spatial changes. DOI: 10.1093/plankt/fbq062 http://plankt.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2010/06/06/plankt.fbq062.abstract KEYWORDS: plankton; phenology; life history; climate change; NorthAtlantic ocean; spring phytoplankton bloom; krill; Euphausia superba; Calanus finmarchicus; Antarctic krill; interannual variations; population biology; Pseudocalanus sp Johansen, J. L. and G. P. Jones (2011). "Increasing ocean temperature reduces the metabolic performance and swimming ability of coral reef damselfishes." Global Change Biology 17(9): 29712979. Tropical coral reef teleosts are exclusively ectotherms and their capacity for physical and physiological performance is therefore directly influenced by ambient temperature. This study examined the effect of increased water temperature to on the aerobic metabolism and swimming ability of coral reef fishes (10 species of damselfishes, Pomacentridae) and tested how temperature increases similar to those predicted by the IPCC for global warming may affect the capacity of reef fishes to maintain metabolic performance and swimming performance. DOI: 10.1111/j.13652486.2011.02436.x http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.13652486.2011.02436.x/abstract KEYWORDS:climate change; energy; genetic adaptation; global warming; labriform; oxygen; resilience; thermal
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acclimation Johnson, C. R., S. C. Banks, et al. (2011). "Climate change cascades: Shifts in oceanography, species' ranges and subtidal marine community dynamics in eastern Tasmania." Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 400(12): 1732. Overgrazing of seaweed beds by one recently established species, the sea urchin Centrostephanus rodgersii, is causing a fundamental shift in the structure and dynamics of Tasmanian rocky reef systems by the formation of sea urchin barrens habitat. This paper synthesizes change in the physical ocean climate in eastern Tasmania and parallel shifts in species' distributions and ecological processes, and provides evidence that the direct effects of changing physical conditions have precipitated cascading effects of ecological change in benthic (rocky reef) and pelagic systems. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022098111000803 KEYWORDS: dascading effects; climate change; EasternTasmania; marine ecosystems; range expansion; sea urchin; seaweed beds; rockly reef; barrens; Centrostephanus rodgersii Johnson, J. and K. Martin (2011). Water quality and climate change: Managing for resilience. . Synthesis Report prepared for the Marine and Tropical Sciences Research Facility (MTSRF). P. b. t. R. R. R. C. L. C. http://www.rrrc.org.au/publications/synthesis_products.html. This report provides a synthesis of the key findings of research conducted under the Australian Governments Marine and Tropical Sciences Research Facility (MTSRF) relevant to understanding interactions between water quality and climate change, and how best to manage for resilience. The report summarises the findings of projects supported by the MTSRF. http://www.rrrc.org.au/publications/gbrresilience_waterquality.html KEYWORDS: water quality; climate change; resilience; MTSRF; tropical Johnson, J. E. and D. J. Welch (2010). "Marine fisheries management in a changing climate: A review of vulnerability and future options." Reviews in Fisheries Science 18(1): 106124. Coastal and oceanic fish are a rich source of essential fatty acids, vitamins and minerals, and capture fisheries supply this source of protein at a global scale. Fisheries also support economies and social structures in many nations, but are under serious decline, with increasing threat coming from the effects of climate change. Climate change will exert a number of pressures on fisheries, including increasing sea surface temperatures, ocean acidification, sea level rise, increasing storm intensity, altered ocean circulation and rainfall patterns. These impacts will affect target fisheries species through a range of direct and indirect mechanisms. Fish stock sensitivity will determine impact on life cycle, distribution, community structure, productivity, connectivity, performance, recruitment, invasive species and the access to marine resources by fishers. Many fisheries are currently already experiencing a number of these changes. This paper assesses the vulnerability of marine fisheries to climate change using a vulnerability framework which includes examination of factors that will influence vulnerability (e.g. adaptive capacity). This information is essential for being able to provide direction to research and to be able to effectively review current fisheries management and develop management aimed at securing future sustainability. DOI: 10.1080/10641260903434557 http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~content=a918752429~db=all~jumptype=rss KEYWORDS: vulnerability; adaptation; climate change; marine ecosystems; fisheries; Great Barrier Reef; coralreefs; Northeast Atlantic; trophic cascades; populationdynamics; ocean acidification; larval dispersal; community Jones, G. P., M. I. McCormick, et al. (2004). "Coral decline threatens fish biodiversity in marine reserves." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 101(21): 82518253. Marine reserves can protect fish from exploitation, but do they protect fish biodiversity in degrading environments? This paper suggests that a devastating decline in coral cover caused a parallel decline in fish biodiversity, both in marine reserves and in areas open to fishing. Over 75% of reef fish species declined in abundance, and 50% declined to less than half of their original numbers. In conclusion, fish biodiversity may be threatened wherever permanent reef degradation occurs and warn that marine reserves will not always be sufficient to ensure their survival.
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DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0401277101 http://www.pnas.org/content/101/21/8251.abstract KEYWORDS: Great Barrier Reef; protected areas; conservation; degradation; communities; recruitment; coral decline Jones, R. J. (2008). "Coral bleaching, bleachinginduced mortality, and the adaptive significance of the bleaching response." Marine Biology 154(1): 6580. Although coral bleaching events are often linked with coral mortality, it is not fully understood when this occurs in the timeline of individual bleaching events. Knowing the chronology of bleaching mortality occurs is central for understanding molecular mechanisms and adaptive significance of the response; known as the Adaptive Bleaching Hypothesis. In a study of coral bleaching on the Great Barrier Reef, data show that bleaching of three species (Acropora latistella, A. subulata and Turbinaria mesenterina) was an acute and rapid response which occurred within days of a peak temperature event which exceeded previously known thresholds. Full and partial bleaching was observed in the Acropora spp. whilst the T. mesenterina colonies typically paled changing to a light brown colour. Algal densities in bleached corals were 1030% of normally pigmented corals and for this, bleaching was clearly a sudden, isolated, stress event (i.e. not an extreme lowpoint in the seasonal fluctuation of symbiotic algae density). Bleached corals were associated with increased levels of partial and wholecolony mortality, but mortality was limited to only the two Acropora spp. Significantly, most mortality was recorded 1 2 weeks after bleaching was first observed, and for A. latistella as little as 1 week after bleaching was first noted, suggesting that for this species and event, bleaching and mortality were directly linked implying a pathological phenomenon at work. This work highlights a problem in the adaptive bleaching hypothesis, where mortality can occur in a bleaching event before any chance for successive recombination of the hostsymbiont unit. In order to further evaluate the significance of bleaching as a potentially adaptive mechanism, bleachinginduced and related mortality need to be fully understood. DOI: 10.1007/s0022700709000 http://www.springerlink.com/content/9j48141j525193g8/ KEYWORDS: coral bleaching; climate change; adaptation; Adaptive Bleaching Hypothesis; Great Barrier Reef; seasonal fluctuations; Scleractinian corals; thermal tolerance; water temperature; French Polynesia Jones, R. N. (2001). "An environmental risk assessment/management framework for climate change impact assessments." Natural Hazards 23(23): 197230. This work evaluates an environmental risk assessment/management framework which assesses climate change impacts on individual exposure units that have been identified as vulnerable. The framework is intended to manage systematic uncertainties which accompany the proliferation of climate change scenarios through biophysical and socioeconomic climate impacts. Risk analysis methods which comply with the IPCC are set within a larger framework. This involves stakeholders in the identification, assessment as well as the implementation of adaptation measures. Extensive involvement of stakeholders and scientificallybased risk analysis occurs within a flexible structure broadly set within social decisionmaking. Risk analysis links important climatic variables (projected ranges of climate change) with impact thresholds (as identified by researchers and stakeholders). This step is followed by assessment of the conditional probabilities of exceeding these thresholds. The window of adaptation is defined as the time between the identification of acceptable risk level and its exceedance (of a critical threshold). Risk is treated by adapting to anticipated changes and the mitigation of climate change, both acting to reduce the likelihood of critical thresholds being exceeded. This framework is then discussed in terms of its ability to address the requirements of the United Nations Framework Convention for Climate Change. DOI: 10.1023/A:1011148019213 http://www.springerlink.com/content/k778787311482411/fulltext.pdf KEYWORDS: climate impacts; risk assessment; climate change; risk management; integrated assessment; waterresources; uncertainty; indicators Joyce, A., A. Rubio, et al. (2010). Environmental and SocioEconomic Considerations for Aquaculture in Jervis Bay, NSW. . FRDC Report Project 2009/328.11. ISBN 9781741281866 (hardcopy) 9781741281873. This report was proposed to assist in the preparation of a future Environmental Impact Study (EIS) towards the development of sustainable aquaculture in Jervis Bay, New South Wales (NSW), Australia.
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The report provides an overview of the potential for extensive aquaculture in Jervis Bay by considering a range of biophysical and socioeconomic factors, both in Jervis Bay and other locations in Australia, for which comprehensive EIS studies have already been conducted (e.g. Twofold Bay). ISBN: 9781741281866 (hardcopy) ISBN: 9781741281873 (online) http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/151685814?selectedversion=NBD47981260 KEYWORDS: socio; economic; environmental; considerations; aquaculture; Jervis Bay Kalikoski, D. C. and E. H. Allison (2010). Learning and Adaptation: The Role of Fisheries Comanagement in Building Resilient SocialEcological Systems. Adaptive Capacity and Environmental Governance, Springer Series on Environmental Management. D. Armitage and R. Plummer, Springer: 6988. The focus of this work is to examine how robust selforganisations can be formed in fisheries comanagement systems, which have been increasingly advocated as a solution for smallscale fisheries crisis. A number of government, NGO, international and donor organisations have been catalysing projects for implementing comanagement of fisheries. Support of comanagement recognises that sustainable and resilient fisheries management is not possible without the combined support of fishers and government. However, if comanagement becomes too conventional, it risks being viewed as straightforward and states may then dissolve rights and responsibilities of resource conservation and livelihood improvement. The hazard here is the proliferation of widespread illconceived comanagement systems which do not account for core values, fail and are then faced with backlashes regarding participatory approaches to management. DOI: DOI 10.1007/9783642121944_4 http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F9783642121944_4#page2 KEYWORDS: fisheries; comanagement; resilience; management; conservation; socialecological Katsanevakis, S., V. Stelzenmuller, et al. (2011). "Ecosystembased marine spatial management: Review of concepts, policies, tools, and critical issues." Ocean & Coastal Management 54(11): 807820. The paper reviews the tools supporting the implementation of ecosystembased marine spatial management (EBMSM). It also reflects on the nature and scope of EBMSM and associated challenges. DOI: 10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2011.09.002 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0964569111001426 KEYWORDS: ecosystembased management; marine management; spatial planning; policy, tools Kelly, R. P., M. M. Foley, et al. (2011). "Mitigating Local Causes of Ocean Acidification with Existing Laws." Science 332(6033): 10361037. Ocean acidification is occurring on a global scale as a result of increasing levels of an atmospheric stressor, atmospheric CO2, which is correlated with increasing CO2 concentrations in the ocean. Ocean acidification can also occur at more localized scales and these areas are often referred to as acidification hot spots. These can be caused by a range of nonatmospheric stressors including nonuniform changes in circulation and biological processes, precipitation runoff, and/or a range of anthropogenic influences such as pollutants, soil erosion and freshwater inputs. These impacts can be magnified in the presence of other environmental stressors including temperature increases, overfishing and habitat modification. This article outlines policy options which could be implemented at the local and state government level, as opposed to federal and international levels, in order to reduce local and regional hot spot ocean acidification areas. Policy recommendations are based on US policies currently implemented and include the control of emissions, runoff and landuse patterns (through zoning and permitting). DOI: 10.1126/science.1203815 http://www.sciencemag.org/content/332/6033/1036.summary KEYWORDS: acidification hot spots; climate change; CO2; conservation; ocean acidification; global; policy; pH; regional; stressor King, J. R. and G. A. McFarlane (2006). "A framework for incorporating climate regime shifts into the management of marine resources." Fisheries Management and Ecology 13(2): 93102. This work discusses the ability to use an ecosystembased management approach to include knowledge of climate regime influences on ecosystem productivity to be able to manage fishery resources. This requires

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the development of a rational framework that can be constructed using current stock assessment and management activities: ecosystem assessment, risk analyses, adaptive management and reference points. This work forms such a framework and uses two Population Simulations to demonstrate the benefits and tradeoffs of variable regimespecific harvest rates. The framework assumes that detection can occur soon after a regime shift has happened, which means that decisions do not need to be parallel to regime shifts, but can be deferred by an appropriate period of time that is related to a species' life history, i.e. age of maturity or recruitment. Fisheries scientists should deliver harvest recommendations which reflect an array of risk levels to the stock under different productivity assumptions. Coupling ecosystem assessment with ecosystembased management will permit managers to choose appropriate regimespecific harvest rates. DOI: 10.1111/j.13652400.2006.00480.x http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.13652400.2006.00480.x/abstract KEYWORDS: ecosystem assessment; ecosystembased management; regime shifts; adaptive management Kirby, R. R., G. Beaugrand, et al. (2009). "Synergistic Effects of Climate and Fishing in a Marine Ecosystem." Ecosystems 12(4): 548561. This paper reports that climate change and overfishing are likely to be responsible for a rapid restructuring of a highly productive marine ecosystem. Analysis of a longterm, spatially extensive biological (plankton and cod) and physical (sea surface temperature) dataset suggests that synchronous changes in cod numbers and sea temperature have established an extensive trophic cascade favouring lower trophic level groups over economic fisheries. This modified North Sea ecology may provide a clear indication of the synergistic consequences of coincident climate change and overfishing. The extent of the ecosystem restructuring that has occurred in the North Sea suggests that it is unlikely to reverse current climate and humaninduced effects through ecosystem resource management in the short term. This implies that fisheries management policies will have to be fully integrated with the ecological consequences of climate change to prevent a similar collapse in an exploited marine ecosystem elsewhere. DOI: 10.1007/s1002100992419 http://www.springerlink.com/content/k728373270681u57/ KEYWORDS: climate change; cod; fisheries management; plankton; temperature; trophic cascade; overfishing; cod Gadus morhua; continuous plankton recorder; long term changes; North Sea; trophic cascades; Atlantic cod; regime shift; food webs; recruitment; ecology Klein, C. J., N. C. Ban, et al. (2010). "Prioritizing Land and Sea Conservation Investments to Protect Coral Reefs. ." PLoS ONE 5(8): e12431. Conservation efforts to protect and preserve marine coral reef ecosystems have been effective in some instances, and have been shown to increase the resilience of coral reefs to atmospheric stressors including warming water and ocean acidification. As conservation efforts and resources are often limited at both regional and global scales, there is a need to efficiently prioritize conservationbased efforts in order to sustain coral reef ecosystems. This article addresses the issue by developing the first explicit method for prioritybased conservation actions and locations, and looks at costeffectively reducing the impacts of both land and seaderived threats to coral reef ecosystems. The authors apply their methodologies to the Coral Triangle, a high conservation priority area. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0012431 http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0012431 KEYWORDS: climate change; conservation; coral reefs; Coral Triangle; ecosystem; global warming; management; marine conservation priorities; ocean acidification Knowlton, N. (2001). "The future of coral reefs." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 98(10): 54195425. Anthropogenic influences have profoundly changes coral reef ecosystems, with flowon effects expected to continue for the foreseeable future. Although reefs are exposed to many of the processes that also impact other ecosystems, they hold distinct features that warrant mention. These include that many dominant reefbuilding corals spawn into the water column as are thus vulnerable to Allee effects including potential extinction linked with chronic reproductive failure; those more resistant to habitat
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degradation are the smaller, shorterlived ones with limited larval dispersal; small increases in ocean temperature can cause changes in coral symbiont communities as well as coral death; that human activities increase near reefs (e.g. fishing and nutrient input), favouring rapid growing competitors and explosions if predator populations; combinations of stress appear to be linked with threshold responses; and the fossil record suggests corals are more likely to suffer extinctions than some of the groups that acquaint with them. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.091092998 http://www.pnas.org/content/98/10/5419.abstract KEYWORDS: coral reefs; climate change; coral bleaching; resistance; phaseshifts; evolutionary history; environmental change; self fertilization; multiple stressors; Diadema antillarium; Caribbean corals; thorns starfish; spawning corals; habitat destruction Knowlton, N. and J. B. C. Jackson (2008). "Shifting baselines, local impacts, and global change on coral reefs." Plos Biology 6(2): 215220. This work highlights the need for baseline data in understanding how a system functioned prior to disturbance which is essential if management is focussed on introducing strategies that attempt to return it to its natural state. This work outlines the major questions for local management of coral reefs in the face of climate change. These include identifying the extent that overfishing and eutrophication increase coral reef vulnerability to bleaching, disease, and acidification; determining the physiological or ecological mechanisms if local protection decreases coral their vulnerability to climate change; assessing whether protection from overfishing and eutrophication increases coral recruitment rate, growth and reproduction, which are crucial to recovery following disturbance; and identifying thresholds in abundance and composition of marine consumers below which corals will decline or fail to recover from. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.0060054 http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pbio.0060054 KEYWORDS: Marine Protected Areas; multiple stable states; climate change; trophic; cascades; phaseshifts; ecosystems; management; conservation; biodiversity; resilience Koehn, J. D., A. J. Hobday, et al. (2011). "Climate change and Australian marine and freshwater environments, fishes and fisheries: synthesis and options for adaptation." Marine and Freshwater Research 62(9): 11481164. The objectives of the present paper are fivefold: 1) provide a brief overview of the effects of climate change on aquatic systems, especially in Australia; 2) document the major environmental changes that have been observed and are projected to occur; 3) consider the impacts to Australian freshwater, estuarine and marine fishes and fisheries, considering their vulnerability to both direct and indirect effects; 4) consider the socioeconomic dimensions of fish and people; and 5) explore adaptations to climate change, including major research needs and required management actions. http://www.publish.csiro.au/nid/126/paper/MF11139.htm KEYWORDS: climate change; aquatic systems; Australia; environmental changes; freshwater; estuarine; marine fishes; fisheries; adaptation; estuaries; impacts; Indo Pacific; management Kopke, K. and C. O'Mahony (2011). "Preparedness of key coastal and marine sectors in Ireland to adapt to climate change." Marine Policy 35(6): 800809. This paper assessed the preparedness to adapt to the impacts of climate change for three important sectors of activity within the Irish coastal and marine environment, namely tourism, fisheries, and conservation of biodiversity by comparing the current policy response of the three sectors. A modified version of the National Adaptive Capacity (NAC) framework developed by the World Resources Institute was used to assess the activities of the three sectors. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308597X11000091 KEYWORDS: adaptation; climate change; coastal sectors; marine environment; adaptive capacity; assessment Kordzadze, A. A. and D. I. Demetrashvili (2011). "About coupled regional modelling system: The Black Seaatmosphere." Journal of Environmental Protection and Ecology 12(1): 317326. Globally, the past decade has seen an adaptation of human activity to significantly modified climatic conditions. While there is a general consensus within the scientific community that the earth is experiencing rising global temperatures, there remain localized and regional areas which appear to be
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cooling. This article focuses on one such region, the Black Sea, which plays an important role in the formation of regional weather and climatic conditions. The authors present methodology for the development of a regional modeling system and apply this to the Black Sea atmosphere, with the aim of providing more detailed and accurate predictions for climatic conditions in the region. https://docs.google.com/a/jepejournal.info/viewer?a=v&pid=sites&srcid=amVwZS1qb3VybmFsLmluZm98amVwZ S1qb3VybmFsfGd4OjRhZDNiMjkwMzJjMDg5M2Q http://www.jepejournal.info/vol12no1 KEYWORDS: atmosphere; climate change; coupled model; Black Sea atmosphere; global warming; hydrothermodynamic equations; model; numerical solutions Kroeker, K. J., R. L. Kordas, et al. (2010). "Metaanalysis reveals negative yet variable effects of ocean acidification on marine organisms." Ecology Letters 13(11): 14191434. Ocean acidification, resulting from rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations which alter seawater carbonate chemistry and pH levels, is expected to increase with increasing CO2 emissions. Marine organisms are often sensitive to changes in carbonate chemistry, while their responses can vary broadly for a variety of reasons. This article discusses the results from a metaanalysis that the authors have run on the biological responses of a range of taxa to ocean acidification. Findings suggest that generally, calcifying organisms experienced larger negative responses than noncalcifying organisms, and there was taxonomicallyderived variation in the sensitivities of different developmental stages to ocean acidification. [But see Technical Comment by Andersson and Mackenzie (2011) for further interpretation of these findings.] DOI: 10.1111/j.14610248.2010.01518.x http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.14610248.2010.01518.x/abstract KEYWORDS: adaptation; calcification; climate change; CO2; ecosystem responses; growth; metaanalysis; ocean acidification; pH; photosynthesis; reproduction Lane, M. B. and C. J. Robinson (2009). "Institutional complexity and environmental management: the challenge of integration and the promise of largescale collaboration." Australasian Journal of Environmental Management 16(1): 1624. Recent collaborative efforts addressing water quality issues in Queensland's Great Barrier Reef region are discussed to better understand the challenges inherent to integration procedures. The evaluation of the current efforts indicates the value of 'scalingup' collaborations in integration procedures, and the importance of a clearly defined management context in the establishment of such collaborative partnerships. http://search.informit.com.au/documentSummary;dn=708568352029860;res=IELHSS KEYWORDS: climate change; environmental management; integration; collaboration; mitigation; adaptation Last, P. R., W. T. White, et al. (2010). "Longterm shifts in abundance and distribution of a temperate fish fauna: a response to climate change and fishing practices." Global Ecology and Biogeography 20: 5872. Southeastern Australia is a wellknown climate change hotspot, but the impact on temporal on and temporal responses of the biota in relation to change are not as well understood but appear to involve both climate and nonclimate influences as well as human impacts. This work examines major temporal and distributional shifts that have occurred in fish fauna, with cautious attribution of potential causal factors. DOI: 10.1111/j.14668238.2010.00575.x http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.14668238.2010.00575.x/abstract KEYWORDS: Climate change; fishing; southeastern Australia; spatial shift; Tasmania; temperate fishes; temporal shift Lavitra, T., N. Fohy, et al. (2010). "Effect of water temperature on the survival and growth of endobenthic Holothuria scabra (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) juveniles reared in outdoor ponds." Secretariat of the Pacific Community Bchedemer Information Bulletin 30: 2528. The growth and survival of Holoturia scabra juveniles were measured in two pond configurations: with and without a greenhouse system (plastic sheath stretched on a frame) placed over the pond during the winter season. While mortality remained unchanged, growth was significantly higher in the 'heated'

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ponds (0.254 vs 0.095 g/d). The authors recommend the use of such greenhouse system in Holoturia mariculture during winter, in addition to a shading system during summer (the benefits of which are demonstrated in a previous study). http://www.spc.int/DigitalLibrary/Doc/FAME/InfoBull/BDM/30/BDM30_25_Lavitra.pdf KEYWORDS: Aquaculture; Holoturia; temperature; growth; survival; yield; adaptation Lawler, J. J. (2009). "Climate Change Adaptation Strategies for Resource Management and Conservation Planning." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1162: 7998. Climate change has altered ecosystems globally, with links to changes in physiology, phenology, species distributions, interspecific interactions and disturbance regimes. Predicted changes with are for more dramatic shifts, which presents challenges to resource management and conservation planning. New approaches must be implemented to account for this uncertainty, and this paper reviews a number of adaptation management strategies. Most approaches are based on general principles, and others specify tools that managers may already have in place. New strategies are adopting more agile management perspectives, which are needed to act on the changes that are occurring over a range of spatial and temporal scales. Focus will need to be placed on potential future ecosystem services and active adaptive management that is based on future impact scenarios will need to become commonplace management strategies. Triage may also need to become a management option. A better understanding of species that are likely to be most affected by climate change is still required, including avenues for preserving and enhancing the evolutionary capacity of species and how to implement adaptive management in new systems. Particularly important is identifying situations and systems where adaption strategies have worked and how they can be further applied. DOI: 10.1111/j.17496632.2009.04147.x http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.17496632.2009.04147.x/abstract KEYWORDS: adaptation; adaptive management; climate change; conservation planning; management; scenario planning; range shifts; habitat fragmentation Lehodey, P. and O. Maury (2010). "Climate Impacts on Oceanic Top Predators (CLIOTOP): Introduction to the Special Issue of the CLIOTOP International Symposium, La Paz, Mexico, 37 December 2007 Preface." Progress In Oceanography 86(12): 17. This document is the introduction to the special issue from the international workshop 'Climate Impacts on Oceanic TOp Predators' held in December 2007 in La Paz, Mexico. After a brief history of CLIOTOP meetings, the different themes addressed in the special issue are summarized. The first section discusses research on early life history of top predators such as billfish and tuna, with the effect of mesoscale processes, temperature and transports investigated for different species and systems. The second section sheds light on the physiology, behavior and distribution of top predators through tagging and laboratory experiments. The third section reviews trophic pathways and preypredator relationships, using stomach content analysis, stable isotope analysis or modeling experiments. The fourth section focuses on management strategies and their socioeconomic implications, and is followed by a section on the importance of mesoscale oceanic processes. The final section addresses several aspects of the effects of climate change and variability on top predators. DOI:10.1016/j.pocean.2010.05.001 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0079661110000832 KEYWORDS: climate change; top predators; tuna; early life history; physiology; behavior; distribution; trophic pathways; preypredator; management strategies; mesoscale processes; climate variability Leith, P. B. and M. Haward (2010). Climate Change Adaptation in the Australian Edible Oyster Industry: an analysis of policy and practice. U. o. Tasmania. This report identifies key collective actions and opportunities for adaptation for edible oyster aquaculture in Australia. The report is a review and synthesis of knowledge about climate impacts, the potential to build adaptive capacity and resilience, and to define adaptation options within the Australian edible oyster industry. The report focuses on the three main oyster growing states: New South Wales (NSW), South Australia (SA) and Tasmania (TAS), and details the development and application of a rigorous social research methodology to integrate knowledge from diverse stakeholders in order to find pathways for adaptation in policy and practice.
