Senior Science 8.

2 Water for Living

Section 1 Water is Essential

Section 1

Water is Essential

Focus - Water is essential for the health of humans and other living things 8.2.1.a 8.2.1.b Identify the relative amount of water in a variety of living things Describe the importance of water as a solvent in the bloodstream cells transpiration stream Discuss ways in which plants optimise water upta e Discuss ways! using e"amples! that plants reduce water loss such as thic outer coating #cuticle$ on leaves reduced leaves dropping leaves in times of drought Discuss ways! using e"amples! that animals reduce water loss such as% e"crete uric acid instead of urea nocturnal behaviour reduced activity lying in the shade burrowing underground

8.2.1.c 8.2.1.d

8.2.1.e

8.2.1.i 8.2.1.ii 8.2.1.iii 8.2.1.iv

&erform a first-hand investigation to demonstrate that substances dissolve in water and to identify the solute and solvent in each case &lan! choose e'uipment or resources for and perform a first-hand investigation to determine the amount of water present in a variety of fruits! vegetables and meat &erform a first-hand investigation to identify adaptations of some plants that assist in reducing water loss (ather! process and analyse information to identify the different ways in which a range of terrestrial animals reduce water loss

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Describing aqueous mixtures

, mi"ture consists of two or more substances that can be separated by physical means. -"amples Dirty water a mi"ture of dirt and water. the dirt can be separated by filtration. /ugar solution a mi"ture of sugar and water. the sugar can be separated by evaporating the water. , li'uid solution is a mi"ture in which a solid! li'uid or gas #the solute$ dissolves in a li'uid substance #the solvent$. , solution% contains dissolved substances #particles$ and these particles are spread out evenly throughout the li'uid. ,lso! 0he particles are e"tremely small #cannot be seen with the na ed eye$. 0he particles can remain suspended indefinitely. 0he particles cannot be separated by filtration , solute is the substance that dissolves in the solvent. , solvent is a li'uid in which the solute dissolves. , solution where the solvent is water is called an a'ueous mi"ture. , solute is soluble if it dissolves completely in a solvent , substance is insoluble if it will not dissolve in a solvent. If two li'uids mi" they are said to be miscible.

Notes Questions
1. Which of the following mi"tures are solutions1 2il and water. Dirty water. sea water. air. mayonnaise. alcohol and water. paint 2. -"plain why a solution is a mi"ture. 3. /uggest a reason why the diagram opposite could represent a solution.

+. 4opy and then complete the following table Solute /alt /ugar! flavours and other 5 water 4oca cola 6eer 3 Solvent Solution

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&erform a first-hand investigation to demonstrate the range of substances that will dissolve in water and to identify the solute and solvent in each case

Solutes an Solvents
!im 0o identify the solute and solvent in a range of substances that dissolve in water.

"is# !nal$sis 6efore any practical tas is performed! a ris analysis should be completed. 0his means an assessment of sources of ris needs to be made. 7actors to consider include physical! chemical and biological factors.
86 /ee 9umans at Wor /ection 1 for more details

%et&o 1. 2rganise the following e'uipment% : medium test tubes test tube rac solids #solutes$ - sodium chloride! &henolphthalein! iodine! copper sulfate! polystyrene foam li'uids #solvents$ - water! methylated spirits! acetone /patula 2. ;i" small 'uantities of each of the solutes separately with each of the solvents. 3. Determine if a solution is formed. +. <ecord the solubility of the solute using a table similar to the one below. #ie if the solute is soluble! slightly soluble or insoluble$. "esults Solvent
/odium 4hloride Water &henolphthalein

Solute

'onclusion Write an appropriate conclusion Discussion ( Questions 1. 2. 3. +. =. :. Name two safe wor ing practices for a science laboratory. )2 mar#s* +utline how students did not waste resources doing this e"periment. )2 mar#s* Name a biological ris . )1 mar#* +utline a physical ris . )2 mar#s* Describe a chemical ris . ), mar#s* Ex-lain why there might be a need to repeat some combinations of solvents and solutes in the e"periment. )2 mar#s* =

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%ar#ing criteria for investigation

%ar#ing 'riteria &erform planned practical #12.1$ ), mar#s* ,t all times
4arry out planned procedure safely >se safe wor ing practices

%ar# range ;ostly 2 7ew criteria 1 /caffold partly used 2 ;ost criteria , 1 7ew criteria 1 2ccasionally 1 , /ufficient criteria 2 ), mar#s* /caffold used , ,ll criteria .

