MATLAB

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

MATLAB (matrix laboratory) is a numerical computing environment and fourth-generation programming language. Developed by MathWorks, MATLAB allows matrix manipulations, plotting of functions and data, implementation of algorithms, creation of user interfaces, and interfacing with programs written in other languages, including C, C++, Java, and Fortran. Although MATLAB is intended primarily for numerical computing, an optional toolbox uses the MuPAD symbolic engine, allowing access to symbolic computing capabilities. An additional package, Simulink, adds graphical multi-domain simulation and Model-Based Design for dynamic and embedded systems. In 2004, MATLAB had around one million users across industry and academia.[3] MATLAB users come from various backgrounds of engineering, science, and economics. MATLAB is widely used in academic and research institutions as well as industrial enterprises.

MATLAB

L-shaped membrane logo[1]

Contents
1 History 2 Syntax 2.1 Variables 2.2 Vectors/matrices 2.3 Structures 2.4 Function handles 2.5 Classes 3 Graphics and graphical user interface programming 4 Object-oriented programming 5 Interfacing with other languages 6 License 7 Alternatives 8 Release history 9 File extensions 9.1 MATLAB 9.2 Simulink 9.3 Simscape[64] 9.4 MuPAD 9.5 Third-party 10 Easter eggs 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References 14 External links
MATLAB R2013a running on Windows 8 Developer(s) Initial release Stable release Preview release MathWorks 1984 R2013b / September 6, 2013 R2014a / December 5, 2013

Development status Active Written in Operating system Platform Type License Website C, C++, Java, MATLAB Cross-platform: Microsoft Windows, Linux, and Mac OS X[2] IA-32, x86-64 Technical computing Proprietary commercial software MATLAB product page (http://www.mathworks.com/products/matlab/)

MATLAB
Paradigm(s) Appeared in Designed by Developer multi-paradigm: imperative, procedural, object-oriented, array late 1970s Cleve Moler MathWorks

History
Cleve Moler, the chairman of the computer science department at the University of New Mexico, started developing MATLAB in the late 1970s.[4] He designed it to give his students access to LINPACK and EISPACK without them having to learn Fortran. It soon spread to other universities and found a strong audience within the applied mathematics community. Jack Little, an engineer, was exposed to it during a visit Moler made to Stanford University in 1983. Recognizing its commercial potential, he joined with Moler and Steve Bangert. They rewrote MATLAB in C and founded MathWorks in 1984 to continue its development. These rewritten libraries were known as JACKPAC.[5] In 2000, MATLAB was rewritten to use a newer set of libraries for matrix manipulation, LAPACK.[6] MATLAB was first adopted by researchers and practitioners in control engineering, Little's specialty, but quickly spread to many other domains. It is now also used in education, in particular the teaching of linear algebra and numerical analysis, and is popular amongst scientists involved in image processing.[4]

Stable release 8.2 (2013) Preview release Typing discipline OS Usual filename extensions 8.3 (2014)

dynamic, weak Cross-platform .m

MATLAB Programming at Wikibooks

Syntax
The MATLAB application is built around the MATLAB language, and most use of MATLAB involves typing MATLAB code into the Command Window (as an interactive mathematical shell), or executing text files containing MATLAB codes, including scripts and/or functions.[7]

Variables
Variables are defined using the assignment operator, = . MATLAB is a weakly typed programming language because types are implicitly converted.[8] It is a dynamically typed language because variables can be assigned without declaring their type, except if they are to be treated as symbolic objects,[9] and that their type can change. Values can come from constants, from computation involving values of other variables, or from the output of a function. For example:

> >x=1 7 x= 1 7

> >x=' h a t ' x= h a t > >y=x+0 y= 1 0 4

9 7

1 1 6

> >x=[ 3 * 4 ,p i / 2 ] x= 1 2 . 0 0 0 0 1 . 5 7 0 8 > >y=3 * s i n ( x ) y= 1 . 6 0 9 7 3 . 0 0 0 0

Vectors/matrices
A simple array is defined using the colon syntax: init : increment : terminator. For instance:

> >a r r a y=1 : 2 : 9 a r r a y= 13579

defines a variable named a r r a y(or assigns a new value to an existing variable with the name a r r a y ) which is an array consisting of the values 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9. That is, the array starts at 1 (the init value), increments with each step from the previous value by 2 (the increment value), and stops once it reaches (or to avoid exceeding) 9 (the terminator value).

