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LATE CENOZOIC NORMAL AND STRIKE-SUP FAULTlNG IN NORTH PERUWAN WESTERN CORDILLERA : AN EXAMPLE OF ALTERNATE EXTENSIONAL AND COMPRESSIONAL TECTONIC REGIMES IN HIGH ANDES

0fM.r BELLlER*,Mid.1 SEBBiER* URACNBS (73g) G6ophysiquo l t Olodynamiqur htemo. BLt.BIg. Unlversh6 PARS-SLID,014w ORSAY

RESUME Au coun du MiocAno,de8 deml-grabenr sorganisent parall6lemmt aux awidmtr majoursdo la Gordill6rr Owidontslr du Nord POrou.ll ry awumulmt de8 d6p6ts fluvio-laoustror au wun dunr phase dextmsion ENEWSW. Au N6og6nr sup. et au Guatemaire inf., la r6gion rst alon soumir 1 drux r6gimrr d6crochantsdont Ior direotlons do oompresslon sent WNWESE puir N-S. Depuit Ie Pl6istoo6ne moyen, Ie r6gime ett caract6ris6par une extensionde dimwon N-S. Ges r6gimer teotoniquersent interpr6t6rwmme la wndquenw der forces de volume li6er 6 la haute topographicet de8 foroer de bordureli6er 6 la wnvergenoa de8 plaquesNaxwAm6rique du Sud. Key Words : Halfqraben, Extension, Compression, Tectonicregimes,WesternGordillera,NorthernPeru.

I - INTRODUGTION_ The PeruvianAndes is a wrdilleran margin where the subduction is l cUvesincethe Jurassic.The,periodfrom Early Miocene to Present-dayIs characterbed by a high convergencerata between the oceanic Naxu Md the wntinentai South Ameriun plates: convergence directionbeing nearly orthogonal to the Peruviantrench. S6brier and Soler (1989) have reported4 compressional tectonicpulses which affect the GentralAndes after the Eocene and Oligocene main deformationphases 3.e; 42 Ma Md 23-23 Ma dated phases).These pulses are dated: lower Miocene (1517 Ma), middle Miocene (10 Ma), upper Miocene (7 Ma) and early Quaternary(2.5 Ma). The lower and middle Miocenepulsescorrespondto locallydeformational crisis.After the maln upper Eooeneshortening(Incaic phase)that affectsthe High Andes, severalbasinshave been initiatedalong major faults in the Western Cordillera of northernPeru as for examples the Cajabamba, San Marwr, and Namora baslnr (fig.1). These ones were halfgralwnr infilled by Miwene fiuvidacustrine deposits Md bordered by normal faults that reactivated old wmpresslonal structures. The GajabambabasinIs situatedIn the westernedge of the NNWSSE trendingMa&on ThrustMd Paid Belt (see M6gard, 1984), the Namora basin Is wlthln the E-W Gajamarca deflectionand the San Mamor baskt, situated betweenthe GajamarcadefieotionMd the Marafion Thrustand Fold Belt, is bordered by NW-SE trending rtructurer. The moan altitude of this studied region Is 3100 m (calculatedon an area of 10 Ooo km2 [Belller,19891).The studyof the 8edimematY Md tectonicevolutionof these basins,wnstraint by radiometric and paleontologlcaget, permit to show l videnw for longer perioda of moderated Md lwailzed extensional deformation separatedby shortperiodsof compressional deformation. II - MIOCENE SEDIMENTARY EVOLUTION The Gajabamba Md San Marws bashr were filled by a thick fluvio-facu8trlne sedimentaryGroup (fig.2). This group is characterizedby a mean 350 m thick IacustrineformaUontermed the Csjabamba fm and wnatituted by alternatedshales,marls, lignitedshales,gypsum,diatomits.siltsand sandstones depositswhich are overlyingliffle wnglomeratio fluvial series. ln this lacustrineformation we observed volcanidoam facier Md aynudimentary normal faults indicating that voicanism and tectonioswere active during the basin evolution. This Iacustrlne fomatlon Is overlapedby a meen 500 m thkk furglomerate formationtermed the Gondebambafm. This one, Is wnstituted by mud-flowand fiuvfalsequencerat the bottom and warser torrentialsequencestoward the top. The age of this group was lsUmatedl srfy to middle Miocenethanksto diatom assemblagesexposed In U-IO Iacustrine deposits(Bellieret al., le Fourtarrier et al, in prepuation). The tectonicframeworkpermit to lsUmatethe age of this Group probably ranglng between 13-17 h6aMd 10 f& I.e., between the iower Md middle Miowno tOCtCfIi0 pulses. The Gondebambafm Indicate that a climatic change had owured between the Gajabamba fm and the