Data collection #12.2$

,ccuracy of measurements /ufficient data collected

)2 mar#s*

&resents information #13.1$

8eat >ses ?aboratory report scaffold

<esults table #13.1$

<uled 4olumn headings >nits @ 4olumn headings ,ccurate data recorded

). mar#s*

4onclusion #1+.1$ Discussion

)2 mar#s*

0otally consistent 2

?ogical 1

)12 mar#s*

Notes Questions
=. Write 28- complete sentence for each of the following groups of words. -ach sentence must use every word from the group -ach sentence must be a correct scientific statement a. b. c. d. e. /alt! solvent Dissolved! water! when /oluble! solution! is /olid! insoluble! which /olution! sugar! methylated spirits #carefulA$

:. 0he following are all solutions% each contains a solute dissolved in a solvent. a. 7or each solution% i. 8ame the solute ii. 8ame the solvent. b. &resent all this information in a table. /2?>0I28 1 /2?>0I28 2 /2?>0I28 3 /2?>0I28 +
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, cup of coffee /ea water 6lood Water that travels through plants :

8.2.1.ii 8.2.1.a /art !

&lan! choose e'uipment or resources for and perform a first-hand investigation to determine the amount of water present in a variety of fruits! vegetables and meat Identify the relative amount of water in a variety of living things /lanning an investigation

, scientific investigation must be planned so that valid and reliable data is collected. 2ne important aspect of planning is describing and trailing the method to be used. 0he method needs to be repeatable. &lanning involves a number of points% , discussion about various issues related to performing the investigation. 0o iscuss means to identify issues and provide points for and against these issues. , ris analysis , written method using a te"t type called a Bprocedure scaffoldC. /re -lanning questions 0he following 'uestions are to help in a discussion about various issues related to performing the investigation. ,fter these issues are considered! a draft method can be written. 1. Identify 28- fruit that would be suitable ie cheap and easy to get. 2. Which of the 'uestions below ma e it clear what needs to be done in the investigation. 9ow much water is in a fruit1 9ow much of the fruit is water1 What is the percentage of water in the fruit1 What is the amount of water in the fruit e"pressed as a percentage of total weight1 a. Identify problems with some of these 'uestions b. -"plain which 'uestion is the best. 3. 2utline some ways that could be used to remove the water from the fruit. What can you do to the fruit to let the water escape1 +. In order to get the D of water by total weight two measurements need to be made. What is measured before and what is measured after1 =. In this e"periment use the same pieces of fruit 6-72<- #with water$ and ,70-< #without water$. 0herefore! in this investigation the material being tested will be BdestroyedC. 0his is acceptable since the fruit being tested should be cheap and plentiful. In some scientific investigations the material is very important and would only be destroyed in e"treme circumstances. 8ame 0W2 e"amples of such materials. Identify the situation where such materials might occur.
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:. 9ow many pieces of fruit will be used in this e"periment #1! 2! 3! =! 1* 5$1 E. 9ow many times will the e"periment be repeated to get reliable data1 8. 9ow does the e"perimenter now that all the water has been removed from the fruit1 Discuss the se'uence% Weigh 9eat Weigh 9eat Weigh 9eat Weigh. 9ow long would the se'uence be continued. F. -"plain why an oven could be used. 1*. -"plain why a weighing machine could be used. 11. -"plain why a scalpel or pin would be useful. 12. 8ame a container that would be acceptable to hold the fruit. "is# anal$sis /afe wor ing practices involve care to be ta en When using scalpels and pins. 6y wearing correct footwear in the laboratory. 6y being careful where bags are placed in the laboratory. 6y concentrating on the tas to be completed and reducing distraction. Write a sentence for 0W2 of the above safe wor ing practices. 0&e -roce ure scaffol 0he procedure scaffold has three main parts% 1. ,n statement outlining the aim or -ur-ose of the investigation (enerally a single sentence 2. %aterials needed for the investigation 0his may be a list. 0his may be left out in some cases. 3. ! se'uence of steps in a logical or er. &referably in point form 2ne idea per point 8umbers can be used to show 1st! 2nd 3rd etc 0he order is usually important Words such as now, next and after this can be used. ;any steps should begin with command words such as add, stir, and weigh. 0here is enough detail so that the investigation can be re-eate .

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Write1u- of aim2 3 met&o 2nce pre-planning occurs the draft method can be written and the e"periment performed. 1. 4ea ing Write a heading for the investigation. 2. /re -lanning questions Write down a summary of the various ideas and issues raised in response to the pre planning 'uestions above. 3. Write a draft method using the ?aboratory <eport /caffold and the following headings a. Write the purpose or aim of the investigation. b. Write a list of materials or equi-ment needed c. Write a met&o in point form. d. Draw +NE diagram.