> >a r r a y=1 : 3 : 9 a r r a y= 147

the increment value can actually be left out of this syntax (along with one of the colons), to use a default value of 1.

> >a r i=1 : 5 a r i= 12345

assigns to the variable named a r ian array with the values 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5, since the default value of 1 is used as the incrementer. Indexing is one-based,[10] which is the usual convention for matrices in mathematics, although not for some programming languages such as C, C++, and Java. Matrices can be defined by separating the elements of a row with blank space or comma and using a semicolon to terminate each row. The list of elements should be surrounded by square brackets: []. Parentheses: () are used to access elements and subarrays (they are also used to denote a function argument list).

> >A=[ 1 6321 3 ;51 01 18 ;9671 2 ;41 51 41 ] A= 1 6 3 21 3 51 01 1 8 9 6 71 2 41 51 4 1 > >A ( 2 , 3 ) a n s= 1 1

Sets of indices can be specified by expressions such as "2:4", which evaluates to [2, 3, 4]. For example, a submatrix taken from rows 2 through 4 and columns 3 through 4 can be written as:

> >A ( 2 : 4 , 3 : 4 ) a n s= 1 18 71 2 1 41

A square identity matrix of size n can be generated using the function eye, and matrices of any size with zeros or ones can be generated with the functions zeros and ones, respectively.

> >e y e ( 3 ) a n s= 100 010 001 > >z e r o s ( 2 , 3 ) a n s= 000 000

> >o n e s ( 2 , 3 ) a n s= 111 111

Most MATLAB functions can accept matrices and will apply themselves to each element. For example, m o d ( 2 * J , n )will multiply every element in "J" by 2, and then reduce each element modulo "n". MATLAB does include standard "for" and "while" loops, but (as in other similar applications such as R), using the vectorized notation often produces code that is faster to execute. This code, excerpted from the function magic.m, creates a magic square M for odd values of n (MATLAB function meshgrid is used here to generate square matrices I and J containing 1:n).

[ J , I ]=m e s h g r i d ( 1 : n ) ; A=m o d ( I+J-( n+3 )/2 ,n ) ; B=m o d ( I+2*J-2 ,n ) ; M=n*A+B+1 ;

Structures
MATLAB has structure data types.[11] Since all variables in MATLAB are arrays, a more adequate name is "structure array", where each element of the array has the same field names. In addition, MATLAB supports dynamic field names[12] (field look-ups by name, field manipulations, etc.). Unfortunately, MATLAB JIT does not support MATLAB structures, therefore just a simple bundling of various variables into a structure will come at a cost.[citation needed ]

Function handles
MATLAB supports elements of lambda calculus by introducing function handles,[13] or function references, which are implemented either in .m files or anonymous[14]/nested functions.[15]

Classes
Although MATLAB has classes, the syntax and calling conventions are significantly different from other languages. MATLAB has value classes and reference classes, depending on whether the class has handle as a super-class (for reference classes) or not (for value classes).[16] Method call behavior is different between value and reference classes. For example, a call to a method

o b j e c t . m e t h o d ( ) ;

can alter any member of object only if object is an instance of a reference class.

Graphics and graphical user interface programming

MATLAB supports developing applications with graphical user interface features. MATLAB includes GUIDE[17] (GUI development environment) for graphically designing GUIs.[18] It also has tightly integrated graph-plotting features. For example the function plot can be used to produce a graph from two vectors x and y. The code:

x=0 : p i / 1 0 0 : 2 * p i ; y=s i n ( x ) ; p l o t ( x , y )

produces the following figure of the sine function:

A MATLAB program can produce three-dimensional graphics using the functions surf , plot3 or mesh.