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113 CondObunk tmfhQ8. h rdditbn, ths 08t8strOphlc 008s~ 0on@0msr8tlo f8d.s of this Qroupprobrbly m8rksd ths obsinQ of ths b8sins 8ssooirtsd to the miHl0 htbcens tsotonb pubs. Ws can lsUm8ts 8 moM drposit rsts 8nd oonsquontly 8 m88n subsldona nts in ths b8sins during this p&d: t8kin~ into 8ccountths docomp8ction p8ruMtrrsws osn lsUm8ts 8 m88n loo0 m thbk, dsoomp8otsdssdimsnWy cdumn whbh hu bson doposItsd du~w~Th~~ta~~~~mr~wbJdrnor~&~ 0.17tO.03 mm/vr. ~NunonbutnbRllrdby81~~thidc2~~~~trnnrd~~8fmloully ovorfylng ths Condob8mb8 fm wlth 8 silQht unoonfwtty. Thir fomutbn w8s ch8motsrizsd by l bmont8ry fluvkl squrnorr whbh puud pro~rouhnfy tow8rd ths top to boustkw soqusrws m8ds of rurds, siits. sh8bs, dbtomlts, IiQnibd shsbs, oubon8tsd oonwstbns 8nd Umsstonoa h the middb put of ths boustdnr ssqusnw, soms d8dUo tuffs wsro lntorbsddsd within di8tom bsds. This ktdbsts 8 wb8nb soth4tycontsmpor8nsousto ths b8sln filling. 0-1 ths othsr hsnd, synssdknsntsry nomul f8ults Indk~@ 8 Nomul furlUng 8othAty. Ths psbontobQbsl~8lysls of dbtom ssmpb Qw 8 upper Mbosno s~s (Ssllbr ot 8l.. loBob; Fourt8nbr st 8l., In prspu8tbn). Rsoantfy, wdlomotrb 8n8lysss of ths N8mon d8oltb tuffs (Klk 8nslysss by M.G. BonhOmms) givs M rgs Of 7.2tO.6 Ms for ths middb-upporput cf ths Nsmorsfm. Thb b ln rqrssmont with rgss of ths N8mor8 fm rsnQlnQm ths middb 8nd uppsr Mbo8nr tsotonb ph8sss; I..., bstmn 10 8nd 7a h Ws h8vs lsti~tsd 8 msxlmum 300 m thbk, dooomp8otod ssdinwnuly columnof ths N8mor8fm whbh hu bssn dspositsd during 2-3 Ma This psrmlt to o8bul8ts 8 subsidsnos rrts of 0.12t0.03 mm/r.
Ul- MlCCENE TO QUATERNARY TECTONIC REGIMES Ths Mice8110 to Cu8tsm8ry tsotonb svolution of northern Psru intr8uwdillsrM b8sins shows sxtsnsbnrl psrbds sspsr8tsd by comprsssiorul dsformrtbn crbia This wok&n wss invssti~8tsd uslnQtsotonb M8lysb 8nd fsult kkwn8tlcr 8rulysls. Ansfysb of thsss fsult kinsm8tbs In tsmu of strsss wu dsvsbpsd usinQths oomputsrsided msthod pmpossd by Cusy (1979).This 8nslysis show svidsncs for 5 succsssivs Qsodynsmbst8t.s (Ssllisr, 1Qw): h8lf+rsbsns wars dsvsb+sd during ths mkldk k&cans 1 : ?ho San Mucos ad Cajabamba contsmpor8nsouslywith ths Wsstsm @rdilbrs uplift snd. Thb Mbcws b8sin8l svolutbn