%ar#ing 'riteria &lanning investigation #11.2$

1. 9eading for investigation

%ar# range (ood G Hes 1

)2*

)1. mar#s*
)1*

&oor G 8o * 1 * * * 1 1 1 * * * * 1 *

2. /ummary of issues raised in discussion

2 1 1 2 2 2 1 3 2

3. ,ppropriate headings used in written report )1* +. ,im of investigation )1* )2* )2* )2*

=. ,ppropriate list of e'uipment selected. :. &rocedures are listed in logical steps. E. -ach step is numbered and in a sentence 8. Instructions are clear. F. Diagram. ),* )1*

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/erforming t&e ex-eriment

Write1u- of results2 conclusion 1. 2. &erform the investigation >se your method or an edited version to perform the investigation. <ecord your results. 4onstruct a table to show the original weight and weight loss. /how your calculations of percentage weight loss for each food type. D of water in food I D weight loss I original weight final weight " 1** original weight 1 (raph these measurements using a column graph. Write a conclusion.

3.

Discussion ( Questions a 2utline what happens to the waste material after the e"periment )2 mar#s* b Describe how this investigation could be repeated for other fruits! meat! and vegetables. ), mar#s*

%ar#ing 'riteria &erform planned practical #12.1$ ), mar#s* ,t all times

4arry out planned procedure safely >se safe wor ing practices

%ar# range ;ostly 2 7ew criteria 1 ;ost criteria , 7ew criteria 1 2ccasionally 1 , /ufficient criteria 2

Data collection #12.2$

,ccuracy of measurements /ufficient data collected D calculation completed

)2 mar#s*

<esults table #13.1$

<uled 4olumn headings >nits @ 4olumn headings ,ccurate data recorded

). mar#s*

,ll criteria .

4onclusion #1+.1$

)2 mar#s*

0otally consistent 2

?ogical 1

Discussion 'uestions

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8.2.1.b

Describe the importance of water as a solvent in the bloodstream cells transpiration stream

Water as a solvent
W&at to o <ead the information on water and its uses in living things ,nswer the 'uestions Describe the importance of water as a solvent in the bloodstream! cells and the transpiration stream. -very living thing is made up of cells. ?iving cells are made up from many different substances! but the most important and abundant is water. 0he weight of a living organism is between :*D and FFD water therefore most organisms can withstand very little water loss. 6oth plant and animal cells are dependent on water. Water allows cells to maintain their shape and to function. 1. /olarit$ -ach water molecule has a formula 922 a water molecule consists of two hydrogen atoms and one! o"ygen atom. 0he o"ygen atom attracts #negative$ electrons more strongly than the hydrogen atom. 0his causes one end of the water molecule to be negatively charged and the other end positively charged the molecule is said to be polar. 'o&esiveness Water molecules are polar. 0herefore the negative end of one molecule attracts the positive end of the other. 0his attraction between the polar water molecules results in the molecules Bstic ing togetherC cohesive. It allows water to move up the conducting tissue of plants and allows some insects to move across the surface of a pond without sin ing. 4ig& S-ecific 4eat 6ecause polar molecules attract each other! energy is needed to separate them. 0his allows water to absorb more heat #high specific heat$ than most other li'uids. 0his means that water can absorb and transfer heat. 0his is important to cells where chemical reactions release large amounts of energy #heat$! which might cause cells to overheat. Water as a Solvent 0he most important biological property of water is its ability to act as a solvent. , large number of substances #sugars! gases! organic acids$ dissolve in water. ,s well! water! generally does not react with the solutes.

2.

,.

6.

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7ses of 8ater in living t&ings

5loo stream - ;ulticellular animals need to transport materials around their bodies. eg digested food from the small intestine. urea from the liver @ idneys and carbon dio"ide to the lungs. /ince water is a good solvent it dissolves many substances li e glucose! urea! salts! o"ygen and carbon dio"ide. It is an ideal fluid for transporting these substances. 6lood plasma is F*D water. 0he substances dissolve in the water and are carried in solution around the body. Water is also necessary for substances to enter the bloodstream. -g the lung surface needs to be moist so that o"ygen can dissolve and move across to red blood cells.