[ X , Y ]=m e s h g r i d ( 1 0 : 0 . 2 5 : 1 0 , 1 0 : 0 . 2 5 : 1 0 ) ; f=s i n c ( s q r t ( ( X / p i ) . ^ 2 + ( Y / p i ) . ^ 2 ) ) ; m e s h ( X , Y , f ) ; a x i s ( [ 1 01 01 01 00 . 31 ] ) x l a b e l ( ' { \ b f x } ' ) y l a b e l ( ' { \ b f y } ' ) z l a b e l ( ' { \ b f s i n c }( { \ b f R } ) ' ) h i d d e no f f

[ X , Y ]=m e s h g r i d ( 1 0 : 0 . 2 5 : 1 0 , 1 0 : 0 . 2 5 : 1 0 ) ; f=s i n c ( s q r t ( ( X / p i ) . ^ 2 + ( Y / p i ) . ^ 2 ) ) ; s u r f ( X , Y , f ) ; a x i s ( [ 1 01 01 01 00 . 31 ] ) x l a b e l ( ' { \ b f x } ' ) y l a b e l ( ' { \ b f y } ' ) z l a b e l ( ' { \ b f s i n c }( { \ b f R } ) ' )

This code produces a wireframe 3D plot of the two-dimensional unnormalized sinc function:

This code produces a surface 3D plot of the two-dimensional unnormalized sinc function:

In MATLAB, graphical user interfaces can be programmed with the GUI design environment (GUIDE) tool.[19]

Object-oriented programming
MATLAB's support for object-oriented programming includes classes, inheritance, virtual dispatch, packages, pass-by-value semantics, and pass-by-reference semantics.[20]

c l a s s d e fh e l l o m e t h o d s f u n c t i o ng r e e t ( t h i s ) d i s p ( ' H e l l o ! ' ) e n d e n d e n d

When put into a file named h e l l o . m , this can be executed with the following commands:

> >x=h e l l o ; > >x . g r e e t ( ) ; H e l l o !

Interfacing with other languages

MATLAB can call functions and subroutines written in the C programming language or Fortran.[21] A wrapper function is created allowing MATLAB data types to be passed and returned. The dynamically loadable object files created by compiling such functions are termed "MEX-files" (for M ATLAB executable).[22][23] Libraries written in Perl, Java, ActiveX or .NET can be directly called from MATLAB,[24][25] and many MATLAB libraries (for example XML or SQL support) are implemented as wrappers around Java or ActiveX libraries. Calling MATLAB from Java is more complicated, but can be done with a MATLAB toolbox[26] which is sold separately by MathWorks, or using an undocumented mechanism called JMI (Java-to-MATLAB Interface),[27][28] (which should not be confused with the unrelated Java Metadata Interface that is also called JMI). As alternatives to the MuPAD based Symbolic Math Toolbox available from MathWorks, MATLAB can be connected to Maple or Mathematica.[29][30] Libraries also exist to import and export MathML.[31]

License
MATLAB is a proprietary product of MathWorks, so users are subject to vendor lock-in.[3][32] Although MATLAB Builder product can deploy MATLAB functions as library files which can be used with .NET[33] or Java[34] application building environment, future development will still be tied to the MATLAB language. Each toolbox is purchased separately. If an evaluation license is requested, the MathWorks sales department requires detailed information about the project for which MATLAB is to be evaluated. Overall the process of acquiring a license is expensive in terms of money and time.[citation needed ] If granted (which it often is), the evaluation license is valid for two to four weeks. A student version of MATLAB is also available. It has been reported that EU competition regulators are investigating whether MathWorks refused to sell licenses to a competitor.[35]

Alternatives
See also: list of numerical analysis software and comparison of numerical analysis software

MATLAB has a number of competitors.[36] Commercial competitors include Mathematica, Maple, and IDL. There are also free open source alternatives to MATLAB, in

MATLAB has a number of competitors.[36] Commercial competitors include Mathematica, Maple, and IDL. There are also free open source alternatives to MATLAB, in particular GNU Octave, Scilab, FreeMat, Julia, and Sage which are intended to be mostly compatible with the MATLAB language. Among other languages that treat arrays as basic entities (array programming languages) are APL, Fortran 90 and higher, S-Lang, as well as the statistical languages R and S. There are also libraries to add similar functionality to existing languages, such as IT++ for C++, Perl Data Language for Perl, ILNumerics for .NET, NumPy/SciPy for Python, and Numeric.js (http://www.numericjs.com/) for JavaScript. GNU Octave stands out as it treats incompatibility with MATLAB as a bug (see GNU Octave#Matlab), therefore it aims to provide a software clone.