wss oe8v8l with sn sxtsnsbn8l t8otonb roglms (l-110.3) ch8r8otsrixsd by 8 domirmnt ENE-WSW trsndlng tsnrlon sxpossd by synssdfmonwy nomul f8ult 8ffsctkw th8 cJ8bsmb8 fm. mi8 wwsw trsnding 8xtmrbn pdsts 8 minor NESWtrsndin~ sxtsnrlon (2-fio.3)whbh 8ffsots 8lI ths reeksprbr to ths Nsmorr fm. Ths Furglomor8ts Condsb8rnb8 fm s8sms to indluts 8 tsctonb oh8nQSwhbh m8y corrsspondto ths 10 Ms oomprsssion8lpub.. mi8 pubs m8y
h8VOpfOdUordthrOlOsingOfthObuiM. 2 : Than, the N8nmf8 b8sins wu f~msd, bstwsan 10 snd (I M8, sbn~ WNW-ESE trsnding Md S dipping mJoIfurltr.~~8~mmr~by~~ntuynomulf~WIwhiohind~~8ENE_WSW~nJonJ tsotonbs (l-fio.3). This synssdlmontuy f8ulting dsfomwd ths d8dtb tuff lswls lndbstino that vokmim, 8xtonsbnal tsotonbs, snd ths N8mor8fillip mm oosv8f. Thsn, ths Nsmor8, SM Msroos 8nd Csjsb8mbr buins mro 8ffscted by WNW-ESE snd N-S shortwings (3 8nd 4-flQ.3).Struotuml obswationr show th8t ths N-S trsndinQ oomprossb+lpostd8tss ths WNW-ESE trsndinQ on.. 2 : lho WNW-ESE trsnding aw~prsssbn (3-fig.3)produw fokfs, rsvsrss 8nd striks-slip f8ults sffsctlng sll ths Mbosns dsposita This dsformsUon ph8ss msy bs centisr& first, 8s ths lsts Mioosn8 pubs drtsd st 7 Ms In othr Csntr8l Andss put: thsn, ss M other comprss8bn8l pubs, prob8btybts Noogsns too; Lo., y-oungsr th8n ths Nun0r8 fm. 5 : ThaN-S trondlnQoomprsssion (4-fig.3)8pf~us m8jor with nspscf to thr WfVW-ESE ons Md msinly in thr cJ8msrca dsfbcUon. 2 produced rsgbrul fbxuntbn, folds, futltsd ovsrfokfs, rsvsrss 8nd striks-slip fruits 8s wsll 8s bobtod 8nd sn s&&n* twktnsl~8shss. lhsss dsfomwUonswsrs ths sffsot of ths Esrly Curtsmuy pubs. Ths kinsmatbs uulysb drmonstr8tss th8t ths Nin (WNWESE snd N-S) oompresaionrldsfomwUon8wsrs produosdwith strlks-sllp roglmoa S : lho Early Ploi8tocmo oomprsssion8l pubs b follovnd by 8 ns8rly KS trsndinQ sxtsnsional tectonics (5 fig.3). Thls tsctonbs b m8rksd by minor nomA f8ults whbh 8ffects ths Mssozoio bsd-rock,thr Nsogsns b8sin filling 8nd ths Cu8tsm8ry fluvbl tsrmoss 8s wall 8s by 8 nomwl8&s f8ultz ths Chsquilb8mb8nomul fsult. This on8 wu rssothmtsd In 1937, 8nd shows 10 m high vsrUc8l dlspbwmsnt of ~18cJslmor8kw crssts of ths last Gboirtbn (Ssllisr lt 8l., lQ3Qc) IndicrtinQthat ths N-S sxtsnsion is ths prsuntdsy ststs of strssa

