Newton's theory of "Universal Gravitation"

Disusun Oleh :

Alfido Fauzy Z (130210102110)

Fakultas Keguruan Dan Ilmu Pendidikan Pendidikan Fisika ni!ersitas "em#er $a%un A&aran 2013 '201(

Newton's theory of

"Universal Gravitation"

Sir Isaac Newton was an mathematician and physicist who lived from 1642-1727.The legend is that Newton discovered ravity when he saw a falling apple while thin!ing a"o#t the forces of nat#re. $hatever really happened% Newton reali&ed that some force m#st "e acting on falling o"'ects li!e apples "eca#se otherwise they wo#ld not start moving from rest.

Newton also reali&ed that the moon wo#ld fly off away from (arth in a straight line tangent to its or"it if some force was not ca#sing it to fall toward the (arth. The moon is only a pro'ectile circling aro#nd the (arth #nder the attraction of ravity. Newton called this force )gravity) and determined that gravitational forces e*ist "etween all o"'ects. ravity is a force of attraction that e*ists "etween any two o"'ects. There is a force of gravity "etween the s#n and the (arth% "etween the (arth and #s% and even "etween two mar"les. +ro'ectiles% satellites% planets% gala*ies% and cl#sters of gala*ies are all infl#enced "y ravity. ravity is the wea!est of the fo#r !nown forces of nat#re% yet the most dominant force. (ven tho#gh it,s the wea!est force% ravity holds together entire solar systems and gala*ies.

The law of #niversal gravitation says that every o"'ect attracts every other o"'ect with a force that% for any two o"'ects% is directly proportional to the mass of each o"'ect and inversely proportional to the s-#are of the distance "etween the two o"'ects. So#rce . http.//www.stanford.ed#/0"#&&t/gravity.html

The Formula for the Force of Gravity

Newton rightly saw this as a confirmation of the )inverse s-#are law). 1e proposed that a )#niversal) force of gravitation 2 e*isted "etween any two masses m and 3% directed from each to the other% proportional to each of them and inversely proportional to the s-#are of their separation distance r. In a form#la 4ignoring for now the vector character of the force5.

S#ppose 3 is the mass of the (arth% 6 its radi#s and m is the mass of some falling o"'ect near the (arth,s s#rface. Then one may write

From this

The capital

is !nown as the constant of #niversal gravitation. That is the

n#m"er we need to !now in order to calc#late the gravitational attraction "etween%

say% two spheres of 1 !ilogram each. 7nli!e the attraction of the (arth% which has a h#ge mass 3% s#ch a force is -#ite small% and the n#m"er is li!ewise very% very small. 3eas#ring that small force in the la" is a delicate and diffic#lt feat. So#rce . http.//www.phy6.org/starga&e/Sgravity.htm

Exercise :
$hat is the gravitational force that the s#n e*erts on the earth8 The earth on the s#n8 In what direction do these act8 4 9 6%67:1;-11 Nm2/kg2 , Me 9 <.=>:1;24!g% M s 9 1.==:1;?;!g and the earth-s#n distance is 1<;:1;= meters5. 2irst% consider the directions. The force acts along the direction s#ch that it attracts each "ody radially along a line towards their common center of mass. 2or most practical p#rposes% this means a line connecting the center of the s#n to the center of the earth. The magnit#de of "oth forces is the same% as we wo#ld e*pect from Newton,s Third @aw% and they act in opposite directions% "oth attracting each other m#t#ally. The magnit#de is given "y.

Application of Newton's theory of Universal Gravitation :

1. Calculate the mass of the Earth

The mass of the Earth can be calculated using the G values have been obtained from the Cavendish experiment. Think of the Earth's mass M and radius R !."# $ earth 1% ! m &earth considered perfectl' round(. )ased on the formula of the earth's gravitational acceleration* +e can calculate the mass of the earth.

,. Calculate the mass of the -un .e kno+ that the radius of Earth's orbit mean r) 1./ $ 1% 11 m and the period of the earth around the sun T) 1 'ear " $ 1% # s. )ased on these* +e can be estimated mass of the sun.

".

Calculating speed of satellite

Satelite is an o"'ect that s#rronding another o"'ect which has larger mass% s#ch as the moon 4satellite of the earth5. 3any artificial satellites la#nched for the p#rpose of comm#nications% military% and technological research. Aalc#late the speed of the satellite can "e #sed in two ways% the law of gravity and centrif#gal force. Aalc#lating speed satellite we can #sing the law of gravity% (arth,s mass 435 and the radi#s of the earth 465. Based on Newton,s second law form#la% we can determine the speed of the satellite.

0. Calculating the distance of Earth1s 2rbit -atellites .e can calculating the distance of Earth1s 2rbit -atellites b' sentripental force formula and gravitation forse formula 3