Topic - 5 - RC Beam Design (Compatibility Mode)

1
RC BEAM DESI GN
TABLE OF CONTENTS
5 .1 Int roduct i on
5 .2 Si zi ng
5 .3 Desi gn f or f l exure
5 .4 Desi gn f or shear
5 .5 Checki ng of Def l ect i on
5 .6 Checki ng of Cracki ng
5 .7 Desi gn f or t orsi on
CHAPTER 5
1
5.1 I nt roduct i on
The purposes of t hi s chapt er i s t o compi l e t he desi gn pri nci pl es and
procedures t hat have been di scussed previ ousl y i n order t o f orm a
compl et e desi gn procedures of rei nf orced concret e beam.
Basi cal l y, beam i s t he st ruct ural el ement whi ch subj ect ed t ransverse
l oad i n t he f orm bendi ng moment , shear f orce and t orsi on. Theref ore
beam i s desi gned t o resi st al l t hat part i cul ar f act ors.
Besi de of t hat , beams al so been check t o f ul f i l l t he servi ceabi l i t y
requi rement i n order t o produce an adequat e and saf e beam desi gn.
Theref ore, t he compl et e desi gn procedures of rei nf orced concret e
beam are st at ed as f ol l ows;
R C B E AM D E S IG N
2
2
5.1 I nt roduct i on
The compl et e beam desi gn procedures can be st at e as f ol l ows;
Durabi l i t y and f i re resi st ance requi rement
Prel i mi nary beam si zi ng
Loadi ng est i mat i on
St ruct ural anal ysi s (bendi ng moment , shear f orce and t orsi on)
Desi gn of mai n rei nf orcement
Bar curt ai l ment and anchorage
Desi gn of shear l i nk
Checki ng of def l ect i on
Checki ng of cracki ng
Det ai l i ng
3
5.2 Beam si zi ng
Beam arrangement and si zi ng normal l y cont rol by an archi t ect ural
det ai l i ng and f or mechani cal devi ce and equi pment .
An engi neers shoul d ensure t hat t he proposed beam si ze i s enough
t o carry t he l oads.
As a gui del i ne, t he prel i mi nary si zi ng can be det ermi ne usi ng t ri al
and error approach or def l ect i on l i mi t basi s.
Overal l dept h, h = span / 1 5
Breadt h , b = 0 .3 h 0 .6 h or based on durabi l i t y
and f i re resi st ance requi rement .
4
3
5.2 Beam si zi ng
Mi ni mum sect i on di mensi ons
Fire
resistance
Minimum Dimension
Beam Floor Fully exposed
hrs. Width Thickness column width
(b mm) (h mm) (b mm)
0.5 200 75 150
1.0 200 95 200
1.5 200 110 250
2 200 125 300
3 240 150 400
4 280 170 450
5
5.3 Desi gn f or Fl exure
Design procedures of reinforced concrete rectangular beam based on
Clause 3.4.4.4, BS 8110.
1) CalculateK = M / f
cu
bd
2
2) Calculate
b
=
3) Calculate K
K = 0.156 Redistribution < 10%
K = 0.405(
b
- 0.4) 0.18(
b
- 0.4)
2
Redistribution > 10%
4) If K < K ; Compression reinforcement not required
i) Calculate z = d { 0.5 + 0.25 K/0.9 } but z < 0.95d
ii) Calculate x = (d z) / 0.45 and check ratio of x/d
iii) Calculate A
s
= M / 0.95f
y
z
6
4
5) If K > K ; Compression reinforcement is required
i) Calculate z = d { 0.5 + 0.25 K/0.9 }
ii) Calculate x = (d z) / 0.45
iii) Check the ratio of x/d and d/x
iv) Calculate;
If d/x < 0.37
If d/x > 0.37
v) Calculate;
) ' ( 95 . 0
) ' (
'
2
d d f
bd f K K
A
y
cu
s
=
) / ' 1 ( 700
) ' (
'
2
x d
bd f K K
A
cu
s
=
'
95 . 0
2 '
s
y
cu
s
A
z f
bd f K
A +
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
7
Design procedures of reinforced concrete flange beam based on
Clause 3.4.4.4, BS 8110.