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http://arnmbr.org/content/images/uploads/OYSTER_REPORT_FINAL_web.pdf KEYWORDS: edible oyster; aquaculture; Australia; adaptation; opportunities; policies; rapid collaborative vulnerability assessment Leslie, H. M. and K. L. McLeod (2007). "Confronting the challenges of implementing marine ecosystembased management." Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 5(10): 540548. This paper discusses some overarching principles of marine ecosystem based management (EBM) and highlight key challenges facing implementation. We then recommend ways in which natural and social scientists can advance implementation of ecosystembased approaches in the oceans by addressing key research needs, building interdisciplinary scientific capacity, and synthesizing and communicating scientific knowledge to policy makers, managers, and other stakeholders. DOI: 10.1890/060093 http://www.esajournals.org/doi/abs/10.1890/060093 KEYWORDS: ecosystem based approach; marine ecosystem; implementation Leslie, H. M., M. Schluter, et al. (2009). "Modeling responses of coupled socialecological systems of the Gulf of California to anthropogenic and natural perturbations." Ecological Research 24(3): 505519. This paper investigates the impacts of multiple economic sectors on the marine ecosystem and dependent human community in the Gulf of California with an ecologicaleconomic model. It focuses on the spotted rose snapper, an economically important species targeted concurrently by the nearshore artisanal fleet, the sportfishing fleet, and by the industrial shrimp fleet as bycatch. The results suggest that vital components of coupled systems may well respond differently to climate variability or other perturbations, and that management strategies should be developed with this in mind. DOI: 10.1007/s1128400906038 http://www.springerlink.com/content/43v7888543026127/ KEYWORDS: tradeoffs; marine ecosystem services; socialecological system; ecosystembase; management; modelling; ecologicaleconomics; fisheries Levin, P. S., M. J. Fogarty, et al. (2009). "Integrated Ecosystem Assessments: Developing the Scientific Basis for EcosystemBased Management of the Ocean." PLoS Biol 7(1): e1000014. Ecosystembased management aims to devise management strategies that deal with entire ecosystems rather than the individual components that ecosystems are comprised of, and take into account interactions among ecosystem components and management sectors, the impacts of oceanuse sectors and also considers humans as part of the ecosystem. The authors identify that the implementation of ecosystembased management remains a significant hurdle in marine ecosystems, and propose integrated ecosystem assessments (IEAs) as a framework to assist ecosystembased management decisions across multiple scales and sectors. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1000014 http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pbio.1000014 KEYWORDS: adaptation; ecosystembased management; human impact; integrated ecosystem assessments; management; marine; services Levin, S. A. and J. Lubchenco (2008). "Resilience, robustness, and marine ecosystembased management." Bioscience 58(1): 2732. Anthropogenic exploitation of marine resources threatens the robustness and resilience of marine ecosystems, despite the reliance of humans on these systems for important services. Marine ecosystems are complex adaptive systems. They are composed of individual agents interacting with others and integrating a range of scales from individual behaviours to whole system dynamics. Even small changes within these systems can magnify through nonlinear interactions and result in regime shifts and ecosystem collapse. The balance among heterogeneity, modularity, and redundancy, tightening feedback loops is needed to maintain the adaptive capacity of the system and also to provide incentives for stewardship. Management is challenged with increasing incentives to individuals and tightening reward loops in ways that will increase the resilience of these systems for the future. DOI: 10.1641/B580107 http://www.access.aibs.org/?page=BioScienceindex
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KEYWORDS: complex adaptive systems; scale; resilience; robustness; ecosystem; management; food webs; biodiversity; sustainability; services Li, Y., K. Benkendorff, et al. (2011). Exploring correlations between spawning mediated response and summer mortality in Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas. Oysters: Physiology, Ecological Distribution and Mortality. Q. J., Nova publishing. Oysters have a competitive advantage and dominate other molluscan species with respect to global distribution and aquaculture production. At present, the Pacific oyster has become one of the most important edible oysters in world aquaculture. Recently, with research advancements in oyster farming technology, nonnative species invasion, environmental monitoring and disease control, new findings and outcomes have emerged. This book presents the latest research development in oyster reproduction, physiological response to pollution, ecological distribution and management, mass mortality, disease control, and other technical advance in oyster research. This chapter focuses on the correlations between spawning mediated response and summer mortality in Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas. http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:273741 Keywords: Oyster spawning; immunosuppression; energy depletion; summer mortality; global warming Li, Y., J. Qin, et al. (2009). "Monthly variation of condition index, energy reserves and antibacterial activity in Pacific oysters, Crassostrea gigas, in Stansbury (South Australia)." Aquaculture 286: 6471. The introduction of Pacificoysters has resulted in significant expansion in production by increasing feasible farming areas in South Australia. Stansbury was one of the earliest places for oyster farming in South Australia, and is also known as Oyster Bay. For effective management of Pacificoyster productivity on aquaculture leases, it is important to understand the natural variability in their condition and any factors that may influence their health across the year. This paper investigates the temporal responses of 2year old Crassostrea gigas to environmental changes in Stansbury, South Australia from September 2005 to October 2006. DOI:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2008.09.004 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0044848608006704 KEYWORDS: Oyster growth; energy reserves; antibacterial activity; reproduction; aquaculture management Lin, B. B. and P. E. Morefield (2011). "The Vulnerability Cube: A MultiDimensional Framework for Assessing Relative Vulnerability." Environmental Management 48(3): 631643. The diversity and abundance of information available for vulnerability assessments can present a challenge to decisionmakers. This paper proposes a framework to aggregate and present socioeconomic and environmental data in a visual vulnerability assessment that will help prioritize management options for communities vulnerable to environmental change. DOI: 10.1007/s0026701196908 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21638079 KEYWORDS: multidimensional framework; vulnerability assessment; socioeconomic; environmental; management Ling, S. D., C. R. Johnson, et al. (2008). "Reproductive potential of a marine ecosystem engineer at the edge of a newly expanded range." Global Change Biology 14(4): 907915. Given recent poleward range extension of the barrensforming sea urchin Centrostephanus rodgersii (Diadematidae) from mainland Australia to Tasmania, there is a need to understand the population dynamics of this ecologically important species in the Tasmanian environment.This paper assesses the reproductive capability of C. rodgersii in eastern Tasmania by examining evidence for the existence of a reproductive cycle, its ability to produce functional gametes and to undergo successful larval development. DOI: 10.1111/j.13652486.2008.01543.x http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.13652486.2008.01543.x/abstract KEYWORDS: Centrostephanus rodgersii, climate change, gonad index, larval development, macroalgae, poleward range shift, reproductive phenology, temperate rocky reef, temperature threshold, urchin barrens Ling, S. D., C. R. Johnson, et al. (2009). "Overfishing reduces resilience of kelp beds to climatedriven catastrophic phase shift." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 106(52):
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2234122345. Climate change and overfishing are two of the greatest impacts affecting marine ecosystems. Coastal waters are warming in eastern Tasmania at four times the average global ocean warming rate, driving the rangeextension of the ecologicallyimportant longspined sea urchin (Centrostephanus rodgersii). This sea urchin has commenced catastrophic overgrazing of kelp beds in Tasmania, leading to significant biodiversity loss and loss of rocky reef ecosystem services. Coincident with this overgrazing is increased fishing of its predators, including the spiny lobster (Jasus edwardsii). Experimental manipulation within and outside Marine Protected Areas demonstrate that removal of large predators has reduced ecosystem resilience against the climatedriven expansion of the sea urchin; increasing the risk of catastrophic shift to urchin barrens. This demonstrates that interaction between multiple anthropogenic stressors can intensify nonlinear responses to climate change, limiting their adaptive capacities. This work emphasizes the need for management to focus on reducing the risk of catastrophic phase shifts. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0907529106 http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2009/12/11/0907529106.abstract KEYWORDS: climate change; overgrazing; sea urchin; temperate reefs; trophic interactions; Centrostephanus rodgersii; shallow subtidal reefs; range; biodiversity; survival; density Ling, S. D., C. R. Johnson, et al. (2009). "Climatedriven range extension of a sea urchin: inferring future trends by analysis of recent population dynamics." Global Change Biology 15(3): 719731. The climatedriven geographical extension of the sea urchin C. rodgersii is investigated by combining abundance observations with a growth model designed to estimate the age of individuals. A strong pattern of decreasing age with increasing latitude on the eastern coast of Tasmania confirms the suggested poleward shift of sea urchin related to the Eastern Australian Current (EAC). The predicted intensification of the EAC is expected to result in an increased poleward expansion of this species of sea urchin in the future, with severe repercussions for benthic communities. DOI:10.1111/j.13652486.2008.01734.x http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.13652486.2008.01734.x/abstract KEYWORDS: climate change; east Australian current; larval growth; larval dispersal; thermal tolerance; benthic communities Loring, P. A., S. C. Gerlach, et al. (2011). "Ways to Help and Ways to Hinder: Governance for Effective Adaptation to an Uncertain Climate." Arctic 64(1): 7388. The paper identifies how (centralised and decentralised) governance arrangements and management strategies enhance or limit people's ability to respond effectively to changing climatic and environmental conditions. Findings demonstrate the usefulness of the diagnostic framework to facilitating comparative analyses of natural resource management. DOI: not available http://arctic.synergiesprairies.ca/arctic/index.php/arctic/article/view/4081 KEYWORDS: institutional arrangements; adaptive capacity; Arctic; governance; comanagement LoYat, A., S. D. Simpson, et al. (2011). "Extreme climatic events reduce ocean productivity and larval supply in a tropical reef ecosystem." Global Change Biology 17(4): 16951702. Trends in remote sensing data of sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies, surface current flows and chlorophylla concentrations were compared to observed patterns of larval fish supply in the Rangiroa Atoll (French Polynesia) from 1996 to 2000. This period was characterized by an intense El Nio event (+3.5C SST anomaly, decreased surface current towards the reef, low chlorophyll concentrations and 51% in larval supply) between two periods of La Nia conditions (2.0C SST anomaly, strong surface currents, +150% chlorophyll concentration and +249% larval supply). These trends are driven by the ENSO cycle and suggest a potential negative impact of global warming on reef ecosystems. DOI: 10.1111/j.13652486.2010.02355.x http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.13652486.2010.02355.x/abstract KEYWORDS: climate change; global warming; coral reef; larval fish; El Nino; ENSO MacNeil, M. A., N. A. J. Graham, et al. (2010). "Transitional states in marine fisheries: adapting to predicted global change." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 365(1558): 37533763.
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This review discusses the predicted impacts that global climatic shifts will have on the production and structure of marine fisheries. The authors discuss the fact that species distributional and community compositional shifts are already being observed in some marine ecosystems, and use case studies from the Indian Ocean, North Sea and Bering Sea to examine the direct and indirect effects that climate change is having on production and biodiversity in these systems. The authors predict that global warming will lead to habitat loss in tropical reef fisheries, thus creating yield and species losses; the dominance of warm water species in temperate fisheries; and the invasion of southern species into Arctic marine ecosystems leading to increased diversity and yield in Arctic fisheries. Society responses to such changes will depend on their capacity to adapt to a changing environment. DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2010.0289 http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/365/1558/3753.abstract KEYWORDS: adaptation; climate change; community composition; distribution; fisheries; global warming; review Madin, E. M. P., N. C. Ban, et al. (2012). "Socioeconomic and management implications of rangeshifting species in marine systems." Global Environmental ChangeHuman and Policy Dimensions 22(1): 137146. The aim of this paper is to summarise the known examples of Australian rangeshifting marine species and, based on these examples and others from the global literature, present a forwardlooking analysis of observed and potential future socioeconomic and managerial implications of climateinduced range shifts in marine taxa. DOI: 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2011.10.008 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959378011001610 KEYWORDS: Climate change; range shift; marine ecosystems; Australia; socioeconomic; species distributions; management Makino, M. and Y. Sakurai (2012). "Adaptation to climatechange effects on fisheries in the Shiretoko World Natural Heritage area, Japan." Ices Journal of Marine Science 69(7): 11341140. Decreases in seasonal sea ice, changes in fishing grounds and the appearance of nonlocal species in the Shiretoko World Heritage area in Japan indicate that the effects of climate are impacting ecosystems. Observed and anticipated effects of climate change on fisheries in the region will require research and monitoring on a large scale and subsequent policy measures in order to adapt to these changes. Socioecological aspects as well as cultural aspects will need to be considered, and these aspects, as well we research results, should be incorporated into the crosssector coordination system and Integrated Management Plan, established to manage the World Heritage area. This article discusses the policy and research needs for adapting to the observed and anticipated effects of climate change in the region. DOI10.1093/icesjms/fss098 http://icesjms.oxfordjournals.org/content/69/7/1134 Keywords: Adaptation; climate change; fisheries; UNESCO World Natural Heritage Makino, M. and Y. Sakurai (2012). "Adaptation to climatechange effects on fisheries in the Shiretoko World Natural Heritage area, Japan." Ices Journal of Marine Science 69(7): 11341140. This study summarises the effects of climate change on fisheries in the Shiretoko World Natural Heritage area and discusses policy and research needs for adapting to these changes. DOI: 10.1093/icesjms/fss098 http://icesjms.oxfordjournals.org/content/69/7/1134 KEYWORDS: fisheries; climate change impacts; Japan; world heritage area Marshall, D. J. and C. D. McQuaid (2011). "Warming reduces metabolic rate in marine snails: adaptation to fluctuating high temperatures challenges the metabolic theory of ecology." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 278(1703): 281288. This article tests applications of, and controversies surrounding theoretical aspects of the metabolic theory of ecology (MTE), which proposes a universal relationship between body mass, temperature and an organisms metabolic rate. The authors examined thermal scaling of metabolic rate in a marine gastropod which inhabits a rockyshore environment and experiences fluctuating high temperatures when emerged. The authors found that in contrast to the theoretical predictions, metabolic rate of the marine gastropod was often negatively correlated with temperature, and this relationship was driven by aspects
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of temperature range, degree of metabolic depression and shell dynamics. The gastropod demonstrated a reduced metabolic rate in response to increasing temperatures, which would be expected to improve the conservation of energy in a high temperature environment, a result which challenges previous theoretical predictions. DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2010.1414 http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/early/2010/08/03/rspb.2010.1414 KEYWORDS: adaptation; climate change; ecology; gastropod; metabolic rate; temperature; thermal scaling Marshall, D. J., C. D. McQuaid, et al. (2010). "Nonclimatic thermal adaptation: implications for species' responses to climate warming." Biology Letters 6(5): 669673. Ectothermic organisms have the ability to physiologically and behaviourally adapt to biotic and abiotic factors, such that they may be able to buffer the effects of increasing global temperatures. This article highlights the need for increased research efforts into the adaptive ability of marine ectothermic organisms to heat sources, including nonclimatic (solar, geothermal) and climatic (air or sea surface temperature) varieties, in order to tease apart the effects of climatically relevant and nonclimate heat sources. The authors demonstrate that a marine intertidal snail showed thermal resistance adaptation to solar heating, and conclude that nonclimatic thermal adaptation is likely to occur widely across ectothermic organisms which may enable species to tolerate climatic rises in air temperature. DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2010.0233 http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/6/5/669.short KEYWORDS: adaptation; climate change; ectotherm; gastropod; radiation; response; sea surface temperature; solar heat; thermal adaptation; temperature Marshall, N., P. Marshall, et al. (2009). "Using social resilience and resource dependency to increase the effectiveness of marine conservation initiatives in Salum, Egypt." Journal of Environmental Planning and Management 52(7): 901918. This paper provides resource managers with a framework to achieve conservation goals whilst sustaining social and economic benefits from the marine environment. The framework focuses on the relationship between people and the marine resource (resource dependency), the consequences of altering the relationship (social resilience) and perceptions of conservation initiatives (institutional perception). The study looks towards Salum, Egypt, in the Mediterranean, as an example of a community living with threatened marine resources and a setting where an marine protected area (MPA) may provide a suitable approach for management of these resources. DOI: 10.1080/09640560903180982 http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09640560903180982 KEYWORDS:marine protected areas; social impact assessment; fisheries; barriers to change; human dimension; fishing Marshall, N., P. Marshall, et al. (2010). A Framework for Social Adaptation to Climate Change; Sustaining Tropical Coastal Communities and Industries. . S. Gland, IUCN: 36 pp. This report presents a framework to practically assist adaptation of social systems that depend in some way on tropical marine ecosystems. The concepts and tools that presented here are derived from current thinking and approaches in the scientific literature. This guide can be used to encourage policy debate and inspire managers and other decisionmakers to take on the challenge of supporting climate adaptation activities. ISBN: 9782831712000 http://www.iucn.org/about/work/programmes/marine/marine_resources/?4943/AFrameworkforSocialAdaptat iontoClimateChange KEYWORDS: framework; social adaptation; climate change Marshall, N. A. (2007). "Can policy perception influence social resilience to policy change?" Fisheries Research 86(23): 216227. The paper investigates whether policy perception can erode or enhance the ability of commercial fishers to be resilient to changes in fisheries policy. It suggests that for policy perception to be positive and resilience to be enhanced, fishers need to be meaningfully involved in the decisionmaking process,
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change needs to be implemented at an appropriate rate, and effort is required to ensure that equity, anticipated impacts and conservation effectiveness are positively interpreted. DOI: 10.1016/j.fishres.2007.06.008 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165783607001294 KEYWORDS: resilience; stakeholder perception; fisheries; fisheries management; policy; Australia Marshall, N. A., D. M. Fenton, et al. (2007). "How resource dependency can influence social resilience within a primary resource industry." Rural Sociology 72(3): 359390. This study develops a conceptual model of resource dependency which considers factors such as (i) occupational attachment, (ii) attachment to place, (iii) employability, (iv) family attitude to change, (v) business size, ( vi) business approach, (vii) financial situation, (viii) level of specialisation, (ix) time spent harvesting, and (x) interest in and knowledge of the environment. This model and its effect on social resilience are (quantitatively and qualitatively) tested and explored using the commercial fishing industry in North Queensland, Australia. Results show that occupational attachment and employability were important influences as were business size and approach. These results can be used to identify vulnerability to institutional change and guide policy development processes. DOI: 10.1526/003601107781799254 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1526/003601107781799254/abstract KEYWORDS: resource dependency; fisheries; vulnerability Marshall, P. (2009). Why monitor resilience and what are the challenges in developing a protocol? Coral Reefs, Climate Change and Resilience. D. Obura and G. Grimsditch, An agenda for action from the IUCN World Conservation Congress, October 69 2008. 44 pages: 1819. One of the major challenges for progressing resiliencebased management lies in the application of resilience principles. While general resilience principles are influencing the way practitioners approach coral reef management and conservation, there remains an urgent need for protocols for assessing and mapping resilience in coral reef ecosystems. The first step in practical application of resilience principles is to define resilience in operational terms: resilience of what to what? This workshop deals with coral reef vulnerability to climate change, in particular to rising sea surface temperatures. ISBN: 9782831711584 http://data.iucn.org/dbtwwpd/edocs/2009022.pdf KEYWORDS: resilience; coral reefs; sea surface temperatures; vulnerability; climate change Maynard, J. A., A. H. Baird, et al. (2008). "Revisiting the Cassandra syndrome; the changing climate of coral reef research." Coral Reefs 27(4): 745749. The paper questions the popularisation of predictions based on essentially untested assumptions regarding reefs and their capacity to cope with future climate change. Such assumptions include that: all corals live close to their thermal limits, corals cannot adapt/acclimatize to rapid changes, ocean acidification will lead to reduced fecundity, and that coral loss leads to widespread fisheries collapse. It is argued that the coral reef crisis has been effectively communicated and efforts should focus also on addressing knowledge gaps. DOI: 10.1007/s0033800804321 http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs0033800804321 KEYWORDS: adaptation; climate change; coral reefs; Australia Maynard, J. A., P. A. Marshall, et al. (2010). "Building resilience into practical conservation: identifying local management responses to global climate change in the southern Great Barrier Reef." Coral Reefs 29(2): 381391. The greatest longterm threat on coral reefs is climate change, despite mitigation efforts. Focus must therefore turn to promoting the natural resilience of reefs. This work develops a framework for assessing resilience, with testing applied to target management responses to climate change on the Great Barrier Reef (GBR).This generates a resilience score for a site based on differentially weighted indicators that are either thought to, or known to, confer resilience. Once scores are summed, sites within a region are ranked in terms of relative resilience (to other sites) and extent to which resilience can be influenced by management response. This framework was applied to 31 sites in the southern region of the GBR, which has a history of known disturbance and recovery regimes. Both resilience and management influence
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potential varied among sites, which informs on site selection as being important for the staged implementation of reliance management. This framework informs management of operational means for resilience management, as well as being easy to teach and implement management response to climate change for local communities and stakeholders. DOI: 10.1007/s0033801006038 http://www.springerlink.com/content/b441632345777x07/fulltext.pdf KEYWORDS: climate change; coral reefs; environmental management; Great Barrier Reef; resilience; Caribbean coralreefs; socialecological systems; phase shifts; connectivity; communities; diversity; mortality; herbivory McClanahan, T. R., J. E. Cinner, et al. (2009). "Identifying reefs of hope and hopeful actions: Contextualizing environmental, ecological, and social parameters to respond effectively to climate change." Conservation Biology 23(3): 662671. This paper studied 24 human communities and adjacent coral reef ecosystems in 5 countries of the southwestern Indian Ocean by useing ecological measures of abundance and diversity of fishes and corals, estimated reef pristineness. Socioeconomic household surveys were conducted to determine the AC of communities adjacent to selected coral reefs. DOI: 10.1111/j.15231739.2008.01154.x http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.15231739.2008.01154.x/abstract KEYWORDS: adaptive management; coral bleaching; global climate change; marine protected areas; resilience; socioecological systems McClanahan, T. R., J. E. Cinner, et al. (2008). "Conservation action in a changing climate." Conservation Letters 1(2): 5359. Changes in temperature, weather patterns and extreme events brought on by climate change pose challenges to effective conservation of ecosystems. Addressing these challenges will require practical conservation actions that are informed by sitespecific understanding of susceptibility to climate change. It will also identify the capacity of societies to cope with and adapt to climate change. Depending on the environmental susceptibility and social adaptive capacity of a location, the appropriate actions will require a mix of the following strategies: largescale ecosystem protection, active transformation and adaption of socialecological systems; capacitybuilding of communities to cope with change; and government assistance focused on distancing communities from dependence on natural resources. Analytical framework examines conservation actions in five west Indian Ocean countries each differing in climatedriven coral disturbance and adaptive capacity. Current conservation strategies are found to not reflect adaptive capacity, indicating lack of preparedness for climate change. The authors direct vision for conservation policy which considers the ability of adaptive capacity to cope with the complexities of climate change as being better that only relying on singular emphasis on governmental; control and the formation of notake areas. DOI: 10.1111/j.1755263X.2008.00008.x http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1755263X.2008.00008_1.x/abstract KEYWORDS: Adaptive capacity; socialecological systems; socioeconomic; marine; conservation; climate change; environmental susceptibility; coral reefs; bleaching; global change McClanahan, T. R., S. D. Donner, et al. (2012). "Prioritizing Key Resilience Indicators to Support Coral Reef Management in a Changing Climate." PLoS ONE 7(8). The paper explores multiple physical and biological factors that affect the ability of coral reefs to resist and recover from climate disturbance. It supports the concept that, despite high ecological complexity, relatively few strong variables can be important in influencing ecosystem dynamics. The methods presented are suggested to increase the feasibility and defensibility of including key resilience metrics in evaluations of coral reefs, as well as reduce costs. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042884 http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0042884 KEYWORDS: Adaptation; marine protected areas; priority setting; resistance; recovery. McCook, L. J., G. R. Almany, et al. (2009). "Management under uncertainty: guidelines for incorporating
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connectivity into the protection of coral reefs." Coral Reefs 28(2): 353366. This article provides a set of practical guidelines that can be applied to protect connectivity. These 'rules of thumb' are based on current knowledge and expert opinion, and on the philosophy that it is better to act with incomplete knowledge than to wait for detailed understanding that may come too late. The guidelines include: (1) allow margins of error in extent and nature of protection as insurance against unforeseen or incompletely understood threats or critical processes; (2) spread risks among areas; (3) aim for networks of MPAs; (4) protect entire biological units where possible; (5) provide for connectivity at a wide range of dispersal distances; and (6) use a portfolio of approaches, including but not limited to MPAs. Three case studies illustrating the application of these principles to coral reef management are described. DOI: 10.1007/s0033800804637 http://www.springerlink.com/content/j7584gq847263222/ KEYWORDS: ecological connectivity; reef management; margin of error; resilience; risk spreading; Great Barrier Reef McCook, L. J., T. Ayling, et al. (2010). "Adaptive management of the Great Barrier Reef: A globally significant demonstration of the benefits of networks of marine reserves." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 107(43): 1827818285. This review synthesizes available information, including extensive previously unpublished results and gray literature, on the effects of zoning and spatial management on the Great Barrier Reef (GBR), with an emphasis on the 2004 Zoning Plan and in the context of adaptive management of the GBR Marine Park. The paper examines direct effects of the zoning on target fish and sharks on notake and noentry coral reefs, indirect effects on corals, crownofthorns starfish, and reef food webs, and effects for nonreef habitats and species of conservation concern. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0909335107 http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2010/02/18/0909335107.abstract KEYWORDS: Great Barrier Reef; zoning; adaptive management; direct effects; fish; sharks; notake; coral reefs; habitats; conservation McIlgorm, A. (2010). "Economic impacts of climate change on sustainable tuna and billfish management: Insights from the Western Pacific." Progress In Oceanography 86(12): 187191. This paper examines longterm economic implications of climate change on ocean fisheries, fishing patterns and the management of both fish stocks and fishing nations. The Western Pacific Ocean area is used as a case study to illustrate components of both the biophysical and economic impacts that should be considered in any policy development. DOI: 10.1016/j.pocean.2010.04.024 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0079661110000583 Keywords: longterm economic; ocean fisheries; fish stocks; Western Pacific Ocean; climate change McIlgorm, A., S. Hanna, et al. (2010). "How will climate change alter fishery governance? Insights from seven international case studies." Marine Policy 34(1): 170177. The impacts of climate change on marine ecosystem productivity and community structure is expected to impact heavily on marine fisheries. This article examines the implications of climate change on the governance of fisheries across multiple international fisheries in low, mid and high latitude regions including eastern Australia. The authors caution that fishery governance needs to address the uncertainty arising from climate change, and in those areas where fishery governance is less developed the fisheries will be less adaptable to the impacts of climate change. DOI: 10.1016/j.marpol.2009.06.004 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308597X0900092X KEYWORDS: adaptation; climate change; fisheries; fishery governance; impacts; international; marine; Pacific Ocean McLeod, E., R. Salm, et al. (2009). "Designing marine protected area networks to address the impacts of climate change." Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 7(7): 362370. Design principles for Marine Protected Area (MPAs) networks which deal with social, economic and
