APPENDICES

NATURAL ENVIRONMENT
Prof. Dr. H.S.Djalal Tandjung
(B.Sc.,Drs.,M.Sc.,Ph.D.)

NATURAL ENVIRONMENT (Ecosystems, Ecological System)

Business
RECIPROCAL RELATIONSHIP

The Ecology

Entropy, Residue * Environment Pollutions :Air, Water, Land, Cross Media * Non Point Pollution: Chemical substances

Public demand for regulation

International trade agreement. Equal opportunity, Equal treatment

Competitive requirement for eco-labeling

Customer demand for clean processes and products &3R

Public demand for environmental protection. CSR and Comdev

Indonesian Instrument for Environmental Management & SNI; International Environmental Management System & ISO

Planning

Utilization

Control

M ainte nance

Supervision

Law Enforce ment

Program Studi Magister Manajemen Fakultas Ekonomi dan Bisnis Universitas Gadjah Mada 2012

Environmental Management system

Business opportunity and threats

Natural Resources Conservation

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Sustainable Development Fig. 1. Natural Environment and Sustainable Development

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UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT (UNCED) STOCKHOLM CONFERENCE, 1972 WORLD COMMISSION ON ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT

SUSTAINABLE
ELEMENTS OF LONG TERM : RENEWAL REUSE

V S.

DEVELOPMENT

BRUNDTLAND REPORT 1987. OUR COMMON FUTURE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

RECOVERY MAINTENANCE RECYCLING MINIMAL RAW MATERIAL EXPLOITATION REDUCE

MANAGEMENT OF PEOPLE NEED ON COLLECTIVE BASIS

INDUSTRIAL BASED CULTURE : SHORT TERM PLANNING MINIMAL MAINTENANCE WASTE, POLLUTION MAXIMAL EXPLOITATION OF RAW MATERIAL EMPHASIZE ON THE INDIVIDUAL

~ REPLENISH
CONSERVATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT OF NATURAL ENVIRONMENT CONTROL, REGULATION, MAINTENANCE, RESTORATION, SUPERVISION, UTILIZATION, AND DEVELOPMENT
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SUSTAINABILITY: MORE EFFICIENT USE OF NATURAL RESOURCES AND THE INTRODUCTION OF NEW HOLISTIC ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGIES (Rosemarin, 1990)
7 MACAM TEKNOLOGI DALAM REPELITA VI, 1994 - 2019
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ECOLOGICAL CRISIS
1. Danora, USA, 1948: Toxic chemical from factories caused air pollution which killed 20 people, 6000 suffering 2. London, 1952 Smog in air killed 4000 people 3. USA, 1962 Insecticides pollute the air, land, and water exterminated all animals and other living form 4. Sidoarjo, Indonesia, 2006 Mud Vulcano Blow out. Present: 11.000 buildings/constructions inundated unterwater; 25000 person evacuated. Future: river and ocean pollution forever.

The cancellation of all uses of several insecticides in the USA

NO NAMES YEAR NO NAMES YEAR

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

DDT Aldrin Dieldrin Toxsphene Endosulfan Kepon Mirex

1968 1975 1975 1976 1976 1976 1976

8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Heptaclor Chlordane Endrin Diazinon Malathion Parathion

And 19 others

1978 1978 1979 1979 1979 1979

Note: 1-10 are orghanochlorine insecticides 11-14 are organophosphorus insecticides

(Tandjung, 2012)
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(Tandjung, 2012)
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THE LIVING ENVIRONMENT =

RESOURCES
ELEMENTS OF THE LIVING ENVIRONMENT CONSISTING OF HUMAN RESOURCES, ORGANIC NATURAL RESOURCES, INORGANIC NATURAL RESOURCES, AND MANMADE RESOURCES.
(Tandjung, 2012)
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THE SPATIAL ENTITY WITH ALL OBJECTS, POTENTIALS, CONDITIONS AND LIVING ORGANISMS, INCLUDING MAN AND HIS BEHAVIOR, WHICH INFLUENCE THE CONTINUANCE OF THE LIFE AND WELFARE OF MAN AND OTHER LIVING ORGANISMS.
(Tandjung, 2012)