ln oonduskw, this study shows 8 doss rsbtbnshlp bstwssn tsotonb, ssdimsntuy Md volunb 8otivlUss durlnQths Mboww to Prsuntdry svolutionof ths Wsstsrn Cordillsrs ln Northsm Psru. This ngbn is dw8ctsrizsd by 4 m8jor tsctonlorsglmos: 8 Miocunssxtsnsbnal rrgkns hsvlng s nuinly ENEWSW trsndlng tsnsbn oosvsl with Intr8oordilbrM bulns svolution snd volunism; L8ts Nsogons snd E8rfy Pbistocsns comprssslonal tsctonio rsgimss having WNWESE Md N-S trsndlng shortsning: 8nd, s Mid-Pbistocsns to Presentday sxtsnsionsl tsctOnicrh8vinQ8 N-S trsndlng t8nriOn. This 8n8lysls shows that ths L8ts Csnoroio stress dirsctions us homogeneous both In ths NNW-SSE striking Cerdilbr8n ssgmsnt md in ths E-W striking C8jsm8ro8deflection. Thb suggests thrt rincr the ssrly Mbcsns thsrs

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wu no eignlRoyrt dHtoronUal routIon botwoon the E-W CJvnuu dofkdon and the NNW-SSE striking &rn PoruvlanAndrrnBolt. k lt hr boon propoaod In wuthrm and oontral Pwuvlan k&a (S&rlor ot al., was, roes), the vuiauonr ti ~~~ot~ouIn~m~n,~pur(okr~~~lottH~~~~bounduyfoc~e du.to~~o~~~~~body~d~~Ohbhtopogr~.~v~tionrot~~~otmou urdwlomodiflcrtknrof~bwndrry~rkcru~~topoOnphyhunotdrutiully~g~du~gtho ootuidorod time period. The ohangw of boundary forow may be the offool of modHio8tionr l ithor in the oonvugona mto (s(brior ot al., 1985: 1oeS) ti, In fho 8lab-pull for0 (Sorol ot al., 1Oee) or in thr &a-mtwt (Skrlor and Sokr; 1989). The MwPloi8tooww and wtlva KS trwIding l xtoMbMl tootonicrofthogonalto ~~dinction,irupWmdbynl8thn~ktrmn~bounduy~rmdbodytor#aThoktr Miooono and udy Ploietooono oompmaeional twtonloa aoomr to be nlatod to an inorour of the boundary foroor duo l lthor to l high oommrgonoa r& or to a8l8b ruptum (Lllkr, 1989; S&riar and Solr, 1gSg). The kte Miocwo ENE-WSW Wondlng l xtanrknrl took&a, k awolatod with prodominwt gravitatIonal body foroor duo to thr high topogmphy and dlmlnutlon ol tJw boundary fomor b&g duo l ithor to diminution ol oonvorgonoo rata, or to 8trong lnduerd by l long alab. Momover, iho mod roglon llluetr8tor that thr Inoroaso of thr 8lab-puuorvwikal8tmu la udfloionl to produoo l xtonsional drfonnrtlofu won H the moan topography ir nol wry high

(nruiy 31Coml.
REFERENCES :

Bollhr 0. (1989). - Thbw Univ. ParCSud, Orsay, 2gSp.

Sollior 0.. S6brirr M.. Gasu F., Fowtanirr E. and Roblrr I. (19esp). submitted to Gkdynamiqur - ORSTOM. bllkr O., S(brlrr M., Fowtanir E.. Ourr F. and Roblrr I. (1oBgb). Annalrr Tootonkao, Vol.lll, nY, in preu. blllor O., Machub J. and S(brirr M. (1oesC). Blotin do la Sooiodad Goologiu drl Peru, in prru. Cuoy, E. (1979). Rev, G6ol. Dyn. Ologr. Phyr. 21, !i7-6& ward, F. (1984). Journal Goologioal SocJoty London. 141. p.893-ooo. 8)brhr, M.. J. L M&or, F. ward, 0. Laubachrr and E. Cuoy-Gailhudir (1985). Teotoniu, 4, p.739760. s(brior M., Morok J.L, Maohub J., Sonnot D., Cabmm J. and Slant J.L (1oSe). Teotonios, 4. p.895928. S&ior M. and Solr P. (1980). G.S.A Special Papor : Andoen magmatlem end its toot&o uttlng, aocsptrd. Soml D.. Moroior J.L. Koraudron Rand Cuehing M. (1seS). C.R Aud. Scl. Park, 307, r(rio II, p.lgSl-1086.

Fig. 3 - Neogene to Oustemery gcodynrmic evolution in the Weeccrn Gxdillcn of Nonhem Peru. 1 : lntnsordillcnn Miocene ENEWSW (1) and NE SW (2) extcnsionel tectonics 2 : lntnsordillcran Lte Neogenc-Early Pleistocene WNW-@SE (3) and N-S (4) compressionaltectonics 3 : Intn-cordilleran Quetemary NS extensionel lecconicl (5) Boxes en : (1)Miccene normrl faults; (2) regional faults; (3) Men6on Thrust md Fold Belt: (4) SubondeenThrust end Fold Belt; (5) Subduction trench; (6) studied basins (N) Nsmon ,(SM) San Marcoc end (CA) Cajabrmbr bash% (7) compreeeionel direction: (8) Miocene enensionel direction; (9) Neza plate eonvrrgencc direction