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\
|
= + + +
= + + +
= + + +
= + + +
5
2
,
5
3
,
5
2
,
5
3
0 2
1 2
0 2
1 2
] 9
w z y x
w z y x
w z y x
w z y x
10] , , ,
2 2 2 2
x y z w a
x y z w b
d a c d b c a b
x y z w c
x y z w d
+ + + =
+ + =
+ | |
|
+ =
\ .
=
( ) 1 , 1 , 1 , 1
0
1 2 4
1 2
3 2 4 5
] 11
= + + +
= + +
= + +
= + +
t z y x
z y x
t z y x
t z x
( ) 10 , 2 , 4
4
8 2 2 4
2 2 3
] 12
= +
= + +
= + +
z y x
z y x
z y x
( ) 2 , 1 , 2
8 5 4 3
15 4 3 2
12 6 4 2
] 13
= + +
=
= + +
z y x
z y x
z y x
( ) , ,
1 3 2
4 2
1 2
4 4
] 14
= +
= +
= +
= +
z y x
z x
z y x
y x
( ) , ,
40 7 14 9
9 2 4 5
11 2 3
9 4 2
] 15
= +
= +
= +
= +
z y x
z y x
z y x
z y x
( ) , 2 , 1 , 0
3 2
5 6 7 2
7 4
1 2 3
] 16
= +
= + +
= +
= + +
z y
z y x
z y
z y x
( ) 0 , 3 , 2 , 1
44 13 5 17 5
3 8 4 8
44 14 2 2
10 3 4
] 17
= + +
= + +
= +
= + +
w z y x
w z y x
z y x
w z y x
Algebra lineal
Lic. ALBERTO RODRIGUEZ M.
2
( ) c c c c
w z y x
w z y x
w z y x
w z y x
, 5 1 , 21 2 , 53 6
3 3 7
8 4 20 3 3
2 28 6 10 4
1 4 3 2
] 18
+
= +
= +
= +
= +
1.1.1 SISTEMA DE ECUACIONES
LINEALES POR GAUSS JORDAN
Ejercicios: Resuelve los siguientes sistemas de
ecuaciones lineales por el mtodo de Gauss-Jordan.
1.
( ) , ,
4 4
0 2
9 3 2
3 2 1
3 2 1
3 2 1
= +
= +
= +
x x x
x x x
x x x
2.
( ) , , ,
2 4 3
1 3
0 3 2
4 3 2 1
4 2 1
4 3 2 1
= +
= +
= + +
x x x x
x x x
x x x x
3.
( ) , , ,
2 8 4 3
3 2 6 2
0 4 2 3
= +
= +
= + +
w z y x
w z y x
w z y x
4.
( ) , , ,
2
1
0
1 2
= + +
= +
= +
= + + +
z x w
y x
z y x w
z y x w
5.
( ) , ,
20 5 10 15
8 2 4 6
4 2 3
= +
= +
= +
z y x
z y x
z y x
6.
( ) , , ,
58 14 36 4 9
10 2 4
46 8 12 2 3
6 3 12 3 3
= + +
= + +
= + + +
= + +
w z y x
w z x
w z y x
w z y x
7.
( ) , , ,
6 8 7 2
6 10 7 3 3
0 2 4 2
1 3 2
= + + +
= + +
=
= + + +
w z y x
w z y x
w z y x
w z y x
8.
( ) , , ,
44 13 5 17 5
3 8 4 8
44 14 2 2
10 3 4
= + +
= + +
= +
= + +
w z y x
w z y x
z y x
w z y x
9.
( ) , , ,
3 3 7
8 4 20 3 3
2 28 6 10 4
1 4 3 2
= +
= +
= +
= +
w z y x
w z y x
w z y x
w z y x
10. ( ) , ,
5 25 15 40
3 15 9 24
1 5 3 8
3 2 1
3 2 1
3 2 1
=
= + +
=
x x x
x x x
x x x
1.2 OPERACIONES DE MATRICES
1] Si
(
=
4 3
2 1
A y
(
=
1 1
0 1
B resuelva la
ecuacin para X.
| |
| ( ) | ( ) ( )
2 3 0 2
2 2 3 2 3
a X A B b X A B
c A B X d A B X X A
+ = =
+ = + =
2] Sean;
(
(
(
=
0 1 1
1 1 1
1 2 1
A
(
(
(
=
1 2 1
1 1 1
0 1 1
B
(
(
(
=
1 1 2
1 1 1
1 2 1
C
(
(
(
=
1 1 2
3 1 3
1 2 1
A
Encuentre una matriz E que satisfgala ecuacin dada.
| | |
| | |
a EA B b EC A c EA C
d EB A e EC D f ED C
= = =
= = =
3] Si
(
(
(
=
0 1 2
1 2 3
1 1 1
A
y
(
(
(
=
3 2 1
6 4 2
3 2 1
B
Demostrar AB = BA
Algebra lineal
Lic. ALBERTO RODRIGUEZ M.
3
4] Dadas las matrices:
(
(
(
=
1 3 4
3 1 2
2 3 1
A
(
(
(
=
2 1 2 1
1 1 1 2
0 1 4 1
B
(
(
(
=
0 1 5 2
1 1 2 3
2 1 1 2
C
Demostrar que:
AB = AC pero B = C.
5] Dadas las matrices:
(
(
(
=
2 1 3
5 4 1
5 3 2
A
(
(
(
=
5 3 1
5 3 1
5 3 1
B
(
(
(
=
3 2 1
4 3 1
4 2 2
C
Demostrar:
| | ( )( )
| ( ) | |
2 2
2
2 2
0
a AB BA b A B A B A B
c A B A B d AC A e AC A
= = = +
= + = =
6] Sean
(
=
4 3
2 1
A ,
(
=
2 5
1 0
B y
(
=
4 6
2 8
C determine la matriz X que
satisfaga las siguientes ecuaciones:
| |
|
1 3
2 3 2
2 2
2 0
a X B A C b A X B C
c X B C
+ = + = +
+ + =
7] SI.
(
=
2 1
1 1
A
(
=
2 1
1 0
B
(
=
1 1
2 1
C
encontrar;
| | | |
| |
12 7 10 13
16 11
1
5 2
2
2 3
a A b C c B d A
e A f C
8] Efectu los siguientes productos de matrices
utilizando subdivisin en bloques;
a) si;
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
=
6 0 0 0 0 0
0 5 0 0 0 0
0 0 4 0 0 0
0 0 0 3 0 0
0 0 0 0 2 0
0 0 0 0 0 1
A
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
=
3 0 0 0 0 0
0 2 0 0 0 0
0 0 3 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 0 0
0 0 0 0 1 0
0 0 0 0 0 1
B
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
=
18 0 0 0 0 0
0 10 0 0 0 0
0 0 12 0 0 0
0 0 0 3 0 0
0 0 0 0 2 0
0 0 0 0 0 1
AB
b) si ;
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
=
1 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 1 0 0 0
0 1 2 1 0 0
0 2 1 3 0 0
0 0 0 0 1 2
0 0 0 0 1 1
A
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
=
1 4 5 6 7 8
4 5 6 7 8 9
9 8 7 6 5 4
8 7 6 5 4 3
7 6 5 4 3 2
6 5 4 3 2 1
B
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
=
1 4 5 9 7 8
13 13 13 13 13 13
30 28 26 24 22 20
41 39 37 35 33 31
19 16 13 10 7 4
13 11 9 7 5 3
AB
c) si ;
(
(
(
(
=
0 1 0 1
1 0 1 0
0 1 0 1
1 0 1 0
A
(
(
(
(
=
1 1 0
1 1 2
1 1
0 1
b
a
B
(
(
(
(
+
=
a
b
a
b
AB
1 1 3
1 0 1
1 1 1
1 2 1
Algebra lineal
Lic. ALBERTO RODRIGUEZ M.
4
d) si;
(
(
(
(
=
0 1 0 1
1 0 1 0
0 1 0 1
1 0 1 0
A
(
(
(
(
=
1 1 0
1 1 2
1 1
0 1
b
a
B
(
(
(
(
+
=
a
b
a
b
AB
1 1 3
1 0 1
1 1 1
1 2 1
e) Si;
(
(
(
(
=
0 0 1 1 2
1 1 0 0 1
1 2 1 1 1
2 1 0 0 1
A
(
(
(
(
(
(
=
1 3 0 1
1 0 1 2
0 1 0 0
0 1 2 1
2 1 0 0
B
f) si;
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
=
7 5 3 1 2
6 4 2 1 3
6 2 3 1 5
4 1 2 3 2
4 1 3 2 1
2 4 3 1 2
A
(
(
(
(
(
(
=
1 6 4 2 3
7 5 3 1 2
3 2 4 5 1
1 2 3 1 2
1 4 3 2 1
B
g) Efectu el producto BA de las matrices
anteriores.