Release history
Version[37] MATLAB 1.0 MATLAB 2 MATLAB 3 MATLAB 3.5 MATLAB 4 MATLAB 4.2c MATLAB Volume 8 5.0 MATLAB Volume 9 5.1 MATLAB R9.1 5.1.1 MATLAB R10 5.2 MATLAB R10.1 5.2.1 MATLAB R11 5.3 MATLAB R11.1 5.3.1 MATLAB R12 6.0 MATLAB R12.1 6.1 MATLAB R13 6.5 MATLAB R13SP1 6.5.1 MATLAB R13SP2 6.5.2 MATLAB R14 7 MATLAB R14SP1 7.0.1 MATLAB R14SP2 7.0.4 MATLAB R14SP3 7.1 MATLAB R2006a 7.2 MATLAB R2006b 7.3 MATLAB R2007a 7.4 MATLAB R2007b 7.5 MATLAB R2008a 15 16 17 18 1.4.2 2004 14 1.5.0 2005 1.5.0 1.5.0 2006 1.5.0 1.5.0_07 1.6.0 13 2003 1.1.8 12 1.3.0 1.3.1 Release name Number Bundled Year JVM 1984 1986 1987 1990 1992 1994 1996 December, 1996 May, 1997 1997 Ran on Windows 3.1. Required a math coprocessor Unified releases across all platforms. Ran on MS-DOS but required at least a 386 processor. Version 3.5m required math coprocessor Release Date Notes

March, 1998 1998

1999

January, 1999 November, 1999 November, 2000 First release with bundled Java Virtual Machine (JVM).

2000

2001 June, 2001 2002 July, 2002

June, 2004 October, 2004 March 7, 2005 September 1, 2005 March 1, 2006 September 1, 2006 March 1, 2007 2007 September 1, 2007 March 1, HDF5-based MAT-file support New b s x f u nfunction to apply element-by-element binary operation with singleton expansion enabled.[39] Last release for Windows 2000 and PowerPC Mac. License Server support for Windows Vista.[40] New internal format for P-code. Major enhancements to object-oriented programming capabilities with a new class definition syntax,[41] Support for memory-mapped files.[38]

19

1.6.0

7.6 MATLAB R2008b 7.7 MATLAB R2009a 7.8 MATLAB R2009b 7.9 MATLAB R2009bSP1 7.9.1 MATLAB R2010a 7.10 MATLAB R2010b 7.11 MATLAB R2010bSP1 24 7.11.1 MATLAB R2010bSP2 7.11.2 MATLAB R2011a 7.12 MATLAB R2011b 7.13 MATLAB R2012a 7.14 MATLAB R2012b 8 MATLAB R2013a 8.1 MATLAB R2013b 8.2[57] 25 26 27 28 29 30 20 21 1.6.0_04 1.6.0_04

2008 2008 October 9, 2008 March 6, 2009 September 4, 2009 April 1, 2010 March 5, 2010 September 3, 2010 March 17, 2011 April 5, 2012[49] April 8, 2011 September 1, 2011 March 1, 2012 September 11, 2012 March 7, 2013 September 6, 2013

and ability to manage namespaces with packages.[42] New Map data structure.[43] Upgrades to random number generators.[44] First release for 32-bit & 64-bit Microsoft Windows 7. New external interface to Microsoft .NET Framework.[45] First release for Intel 64-bit Mac, and last for Solaris SPARC. New usage for the tilde operator (~ ) to ignore arguments in function calls.[46][47] bug fixes. Last release for Intel 32-bit Mac. Support for enumerations added.[48] bug fixes and updates. bug fixes. New r n gfunction to control random number generation.[50][51][52] Access/change parts of variables directly in MAT-files, without loading into memory.[53]

2009 1.6.0_12 22 1.6.0_12 23 1.6.0_12 2010 1.6.0_17 1.6.0_17 1.6.0_17 2011 1.6.0_17 1.6.0_17 1.6.0_17 2012 1.6.0_17 1.6.0_17 2013 1.7.0_11