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biological criteria are well studied in scientific literature. Climate change poses a significant new threat to marine systems, but few studies have focused on designing MPAs to be resilient to this threat. This paper compiles information on MPA network design and provides specific recommendations for resiliencebuilding into these networks. Direction is given on aspects such as size, spacing, shape, risk spreading, critical areas, connectivity and maintaining ecosystem function. It is hoped that this information will help MPA planners and managers design MPA networks that are more robust to climate change. DOI: 10.1890/070211 http://www.esajournals.org/doi/abs/10.1890/070211 KEYWORDS: Great Barrier Reef; coral reefs; ecological criteria; propagule; dispersal; reserves; populations; resilience; conservation; ecosystems; management; Marine Protected Areas; climate change McLeod, E. and R. V. Salm, Eds. (2006). Managing Mangroves for Resilience to Climate Change. Gland, Switzerland, International Union for the Conservation of Nature. This work provides some areas for consideration that are aimed at conservation practitioners as they are designing conservation strategies for mangroves. This builds upon the concept of resilience as developed by West and Salm (2003) to address coral bleaching. This work defines resilience and then reviews previous work to outline strategies in helping managers identifying reef areas that are resistant to bleaching and areas where maximum recovery following disturbance is likely, recommending these be incorporated into marine protected areas. Although this work dealt with coral reefs, the ideas are transferable to mangrove systems and sealevel rise. Despite these principles being developed specifically to address coral reefs and increases in sea temperature, similar ideas of resilience can be applied to mangroves and sealevel rise. Building resilience into mangrove conservation plans necessitates an understanding of the way in which mangroves will respond to climate changes, identifying which factors help them survive these changes, and, consequently which mangroves are most likely to then survive these changes. This work provides an overview of mangrove ecosystems, discussing the benefits to people, and identifies both the human and global threats that compromise mangrove ecosystems. This impacts of climate change on mangroves are discussed and tools and strategies that enhance mangrove resilience are further outlined. ISBN10: 2831709539 ISBN13: 9782831709536 http://www.globalrestorationnetwork.org/uploads/files/LiteratureAttachments/197_managingmangrovesforres iliencetoclimatechange.pdf KEYWORDS: resilience; climate change; mangrove; conservation; management; sea level rise MelbourneThomas, J., C. R. Johnson, et al. (2011). "A multiscale biophysical model to inform regional management of coral reefs in the western Philippines and South China Sea." Environmental Modelling & Software 26(1): 6682. Global coral health and function is in decline as a result of anthropogenicinduced stress, with the rate of this decline set to accelerate further. Regionalscale mitigation is essential since reef systems are highly connected across regions by ocean transport of larval stages and pollutants. Models are useful tools for dealing with the inherently complex coral reef systems and can inform management for reef management. Spatially explicit biophysical models are developed for a general coral reef system, combining dynamics from local to regional scales, and integrating larval connectivity patterns that are derived from larval dispersal models. This model is validates for coral reefs in the Philippines region of the South China Sea, where the authors demonstrate the usefulness of the model as a decision support tool. This is done by presenting two regionalscale scenario projections that relate to management issues in this region: marine reserve design and fish stock recovery; and synergistic effects between bleaching and reduced water quality. This work emphasizes the importance of incorporating multiple stressors to reef health and patterns of larval connectivity in regionalscale management decisions. DOI: 10.1016/j.envsoft.2010.03.033 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364815210000927 KEYWORDS: corset; coral reef; regional scale; decision support; ecosystem model; management; connectivity; Philippines; South China Sea; climate change

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Mertz, O., K. Halsnaes, et al. (2009). "Adaptation to Climate Change in Developing Countries." Environmental Management 43(5): 743752. Adaptation to climate change is given increasing international attention as the confidence in climate change projections is getting higher. This article provides a status of climate change adaptation in developing countries. An overview of observed and projected climate change is given, and recent literature on impacts, vulnerability, and adaptation are reviewed, including the emerging focus on mainstreaming of climate change and adaptation in development plans and programs. It concludes that although many useful steps have been taken in the direction of ensuring adequate adaptation in developing countries, much work still remains to fully understand the drivers of past adaptation efforts, the need for future adaptation, and how to mainstream climate into general development policies. DOI: 10.1007/s0026700892593 http://www.springerlink.com/content/f3162k37t61305rt/ KEYWORDS: adaptation; Africa; Asia; climate change; climate impacts; climate; projections; developing countries; development policy; Latin America; mainstreaming; small island states; vulnerability Meynecke, J. O. and S. Y. Lee (2011). "Climatecoastal fisheries relationships and their spatial variation in Queensland, Australia." Fisheries Research 110(2): 365376. Previous studies showed that rainfall and associated freshwater runoff influence the catch of coastal fish species, but quantification of the influence of multiple climatic indices on a range of coastal fisheries species in the form of regional comparisons along precipitation and temperature gradients has not been undertaken to date.The paper analysed relationships between key climate variables and fisheries catch rates from eight coastal regions in Queensland, eastern Australia. Fish catch data, coastal sea surface temperature (SST), rainfall and the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) from 1988 to 2004 for eight distinct climatic regions along the coast of Queensland were used to investigate the relationships between catch and climate parameters and variation between regions. DOI: 10.1016/j.fishres.2011.05.004 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165783611001937 KEYWORDS: Southern Oscillation Index; climatic indices; coastal fisheries; climate; geographic variability; Queensland Miles, R., S. Kinnear, et al. (2009). Assessing the socioeconomic implications of climate change (coral bleaching) in the Great Barrier Reef catchment: Synthesis Report. . Report to the Marine and Tropical Sciences Research Facility. C. Reef and Rainforest Research Centre Limited: 147pp. This report provides an integrated assessment of the potential socioeconomic impacts of climate change (specifically coral bleaching) on the Great Barrier Reef (GBR) in Queensland, Australia. The literature review highlighted wide gaps in published information about the impact of climate change (and subsequent changes in reef productivity) on reefbased ecosystems.The socioeconomic characterisation of the target regions in the GBR provided information regarding the vulnerability of each area with regard to social and economic factors. The survey and focus group findings showed that businesses operating in the GBR region have a limited interest in, and/or awareness of, climate change. http://www.rrrc.org.au/publications/downloads/25i4CQUMilesRetal2009JanuaryMilestoneandSynthesisR eport.pdf KEYWORDS: integrated assessment; socioeconomic impacts; climate change; Great Barrier Reef; Queensland; reefbased ecosystems Miller, A. W., A. C. Reynolds, et al. (2009). "Shellfish face uncertain future in high CO(2) world: Influence of acidification on oyster larvae calcification and growth in estuaries." PLoS One 4(5). There is widespread concern that reduced pH (acidification) as a result of increased anthropogenic atmospheric CO2 will produce irreversible ecological regime shifts in marine habitats, such as massive reductions in coral reef habitats and their associated biodiversity as well as reduced availability of carbonate ions for calcifying biota. To date most research has focused on CO2induced acidification in fully marine waters, while little attention has been devoted to lower salinity estuaries and temperate nearshore ecosystems. To address CO2induced changes to estuarine calcification, veliger larvae of two oyster species, the Eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica), and the Suminoe oyster (Crassostrea ariakensis) were grown in estuarine water under four pCO2 regimes to simulate atmospheric conditions in the
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preindustrial era, present, and projected future concentrations in 50 and 100 years respectively. DOI: e566110.1371/journal.pone.0005661 http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0005661 KEYWORDS: CO2; calcification; estuary; oyster; anthropogenic change Miller, K., A. Charles, et al. (2010). "Climate change, uncertainty, and resilient fisheries: Institutional responses through integrative science." Progress in Oceanography 87(14): 338346. This work explores the significance of attention on resilience and adaptive capacity goals found in the governance of uncertain fishery systems, including climate change. Climate change intermingles with fishery systems, which adds to the uncertainty that already exists in these systems. This highlights the need for robust and adaptive management approaches in order to enhance ecosystem resilience. This work focuses on placing more importance on integrative science methods and process to support institutional responses, broader planning perspectives and the development of adequate strategies that act to build resilience. Synergies between institutional change and integrative silence can enable the development of effective fisheries policy strategies. Integrative science provides an avenue for examining policy options in respect to their robustness against uncertainty (e.g. climate change regime shifts) and also allow better understanding of behavioural assessments of fish, humans and institutions. Understanding these aspects facilitates the move toward implementing integrative science for improved fishery governance. This work explores how the development of more effective fishery approaches can be facilitated by the synergies between institutional change and integrative science. DOI: 10.1016/j.pocean.2010.09.014 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0079661110001266 KEYWORDS: climate change; resilience; fisheries; adaptive management; management Miller, K. A. (2000). "Pacific Salmon fisheries: Climate, information and adaptation in a conflictridden context." Climatic Change 45(1): 3761. Pacific salmon are anadromous fish that cross state and international boundaries in their oceanic migrations. The rocky history of attempts by the United States and Canada to cooperatively manage their respective salmon harvests suggests that such shared resources may present difficult challenges for effective adaptation to climate change. Adaptation is difficult when a resource is exploited by multiple competing users who possess incomplete information. If, in addition, their incentives to cooperate are disrupted by the impacts of the climatic variation, dysfunctional breakdowns in management rather than efficient adaptation may ensue. Institutional factors will determine the extent to which the management of such resources can adapt effectively to climate variability or longterm climate change. DOI: 10.1023/A:1005684815698 http://www.springerlink.com/content/q43052461317260v/ KEYWORDS: North Pacific; variability; oscillation; impacts; treaty; climate change; management; adaptation Moerlein, K. J. and C. Carothers (2012). "Total Environment of Change: Impacts of Climate Change and Social Transitions on Subsistence Fisheries in Northwest Alaska." Ecology and Society 17(1). The paper details environmental changes observed over the past twenty to thirty years and their impacts on subsistencebased lifestyles of the Inupiaq communities in Alaska. It argues that properly assessing and understanding the impacts of climate change on the subsistence practices, requires considering the total environment of change that is dramatically shaping the relationship between people, communities, and their surroundings. DOI: 10.5751/Es04543170110 http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol17/iss1/art10/ KEYWORDS: climate change; subsistence; Alaska; Inupiaq; vulnerability Mollmann, C., A. Conversi, et al. (2011). "Comparative analysis of European wide marine ecosystem shifts: a largescale approach for developing the basis for ecosystembased management." Biology Letters 7(4): 484486. Regime shifts have been increasingly reported for exploited marine ecosystems around the world from the North Pacific to the North Atlantic. Understanding the drivers and mechanisms leading to marine ecosystem shifts is crucial in developing adaptive management strategies to achieve sustainable exploitation of marine ecosystems. An international workshop was held on 13 November 2010 in
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Hamburg, Germany and was attended by 27 invited scientists from 14 countries. The goal of the workshop was to compare ecosystem regime shifts in a multitude of different marine ecosystems from various regional areas in the North Atlantic, with an emphasis on comparing changes on multiple trophic as opposed to single trophic levels. The report summarises the outcomes of the workshop. DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2010.1213 http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/7/4/484.short KEYWORDS:climate change; ecosystem regime shifts; eutrophication; fisheries; trophic cascades Moore, S. E. and H. P. Huntington (2008). "Arctic marine mammals and climate change: Impacts and resilience." Ecological Applications 18(2): S157S165. An understanding of the impacts that future climate change will have on all of these species will be determined by the role of sea ice as a platform, a marine ecosystem function and a barrier (to both humans and nonice adapted species). This work categorizes the climatedriven impacts for iceobligate species relying on platforms, iceassociated species that are adapted to these ecosystems and seasonal migratory species where ice can act as a barrier. A resilience assessment is speculative since it can be based on any number of scenarios involving trophic cascades and human disturbance. The resilience scenarios presented have implications for marine mammal survival in relation to sea ice, iceassociated species finding suitable feeding opportunities within seaice refugia and benefiting from foraging in new areas (previously covered by ice) and that competition with migratory species infiltrating Arctic regions may increase. This work thus offers a framework for scientific investigation of the impacts of climate change as well as highlighting the need for responsible resource management. DOI: 10.1890/060571.1 http://www.esajournals.org/doi/abs/10.1890/060571.1 KEYWORDS: Arctic; climate change; impacts; marine mammals; resilience; sea ice; seaice cover; traditional knowledge; ecosystem; cetacean Moreno, A. and S. Becken (2009). "A climate change vulnerability assessment methodology for coastal tourism." Journal of Sustainable Tourism 17(4): 473488. This paper presents a fivestep vulnerability assessment methodology for tourism in coastal areas, including (1) system analysis, (2) identification of activity and hazard subsystems, (3) vulnerability assessments for the different subsystems at risk, (4) integration for the destination as a whole and scenario analysis and (5) communication. The framework is illustrated by an example of how it might be applied to Fiji. DOI: 10.1080/09669580802651681 http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09669580802651681 KEYWORDS: vulnerability assessment methodology; coastal tourism; climate change; adaptation; Fiji Morris, D. W. (2011). "Adaptation and habitat selection in the ecoevolutionary process." Proceedings of the Royal Society BBiological Sciences 278(1717): 24012411. This paper first provides a short review of theories outlining the mechanics of habitat selection. The paper assesses the scale and dynamics of habitat selection, then use the interaction between ecological and evolutionary dynamics to predict patterns of future habitat occupation. The paper concludes with a short reflection on the utility of this approach to our understanding of habitat selection and adaptive evolution. DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2011.0604 http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/278/1717/2401.short KEYWORDS: adaptation; ecology; evolution; habitat selection; mammals; natural selection; interaction between ecological and evolutionary dynamics Morton, S. R., O. HoeghGuldberg, et al. (2009). "The big ecological questions inhibiting effective environmental management in Australia." Austral Ecology 34(1): 19. Increasingly, managers and policymakers will be called on to use the present state of scientific knowledge to supply reasonable inferences for action based on imperfect knowledge. Hence, one challenge is to use existing ecological knowledge more effectively; a second is to tackle the critical unanswered ecological questions. This paper identifies areas of environmental management that are profoundly hindered by an inability of science to answer basic questions, in contrast to those areas where knowledge is not the
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major barrier to policy development and management. Of the 22 big questions identified herein, more than half are directly related to climate change. The paper goes onto the say that there is enough information already available to develop effective policy and management to address several significant ecological issues, and that ecologists will increasingly be engaging a wide range of other disciplines to help identify pathways towards a sustainable future. DOI: 10.1111/j.14429993.2008.01938.x http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.14429993.2008.01938.x/abstract KEYWORDS: Australian ecology; environmental management; knowledge gaps; climate change; plant invasions; biodiversity; ecosystems Moser, S. C. and J. A. Ekstrom (2010). "A framework to diagnose barriers to climate change adaptation." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 107(51): 2202622031. A threestep framework designed to identify barriers to the process of adaptation to climate change is presented. Each step is designed to understand the causes, consequences and solution to factors limiting the adaptation process in socialecological systems. This framework provides answers at all levels of decisionmaking regarding climate change adaptation procedures. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1007887107 http://www.pnas.org/content/107/51/22026 KEYWORDS: climate change; adaptation; decisionmaking; socialecological system Mumby, P. J., A. J. Edwards, et al. (2004). "Mangroves enhance the biomass of coral reef fish communities in the Caribbean." Nature 427(6974): 533536. Mangrove forests represent one of the world's most threatened tropical ecosystems with global losses exceeding 35%. Juvenile coral reef fish often inhabit mangrove forests, but the significance of these nurseries to reef fish population dynamics has not yet been quantified. This work demonstrates that mangroves are important as an intermediate fish nursery habitat which may increase survival. Caribbean mangroves influence fish community structure on neighbouring reefs. Additionally, biomass of a number of commercially important species significantly increases when adult habitat is connected to mangrove forests. Present rates of mangrove deforestation are expected to have severe deleterious effects om ecosystem function, fisheries productivity and resilience of reefs, which suggests strongly that conservation efforts should aim to protect connected corridors of mangroves, seagrass beds and coral reefs. DOI: 10.1038/nature02286 http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v427/n6974/abs/nature02286.html KEYWORDS: seagrass beds; habitats; resilience; biomass; biodiversity Mumby, P. J., I. A. Elliott, et al. (2011). "Reserve design for uncertain responses of coral reefs to climate change." Ecology Letters 14(2): 132140. Coral bleaching events have been attributed to increasing sea temperatures and these events are predicted to increase in their frequency as global sea temperatures continue to rise. Marine reserves have been shown to reduce biological stress in some situations, although reserves are unable to protect coral reefs from physical stress. The authors propose that reserve placement be concentrated in areas of low physical stress, in an attempt to minimize overall stress in the system and maximize resilience. They map proxies of varying levels of thermal stress and provide predictions of coral reef responses to thermal stressor level, and relate this to spatial predictions of larval connectivity within the Bahamas coral reef system. This information may enable the development of coral reef reserve regions which are spatially connected through species dispersal patterns, thus creating a marine reserve network. Both the phenotypic and genetic adaptation capacity of corals are expected to play a critical role in influencing reserve design. DOI: 10.1111/j.14610248.2010.01562.x http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.14610248.2010.01562.x/abstract KEYWORDS: acclimation; adaptation; adaptive management; climate change; connectivity; coral reef; marine reserve; ocean acidification; temperature Mumby, P. J., A. R. Harborne, et al. (2007). "Trophic cascade facilitates coral recruitment in a marine reserve."
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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 104(20): 83628367. Decreases in fishing pressure and weak predatorprey interactions that occur within marine reserves can produce trophic cascades which increase the number of grazing fishes and subsequently reduce the coverage of macroalgae on coral reefs. This work reveals that the impacts of marine reserves ranges outside trophic cascades and increases coral recruitment. Increased fish grazing in a Bahamian reef system was driven by reduced fishing pressure and was negatively correlated with macroalgal cover, resulting in a 2fold increase in the density of coral recruits. Alternative hypotheses that may generate a false correlation between grazing and coral recruitment were tested and rejected. Grazing seems to influence the density and community structure of coral recruits, however no influence was found on the overall sizefrequency distribution, community structure, or cover of corals. The absence of pattern in the adult coral community is thought to be symptomatic of the influence of a recent disturbance event that hides the recovery trajectories of individual reefs. Marine reserves can facilitate the recovery of corals following disturbance events and may help sustain biodiversity dependent on a complex threedimensional coral habitat. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0702602104 http://www.pnas.org/content/104/20/8362.abstract KEYWORDS: biodiversity; coral reef; grazing; predation; resilience; marine reserves; trophic cascade; fishing Mumby, P. J. and A. Hastings (2008). "The impact of ecosystem connectivity on coral reef resilience." Journal of Applied Ecology 45(3): 854862. Empirical data was used to calculate mangrovedriven enhancement of parrotfish grazing on two reef habitats, with the consequence of increased grazing then investigated using spatial simulation of reef dynamics in shallow and midshelf reefs. Although the greatest increase in grazing was in shallow reefs, it was found to have insignificant consequences for coral population dynamics. Contrastingly, weak increases in grazing on deeper reefs had important consequences; reefs close to mangroves experienced recovery under intense extreme weather events due unlike those without connectivity. Reefs exhibit multiple stable equilibria and mangrove enhancement of grazing in midshelf systems overlaps with a zone of system instability. Therefore, small increases in grazing moved the reef beyond a bifurcation point; greatly enhancing resilience. Large increases in shallow reef grazing had little consequence since the grazing levels concerned were over twice that needed to exceed the corresponding bifurcation point for this particular habitat. This work shows that ontogenetic mechanisms of ecosystem connectivity involving parrotfish may increase coral populations recovery potential from climateinduced changes of disturbance. DOI: 10.1111/j.13652664.2008.01459.x http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.13652664.2008.01459.x/abstract KEYWORDS: resilience; grazing; mangroves; model; ontogenetic; climate change Munday, P. L., N. E. Crawley, et al. (2009). "Interacting effects of elevated temperature and ocean acidification on the aerobic performance of coral reef fishes." Marine Ecology Progress Series 388: 235242. The effect of pH and temperature on the respiration of two coral reef fish (O. doedeleini and O. cyanosoma) was measured experimentally. The aerobic scope of these fish was reduced at higher temperatures and low pH (pH 7.8, equivalent to 1000 ppm CO2), with a minimum reached in warm (32C) and acidified conditions. Mortality increased with temperature and 33C was determined to be close to the thermal limit of these species. Acidification significantly increased the mortality of O. doederleini. These results suggest that these species are vulnerable to the projected global warming and ocean acidification. DOI:10.3354/Meps08137 http://www.intres.com/abstracts/meps/v388/p235242/ KEYWORDS: global warming; reef fish; acidification; metabolism; aerobic scope; great barrier reef Munday, P. L., D. L. Dixson, et al. (2009). "Ocean acidification impairs olfactory discrimination and homing ability of a marine fish." Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 106(6): 18481852. The effect of CO2induced acidification on the ability of larval clownfish to detect olfactory cues, a crucial process during settlement, was tested. The ability of larvae was modified under the pH conditions predicted to occur in 2100 (pH 7.8) and completely disrupted at pH 7.6. Such a loss of homing ability may
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have dramatic effects on clownfish populations in an acidified ocean. DOI:10.1073/pnas.0809996106 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19188596 KEYWORDS: acidification; coral reef fish; olfaction; population connectivity; larval settlement Munday, P. L., J. M. Donelson, et al. (2009). "Effects of ocean acidification on the early life history of a tropical marine fish." Proc Biol Sci 276(1671): 32753283. The effect of CO2induced acidification on eggs and larvae of the orange clownfish (A. percula) was tested experimentally in tanks. Acidification did not significantly impact embryonic duration, egg survival and size at hatching, but unexpectedly enhanced individual growth. These results suggest that future ocean acidification might not negatively impact the early life stages of this fish. DOI:10.1098/rspb.2009.0784 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19556256 KEYWORDS: ocean acidification; coral reef fish; clownfish; larval growth Munday, P. L., G. P. Jones, et al. (2008). "Climate change and the future for coral reef fishes." Fish and Fisheries 9(3): 261285. Coral reef fisheries will be impacted by climate change through effects on individual performance, trophic linkages, recruitment dynamics, population connectivity and a range of other ecosystem processes. Immediate impacts will include diversity loss and changes in fish community composition due to coral bleaching, which suffer rapid population declines in relation to coral loss. Additionally, many other species will undergo longterm declines as a result of loss of settlement habitat and erosion of habitat structural complexity. Ocean warming will influence the physiological performance of coral reef fishes, particularly during their early life stages. Despite small temperature increases potentially favouring larval development, this may be counteracted by negative effects on adult reproduction. The variability which already exists in recruitment will be further exacerbated, making optimal harvest strategies difficult to determine and populations more susceptible to overfishing. A number of species could undergo range shifts, with implications for increasing extinctionrisk of species with small ranges near reef margins. A number of critical gaps exist in knowledge pertaining to climate change impacts on marine tropical fishes, with predictions often based on temperate examples. Improved predictions of ocean current and primary productivity will change are required to more accurately forecast how reef fish population dynamics and connectivity will change in light of climatedriven impacts. Additionally, this work highlights the need to pay more attention to adaptation to climate change, including information on species with characteristics that are conducive to acclimation or local adaptation and perhaps will be resilient to change. DOI: 10.1111/j.14672979.2008.00281.x http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.14672979.2008.00281.x/abstract KEYWORDS: climate change; adaptation; community structure; global warming; habitat; coral reefs; population dynamics; range shifts; Great Barrier Reef; El Nio southernoscillation; larval duration; phaseshifts; lifehistory; habitat specialization; evolutionary responses; Plectropomus leopardus Munday, P. L., J. M. Leis, et al. (2009). "Climate change and coral reef connectivity." Coral Reefs 28(2): 379395. This review assesses and predicts the impacts that rapid climate change will have on population connectivity in coral reef ecosystems, using fishes as a model group. Increased ocean temperatures are expected to accelerate larval development, potentially leading to reduced pelagic durations and earlier reefseeking behaviour. Depending on the spatial arrangement of reefs, the expectation would be a reduction in dispersal distances and the spatial scale of connectivity. Changes to the spatial and temporal scales of connectivity have implications for the management of coral reef ecosystems, especially the design and placement of MPAs. The size and spacing of protected areas may need to be strategically adjusted if reserve networks are to retain their efficacy in the future. DOI: 10.1007/s0033800804619 http://www.springerlink.com/content/r7101j726524g567/ KEYWORDS: climate change; population connectivity; global warming; larval; dispersal; habitat fragmentation; marine protected areas Murawski, S. A. (2011). "Summing up Sendai: progress integrating climate change science and fisheries." Ices
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Journal of Marine Science 68(6): 13681372. This paper summarises the discussion and conclusions at the Sendai conference on climate change and fisheries. DOI: 10.1093/icesjms/fsr086 http://icesjms.oxfordjournals.org/content/68/6/1368.abstract KEYWORDS: Sendai conference; climate change; fisheries Myers, M. R. and R. F. Ambrose (2009). "Differences in benthic cover inside and outside marine protected areas on the Great Barrier Reef: influence of protection or disturbance history?" Aquatic ConservationMarine and Freshwater Ecosystems 19(7): 736747. In this study, the influence of marine protected area (MPA) protection on coral reef benthic organisms on the Great Barrier Reef (GBR) was investigated. Differences in benthic cover inside and outside MPAs were assessed at 15 pairs of Protected and General Use reefs on the GBR using annual monitoring data from the Australian Institute of Marine Sciences LongTerm Monitoring Programme. DOI: 10.1002/aqc.1053 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/aqc.1053/abstract KEYWORDS: marine protected areas; Great Barrier Reef; Australian Institute of Marine Science Longterm Monitoring; Programme; disturbance; benthos; coral cover; substrate condition Neuheimer, A. B., R. E. Thresher, et al. (2011). "Tolerance limit for fish growth exceeded by warming waters." Nature Climate Change. Increasing global temperatures are predicted to affect the reactive, growth and metabolic rates of ectotherms (coldblooded animals) such that slight increases in temperature are likely to benefit growth rates, but large temperature increases may become deleterious to growth. This paper provides evidence consistent with this prediction for a marine fish in the southwest Pacific Ocean, an area that is one of the fastest warming in the Southern Hemisphere ocean. The authors analyzed longterm changes in the growth rate of banded morwong from the Tasman Sea and compared these changes to temperature trends across the species distribution. An increased growth rate with increasing temperature was observed for the cooler water Australian populations, but a decreased growth rate with increasing temperatures was observed in the warmer water New Zealand populations. Data demonstrates that increasing water temperatures has exceeded the point where warming is beneficial to growth, and suggest mechanisms for range contraction as a result of this temperature increase. The authors propose that populations living at the warmedge of their distribution, temperatures that exceed the growth rate benefit may have important repercussions for the populations recruitment success and productivity. DOI: 10.1038/NCLIMATE1084 http://www.nature.com/nclimate/journal/v1/n2/full/nclimate1084.html KEYWORDS: climate change; global warming; ecosystems; cascades; dispersal; impacts; otolith; population dynamics; range shifts; resilience; Tasman Sea; temperature Newton, K., I. M. Cote, et al. (2007). "Current and future sustainability of island coral reef fisheries." Current Biology 17(7): 655658. One of the primary threats to coral reef diversity, structure, function and resilience is overexploitation. Although coral reef fisheries are generally considered unsustainable, there is little known of the scale of this impact, including which reefs are overfished. Ecological footprints and a review of exploitation status lead to reporting of widespread unsustainability for island coral reef fisheries. Over half of the 49 countries included are unsustainably exploiting their fisheries, with estimated current landings an estimated 64% higher than can be sustained. Consequently the area of coral reef which is appropriated by these fisheries exceeds the available effective area by 75000km2. The extreme imbalance between current and sustainable catches implies the urgent need for management methods to reduce social and economic dependence on these fisheries if they are able to prevent their collapse. DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2007.02.054 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982207010639 KEYWORDS: ecosystems; catch; cascades; impacts; coral reefs; fisheries; sustainability; resilience; overfishing Nilsson, G. E., N. Crawley, et al. (2009). "Elevated temperature reduces the respiratory scope of coral reef fishes."