Ejercicios:
1] Si
(
=
1 2 3
1 1 2
A
(
(
(
=
1 2
2 3
2 1
B
(
(
(
=
2 3 1
3 1 2
3 1 2
C
(
=
5 3
1 2
D
(
(
(
=
2 3 2
1 1 1
3 1 1
E
(
=
3 2
0 1
F
De ser posible encuentre lo siguiente;
| ( ) | | | ( )
| ( ) | ( ) | ( )
t
t
B 3
5 3 2
t t t
t
t t
a AB b BB c A d E A
e C E B f A D F g B A C + +
2] Si A es una matriz de orden n x n, muestre que;
a) simtrica es A A
t
+
b) ca atisimtri es A A
t
3] Sean A y B dos matrices simtricas demuestre que:
a) simtrica es B A+
b) simtrica es AB si slo si BA AB =
4] Si
(
(
(
=
c
b
a
A
2 0
1 1
2 1
(
(
(
=
1 0 1
0 2 2
2 1 1
B
(
(
(
=
0 2 0
2 1 1
1 0 1
C
encuentre;
a) Una matriz simtrica con la matriz A
b) Una matriz simtrica con la matriz BC
c) Una matriz simtrica con la matriz B A+
d) Una matriz simtrica con la matriz
t
C A+
1.3 MATRIZ INVERSA
Ejercicios: Encuentra la matriz inversa de la matriz
dada, utilizando sistemas de ecuaciones;
1]
(
=
(
=
2 1
3 3
9
1
3 1
3 2
1
A A
2]
(
=
(
=
2 3
7 1
23
1
1 3
7 2
1
A A
3]
(
=
(
=
2 0
1 4
8
1
4 0
1 2
1
B B
4]
(
=
(
=
3 2
4 5
7
1
5 2
4 3
1
B B
5]
(
(
(
=
(
(
(
=
5 6 8
6 7 10
3 4 5
5 2 4
0 1 2
3 2 1
1
A A
Algebra lineal
Lic. ALBERTO RODRIGUEZ M.
5
6]
(
(
(
=
(
(
(
=
4 1 10
2 1 5
3 1 8
3 2 5
1 2 0
1 1 2
1
B B
7]
(
(
(
=
(
(
(
=
1 2 1
3 2 1
2 4 2
4
1
0 2 1
1 1 1
2 0 1
1
A A
8]
(
(
(
=
(
(
(
=
5 9 3
3 3 1
1 1 1
4
1
1 3 0
1 2 1
0 1 3
1
A A
9]
(
(
(
=
(
(
(
=
6
1
6
1
3
1
3
1
3
1
3
1
8
1
8
1
4
1
1
3 0 4
1 2 4
2 1 0
A A
10]
(
(
(
=
(
(
(
=
13
3
3
1
3
4
26
1
26
9
26
3
26
9
26
3
26
1
1
0 1 3
1 3 1
3 0 2
B B
1.3.1 MATRIZ INVERSA POR
GAUSS JORDAN
Ejercicios: Utilizando el mtodo de Gauss-Jordan
encuentra la inversa de la matriz.
1]
(
(
(
=
(
(
(
=
1 2 1
1 1 0
1 1 1
1 1 1
1 0 1
0 1 1
1
B B
2]
(
(
(
=
(
(
(
=
4 5 3
1 1 0
4 5 2
2 5 3
2 4 3
1 0 1
1
A A
3]
(
(
(
=
(
(
(
=
0 1 2
1 3 3
2 3 1
6 5 3
5 4 2
3 2 1
1
A A
4]
(
(
(
=
(
(
(
=
6 1 5
14 4 15
9 4 10
5
1
4 2 1
1 3 4
4 3 2
1
A A
5]
(
(
(
(
=
1 1 0 0
1 1 1 0
0 1 0 1
1 1 1 1
A
(
(
(
(
1 1 1 1
2 1 1 1
1 1 0 0
2 1 0 1
1
A
6]
(
(
(
(
=
3 3 3 2
3 2 2 2
3 2 1 1
2 2 1 0
A
(
(
(
(
2 3 2 2
3 5 4 3
2 4 4 3
2 3 3 3
1
A
7]
(
(
(
(
=
(
(
(
(
=
3 4 2 9
2 2 1 5
2 2 1 4
4 5 2 11
1 1 1 0
0 3 1 1
2 0 1 2
0 1 1 0
1
A A
8]
(
(
(
(
(
(
=
(
(
(
=
a a a
a a
a
B
a
a
a
B
1 1 1
0
1 1
0 0
1
1 0
0 1
0 0
2 3
2
1
9]
1
1 3 2
2 1 3
2 1 1
(
(
(
= A tiene no A
10]
1
0 0
0
0 0
(
(
(
= A tiene no
d
c b
a
A
11]
(
(
(
=
(
(
(
=
1 1 1
1 1 1
1 1 1
2
1
1 1 0
1 0 1
0 1 1
1
A A
12]
1
2
0 2 0
2 0 2 2 0
2
4 2 2 0 0 2
2 2 8 0
2 0 0 1 0
0 0 1 0
0 0 3 1
0 0 3 1
A A
(
(
(
(
(
(
= =
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
13]
(
(
(
(
=
(
(
=
2
1
2
4
2
2
2
2
5
1
2 2 2
2
2
2
1
B B
14]
(
(
(
=
(
(
(
=
1 2
3 1 5
5 9
3 3 1
4 2 2
1 2 1
2
1
5
3
1
A A
Algebra lineal
Lic. ALBERTO RODRIGUEZ M.
6
15]
(
(
(
=
(
(
(
=
ad cb
abd
ad cb
abd
ad cb
cda
ad cb
acb
B
d c
b a
B
1
1 1
1 1
16]
1
2 3 0 2 3 3
1 2 1 1 2 2
2 0 1 4 6 7
A A
( (
( (
= =
( (
( (
17]
(
(
(
(
(
=
(
(
(
(
=
d d
c
d
b
d
a
A
d c b a
A
1
0 1 0 0
0 0 1 0
0 0 0 1
0 1 0 0
0 0 1 0
0 0 0 1
1
18]
( )
(
+
=
(
=
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
a
a
a
A
a
a
A
19]
4 1 1
3 3 3
1 1 1
3 3 3
1
5 4 2
3 3 3
1 2 2
3 3 3
0 2 0 1 0 2 1
1 1 0 0 1 0 0
0 0 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 0 1 2 0 0
0 1 1 2 1 1 1 0 1 0
A A
( (
( (
( (
( ( =
( (
( (
( (
20]
1
3
2
6
5
5
3
4
3
(
(
(
= A tiene no A
21]
(
+
=
(
=
a b
b a
b a
A
a b
b a
A
2 2
1
1
22]
1
1 1 1 1 2 16 6 4
1 2 3 4 22 41 30 1
1
2 3 5 5 10 44 30 2 18
3 4 5 8 4 13 6 1
A A
( (
( (
( (
= =
( (
( (
23]
1
3 4 2 7 1 11 7 26
2 3 3 2 1 7 3 16
1
5 7 3 9 1 1 1 0 2
2 3 2 3 1 1 1 2
A A
( (
( (
( (
= =
( (
( (
24]
(
(
(
=
(
(
(
=
3 5 1
1 3 5
5 1 3
14
1
1 1 2
2 1 1
1 2 1
1
A A
25]
(
(
(
=
(
(
(
=
6 1 5
14 4 15
9 4 10
5
1
4 2 1
1 3 4
4 3 2
1
A A
26]
(
(
(
=
(
(
(
=
0 1 2
1 3 3
2 3 1
6 5 3
5 4 2
3 2 1
1
A A
27]
(
(
(
(
(
=
(
(
(
(
=
3
1
6
1
2
1
3
1
3
2
1
0 0 0
0 0
0 0 0
0 0 1
3 0 0 0
1 2 0 0
0 0 3 0
0 0 2 1
A A
28]
1
1 2 1 2 1 1 1 1
2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1
1
1 1 1 1 1 1 5 1 2
2 1 1 2 1 1 1 1
A A
( (
( (
( (
= =
( (
( (
29]
(
(
(
(
=
(
(
(
(
=
2 3 2 2
3 5 4 3
2 4 4 3
2 3 3 3
3 3 3 2
3 2 2 2
3 2 1 1
2 2 1 0
1
A A
1.4 DETERMINANTES
Ejercicios: Calcular El Determinante De Cada Matriz.
1]
11
1 6 0
1 5 2
4 2 3
=
(
(
(
= A A
2]
131
2 0 3 4
2 1 1 3
0 2 0 1
3 2 2 1
=
(
(
(
(
= A A
3]
55
1 1 2 2
3 4 1 1
2 1 0 3
2 3 1 2
=
(
(
(
(
= A A
Hallar el valor de t si el determinante de 0 = A
4]
2 , 4 , 3
4 0 0
2 1 1
3 4 2
=
(
(
(
= t
t
t
t
A
5]
2 , 4
4 6 6
3 5 3
3 3 1
=
(
(
(
+
= t
t
t
t
A
6]
2 , 4
2 6 6
1 5 7
1 1 3
=
(
(
(
= t
t
t
t
A
Algebra lineal
Lic. ALBERTO RODRIGUEZ M.