ABC Environment, the components of natural environment

SDF

SDH

SDM

SDB

The inorganic natural resources ( Physical environment, sumber daya alam non hayati) is Abiotic Environment. The organic natural environment (sumber daya alam hayati) is the Biotic Environment. The human resources ( sumber daya manusia ) and their creation so called man made resources (sumber daya buatan ) is combined as the Cultural Environment. In short, the ABCenvironment consists of A-biotic, Biotic and Cultural Evironment.
(Tandjung, 2012)
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A-biotic or physical/chemical environment consists of 3 elements : water, land, and air. Biotic or ecological environment consists of plants and vegetations (flora) , animals (fauna) and microbes (bacteria , yeasts, fungi). Cultural environment consists of individual environmental interests, individual well being, social interactions and community well- being (Tandjung, 1995). Each component of the environment, e.g. the biotic environment consists of living organisms, which interact with each other and are inseparably interrelated with their a-biotic and cultural environment (figure 3).
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Proposed Action

A biotic Environment (A) a-c

a-b a-b-c

Biotic Environment (B) b-c

Cultural Environment (C)

The effect of proposed actions on B will also affect A on a-b and C on bc. Interaction of environmental components occur on a-b-c
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AN ECOSYSTEM IS AN ORDERING OF AN ELEMENT OF THE ENVIRONMENT WHICH COSTITUTES A WHOLE AND COMPLETE UNIT WHICH INTERACTS TO PRODUCE ENVIRONMENT BALANCE, STABILITY AND PRODUCTIVITY (RIEMA 1997)
(Tandjung, 2012)
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INTRODUCTION
FEATURES OF INDONESIA ECOSYSTEM:
THE LARGEST ISLAND COUNTRY IN THE WORLD:

Abiotic Natural Environment of Indonesia

Indonesia is an archipelago of 17,508 islands stretching between two continents, Asia and Australia. Total coastline of Indonesia s 80,791km (FAO, 1991 cit. Anon., 1995), this is the longest in the world. The abiotic or physical natural environment of Indonesia is composed of:
A. Land B. Ocean Territorial waters Continental water EEZ Total
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The most number of Islands, 17,508 The longest coastline, 81,000 KM The most number of volcanoes, more than 100 The most stretch of altitude from -8,000 to + 5,000M

1.91 million sq km 5.10 million sq km 3.00 million sq km 2.70 million sq km 12.71 million sq km
(Tandjung, 2012)
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INDONESIAS LAND AREA = 2,027,870 KM2

(Tandjung, 2012)

C. Coastal Area Coastal length Marshes Mangrove Brackish Fish Pond (tambak) D. Inland Waters Open waters (lake, river, swamp, etc) Fish Pond Rice field waters (minapadi) E. Mountains and Hills Volcanoes, more than 100

81,000km 10,000,000km 3,600,000km 183,000km

Biotic Natural Environment

On the million ha land of Indonesia there is 143,970 million ha tropical rain forest or 75.38% of land is covered by forest . This is the highest percentage among the tropical rain forest in the world ( table 3). Among the 143,970 million ha forest is designed for the : 1. Production forest : 64,392,000 ha 2. Conversion forest : 30,537,000 ha 3. Conservation forest : 18,725,000 ha 4. Protected forest : 30,316,000 ha
(Tandjung, 2012)
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13,700,000ha 40,000ha 61,000ha

(Haeruman, 1985, 1986, 1987)

(Tandjung, 2012)

Table worlds biodiversity of major groups

Groups Mammals (in forest only) Birds Reptile Amphibia Fish Gastropods Insects Flowering plants Pteridophyte Moss, cryptogamic Algae Fungi Bacteria & blue algae Total number of species World Indonesia 4,290 515 8,900 1,500 2,000 8,000 6,000 38,000 150,000 1,250,000 250,000 13,000 16,000 210,000 100,000 2,700 1,000 9,500 20,000 250,000 25,000 1,250 1,500 1,800 12,000 300

Indonesia endowed with: Highest degree of : Biological diversity Endemism 42 natural terrestrial & 5 marine ecosystems, Ranging from:
Ice fields & alpine meadows (Irian Jaya) to wide variety of humid lowland forest; Deep lakes to swallow swamps; Spectacular coral reefs to seagrass beds & mangrove swamps.
(Tandjung, 2012)
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Indonesia Ranks
FIRST in the world for species richness for:
Mammals (515 species, 36% endemic); Shallowtail butterflies (121 species, 44% endemic);

A huge number of indonesias marine biodiversity are still unknown & underutilized A very large proportion of total biota comprises unknown invertebrates