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Global Change Biology 15(6): 14051412. The aerobic scope (capacity to perform aerobically, which controls thermal tolerance), was measured on five common coral reef fish species at different temperatures. The aerobic scope (calculated as a percent of increase between resting and maximum oxygen consumption) was reduced for all species with increasing temperatures, with different intensities according to the species. These different thermal tolerances among species suggest that ocean warming might cause significant changes of reef community structure in the future, to the benefit of thermally tolerant species. DOI:10.1111/j.13652486.2008.01767.x http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.13652486.2008.01767.x/abstract KEYWORDS: ecosystem; reef; fish; warming; temperature; aerobic scope; tolerance; community structure Norberg, J., J. R. Wilson, et al. (2008). Diversity and resilience of socialecological systems. Complexity theory for a sustainable future. C. G. Norberg J. New York, Columbia University Press: 4679. This book chapter discusses the notion that diversity is an essential component for sustainable functioning of both biological and social systems, demonstrating fundamentally significant reasons as to the importance of diversity. The authors discuss adaptive capacity for coping with change over time, and review the importance of understanding and being able to maintain diversity for the purpose of creating sustainable socialecological systems. KEYWORDS: socialecological; diversity; resilience http://cup.columbia.edu/book/9780231134606/complexitytheoryforasustainablefuture http://lowres.stockholmresilience.org/publications/artiklar/diversityandresilienceofsocialecologicalsystems.5.fb3e e2f125e9da349a80001841.html Norgaard, R. B. (2010). "Ecosystem services: From eyeopening metaphor to complexity blinder." Ecological Economics 69(6): 12191227. Development of the ecological system services approach has enabled the exploration and communication of a framework which determines the relationship between humans, the global economy and nature. The scientific assessment of ecosystem change has stemmed from this framework, along with the development of theoretical and empirical documentation of the nature and value of ecosystem services. This scientific framework seeks an innovative approach to reduce environmental degradation in developing countries, the design and implementation of environmental management programs, and curbing excessive energy and material consumption by wealthy nations. This article discusses the challenges faced by continued economic growth and posits that the ecosystem services approach can be a part of a larger solution, but cautions that ecological, economic and political complexities will present additional challenges to the solutions sought. DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2009.11.009 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0921800909004583 KEYWORDS: assessment; climate change; development; economic growth; ecosystem services; environmental management; framework; general equilibrium analysis; sustainability; governance Norstrm, A. V., M. Nystrm, et al. (2009). "Alternative states on coral reefs: beyond coralmacroalgal phase shifts." Marine Ecology Progress Series 376: 295306. An overview of alternative states observed in coral reefs is presented and discussed to clarify the current debate on coral reef phase shifts. Phase shifts result from coral mass mortality events induced by pulse disturbances, and may lead to a stable state due to positive feedback mechanisms. Several phase shifts are discussed, complementing the commonly reported coralmacroalgae shift. Management procedures could benefit from a better understanding of the drivers and controls of phase shifts in coral reefs. DOI: 10.3354/meps07815 http://www.intres.com/abstracts/meps/v376/p295306/ KEYWORDS: coral reef; phase shift; climate change; reef management Nunn, P. D. (2009). "Responding to the challenges of climate change in the Pacific Islands: management and technological imperatives." Climate Research 40(23): 211231. Despite being faced with similar impacts of climate change, Pacific Island nations face further challenges in relation to their small size, remoteness and archipelagic character. Climate change solutions for Pacific
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Islands are often uncritically imposed from elsewhere and have proven unsuited both environmentally and culturally. Pacific Islandspecific climate change solutions should acknowledge their distinctive environmental characteristics including insularity, their topographic and geological diversity, and also the raw materials which are available to support adaptation. Policy makers must understand and incorporate cultural influences as well as the ways in which climate change adaptation can be sustained. The effectiveness of topdown (donor funder policy) rather than bottomup involvement (e.g. communitylevel decisionmakers) is questionable, with emphasis on Pacific Island governments to take ownership of the climate change adaptation process, with external assistance only if necessary. Inundation and salinization of economically critical lowland and coral reef degradation should be incorporated into management objectives, rather than primarily focussing only on sea level rise. DOI: 10.3354/cr00806 http://www.intres.com/abstracts/cr/v40/n23/p211231/ KEYWORDS: climate change; Pacific Islands; environmental management; technology; adaptation; sealevel rise; adaptation; governance; community Nurse, L. A. (2011). "The implications of global climate change for fisheries management in the Caribbean." Climate and Development 3(3): 228241. The paper examines the implications of global climate change for fisheries management in the Caribbean. Effects of climate change in the region include habitat alteration and loss, reduced abundance and diversity, and shifts in distribution induced by changes in ocean currents. The paper proposes that appropriate responses may include more effective implementation of existing arrangements. DOI: 10.1080/17565529.2011.603195 http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/17565529.2011.603195 KEYWORDS: climate change; fisheries; Caribbean; impacts NurseyBray, M. (2010). "Climate change adaptation in Australia: Education, training and achieving social and political outcomes." International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management 2(4): 393402. The paper examines the development of climate change adaptation curricula and its challenges. It also examines the utility of educational initiatives to build community resilience, forge networks and contribute to achieving social/institutional, political and economic outcomes for adaptation to climate change. DOI: 10.1108/17568691011089918 http://www.emeraldinsight.com/journals.htm?articleid=1896523&show=abstract KEYWORDS: curriculum development, climate change, education and training NurseyBray, M., G. T. Pecl, et al. (2012). "Communicating climate change: Climate change risk perceptions and rock lobster fishers, Tasmania." Marine Policy 36(3): 753759. The paper considers the efficacy of risk perception as a tool to inform how to communicate the science of climate change and provides suggestions for management in relation to development of adaptation strategies for fisheries. It suggests that improving acceptance of climate change and thus ability to adapt will require the development of communications that are culturally appropriate and palatable to fishers. DOI: 10.1016/j.marpol.2011.10.015 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308597X11001655 KEYWORDS: climate adaptation, fisheries, tasmania, australia, communication Nystrom, M. and C. Folke (2001). "Spatial resilience of coral reefs." Ecosystems 4(5): 406417. Human impacts alter the natural disturbance regimes experienced by coral reef ecosystems, as well as introducing new stressors and modifying background conditions of these reefs. Ecosystem resilience is the capacity of complex systems comprising multiple stable states to absorb disturbance, to be able to consequently reorganise and to adapt to change. These relate to the ability of coral reefs to be able to cope with human impacts. This work focuses on spatial resilience, i.e. the dynamic capacity of a reef matrix to reorganize and maintain ecosystem function after disturbance, highlighting the relationship between disturbance and ecosystem resilience. Identification of spatial sources of resilience in dynamic seascapes is the first step in this study, followed by exemplification and discussion of the relation between ecological memory (biological legacies, mobile link species, and support areas) and functional diversity in
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terms of seascape ecosystem resilience. Conservation of coral reefs is enhanced by managing for ecosystem resilience, which also aids in providing sustainability of ecosystem services which are vital for humans. DOI: 10.1007/s100210010019y http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs100210010019y KEYWORDS: coral reefs; disturbance; resilience; spatial resilience; ecological; memory; mobile links; management; Great Barrier Reef; phase shifts; disturbance; community structure; mass mortality; recruitment; biodiversity Nystrom, M., C. Folke, et al. (2000). "Coral reef disturbance and resilience in a humandominated environment." Trends in Ecology & Evolution 15(10): 413417. Humandriven activities alter the natural disturbance regimes of coral reefs by changing pulse events into persistent disturbance or chronic stress, or by introducing, removing or suppressing disturbance. Human impacts are also changing the capacity of reefs to cope with stress, which then further intensifies the effects of altered disturbance regimes. There are substantial implications for the changes for reefassociated human activities including fishing and tourism, which are discussed here. DOI: 10.1016/S01695347(00)019480 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169534700019480 KEYWORDS: phase shifts; management; ecosystems; diversity; scale; communities; adaptation; thresholds; coral reefs; resilience; human impact Nystrom, M., N. A. J. Graham, et al. (2008). "Capturing the cornerstones of coral reef resilience: linking theory to practice." Coral Reefs 27(4): 795809. Phase shifts refer to unexpected and dramatic changes in community composition, as can occur in coral reef ecosystems; with significant consequences for ecosystem services on which humans depend. Ecosystem resilience is thought to confer insurance against unexpected responses in the face of climate change, and has become important in the development of coral reef management strategies. The ambiguity of the term resilience presents a number of problems, with concern regarding its practical applicability of major focus. Operationalizing theory to be able to observe resilience is therefore an important assignment, requiring empirical assessments of resilience. Biodiversity, spatial heterogeneity, and connectivity have been proposed as key foundations of resilience since they may provide insurance against ecological uncertainty. This paper provides a synopsis of the divergent uses of the concept of resilience as well as proposing empirical indicators of the key foundations of this concept. Indicators include functional group approaches, ratios of good and bad colonizers of space, measurements of spatial heterogeneity, and estimates of possible space availability against grazing capacity. The crux of these operational indicators of resilience is to use them as predictive tools to identify vulnerability that may lead to unexpected phase shifts before the disturbance occurs. DOI: 10.1007/s003380080426z http://www.springerlink.com/content/y736137635618158/ KEYWORDS: diversity; functional groups; management; phase shifts; coral reefs; resilience Nystrom, M., A. V. Norstrom, et al. (2012). "Confronting Feedbacks of Degraded Marine Ecosystems." Ecosystems 15(5): 695710. The papers offers a synthesis of feedbacks' interactions in the context of degraded states form distinct coastal/marine biomes. It examines how such feedbacks are addressed by management and suggests strategies to overcome the resilience of degraded ecosystem states DOI: 10.1007/s1002101295306 http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs1002101295306 KEYWORDS: marine biomes; feedback; degraded states; socioecological systems; resilience O'Brien, K. (2012). "Global environmental change II: From adaptation to deliberate transformation." Progress in Human Geography 36(5): 667676. The paper calls for the development of a critical body of research on deliberate transformation as a response to global environmental change. It explores emerging questions about individual and collective capacities to deliberately transform systems and structures in a manner that is both ethical and
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sustainable. DOI: 10.1177/0309132511425767 http://phg.sagepub.com/content/36/5/667 KEYWORDS: adaptation; transformation; climate change O'Brien, K., B. Hayward, et al. (2009). "Rethinking Social Contracts: Building Resilience in a Changing Climate." Ecology and Society 14(2). The paper considers how a resilience approach can contribute to new social contracts social arrangements that enhance the wellbeing and security of both present and future generations in the face of uncertainty and change. It suggests that resilience thinking provides valuable insights on the characteristics of a new social contract, and social contract theory provides some insights on creating resilience and human security. DOI: not available http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol14/iss2/art12/ KEYWORDS: resilience; social contracts; socialecological systems; adaptation; environmental change; theory Obura, D. and S. Mangubhai (2011). "Coral mortality associated with thermal fluctuations in the Phoenix Islands, 20022005." Coral Reefs 30(3): 607619. This paper investigates the spatial differences in coral mortality in the Phoenix Islands during the El Ninorelated thermal stress event from 2002 to 2003. The results highlight the high degree of acclimation and/or adaptation of the corals in the Phoenix Islands to their local temperature regime, and their consequent vulnerability to anomalous events. Moreover, the results suggest the need to adjust thermal stress calculations to reflect local temperature variation. DOI: 10.1007/s0033801107417 http://www.springerlink.com/content/71131h216633216r/ KEYWORDS: Coral bleaching; Thermal stress; Sea surface temperature; Central Pacific; Degree heating weeks; Interannual variability Obura, D. O. (2005). "Resilience and climate change: lessons from coral reefs and bleaching in the Western Indian Ocean." Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 63(3): 353372. This paper presents evidence for the West Indian Ocean supporting recent hypotheses on coral reef vulnerability to thermal stress that have been termed 'resistance and resilience to bleaching'. The author argues for more explicit terminology, and identified three concepts which affect coralzooxanthellae holobiont and reef vulnerability to thermal stress previously termed 'resistance to bleaching'. These are: thermal protection which has been used where some reefs are protected from thermal conditions including bleaching; thermal resistance has referred to when individual corals bleach differently to the same thermal stress; and thermal tolerance where individual corals experience differing levels of mortality when subjected to the same thermal stress. The term resilience to bleaching is a particular case of ecological resistance, where coral recovery following largescale bleaching may vary according to ecological and other processes. Thermal resistance and tolerance have genetic basis and may interact with environmental protection properties that result in phenotypic variation in coral bleaching. Human threats and varying levels of management may alter these aspects in respect to resilience, and appropriate management needs to link science and management when dealing with these largerscale impacts of climate change. DOI: 10.1016/j.ecss.2004.11.010 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0272771404003191 KEYWORDS: coral bleaching; thermal stress; spatial resilience; climate change; protection; resistance; tolerance; Western Indian Ocean; Great Barrier Reef; resilience Obura, D. O. and G. Grimsditch (2009). Coral Reefs, Climate Change and Resilience An Agenda for Action from the IUCN World Conservation Congress in Barcelona, Spain.: 148. This report is derived from workshop proceedings held at the IUCN Conservation Congress in October 2008, and highlights new themes and priorities for action regarding resiliencebased management of coral reefs and other marine organisms. This report covers aspects of assessing reef resilience; drivers, indicators and monitoring of resilience; and enhancing resiliencebased management.
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ISBN: 9782831711584 http://cmsdata.iucn.org/downloads/resilience_barcelona.pdf KEYWORDS: adaptive management; climate change; coral bleaching; coral reefs; management; policy; resilience Obura, D. O. a. G., G. (2009). Resilience Assessment of coral reefs Assessment protocol for coral reefs, focusing on coral bleaching and thermal stress. , Gland, Switzerland: 171. Climate change is now recognized as one of the most significant threats to coral reefs globally. This report discusses coral reefs, their role in terms of resources and services, and reef resilience to climate change which is likely to be determined by the rate and extent of climate change, the ability of reefs to cope with change, additional anthropogenic stressors and management actions taken. http://cmsdata.iucn.org/downloads/resilience_assessment_final.pdf KEYWORDS: climate change; coral reefs; coral bleaching; management; resource; thermal stress OECD (2010). The Economics of Adapting Fisheries to Climate Change. OECD Publishing, Paris, France. This book summarises results from a workshop on the Economics of Adapting Fisheries to Climate Change held in June 2010 in Busan, Korea. This document discusses policy and economic aspects of fisheries adaptations to climate change. A range of adaptation strategies to be applied by policy makers are discussed, including ecosystem protection, the strengthening of the global governance system, an attention to the increased demand for sustainablycaugh seafood, and, a particular emphasis on aquaculture management. DOI: 10.1787/9789264090415en http://www.oecdilibrary.org/agricultureandfood/theeconomicsofadaptingfisheriestoclimatechange_97892 64090415en KEYWORDS: climate change; fisheries; adaptation; policy; governance; sustainability; ecosystem protection; economy Olsson, P., C. Folke, et al. (2004). "Adaptive comanagement for building resilience in socialecological systems." Environmental Management 34(1): 7590. This study shows the development of adaptive comanagement systems, demonstrating how local groups selforganize, learn, and actively adapt to and shape change with social networks that bond institutions and organizations across levels and scales and that make information flow possible. The results indicate that the institutional and organizational landscapes should be approached carefully as should the ecological in order to clarify factors that contribute to the resilience of socialecological systems. This work suggests that the selforganizing process of adaptive comanagement development, facilitated by rules and incentives of higher levels, has the potential to develop advantageous stability domains of a region and make socialecological systems more robust to change. DOI: 10.1007/s0026700301017 http://www.springerlink.com/content/mlg2g9dphj4b1a20/ KEYWORDS: adaptive management; comanagement; socialecological systems; resilience; selforganization; ecosystem management Olsson, P., C. Folke, et al. (2008). "Navigating the transition to ecosystembased management of the Great Barrier Reef, Australia." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 105(28): 94899494. The strategies and decisions which facilitate ecosystembased management are analysed using the recent governance changes of the Great Barrier Reef (GBR) Marine Park as a case study. The flexibility of the GBR Marine Park Authority was crucial for initiating the transition to ecosystembased management among the various individuals, organisations and institutions involved. This management agency was also crucial in the subsequent transformation of the governance regime by providing effective leadership through the process. The strategies incorporate here included internal reorganisation and management innovation, which were important in coordinating the research community, increasing public awareness, involving a range of stakeholders and manoeuvring the political system for support at critical times. The increased pressure on the GBR helped to trigger the sense of urgency required to address these challenges, and the focus of governance shifted to stewardship of largescale seascapes over protection of individual reefs. This study demonstrates how new forms of management and governance can be influenced significantly
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by stewardship, and is crucial for adaptive comanagement of complex marine ecosystems. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0706905105 http://www.pnas.org/content/105/28/9489.abstract KEYWORDS: adaptive governance; ecosystem services; transformation; socialecological systems; adaptive governance; marine ecosystems; ocean governance; conservation; sustainability; ecosystembased management; Great Barrier Reef; stewardship; biodiversity; climate change Ostrom, E. (2007). "A diagnostic approach for going beyond panaceas." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 104(39): 1518115187. This paper proposes a framework to moving beyond universal solutions, panaceas, to problems of overuse or destruction of resources and potentialities of linked socialecological systems (SESs). The proposed framework organizes many variables that have been identified by researchers as affecting the patterns of interactions and outcomes observed in empirical studies of SESs. It is intended to facilitate devising governance arrangement that match particular problems in SESs. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0702288104 http://www.pnas.org/content/104/39/15181 KEYWORDS: socialecological systems; diagnostic framework; adaptation; governance Ostrom, E. (2009). "A General Framework for Analyzing Sustainability of SocialEcological Systems." Science 325(5939): 419422. This paper proposes a framework to analysing the likelihood of selforganization in efforts to achieve a sustainable socialecological system (SES). Understanding of the processes that lead to improvements in or deterioration of natural resources is limited, because scientific disciplines use different concepts and languages to describe and explain complex SESs. Isolated knowledge can only cumulate with a common framework to organize findings. Until recently, accepted theory has assumed that resource users would never selforganize to maintain their resources and that governments should impose solutions. Research in multiple disciplines, however, has found that some government policies accelerated resource destruction, whereas some resource users invested their time and energy to achieve sustainability. The proposed framework help understand how individuals seforganize to use and management resources in SESs. DOI: 10.1126/science.1172133 http://www.sciencemag.org/content/325/5939/419 KEYWORDS: socialecological system; theoretical framework; selforganisation; sustainability Pantzartzi, C., E. Drosopoulou, et al. (2010). "Promoter Complexity and TissueSpecific Expression of Stress Response Components in Mytilus galloprovincialis, a Sessile Marine Invertebrate Species." PLoS Comput Biol 6(7): e1000847. Stress tolerance mechanisms of sessile organisms can offer important insights into responses and adaptations to a range of environmental stressors. This article examines heat shock response in a sessile marine invertebrate within the Mytilus genus using comparative genomics and network inference. Results indicate that the heat shock response in Mytilus is regulated by a complex upstream region of Mytilus Hsp90 gene, a key stress response gene, and suggest future research directions for the investigation of a biosensor system using the heat shock process. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000847 http://www.ploscompbiol.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pcbi.1000847 KEYWORDS: adaptation; climate change; environment; marine; molluscs; sessile; stress tolerance Parker, L. M., Ross PM, et al. (2012). "Adult exposure influences offspring response to ocean acidification in oysters." Global Change Biology 18: 8292. The authors exposed adults of wild and selectively bred Sydney rock oysters, Saccostrea glomerata to ocean acidification during reproductive conditioning and measured the development, growth and survival response of their larvae. This study suggests that sensitive marine organisms may have the capacity to acclimate or adapt to elevated Pco2 over the next century and a change in energy turnover indicated by SMR may be a key process involved. Keywords: carbon dioxide, carryover, climate change, ocean acidification, Saccostrea glomerata.