'ells - Water is essential for all the cells reactions. ;any of these reactions only occur when the two reacting substances are dissolved #in water$. 7or e"ample seeds will not germinate without a certain amount of water in the seed. ,lso! within the cell! water is still necessary for transport and moves substances around the cell. JIn plant cells! water is necessary in ma ing the cell turgid #stiff$. When the vacuoles of plant cells are full of water! they cause the cells to push against the cell walls.K

0rans-iration Stream - ;ulticellular plants need to transport materials around their bodies. /alts and other nutrients are absorbed by the roots and delivered to the leaves via the transpiration stream. 0his is only possible because these substances are soluble in water. JWater is also essential for photosynthesis.K

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Notes Questions
E. "esearc& What is a cell1 8. What is the main substance in cells1 F. 9ow much water would there be in a living organism that weighed 1** g1 1*. Why do cells need water1 11. Water has a number of properties that contribute to ma ing it an important molecule for living organisms. 12. What type of atoms #elements$ ma e up a water molecule1 13. Why is water a polar molecule1 1+. What causes water molecules to be cohesive #stic together$1 1=. What type of substances will dissolve in water1 1:. "esearc& What is the bloodstream1 1E. 8ame three substances transported around the body. 18. Why can blood transport many of these substances1 1F. Why is water essential for chemical reactions in cells1 2*. "esearc& What is the transpiration stream1 21. 8ame one substance transported by the transpiration stream.

8.2.1.c 8.2.1.d

Discuss ways in which plants optimise water upta e Discuss ways! using e"amples! that plants reduce water loss such as 0hic outer coating #cuticle$ on leaves <educed leaves Dropping leaves in times of drought

/lants obtaining 8ater

W&at to o >sing the information below! answer the following 1. Discuss ways in which plants optimise water upta e. 2. Discuss ways! using e"amples! that plants reduce water loss It may be necessary to do further research to write a complete discussion.

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In plants! water moves from the soil! into the root! through the stem! then the leaves and finally into the air via stomata. 2n a hot day! a large tree absorbs hundreds of litres of water from the soil. Lery little of this is used for photosynthesis. ;ost #FFD$ is evaporated from the leaves. Water absorption occurs via the root hairs. 0he root hairs greatly increase the surface area in contact with water bearing soil. 0he 2nd column needs to be reorganised to match the 1 st column. /lant feature "eason for -lant feature -"tensive root systems <educes need to constantly absorb water via roots. <oots may produce a chemical 0o direct water towards the roots eg 9a ea that stops the growth of other plants nearby. /ucculents store water in fleshy 0his reduces the competition for scarce water. leaves #eg saltbush$ Well-spaced plants 0o collect and store water ?eaves shaped special way Decreases competition for water 0ranspiration is defined as the loss of water from the leaves. 0ranspiration is important because it causes water to be pulled through the plant. 0he process of transpiration is very wasteful of water. depending on their need for water and e"ternal conditions. &lants control their water loss

4acti store water in stem ;ost water loss occurs through the stomata. &lants mainly control water loss by opening and closing stomata #on the underside of the leaf$ &lants that live in dry or desert environments have a variety of special adaptations to help reduce water loss. 0hese adaptations are necessary for the plant to survive with little or no water. ?eaves of plants in dry areas are often small /tems covered with spines or needles! such a covering helps reduce graMing by animals /tomata are often found on the underside of a leaf. ,s a result the stomata are protected from the direct heat of the sun. 2ther plants curl their leaves that have a Bhairy surfaceC creating an inner cavity. 0his increases humidity and reduces evaporation. It also protects the leaf from the drying effects of the wind. 0he leaves of plants in dry climates have fewer stomata when compared to plants from wetter climates. -ucalypts display another adaptation. 0hey hang their leaves vertically! edge-on to the sun. 0his means little of the surface is e"posed to the heat of the sunNs rays.

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8.2.1.iii

&erform a first-hand investigation to identify adaptations of some plants that assist in reducing water loss (ather! process and analyse information to identify the different ways in which a range of terrestrial animals reduce water loss Discuss ways! using e"amples! that animals reduce water loss such as% e"crete uric acid instead of urea nocturnal behaviour reduced activity lying in the shade burrowing underground

8.2.1.iv 8.2.1.e

Writing t&e met&o of a first1&an investigation

In order to write a valid! e"perimental method! certain principles of e"perimental design need to be nown. W&$ o ex-eriments9 When planning a first-hand investigation the following principles should be considered. , first-hand investigation is designed to discover ne8 information. -"perimenters are interested in the trut&. 0he e"periment must be able to be re-eate by other scientists. 1. 2utline the information that was discovered in the e"periment to determine the amount of water present in a variety of fruits! vegetables and meat. 2. Identify 0W2 reasons why this e"periment could be repeated. 0&e 8riting genre 0o communicate the objectivity of the e"periment the tradition is to never use the words BIC or BW-C. It is normal to write in past tense using complete sentences. Writing t&e met&o 0he method is a description of steps to be followed and the materials used. When writing the method the following topics should be considered. : ; ' % ! N S
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:ariables ;roups 'ontrol %easurements !ctivity Number Safety 1=