1) Calculate M
f
= 0.45f
cu
bh
f
(d h
f
/2)
2) If M < M
f
; Neutral axis lies in flange and compression reinforcement
not required.
i) Calculate K = M / f
cu
bd
2
ii) Calculate z = d { 0.5 + 0.25 K/0.9 } but z < 0.95d
iii) Calculate x = (d z) / 0.45 and check ratio of x/d
iv) Calculate A
s
= M / 0.95f
y
z
8
5
3) If M > M
f
; Neutral axis lies in web
i) Calculate
f
using equation 2 or Table 3.7 BS 8110
ii) Calculate M
uf
=
f
f
cu
bd
2
iii) Compare Mwith M
uf
iv) Check h
f
< 0.45d
4) If M < M
uf
; Compression reinforcement not required
i) Calculate
(
+
=
) 5 . 0 ( 95 . 0
) 45 . 0 ( 1 . 0
f y
f w cu
s
h d f
h d d b f M
A
9
5) If M > M
uf
; Compression reinforcement is required
i) Calculate;
ii) Calculate;
) ' ( 95 . 0
) (
'
d d f
M M
A
y
uf
s
=
'
95 . 0
)) ( 45 . 0 2 . 0 (
s
y
w f cu w cu
s
A
f
b b h f d b f
A +
(
+
=
10
6
5.4 Desi gn f or Shear
As we have al ready seen f rom
t he exampl es of f ai l ure modes
f or RC beams due t o bendi ng,
now we must consi der t he
capaci t y of t he beam wi t h
respect t o shear. Shear f ai l ure
may be one of t wo t ypes as
shown i n t he f i gures:
11
The f i rst of t hese, di agonal t ensi on, can be prevent ed by t he provi si on
of shear l i nks; whi l e t he second, di agonal compressi on, can be
avoi ded by l i mi t i ng t he maxi mum shear st ress t o 5 N/ mm
2
or
whi chever i s t he l esser.
The desi gn shear st ress v, at any cross sect i on i s gi ven by:
Equat i on 3 (BS 8 1 1 0 )
where V, i s t he desi gn shear f orce on t he sect i on, bv i s t he wi dt h of t he
sect i on and d i s t he ef f ect i ve dept h of t he sect i on.
12
7
From t he research done by Tai l or 1 9 7 4 show t hat t he shear
resi st ance provi ded by t he rei nf orced concret e sect i on wi t hout any
shear rei nf orcement gi ven by 3 i nt ernal component of f orces whi ch
are;
Concret e i n t he compressi on zone, V
cz
Aggregat e i nt erl ock across t he cracked zone, V
a
Dowel act i on of t he t ensi on rei nf orcement , V
d
The compl exi t y of t hese f act ors has l ed t o t he adopt i on of a
expressi on f or desi gn concret e shear resi st ance v
c
as shown:
Refer Tabl e 3.8 BS 8110
13
Where;
As = Area of t ensi on rei nf orcement
bv = Wi dt h of beam = b
d = Ef f ect i ve dept h
m
= Part i al saf et y f act or = 1 .2 5
Shoul d not be t aken as great er t han 3
Shoul d not be t aken as l ess t han 1
If may be mul t i pl i ed by t he val ue
of f
cu
shoul d not be t aken as great er t han 4 0 N/ mm
2
14
8
General l y, when t he desi gn shear st ress i s great er t han t he desi gn
concret e shear st ress, enhancement of t he shear resi st ance i s gai ned
by t he provi si on of shear rei nf orcement : ei t her l i nks or a combi nat i on
of l i nks and bent up bars.
As t he use of l i nks i s f ar si mpl er and more usual t hi s met hod wi l l be
adopt ed f or our purposes.
15
Shear l i nk i s provi ded i n t erm of t hei r spaci ng. But t o eval uat e t he
spaci ng a di amet er of l i nks must f i rst be chosen.