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DOI: 10.1111/j.13652486.2011.02520.x http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.13652486.2011.02520.x/abstract KEYWORDS: carbon dioxide; carryover; climate change; ocean acidification; Saccostrea glomerata; Sydney rock oyster Parker, L. M., P. M. Ross, et al. (2009). "The effect of ocean acidification and temperature on the fertilization and embryonic development of the Sydney rock oyster Saccostrea glomerata (Gould 1850)." Global Change Biology 15(9): 21232136. The fertilization and embryonic development of Sydney rock oysters (S. glomerata) were measured under different temperatures (18, 22, 26 and 30C) and CO2 concentrations (375, 600, 750 and 1000 ppm) in tank experiments. The optimum temperature for fertilization and embryonic development was determined to be at 26C, with higher temperatures causing reductions in both processes. The synergistic effect of elevated temperatures and CO2 concentrations caused reduced fertilization and growth, abnormal development and increased mortality. These results suggest severe implications for both the aquaculture industry and ecosystem structure in a warmer, higher CO2 ocean. DOI: 10.1111/j.13652486.2009.01895.x http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.13652486.2009.01895.x/abstract KEYWORDS: ocean acidification; temperature; oyster; embryonic development; fertilization; calcification Parkinson, R. W. (2009). Adapting to Rising Sea Level: A Florida Perspective. Sustainability 2009: The Next Horizon. G. L. Nelson and I. Hronszky. Melville, Amer Inst Physics. 1157: 1925. Floridas coastal and marine ecosystems are being impacted by global climate change and associated sea level rise; which will erode beaches, cause saltwater intrusion into water supplies, inundate coastal marshes and make coastal property more susceptible to erosion and flooding. The threat of sealevel rise and climatedriven extreme weather events requires planning management and resources to reduce risks to humans. Researchers must direct effort to assessing coastal vulnerability for shortterm management, model future change and develop sustainable plans for longterm planning and management. Additionally, this information must then be efficiently conveyed to appropriate planners, managers and officials to accurately drive informed decisionmaking. Adaptation, coastal management and planning documents must be revised in light of climatedriven impacts. DOI: 10.1063/1.3208022 http://research.fit.edu/sealevelriselibrary/documents/doc_mgr/449/Florida_SLR_Adaptation__Parkinson_2009.p df KEYWORDS: climate change; sealevel rise; Florida; vulnerability; management; adaptation Parmesan, C. and G. Yohe (2003). "A globally coherent fingerprint of climate change impacts across natural systems." Nature 421(6918): 3742. Nonclimatic influences can complicate accurate attribution of biological trends to climate change, since these also dominate local, shortterm biological changes. Analyses which examine systematic trends across diverse species and geographic ranges are likely to detect any underlying signals from climate change, yet debates within the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) expose that there are multiple definitions for the term systematic trend. This paper explores these different definitions, and applies various analyses to over 1700 species showing how recent biological trends reflect climate change predictions. Global metaanalysis revealed significant poleward range shifts averaging 6.1 km per decade as well as significant mean advancement of spring events by 2.3 days per decade. This work defined a diagnostic fingerprint of temporal and spatial signswitching responses predicted by climate trends, and for which was found for 279 species, indicating that climate change is already affecting living systems. DOI: 10.1038/nature01286 http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v421/n6918/abs/nature01286.html KEYWORDS: climate change; predictions; biological trends; British butterflies; phenology; responses; temperature; abundance; IPCC Patarnello, T., C. Verde, et al. (2011). "How will fish that evolved at constant subzero temperatures cope with global warming? Notothenioids as a case study." BioEssays 33(4): 260268. Species that have evolved to live in narrow ranges of cold temperatures (i.e. stenothermal Antarctic
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marine fauna) are thought to have limited abilities to respond to global warming events. The impact of climate change is likely to depend upon the rate of temperature changes and species adaptive abilities. This article focuses on the taxonomic group Notothenioidei which dominates Antarctic fish. While they possess unique phenotypic modifications for adaptation to cold Antarctic conditions, this has come at the price of genomic losses or gene amplifications which are thought to be irreversible. This feature, coupled with proposed shallow genetic diversity and distinct genetic structure of the taxa, leads the authors to conclude that Antarctic fish may have a limited potential to adapt to the impacts of rising global temperatures, although more research is required into the phenotypic plasticity of these species. DOI: 10.1002/bies.201000124 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/bies.201000124/abstract KEYWORDS: adaptation; Antarctic; climate change; evolution; fish; genetic diversity; global warming; notothenioids; temperature Peck, L. S., S. A. Morley, et al. (2010). "Poor acclimation capacities in Antarctic marine ectotherms." Marine Biology 157(9): 20512059. Response to temperature can include a number of mechanisms employed by animals, including physiological flexibility (e.g. acclimation), adaptation, or migration; with the major mechanism used by marine groups thought to be acclimation. Six species of Antarctic invertebrate were subjected to acclimation experiments for 60 days at 3C. Only one species (Marseniopsis mollis) increased its acute upper limit to acclimate; and analysis of oxygen consumption by the sea urchin Sterechinus neumayeri and the amphipod Paraceradocus gibber revealed that their metabolic rates were also not compensated over the trial period. The results thus show that 5 out of 6 species did not acclimate to temperatures 3C above annual averages (i.e. 12C above maximum summer temperatures). This work suggests that Antarctic marine species have low abilities to adjust to increased environmental temperatures. DOI: 10.1007/s002270101473x http://www.springerlink.com/content/34684858ll351425/ KEYWORDS: thermal tolerance; climate change; Laternula elliptica; Pagothenia borchgrevinki; elevated temperatures; Notothenioid fishes; warm acclimation; oxygen; adaptation; acclimation Pecl, G., Z. Doubleday, et al. (2011). Risk Assessment of Impacts of Climate Change for Key Marine Species in South Eastern Australia. Part 2: Species profiles. Fisheries and Aquaculture Risk Assessment. P. Fisheries Research and Development Corporation. This report provides an objective framework for prioritising future research, based on the relative sensitivities of species to climate change drivers and recognition that limited resources will be available to support further work. This work builds on the preliminary risk assessments recently conducted in most of the involved jurisdictions and forms a key component of SEAP Program Work Area 1.1 Understanding the biophysical implications of climate change. ISBN: 9781862956186 http://www.imas.utas.edu.au/ data/assets/pdf_file/0017/222092/Riskassessmentreport_Part2Speciesprofiles 02.pdf KEYWORDS: Climate change impacts; aquaculture adaptation; fisheries adaptation; risk assessment; research priorities; marine ecosystems Pecl, G., S. Frusher, et al. (2009). The east coast Tasmanian rock lobster fishery vulnerability to climate change impacts and adaptation response options. Report to the Department of Climate Change Australia. This case study examines the potential impacts of climate change on the Tasmanian rock lobster fishery, and identifies several options and opportunities for adaptation. The authors found that the rock lobster fishery is reasonably well placed to adapt to the challenges of climate change but identified several possible measures that will assist with this adaptation including improved catch modeling, longterm monitoring, better risk assessment, and effective education and communication with the industry ISBN: 9781921298691 http://www.climatechange.gov.au/publications/coastline/eastcoastrocklobster.aspx KEYWORDS: climate change; fishery management; rock lobster; sea urchin; adaptation Pecl, G., T. Ward, et al. (2011). Risk Assessment of Impacts of Climate Change for Key Marine Species in South
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Eastern Australia. Part 1: Fisheries and Aquaculture Risk Assessment. . P. Fisheries Research and Development Corporation. This report provides an objective framework for prioritising future research, based on the relative sensitivities of species to climate change drivers and recognition that limited resources will be available to support further work. This work builds on the preliminary risk assessments recently conducted in most of the involved jurisdictions and forms a key component of SEAP Program Work Area 1.1 Understanding the biophysical implications of climate change. ISBN: 9781862956186 http://www.imas.utas.edu.au/ data/assets/pdf_file/0019/221923/Riskassessmentreport_Part1FisheriesandA quacultureRiskAssessment.pdf KEYWORDS: Climate change impacts; aquaculture adaptation; fisheries adaptation; risk assessment; research priorities; marine ecosystems PerkolFinkel, S. and L. Airoldi (2010). "Loss and Recovery Potential of Marine Habitats: An Experimental Study of Factors Maintaining Resilience in Subtidal Algal Forests at the Adriatic Sea." Plos One 5(5): 11. Prediction of and then reduction of natural habitat is a major challenge in science, conservation and management. Hypotheses regarding triggers for decline and recovery potential were tested in subtidal canopyforming algae (Genus Cystoseira). A combination of historical, quantitative and in situ data and observations of natural recruitment patterns revealed the trigger of recent declines in north Adriatic Sea algal forests were increasing cumulative impacts of natural and humandriven habitat instability as well as extreme weather events. Experiments on clearing and transplantation revealed that at such degraded levels, increased substratum stability would be essential, although still not sufficient to recover the loss, and that removal of the new dominant space occupiers would also be necessary. Lack of nearby adult canopy did not appear to restrict the recovery potential. Sudden habitat loss can be facilitated by longterm biotic and abiotic conditions which act to erode ecosystem resilience. This work further demonstrates that restoring environmental conditions (if possible) may still not be efficient to allow full ecosystem recovery, and that management of incremental habitat changes and attributes facilitating recovery can help mitigate the loss of complex marine habitats. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010791 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2875393/ KEYWORDS: disturbance; Cystoseira barbata; climate change; kelp forests; ecology; ecosystems; community; canopyforming; algae; human impact; resilience Perry, R. I., R. E. Ommer, et al. (2010). "The challenge of adapting marine socialecological systems to the additional stress of climate change." Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 2(56): 356363. This paper addresses the supplementary impacts that climate change places on socialecological systems that focus on fishing. Management must seek to enhance the adaptive capacities of these systems in the light of uncertainty and change, with specific challenges involving addressing nonclimate related stressors such as fishing, and how this can interact with climate change. Recognising changes, enhancing communication with stakeholders, and developing flexible institutions that can adjust rapidly to new circumstances are all important components of integrating observing and modeling systems for the full socialecological system. DOI: 10.1016/j.cosust.2010.10.004 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877343510001107 KEYWORDS: climate change; policy; management; fishing communities; socialecological; stakeholders. Pham, T. D., D. G. Simmons, et al. (2010). "Climate changeinduced economic impacts on tourism destinations: the case of Australia." Journal of Sustainable Tourism 18(3): 449473. This paper examines the economic flowon effects of climate change on five selected Australian tourism destinations. This work raises concerns for policymakers that measuring economic impacts of climate change without considering its flowon effect through tourism activities will significantly underestimate the total impact of climate change for destination regions. Further, when all tourism destinations are taken into account, the flowon economic impact of climate change could be significant for the Australian economy as a whole. DOI: 10.1080/09669581003668532
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http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09669581003668532 KEYWORDS: economic impacts; climate change; tourism activities; Australian economy Pistevos, J. C. A., P. Calosi, et al. (2011). "Will variation among genetic individuals influence species responses to global climate change?" Oikos 120(5): 675689. This article investigates the potential influence of individual genetic variation within a species on population and specieslevel responses to variable and changing oceanic conditions. A microcosm system was used to examine the effects of temperature and CO2 on colony growth rate, reproductive investment and sex ratio across populations of a bryozoan species. Reduced growth rates and increased reproductive investments were recorded with decreasing pH and increasing temperature treatments, while an increase in the male sex ratio was observed with decreasing pH levels. The authors conclude that levels of individual genetic variation within a species may enable future adaptation to changes in climatic conditions including pH and temperature levels. DOI: 10.1111/j.16000706.2010.19470.x http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.16000706.2010.19470.x/abstract;jsessionid=91170E2CC70571D7B3 D67E637547520A.d03t01 KEYWORDS: bryozoan; climate change; CO2; genetic variation; global warming; growth rate; ocean acidification; pH; reproductive investment; sea surface temperature. Pistorius, P. A. and F. E. Taylor (2009). "Declining catch rates of reef fish in Aldabra's marine protected area." Aquatic ConservationMarine and Freshwater Ecosystems 19(S1): S2S9. The authors monitored the fish landing in Seychelles in order to describe the predominants species caught. The authors argue that changing catch rates are likely to have been independent of direct anthropogenic influences but a result of reef degradation following the 1998 bleaching event. DOI: 10.1002/aqc.1035 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/aqc.1035/abstract KEYWORDS: coral reef fisheries; environmental change; fisheries closures; grouper; Indian Ocean; remote islands Pitcher, T. J. (2001). "Fisheries managed to rebuild ecosystems? Reconstructing the past to salvage the future." Ecological Applications 11(2): 601617. This paper provides the case for adopting ecosystem rebuilding as the goal of fisheries management, which may represent the only real hope for future fisheries existence and the essential ecosystem services they allow. Archaeological, historical, and recent evidence are reviewed, and the ecological effects of overfishing on aquatic ecosystems are examined. Here, a rebuilding policy goal is distinguished from sustaining current catches and biomass. The author also outlines a novel methodology, termed "Back to the Future," that can put into practice a goal of ecosystem rebuilding, before discussing two practical management measures, which parallel recent developments in terrestrial reconstruction ecology, the implementation of notake marine reserves, and the reintroduction of highvalue species that were previously endemic. http://www.esajournals.org/doi/abs/10.1890/10510761%282001%29011%5B0601:FMTRER%5D2.0.CO%3B2 KEYWORDS: biodiversity; ecosystem rebuilding; fisheries management and sustainability; fisheries policy; massbalance models; restoration ecology; marine reserves Pitt, N. R., E. S. Poloczanska, et al. (2010). "Climatedriven range changes in Tasmanian intertidal fauna." Marine and Freshwater Research 61(9): 963970. Global warming in southeastern Australia over the past 50 years has exceeded the global average, resulting in several subtidal species exhibiting poleward range expansion. This work provides first evidence of similar patterns in intertidal invertebrates, with 55% of species examined detected further south than recorded in the 1950s. Barnacles and gastropods exhibited the greatest range extensions, with one species of barnacle not recorded during the 1950s, but now being quite common along the east coast. Distances moved were not related to qualitative dispersal potential index. This work predicts the local extinction of some northeastern species in the future. DOI: 10.1071/MF09225 http://www.publish.csiro.au/nid/126/paper/MF09225.htm KEYWORDS: climate change; distribution change; latitudinal range; poleward movement; English channel;
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biodiversity; extension; dynamics; impacts; range expansion; dispersal. Pittock, A. B. (1999). "Coral reefs and environmental change: Adaptation to what?" American Zoologist 39(1): 1029. Concern of climate change and sealevel rise is discussed in context of past changes, detailing best estimates of future changes, with explanation of methods and uncertainties. Climate change related stressors to coral reefs include sealevel rise, temperature, human disturbance, salinity, pollution, ocean currents, ENSO and extreme weather events. These stressors may be further be intensified by reduced calcification rates in corals due to changes in ocean chemistry. This study highlights the need for assessments of adaptation in terms of risk and probability, and management options should include autonomous and planned adaptations. DOI: 10.1093/icb/39.1.10 http://icb.oxfordjournals.org/content/39/1/10.abstract KEYWORDS: climate change; El Nio southern oscillation; adaptation; management. Plaganyi, E. E., J. D. Bell, et al. (2011). "Modelling climatechange effects on Australian and Pacific aquatic ecosystems: a review of analytical tools and management implications." Marine and Freshwater Research 62(9): 11321147. In the present paper, the autors evaluate the ability of a range of modeling approaches to increase understanding of the effects of climate change in the context of maintaining food resources and economic development, with a focus on selected Australian and tropical Pacific ecosystems. They finish with a discussion on the current stateoftheart in modeling, what kinds of models are useful in what context, and some challenges facing the use of models as decisionsupport tools in a climate change context. DOI 13231650/11/091132 http://www.publish.csiro.au/nid/126/paper/MF10279.htm KEYWORDS: adaptive management; Australian fisheries; ecosystem models; endtoend models; Pacific Island countries; qualitative models; Great Barrier Reef; qualitative risk assessment; sustainability assessment; community structure; strategy evaluation Plaganyi, E. E., S. J. Weeks, et al. (2011). "Assessing the adequacy of current fisheries management under changing climate: a southern synopsis." Ices Journal of Marine Science 68(6): 13051317. The authors use several southern hemisphere fisheries to highlight the likely impacts of climate change at a range of levels, from individual to population responses, as well as ecosystem ramifications, as polar, temperate, and tropical fisheries. The work evaluates the effectiveness of current singlespecies assessment models, management strategy evaluation approaches, and multispecies assessment models as future management tools to cope with likely climaterelated changes. DOI: doi:10.1093/icesjms/fsr049 http://icesjms.oxfordjournals.org/content/68/6/1305.short KEYWORDS: adaptive management; climate change; fisheries economics; fisheries management; management procedure. Planque, B., E. Bellier, et al. (2011). "Uncertainties in projecting spatial distributions of marine populations." Ices Journal of Marine Science 68(6): 10451050. The authors reviewed and analyzed published literature during the period 20052009. From the 75 publications selected, they calculated how frequently each type of uncertainty was considered. They found that little attention is given to most sources of uncertainty, except for uncertainty in parameter estimates. As a result, most current projections are expected to be far less reliable than usually assumed. The conclusion is that, unless uncertainty can be better accounted for, such projections may be of limited use, or even risky to use for management purposes. DOI: 10.1093/icesjms/fsr007 http://icesjms.oxfordjournals.org/content/68/6/1045.short KEYWORDS: complex adaptive systems; conceptual models; model evaluation; multiple hypotheses; scales; spatial distribution; statistical; modeling. Planque, B., J. M. Fromentin, et al. (2010). "How does fishing alter marine populations and ecosystems sensitivity
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to climate?" Journal of Marine Systems 79(34): 403417. The alteration of marine ecosystem structure by exploitation and its effects on the ecosystem's response to climate variability are discussed. The selectivity of fisheries (e.g. fisheries targeting largeold fish, a given species or a subpopulation unit) appears as a major destabilizing factor causing the reduction of ecosystem resilience to perturbations. This study highlights the importance of diversity in resilience processes, and suggests a need for more attention to ecosystem structure and functioning in management procedures. DOI: 10.1016/j.jmarsys.2008.12.018 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0924796309000943 KEYWORDS: fisheries; conservation; biodiversity; resilience; adaptation; ecosystem structure; climate variability; overfishing Plummer, R., B. Crona, et al. (2012). "Adaptive Comanagement: a Systematic Review and Analysis." Ecology and Society 17(3). The paper reviews the literature on adaptive comanagement (ACM). It characterises the state of the ACM literature, unpack the construct of ACM, and examine relationships among aspects of ACM. The findings show imprecision, inconsistency, and confusion with the concept. The paper discusses a series of challenges for ACM scholarship. DOI: 10.5751/Es04952170311 http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol17/iss3/art11/ KEYWORDS: adaptive comanagement; adaptation; review; socialecological systems Prtner, H. O. (2010). "Oxygen and capacitylimitation of thermal tolerance: a matrix for integrating climaterelated stressor effects in marine ecosystems " Journal of Experimental Biology 213(6): 881893. Investigations into the thermal tolerance of marine ectotherms have provided an important indicator of the effects of rising temperatures on species abundances in marine environments. This article discusses the relevance, but lack of physiological studies in marine organisms in response to climateinduced environmental changes. The author reviews aspects of oxygen and capacitylimited thermal tolerance, acclimatization capacities and CO2 tolerance in marine organisms and the effects this has on ecosystemlevel processes within the marine environment. DOI: 10.1242/jeb.037523 http://jeb.biologists.org/content/213/6/881.abstract KEYWORDS: climate change; global warming; marine ecosystem; ocean acidification; oxygen; stressors; thermal tolerance Prtner, H. O. and M. A. Peck (2010). "Climate change effects on fishes and fisheries: towards a causeandeffect understanding." Journal of Fish Biology 77(8): 17451779. The authors propose that the implications of climate change on populations of marine fish will be observed across four interlinked biological levels at the organism level there will be observed physiological changes; at the individual level there will be observed behavioural changes; at the population level there will be observed changes in survival, growth and reproductive output; and at the ecosystem level there will be observed changes in productivity and interactions. These predicted changes are expected to impact global fisheries and their associated economies. DOI: 10.1111/j.10978649.2010.02783.x http://www.mendeley.com/research/climatechangeeffectsonfishesandfisheriestowardsacauseandeffectun derstanding/ KEYWORDS: climate change; ecophysiology; fisheries; modelling; thermal tolerance. Pratchett, M., P. Munday, et al. (2011). Vulnerability of coastal fisheries in the tropical Pacific to climate change. Vulnerability of tropical Pacific Fisheries and Aquaculture to Climate Change. Bell JD, Johnson JE and H. AJ, Secretariat for the Pacific Community, Noumea, New Caledonia. The purpose of this chapter is to assess the vulnerability of coastal fisheries in the tropical Pacific to projected climate change. The authors conclude with the gaps in knowledge that currently limit confidence in vulnerability assessments for coastal fisheries, the research needed to fill these gaps, and the management actions required to reduce the vulnerability of coastal fisheries in the tropical Pacific to
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climate change. http://www.spc.int/climatechange/fisheries/assessment/chapters/9Chapter9.pdf KEYWORDS: alternative livelihoods; coastal communities; coastal fisheries resources; tropical Pacific Ocean. Pratchett, M., S. Wilson, et al. (2009). Coral Bleaching and Consequences for Motile Reef Organisms: Past, Present and Uncertain Future Effects. Coral Bleaching: Patterns and Processes, Causes and Consequences. M. v. Oppen and J. Lough. Heidelberg, Germany, Springer: 139158. This work considers the effects of climateinduced coral bleaching on coralreef fishes, which are an important component of coralreef ecosystems, in terms of both their economic value and ecological function. More than one quarter of known fish species are strongly associated with coral reefs and will be increasingly affected by ongoing degradation of coral reef habitats caused or exacerbated by climateinduced coral bleaching. The authors conclude that the economic consequences of expected changes in the abundance, diversity and composition of coralreef fishes are considered, with a view to adopting management strategies that will minimise economic costs of climateinduced coral bleaching. ISBN: 9783540697749 http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/9783540697756_9 KEYWORDS: Global climate change; economic costs; coral bleaching; economic consequences; management; reef organisms. Pratchett, M. S., L. K. Bay, et al. (2011). "Contribution of climate change to degradation and loss of critical fish habitats in Australian marine and freshwater environments." Marine and Freshwater Research 62(9): 10621081. The purpose of the present review is to consider effects of climate change on critical fish habitats in Australia, comparing the major drivers of climatic impacts across freshwater ecosystems, tidal wetlands, seagrass beds, tropical coral reefs and temperate rocky reefs. They present that there are very limited data available with which to assess the effects of climate change on aquatic ecosystems in Australia, especially compared with Europe and North America. Finally, they conclude the projected effects of climate change will also be considered to assess their likely impacts in coming decades. http://www.publish.csiro.au/?paper=MF10303 KEYWORDS: biodiversity; disturbance; fishes; Great Barrier Reef; MurrayDarling Basin. Pratchett, M. S., S. K. Wilson, et al. (2009). Coral bleaching and consequences for motile reef organisms: past, present and uncertain future effects. Coral Bleaching. Patterns, causes and consequences. M. J. H. Van Oppen and J. M. Lough. Berlin, Springer. 205: 139158. This book chapter reviews the consequences of coral bleaching on motile reef organisms, by sequentially assessing the effects in the shortterm (up to 3 years), mediumterm (310 years) and longterm (> 10 years). In the short term, the mortality of fish and motile invertebrates is expected to increase due to the loss of food and shelter. In the mediumterm, coral erosion and reef collapse are expected to amplify this phenomenon, resulting in shifts in species composition. The longterm effects are expected to severely impact fisheries, indicating the need for improved management procedures. DOI:10.1007/9783540697756_9 http://www.springerlink.com/content/w027010hn767k860/ KEYWORDS: fisheries; coral reef; bleaching; species composition; management; mitigation Preston, B. L., E. J. Yuen, et al. (2011). "Putting vulnerability to climate change on the map: a review of approaches, benefits, and risks." Sustainability Science 6(2): 177202. The authors review climate change vulnerability mapping in the context of four key questions that are fundamental to assessment design. The goal is to highlight both the diversity of approaches to vulnerability mapping that have been applied to date in different contexts as well as common conventions. Furthermore, this review seeks to identify potential strengths and weaknesses associated with particular applications. DOI: 10.1007/s1162501101291 http://www.springerlink.com/content/m4780g88g6377566/ KEYWORDS: Vulnerability assessment; mapping; climate change; adaptation. Proffitt, C. and S. Travis (2010). "Red Mangrove Seedling Survival, Growth, and Reproduction: Effects of
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Environment and Maternal Genotype." Estuaries and Coasts 33(4): 890901. This article examines the response of a marine foundation plant species, the red mangrove, to environmental stressors by investigating the variation among plant genotype and the genotype by environment effect at varying intertidal treatments. The factors that explained survival and growth of mangroves were maternal genotype, elevation and a genotype by elevation interaction. The authors conclude that mangrove seedlings of different maternal genotypes can perform differently under different environmental conditions, potentially showing adaptation to local differences or differences in plasticity among genotypes. DOI: 10.1007/s1223701092656 http://www.springerlink.com/content/5318604xgg01368r/ KEYWORDS: adaptation; climate; environment; genotype; mangrove; phenotypic variation; seedling; stressor Raitsos, D. E., I. Hoteit, et al. (2011). "Abrupt warming of the Red Sea." Geophysical Research Letters 38(14): 5. The goal of this study is to report the satellite derived spatiotemporal changes of the Red Sea temperatures, and assess whether the alterations observed during the last two decades originate from regional phenomena, or they are in part driven by global climate change trends. This work brings a step closer toward reporting and understanding a temperature abrupt change seen in the Red Sea. The autors conclude that oceanic warming may have a direct or indirect impact on marine entities and ecosystems, thus, there is a need to assess further available past biological data for potential responses to the new thermal state. DOI: 10.1029/2011GL047984. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2011GL047984/abstract KEYWORDS: SST; coral reef ecosystem; Red Sea; marine temperature; oceanic warming Reed, T. E., G. Martinek, et al. (2010). "Lakespecific variation in growth, migration timing and survival of juvenile sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka: separating environmental from genetic influences." Journal of Fish Biology 77(3): 692705. This article examined the sitespecific environmental impacts on sockeye salmon juvenile migration timing, individual size and survival rates. The authors looked at a range of environmental impacts including temperature differences and found that juvenile salmon that were raised at sites with higher temperatures and greater productivity were larger and had a greater survival probability in marine environments than those individuals raised in cooler, less productive sites. Environmental factors including temperature played an important role in the lifehistory variation in sockeye salmon, and in governing their survival rate in marine environments. DOI: 10.1111/j.10958649.2010.02711.x http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.10958649.2010.02711.x/abstract KEYWORDS: climate change; salmon migration; plasticity; salmon; survival; environmental factors Reed, T. E., D. E. Schindler, et al. (2011). "Interacting effects of phenotypic plasticity and evolution on population persistence in a changing climate." Conservation Biology 25(1): 5663. The authors attempt to clarify how evolution, phenotypic plasticity, and demography are linked in the context of climate change. They concluded that most current projections of extinction probability as climate changes do not account for adaptation. Conservation plans that aim to preserve key ecological and evolutionary processes, rather than status quo phenotypes, will at least ensure that species have a fighting chance against climate change. DOI:10.1111/j.15231739.2010.01552.x http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.15231739.2010.01552.x/abstract KEYWORDS: adaptation; climate projections; ecological and evolutionary dynamics; extinction; phenotypic plasticity Reilly, J. and D. Schimmelpfennig (2000). "Irreversibility, uncertainty, and learning: Portraits of adaptation to longterm climate change." Climatic Change 45(1): 253278. This paper identifies a set of fundamental characteristics of natural systems and social systems that help to make underlying assumptions in climate change adaptation studies explicit. It concludes that if empirical research is to resolve questions of adaptability, more careful specification of the exact measure