7
7]
118
2 2 2 2 3
5 2 3 4 1
1 1 2 1 1
2 3 1 1 2
2 2 3 2 1
=
8]
2
1 1 2 2 1
2 1 1 0 0
0 0 0 1 1
1 1 1 0 0
1 2 1 2 1
=
9]
304
6 5 4 3
5 4 3 2
3 4 1 2
4 3 2 1
=
10]
xyz
z x y y
x z y x
z z y x
4 =
+
+
+
11]
3 3 3
3 c b a abc
c b a
a c c b b a
b a a c a b
=
+ + +
12]
0
1 1 1 1
3 8 7 5
1 0 1 3
2 4 3 1
=
13] 1
cos
cos
=
u u
u u
sen
sen
14]
36
0 0 1 0 1
3 0 1 1 0
3 1 2 1 0
0 1 1 1 1
3 1 1 0 2
=
15]
13
2 1 2 0 1
2 1 1 0 1
2 2 1 2 3
1 1 2 1 0
3 0 2 0 1
=
16]
40
0 2 1 0 1
1 4 2 3 2
1 0 2 1 0
2 1 0 1 2
5 5 4 3 1
=
17]
14
1 3 2 1
0 0 1 0
3 1 2 1
0 1 1 2
=
18]
0
5 5 6 5 23 4
0 9 8 9 2 1
8 11 10 4 2 8
4 3 9 8 4 5
0 9 8 9 2 1
5 6 7 2 6 2
=
19]
120
0 1 1 0 2 1
1 3 1 1 2 1
0 0 1 0 1 0
1 1 1 0 1 2
2 1 2 1 0 1
1 1 0 1 1 2
=
20]
bca
a c
a b
b c
2
0
0
0
=
21]
abc
b a c c
b a c b
a a c b
4 =
+
+
+
22]
3 3
2 2 b a
b a b a
a b a b
b a b a
=
+
+
+
23]
5
5 2 1 4
1 1 1 1
4 2 1 4
3 2 1 3
=
Algebra lineal
Lic. ALBERTO RODRIGUEZ M.
8
24]
80
2 4 6 9 3
0 4 3 45 6
0 0 5 34 4
0 0 0 1 23
0 0 0 0 2
=
25]
36
1 1 2 2 1
1 1 2 1 2
2 0 1 1 0
1 1 1 2 0
2 1 0 1 2
=
26]
0
6 0 6 4 0
5 0 0 6 9
4 0 9 7 3
3 0 8 6 2
2 0 2 5 3
=
27]
7
3 0 1 2 1
2 1 1 1 0
1 0 2 2 1
0 2 1 1 2
1 0 1 1 0
=
28]
23
2 0 0 0 3
1 1 0 2 1
0 3 1 3 0
2 2 1 0 1
1 1 2 1 2
=
29]
144
0 3 1 0 1
1 0 3 0 2
2 1 1 0 1
1 0 3 1 0
0 1 0 2 3
=
30]
cb ab c ac
b a c
b a b
c b a
+ + =
+
+
+
2
1
1
1
31] 0 =
+ + +
+ + +
y c y b y a
x c x b x a
c b a
Use reduccin por operacin de filas para demostrar las
siguientes identidades.
32]
( )( )( ) a c b c a b
c b a
c b a =
2 2 2
1 1 1
33]
( )( )( ) 1 1
1
1
1
3 3
2 2
= b a a b ab
b a
b a
b a
34]
( )( )( )( ) c b a a c b c a b
c b a
c b a + + =
3 3 3
1 1 1
35]
( )( )( )( ) 1 1 1
1
1
1
4 4
2 2
+ + = b a b a a b ab
b a
b a
b a
1.4.1 Utilizando el mtodo del adjunto,
encontrar la inversa de las siguientes matrices.
36]
(
(
(
(
(
(
=
(
(
(
=
2
3
2
1
1
3
1
1
0
3
1
0
1 1 1
0 0 3
1 2 0
1
A A
37]
(
(
(
=
(
(
(
=
5 7 1
1 5 1
5 1 1
6
1
1 1 2
1 0 1
4 5 3
1
A A
38]
(
(
(
(
(
(
=
(
(
(
=
2
1
2
3
6
1
0 1
3
1
0 0
3
1
2 3 2
0 1 1
0 0 3
1
A A
39]
(
(
(
=
(
(
(
=
6 3 2
5 0 0
7 3 1
5
1
0 1 0
1 2 2
3 1 1
1
A A
40]
(
(
(
=
(
(
(
=
6 3 4
3 2 2
8 3 5
0 1 0
1 2 0
7 6 3
1
A A
41]
(
(
(
=
(
(
(
=
0 1 1
1 1 1
1 1 0
1 1 0
1 1 1
0 1 1
1
A A
Algebra lineal
Lic. ALBERTO RODRIGUEZ M.
9
42]
(
(
(
=
(
(
(
=
1 1 1
1 1 1
1 1 1
2
1
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0
1
A A
1.4.2 Utiliza la regla de Cramer para
resolver los siguientes sistemas de
ecuaciones.
43]
1
1
1
= +
= +
= + +
z y x
z y x
z y x
44]
1 4 5
2 2 4
3 2 3 3
= + +
= +
=
z y x
z y x
z y x
45]
1
1
2
0
= + +
= + +
= + +
=
w z y x
w z y x
w z y x
w z y x
46]
5 3 2
0 2
2 6 4 2
= +
= +
= + +
z y x
z x
z y x
47]
4
5 2 2
4 3 2
4 2
= +
= + +
= + +
= + +
w y x
w z y x
w z y
w z y x
48]
4 2
6 2 2 3
6 2
= + +
= +
= + +
z y x
z y x
z y x
49]
0 4 2
0 4 2
2 7 3 2
= + +
=
= + +
z y x
z x
z y x
2.1 ESPACIOS VECTORIALES
1] Cules de los siguientes subconjuntos de
3
9 son
subespacios de
3
9 ?
a) ( ). 2 , , b a no
b) ( ) b a c donde c b a + = , , si
c) ( ) 0 , , = = a c donde c b a
d) ( ) c a donde c b a = , ,
e) ( ) 1 2 , , + = a b donde c b a
f) ( ) b a donde c b a 2 , , = si
g) ( ) c b a donde c b a s s , , no
h) ( ) 0 , , = ab donde c b a no
i) ( ) c b a donde c b a = = , , si
j) ( )
2
, , b a donde c b a = no
2] Cules de los siguientes subconjuntos de
4
9 son
subespacios de
4
9 ?
a) ( ) 2 , , , = b a donde d c b a no
b) ( ) a c donde d c b a = , , , +2b
y b a d 3 = si
c) ( ) 0 , , , = a donde d c b a
y d b =
d) ( ) 0 , , , = = b a donde d c b a
3] Cules de los siguientes subconjuntos de los
polinomios de segundo grado P
2
son subespacios ?
a) 0 ,
0 0 1
2
2
= + + a donde a t a t a si
b) 2 ,
0 0 1
2
2
= + + a donde a t a t a no
c)
0 1 2 0 1
2
2
, a a a donde a t a t a = + + + si
4] En los siguientes ejercicios determine si el
subconjunto dado de las matrices 2 x 2 M
22
, es un
subespacio de M
22
.
a) El conjunto de matrices de la forma
(
0
0
a
a
b) El conjunto de matrices de la forma
(
a b
b a
c) Todas las matrices
(
d c
b a
tales que a + d = 0
d) El conjunto de matrices
(
d c
b a
tal que ad = 0
Algebra lineal
Lic. ALBERTO RODRIGUEZ M.
10
5] Sea ( ) { }
3
0 , , 9 e + = y x y x A Mostrar
que A es un subespacio.
6] Sea ( ) { } 9 e + = x x x x s / 1 , 2 , Mostrar
que A no es un subespacio.
7] Sea ( ) { } 9 e = z y x z y x s , , / 3 , 2 ,
Mostrar si es subespacio de
3
9 .
8] Cul de los siguientes conjuntos son
subespacios de
3
9 ?
a) ( ) { } Q z y x z y x s e = , , / , ,
b) ( ) { } 9 e = z x z x s , / , 0 ,
c) ( ) { } 9 e = y x y x s , / 2 , ,
d) ( ) { } 9 e + + + = z y x z y x z x y x s , , / 2 , 3 , 2
2.2 COMBINACIN LINEAL
Ejercicios:
1] Escribir el vector ( ) 5 , 2 , 1 = v
3
9 e como
una combinacin lineal de los vectores;
( ) 1 , 1 , 1
1
= u , ( ) 3 , 2 , 1
2
= u , ( ) 1 , 1 , 2
1
= u
Res.