Third for reptiles (600 species); Fourth for bird (1,519 species, 28% endemic); Fifth for amphibians (270 species); Seven for flowering plants
(Tandjung, 2012)
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(Tandjung, 2012)
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INDONESIA POSSESSES UP TO ABOUT 17% OF THE TOTAL NUMBER SPECIES IN THE WORD, INCLUDE : 10% OF THE WORLDS FLOWERING PLANT SPECIES, 12% OF THE WORLDS MAMMAL SPECIES, 16% OF THE WORLDS REPTILE & AMPHIBIAN SPECIES, 25% OF THE WORLDS FISH SPECIES CHELINUS UNDULATUS ~ NAPOLEON WRASSE EPINEPHELUS FUSCOGUTTATUS ~ KRAPU MACAN CROMILEPTIS ALTIVELIS ~ KRAPU BEBEK

Tabel TAKSIRAN JUMLAH JENIS KELOMPOK UTAMA MAKHLUK HIDUP

HEWAN MENYUSUI BURUNG REPTIL AMFIBI IKAN KEONG SERANGGA TUMBUHAN BERBIJI PAKU PAKUAN LUMUT GANGGANG JAMUR
BAKTERI & GANGGANG BIRU
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(Tandjung, 2012)

DUNIA INDONESIA 4.000 300 8.900 7.500 8.000 2.000 6.000 1.000 38.000 9.500 150.000 20.000 1.250.00 250.000 0 300.000 25.000 13.000 1.250 16.000 1.500 21.000 1.800 100.000 12.000 2.700 300
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CONSERVATION OF RESOURCES
THE MANAGEMENT OF RESOURCES WHICH ENSURES THEIR WISE UTILIZATION, AND IN THE CASE OF RENEWAL NATURAL RESOURCES, ENSURES THEIR CONTINUED SUPPLY BY CONSTANTLY MAINTAINING AND IMPROVING THEIR VALUE AND VARIETY.

The Management of Living Environment (for SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT) is an intergrated effort in the:

utilization regulation maintenance supervision control restoration

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT ECODEVELOPMENT

(Tandjung, 2012)
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development
of the environment
(Tandjung, 2012)
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(RIEMA, 1997)

THE ROLE OF INDONESIAN TRADITIONS VALUES, AND BELIEFS IN NATURAL RESOURCE CONSERVATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
INDONESIA HAS 300 ETHNIC GROUPS, VERY RICH IN CULTURE AND TRADITIONS WHICH PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE OF LIFE THE CULTURE AND TRADITION HAS VARIOUS PATTERNS OF MOTIF IN WHICH ETHNICAL NORMS ARE FORMULATED AND ETHICAL DECISIONS ARE IMPLEMENTED, RESULTED e.g. ECOLOGICAL WISDOM CASE STUDY : BALI AND MINANG
(Tandjung, 2012)
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TRIHITA KARANA
RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
HOUSE HOME YARD 3 COMPONENTS SHRUB FLOWER MEDIUM SIZED TREES: FRUITS TALL TREES: WOOD VARIETY OF SPECIES PARAHYANGAN PAWONGAN PALEMAHAN HABITAT 1 HABITAT 2 HABITAT 3 HABITAT VARIATIONS REGION

ECOLOGICAL DIVERSITY (BIODIVERSITY) AND SPATIAL ARRANGEMENT (Keanekaragaman Hayati dan Tataruang)
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1. TRI HITA KARANA: THREE CAUSES OF GOODNESS A CONCEPT DEVIDE EVERYTHING INTO 3 COMPONENTS, e.g: A HOMEYARD CONSISTS OF : PARAHYANGAN, PAWONGAN, AND PALEMAHAN PARAHYANGAN IS PLACE FOR GROWING FLOWERS AND SHRUBS and for PURA (OFFERING QUARTER), located in front or north. FLOWERS ARE IMPORTANT MATERIAL IN HINDU BALINESE RELIGION for YADNYA (offering, sesaji) THE RELIGION IS, TO THE BALINESE, BOTH RACE AND NATIONALITY. THE BALINESE LOSES AUTOMATICALLY THE RIGHT TO BE CALL BALINES IF HE CHANGES HIS FAITH
(Tandjung, 2012)
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PAWONGAN IS A PLACE FOR GROWING MEDIUM SIZE TREES OF FRUIT, in the middle between Parahhyangan dan Palemahan PALEMAHAN is for TALL TREES AND ANIMAL HOUSE OR FISH POND AT THE BACK YARD OF THE HOUSE

