Unit STR2 structural report

Contents

UNIT STR2 STRUCTURAL REPORT............................................................................................................................ 1

2 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................................................... 1
2.1
2.2
2.3
3

DESIGN OBJECTIVE AND REQUIREMENTS ............................................................................................................... 1

COMBINATION COEFFICIENTS ................................................................................................................................ 2
DESIGN COMBINATIONS TO EC2 ............................................................................................................................ 2

MATERIALS .............................................................................................................................................................. 2
3.1
3.2

4
5

CONCRETE ............................................................................................................................................................. 2
REINFORCING STEEL .............................................................................................................................................. 3

DURABILITY ............................................................................................................................................................. 3
ANALYSIS & VERIFICATION ............................................................................................................................... 3
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4

ANALYSIS .............................................................................................................................................................. 3
LIMIT STATE VERIFICATION (DESIGN) .................................................................................................................... 3
THE FOLLOWING SECTIONS .................................................................................................................................... 3
FLOATING .............................................................................................................................................................. 3

PUMPING STATIONS PS2 AND PS3 ..................................................................................................................... 4

6.1
6.2

GEOMETRY ............................................................................................................................................................ 4
ACTIONS ................................................................................................................................................................ 4

6.2.1
6.2.2
6.3

ULTIMATE LIMIT STATE DESIGN (ULS) ................................................................................................................ 5

6.3.1
6.3.2
6.4
6.5

Differential settlement ................................................................................................................................... 6

DETAILING & WORKMANSHIP ............................................................................................................................... 7

6.6.1

Walls ............................................................................................................................................................. 5
Slab ............................................................................................................................................................... 5

SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATE DESIGN (SLS) ......................................................................................................... 6

FOUNDATION ......................................................................................................................................................... 6

6.5.1
6.6

Properties and assumptions .......................................................................................................................... 4

Load cases..................................................................................................................................................... 4

Base slab ....................................................................................................................................................... 7

Introduction

The following structures are to be designed according to EC1992 part 1 and part 3.
Due to its functionality (liquid retaining structure) water tightness is of primary concern. On this report, a brief description is given of the considerations we have taken into account.

2.1

Design objective and requirements

The requirements for this particular structure are outlined below. The structure is required to:

Perform under the presence of liquid on a severe condition.

Support the action of liquid and ground pressure to the most severe combination of Actions

A consideration of the actions affecting the structure is presented below.

Table 1: Typical actions applied on the structures
Weight

Action
Liquid (Waste water)

Soil pressure (on base foundation)

Load applied on the walls from the liquid pressure

see 6.2.2

Upward Load applied on the foundation from the soil pressure

groundwater (maximum effect is when tank is empty)
Depending on the geology and how deep each structure is berried on ground, this will define the actual pressure exerted on
walls due to soil and groundwater.
Pressure due to the live load close to the walls of the structure.

see 6.2.2

Surcharge pressure (on walls)

2.2

10~12kN/m3

see 6.2.2

Soil pressure (on walls)

Load Acting

Combination coefficients

Combinations considered are as follows

The values of the partial factors are:
Persistent or transiting situation

Table 2: Partial safety factors at the ultimate limit state

Permanent actions (Gk)
Leading variable action
(Qk,1)
Unfavourable
Favourable
Unfavourable
Favourable

(a) For checking the static equilibrium of a building structure

(b) For the design of structural
members (excluding geotechnical
action)
(c) As an alternative to a and b
above design for both situations
with one set of calculations

2.3

Accompanying action (Qk,i)

Unfavourable

Favourable

1.10

0.90

1.50

1.50

1.35

1.00

1.50

1.50

1.35

1.15

1.50

1.50

Design combinations to EC2

Table 3: Load combination according to EC2
Symbolically
Detailed explanation

Name

Main combination

01ULS

Pressure on Ground

1.35 DL + 1.35 SDL + 1.5LL

02ULS

Liquid pressure on walls

1.5LLliq + 1.0DL

03ULS

Wall Soil Pressure

1.5LLwp + 0.9DL

Materials

3.1

Concrete

The basic concrete strength class used for this structure is C30/37. The strength and deformation characteristics for concrete are taken by the following table
Concrete

C30/37

fck

fck,cube

fcm

Table 4: Concrete strengths used

fctm
fctk,0.05
fctk,0.95
Ecm

MPa

MPa

MPa

MPa

MPa

MPa

GPa

30

37

38

2.9

3.8

33

c1

cu1

c2

cu2

2.2

3.5

3.5

3.2

Reinforcing steel

For the present calculation is made reference to reinforcement steel of class C according to Eurocode, with the mechanical and physical characteristics as per the following table.
Class
C

Table 5: Reinforcing steel properties

Yeild Strength fyk
K= (ft/fy)k
Strain uk (%)
MPa
500
1.15
7.5%
1.35

Es
200GPa

Durability

The elements of the structural system of building belong to the classes as shown on the table below. The covers are obtained for a structure with design working life of 50 years
Element

Slabs
Walls
Foundation mat

Table 6: Concrete cover to reinforcement for the structural elements

Exposure class /
Design working
Strength Class
Default structural
life of 50 years
for (C28/35)
class
Exp.
Cls.
XS2

Str. Cls.

