Heat transfer: Heat transfer is defined as the Science which deals with rate of heat exchange between hot

and cold bodies. Hot and cold bodies are called source and receiver respectively. These are three different processes by which H.T occurs. Conduction. Convection. Radiation. Conduction: If the temperature gradients exist with in a solid body the heat will be transferred from higher temperature to lower temperature. This phenomenon is called thermal conduction. The thermal energy may be transferred by means of electrons which are free to move through the lattice structure of the material. It may be transferred as vibrational energy in the lattice of structure. The control of heat flow at the desired rate is one of the most important areas of Chemical Engineering It is a mode of heat transfer in which heat transfer occurs from source to receiver particle to particle or molecule to molecule . First we will discuss the Law of conduction. Secondly the steady state heat conduction where the temperature distribution within the solid does not change with time, and thirdly, we will discuss the unsteady state heat conduction where the temperature distribution does change with time. Fouriers Law: Consider a flow of heat through a plane wall of thickness dx as shown in the figure below.

The wall lower and upper surfaces are assume to be insulated so that direction of heat flow is at right angle (perpendicular ) to wall. Assume that left face is hot and right face is cold. Which receives heat. Fouriers Law states that rate of heat flow Q is directly proportional to temperature difference T between the two surfaces, directly proportional to area A and inversely proportional to thickness x of the wall. Mathematically Q Or AT -------x

KAT Q = ---------x In differential form dQ = K A ( -d T ) dx term d T is called the temperature gradient. dx where negative sign indicates that the temperature gradient is opposite to the heat flow. It shows that heat flow occur from hot to cold surface. The negative sign is also due to the decrease of temperature in the direction of flow. Where K is a constant called thermal conductivity. its units are. K = Qx AT = B tu / hr x ft o ft2 F = Btu / hr . ft oF

M . K .System . Qx =
o

Watt . m

= Watt

AT

m2

m C If K has higher values for a material, then material is called conductor and if the value of K is lower then the material is called insulator. Q = ( T1 T2) A x/k Where x/k is known as the thermal resistance and k/x is the transfer co-efficient. Thermal conductivity

thermal conductivity, k, is the property of a material that indicates its ability to conduct heat. It appears primarily in Fourier's Law for heat conduction. First, we define heat conduction by the formula:

where is the rate of heat flow, k is the thermal conductivity, A is the total cross sectional area of conducting surface, T is temperature difference and x is the thickness of conducting surface separating the 2 temperatures. Thus, rearranging the equation gives thermal conductivity,

(Note: is the temperature gradient)

In other words, it is defined as the quantity of heat, Q, transmitted during time t through a thickness x, in a direction normal to a surface of area A, due to a temperature difference T, under steady state conditions and when the heat transfer is dependent only on the temperature gradient. Alternately, it can be thought of as a flux of heat (energy per unit area per unit time) divided by a temperature gradient (temperature difference per unit length) Typical units are SI: W/(mK) and English units: Btuft/(hftF). To convert between the two, use the relation 1 Btuft/(hftF) = 1.730735 W/(mK). [Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook, 7th Edition, Table 1-4]

List of thermal conductivities

This is a list of approximate values of thermal conductivity, k, for some common materials.

Material

Thermal conductivity W/(mK)

Cement, Portland [1] Concrete, stone [1] Air Wood Alcohols and oils Silica Aerogel Soil Rubber

0.29 1.7 0.025 0.04 - 0.4 0.1 - 0.21 0.004-0.03 1.5 0.16

Epoxy (unfilled) (Nansulate) LPG Epoxy (silica-filled) Water (liquid) Thermal grease Thermal epoxy Glass Diamond Thermal Resistances in series:

0.19 0.018 0.23 - 0.26 0.3 0.6 0.7 - 3 7-Jan 1.1 900 - 2320

A composite wall made up of three materials with thermal conductivities K1, K2, and K3 with thicknesses x1, x2, x3 and with temperature T1, T2, T3, and T4 at the faces as shown in figure given below.

Conduction of heat through an attached wall. Apply the Fourier's law to each section assuming that quantity of heat Q must pass through each area A. Q - K1A (T2 T1) x1 Then for first section: T1 T2 = x1 Q = = K1A(T1 T2) x1 I K1A Second section: T2 T3 = x2 Q K2A For third section: T3 T4 = x3 Q Add all these eq. We will get: T1 T4 = x1 Q + x2 Q + x3 Q K1A T1 T4 = Q/A (x1/K1 + x2/K2 + x3/K3 ) Be written as. III K3A

II

K2A

K3A

Q = (T1 T4)A = Total driving force x/K (Total Thermal resistance/area)

Conduction through a Cylinder: Consider the hollow cylinder of inside radius is r1 the outside radius is r2 and length of cylinder is L. the thermal conductivity of the cylindrical material is K. The temperature of the out side surface is at T2 and the inside surface is at T1. It is desired to calculate the rate of heat flow out ward for this case. Consider a very thin cylinder of Wall thickness is dr. The heat flow at the thickness is given by - K 2 r L dT dr Separate the Variable and Integrate the Eq. between the limits. Q r1r2dr = - 2KLT1T2dT r Q =

Digrammmmm. Q ( lnr)r1r2 = -2KL(T)T1T2 Q(lnr2 lnr1) = - 2 KL (T2 T1) Q ln (r2/r1) = 2 KL (T1 T2) Q = 2 K L (T1 T2) ln r2/r1
The Eq can be written in the form of Fouriers Eq we can use the log mean radius

rm Then

r2 r1 /ln r2/r1 ln r2/r1 =

r2 r 1 rmPut the value of

ln r2/r1 in the above Eq.

Then

K 2 L (T1 T2) r2 r1/rm 2 K L rm (T1 T2) r2 r1

This relation is used for heat flow through a thick-walled tube. For thin walled tubes it is sufficient to use the arithmetic mean radius ra instead of rm