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of impact and far richer models of the process of adaptation, able to test implicit assumptions in much of the existing empirical research, are needed. DOI: 10.1023/A:1005669807945 http://www.springerlink.com/content/t76622511466kwk2/ KEYWORDS: adaptation; agriculture; impact; timber Ren, Z., Z. Chen, et al. (2011). "Climate change adaptation pathways for Australian residential buildings." Building and Environment 46(11): 23982412. This study identified costeffective climate change adaptation pathways for Australian housing. In heating dominated climates, adaptation can be fulfilled by energy efficient building envelop. More should be used in cooling dominated climates, such as efficient appliances and renewable. Improving building thermal envelope efficiency is costeffective in cooling dominated regions. Onsite solar PV is currently more costeffective instead in heating and cooling balanced regions. DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2011.05.022 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360132311001703 KEYWORDS: Climate change adaptation; Adaptive capacity; Total energy consumption; Carbon emissions; Residential buildings; Modeling and simulations Reusch, T. B. H., A. Ehlers, et al. (2005). "Ecosystem recovery after climatic extremes enhanced by genotypic diversity." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102(8): 28262831. The authors studied the role of genotypic diversity for ecosystem functioning in a coastal ecosystem dominated by eelgrass Zostera marina, the most abundant seagrass species of the northern hemisphere. This study shows that climatic extremes can have immediate effects on coastal communities, and that genetic diversity may enhance recovery after such perturbations. Although we focus here on shortterm processes within one generation of a longlived clonal plant, evolutionary responses of seagrass populations are likely given the striking differences in clonal performance. Their results suggest that conserving genetic and genotypic diversity in speciespoor ecosystems that have no redundancy at the species level may be just as important for strengthening the resilience of dependent communities in the face of global change and increasing climatic extremes. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0500008102 http://www.pnas.org/content/102/8/2826.abstract KEYWORDS: global change; ecosystem functioning; ecological resilience; seagrass; eelgrass Zostera marina; rocky intertidal community; genetic diversity; biodiversity; productivity; variability; climate change Rice, J. C. and S. M. Garcia (2011). "Fisheries, food security, climate change, and biodiversity: characteristics of the sector and perspectives on emerging issues." Ices Journal of Marine Science 68(6): 13431353. This paper reviews global projections to 2050 for human population growth and food production, both assuming constant climate and taking account of climaterelated changes in growing conditions. It also reviews statistics on nutritional protein requirements, as well as how those requirements are met by fish on a regional basis. This work emphasizes that there is a need for the two communities of experts and policymakers to collaborate in finding a single compatible suite of policies and management measures, to allow coherent action on these crucial and difficult problems. DOI: 10.1093/icesjms/fsr041 http://icesjms.oxfordjournals.org/content/68/6/1343.short KEYWORDS: climate change; fisheries; food security; marine biodiversity; policy coherence. Richards, J. G. (2011). "Physiological, behavioral and biochemical adaptations of intertidal fishes to hypoxia." Journal of Experimental Biology 214(2): 191199. This article provides a review of the use of phylogenetically corrected comparative methods which can be used to investigate the physiological and behavioural adaptations of organisms to hypoxia. The focal organisms consist of marine fishes from the family Cottidae (the sculpins) and the authors discuss their variation in hypoxia tolerance, which is largely driven by gill surface area and the binding ability of red blood cells. The authors posit that the degree of metabolic rate suppression and the quality of stored energy is strongly selected for in hypoxiatolerant fish. DOI: 10.1242/jeb.047951
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http://jeb.biologists.org/content/214/2/191.abstract KEYWORDS: adaptations; behaviour; biochemical adaptation; Cottidae; fish; hypoxia; intertidal; physiology Ridgway, K. and K. Hill (2009). The East Australian Current. A Marine Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation Report Card for Australia 2009. E. Poloczanska, A. Hobday and A. Richardson, NCCARF Publication 05/09, ISBN 9781921609039. This work contains observations from a longterm coastal station show that the EAC (The East Australian Current) has strengthened and extended further southward over the past 60 years. They discuss that the south Tasman Sea region has become both warmer and saltier. This changes are forced by an intensification of the wind stress curl arising from a poleward shift in the circumpolar westerly winds due to the trend in the Southern Annular Mode. Also, these changes in the wind patterns are at least in part attributable to ozone depletion and increases in atmospheric CO2 over the past decades ISBN 9781921609039. http://www.oceanclimatechange.org.au/content/images/uploads/EAC.pdf KEYWORDS: EAC; Tasman sea region; ocean circulation; Ocean gyres. Riebesell, U., A. Kortzinger, et al. (2009). "Sensitivities of marine carbon fluxes to ocean change." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 106(49): 2060220609. Physical, chemical and biological processes of the ocean act to drive climatic variability on a range of scales. This work assesses the response of the seawater carbonate system and the oceans physical and biological carbon pumps in ocean warming, acidification and carbonation, highlighting that many responses have feedback potential to the climate system. Accurate prediction of future climate change will depend on understanding these processes and their susceptibility to global change. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0813291106 http://www.pnas.org/content/106/49/20602.abstract KEYWORDS: climate change; marine carbon cycle; ocean acidification; ocean warming; dissolved organiccarbon; atmospheric CO2; phytoplankton growth; calciumcarbonate; partialpressure; cycle feedbacks Rijnsdorp, A. D., M. A. Peck, et al. (2009). "Resolving the effect of climate change on fish populations." Ices Journal of Marine Science 66(7): 15701583. A framework is developed for studying climate change on fish populations that is based on first principles of physiology, ecology and available observations. Data on northAtlantic fish species are reviewed in relation to different biogeographic affinities, habitats and body size which lend support to hypothesized shifts in abundance and distribution as a result of global warming. Pelagic fish species show changes in migration patterns that correlate with climatedriven changes in zooplankton productivity. Lusitanian species have recently increased, particularly in northern limits, but Boreal species have decreased at the southern limits of their distribution while increasing at the northern ranges. The mechanisms behind this are uncertain but evidence suggest climatedriven changes in recruitment success may be an important factor. DOI: 10.1093/icesjms/fsp056 http://icesjms.oxfordjournals.org/content/66/7/1570.abstract KEYWORDS: climate change; ecophysiology; ecosystem; fish; population dynamics; individualbased models; marine ecosystems; trophic cascades; regime shifts Rockstrom, J., W. Steffen, et al. (2009). "A safe operating space for humanity." Nature 461(7263): 472475. The stability of the Earths ecosystem was relatively stable throughout the Holocene, but humans have since become dominant drivers in global environmental change; threatening this stability and having potentially catastrophic consequences. This work highlights a new approach for defining preconditions for human development, emphasizes that crossing certain biophysical thresholds could have disastrous consequences for humanity and reveals that three of nine interlinked planetary boundaries (i.e. the safe operating space for humanity with respect to the Earth system; associated with the planets biophysical subsystems or processes) have already been overstepped. DOI: 10.1038/461472a http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v461/n7263/full/461472a.html KEYWORDS: socialecological systems; human impact; biodiversity; climate; perspective; resilience; ecosystems;
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phosphorus shifts. Roessig, J. M., C. M. Woodley, et al. (2004). "Effects of global climate change on marine and estuarine fishes and fisheries." Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries 14(2): 251275. Climate change is and will continue to influence marine and estuarine fish and fisheries on a global scale. Data shows effects that include increases in oxygen consumption for fishes, changes in foraging and migration in polar seas, and fish community changes in bleached reefs. Predictions of future conditions foreshadow additional impacts on fish distribution and abundance that are a result of relatively small changes in temperature. Changes in distribution and abundance of fish communities will have flowon effects for humans who rely on harvest of these stocks, including coastalbased harvesters (subsistence, commercial and recreational). Additionally, marine protected area boundaries, lowlying island countries that depend on coastal economies, and disease incidence are also affected by relatively small increases in temperature and sea level. There is increasing need to research the physiology and ecology of marine and estuarine fishes. DOI: 10.1007/s1116000467490 http://www.springerlink.com/content/v25138090n302030/ KEYWORDS: climate change; fisheries; global climate change; adaptation; temperature; sea level rise Rowan, R. (2004). "Coral bleaching Thermal adaptation in reef coral symbionts." Nature 430(7001): 742742. This work demonstrates that some corals have adapted to higher temperatures, partly by hosting specific Symbiodinium (symbiotic algae); and if other corals can follow this, they may be able to adapt to warmer temperatures easier. Throughout Guam, Pocillopora corals associate with at least two Symbiodinium taxa, with one appearing more temperaturetolerant. This work tested whether this was able by comparing photosynthetic response of the taxa. Observed differences observed are regarded as intrinsic symbiont adaptations which appear to contribute significantly to wholecoral physiology. These observations indicate that symbiosis recombination may be a possible mechanism through which corals adapt, in part, to global climate change. DOI: 10.1038/430742a http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v430/n7001/full/430742a.html KEYWORDS: climate change; coral bleaching; photoinhibition; photosynthesis; adaptation Rubao, J., E. Martin, et al. (2010). "Marine plankton phenology and life history in a changing climate: current research and future directions." Journal of Plankton Research 32(10): 13551368. The purpose of this paper was to summarize the recent results and interpretations and to consider and propose directions for future study. they revised recent research results on phenology of both phytoplankton and zooplankton. They provides a better understanding of demography of copepod populations in an advective system and facilitates estimating the scales of spatial heterogeneity related to an observed phenological signal from a singlestation time series. DOI: 10.1093/plankt/fbq062 http://plankt.oxfordjournals.org/content/32/10/1355.short KEYWORDS: plankton; phenology; life history; climate change; zooplankton; copepods. Russell, B. D., J.A. I. Thompson, et al. (2009). "Synergistic effects of climate change and local stressors: CO(2) and nutrientdriven change in subtidal rocky habitats." Global Change Biology 15(9): 21532162. The authors tested whether forecasted globalscale change and local stressors can combine to accelerate the expansion of filamentous turfs at the expense of calcifying algae. The results suggest that global and local stressors need to be assessed in meaningful combinations so that the anticipated effects of climate change do not create the false impression that, however complex, climate change will produce smaller effects than reality. DOI: 10.1111/j.13652486.2009.01886.x http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.13652486.2009.01886.x/abstract KEYWORDS: carbon dioxide; climate change; CO2; coralline algae; habitat resilience; turfforming algae Sales, R. F. M. (2009). "Vulnerability and adaptation of coastal communities to climate variability and sealevel rise: Their implications for integrated coastal management in Cavite City, Philippines." Ocean & Coastal Management
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52(7): 395404. This paper examines the current and future vulnerability to climate variability and change and SLR as well as the adaptive capacity of coastal communities to address climate hazards, with the objective of integrating appropriate adaptation strategies and actions into the existing local/community development plans of Cavite City within the context of sustainable coastal management. Specifically, the study seeks to identify which socioeconomic groups in the coastal population are vulnerable to the impacts of CVEs and SLR and why they are vulnerable. It also explores how these vulnerable groups cope, recover and adapt to current CVEs and SLR and how they will likely be affected by longterm climate change. Finally, it suggests ways by which adaptation measures can be mainstreamed into integrated coastal management planning. DOI: 10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2009.04.007 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0964569109000246 KEYWORDS: climate change; sealevel rise; socioeconomic; adaptation strategy; policy; management Salvadeo, C. J., D. LluchBelda, et al. (2010). "Climate change and a poleward shift in the distribution of the Pacific whitesided dolphin in the northeastern Pacific." Endangered Species Research 11: 1319. The authors examined the occurrence of Pacific whitesided dolphins in the GOC between 1980 and 2009 based on data from 2 separate sources. Isotherms are shifting poleward as a result of climatedriven oceanic warming, which may cause shifts in species range limits that are found in specific thermal ranges. A decline in the Pacific whitesided dolphin (Lagenorhynchus obliquidens) has occurred in the southwest Gulf of California (GOC) believed to be due to longterm changes in the local climate. Current knowledge is summarised and analysed in relations to Pacific whitesided dolphins in the GOC and sea surface temperature variability at regional scales. DOI: 10.3354/esr00252 http://www.intres.com/abstracts/esr/v11/n1/p1319/ KEYWORDS: climate change; poleward; marine mammals; California; distribution change; Lagenorhynchus obliquidens; Poleward shift ; Northeastern Pacific; Gulf of California Sanford, E. and M. W. Kelly (2011). "Local Adaptation in Marine Invertebrates." Annual Review of Marine Science 3(1): 509535. This article highlights a range of recent experimental studies which demonstrate that adaptive differentiation is occurring in many marine invertebrate species in response to selection which is imposed by strong environmental gradients. These findings offer important insights into adaptive divergence among populations occurring over a range of spatial scales, and knowledge can be inputted into management strategies for conserving marine ecosystems. DOI: 10.1146/annurevmarine120709142756 http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurevmarine120709142756 KEYWORDS: adaptive differentiation; conservation; dispersal rates; environmental gradient; invertebrate; local adaptation; marine ecosystem; selection. Scheffer, M., S. Carpenter, et al. (2001). "Catastrophic shifts in ecosystems." Nature 413(6856): 591596. Gradual climatic change, nutrient loading, habitat fragmentation and exploitation are experienced by all ecosystems, but nature typically responds to these small changes in a smooth manner. Studies on a variety of ecosystems indicate that smooth change can be interrupted by abrupt and drastic changes to a contrasting state. Recent work shows that loss of ecosystem resilience can provide the basis for a switch to an alternative state, and this work suggests focus on maintaining ecosystem resilience for sustainable management. DOI: 10.1038/35098000 http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v413/n6856/abs/413591a0.html KEYWORDS: multiple stable states; grazing systems; phaseshifts; dynamics; climate; management; resilience; climate change Schwarz, A.M., C. Bn, et al. (2011). "Vulnerability and resilience of remote rural communities to shocks and global changes: Empirical analysis from Solomon Islands." Global Environmental ChangeHuman and Policy Dimensions 21(3): 11281140. In this study the authors worked with communities living in rural coastal areas in Solomon Islands. The
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main objective is to develop and fieldtest methods that enable the identification of the different sources of vulnerability affecting a specific community. The authors used an integrated assessment map to systematically scan the communities multiple dimensions of vulnerability and to identify factors affecting households perception about their capacity to cope with shocks. The analysis suggests a growing concern for a combination of local (internal) and more global (external) contingencies and shocks, such as the erosion of social values and fear of climate change. DOI: 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2011.04.011 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959378011000719 KEYWORDS: Adaptation; Climate change; Perception; Social cohesion; Governance; Fishing community Scott, D. and S. Becken (2010). "Adapting to climate change and climate policy: progress, problems and potentials." Journal of Sustainable Tourism 18(3): 283295. This paper discusses tourisms role in relation to climate change mitigation and adaptation. The paper argues that while growing engagement with the challenge of climate change is evident across the tourism industry, this is still limited and not widespread. This work presents both highlight key challenges that tourism faces in its attempts to better understand and manage the problem of climate change, and suggest valuable ways forward. DOI: 10.1080/09669581003668540 http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09669581003668540 KEYWORDS: adaptive management; air travel; climate change; policymaking; tourism development Selig, E. R. and J. F. Bruno (2010). "A global analysis of the effectiveness of marine protected areas in preventing coral loss." PLoS One 5(2): e9278. The authors compiled a global coral cover database to determine whether changes in benthic coverage by corals differed within MPAs compared to unprotected reefs. They also examined the potential influence of location (ocean basin) and years since MPA ( Marine Protected Areas) implementation on the mitigation of coral loss by MPAs. They found that coral cover within MPAs remained constant, while coral cover on unprotected reefs declined. The results suggest that older MPAs were generally more effective in preventing coral loss. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0009278 http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0009278 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20174644 KEYWORDS: Marine Protected Areas; coral cover; benthic coverage; influence of location

Sharples, C., R. Mount, et al. (2009). The Australian Coastal Smartline Geomorphic and Stability Map Version 1: Project Report. Report to the Department of Climate Change. U. o. T. School of Geography and Environmental Studies. This report describes a project undertaken by the authors during 2007 2009, under contract from Geoscience Australia and for the Department of Climate Change, to produce a nationallyconsistent geomorphic and landform stability map of the entire Australian coastline, using a GIS line format referred to here as the Smartline format. The authors present the process and methods used to produce the map, recommended future upgrades to the mapping, and identify some of its potential future applications. http://www.ozcoasts.org.au/pdf/SmartlineProjectReport_2009_v1.pdf KEYWORDS: coastal vulnerability; geoprocessing techniques; geomorphic mapping; Smale, D. A., T. J. Langlois, et al. (2011). "From fronds to fish: the use of indicators for ecological monitoring in marine benthic ecosystems, with case studies from temperate Western Australia." Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries 21(3): 311337. The authors review the development, utilisation and analysis of indicators for monitoring in marine benthic habitats, and outline important advances made in recent years. They examined indicators derived from benthic primary producers, benthic invertebrates and fish to achieve these goals. They conclude that the key drivers of changeclimate change and its associated perturbations and resource extractionwill operate on different spatial and temporal scales, so that indicators and monitoring programmes must be designed to be flexible and be able to detect change over a range of scales.
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DOI: 10.1007/s1116001091737 http://www.springerlink.com/content/v6u179u087062710/ KEYWORDS: Monitoring; Benthic communities; Biodiversity surrogates; Bioindicators; Climate change Smit, B. and J. Wandel (2006). "Adaptation, adaptive capacity and vulnerability." Global Environmental ChangeHuman and Policy Dimensions 16(3): 282292. The paper undertakes a review of the concept of adaptation to global changes, especially climate change, in the context of adaptive capacity and vulnerability. The paper outlines distinctive features of adaptation analyses and describes common elements of this approach. DOI: 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2006.03.008 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959378006000410 KEYWORDS: climate adaptation; adaptive capacity; vulnerability; review Smith, J. W., D. H. Anderson, et al. (2012). "Social Capital, Place Meanings, and Perceived Resilience to Climate Change." Rural Sociology 77(3): 380407. The paper examines individuals' perceived resilience to changing environmental conditions. It proposes that perceived resilience to changing climatic conditions is influenced by the individuals' social networks and socialpsychological dependencies on the local environment. DOI: 10.1111/j.15490831.2012.00082.x http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.15490831.2012.00082.x/abstract KEYWORDS: adaptation; social networks; adaptive capacity; resource dependency; resilience; socialecological systems Smith, L. D., J. P. Gilmour, et al. (2008). "Resilience of coral communities on an isolated system of reefs following catastrophic massbleaching." Coral Reefs 27(1): 197205. This study assessed the impact of increased water temperatures at an isolated system of reefs by quantifying the benthic community changes over almost 10 years. This work offers insights into the degree to which coral communities are resilient to catastrophic disturbances, when they are isolated from other reef systems and yet not exposed to some of the stressors that affect many reefs worldwide. DOI: 10.1007/s0033800703111 http://www.springerlink.com/content/260580034763w573/ KEYWORDS: coral bleaching; climate change; resilience; disturbance; Great Barrier Reef Smith, S. V. and R. W. Buddemeier (1992). "Global Change and Coral Reef Ecosystems." Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 23: 89118. This paper reviews coral reef ecosystem response to global change. Coral reefs are unique in that communities are supported by biogenic geologic structures of their own creation, providing a dimension of interaction between community and environment that is not present in most other ecosystems. This paper focuses mainly on the nature and directions of current or reliably anticipated environmental changewarming and sea level rise rather than the onset of an ice age, increases rather than decreases in ultraviolet light, etc. This work also centers on expected changes within the next century, instead of longerterm or less predictable effects. This assessment shares with most reeforiented research an inherent bias for negative effects and stresses. Although future reef communities may spread to and flourish at sites not presently classified as coral reefs, direct observations or specific predictions of such occurrences are, and seem likely to remain, limited. http://www.jstor.org/stable/info/2097283#abstract KEYWORDS: global change; climate change; coral reefs; ecosystem response; reef communities. Smith, T. F., P. Daffara, et al. (2011). "A method for building community resilience to climate change in emerging coastal cities." Futures 43(7): 673679. This paper proposes a participatory and transformative method to work with communities in responding to climate change and variability within rapidly urbanising coastal locations. The method focuses on determining probable futures for various communities of place and interest within sea change areas and aims to build the capacity for dynamic ongoing learning to achieve those futures, both within and between the communities. Through this process community members may be empowered with dynamic
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and futureorientated learning skills that build upon community knowledge, innovation, and resilience. DOI: 10.1016/j.futures.2011.05.008 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0016328711001157 KEYWORDS: sea change; change communities; resilience; diversity; variability. Soares, M. L. G. (2009). "A Conceptual Model for the Responses of Mangrove Forests to Sea Level Rise." Journal of Coastal Research Special Issue(56): 267271. In this study, the author analyzes existing knowledge about mangroves with respect to their behavior under environmental changes, in order to propose a conceptual model of the response of mangrove forests to a possible increase in relative mean sea level induced by global warming. The author concludes that because the development of mangroves is associated with a range of environmental condition, patters of response to sealevel changes cannot be extrapolated from one location to another. ISSN: 07490258 http://www.cerfjcr.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1076:aconceptualmodelfortheresp onsesofmangroveforeststosealevelrisemlgsoares&catid=32:ics2009proceedingsportugal&Itemid =91 http://egeo.fcsh.unl.pt/ICS2009/_docs/ICS2009_Volume_I/267.271_M.L.G.Soares_ICS2009.pdf KEYWORDS: global change; mangrove migration; adaptation Somero, G. N. (2010). "The physiology of climate change: how potentials for acclimatization and genetic adaptation will determine 'winners' and 'losers'." Journal of Experimental Biology 213(6): 912920. This review focuses on a sets of closely related questions whose answers may provide us with a strong basis for predicting shifts in species distribution patterns in a warming world and, in extreme cases, for projecting when and why extinctions will occur. Molecularlevel studies contribute to this analysis by revealing how much change in sequence is required to adapt proteins to warmer temperatures. This provides insight into the rate of adaptive evolution. More challenging to adaptive evolution are lesions in genomes of stenotherms like Antarctic marine ectotherms, which have lost proteincoding genes and gene regulatory mechanisms needed for coping with rising temperature. These extreme stenotherms, along with warmadapted eurytherms living near their thermal limits, may be the major 'losers' from climate change. DOI: 10.1242/jeb.037473 http://jeb.biologists.org/cgi/content/abstract/213/6/912 KEYWORDS: acclimation; acclimatization; adaptation; biogeography; climate change; extinction; genome; global warming; intertidal zone; thermal adaptation; thermal tolerance limits; heatshock proteins Sorte, C. J. B., S. L. Williams, et al. (2010). "Marine range shifts and species introductions: comparative spread rates and community impacts." Global Ecology and Biogeography 19(3): 303316. Considering there are ecological similarities between shifting and introduced species, this work examined how understanding range shifts may be informed by the (moreestablished) study of introduced species. Spread rates and impacts on recipient communities for 129 marine species experiencing range shifts were determined by metaanalysis. These data revealed that 75% of these range shifts were poleward, spread rates were lower than for introduced species, shifting species spread significantly faster in marine systems compared to terrestrial, and direction of community effects were mostly negative and magnitude similar between shifting and introduced species, although data were limited in this comparison. DOI: 10.1111/j.14668238.2009.00519.x http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.14668238.2009.00519.x/abstract KEYWORDS: Climate change; exotic species; introduced species; invasion; impacts; marine systems; nonindigenous species; range shift; spread rate; biodiversity Sotka, E. E. and R. W. Thacker (2005). "Do some corals like it hot?" Trends in Ecology & Evolution 20(2): 5962. This work explores some kind of coral that might adapt or acclimate to warming seas. There is evidence that proposes some corals may be able to resist future thermal stress by associating with particular genotypes, but these genotypes may provide less energy for growth when thermal stress are reduced. Resilience of coral reefs depends on whether phenotypic and genotypic changes in coralalgal associations can match predicted increases in thermal stress, as well as continuing efforts to lessen human impacts.