(Tandjung, 2012)
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PADANG PEOPLE HAD A COMMON and STRONG BELIEF ABOUT and the RESPECT for : ALAM TAKAMBANG JADI GURU 1. ADAT ISTIADAT (good conduct and tradition) 2. RELIGION 3. EDUCATION They Strongly belief and keep in mind that Good Conduct is based on the law, the law is based on the holy book, and the holy book is based on the heart (adat bersendi syara; syara bersendi kitabullah, kitabullah bersendi hati nurani)
(Tandjung, 2012)
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PEOPLE RESPECT and LISTEN to LEADERS of ADAT (ninik mamak) LEADERS of RELIGION ( alim ulama) LEADERS of EDUCATION (cerdik pandai) THIS TRIPLE LEADERSHIP IS Known as : A 3 STONE STOVE (tungku tigo sajarang) Or A 3- part bouding rope (tali 3 sapilin) The summon of the 3- leader is almost the same as the law or oqual to the law- according to the adat which the respect to
(Tandjung, 2012)
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HOME YARD DIVIDES INTO 3 COMPONENTS:

1. PARAHYANGAN ALL KINDS OF FLONER ARE PLANTED IN DIFFERENT COLORS TO PROVIDE YADNYA OR SESAJI OFFERING TO SANG HYANG WIDHI (GOD ALMIGHTY ) 2. PAWONGAN FOR ALL KINDS OF FRUITS GIVEN TO NEIGHBOURS, FRIENDS & VISITORS 3. PALEMAHAN FOR FISHPOND, AND LIVESTOCKS
BIODIVERSITY & SPATIAL ARRANGEMENT
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SIMILARTY CONCEPTS IN HINDU AND ISLAM RELIGION

PARAHYANGAN

~ HABLUMMINALLAH
PAWONGAN ~ HABLUMMINANNAS
(Tandjung, 2012)
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(Tandjung, 2012)
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(Tandjung, 2012)
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(Tandjung, 2012)
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CH3-N=C=O METHYL ISOCYANATE

TRAGEDI BHOPAL INDIA, 1984

PABRIKINSEKTISIDA KARBARILKEBOCORAN SEJUMLAH BESAR SENYAWA YG SANGAT BERBAHAYA: METHYL ISOCYANATE

Peristiwa Bhopal (1984)

SETELAH TENGAH MALAM, 3 DES. 1984: AWAN METHYL ISOCYANATE SETINGGI 35M 2.500 ORANG MENINGGAL; 200.000 SAKIT MENGAKIBATKAN 17.000 ORANG GANGGUAN PARU-PARU PERMANEN; RIBUAN HEWAN MATI & MEMBUSUK DI JALAN.

CH3-N=C=O METHYL ISOCYANATE

BHOPAL
PABRIK KIMIA THE UNION CARBIDE COORPORATION

BOPHAL

HAMPIR TIDAK DIKETAHUI TOKSISITASNYA TIDAK DIKETAHUI PENGOBATANNYA

Ribuan penduduk terbunuh & menderita sakit sampai dengan 1985 tidak ada penyembuhan
(Tandjung, 2012)
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TOKSISITAS METHYL ISOCYANATE SANGAT SEDIKIT DIKETAHUI

Pengobatan diragukan & tidak memadai

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ACID RAIN PHENOMENA CROSS MEDIA POLLUTION

(Tandjung, 2012)
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(Tandjung, 2012)
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PERUSAK LAPISAN OZON :

CHLOROFLUOROCARBON (CFC) DLL. CFC : TIDAK ADA DI ALAM HASIL REKAYASA MANUSIA DITEMUKAN TH. 1920 TIDAK BERACUN TIDAK TERBAKAR SANGAT STABIL / TIDAK MUDAH BEREAKSI SANGAT IDEAL UNTUK INDUSTRI
(Tandjung, 2012)
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OZON ATMOSFERIK SEBAGAI PELINDUNG, DALAM BAHAYA SAFE OUR OZON THAT SAFE US = STOP CFC = OZON : KONSTITUEN ATMOSFER YG MELINDUNGI KEHIDUPAN DARI RADIASI UVMATAHARI; OZON STRATOSFERIK MENAHAN ( KECUALI SUATU FRAKSI DARI 1% ) RADIASI UV. DG. PANJANG GELOMBANG KURANG DARI 340 NANO METER ( 1 NANO METER : 1/MILYAR METER ) ;
(Tandjung, 2012)
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Lingkup kehidupan

T = Troposfer : 11 mil/17km S = Stratosfer : 33 km M = Mesosfer : 35 km TP = Tropopause SP = Stratopause MP = Mesopause

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CONTOH- CONTOH PENGGANTI CFC YANG EFEKTIF