First release with Toolstrip interface.[54] MATLAB Apps.[55] Redesigned documentation system. New unit testing framework.[56] New table data type.[58]

The number (or Release number) is the version reported by Concurrent License Manager program FLEXlm. For a complete list of changes of both MATLAB and official toolboxes, consult the MATLAB release notes.[59]

File extensions
MATLAB
.fig MATLAB figure .m MATLAB code (function, script, or class) .mat MATLAB data (binary file for storing variables) .mex... (.mexw32, .mexw64, .mexglx, ...) MATLAB executable MEX-files[60] (platform specific, e.g. ".mexmac" for the Mac, ".mexglx" for Linux, etc.[61]) .p MATLAB content-obscured .m file (P-code[62]) .mlappinstall MATLAB packaged App Installer[63]

Simulink
.mdl Simulink Model .mdlp Simulink Protected Model .slx Simulink Model (SLX format) .slxp Simulink Protected Model (SLX format)

Simscape[64]
.ssc Simscape Model

MuPAD
.mn

MuPAD Notebook .mu MuPAD Code .xvc, .xvz MuPAD Graphics

Third-party
.jkt GPU Cache file generated by Jacket for MATLAB (AccelerEyes) .mum MATLAB CAPE-OPEN Unit Operation Model File (AmsterCHEM)

Easter eggs
Several easter eggs exist in MATLAB.[65] These include hidden pictures,[66] and random inside jokes. For example, typing in "spy" will generate a picture of the spies from Spy vs Spy. "Spy" was changed to an image of a dog in recent releases (R2011B). Typing in "why" randomly outputs a philosophical answer. Other commands include "penny", "toilet", "image", and "life". Not every Easter egg appears in every version of MATLAB some appear and some disappear.

See also
List of numerical analysis software Comparison of numerical analysis software

