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Excavations Excavations Retaining structures Retaining structures Excavations, Excavations, Retaining structures Retaining structures
Budapest
3 November 2011
Foundation Engineering
Thefoundationlevel isunder theground soitsbuildingrequires
1. Excavations
The foundation level is under the ground, so its building requires
excavation.

Determinants of the value of the excavation:
Geometry of the building;
Transportation requirments;
Dewatering requirments

Determinants of the type of the retaining structures: yp g
Size of the site;
Type of the soil;
Groundwater;
Ti Time;
Neighbour structures;
Size of the building;
Availablefacilities(technology). Available facilities (technology).
Foundation Engineering
sloped (soil, torkret concrete);
1.1. Types of retainings
braced (wood, reinforced concrete, steel, plastic);
sheet piling (wood, steel, reinforced concrete);
diaphragma walls;
bored pile walls; bored pile walls;
freezing or chemical methods;
Foundation Engineering
2. Sloped open cut method

building
stairs
If c=0, b<F


Most simple way to make excavation, but it needs big
free place and it requires rather big volume earthworks.
ditch
free place and it requires rather big volume earthworks.

Under 6 m it requires slope stability calculations.

Excavated soil deponation must be out of slipsurface.

Under groundwater only in cohesive soils or dewatering is also
neccesary.
Dewatering of rainfalls is required.

Dynamic effects reduces slopestability.




Foundation Engineering
B d f h hl d h i h ll
3. Braced excavation method
Braced transfer the earthload to the oppposite earthwall
Walls Wales Struts

The height of vertical earthwall without retaining:

( ) 2 / 45 tg
n
c 4
m
o
o
|

= ,
c- cohesion;
| - friction angle;
- density of the soil; density of the soil;
n- safety factor(n=2).

Foundation Engineering
If the vertical eartwall is stable to excavation level.
3. 1. Braced with standing walls

Procedure:
1. Excavate the soil to foundation level.
2. Install walls into the excavation. (not continous)
3. Install wales.
4. Install struts.




Foundation Engineering
If the excavation is deeper than
the stable vertical earthwall H >m
o
3. 2. Braced excavation with repressing
the stable vertical earthwall H > m
o

Procedure:
1. Excavate the soil to first stage (m
o
).
2. Install walls, wales and struts temporary.
3. Excavate the soil to the next stage.
4. Relase struts and push walls down and install wales and struts.
5. Repeat 3 and 4 till the designed depth.


Foundation Engineering
3. 3. Braced excavation with lateral walls
The stable earthwall is very small,
in case of non-cohesive soils.

Procedure
1 Excavate the soil to m 1. Excavate the soil to m
o
,
2. Install the walls, wales and struts temporary.
3. Excavate the soil to the next stage.
4. Rebuild wales and struts.
5. Repeat procedure 3 and 4 till the designed depth.
Foundation Engineering
3. 4. Table braced system
Foundation Engineering
3. 5. Braced system
Foundation Engineering
3. 5. Braced system
Chang-Yu Ou:Deep excavation
Foundation Engineering
The structure elemenets of braced excavation are
3. 6. Design braced excavation
The structure elemenets of braced excavation are
compressed or bended.

Input:
Depth of excavation (H)
Space between wales (t);
Space between struts (y).

Output:
Thickness of walls (v);
Cross-section of wales ( b a );
Cross-section of struts (A).
Foundation Engineering
4. Soldier pile method
Mostly 6 m deeper or 3-4 m wider excavations.


Foundation Engineering
4. Soldier pile method
Chang-Yu Ou:Deep excavation
Foundation Engineering
4. Design soldier pile method
Design:
- Cross-section of Soldier pile
- Depth of embedment
Loads Moment Shear
p
- Thickness of lagging
- Parameters of anchors
(if it is necessary)
Foundation Engineering
Sturctural types of sheet-pile walls:
embeded
5. Sheet-pile walls
- embeded
- anchored in one level, without embeding
- anchored and embeded
- struted (braced)

Design: Design:
- Death of embeding
- M
max
cross-section of sheet
- Load of anchors parameteres of anchors
Foundation Engineering
5. Sheet-pile walls
Chang-Yu Ou:Deep excavation
Foundation Engineering
5.1. Design sheet-pile walls
A h d i l l
Embeded
Anchored in one level,
without embeding
Foundation Engineering
5.1. Design sheet-pile walls
Anchored and embeded
Foundation Engineering
5.1. Design sheet-pile walls
Struted (braced)
Foundation Engineering
5.2. Types of sheet-pile walls
Strate sheets
Half wave sheets
Total wave sheets
Foundation Engineering
Foundation Engineering
Foundation Engineering
6. Diaphragma walls
Chang-Yu Ou:Deep excavation
Foundation Engineering
6. Diaphragma walls
Foundation Engineering
7. Freezing and injection
Foundation Engineering
7. Freezing and injection
Gravely soils under groundwater and waterproof layer is
missing or in very deep.

Advantages:
Ab l t t f - Absolute waterproof
- Other retaining structures are not neccesary
- In any kind of soil (except injection clay)

Disadvanteges:
- Difficult technical facilities
- Expensive
- Long time defrost in case of freezing
Foundation Engineering

8. Shotcrete method
Excavation
Nailing

Excavation Reinforcement, shotcrete

Application field:
Temporary or permanent retaining structure
Retaininig wall
Stabilization of tunnel gates Stabilization of tunnel gates
Stabilization of slopes
Repair retaining structures
Foundation Engineering
Thickness of shotcrete (12-25 cm),
8. Shotcrete method
Reinforcment:
o Netting,
o Reinforcing steel (1-2 layers),
o Hajbeton (steel, PE),
Nails: Nails:
o Steel tube,
o Steel bar,
o Steel nail,
Instalation of nails: Instalation of nails:
o Hit,
o Screwed-injected,
o J eted
o Screwed
Foundation Engineering
Application field:
8. Shotcrete method
Cohesive soils,
Gravely soils,
Can not used:
Soft cohesive soils,,
Organic soils, turf,
Loose gravely soils
Filling (rocks, ash)


Advanteges
Cheap
Simple facilities p
Variable form
Elastic structure
Disadvanteges:
Soil should be stable in min 1 0 m Soil should be stable in min. 1.0 m
Can not install in case of groundwater
flowing
Demages of public utilities
Foundation Engineering
Procedure of designig:
1 Sit i it
8. Design shotcrete excavation
1. Site visit
2. Geometry of excavation
3. Stability analysis

Sloping

Ultimate Ultimate
bearing
capacity

Foundation Engineering
8. Design shotcrete excavation

Compound
failure


Deep failure


Outpulling

Nail breakage

Shotcrete
breakage
Foundation Engineering
8. Shotcrete method
Foundation Engineering
- Order of nailing
O ll
8. Shotcrete qualification
- Outpull test
- Measure movments
- Inclinometer
- Install points
- Shortcrete
- Thickness
- Strenght
Foundation Engineering
Inclination of the wall: 1:8-1:10
8. Geometry of Shotcrete excavation

Tpus L/H DL/S d
2
/S
Screwed-injected nails
in gravely soils
0,5-
0,8
0,5-0,6 (4-8)10
-4
Hit nail in gravely soil 0,5-
0 6-1 1
(13-
4
0,6
0,6-1,1
19)10
-4
Mantle rock, marl
0,5-1
0,15-
0,2
(1-2,5)10
-
4
L: length of nails, H: depth of excavation, D: dimeter of
injection d: diameter of nails S: area for a nail injection, d: diameter of nails, S: area for a nail
Foundation Engineering
Thank You
for your attention!