Al t hough we have arri ved at onl y t wo possi bi l i t i es f or t he cal cul at i on
of shear rei nf orcement provi si on i s shoul d be not ed t hat t he BS gi ves
us t hree al t ernat i ves t o consi der as shown i n Tabl e 3 .7 BS8 1 1 0 :
v
y
v
v s
f
bS
A
95 . 0
4 . 0
>
v
y
v
v s
f
bS
A
95 . 0
4 . 0
>
16
9
A f urt her l i mi t at i on pl aced on t he spaci ng of l i nks by t he BS i s t hat t he
maxi mum spaci ng shoul d be l ess t han 0 .7 5 d, whi ch i s obvi ousl y
necessary t o avoi d a f ai l ure pl ane f ormi ng whi ch mi sses t he l i nks
al t oget her.
v
y
c v
v s
f
v v bS
A
95 . 0
) (
>
17
Area of shear rei nf orcement , A
sv
Si ngl e Leg Li nk Doubl e Leg Li nk
Area of steel Area of steel
18
10
Exa mple 5 . 1 : Desi gn of M a i n a nd Shear Rei nforcement .
Fi gure bel ow show t he beam t hat has been desi gned t o resi st bendi ng
moment . If t he charact eri st i c st rengt h of shear l i nk, f
yv
i s 2 5 0 N/ mm
2
and charact eri st i c st rengt h of concret e, f
cu
i s 3 0 N/ mm
2
. Desi gn t he
mai n and shear rei nf orcement of t he beam.
19
5.5 Checki ng of Def l ect i on
As al ready ment i oned many t i mes, we must remember t o check
servi ceabi l i t y as wel l as ul t i mat e l i mi t st at es.
The SLS f or def l ect i on consi ders t he perf ormance of t he st ruct ure
under Worki ng Loads such t hat t he st ruct ure, or part of i t under
consi derat i on, do not def l ect excessi vel y causi ng unsi ght l y cracki ng
and l oss of durabi l i t y.
BS 8 1 1 0 det ai l s how def l ect i ons and t he accompanyi ng crack wi dt hs
may be cal cul at ed.
Li mi t s f or SLS of def l ect i on are set out i n BS8 1 1 0 : Part 2 , cl ause
3 .2 .1 . The def l ect i on i s not i ceabl e i f i t exceeds where L= span of a
beam or l engt h of a cant i l ever. The code al so st at es t hat damage t o
part i t i ons, cl addi ng and f i ni shes wi l l general l y occur i f t he def l ect i on
exceeds
20
11
L/ 5 0 0 or 2 0 mm whi chever i s l esser f or bri t t l e f i ni shes
L/ 3 5 0 or 2 0 mm whi chever i s l esser f or non-bri t t l e f i ni shes.
One of t he met hod f or checki ng t hat def l ect i on i s not excessi ve i s
by l i mi t i ng t he span-t o-ef f ect i ve dept h rat i o as set out i n Cl ause
3 .4 .6 .
The al l owabl e val ue f or t he span-t o-ef f ect i ve dept h rat i o depends
on:-
The basi c span-t o-ef f ect i ve dept h rat i o f or rect angul ar or
f l anged beams and t he support condi t i ons.
The amount of t ensi on st eel and i t s st resses
The amount of compressi on st eel
21
The code st at es t hat t he basi c span-t o-ef f ect i ve dept h rat i os f or
rect angul ar and f l anged beams are so det ermi ned as t o l i mi t t he t ot al
def l ect i on t o L/ 2 5 0 as shown i n Tabl e 3 .9 .
Not e: i f b
w
/b >0.3 l i near i nt erpol at i on bet ween 0 .3 and 1 can be used
22
12
Compare t he span-t o-ef f ect i ve dept h rat i o.
If t he above condi t i on appl i ed, t hat mean t he def l ect i on i s under
al l owabl e l i mi t at i on and t he st ruct ures are saf e t o use.
i s def i ned as;
If L < 1 0 m
permissible
permissible actual
23
If L > 1 0 m
Where;
can be obt ai ned f rom Tabl e 3.9 BS 8110
MFTR : Modi f i cat i on Fact or f or Tensi on Rei nf orcement
Can be obt ai ned f rom Tabl e 3 .1 0 BS 8 1 1 0
MFCR : Modi f i cat i on Fact or f or Compressi on Rei nf orcement
Can be obt ai ned f rom Tabl e 3 .1 1 BS 8 1 1 0
24
13
MFTR
25
MFCR
26
14
If t he beam i s f ai l ed i n t erm of
def l ect i on and t he f ol l owi ng st eps shoul d be t aken.