Notes
1. ^ "The L-Shaped Membrane" (http://www.mathworks.com/company/newsletters/articles/the-l-shaped-membrane.html). MathWorks. 2003. Retrieved 7 February 2014. 2. ^ "System Requirements and Platform Availability" (http://www.mathworks.com/products/availability/index.html#ML). MathWorks. Retrieved 2013-08-14. 3. ^ a b Richard Goering, "Matlab edges closer to electronic design automation world (http://www.eetimes.com/document.asp? doc_id=1151422)," EE Times, 10/04/2004 4. ^ a b Cleve Moler (December 2004). "The Origins of MATLAB" (http://www.mathworks.com/company/newsletters/articles/theorigins-of-matlab.html). Retrieved April 15, 2007. 5. ^ "MATLAB Programming Language" (http://www.altiusdirectory.com/Computers/matlab-programming-language.php). Altius Directory. Retrieved 2010-12-17. 6. ^ Cleve Moler (January 2000). "MATLAB Incorporates LAPACK" (http://www.mathworks.com/company/newsletters/articles/matlab-incorporates-lapack.html). Cleve's Corner. MathWorks. Retrieved December 20, 2008. 7. ^ "MATLAB Documentation" (http://www.mathworks.com/help/matlab/index.html). MathWorks. Retrieved 2013-08-14. 8. ^ "Comparing MATLAB with Other OO Languages" (http://www.mathworks.com/help/matlab/matlab_oop/matlab-vs-other-oolanguages.html). MATLAB . MathWorks. Retrieved 14 August 2013. 9. ^ "Create Symbolic Variables and Expressions" (http://www.mathworks.com/help/symbolic/creating-symbolic-variables-andexpressions.html). Symbolic Math Toolbox. MathWorks. Retrieved 14 August 2013. 10. ^ "Matrix Indexing" (http://www.mathworks.com/help/matlab/math/matrix-indexing.html). MathWorks. Retrieved 14 August 2013. 11. ^ "Structures" (http://www.mathworks.com/help/matlab/structures.html). MathWorks. Retrieved 14 August 2013. 12. ^ "Generate Field Names from Variables" (http://www.mathworks.com/help/matlab/matlab_prog/generate-field-names-fromvariables.html). MathWorks. Retrieved 14 August 2013. 13. ^ "Function Handles" (http://www.mathworks.com/help/matlab/function-handles.html). MathWorks. Retrieved 14 August 2013. 14. ^ "Anonymous Functions" (http://www.mathworks.com/help/matlab/matlab_prog/anonymous-functions.html). MathWorks. Retrieved 14 August 2013. 15. ^ "Nested Functions" (http://www.mathworks.com/help/matlab/matlab_prog/nested-functions.html). MathWorks. 16. ^ "Comparing Handle and Value Classes" (http://www.mathworks.com/help/matlab/matlab_oop/comparing-handle-and-valueclasses.html). MathWorks. 17. ^ "Introduction to GUIDE" (http://www.mathworks.com/help/matlab/creating_guis/introduction-to-guide.html). MathWorks. Retrieved 14 August 2013. 18. ^ "MATLAB GUI" (http://www.mathworks.com/discovery/matlab-gui.html). MathWorks. 2011-04-30. Retrieved 2013-08-14. 19. ^ Smith, S. T. (2006). Matlab: Advanced GUI Development. Dog Ear Publishing. ISBN 978-1-59858-181-2. 20. ^ "Object-Oriented Programming" (http://www.mathworks.com/help/matlab/object-oriented-programming.html). MathWorks. Retrieved 2013-08-14. 21. ^ "Application Programming Interfaces to MATLAB" (http://www.mathworks.com/help/matlab/programming-interfaces-for-c-cfortran-com.html). MathWorks. Retrieved 14 August 2013. 22. ^ "Create MEX-Files" (http://www.mathworks.com/help/matlab/create-mex-files.html). MathWorks. Retrieved 14 August 2013. 23. ^ Spielman, Dan (2004-02-10). "Connecting C and Matlab" (http://www.cs.yale.edu/homes/spielman/ECC/cMatlab.html). Yale University, Computer Science Department. Retrieved 2008-05-20. 24. ^ "External Programming Language Interfaces" (http://www.mathworks.com/help/matlab/external-interfaces.html). MathWorks. Retrieved 14 August 2013. 25. ^ "Call Perl script using appropriate operating system executable" (http://www.mathworks.com/help/matlab/ref/perl.html). MathWorks. Retrieved 7 November 2013. 26. ^ "MATLAB Builder JA" (http://www.mathworks.com/products/javabuilder/). MathWorks. Retrieved 2010-06-07. 27. ^ Yair Altman (2010-04-14). "Java-to-Matlab Interface" (http://undocumentedmatlab.com/blog/jmi-java-to-matlab-interface/). Undocumented Matlab. Retrieved 2010-06-07. 28. ^ Joshua Kaplan. "matlabcontrol JMI" (http://code.google.com/p/matlabcontrol/wiki/JMI). 29. ^ Roger Germundsson from Wolfram Research (1998-09-30). "MaMa: Calling MATLAB from Mathematica with MathLink" (http://library.wolfram.com/infocenter/MathSource/618/). Wolfram Library Archive. 30. ^ rsmenon, szhorvat (2013). "MATLink: Communicate with MATLAB from Mathematica" (http://matlink.org/). Retrieved 14 August 2013. 31. ^ Michael Weitzel (2006-09-01). "MathML import/export" (http://www.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/fileexchange/7709-mathmlimportexport). MathWorks - File Exchange. Retrieved 2013-08-14. 32. ^ Jan Stafford (21 May 2003). "The Wrong Choice: Locked in by license restrictions" (http://searchenterpriselinux.techtarget.com/news/902076/The-Wrong-Choice-Locked-in-by-license-restrictions). SearchOpenSource.com. Retrieved 14 August 2013. Screen capture of two easter eggs in MATLAB 3.5.