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DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2004.11.015 http://www.cell.com/trends/ecologyevolution/abstract/S01695347(04)003453 KEYWORDS: adaptive bleaching hypothesis; climate change; reef ecosystems; algal symbionts; susceptibility; resilience Soto, C. G. (2001). "The potential impacts of global climate change on marine protected areas." Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries 11(3): 181195. This paper reviews some of the relevant and current thinking on protected areas, conservation biology, marine ecology, and climate change literature, and investigates whether and how static notions of protected area designation, which originated in the terrestrial environment, are appropriate for the marine environment, or even on land, given the anticipated impacts of global climate change over the next 100 years. This review focuses mainly on bottomup oceanographic processes as controls or drivers of species distribution and abundance in the pelagic marine environment. Finally, a conceptual framework is presented which serves as a basis for discussion of some of the likely impacts of global climate change on pelagic biodiversity. DOI: 10.1023/A:1020364409616 http://www.springerlink.com/content/xm6h8825695451q3/ KEYWORDS: climate change; global warming; Marine Protected Areas; planning; regime shift; species distribution; biodiversity; California current; conservation; ecosystems Spence, B. C. and J. D. Hall (2010). "Spatiotemporal patterns in migration timing of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) smolts in North America." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 67(8): 13161334. This article examined the peak timing, duration and variation in timing of salmon migrations between the Californian and Alaskan regions. The authors discovered a strong latitudinal gradient in migration patterns and identified three major population groupings which correlated with major coastal marine locations in the northern Pacific Ocean. Salmon demonstrated adaptation to differences in timing and predictability in favourable conditions within the marine regions that they enter. DOI: 10.1139/F10060 http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/abs/10.1139/F10060 KEYWORDS: adaptation; climate change; marine environment; migration; North America; Pacific Ocean; salmon Stange, K., P. Olsson, et al. (2012). "Managing organizational change in an international scientific network: A study of ICES reform processes." Marine Policy 36(3): 681688. The paper examines organizational reforms in the context of the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea. It suggests that major drivers included the need to improve efficiency and integration between different components of the organization and the action of individuals capable of navigating between the opportunities and constrains. DOI: 10.1016/j.marpol.2011.10.013 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308597X11001631 KEYWORDS: organizational reform; ecosystemapproach; marine governance; policy entrepreneurs; networks Steele, J. H. (1998). "Regime shifts in marine ecosystems." Ecological Applications 8(1): S33S36. The author' focus fo focuses has been on decadal time scales as the relevant measure for sustainability in our human context. This time scale is short compared with many terrestrial ecological processes, such as forest regeneration, which can take decades to centuries. Coastal zones require integration of land and sea management while open oceans are essential for climate prediction and therefore eventual management. The main conclusion is that annual and decadal perspectives are not alternatives, but are complementary. The problem is how to assimilate the different research and assessment approaches into a single scientific program and management protocol. ISSN: 10510761 http://www.jstor.org/stable/info/2641361 http://www.jstor.org/stable/2641361 KEYWORDS: ecological fungibility; fisheries; management; regime shifts; sustainability; decadal scale Steele, J. H. (2004). "Regime shifts in the ocean: reconciling observations and theory." Progress in Oceanography
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60(24): 135141. This paper reviews issues discussed at the Villefranche Workshop in 2003. The term regime shift was first restricted to spatial or temporal links between climatic indices and population abundance. Evidence for physicalbiological relations has allowed a better understanding of the decadal scale variability in marine ecosystems, although it is still difficult to define the trophic pathways that produce the correspondence between climatic indices and population abundance. Comparisons between oceanic systems subject to a variety of perturbations or stress are needed to identify the causal connections. Overfishing in different marine regimes was the primary focus of this Workshop, since the consequences of these largescale community structure changes provide valuable case studies. This work considered aspects such as the associated benefits of maximising ecosystem resilience, and discussed the consequences of these. DOI: 10.1016/j.pocean.2004.02.004 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0079661104000242 KEYWORDS: regime shifts; resilience; alternative stable states; climate change; stable states; fish stocks Steffen, W., A. Burbidge, et al. (2009). Australias biodiversity and climate change. Collingwood, CSIRO Publishing. This book assesses the vulnerability and potential for adaptation of Australias biodiversity, as well as consideration of the societal (governmental, policy, institutional) changes that might sustain Australias biodiversity in a climate changing world. Whilst focused on actions under the third pillar, adaptation, it has relevance to all three pillars. http://www.publish.csiro.au/samples/Australia%27s%20Biodiversity%20Online%20Sample.pdf KEYWORDS: Australian Government; countrys biodiversity; Australian Natural Resource Management; Climate Change Action Plan Steneck, R. S., M. H. Graham, et al. (2002). "Kelp forest ecosystems: biodiversity, stability, resilience and future." Environmental Conservation 29(4): 436459. This paper reviews global kelp forests, with respect to the various aspects of their decline. Case studies are included primarily from southern California, the Aleutian Islands and the western North Atlantic. Global distribution is constrained by latitude, nutrients, temperature and other macrophytes; with threats coming from overgrazing by sea urchins which are often caused by overfishing and local extinction of urchin primary predators, and can lead to widespread kelp deforestation. Sea urchin harvesting has lead to kelp forests returning in some areas, but these systems are still devoid of apex predators, which can change community dynamics. Although climate change does impact on kelp forest ecosystems, overfishing of key predators appears to be the largest manageable threat to these ecosystems. Management direction should be on reduction of fishing impacts along with restoration of functionally important species populations within these ecosystems. DOI: 10.1017/s0376892902000322 http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=142451 KEYWORDS: apex predators; biodiversity; herbivory; human interactions; kelp; trophic cascades; seaurchins; community structure; macroalgal assemblages; biodiversity; stability; resilience Stern, N. H., Ed. (2007). The Economics of Climate Change: the Stern Review, Cambridge University Press. This review of the economic effects of climate change was carried out by Sir Nicholas Stern, Head of the Government Economic Service and former World Bank Chief Economist. The first half focuses on the impacts and risks arising from uncontrolled climate change, and on the costs and opportunities associated with action to tackle it, and the second half of the examines the national and international policy challenges of moving to a lowcarbon global economy. http://www.cambridge.org/gb/knowledge/isbn/item1164284/?site_locale=en_GB KEYWORDS: climate change; costs of action; social activity; impacts on growth; development. Stokes, C. and M. Howden (2010). Adapting agriculture to climate change: preparing Australian agriculture, forestry and fisheries for the future. Adapting agriculture to climate change: preparing Australian agriculture, forestry and fisheries for the future. C. Stokes and M. Howden. Collingwood, Australia CSIRO Publishing: viii + 286 pp. Adapting Agriculture to Climate Change summarises updated climate change scenarios for Australia with
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the latest climate science. It includes chapters on socioeconomic and institutional considerations for adapting to climate change, greenhouse gas emissions sources and sinks, as well as risks and priorities for the future. This section describes the causes and consequences of climate change to providing options for people to work towards adaptation action. ISBN: 9780643095953 http://www.publish.csiro.au/nid/21/pid/6170.htm KEYWORDS: primary industries; risk assessment; climate change. StuartSmith, R. D., N. S. Barrett, et al. (2010). "Stability in temperate reef communities over a decadal time scale despite concurrent ocean warming." Global Change Biology 16(1): 122134. The authors tested the following hypotheses to assess whether this environmental change has directly altered Tasmanian subtidal reef communities between the early to mid 1990s and 2006/2007: Hypothesis 1: Tasmanian subtidal reef communities have substantially changed over the past decade, with changes on the east coast greater than on the west and north coasts due to greater warming in the east. Reef communities appeared relatively stable, with multivariate and univariate metrics of biotic communities revealing few changes with time, although some species may exhibit responses symptomatic of ocean warming including fish species only detected in recent surveys (indicative of range expansion) and species with warmerwater affinities appearing to extend distributions further south. This work suggests a time of relative stability following a more abrupt change and proposes that community responses to ocean warming may follow nonlinear, steplike trajectories. DOI: 10.1111/j.13652486.2009.01955.x http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.13652486.2009.01955.x/abstract KEYWORDS: climate change; biodiversity; decadal scale; rocky reef; stability; specieslevel response; range expansion Summerhayes, S. A., M. J. Bishop, et al. (2009). "Effects of oyster death and shell disarticulation on associated communities of epibiota." Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 379(12): 6067. To ascertain effects of this oyster mortality on associated epibiota, the authors compared epifaunal communities occupying 100% oystershell cover among 5 sites along the estuary. Results demonstrate that death and degradation of oysters alter the structure of associated communities, even where 100% cover of shell matrix is maintained. These results have important ramifications for management strategies and retaining estuarine biodiversity in the event that disease such as QX causes local oyster extinctions. DOI: 10.1016/j.jembe.2009.08.006 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022098109003402 KEYWORDS: Degradation; Epibiota; Habitat structure; Oysters; Saccostrea glomerata Summerhayes, S. A., B. P. Kelaher, et al. (2009). "Spatial patterns of wild oysters in the Hawkesbury River, NSW, Australia." Journal of Shellfish Research 28(3): 447451. The authors assess the distribution and abundance of wild oyster populations in the highly modified Hawkesbury River, New South Wales, Australia. They provide an important baseline of wild oyster resources currently present in this heavily impacted estuary, against which future change can be assessed and managed. DOI: 10.2983/035.028.0304 http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.2983/035.028.0304 KEYWORDS: Crassostrea gigas; mangrove; oyster; rocky shore; Saccostrea glomerata; spatial distribution. Suthers, I. M., J. D. Everett, et al. (2011). "The strengthening East Australian Current, its eddies and biological effects an introduction and overview." DeepSea Research Part II Topical Studies in Oceanography 58(5): 538546. This current parallels the portion of the coast where Australias population is concentrated and has along history of scientific research. However, understanding of physical and biological processes driven by the EAC, particularly in linking circulation to ecosystems, is limited. In this special issue of 16 papers on the EAC, the authors examine the effects of climatic windstress forced ocean dynamics on EAC transport variability and coastal sea level, from ENSO to multidecadal time scales; eddy formation and structure; fine scale connectivity and larval retention. The impact of a strengthening EAC and how it influences the
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livelihoods of over half the Australian population, from Brisbane to Sydney, Hobart and Melbourne, is just being realised. DOI: 10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.09.029 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0967064510002766 KEYWORDS: East Australian Current; Leeuwin Current; Ecosystem; Separation zone; Finding Nemo; Tasman Front; Integrated Marine Observing System; Bluelink; Mesoscale variation; Eddy; Climatology Sutton, S. G. and R. C. Tobin (2012). "Social Resilience and Commercial Fishers' Responses to Management Changes in the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park." Ecology and Society 17(3). The paper investigates how social resilience influences resource users' responses to policy change in the context of the 2004 rezoning of the Great Barrier Reef (GBR) Marine Park. It shows that fishers with higher resilience were more likely to be supportive of the rezoning, and more likely to have adapted to the rezoning than those with lower social resilience. The paper suggests that managing for social resilience would aid in the design and implementation of policies that minimise the impacts on resource users and lead to more inclusive and sustainable management. DOI: 10.5751/Es04966170306 http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol17/iss3/art6/ KEYWORDS: resilience; adaptation; socialecological systems; fisheries; great barrier reef; Australia Talmage, S. C. and C. J. Gobler (2009). "The effects of elevated carbon dioxide concentrations on the metamorphosis, size, and survival of larval hard clams (Mercenaria mercenaria), bay scallops (Argopecten irradians), and Eastern oysters (Crassostrea virginica)." Limnology and Oceanography 54(6): 20722080. This study investigated the effects of increasing CO2 levels on the growth and survival of the larvae of three species of CaCO3synthesizing bivalves . The authors conducted a series of experiments to determine how CO2 levels estimated to occur this century and through the year 2250 would affect larval survival, growth, metamorphosis into juvenile stages. Reduced growth and delayed development were observed in all species, while survival was differently affected among species. The impact of acidification on the larval stages of these shellfish species raise concerns about the future of the industries and ecosystems depending on them. DOI:10.4319/lo.2009.54.6.2072 http://www.aslo.org/lo/toc/vol_54/issue_6/2072.html KEYWORDS: ocean acidification; shellfish; larval growth; survival; development; clams; scallops; oysters; industry; aquaculture; ecosystem Thomsen, D. C., T. F. Smith, et al. (2012). "Adaptation or Manipulation? Unpacking Climate Change Response Strategies." Ecology and Society 17(3). The paper provides a closer examination into the meaning of adaptation and its relationship to concepts of resilience, vulnerability, and sustainability. It argues that, in many cases, societies manipulate their socialecological contexts rather than adapt to them. It suggests that manipulation (as opposed to adaptation) tends to disregard the integrity of socialecological systems and focuses on external change or manipulating the broader system with the aim of making selfregulation unnecessary. The paper argues that adaptation represents longterm strategies for building resilience, whereas manipulation represents shortterm strategies with uncertain consequences for resilience, vulnerability, and the sustainability of socialecological systems. DOI: 10.5751/Es04953170320 http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol17/iss3/art20/ KEYWORDS: climate adaptation; manipulation; socialecological systems; resilience; vulnerability; adaptive capacity Thrush, S. F., J. E. Hewitt, et al. (2009). "Forecasting the limits of resilience: integrating empirical research with theory." Proceedings of the Royal Society BBiological Sciences 276(1671): 32093217. The authors review recent studies to gain insight into the ecological mechanisms that underpin resilience, and suggest designs for field experiments that can help us understand and identify the feedback processes that hold the system in a particular state and thus characterize resilience. There is little work focusing on the resilience that provides resistance against ecosystem regime shifts to undesirable states.
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Although fieldbased research exists for understanding resilience, experimental studies are lagging behind theory, management and policy requirements. Ecological resilience needs understanding in terms of community dynamics and the potential for shifts in environmental force to break the feedbacks that maintain resilience. DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2009.0661 http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/276/1671/3209.abstract KEYWORDS: regime shift; resilience; intrinsic dynamics; coastal ecosystems; regime shifts; marine ecosystems; ecologicalsystems; community structure; habitat loss; biodiversity; disturbance; diversity Tirado, M. C., R. Clarke, et al. (2010). "Climate change and food safety: A review." Food Research International 43(7): 17451765. This article provides a review on the proposed impacts of climate change on food contamination and global food safety issues across multiple stages of the food chain. The authors identify adaptation strategies that need to be adopted, and future research directions which aim to address global climate changeinduced food safety issues. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2010.07.003 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0963996910002231 KEYWORDS: adaptation; climate change; contamination; food safety; fisheries; industry; monitoring; risk assessment; surveillance Tobey, J., P. Rubinoff, et al. (2010). "Practicing Coastal Adaptation to Climate Change: Lessons from Integrated Coastal Management." Coastal Management 38(3): 317 335. This article begins with an overview of the dramatic and wideranging challenges facing the worlds coastal regions as a consequence of climate change, and its overlay onto existing threats to coastal and marine ecosystems. Best practices for coastal adaptation processes drawn from the USAID Guidebook on Adapting to Coastal Climate Change are then described. These best practices draw from decades of global experience in the practice of ICM. Finally, some of the unique coastal adaptation challenges posed by climate change are identified. DOI: 10.1080/08920753.2010.483169 http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~content=a922680468~db=all~jumptype=rss KEYWORDS: adaptation; climate change; coastal adaptation; climate divide; developing nations; global warming; management. Tobin, A., Schlaff A, et al. (2010). Adapting to change: minimising uncertainty about the effects of rapidlychanging environmental conditions on the Queensland Coral Reef Fin Fish Fishery. F. P. R. 2008/103. This report develops the subject of the cyclones and the impacts on the Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area (GBRWHA). With the last two decades, most tropical cyclones impacting the GBRWHA have been low intensity systems (category 1 or 2). The influence of these types of systems on reef structure (coral coverage and diversity) and associated smallbodied reef fish communities has been well documented. However, as the monitoring used for these reports focuses initially on corals and secondarily smallbodied fish communities, the ability to measure changes in largebodied reef fish communities is either not attempted, or compromised. ISBN: 9780980817850 http://eprints.jcu.edu.au/16005/ KEYWORDS: Tropical cyclones; Great Barrier Reef World; Heritage Area; coral coverage. Tol, R. S. J. (2009). "The Economic Effects of Climate Change." Journal of Economic Perspectives 23(2): 2951. This study reviews the current knowledge of the economic costs of climate change, based on the 14 published estimates of welfare impact (%GDP) as a function of global warming. Results indicate an initial increase in welfare with increasing temperature, followed by a decreasing, and eventually negative trend, when the temperature increase reaches +2C. Furthermore, although welfare loss may appear moderated on a global scale, the impacts are expected to be more pronounced in poor countries. The need for more estimates of the costs of climate change to improve policy management procedures is discussed. http://www.aeaweb.org/articles.php?doi=10.1257/jep.23.2.29 KEYWORDS: climate change; costs; welfare; global warming; carbon tax; economic development
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Tompkins, E. L. and W. N. Adger (2004). "Does adaptive management of natural resources enhance resilience to climate change?" Ecology and Society 9(2): 14. The authors focus on the rol of networks and institutions in building resilience in both social and ecological systems. This paper explores the potential benefits of presentday comanagement in building resilience to cope with climate change through a case study of a coastal community in Trinidad and Tobago that relies on coastal resources. They conclude that the reduction of social vulnerability through the extension and consolidation of social networks, both locally and at national, regional, or international scales, can contribute to increases in ecosystem resilience. ISSN: 11955449 http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol9/iss2/art10 KEYWORDS: resilience; collective action; coral reefs; vulnerability; community; sustainability; conservation; impacts; policy; adaptive management; adaptation; climate change Tompkins, E. L. and W. Neil Adger (2005). "Defining response capacity to enhance climate change policy." Environmental Science & Policy 8(6): 562571. Climate change adaptation and mitigation decisions made by governments are usually taken in different policy domains. At the individual level however, adaptation and mitigation activities are undertaken together as part of the management of risk and resources. This paper proposes that a useful starting point to develop a national climate policy is to understand what societal response might mean in practice. The authors argue that the ability to respond to climate change is both enabled and constrained by social and technological conditions. The ability of society to respond to climate change and the need for technological change for both decarbonisation and for dealing with surprise in general, are central to concepts of sustainable development. DOI: 10.1016/j.envsci.2005.06.012 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S146290110500105X KEYWORDS: adaptation; mitigation; climate change policy; risk; technology; social change; response capacity Trebilco, R., B. S. Halpern, et al. (2011). "Mapping species richness and human impact drivers to inform global pelagic conservation prioritisation." Biological Conservation 144(5): 17581766. This article examines relationships between pelagic biodiversity, fishing pressure and increases in sea surface temperature in tropical to temperate ocean regions in order to identify the top 50 hotspot areas for species richness and the two impact drivers. Results demonstrate that the impact drivers correlate with high species richness; greater fishing pressure positively correlates with species richness in several regions across the Indian and Pacific Oceans, and species richness is higher in areas which have experienced minimal changes in sea surface temperature. The authors conclude that regionalbased conservation efforts which aim to protect areas of high species diversity may be possible with minimal effects to fishing effort in these areas. DOI: 10.1016/j.biocon.2011.02.024 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/00063207/144/5 http://sd.ddns.us/science/article/pii/S0006320711000942 KEYWORDS: billfish; climate change; conservation; fisheries; hotspots; management; marine; pelagic; sea surface temperature; tuna Tribbia, J. and S. C. Moser (2008). "More than information: what coastal managers need to plan for climate change." Environmental Science & Policy 11(4): 315328. In this paper, we explore coastal managers information use and needs to begin to address climate change in their management decisions.1 We also examine how the sciencecoastal management interactions could be improved to increase the likelihood that global changerelated information effectively informs state and local decisionmaking. It illustrates the strong need for boundary organizations to serve various intermediary functions between science and practice, especially in the context of adaptation to global climate change impacts. DOI: 10.1016/j.envsci.2008.01.003 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1462901108000130 KEYWORDS: climate change; sealevel rise; coastal impacts; coastal zone; management; information needs;
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boundary organization Troadec, J. P. (2000). "Adaptation opportunities to climate variability and change in the exploitation and utilisation of marine living resources." Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 61(1): 101112. The present paper focuses on adaptive opportunities in the field of fisheries, aquaculture and other uses of marine renewable resources. Adaptation strategies should target enhancing resilience of marine renewable resources and their uses as well as the current capacity to respond to unexpected events. Two complementary strategies for adaptation exist; adjusting conventional management systems to resource scarcity; and reduction of current resource constraint by aquaculture development and better utilization of fishery and aquaculture harvests. In light of this work, climate change acts to enhance exiting priorities of environment and fisheries management and aquaculture development. DOI: 10.1023/A:1006322303247 http://www.springerlink.com/content/x170j1281t534823/ KEYWORDS: climate change; fisheries; resilience; adaptation; management Tschakert, P. and K. A. Dietrich (2010). "Anticipatory Learning for Climate Change Adaptation and Resilience." Ecology and Society 15(2). The paper presents a methodological framework to facilitate iterative learning processes and adaptive decisionmaking. It approaches learning processes from a dynamic systems perspective, highlighting the importance of learning loops (cycles), critical reflection, spaces for learning, and power. The framework also focuses on memory, monitoring of key drivers of change, scenario planning, and measuring anticipatory capacity as key elements. DOI: not available http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol15/iss2/art11/ KEYWORDS: learning; climate adaptation; scenarios; adaptive capacity Turner, R. A., A. Cakacaka, et al. (2007). "Declining reliance on marine resources in remote South Pacific societies: ecological versus socioeconomic drivers." Coral Reefs 26(4): 9971008. This work investigates socioeconomic changes, particularly in fresh fish consumption and fishing activities, related to environmental degradation at 5 fishing grounds in Fiji. Interviews with fishers and senior household members showed that the importance of fishing was low compared to other professions, and consumption of fresh fish had declined over the past decade. Reduced fishing and choice of fresh fish is loosely attributable to an amplified need to derive income as well as novel incomegenerating prospects. Low reliance on marine resources might grant greater flexibility to adapt to future ecological change in the marine environment. Changes in fish consumption and exploitation of resources appear connected to socioeconomic features rather than a consequence of recent environmental degradation. DOI: 10.1007/s0033800702386 http://www.springerlink.com/content/y4610q408326414q/ KEYWORDS: Fiji; fishing practices; coral reefs; socialecological systems; socioeconomic drivers; environmental change; adaptation; management Turton, S., T. Dickson, et al. (2010). "Developing an approach for tourism climate change assessment: evidence from four contrasting Australian case studies." Journal of Sustainable Tourism 18(3): 429447. This paper reports on an interdisciplinary, multicase study approach to assess tourism stakeholders' knowledge of, and approaches to, climate change adaptation and to explore the potential for building a selfassessment toolkit that can be exported to other tourism destinations. A key finding is that the tourism sector is not yet ready to invest in climate change adaptation because of the perceived incertainties. DOI: 10.1080/09669581003639814 http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09669581003639814 KEYWORDS: Australia; adaptation; climate change; interdisciplinary; toolkit; tourism Turton, S., W. Hadwen, et al., Eds. (2009). The impacts of climate change on Australian tourism destinations: Developing adaptation and response strategies. Gold Coast, Sustainable Tourism Cooperative Research Centre.

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This research project examined existing knowledge on anticipated biophysical changes and, through primary research, gauged the expected adaptive approaches of destination communities and the tourism sector to these changes for 2020, 2050 and 2070, and then estimated likely economic consequences. This technical report develops some themes as the methodology applied to ascertain the noneconomic impacts of climate change at four of the five case study regions, the economic impacts of climate change across the five destinations, based on The Enormous Regional Model (TERM), the discussion and integration across the Kakadu, Cairns, Blue Mountains and Barossa Valley, mitigation and adaptation, recommendations from the study for future research in the area of climate change and adaptation in tourism destinations. ISBN: 9781921658501 http://www.cabdirect.org/abstracts/20093217097.html;jsessionid=ECCA80D41417484389A38CA09E76FACF KEYWORDS: Enormous Regional Model; Gross Regional Product; noneconomic impacts ; Australian tourism. Ulfarsson, G. F. and T. Valsson (2009). "Adaptation and Change with Global Warming Emerging Spatial World Structure and Transportation Impacts." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2139(1): 117124. This paper discusses economic activity and habitation in relation to the new spatial structure of the Earth and the impacts that humaninduced polar ice retreat present for resource development and shipping routes. The greatest impact on global marine transportation arises as allyear shipping develops in the Arctic, eventually leading to most transportation between the North Atlantic and the North Pacific passing through the Arctic Ocean. This has consequences for transportation, security, and natural resource use. It also holds geopolitical significance, since it provides alternative routes to Panama or Suez Canal shipping. DOI: 10.3141/213914 http://pubsindex.trb.org/view.aspx?id=880897 KEYWORDS: climate change; spatial structure; human impact; marine transport; polar ice retreat van de Sand, I. (2012). "Payments for Ecosystem Services in the Context of Adaptation to Climate Change." Ecology and Society 17(1). The paper investigates potential ways in which the concept of payments for ecosystem services (PES) can contribute to climate adaptation. It establishes the main conceptual links between PES and adaptation. It suggests ways of making PES propoor and proadaptation by drawing on concepts of vulnerability, adaptive capacity, and socioecological systems. These include enhancing the provision of ecosystem services, enhancing adaptive capacity in the way PES is designed and implemented, and providing incentives to climate adaptation. DOI: 10.5751/Es04561170111 http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol17/iss1/art11/ KEYWORDS: ecosystem services; climate adaptation; socialecological systems; vulnerability; adaptive capacity Veron, J. E., O. HoeghGuldberg, et al. (2009). "The coral reef crisis: the critical importance of <350 ppm CO2." Mar Pollut Bull 58(10): 14281436. The causes and consequences of global coral bleaching are reviewed. Mass bleaching events related to El Nino phases, CO2induced acidification, water quality decrease and severe weather events are among the main causes identified. The consequences for reef ecosystems are expected to be dramatic, with a reduced biodiversity, negative impacts on early stages of organisms using coral reefs as nursery grounds, and a domino effect expected to impact other marine ecosystems. The authors suggest that anthropogenic CO2 may be responsible for the Earth's sixth mass extinction. DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2009.09.009 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19782832 KEYWORDS: coral reef; climate change; bleaching; Acidification; El Nino; mass extinction; biodiversity loss; domino effect Vogel, C., S. C. Moser, et al. (2007). "Linking vulnerability, adaptation, and resilience science to practice: Pathways, players, and partnerships." Global Environmental Change 17(34): 349364. The paper suggests an alternative approach to the traditional oneway interaction between science and practice. Such approach involves different experts, riskbearers, local communities, contested knowledge
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and practice, and coproduction of knowledge. The paper also highlights factors that hinder the use of vulnerability and resilience 'knowledge'. It suggests that more detailed investigations by both producers and users of such knowledge are required. DOI: 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2007.05.002 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959378007000374 KEYWORDS: vulnerability, adaptation, resilience, sciencepractice interface, knowledge systems Walker, B., C. S. Holling, et al. (2004). "Resilience, adaptability and transformability in socialecological systems." Ecology and Society 9(2): 9. There are 3 related attributes thought to determine future trajectories of socialecological systems (SES): resilience, adaptability and transformability. The purpose of this paper is to examine these three attributes; what they mean, how they interact, and their implications for our future wellbeing. In what follows, the authors provide an interpretation and an explanation of how these concepts are reflected in the adaptive cycles of complex, multiscalar SESs. http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol9/iss2/art5/ KEYWORDS: resilience; socialecological; adaptation; transformability; disturbance; adaptive cycles Walker, B. H., S. R. Carpenter, et al. (2012). "Drivers, "Slow" Variables, "Fast" Variables, Shocks, and Resilience." Ecology and Society 17(3). The paper offers interpretation of how the terms "drivers," "variables," and "shocks" might be employed in the context of socialecological systems. It attempts to minimise the confusion generated by different uses of such terms in the literature. DOI: 10.5751/Es05063170330 http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol17/iss3/art30/ KEYWORDS: socialecological systems; drivers; variables; shocks Walker, P. J. and C. V. Mohan (2009). "Viral disease emergence in shrimp aquaculture: origins, impact and the effectiveness of health management strategies." Reviews in Aquaculture 1(2): 125154. This paper reviews the causes and consequences of viral disease in global shrimp aquaculture. Inadequate management in this industry has resulted in the increased virulence of existing infections and the emergence of new pathogens, putting at risk the livelihood of poor shrimp farming communities in Asia. This study further reviews preexisting disease management strategies, discusses their effectiveness, and indicates potential improvements facilitated by recent technological advancements. The authors conclude by discussing the need for a change of attitude from all stakeholders, from farmers to policy makers. DOI:10.1111/j.17535131.2009.01007.x http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.17535131.2009.01007.x/abstract KEYWORDS: aquaculture industry; viral disease; adaptation; mitigation; health management; shrimp; stakeholders; disease emergence; smallscale farmers. Wall, G. (1998). "Implications of global climate change for tourism and recreation in wetland areas." Climatic Change 40(2): 371389. This article explores the concepts of tourism and recreational activities. In marine coasts, wetland recreations may be threatened by rising sea levels but recreation in inland water bodies may be affected more by deficiencies rather than superabundance of water. DOI: 10.1023/A:1005493625658 http://www.springerlink.com/content/n01r097418x83x24/ KEYWORDS: marinas; natural areas; tourism; seasonality Walther, G. R. (2010). "Community and ecosystem responses to recent climate change." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society BBiological Sciences 365(1549): 20192024. This review highlights the knowns but also unknowns resulting from recent climate impact studies and reveals limitations of (linear) extrapolations from recent climateinduced responses of species to expected trends and magnitudes of future climate change. The author concludes that the warming we have experienced so far is only minor compared with what is expected by the end of the century, but nonetheless the ecological impacts are already evident.