3 2 1
2 3 6 u u u v + + =
2] Escribir el vector ( ) 3 , 5 , 2 = v
3
9 e como
una combinacin lineal de los vectores;
( ) 2 , 3 , 1
1
= u , ( ) 1 , 4 , 2
2
= u , ( ) 7 , 5 , 1
1
= u
Res. V no puede escribirse como combinacin
lineal porque el sistema no tiene solucin
3] Para que valor de k el vector
( ) k u , 2 , 1 =
3
9 e . Ser combinacin lineal de
los vectores;
( ) 2 , 0 , 3 = v , ( ) 5 , 1 , 2 = w
Res. 8 = k
4] Mostrar que el plano xy ,
( ) { }
3
0 , , 9 e = b a w es generado por v u, si;
a) ( ) 0 , 2 , 1 = u y ( ) 0 , 1 , 0 = v
b) ( ) 0 , 1 , 2 = u y ( ) 0 , 3 , 1 = v
Res. a) v u, si generan a w
5] Consideremos los vectores;
( ) 2 , 3 , 1 = u , ( ) 1 , 1 , 2 = v
3
9 e
a) Escribir ( ) 4 , 7 , 1 = w como
combinacin lineal de v u,
b) Escribir ( ) 4 , 5 , 2 = w como combinacin
lineal de v u,
c) Para que valor de k es ( ) 5 , , 1 k k = una
combinacin lineal de v u,
Res. a) v u w 2 3 + = b) no c) 8
6] Escribir 5 8 3
2
+ = t t u como combinacin
lineal de; 4 3 2
2
+ = t t v y 3 2
2
= t t w
Res. w v u = 2
7] Escribir 1 6 4
2
= t t u como combinacin
lineal de; 4 3 2
2
+ = t t v y 3 2
2
= t t w
Res. Imposible
8] Escribir la matriz
(
=
2 1
1 3
E como una
combinacin lineal de las matrices;
(
=
1 0
1 1
A ,
(
=
0 1
1 1
B ,
(
=
0 0
1 1
C
Res. C B A E 2 2 + =
9] Escribir la matriz
(
=
2 1
1 2
E como una
combinacin lineal de las matrices;
(
=
1 0
1 1
A ,
(
=
0 1
1 1
B ,
(
=
0 0
1 1
C
Res. Imposible
10] Mostrar que ( ) 1 , 1 , 1 , ( ) 1 , 1 , 0 , ( ) 1 , 1 , 0
generan
3
9
11] Cules de los siguientes vectores generan
4
9 ?
a) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 0 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 0 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 0 , 1
b) ( ) ( ) ( ) 1 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 0 , 1 , 2 , 1
c) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 1 , 2 , 1 , 2 , 1 , 1 , 0 , 0 , 1 , 1 , 2 , 1 , 0 , 0 , 1 , 1
Res. a) si b) no c) si
Algebra lineal
Lic. ALBERTO RODRIGUEZ M.
11
12] Determine cual de los siguientes conjuntos
dados generan P
2
a) { } t t t t t , 2 1 , 1
2 2
+ + + +
b) { }
2
2 , 1 , 1 t t t t + + + +
c) { }
2 2 2
1 , 1 , 1 t t t t t t + + + +
Res. a) no b) si c) si
13] Determine cual de los siguientes conjuntos
dados generan M
22
a)
)
`
5 0
5 0
,
0 4
0 4
,
3 0
3 0
,
1 1
1 1
b)
)
`
5 4
3 2
,
4 4
0 0
,
3 3
3 0
,
2 2
2 2
c)
)
`
1 1
0 3
,
0 0
1 2
,
0 1
1 1
,
0 0
0 1
Res. a) no b) c) si
2.3 BASES Y DIMENSIONES
1] Determina si los siguientes conjuntos de
vectores son linealmente independientes.
a) ( ) ( ) { } 2 , 1 , 3 , 1 , 2 , 1 li
b) ( ) ( ) ( ) { } 4 , 5 , 0 , 0 , 1 , 2 , 2 , 3 , 1 ld
c) ( ) ( ) ( ) { } 2 , 1 , 0 , 3 , 2 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 2 li
d) ( ) ( ) ( ) { } 1 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 1 li
e) ( ) ( ) ( ) { } 1 , 1 , 1 , 2 , 1 , 0 , 1 , 2 , 1 li
f) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) { } 1 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 0 , 1 , 3 , 1 , 2 , 1 , 0 , 1
g) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) { } 5 , 4 , 2 , 1 , 1 , 3 , 6 , 0 , 2 , 7 , 3 , 1
h) ( ) ( ) ( ) { } 5 , 1 , 2 , 2 , 3 , 1 , 3 , 2 , 1 li
i) ( ) ( ) ( ) { } 23 , 4 , 9 , 2 , 7 , 5 , 8 , 3 , 4 , 1 , 3 , 1 ld
j) ( ) ( ) ( ) { } 4 , 1 , 6 , 3 , 3 , 0 , 1 , 2 , 1 , 4 , 2 , 1 li
2] Determinar si las siguientes matrices son
linealmente independientes o dependientes.
a)
(
=
(
=
(
=
0 0
1 1
,
1 0
0 1
,
1 1
1 1
C B A li
b)
(
=
(
=
(
=
0 4
5 1
,
2 2
1 3
,
1 3
2 1
C B A
c)
(
=
(
=
2 0 6
8 4 2
,
1 0 3
4 2 1
v u
ld
d)
(
=
(
=
3 2 1
4 5 6
,
4 5 6
3 2 1
v u li
e)
(
=
(
=
(
=
1 10 2
7 8 3
2 5 4
4 1 1
,
1 4 2
3 2 1
w
v u
ld
f)
(
=
(
=
(
=
3 2 1
2 1 4
5 0 2
3 1 1
,
4 2 3
1 1 2
w
v u
li
g)
(
=
(
=
2
1
0
1 2
,
1 0
2 4
v u ld
h)
(
=
(
=
0 1
1 0
,
1 0
0 1
v u li
3] Sea V el espacio vectorial de los
polinomios de grado 3 s sobre 9, determine
si los polinomios son linealmente independientes o
dependientes.
a)
5 3 2
1 4 2
3 2 4
2 3
2 3
2 3
+
+ +
+ +
t t t
t t t
t t t
li
b)
9 7 7 2
4 3 4
3 2 5
2 3
2 3
2 3
+
+
+
t t t
t t t
t t t
ld
c)
7 8 8 3
4 6
3 2 4
2 3
2 3
2 3
+ +
+ +
+ +
t t t
t t t
t t t
ld
Algebra lineal
Lic. ALBERTO RODRIGUEZ M.
12
d)
5 9 4 2
2 8
1 5 3
2 3
2 3
2 3
+ +
+ +
+ +
t t t
t t t
t t t
li
e)
8
4
1
2
1
16
2
1
2 3
2 3
+
+
t t
t t
ld
f)
3 4
4 3
3
3
+ +
+ +
t t
t t
li
4] Determine si cada conjunto de los siguientes
vectores forman una base de
3
9 .
a) ( ) ( ) ( ) { } 1 , 1 , 0 , 1 , 1 , 0 , 3 , 4 , 2 si
b) ( ) ( ) ( ) { } 11 , 3 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 1 , 4 , 3 , 1 no
c) ( ) ( ) { } , 1 , 3 , 0 , 1 , 2 , 1 no
d) ( ) ( ) ( ) { } 0 , 1 , 0 , 1 , 2 , 1 , 2 , 2 , 3
5] Exprese el vector ( ) 3 , 1 , 2 como una
combinacin lineal de los vectores en cada
subconjunto que sea una base de
3
9 .
a) ( ) ( ) ( ) { } 0 , 1 , 0 , 3 , 2 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 1
c) ( ) ( ) ( ) { } 0 , 0 , 0 , 3 , 1 , 2 , 3 , 2 , 1
d) ( ) ( ) ( ) { } 1 , 4 , 3 , 0 , 2 , 2 , 2 , 1 , 1
6] Cules de los siguientes vectores son base
para
2
9 ?
a) ( ) ( ) { } , 1 , 1 , , 3 , 1
b) ( ) ( ) { } , 6 , 2 , , 3 , 1
c) ( ) ( ) ( ) { } 2 , 3 , 3 , 2 , , 2 , 1
d) ( ) ( ) { } , 1 , 3 , , 1 , 1
7] Hallar una base y la dimensin del subespacio
W de
4
9 generado por los vectores.
a) ( ) ( ) ( ) { } 5 , 1 , 2 , 0 , 1 , 3 , 1 , 2 , 3 , 1 , 4 , 1
b) ( ) ( ) ( ) { } 7 , 2 , 8 , 3 , 2 , 1 , 3 , 1 , 1 , 2 , 4 , 1
c) ( ) ( ) ( ) { } 1 , 0 , 0 , 1 , 1 , 2 , 1 , 3 , 2 , 0 , 1 , 1
d) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) { } 1 , 1 , 1 , 0 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 0 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 0 , 1
e) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) { } 1 , 2 , 1 , 2 , 0 , 0 , 1 , 1 , 2 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 0 , 0
8] Sea W el espacio generado por los polinomios.