33. ^ "MATLAB Builder NE" (http://www.mathworks.com/products/netbuilder/). MathWorks. Retrieved 14 August 2013. 34. ^ "MATLAB Builder JA" (http://www.mathworks.com/products/javabuilder/). MathWorks. Retrieved 14 August 2013. 35. ^ "MathWorks Software Licenses Probed by EU Antitrust Regulators" (http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-03-01/mathworkssoftware-licenses-probed-by-eu-antitrust-regulators.html). Bloomberg news. 2012-03-01. 36. ^ Stefan Steinhaus (February 24, 2008). "Comparison of mathematical programs for data analysis" (http://www.scientificweb.de/ncrunch/). 37. ^ Cleve Moler (January 2006). "The Growth of MATLAB and The MathWorks over Two Decades" (http://www.mathworks.com/company/newsletters/articles/the-growth-of-matlab-and-the-mathworks-over-two-decades.html). News & Notes Newsletter. MathWorks. Retrieved 14 August 2013. 38. ^ "Memory Mapping" (http://www.mathworks.com/help/matlab/memory-mapping.html). MathWorks. Retrieved 22 January 2014. 39. ^ "MATLAB bsxfun" (http://www.mathworks.com/help/matlab/ref/bsxfun.html). MathWorks. Retrieved 22 January 2014. 40. ^ "Do MATLAB versions prior to R2007a run under Windows Vista?" (http://www.mathworks.com/support/solutions/en/data/143EHE5/). MathWorks. 2010-09-03. Retrieved 2011-02-08. 41. ^ "OOP Compatibility with Previous Versions" (http://www.mathworks.com/help/matlab/matlab_oop/compatibility-with-previousversions-.html). MathWorks. Retrieved March 11, 2013. 42. ^ "Packages Create Namespaces" (http://www.mathworks.com/help/matlab/matlab_oop/scoping-classes-with-packages.html). MathWorks. Retrieved 22 January 2014. 43. ^ "Map Containers" (http://www.mathworks.com/help/matlab/map-containers.html). MathWorks. Retrieved 22 January 2014. 44. ^ "Creating and Controlling a Random Number Stream" (http://www.mathworks.com/help/matlab/math/creating-and-controlling-arandom-number-stream.html). MathWorks. Retrieved 22 January 2014. 45. ^ "New MATLAB External Interfacing Features in R2009a" (http://www.mathworks.com/support/2013b/matlab/8.2/demos/NewMATLAB-External-Interfacing-Features-in-R2009a.html). MathWorks. Retrieved 22 January 2014. 46. ^ "Ignore Function Outputs" (http://www.mathworks.com/help/matlab/matlab_prog/ignore-function-outputs.html). MathWorks. Retrieved 22 January 2014. 47. ^ "Ignore Function Inputs" (http://www.mathworks.com/help/matlab/matlab_prog/ignore-function-inputs.html). MathWorks. Retrieved 22 January 2014. 48. ^ "Working with Enumerations" (http://www.mathworks.com/help/matlab/matlab_oop/enumerations.html). MathWorks. Retrieved 22 January 2014. 49. ^ "What's New in Release 2010b" (http://www.mathworks.com/products/new_products/release2010b.html). MathWorks. Retrieved 22 January 2014. 50. ^ "New RNG Function for Controlling Random Number Generation in Release 2011a" (http://www.mathworks.com/support/2013b/matlab/8.2/demos/new-rng-function-in-r2011a.html). MathWorks. Retrieved 22 January 2014. 51. ^ "MATLAB rng" (http://www.mathworks.com/help/matlab/ref/rng.html). MathWorks. Retrieved 22 January 2014. 52. ^ "Replace Discouraged Syntaxes of rand and randn" (http://www.mathworks.com/help/matlab/math/updating-your-random-numbergenerator-syntax.html). MathWorks. Retrieved 22 January 2014. 53. ^ "MATLAB matfile" (http://www.mathworks.com/help/matlab/ref/matfile.html). MathWorks. Retrieved 22 January 2014. 54. ^ Loren Shure (September 2012). "The MATLAB R2012b Desktop Part 1: Introduction to the Toolstrip" (http://blogs.mathworks.com/loren/2012/09/12/the-matlab-r2012b-desktop-part-1-introduction-to-the-toolstrip/). 55. ^ "MATLAB Apps" (http://www.mathworks.com/discovery/matlab-apps.html). MathWorks. Retrieved August 14, 2013. 56. ^ "MATLAB Unit Testing Framework" (http://www.mathworks.com/help/matlab/matlab-unit-test-framework.html). MathWorks. Retrieved August 14, 2013. 57. ^ "MathWorks Announces Release 2013b of the MATLAB and Simulink Product Families" (http://www.mathworks.com/company/newsroom/MathWorks-Announces-Release-2013b-of-the-MATLAB-and-Simulink-ProductFamilies.html?s_tid=hp_tk_R2013b). MathWorks. September 2013. 58. ^ "MATLAB Tables" (http://www.mathworks.com/help/matlab/tables.html). MathWorks. Retrieved 14 September 2013. 59. ^ "MATLAB Release Notes" (http://www.mathworks.com/help/relnotes/index.html). MathWorks. Retrieved 25 January 2014. 60. ^ "Introducing MEX-Files" (http://www.mathworks.com/help/matlab/matlab_external/introducing-mex-files.html). MathWorks. Retrieved 14 August 2013. 61. ^ "Binary MEX-File Extensions" (http://www.mathworks.com/help/matlab/matlab_external/using-mex-files-to-call-c-c-and-fortranprograms.html#bra56dy-1). MathWorks. Retrieved 14 August 2013. 62. ^ "Protect Your Source Code" (http://www.mathworks.com/help/matlab/matlab_prog/protect-your-source-code.html). MathWorks. 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References
Gilat, Amos (2004). MATLAB: An Introduction with Applications 2nd Edition. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-471-69420-5. Quarteroni, Alfio; Fausto Saleri (2006). Scientific Computing with MATLAB and Octave. Springer. ISBN 978-3-540-32612-0. Ferreira, A.J.M. (2009). MATLAB Codes for Finite Element Analysis. Springer. ISBN 978-1-4020-9199-5. Lynch, Stephen (2004). Dynamical Systems with Applications using MATLAB . Birkhuser. ISBN 978-0-8176-4321-8.