Increase t he area of t ensi on rei nf orcement (As).
Increase t he ef f ect i ve dept h of t he beam (d).
actual permissible
27
Exampl e 5 .2 : Checki ng of Def l ect i on .
A si mpl y support ed beam wi t h span of 6 m have a di mensi on of 2 5 0 x
4 2 5 mm as shown i n f i gure. The beam subj ect ed t o bendi ng moment
of 1 7 9 .1 kNm. Check t he def l ect i on of t hi s beam, assume t here are
no moment redi st ri but i on.
28
15
5.6 Checki ng of Cracki ng
Cracki ng Check (cl . 3 .1 2 .1 1 .2 BS 8 1 1 0 )
The excessi ve crack of t he st ruct ures may i nf l uence t he est het i c val ue
and durabi l i t y of rei nf orced concret e st ruct ures.
There are t wo met hods are appl i cabl e t o ensure t he crack wi dt h not
exceed t he l i mi t , whi ch are;
1 ) Cal cul at i on of act ual crack wi dt h
The wi dt hs of f l exural cracks at part i cul ar poi nt on t he surf ace
of a member can be est i mat ed usi ng t he met hod gi ven i n cl .
3 .8 .3 BS 8 1 1 0 : Part 2 : 1 9 8 5 .
Normal st ruct ures crack wi dt h shoul d be < 0 .3 mm
Wat er ret ai ni ng st ruct ure < 0 .2 mm
29
2 ) Li mi t at i on of maxi mum spaci ng of bars
The requi rement t o l i mi t t he maxi mum spaci ng o rei nf orcement
i s t o mi ni mi ze surf ace cracki ng.
The l i mi t at i on i s gi ven i n cl . 3 .1 2 .1 1 .2 BS 8 1 1 0 :Part 1 : 1 9 9 7
and requi red as f ol l ows;
The cl ear hori zont al spaci ng bet ween bar, S
1
shoul d be not
great er t han t he val ue gi ven i n Tabl e 3 .2 8 dependi ng on
t he amount of redi st ri but i on and t he charact eri st i c st rengt h
of rei nf orcement .
The di st ance bet ween edge f ace of t he beam and t he
nearest l ongi t udi nal bar i n t ensi on, S
2
shoul d not be
great er t han hal f cl ear di st ance gi ven i n Tabl e 3 .2 8 .
30
16
S
1
= b 2 (cle a r co ve r) 2 (
lin k
) n (
b a r
)
n = n u m b e r o f b a rs
S
2
= y
2
+y
2
-
b a r
/2
y = cle a r co ve r +
lin k
+(
b a r
)/2
31
If t he overal l dept h of beam exceedi ng 7 5 0 mm, t he cont rol cracki ng
l ongi t udi nal bars shoul d be provi ded and di st ri but ed at spaci ng not
exceedi ng 2 5 0 mm over a di st ance of t wo-t hi rds (2 / 3 h) of t he beam
overal l dept h (cl . 3 .1 2 .5 .4 ).
b a r
= S
b
.b / f
y
Wh e re ;
S
b
= b a r sp a cin g
b = b re a d th o f th e se ctio n
N o t e xce e d in g 5 0 0 m m
Control
crack bar
32
17
Exampl e 5 .3 : Checki ng of Cracki ng
33
5.7 Desi gn f or Torsi on
Torsi on ref ers t o t he t wi st i ng of st ruct ural member when i t i s l oaded by
coupl es t hat produce rot at i on about i t s l ongi t udi nal axi s.
Torsi onal moment s produce shear st resses whi ch resul t i n pri nci pal
t ensi l e st resses i ncl i ned at approxi mat el y 4 5
o
t o t he l ongi t udi nal axi s
of t he member. The cracks wi l l f orm a spi ral around t he member as
shown i n f i gure bel ow.