Hallar una base y la dimensin de W.
a)
7 7 2
4 3
1 2 2
2 3
2 3
2 3
+
+ +
+ +
t t t
t t t
t t t
b)
1 2
4 6 8 6
1 3 2
2 3
2 3
2 3
+ + +
+ + +
+ +
t t t
t t t
t t t
c)
t t t
t
t t
+ +
+ +
2 3
3
2 3
1
1
9] Sea V el espacio de matrices 2 x 2 sobre 9.
Y sea W el subespacio generado por el siguiente
conjunto de matrices. Hallar una base y la dimensin
de W
a)
)
`
= ,
2 2
1 1
,
2 1
2 1
W
b)
)
`
= ,
3 3
3 3
,
1 1
1 1
W
c)
)
`
=
6 5
6 5
,
4 3
4 3
,
2 1
2 1
W
d)
)
`
=
1 1
1 1
,
0 1
1 0
,
1 0
0 1
W
e)
)
`
=
4 3
3 3
,
4 3
2 2
,
4 3
2 1
W
f)
)
`
=
6 5
6 5
,
4 3
4 3
,
2 1
2 1
W
2.3.1 Ejercicios: Determine una base y la
dimensin del espacio solucin del sistema
homogneo dado.
1
2
1] 2 4 3 0
2 2 2 0
2 4 2 3 4 0
3
( 2,1, 0, 0, 0), ( 1, 0, ,1, 0), ( 3, 0, 1, 0,1)
x y z r s
x y z r s
x y z r s
Dim
Base
+ + =
+ + + =
+ + + =
9 =
=
2] 2 2 3 0
2 3 0
3 6 8 5 0
3
( 2,1, 0, 0, 0), (5, 0, 2,1, 0), ( 7, 0, 2, 0,1)
x y z s t
x y z s t
x y z s t
Dim
Base
+ + + =
+ + + + =
+ + + + =
9 =
=
Algebra lineal
Lic. ALBERTO RODRIGUEZ M.
13
3] 3 2 0
5 0
3 5 8 0
1
(7, 1, 2)
4] 2 7 0
2 3 2 0
2 0
0
5] 2 2 2 0
2 3 2 0
2 4 7
3
(2, 1, 0, 0, 0), (4, 0,1, 1, 0), (3, 0,1, 0,1)
6] 2 3 4 0
2 4
x y z
x y z
x y z
Dim
Base
x y z
x y z
x y z
Dim
x y z s t
x y z s t
x y z s t
Dim
Base
x y z s t
x y
+ + =
+ + =
+ + =
9 =
=
+ =
+ =
+ =
9 =
+ + =
+ + =
+ + + =
9 =
=
+ + =
+ 2 5 0
2 4 2 4 2 0
2
(2, 1, 0, 0, 0), (1, 0,1, 0, 0)
z s t
x y z s t
Dim
Base
+ =
+ + =
9 =
=
3 4
8 3
7] 2 3 0
2 2 2 0
3 3 0
1
(1, , ,1)
8] 2 3 4 0
2 3 4 5 0
3 5 6 0
3 4 2 3 0
x y z t
x y z t
x z t
Dim
Base
x y z t w
x y z t w
x y z t w
x y z t w
Dim
Base
+ + =
+ + =
+ + =
9 =
=
+ + + =
+ + + + =
+ + + =
+ + + =
9 =
=
9] 2 2 0
2 2 2 0
2 4 3 3 3 0
0
2
( 2,1, 0, 0, 0), ( 3, 0,1,1, 0)
x y z t w
x y z t w
x y z t w
z t w
Dim
Base
+ + + + =
+ + + + =
+ + + + =
=
9 =
=
1
2
10] 2 2 0
2 2 2 0
2 6 2 4 0
4 3 0
2
( 2, , 0, 0, 0), ( 3, 0,1,1, 0)
x y z t w
y z t w
x y z t w
x y t
Dim
Base
+ + + =
+ =
+ + =
+ =
9 =
=
2.4 Deduzca el polinomio vector a partir de
la base dada y el vector coordenado.
{ } | |
{ } | |
| |
( ) ( ) ( ) { } | |
(
(
(
= =
(
=
)
`
=
(
= + + =
(
(
(
= + + + =
2
1
1
1 , 1 , 1 , 0 , 0 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 0 ] 4
3
0
Re
2
1
1
1
,
1
2
] 3
3 3 , 2 2 ] 2
2
3
4
2 1 , , 2 1 ] 1
2 2
B
B
B
B
v B
sp V B
b
a
P x x B
P x x x x B
{ } | |
{ } | |
(
(
(
= + + + =
= =
2
1
3
, 1 , 1 ] 6
3 4 Re
3
2
1 2 , ] 5
2 2
B
B
v t t t t B
t sp v t t B
| |
1 0 2 2 1 2 0 0
7] , , ,
1 0 0 1 1 3 2 3
2
1 1 0
Re
1 9 7
3
B
B
V sp
( ( ( (
=
`
( ( ( (
)
(
(
(
(
=
(
(
(
| |
0
1 2 1 3 1 0 0 1 1
8] , , ,
0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0
2
B
B v
(
(
( ( ( (
(
= =
`
( ( ( (
(
)
(
Algebra lineal
Lic. ALBERTO RODRIGUEZ M.
14
2.4.1 Encuentre el vector coordenado de v
respecto a la base dada.
{ }
{ }
{ } ( ) ( )x b a b a P x x B
x x P
x x x x x B
x P x x B
3 7 5 , 2 1 ] 3
8 6 1
2 1 , 2 , 2 2 1 ] 2
17 4 1 , 2 1 ] 1
2
2 2
+ + = + =
+ =
+ + =
+ = + =
| |
| |
( ) ( ) ( ) { } ( )
{ }
| |
(
=
+ = + =
= =
(
=
(
=
)
`
=
(
=
1
2
Re
4 2 , 1 ] 6
2 , 1 , 2 2 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 0 , 1 , 1 ] 5
2
3
Re
2
3
1
0
,
0
1
4]
Re
B
B
B
P sp
t v t t B
v B
v sp
v B
b a
b a
P sp
{ }
| |
2 2
3 1
0 1
0 1
,
1 0
0 1
,
0 1
1 0
,
0 0
1 1
] 9
2
0
1
1
Re
2 1
0 1
1 0
0 0
,
0 0
1 0
,
0 1
0 0
,
0 0
0 1
] 8
3 2 4
1 , 1 , 1 ] 7
2
2 2
(
=
)
`
=
(
(
(
(
=
(
=
)
`
=
+ =
+ + + =
v
B
v sp v
B
t t v
t t t t B
B
( ) ( ) { }
( ) | |
( ) | | ( )
( ) | | ( )
3 , 0 Re 3 , 3 c)
2 , 1 Re 1 , 4 b)
3
4
,
3
5
Re 3 , 2 a)
donde. en de
coordenado vect or el hallar 1 , 1 , 1 , 2
de base la considerar ] 10
2
2
= =
= =
|
.
|
\
|
= =
9
=
9
B
B
B
v sp v
v sp v
v sp v
v
B
| | ( ) 2,-1,1 Re
5 5
5 1
a)
si
1 2
2 3
,
0 1
1 4
,
2 1
1 1
. coordenado vect or el
encont rar y base siguient e la considerar ] 11
=
(
=
)
`
=
B
A sp A
B
| | ( ) 2 , 1 , 3 Re
4 2
2 1
) =
(
=
B
A sp A b
( ) ( ) ( ) { }
( ) ( ) ( ) { }
( )
| | | |
| | ( ) | | ( ) 2 , 1 , 4 2 , 1 , 3 Re
, base, la a relat ivo
2 , 5 , 3 si coordenado vect or el Hallar
1 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 1 , 1 , 0 , 1 , 1
1 , 2 , 0 , 3 , 2 , 0 , 1 , 1 , 1
de bases siguient es las Considerar ] 12
2
= =
=
=
=
9
F B
F B
v v sp
v v
v
F
B
( ) ( ) ( ) { }
( ) | | ( )
( ) | | ( ) b a c b c v sp c b a v b
v sp v a
B
v
F
B
= =
= =
9 =
, , Re , , )
7 , 5 , 2 Re 2 , 3 , 4 )
de 0 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 base la a
realativo de coordenado vector el Hallar ] 13
3
| | ( )
B
14] Hallar el vector coordenadode la matriz
V relativa a la base
1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0
, , , donde
1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0
2 3
Resp -7,11,-21,30
4 7
15] Hal
A
B
A A
e
( ( ( (
=
`
( ( ( (
)
(
= =
(
| | ( )
lar el vector coordenado de la matriz
4 11
relativo a la base
11 7
1 2 2 1 4 1
, ,
2 1 1 3 1 5
Resp A 4, 2,1
B
A
B
(
=
(
( ( (
=
`
( ( (
)
=
2.5 CAMBIO DE BASE
a) Encuentre los vectores coordenados de v, w
respecto a la base T.
b) Cul es la matriz de transicin
T S
P
? De la base
T en la base S.
c) Determine los vectores de coordenadas de v, w con
respecto a S utilizando
T S
P
.
d) Determine la matriz de transicin
S T
Q
de la base
S en la base T.