External links
Hazewinkel, Michiel, ed. (2001), "Linear algebra software packages" (http://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/index.php?title=p/l120110), Encyclopedia of Mathematics, Springer, ISBN 978-1-55608-010-4 MATLAB overview (http://www.mathworks.com/products/matlab/), at the MathWorks website Platform Road Map (http://www.mathworks.com/support/sysreq/roadmap.html), at the MathWorks website. System Requirements (http://www.mathworks.com/support/sysreq/current_release/), at the MathWorks website. MATLAB Central File Exchange (http://www.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/fileexchange/) Library of over 18,000 user-contributed MATLAB files and toolboxes, mostly distributed under BSD License. MATLAB (http://www.dmoz.org/Science/Math/Software/MATLAB/) on the Open Directory Project MATLAB Central Newsreader (http://www.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/newsreader/) a web-based newsgroups reader hosted by MathWorks for comp.softsys.matlab (news://comp.soft-sys.matlab) LiteratePrograms (MATLAB) (http://en.literateprograms.org/Category:Programming_language:Matlab) MATLAB Central Blogs (http://blogs.mathworks.com/) Physical Modeling in MATLAB (http://greenteapress.com/matlab/) by Allen B. Downey, Green Tea Press, PDF

(http://greenteapress.com/matlab/downey08matlab.pdf), ISBN 978-0-615-18550-7. An introduction to MATLAB. Writing Fast MATLAB Code (http://www.getreuer.info/matopt.pdf) by Pascal Getreuer Calling MATLAB from Java: MatlabControl JMI Wrapper, The MatlabJava Server, MatlabControl (http://www.cs.virginia.edu/~whitehouse/matlab/JavaMatlab.html) International Online Workshop on MATLAB and Simulink (http://www.iowms.in) by WorldServe Education MATLAB tag (http://stackoverflow.com/questions/tagged/matlab) on Stack Overflow. MATLAB Answers (http://www.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/answers/) a collaborative environment for finding the best answers to your questions about MATLAB, Simulink, and related products. Cody (http://www.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/cody) a MATLAB Central game that challenges and expands your knowledge of MATLAB. MATLAB Online Programming Contest (http://www.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/contest/) Trendy (http://www.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/trendy) a MATLAB based web service for tracking and plotting trends.

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