+/-

Struct. Cls.

+/-

S4

S4

XS2

S4

XS2

S4

Cover (mm)

cmin.dur

cnom =cmin+cdev

Str.
Cls.
S4

35

45

S4

S4

35

45

S4

S4

35

45

The Class designation is in accordance with EN 206-1, where XS2 refer to concrete surfaces subjected to long-term water
contact, parts of marine structures or subject to sea water

5
5.1

Analysis & Verification

Analysis

Etabs 9.2.01, was used to model and analyse the structure. A three dimensional space model was build and analysed using
finite element linear analysis with frame elements and shell elements.
Hand calculations were also done to verify the above finite element analysis.

5.2

Limit state verification (design)

The structure was verified/checked for both ULS and SLS limit state designs. SLS was found to be the governing limit
state on most of the elements due to the water tightness requirement.

5.3

The following sections

The following sections deals with the limit state design (SLS or ULS) and detailing of each element of the structure.
Where workability is effecting the design of the structure, comments and recommendations are given accordingly.

5.4

Floating

The structure was checked for floating. Walls and slab thickness were adjusted accordingly to overcome any possible
floating. The total dead weight of the structure was found to be higher than the uplift from water.
Assumptions made:

Etabs is three-dimensional FE analysis software, mainly for building systems. Etabs is a registered trademark of
Computers and Structures Inc. www.csiberkeley.com
3

Ground water level is assumed to raise all the way to the top of the ground level
A safety factor of 1.1 is considered
Reinforced concrete unit weight is taken as 24kN/m3
Groundwater unit weight is taken as 10kN/m3

Pumping stations PS2 and PS3

6.1

Geometry

The geometry of the PS2 and PS3 is roughly presented below:

Table 7: geometry data
Item

Description / dimension

Rough Plan dimension

Length
Width

Rough height above ground

Cylindrical reinforced concrete tank

Planar area

15.2 and 19.23 m2

Construction volume

92 and 112 m3

Note: there are two final settling tanks, and the figures given on the table above are only for one.

Figure 1: str2 grit removal chamber

6.2
6.2.1

Actions
Properties and assumptions

Soil properties used for the calculation of soil pressure

Shear angle theta = 20deg
Active pressure coefficient K = tan2(45-theta/2) = 0.49
Soil unit weight gamma = 19kN/m3
Water (external) unit weight = 10kN/m3
Water (waste water) unit weight = 11kN/m3
6.2.2

Load cases

Load cases exerting effects on the structure are stipulated below:

Dead load unit weight of concrete

Live load This is the action coming from the waste water floating through the concrete channels. Unit weight of this
water is taken 11 kN/m3
SDL a certain amount of load depending on the location is considered to come from the mechanical machinery processing the grit removal.

6.3

Ultimate Limit State Design (ULS)

The design of the walls is SLS governed due to the water tightness requirement. Therefore the verification is done for the
SLS and checked for the ULS.
6.3.1

Walls

The most onerous case is the wall dividing the basin in two areas.

Moment at the intersection of the wall with the base of the basin goes up to 106kNm (serviceability un-factored). This
is the case when only one side of the basin is filled with water.
Considering the thickness of the wall 300mm, than the 106kNm flexure resistance for a 0.3mm flexure crack can be resisted by reinforcing with fi16/125mm (which resists 116kNm).
6.3.2

Slab

The most onerous case is the slab starting from greed line C up to Greed line D. Not only this part of the slab is the widest of all the sections but at this slab part the dead loads are at the maximum as well.

Figure 2: deflected shapes due to gravitational combination

Several combinations were considered in obtaining the maximum moments on the slab and base of the structure. The
combination giving the highest flexural moment is shown below.
Considering combination of loads (1.35DL + 1.1Uplift Water Pressure) yields the following moments:
Figure 3: flexural moments on wall and slab

The reinforcement required to resist the ULS forces is much lower than then the reinforcement required to prevent cracking of the walls. Therefore the reinforcement provided is satisfactory for this as well.

6.4

Serviceability limit state design (SLS)

Grit removal chamber is design as a liquid retaining structure, therefore a minimum crack width is considered according
to EN EC1992-3 (0.2mm for pure tension and 0.3mm for flexure)

6.5

6.5.1

Foundation

Differential settlement

The structure has a considerable length, therefore the potential for differential settlement is assessed and designed for,
especially at the point of join between the raft foundation and the pad foundations.

6.6

Detailing & Workmanship

6.6.1

Base slab
External restrained cracking due to early thermal cracking

The slab is prone to early thermal cracking. It shrinks toward its center, and is restrained from external factors leading to
concrete cracking. By external factors is meant the friction of the slab base with the blinding layer. This friction however
can be eliminated by introducing a polymer sheet and fine finish blinding layer.
Wall and base construction joints are recommended to contain water-stops.
In order to eliminate early age thermal cracking for the slab base, it will have to be casted over a polymer layer over
which it can shrink freely unrestrained. Blinding has to be leveled and finely finished, so the layer of polymer can slide
on it when the slab will shrink, and therefore no cracks will form.