De los siguientes conjuntos de bases:
Algebra lineal
Lic. ALBERTO RODRIGUEZ M.
15
{ }
{ }
3
2
2 2
1 1 0 1 1 0
1] 0 , 0 , 1 1 , 2 , 1
1 0 2 0 1 0
Bases para sean:
1 1
3 8
8 2
2] 1, 2, 3
2 , 3,
Base
S T
v w
S t t t
T t t t t
( ( ( ( ( (
( ( ( ( ( (
= =
` `
( ( ( ( ( (
( ( ( ( ( (
) )
9
( (
( (
= =
( (
( (
= + +
= + +
{ }
{ }
2
2 2
2 2 2
2 2
2
2 2
s para sean:
8 4 6 7 9
3] 1, 2 3, 1
1, , 1
Base para sean:
4 5 2 6
P
v t t w t t
S t t t t t
T t t t
P
v t t w t
= + = +
= + + + + +
= + +
= + + =
(
=
(
=
)
`
=
)
`
=
1 2
2 1
1 1
1 1
: para Bases
0 0
0 1
,
1 0
0 0
,
0 1
0 0
,
0 0
1 1
1 1
0 0
,
1 0
2 0
,
0 1
1 0
,
0 0
0 1
] 4
w v
T
S
( ) ( ) { } ( ) ( ) { }
| |
(
=
9
= =
(
=
(
=
)
`
=
)
`
=
2
1
: para Bases
1 , 4 , 0 , 3 1 , 2 , 1 , 1 ] 6
3 1
3 2
1 3
0 0
: para Bases
1 0
1 0
,
0 0
0 1
,
1 1
0 1
,
0 0
1 1
0 1
0 1
,
0 0
1 0
,
1 0
0 1
,
1 0
1 1
] 5
2
T
v
si
T S
w v
T
S
a) Encuentre los vectores coordenados
| | | |
C y B
base la a respecto con x de x y
c B
x
b) Encuentre la matriz de cambio de base
B C
P
de
C a B.
c) Encuentre la matriz de cambio de base
C B
P
de
B a C.
De los siguientes conjuntos de bases.
2
2 1 0 1 1
1] , , en
3 0 1 1 1
x B C
( ( ( ( (
= = = 9
` `
( ( ( ( (
) )
| | | |
(
=
(
(
(
=
(
(
=
(
=
1 1
1 1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
5
3
2
.
C B B C
C B
P P
x x Sol
2
4 1 1 0 2
2] , , en
1 0 1 1 3
x B C
( ( ( ( (
= = = 9
` `
( ( ( ( (
) )
3
3
1 1 0 0
3] 0 0 , 1 , 0 en
1 0 0 1
1 0 0
C 1 , 1 , 0 en
1 1 1
x B
( ( ( (
( ( ( (
= = 9
`
( ( ( (
( ( ( (
)
( ( (
( ( (
= 9
`
( ( (
( ( (
)
| | | |
1 1
. 0 1
1 1
1 0 0 1 0 0
1 1 0 1 1 0
0 1 1 1 1 1
B C
C B B C
sol x x
P P
( (
( (
= =
( (
( (
( (
( (
= =
( (
( (
3
3
3 0 0 1
4] 1 1 , 0 , 0 en
5 0 1 0
1 0 1
C 1 , 1 , 0 en
0 1 1
x B
( ( ( (
( ( ( (
= = 9
`
( ( ( (
( ( ( (
)
( ( (
( ( (
= 9
`
( ( (
( ( (
)
( ) { } { }
1
5] 1 3 1 , 1 C 2 , 4 en p x x B x x x P = + = + =
Algebra lineal
Lic. ALBERTO RODRIGUEZ M.
16
6] Sea V=
3
9
( ) ( ) ( ) { }
( ) ( ) ( ) { }
(
(
(
(
(
(
=
(
(
(
=
=
=
2 0 1
2
3
2
1
2
1
2
5
2
1
2
3
1 1 1
2 1 1
1 2 2
.
encuentre 2 , 5 , 5 , 3 , 1 , 4 , 3 , 3 , 6
1 , 1 , 1 , 0 , 2 , 1 , 1 , 0 , 2
S T T S
S T T S
Q P
Sol
Q P T
S
{ }
{ }
2
2 2
2 1 0
7] Encuentre
2 3
1, 2, 3 . 1
5 5
2 , 3,
2 2
0
5 5
S T
S T
P
S t t t Sol P
T t t t t
(
(
(
(
= + + =
(
(
= + +
(
(
(
(
=
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
2
8
1
8
3
1
T base la a respecto , de
s coordenado vectores los Determine )
0
1
0
,
1
2
1
,
0
1
1
2
1
0
,
0
0
1
,
1
0
1
la encuentre ) ] 8
w v
w v
b
T S
P a
T S
9] Sea { } 3 , 2 , 1
2
+ + = t t t S y
{ }
9 7 y 6 4 8
sea; para bases , 3 , 2
2 2
2
2 2
+ = + =
+ + =
t t w t t v
P t t t t T
a)
(
(
(
(
(
(
=
5
2
5
2
0
5
3
5
2
1
0 1 2
.
T S T S
P sol P
b) Los vectores coordenados de v,w con
respecto a la base T.
| | | |
3 2
. 2 3
7 3
T T
sol v w
( (
( (
= =
( (
( (
10] sea
{ }
{ }
2 2 2
2 2
2
2 2
1, 2 3, 1
1, , 1 bases para
y 4 5 2 6
S t t t t t
T t t t p
V t t W t
= + + + + +
= + +
= + + =
a) Encuentre
S T
P
b) Vectores coordenados de V, W respecto a la base T.
c) Encuentre
T S
Q
11] sean
1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0
, , ,
0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0
1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1
, , ,
0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1
0 0 2 3
3 1 1 3
S
T
v w
( ( ( (
=
`
( ( ( (
)
( ( ( (
=
`
( ( ( (
)
( (
= =
( (
a) Encuentre
S T
P
b) | | | |
T T
v w c)
T S
Q
12] Sea
{ } { }
1 2 1 2
1
1 2
, y T ,
Bases para donde
1
S v v w w
P
w t w t
= =
= = +
Si la matriz de transicin de S a T es
2 3
Determine S
1 2
(
(
13] Sea
{ } { }
( ) ( )
1 2 1 2
2
1 2
, y T ,
Bases para donde
1, 2 0,1
S v v w w
v v
= =
9
= =
Si la matriz de transicin de S a T es
2 3 2 1
Determine T . ,
1 2 5 3
T S
P Sol
( ( (
=
`
( ( (
)
14] Sean
{ } { }
( ) ( ) ( )
1 2 3 1 2 3
3
1 2 3
, , y T , ,
Bases para donde
1, 0,1 1,1, 0 0, 0,1
S v v v w w w
v v v
= =
9
= = =
Si la matriz de transicin de T a S es
Algebra lineal
Lic. ALBERTO RODRIGUEZ M.
17
1 1 2 3 2 3
2 1 1 Determinar . 2 , 1 , 1
1 1 1 0 0 3
T Sol
( ( ( (
( ( ( (
`
( ( ( (
( ( ( (
)
15] Sea
{ } { }
1 2 1 2
1
1 2
, y T ,
Bases para donde
1 1
S v v w w
P
w t w t
= =
= = +
Si la matriz de transicin de T a S es
1 2
Determine S
2 3
(
(
16] Sea
( ) ( ) ( ) { }
( ) ( ) ( ) { }
3
con
S 2, 0,1 , 1, 2, 0 , 1,1,1
6, 3, 3 , 4, 1, 3 , 5, 5, 2
Encuentre
.
3 1
1
2 2 2 2 1
3 1 1
1 1 2
2 2 2
1 1 1
1 0 2
S T
S T T S
V
T
P
Sol
P Q
= 9
=
=
(
(
(
(
(
= =
(
(
(
(
(
2.6 ORTOGONALIDAD
1] Cul de os siguientes conjuntos son
ortogonales?
( ) ( ) ( ) { }
( )( ) ( ) { }
( ) ( ) ( ) { }
( ) ( ) { }
( ) ( ) { }
( ) ( ) { }
( ) ( ) { }
) 1, 1, 2 , 0, 2, 1 , 1,1,1
) 1, 2, 1,1 0, 1, 2, 0 , 1, 0, 0, 1
) 0,1, 0, 1 , 1, 0,1,1 , 1,1, 1, 2
) 1, 3, 2 , 4, 2, 1
) 0, 3, 2,1 , 5, 2, 1, 0
) 2, 2, 2 , 1,1,1
) 4, 6, 10,1 , 2,1, 2, 9
, ,
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
Sol b d
2] Cules de las siguientes matrices son
ortogonales a la matriz A ?