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DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2010.0021 http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/365/1549/2019.short KEYWORDS: global warming; phenology; range shift; ecology; global change scenarios Wang, M., J. E. Overland, et al. (2010). "Climate projections for selected large marine ecosystems." Journal of Marine Systems 79(34): 258266. The ability of 23 coupled atmosphereocean general circulation models to reproduce observations of variables relevant to selected large marine ecosystems was evaluated, along with the predictions from a subset of selected models for the 21st century under the A1B IPCC emission scenario. About half of the models were found able to reproduce largescale variations of the historical observations, while the remainder were characterized by a high degree of uncertainty. Results suggest the need for focused studies on several uncertain geographical regions, and increased global modeling efforts in the future. DOI: 10.1016/j.jmarsys.2008.11.028 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0924796309000839 KEYWORDS: model validation; IPCC; model uncertainty; climate change; GCM; model prediction Watson, S.A., P. C. Southgate, et al. (2009). "Early larval development of the Sydney rock oyster Saccostrea Glomerata under nearfuture predictions of CO2driven ocean acidification." Journal of Shellfish Research 28(3): 431437. The larval growth and survival of the Sydney rock oyster (Saccostrea glomerata) were measured in tanks under different pH conditions. Acidified conditions resulted in developmental abnormalities and increased shell dissolution. These results indicate that the Sydney rock oyster industry, with $34.5 million in annual sales, is expected to be severely impacted by 2100. DOI:10.2983/035.028.0302 http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.2983/035.028.0302 KEYWORDS: ocean acidification; climate change; oyster; larval growth; larval survival; oyster industry; calcification; dissolution; tolerance Waycott, M., C. M. Duarte, et al. (2009). "Accelerating loss of seagrasses across the globe threatens coastal ecosystems." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 106(30): 1237712381. The authors synthesized quantitative data from 215 sites with a total of 1,128 observations around the world covering the time period 18792006, creating the most comprehensive data set compiled to date. Their results demonstrates that, since the earliest records in 1879, seagrass meadows have declined in all areas of the globe where quantitative data are available, including both high and low latitudes. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0905620106 http://www.pnas.org/content/106/30/12377.short KEYWORDS: ecosystem decline; global trajectories; habitat loss; marine habitat Waycott, M., L. McKenzie, et al. (2011). Chapter 6: Vulnerability of mangrove, seagrass and intertidal sand and mud flat habitats in the tropical Pacific to climate change. Vulnerability of tropical Pacific fisheries and aquaculture to climate change. J. Bell, J. Johnson and A. Hobday, Secretariat of the Pacific Community. The authors assess the vulnerability of the mangrove, seagrass and intertidal flat habitats in the tropical Pacific that support coastal fisheries. They do this by examining the effects that changes to surface climate and the tropical Pacific Ocean are expected to have on the plants that define these habitats. This exposure to change is used in the framework described to assess the vulnerability of the habitats under representative low and high emissions scenarios from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) for 2035 and 2100. 210028. ISBN: 9789820004719 http://eprints.jcu.edu.au/19648/ KEYWORDS: Climate Change; mangrove; Pacific Island; seagrasses; Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change; tropical Pacific Weaver, D. (2010). "Can sustainable tourism survive climate change?" Journal of Sustainable Tourism 19(1): 515.
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This article is a opinion of the author, that intends to stimulate discussion by contending that the growing engagement with climate change, as it is currently unfolding, is not necessarily conducive to the interests of tourism sustainability. Adaptation, under his point of view, should not be regarded as an essential parameter of environmentally and socioculturally constructed sustainable tourism, and resources intended for the latter therefore should not be allocated to the former. Furthermore, he does not regard grandiose proclamations to become carbon neutral (whatever that means) by 2020 or beyond to be particularly helpful or useful given the diabolical policy context and examples of apparent retreat (or possible insincerity) outlined earlier in this paper. DOI: 10.1080/09669582.2010.536242 http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09669582.2010.536242 KEYWORDS: climate change; sustainable tourism; adaptation; mitigation; superficial environmentalism Webster, M., C. Forest, et al. (2003). "Uncertainty analysis of climate change and policy response." Climatic Change 61(3): 295320. This paper applies an earth systems model to describe the uncertainty in climate projections under two different policy scenarios. The results show that in the absence of greenhouse gas emissions restrictions, there is a one in forty chance that global mean surface temperature change will exceed 4.9C by the year 2100. A policy case with aggressive emissions reductions over time lowers the temperature change to a one in forty chance of exceeding 3.2C, thus reducing but not eliminating the chance of substantial warming. DOI: 10.1023/B:CLIM.0000004564.09961.9f http://web.mit.edu/globalchange/www/MITJPSPGC_Rpt95.pdf KEYWORDS: sealevel rise; model; sensitivity; projections; emissions; climate change; climate parameter. Weichselgartner, J. and C. A. Marandino (2012). "Priority knowledge for marine environments: challenges at the sciencesociety nexus." Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 4(3): 323330. The paper highlights challenges to assessing and managing global environmenal processes. It argues that fundamental barriers in the sciencepolicypractice interface have hindered progress. The paper identifies the context for using knowledge and turning it into sustainable actions as one of the greatest challenges. It suggests that more attention should be paid to synthesising existing local knowledge and resources from nonscientific sources, and emphasises a better understanding of the sciencesociety nexus as well as the conditions for translating researchbased knowledge into practice. DOI: 10.1016/j.cosust.2012.05.001 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877343512000565 KEYWORDS: sciencepolicy interface; climate adaptation; marine environments; fisheries Welladsen, H. M., P. C. Southgate, et al. (2010). "The effects of exposure to nearfuture levels of ocean acidification on shell characteristics of Pinctada fucata (Bivalvia: Pteriidae)." Molluscan Research 30(3): 125130. This study aimed to determine the effects of predicted nearfuture levels of ocean acidification on the shell and nacre characteristics of the Akoya pearl oyster. Adult pearl oysters (P. fucata) were subjected to acidified water (pH 7.6) in tanks for 28 days. Compared to individuals kept in control tanks (pH 8.1), the shell of individuals were ca 25% weaker, suggesting that the shells' structural integrity was compromised by dissolution. The sensitivity of pearl oyster shells to such small reduction in pH indicates the potentially devastating impacts of ocean acidification on pearl aquaculture by the end of 2100. ISSN: 13235818 http://www.mapress.com/mr/content/v30/2010f/n3p130.htm KEYWORDS: Pearl oyster; acidification; calcification; pearl industry; vulnerability; hypercapnia; tropical mollusc; shell strength; nacre deposition; climate change. Wernberg, T., B. D. Russell, et al. (2011). "Impacts of climate change in a global hotspot for temperate marine biodiversity and ocean warming. ." Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 400(12): 716. This review presents the observed impacts of climate stressors and nonclimate stressors on Australian subtidal temperate coasts and likely system responses to these impacts. The authors show data on range contractions, range extensions and reduced recruitment on some key marine species in temperate Australia. While there appears to be less observed climateinduced change on other coastlines around
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Australia, the authors posit that this is likely due to a lack of data rather than a lack of change. Recent experiments suggest that the impacts of both climate and nonclimate stressors will lower the resilience of temperate marine communities to stresses including storms, diseases and introduces species, and the authors highlight the importance of management approaches at local and regionalscale levels in an attempt to increase the resilience of temperate marine communities to climate stressors. DOI: 10.1016/j.jembe.2011.02.021 http://oceanacidification.wordpress.com/2011/03/14/impactsofclimatechangeinaglobalhotspotfortempera temarinebiodiversityandoceanwarming/ KEYWORDS: climate change; community ecology; global warming; macroalgae; management; multiple stressors; phase shift; range contraction; range extension Wernberg, T., B. D. Russell, et al. (2011). "Seaweed communities in retreat from ocean warming." Current Biology 21(21): 18281832. The authors found that, on both the Indian and Pacific Oceans sides of the Australian continent, macroalgal communities in the southern part of the tropicaltemperate transition progressively came to resemble past macroalgal communities farther norths. Temperate species have experienced median shifts of 0.5 to 1.9 latitude poleward. Given future warming, up to 25% of species might retract toward extinction. Impacts are consistent with observed warming in both the Indian and Pacific Oceans. DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2011.09.028 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S096098221101030X KEYWORDS: global climate change; ecosystems; biological conservation; global extinctions. West, J. J. and G. K. Hovelsrud (2010). "Crossscale Adaptation Challenges in the Coastal Fisheries: Findings from Lebesby, Northern Norway." Arctic 63(3): 338354. The paper analyses crossscale adaptation challenges in the coastal fisheries in a municipality in Norway. It identifies adaptation arenas across geographic scales that create challenges and opportunities for local adaptation. The study suggests a need for close attention to the crossscale adaptation challenges facing local communities that depend on natural resources. DOI: not available http://arctic.synergiesprairies.ca/arctic/index.php/arctic/article/view/1497 KEYWORDS: crossscale adaptation; coastal fisheries; local communities; adaptation arenas; Norway West, J. M. and R. V. Salm (2003). "Resistance and resilience to coral bleaching: Implications for coral reef conservation and management." Conservation Biology 17(4): 956967. In response to the temperatureinduced coral mortality, the authors propose one strategy which might be to identify (1) specific reef areas where natural environmental conditions are likely to result in low or negligible temperaturerelated bleaching and mortality and (2) reef areas where environmental conditions are likely to result in maximum recovery of reef communities after bleaching mortality has occurred. This paper identifies likely environmental correlates of resistance and resilience to coral bleaching correlate with physiological tolerance, and provide physical or biological enhancement of recovery potential. This information has important implications for coral reef conservation and management as a tool for identifying reef areas that are likely to be most robust in the face of continuing climate change and for determining priority areas for reducing direct anthropogenic impacts. DOI: 10.1046/j.15231739.2003.02055.x http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.15231739.2003.02055.x/abstract;jsessionid=0193E93B254D8147166 0CBAEA162FCE0.d02t03?deniedAccessCustomisedMessage=&userIsAuthenticated=false KEYWORDS: El Nio; coral bleaching; sea surface temperatures; reef conservation; coral mortality; reef areas; anthropogenic impacts. Whitehead, J. C., B. Poulter, et al. (2009). "Measuring the economic effects of sea level rise on shore fishing." Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change 14(8): 777792. The authors develop estimates of the economic effects of sea level rise on marine recreational shore fishing in North Carolina, USA. They find that reductions in beach width negatively affect the quality and number of fishing trips even as anglers adapt by using piers and bridges. DOI: 10.1007/s1102700991981
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http://www.springerlink.com/content/u68018m324363037/ KEYWORDS: Economic benefits; Marine recreational fishing; travel cost method; Climate change; Sea level rise Whiteley, N. M., S. P. S. Rastrick, et al. (2011). "Latitudinal variations in the physiology of marine gammarid amphipods." Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 400(12): 7077. The physiological and biochemical adaptations of ectothermic species to latitudinal temperature change have been shown to influence their distribution patterns. This study investigated the physiological capabilities of amphipod distributions along a natural thermal gradient in the Atlantic and Arctic Oceans. Temperatureadaptive responses of metabolic rates and muscle contractibility were examined across molecular and whole animal levels. Results demonstrated speciesspecific physiological variation as a function of latitude, providing important information on each species ability for physiological adaptation in order to maintain function in response to global temperature increases. DOI: 10.1016/j.jembe.2011.02.027 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S002209811100075X KEYWORDS: adaptations; amphipod; biochemical; climate change; coastal environment; distribution; latitude; marine; physiology; variation Whiteley, N. M., E. W. Taylor, et al. (1997). "Seasonal and latitudinal adaptation to temperature in crustaceans." Journal of Thermal Biology 22(6): 419427. In temperature climates, marked physiological differences have been observed between summer and winter crayfish with seasonal changes in haemocyanin oxygen affinity and changes in the relationship between pH and temperature. Temperature also has an effect on rates of transcription of several proteins in the muscle, including actin and myosin heavy chain (MHC), with an increase in levels of expression as temperature increases in temperate and Antarctic species.The authors discuss the potential role of heat shock proteins as an additional strategy in the response of temperate crustaceans to thermal stress DOI: 10.1016/s03064565(97)000612 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306456597000612 KEYWORDS: Crustacean; temperature; gene regulation; oxygen consumption; acidbase balance; muscle; myosin; actin; protein synthesis; heat shock protein Wielgus, J., E. Sala, et al. (2008). "Assessing the ecological and economic benefits of a notake marine reserve." Ecological Economics 67(1): 3240. This paper used available biological and economic data for an overexploited population of the leopard grouper to study if closing parts of the population to fishing would allow sustainable use and maximum economic benefits. The results suggest that fishing should be closed in all spawning areas and in at least 50% of the adjacent areas. High nonconsumptive benefits would be achieved with large closures because the abundance of the leopard groupers would increase. An adaptive management scheme could provide a way to incorporate newly available information into management decisions for the notake reserve. DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2008.04.019 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0921800908002073 KEYWORDS: adaptive management; bioeconomics; fisheries; groupers; gulf of California; marine protected areas; marine reserves; modeling Wilby, R. L. and K. Vaughan (2011). "Hallmarks of organisations that are adapting to climate change." Water and Environment Journal 25(2): 271281. This paper explores the question as to 'what do organisations that are adapting to climate change look like?. The authors suggest that recognising that adaptation is highly context and scale dependent, an organisation might not necessarily exhibit all these features. However, their inventory provides a practical basis for reviewing the priorities and progress on adaptation capacity building within public and private sector organisations alike. DOI: 10.1111/j.17476593.2010.00220.x http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.17476593.2010.00220.x/abstract KEYWORDS: adaptation; climate change; organisation; strategy; water sector. Wilkinson, C. and J. Brodie (2011). Catchment Management and Coral Reef Conservation: a practical guide for
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coastal resource managers to reduce damage from catchment areas based on best practice case studies, Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network and Reef and Rainforest Research Centre. Townsville, Australia. This book reviews and discusses management procedures for coral reefs and coastal ecosystems, with a focus on the problem of catchment areas neighboring zones under management. Catchment areas are locations channeling freshwater of terrestrial and atmospheric origin and are characterized by their inputs of sediments and nutrients to a given ecosystem. The increase in anthropogenic sediments, nutrients, pollutants and freshwater inputs are threatening coastal ecosystems. This book highlights the need for better management procedures of catchment areas, through 11 specific recommendations to managers based on the analysis of 33 case studies. ISBN: 0 642 322228 7 http://www.reefbase.org/resource_center/publication/main.aspx?refid=77359&referrer=GCRMN KEYWORDS: climate change; coastal ecosystem; reef ecosystem; catchment area; management procedures Willis, K. J., K. D. Bennett, et al. (2010). "4 C and beyond: what did this mean for biodiversity in the past?" Systematics and Biodiversity 8(1): 39. This article focuses on intervals of time in the fossil and longterm ecological record that display similar magnitudes and rates of climate change to those predicted for the next century. Given the knowledge of these biotic responses, the authors outline what information this knowledge can provide to climatechange integrated conservation strategies in order to enable longterm persistence of biodiversity. Evidence reveals rapid community turnover, migrations, development of novel ecosystems and thresholds from one stable ecosystem state to another, however there is little evidence for broadscale extinctions due to climate warming. Recommendations for future climatechange integrated conservation strategies are presented here. DOI: 10.1080/14772000903495833 http://biblioteca.universia.net/html_bura/ficha/params/id/52412857.html KEYWORDS: biodiversity; climate warming; community turnover; conservation; fossil records; historical records; increasing CO2; migration; persistence; thresholds; resilience; climate change Wilson, S. K., M. Adjeroud, et al. (2010). "Crucial knowledge gaps in current understanding of climate change impacts on coral reef fishes." Journal of Experimental Biology 213(6): 894900. Relevant scientists were asked to propose 5 questions that, if addressed, would improve understanding of climate change on reef fishes. The item were (i) identifying a gap in knowledge, (ii) achievability, (iii) applicability to a broad spectrum of species and reef habitats, and (iv) priority. Other questions concerned fish demographics, physiology, behaviour and management, all of which could be affected by climate change. Irrespective of their expertise and background, scientists scored questions from diverse topics similarly, suggesting limited prejudice and identified the need for increased interdisciplinary and collaborative research. The highest scoring questions are presented and should act as a guide for directing future research, providing a foundation for better evaluation and management of climate change impacts on coral reefs and associated fish communities. DOI: 10.1242/jeb.037895 http://jeb.biologists.org/cgi/content/abstract/213/6/894 KEYWORDS: ecosystem management; fisheries; coral reef ecology; physiology; behaviour; conservation; global warming; ocean acidification; coral bleaching; climate change; adaptation Wilson, S. K., M. Adjeroud, et al. (2010). "Crucial knowledge gaps in current understanding of climate change impacts on coral reef fishes." Journal of Experimental Biology 213(6): 894900. Scientists that had published three or more papers on the effects of climate and environmental factors on reef fishes were invited to submit five questions that, if addressed, would improve our understanding of climate change effects on coral reef fishes. Irrespective of their individual expertise and background, scientists scored questions from different topics similarly, suggesting limited bias and recognition of a need for greater interdisciplinary and collaborative research. DOI: 10.1242/jeb.037895 http://jeb.biologists.org/content/213/6/894.short http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20190114 KEYWORDS: ecosystem management; fisheries; coral reef ecology; physiology; behaviour; conservation; global
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warming; ocean acidification; coral bleaching. Wiseman, J., L. Williamson, et al. (2010). "Community engagement and climate change: learning from recent Australian experience." International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management 2(2): 134147. The paper explores the effectiveness of community engagement strategies in improving climate mitigation and adaptation outcomes. It highlights the importance of explicitly planning community engagement as critical components in facilitating effective climate mitigation and adaptation strategies. The paper also summarises a number of factors believed to be important to effective climate change community engagement strategies DOI: 10.1108/17568691011040399 http://www.emeraldinsight.com/journals.htm?articleid=1863635&show=abstract KEYWORDS: environmental management; global warming; community relations; citizen participation; Australia Woerdman, E., Ed. (2004). The institutional economics of marketbased climate policy, Elsevier. The objective of this book is to analyse the institutional barriers to implementing marketbased climate policy, as well as to provide some opportunities to overcome them. The approach is that of institutional economics, with special emphasis on political transaction costs and path dependence. ISBN: 044515739 http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/bookdescription.print/703606/description#description KEYWORDS: policy; economics; climate. Wooldridge, S., T. Done, et al. (2005). "Precursors for resilience in coral communities in a warming climate: a belief network approach." Marine EcologyProgress Series 295: 157169. This work investigates the benefit of successful management interventions on coral reefs during the climate change associated warming that is predicted to occur in the near future. A prototype decisionsupport tool, called 'ReefState' was developed to aid this task. This tool integrates management intervention outcomes within a 'belief network' of linked variables that describe future warming, coral damage and recovery. The central Great Barrier Reef, Australia, is used as a case study, with worst case scenarios predicting that reefs will become devoid of coral cover and associated biodiversity by 2050. Under lower rates of warming, the persistence of hard coral dominated reefs beyond 2050 will still rely on the ability of corals to adapt thermal tolerance and management that produces local condition constraining excessive algal biomass during interdisturbance intervals. Localscale management of ecological factors will be of critical importance in shaping the future trajectories of coral reef ecosystems, despite global warming impacts. http://www.intres.com/abstracts/meps/v295/p157169/ KEYWORDS: belief network; decision support; uncertainty; coral bleaching; adaptation; resilience; community composition; Great Barrier Reef Wooldridge, S. A. and T. J. Done (2009). "Improved water quality can ameliorate effects of climate change on corals." Ecological Applications 19(6): 14921499. Using major data sets from the Great Barrier Reef (GBR), Australia, the authors investigate geographic patterns of coral bleaching in 1998 and 2002 and outline a synergism between heat stress and nutrient flux as a major causative mechanism for those patterns. The study provides evidence for the oftexpressed belief that improved coral reef management will increase the regionalscale survival prospects of coral reefs to global climate change. DOI: 10.1890/080963.1 http://www.esajournals.org/doi/abs/10.1890/080963.1 KEYWORDS: bleaching threshold; CO2 limitation; coral reef; dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN); Great Barrier Reef; Australia; zooanthellae species Worm, B., R. Hilborn, et al. (2009). "Rebuilding global fisheries." Science 325(5940): 578585. The authors analyze current trends from a fisheries and conservation perspective. Combined fisheries and conservation objectives can be achieved by merging diverse management actions, including catch restrictions, gear modification, and closed areas, depending on local context. Impacts of international fleets and the lack of alternatives to fishing complicate prospects for rebuilding fisheries in many poorer
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regions, highlighting the need for a global perspective on rebuilding marine resources. DOI: 10.1126/science.1173146 http://www.sciencemag.org/content/325/5940/578.short KEYWORDS: restore marine ecosystems; vulnerable species; management actions; rebuilding marine resources. Zardi, G. I., K. R. Nicastro, et al. (2011). "The combination of selection and dispersal helps explain genetic structure in intertidal mussels." Oecologia 165(4): 947958. Barriers to dispersal and environmental gradients can result in observed patterns of genetic differentiation among adjoining coastal populations. In order to explain the phylogeographic structure of the intertidal mussel Perna perna, which consist of two distinct genetic lineages in South Africa, this study used regional oceanographic data and lineagespecific responses of mussels to environmental conditions to examine gene flow and local selection processes within the two populations. It was discovered that mussels from the eastern lineage were more tolerant to sand accumulation and increased temperatures compared with mussels from the western lineage. This is most likely attributed to naturally higher body temperatures experienced by mussels from the eastern lineage, whereby physiological tolerances may explain the exclusion of western lineage mussels from the east coast of South Africa. DOI: 10.1007/s0044201017889 http://www.springerlink.com/content/1316l126593x2v20/ KEYWORDS: adaptation; biogeographic region; climate change; dispersal; evolutionary divergence; gene flow; macroecology; mussels; ocean dynamics; physiology; South Africa; tolerance Zhang, C. I., A. B. Hollowed, et al. (2011). "An IFRAME approach for assessing impacts of climate change on fisheries." Ices Journal of Marine Science 68(6): 13181328. The authors propose a new assessment framework for evaluating the performance of management strategies relative to the goals of an ecosystem approach to management (EAM) under different climate change scenarios. This paper: (i) proposes the IFRAME framework as a tool for assessing and forecasting fishery and ecosystem risks and identifies management objectives, indicators, reference points, and risk indices for assessing fisheries affected by climate changes, and (ii) discusses current fisheries management systems and suggests implications for management under changing climate conditions. DOI: 10.1093/icesjms/fsr073 http://icesjms.oxfordjournals.org/content/68/6/1318.short KEYWORDS: fisheries assessment, forecasting, IFRAME, impacts of climate change, management.

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