:ariables In an e"periment the effect of one variable on another is investigated. 0he in e-en ent variable is the variable deliberately changed by the e"perimenter. 0he e-en ent variable is the variable that could change because of the change in the independent variable. 'ontrolle variables 0he dependent variable and the independent variable can change. ,ll other variables are ept the same throughout the e"periment these are called the controlle variables. 3. In this investigation on water content% aK Identify the independent variable bK Identify the dependent variable )1 mar#* )1 mar#*

cK 8ame 2 variables that could have been controlled. )2 m#s* ; ;roups ;rou-s occur because the independent variable is changed for different groups. 0he only difference between the groups at the start of the e"periment is the difference in the independent variable. In all other aspects the groups are the same. +. ' 9ow many groups are there in the water content investigation1

'ontrol 0here are two t$-es of groups the 'ontrol ;rou- and the Ex-erimental ;rou-. 0he control is the reference against which e"perimental groups are compared. 0he control allows the e"perimenter to determine if the changes made to the e"perimental group actually cause the dependent variable to change. 5. 6. Outline the purpose of a control. Is there a control in this experiment?

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1:

Measurements 0here are two types of measurement Qualitative< 0his measurement does not involve numbers. It uses words to compare eg green! greener. more! less. slower! faster Quantitative< 0his measurement involves numbers. 0hey should be carefully measured. -rrors should be recorded and considered in the Discussion section of the ?aboratory <eport. It can be very important to clearly describe how and what to measure in the method. E. 8. Identify the type of measurement in the water content investigation. Identify what was measured in this investigation.

!ctivity , scientific investigation can occur using a number of different activities. 0ypes of activities include% ,n e"perimental investigation /urvey ;odel building ?iterature search! or other second hand investigation 0he method should be written so that /teps are outlined in a logical order. 0here is enough detail so that the investigation can be repeated. Number <eliability depends on the number of results obtained. In some investigations only three results may be necessary. In other investigations many hundreds of results are necessary before reliability is certain. It is possible that a single unusual event could occur. , large number of results reduces the influence of an unusual event on the overall results and the conclusion. 1*. 11. 12. 9ow many results should be recorded for each fruit to obtain a reliable result1 Would you consider your investigation reliable1 -"plain. Would have van 9elmontNs conclusion changed if he planted many more trees1

Safety Identifying and minimising haMards must be considered for all investigations Identifying and using safe wor practices is essential. 13. Identify 0W+ haMards that should be considered before performing this investigation. 1E

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1+.

Identify 0W+ safe wor ing practices re'uired for this investigation. 2L-<9-,D 2L-<9-,D 2L-<9-,D 2L-<9-,D

Water as a Solvent 5loo stream 1 %ulticellular animals nee to trans-ort materials aroun t&eir bo ies= eg igeste foo from t&e small intestine= urea from t&e liver > #i ne$s an carbon ioxi e to t&e lungs. Since 8ater is a goo solvent it issolves man$ substances li#e glucose2 urea2 salts2 ox$gen an carbon ioxi e. ?t is an i eal flui for trans-orting t&ese substances. 5loo -lasma is @AB 8ater an carries t&ese substances in solution aroun t&e bo $. Water is also necessar$ for substances to enter t&e bloo stream. Eg t&e lung surface nee s to be moist so t&at ox$gen can issolve an move across to re bloo cells. 'ells 1 Water is essential for all t&e cells reactions. %an$ of t&ese reactions onl$ occur 8&en t&e t8o reacting substances are issolve . For exam-le see s 8ill not germinate 8it&out a certain amount of 8ater in t&e see . Wit&in t&e cell 8ater is still necessar$ for trans-ort an moves substances aroun t&e cell. )?n -lant cells2 8ater is necessar$ in ma#ing t&e cell turgi CstiffD. W&en t&e vacuoles of -lant cells are full of 8ater2 t&e$ cause t&e cells to -us& against t&e cell 8alls.* 0rans-iration Stream 1 %ulticellular -lants nee to trans-ort materials aroun t&eir bo ies. Salts an ot&er nutrients are absorbe b$ t&e roots an elivere to t&e leaves via t&e trans-iration stream. 0&is is onl$ -ossible because t&ese substances are soluble in 8ater. )Water is also essential for -&otos$nt&esis.*

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