2 1
1 3
3 0 1 1 2 1
) ) )
0 2 0 1 5 2
. ,
A
a b c
Sol a b
(
=
(
( ( (
( ( (
3] Para qu valores de K son ortogonales u, v
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
) 2,1,3 1, 7,
. 3
) , ,1 ,5, 6
. 2 3
) 1,1, 2 , 1, 2
. 5
1 1 1
) , 0, , ,
2 2 2
a u v k
Sol k
b u k k v k
sol k k
c u v k
sol k
d u v a b
= =
=
= =
= =
= =
=
| | | |
= =
| |
\ . \ .
4] Cul de los siguientes vectores son ortogonales?
( ) ( ) ) 0,1 2, 0
1 1 1 1
) , ,
2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1
) , ,
2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
) , 0, , , 0,
2 2 3 3 3 2 2
2 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 2
) , , , , , ,
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
. , ,
a
b
c
d
e
sol a b e
| | | |
| |
\ . \ .
| || |
| |
\ .\ .
| | | | | |
| | |
\ . \ . \ .
| || || |
| | |
\ .\ .\ .
5] Cul de los siguientes conjuntos forman una base
ortogonal para
n
9 ?
1 4 1 3 1 2
) 2 , 2 , 2 . ) 2 , 2 , 1
1 0 5 1 1 4
1 1 0 1 1 0
1 1 0 1 1 0
) , , . ) , ,
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
a sol Si b
c sol No d
( ( ( ( ( (
( ( ( ( ( (
( ( ( ( ( (
( ( ( ( ( (
( ( ( ( (
( ( ( ( (
( ( ( ( (
( ( ( ( (
( ( ( ( (
1
1
,
0
0
( (
( (
( (
( (
( (
6] Demuestre que cada conjunto de vectores forman
una base ortogonal para
3
9 y exprese ( ) 1,1,1 u =
como combinacin lineal de los vectores:
1 2 3
6 1 3
) 2 , 3 , 1
1 0 20
6 1 0
3 1
) 1 , 3 , 1 1
19 19
1 3 1
a
b v v v
( ( (
( ( (
( ( (
( ( (
( ( (
( ( (
= + +
( ( (
( ( (
Algebra lineal
Lic. ALBERTO RODRIGUEZ M.
18
1 2 3
0 4 1
) 1 , 1 , 2
1 1 2
1 4 3
1 1
) 2 , 1 , 6 0
7 7
1 2 9
c
d v v v
( ( (
( ( (
( ( (
( ( (
( ( (
( ( (
= + +
( ( (
( ( (
7] Determine si el conjunto ortogonal dado de
vectores es ortonormal, si no lo es normalice los
vectores para que lo sea.
1 1
1 2 2
2 2
) , ) 2 , 2 , 1
1 1
2 1 2
2 2
1 2 1 2
5 5 2 2
) , ,
2 1 2 1
2 2 5 5
1 2 2
3 3
2 2
) , ,
3 3
2 1
3 3
a b
c no
d
( (
( ( (
( (
( ( (
( (
( ( (
( (
( ( (
( (
( ( ( (
( ( ( (
( ( ( (
( ( ( (
( ( ( (
( (
( (
( (
( (
( (
( (
1 1 0
3
1 1 0
1
) , ,
3
1 1 1
2
1 1 1
3
e
( ( ( (
( ( ( (
( ( ( (
( ( ( (
( ( ( (
(
( )
( )( )( )
1 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 1
) , , , , , ,
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
1 1 1 1 1
) , 0, , , 0,1, 0
2 2 3 3 3
) 0, 2, 2,1 1,1, 2, 2 0, 2,1, 2
d
e
f
| || || |
| | |
\ .\ .\ .
| | | |
| |
\ .\ .
8] Utilice el proceso de Gram-Schmidt, para
determinar una base ortonormal para los siguientes
conjuntos.
( ) ( ) { }
( ) ( ) { }
( ) ( ) ( ) { }
( ) ( ) ( ) { }
( )( ) { }
( ) ( ) ( ) { }
3
3
4
4
) 1, 1, 0 , 2, 0,1 en
) 1, 0, 2 , 1,1, 0 en
) 1, 1, 0,1 , 2, 0, 0, 1 , 0, 0,1, 0 en
) 1,1, 1, 0 , 0, 2, 0,1 , 1, 0, 0,1 en
) 1, 2 3, 4
) 1,1,1 , 0,1,1 , 1, 2, 3
a
b
c
d
e
f
9
9
9
9
1 1 1 1 1
: , , 0 , , ,
2 2 3 3 3
sol a
| | | |
=
`
| |
\ . \ . )
( )
1 1 1 5 1 4
, , 0, , , , 0,
3 3 3 42 42 42
, 0, 0,1, 0
b
| | | |
| |
=
\ . \ . `
)
( )( )
1 2 2 1
1, 2 4, 2 , ,
5 5 5 5
e
| || |
=
| |
\ .\ .
9] Demuestre que B es una base ortonormal para
n
9 y
escribe
1
n
e e 9 como combinacin lineal de B
1 2 2
2 1 3 3 3
5 5
2 2 1
) , ) , ,
3 3 3
1 2
5 5 2 1 2
3 3 3
a b
( ( (
( (
( ( (
( (
( ( (
` `
( (
( ( (
( (
( ( (
)
( ( (
)
10] Calcule una base ortogonal y una ortonormal de
3
9
aplicando el proceso de Gram-Schmidt a la base B
2 0 1 1 4 1
) 1 , 3 , 2 ) 2 , 3 , 2
1 1 0 1 5 3
3
4 1
0
) 2 , 2 )
1
1 3
1
a B b B
c B d B
( ( ( ( ( (
( ( ( ( ( (
= =
` `
( ( ( ( ( (
( ( ( ( ( (
) )
(
( (
(
( (
(
= =
`
( (
(
( (
)
0 2
2 2
, ,
1 2
0 2
.
4 1
3 11 2
7 1
) . 1 , ,
3 11
1
3 1
3 11
4 2
66 16
7 1
= ,
16 66
1 1
16 66
Sol
a ort
ortonormal
( (
( (
( (
`
( (
( ( (
)
( (
( ( (
(
( (
=
`
(
( (
(
( (
( (
)
( (
( (
( (
( (
( (
(
(
1
11
1
,
11
3
11
(
(
(
(
`
(
( (
( (
)
1
21 4
32
) 2 ,
21
1
68
21
c ortogonal
(
( (
(
(
=
`
(
(
(
(
(
)
( )( )( )
( )( )( )
( )( )( )
( )( )( )
( )( )( )
( )( )( )
( )( )( )( )
) 1, 0,1 0,1,1 1, 0, 0
) 1, 0,1,1,1 1,1, 0,1,1 1,1,1, 0,1
) 1, 0,1 2,3,5 0, 2, 1
) 1,3, 4 1, 0,1 2, 2,1
) 0,3, 2 1, 4, 4 2, 1,1
) 0,1,1 0, 2,1 3, 0, 4
) 0,1, 0,1 2, 0, 1, 0 0,1,1,1 0, 0,3, 4
e
f
g
h
i
j
k
Algebra lineal
Lic. ALBERTO RODRIGUEZ M.
19
3.1 TRANSFORMACIONES
LINEALES
Determine si las siguientes funciones son
transformaciones lineales:
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2
2 2
3 2
2
2 2
1] : definida por 2 , 3 .
2] : definida por
, , donde , , , .
3] : definida por
1, .
4] : definida por ,1 .
5] : d
f f x x x Sol si
f
f x y ax by cx dy a b c d Sol si
f
f x x y z Sol no
f f x x Sol no
f
99 =
9 9
= + + e9
9 9
= + +
99 =
9 9
( ) ( )
( )
( )
3
2
efinida por
, , .
6] : definida por
, , 2 3 4 .
7] : definida por , .
f x y x y x Sol Si
f
f x y z x y z Sol Si
f f x y xy Sol No
= +
9 9
= +
9 9 =
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2 3
2 2
11 11
8] : Definida por
, 1, 2 , .
9] : Definida por
, , .
10] : definida por
1
f
f x y x y x y Sol no
f
f x y x y x y Sol Si
f M M
x
x
f y
y z
z
9 9
= + +
9 9
= +
(
+ (
(
=
(
(
(
. Sol No
( ) ( )
3 2
2
11] : definida por
, , , .
f
T x y z x y y z Sol
9 9
= +
22 22
22 22
22
12] : definida por
.
2
13] : definida por
1 1
.