34
18
Torsi on desi gn f or rei nf orced concret e beams i s based on BS8 1 1 0 -
2 :1 9 8 5 cl ause 2 .4 . In most of t he normal sl ab-and-beam or f ramed
const ruct i on, t orsi on cal cul at i ons are not usual l y necessary. Normal l y,
t he t orsi onal cracki ng i s cont rol l ed by shear rei nf orcement . However, i f
t he mai n ef f ect i s due t o t orsi on, t hen i t must be consi dered.
The t orsi onal shear st ress equat i on , v
t
of any rei nf orced concret e
rect angul ar beam i s deri ved f rom sand heap anal ogy and st at ed i n
equat i on 2 , BS 8 1 1 0 : 2 :1 9 8 5 ;
Where;
T= Torsi onal moment due t o ul t i mat e l oad
h
min
= smal l er di mensi on of rect angul ar sect i on
h
max
= l arger di mensi on of rect angul ar sect i on
3 / (
2
min max
min
2
h h h
T
v
t
=
35
For T, L or I sect i ons, i t shoul d be di vi ded t o t hei r component rect angl es
whi ch can provi de t he hi ghest t orsi onal st i f f ness. Thi s wi l l general l y be
achi eved i f t he wi dest rect angl e i s made as l ong as possi bl e.
The t orsi onal shear st ress, v
t
carri ed by each of t hese component
rect angl es may be cal cul at ed by t reat i ng t hem as rect angul ar sect i ons
subj ect ed t o a t orsi onal moment of :
For exampl e a T sect i on shown i n f i gure bel ow i s subj ect ed t o a
t orsi onal moment of T. Det ermi ne t he t orsi onal shear st resses.
|
|
.
|
\
|
) (
max
min
3
min
3
h h
h h
T
x ma
36
19
37
Torsion rei nforcement
Accordi ng t o BS8 1 1 0 -2 :1 9 8 5 cl ause 2 .4 .6 , i f t he t orsi onal shear
st ress, v
t
great er t han v
t min
i n Tabl e 2 .3 , t orsi on rei nf orcement shoul d
be provi ded. Recommendat i ons f or rei nf orcement f or combi nat i ons of
shear and t orsi on are gi ven i n Tabl e 2 .4 .
38
20
The t orsi on rei nf orcement s (vert i cal or hori zont al rei nf orcement ) are
addi t i onal t o any requi rement s f or shear and bendi ng and shoul d be
such t hat :
x
1
= smal l er di mensi on of t he l i nk
y
1
= l arger di mensi on of t he l i nk
A
sv
= area of t wo l egs of t he l i nk
f
yv
= charact eri st i c of t he l i nk
S
v
= l ongi t udi nal spaci ng of t he l i nks.
39
The spaci ng of l i nk, sv shoul d not exceed t he l east of x
1
, y
1
/ 2 or 2 0 0
mm. The l i nks shoul d be a cl osed shaped.
Longi t udi nal t orsi on rei nf orcement shoul d be di st ri but ed evenl y round
t he i nsi de peri met er of t he l i nks. The cl ear di st ance bet ween t hese bars
shoul d not exceed 3 0 0 mm and at l east f our bars, one i n each corner
of t he l i nks, shoul d be used.
Addi t i onal l ongi t udi nal rei nf orcement requi red at t he l evel of t he
t ensi on or compressi on rei nf orcement may be provi ded by usi ng l arger
bars t han t hose requi red f or bendi ng al one.
The t orsi on rei nf orcement shoul d ext end a di st ance at l east equal t o
t he l argest di mensi on of t he sect i on beyond where i t t heoret i cal l y
ceases t o be requi red.
40
21
BS8 1 1 0 : Part 2 , cl ause 2 .4 .1 0 , st at es t hat t he l i nk cages shoul d
i nt erl ock i n T- and L-sect i ons and t i e t he component rect angl es
t oget her as shown i n f i gure bel ow. If t he t orsi onal shear st ress i n a
mi nor component rect angl e does not exceed v
t min
t hen no t orsi onal
shear rei nf orcement need be provi ded i n t hat rect angl e.
(a) Closed link; (b) torque reinforcement for a T-beam.
41

Topic - 5 - RC Beam Design (Compatibility Mode)

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