1. PETROFERM, PERUSAHAAN KECIL DI FLORIDA MENEMUKAN BIOACT EC-7 TERBUAT DARI TERPENE DALAM KULIT BUAH JERUK YG : BIODEGRADABEL TIDAK BERACUN TIDAK KOROSIF DAPAT MENGGANTI 30- 55% SELURUH PEMAKAIAN CFC- 13 2. HFC 134A DALAM AC & LEMARI ES MENJAMIN BEBAS CHLORIN; 3. HCFC. 22, 123, 141B & 142B MERUSAK OZON HANYA 5% CFC; DSB.
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(Tandjung, 2012)
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Figure 6
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Figure 7
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PENDAPAT (TUDUHAN ?) NEGARA NEGARA INDUSTRI BAHWA

PEMANASAN GLOBAL ( GLOBAL WARMING ) DISEBABKAN OLEH PENGGUNDULAN/PERUSAKAN HUTAN TROPIS (TROPICAL DEFORESTATION), ADALAH PENDAPAT YANG SALAH & TUDUHAN YANG GEGABAH LUPAKAH MEREKA BAHWA PERISTIWA PEMANASAN GLOBAL ADALAH GANGGUAN PADA KESEIMBANGAN ATMOSFER ( ATMOSPHERIC INBALANCE)
(Tandjung, 2012)
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KESEIMBANGAN ATMOSFER TERCAPAI / TERJAGA BILA RATA RATA WILAYAH / KAWASAN MEMILIKI 30% HUTAN MENURUT DATA WORLD RESOURCE INSTITUTE ( 1990) HUTAN NEGARA NEGARA INDUSTRI YAKNI : TEMPERATE FOREST & BOREAL FOREST JAUH DI BAWAH ANGKA NILAI AMBANG BATAS ITU ; HUTAN TROPIS MASIH TERSEDIA 69 74% (TANDJUNG, 92 )
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Lengkapnya situasi kehutanan negara-negara industri & berkembang adalah sebagai berikut : Temperate & boreal forest

NATURAL FOREST AS.2,5% AUSTRALIA5% EROPA BARAT0% TROPICAL RAIN FOREST BRAZILIA43% ZAIRE63% INDONESIA..56%
(Tandjung, 2012)
90 91

Negara Belanda USA Kanada Jerman

Hutan tropis

Tersisa/tinggal (%) 7 15 19 19

Negara Indonesia Zaire Brazilia

Tersisa/tinggal (%) 74,4 71 69

(Tandjung, 2012)

KESIMPULAN YANG DAPAT DITARIK DARI DATA DI ATAS IALAH YANG TERJADI
BUKAN TROPICAL DEFORESTATION

A QUESTION CAN BE RAISED:

IS IT FAIR, THE INDUSTRIAL COUNTRIES POLLUTE THE AIR WITH

TETAPI YANG BENAR BENAR TERJADI IALAH TEMPERATE DEFORESTATION & BOREAL DEFORESTATION
(Tandjung, 2012)
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CO2 THAT CAUSE GLOBAL WARNING AND HOPE ANOTHER COUNTRY SUCH AS TROPICAL COUNTRY TO CLEAN THE MESS ?
(Tandjung, 2012)
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Management of Environmental Pollution

Management of Environmental Pollution

1.Planning of business activity, the planner have to realize the demand of public for regulation related to project. In the long run, public need to know all activities they thought against human right.

2.Utilization of opportunity in international trade agreement. Equal opportunity and equal right have to obey by parties in business, win- win solution in trade. The parties not buy the industrial waste dumping, neither sell the bad thing.

(Tandjung, 2012)

(Tandjung, 2012)

Management of Environmental Pollution

Management of Environmental Pollution

3.Control on application of eco-labeling. The product with out eco-label will be refused by second party, the buyer have the right not to accommodate the product with out eco-label.

4.Maintenance the costumer demand for clean process and product. Apply the recycle, reuse, reduce (3 R) to keep the tradition of quality.

(Tandjung, 2012)

(Tandjung, 2012)

Management of Environmental Pollution

Management of Environmental Pollution

6.Law Enforcement on International Environmental Management Systems /ISO 14000. First, for organization/institution : Environmental Management, Business Environment Attitude, Environmental Auditing. Second, for product: Eco-labeling, Product Life Cycle, and Product Usage History. Indonesias Environmental Management Instruments: AMDAL,UKL/UPL, Audit Lingkungan, KLHS dan SNI.
(Tandjung, 2012)

5.Supervision on public demand for environmental protection. Install the CSR (Social Corporate Responsibility) and Com-dev ( Community Development ).

(Tandjung, 2012)

10