2 3
14] : definida por
L M M
a b b c d
L Sol
c d c d a
L M M
a b a b
L Sol
c d c d
L M
a b
L
c d
( (
=
( (
+
+ ( (
=
( (
9
(
=
(
. a d Sol Si +
22
15] Sea : definida por
1 .
L M
a b
L a d c d Sol
c d
9
(
= + +
(
3
16] :
2
3 1
17] .
1 2
1
18] .
x x y
T Sol Si
y x y
x
T x y Sol
y
x x
T Sol No
y x y
+ ( (
=
( (
( ( (
= +
( ( (
( (
=
( (
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
3
2
19] Hallar , , donde :
Esta definido por
1,1,1 3 0,1, 2 0, 0,1 2
: , , 8 3 2
20] Hallar , , Sea :
una aplicacin lineal tal que
1,1 3 0,1 2 : , 5 2
T a b c T R
T T T
Sol T a b c a b c
T a b c T R
T T Sol T a b a b
9
= =
=
9
= = =
( )
( )
2 3
1 1
21] Hallar Sea : tal que
1 8 2 3
1 1
3 6 : 4
1 2
1 5 2
22] Sea : Una transformacion lineal
tal que 1 7 2
1 4 Calcu
x
T T R
y
x y
T T Sol x y
x y
T P P
T x x
T x x
(
9
(
( ( (
( (
( ( (
= =
( (
( ( (
( ( ( +
+ = +
+ = + ( ) lar 2 6 . 2 8
23] Sea una transformacin lineal tal que
1 5 2 9
Determine
1 8 2 4
10
, ,
15
T x Sol x
T
T T
x y
T T T
y x
+ +
( ( ( (
= =
( ( ( (
( ( (
( ( (
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
1 1
2 3
24] Sea : La transformacin lineal
1, 8 5 2 2 4 9
Calcular , 15 10 ,
25] Sea : una transformacin
lineal
1 3
1 0
2 0
0 1
1 4
T P P
T x x T x x
T a bx T x T b ax
T
T T
= + + =
+ + +
9 9
( (
( (
( (
= =
( (
( (
( (
Encuentre
5
,
2
a
T T
b
( (
( (
Algebra lineal
Lic. ALBERTO RODRIGUEZ M.
20
2
2
2
2
2
26] Sea : Una transformacin lineal
1 3
1 2 2 Encuentre
1 1
7
) )
9
. ) 5 14 8
3 7
)
4 4 2
T P
T x T x x
a
a T b T
b
Sol a x x
a b a b a b
b x x
9
( (
= = +
( (
( (
( (
+ + | | | | | |
+
| | |
\ . \ . \ .
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
2 2
2 2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
22
27] Sea : Una transformacin lineal
1 1
1 1 Encuentre
) 4 3 )
3
: ) 4 3 5 )
2
28] Sea : Una transformacin linea
T P P
T x x T x x x x
T x x x
a T x x b T a bx cx
a b c
Sol a x x b a cx x
T M
+ = + + =
+ = + +
+ + +
| |
+ + + +
|
\ .
9
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2 3
l
1 0 1 1 1 1
1 2 3
0 0 0 0 1 0
1 1 1 3
4 Encuentre ,
1 1 4 2
29] Hallar , donde :
Esta definida por 1, 2 3, 1, 5 0,1 2,1, 1
. , 2 , 3 , 7
30] Hallar
T T T
a b
T T T
c d
T a b T
T T
Sol T a b a b a b a b
T a
( ( (
= = =
( ( (
( ( (
=
( ( (
9 9
= =
= + +
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
3
, , donde :
Esta definida por 1,1,1 3 0,1, 2 1
0, 0,1 2
. , , 8 3 2
b c T
T T
T
Sol T a b c a b c
9 9
= =
=
=
3.2 IMAGEN Y KERNEL
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) { }
4 3
1] Sea : La aplicacin lineal
definida por
, , , , 2 , 3 3
Hallar una base y la dimensin de
) Imagen de V de , ) de
. ) 1,1,1 , 0,1, 2 dim 2
)
F
f x y s t x y s t x s t x y s t
a f b Kernel W f
Sol a Base V
b B
9 9
= + + + + +
=
( ) ( ) { }
2,1, 1, 0 , 1, 2, 0,1 dim 2 ase W =
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) { }
( ) { }
3 3
2] Sea : La aplicacin lineal
definida por
, , 2 , , 2
) Imagen de V de , ) de
. ) 1, 0,1 , 0,1, 1 dim 2
) 3, 1,1 dim 1
F
T x y z x y z y z x y z
a T b Kernel W T
Sol a Base V
b Base W
9 9
= + + +
=
=
( ) ( )
3 3
3] Para cada una de las transformaciones
lineales . Hallar una base y la dimensin de
) Imag. ) El Ncleo de
) : definida por
, , 2 , , 2
. ) 1, 0,
F
a V b W
i f
f x y z x y y z x z
Sol a
9 9
= + +
( ) ( ) { }
( ) { }
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) { }
( ) { }
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) { }
( ) { }
2 2
3 2
1 , 0,1, 2 2
) 2, 1, 1 1
) : definida por
, ,
. ) 1,1 , 0,1, 2 1
) 1, 1 1
) : definida por
, , ,
. ) 1, 0 , 0,1 2
) 1, 1,1 1
DimV
b DimW
ii f
f x y x y x y
Sol a DimV
b DimW
iii f
f x y z x y y z
Sol a DimV
b DimW
=
=
9 9
= + +
=
=
9 9
= + +
=
=
3 3
7] : definida por
4 2 2
2 3 1
1 1 2
) Es L uno a uno?
) Determine la dimensin de Imag
L
x x
L y y
z z
a
b L
9 9
( ( (
( ( (
=
( ( (
( ( (
4 3
8] Sea : definida como
) Es L uno a uno?
) Determine la dimensin de Kernel de
L
x
x y
y
L y z
z
z w
w
a
b L
9 9
(
+ (
(
(
(
=
(
(
(
(
Algebra lineal
Lic. ALBERTO RODRIGUEZ M.
21
( ) ( )
3 3
4 4
9] Sea : definida como
, , , 2 ,
) Determine una base para Kern
) Determine una base para la Imag
10] Sea : definida como
1 2 1 3
2 1 1 2
1 0 0 1
4 1 1 0
L
L x y z x y x y z
a L
b L
L
x
y
L
z
w
9 9
= +
9 9
(
(
(
=
(
(
) Determine una base para Kern
) Determine una base para la Imag
x
y
z
w
a L
b L
( (
( (
( (
( (
( (
( ) ( ) { }
4 3
10] En cada una de las siguientes matrices
1 2 0 1 1 0 2 1
) 2 1 2 1 ) 2 3 1 1
1 3 2 2 2 0 5 3
Hallar una base y la dimensin de la imagen y
ncleo.
) 1, 2,1 , 0,1,1 dim Imag 2
a A b B
a A
b
9 9
( (
( (
= =
( (
( (
=
( ) { }
2
) 1, ,1,1 dim Kern B 2
3
=
3.3 VALORES Y VECTORES
CARACTERSTICOS
Ontenga los valores y vectores propios de
las siguientes matrices.
3 0 0 1
1] . 4 3
0 4 1 0
Sol
( ( (
( ( (
( )
8 9 9
2] 3 2 3
9 9 10
5 1
2
6 6 1
5 1
. 1 1 2 2 1 2
18 18
0
1
i
Sol i i
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
+
(
(
(
(
(
( )
5 1
2
6 6
5 1
2 2 1 2
18 18
1
i
i i
(
(
(
(
(
(
1 2
3 5 2 2 3
5 3
3] 10 4 5 . 1 2
3 2
5 4 6
1 1
1 1
3 3 1 3 2 1
2 1
4] 1 2 1 . 1 2 3 0
3 3
4 1 1 1
1 1
Sol
Sol
( (
(
( (
(
( (
(
( (
( ( (
( (
( (
( (
( (
( (
( (
( (
( (
( ( ( (
( (
0
1 0 0 3 5
3
5] 3 10 15 . 0 1 1 0
2
2 6 9 0 1
1
2 1 1
11 4 3 7 4 1
8 5 2
6] 13 9 3 . 0 1 2
11 8 3
19 14 5
1 1 1
Sol
Sol
(
( ( (
(
( ( (
(
( ( (
(
( ( (
( ( (
(
( ( (
(
( ( (
(
( ( (
( ( ( (
( ( (
1 3 1
5 3 11 9 10 4
3 8 2
7] 22 25 10 . 1 1 3
3 5 11
32 34 13
1 1 1
Sol
( ( (
(
( ( (
(
( ( (
(
( ( (
( ( ( (
( ( (
3
15
5 19 21 6 1
23
4
8] 23 30 11 . 1 4 1 4 1
5
23 31 12 1 1
1
Sol
(
(
( (
(
(
( (
(
(
( (
(
(
( ( (
(
(
Algebra lineal
Lic. ALBERTO RODRIGUEZ M.
22