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STOICHIOMETRY UNIT: 1
1 2 3 Laws of chemical combination, principles and examples Molar mass, concept of equivalent weights with examples Percentage composition of compounds and calculations of empirical and molecular formulae of compounds

VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS: 1. A. What is a combination reaction of redox reactions? Give example. A chemical combination reaction which involves both oxidation and reduction is known as combination reaction of redox reaction. Ex: C + O2 CO2
(0)
C( S )

(-2)
C2( S )
Oxidation

(+4)(-2)

C O2( g )

Reduction

2.

Chemical decomposition need not involve redox process. Answer it with one example.

A.

Chemical decomposition need not involve redox process Example: Decomposition of lime stone is not a redox change

CaCO3 CaO + CO2

There is no change in oxidation state of Ca, O and C. But few decompositions involve redox process. Example: Decomposition of potassium chlorate involved in redox process processes.

KClO3( g ) 2 KCl + 3O2( g )

+5 -2 -1 0

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www.sakshieducation.com SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS: 1. A. Define and explain molar mass. Molar mass: The mass of one mole of any substance in grams is called its molar mass. Molar masses therefore are atomic weights, molecular weights, formula weights etc. expressed in grams. Example: Molar mass of sulphuric acid ( H 2 SO4 ) = 98 gr Molar mass of Hydrogen ( H 2 ) gas = 2 gm Molar mass of oxygen ( O2 ) gas = 32 gm

2. A.

State and explain the Law of conservation of mass. Law of conservation mass: Law of conservation of mass was proposed by Lavoiser and verified by Landolt Matter can neither be created nor destroyed during a chemical change or In a chemical total mass of the products formed during a chemical change is exactly equal to the total mass of the reactants. Example:

AgNO3 ( aq ) + KCl( aq ) AgCl( s ) + KNO3 ( aq )

In the above reaction total mass of reactants total mass of products ( AgCl + KNO3 ) All chemical equations are balanced following the law of conservation of mass

( AgNO3 + KCl )

will be equal to the

3. A.

State and explain the Law of definite proportions. Law of definite proportions: A given chemical substance (compound) always contains the same elements combined in a fixed proportion by weight. This law was proposed by Joseph Proust Illustration: Proust found the composition of two samples of copper carbonate, one obtained from natural sources, the other prepared in the laboratory synthetically. They are follows with the same percentage of composition.

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www.sakshieducation.com % Composition of the sample Natural Cu O C 51.35 9.74 38.91 Synthetic 51.35 9.74 38.91

Elements

Irrespective of the place, method or a person, by whom a chemical compound is prepared, it contains the same elements combined in a fixed ratio by weight.

4. A.

State and explain the Law of multiple proportions. Law of multiple proportions: It was proposed by Dalton If two elements chemically combine to give two or more compounds, then the weights of one element, which combine, with the fixed weight of the other element in those compounds, bear a simple multiple ratios to one another. Example: Weights of oxygen that combine with 12g of carbon in CO and CO2 will be in the ratio of 1: 2

5.

There is no need that a given species must always possess equivalent weight always constant? Is if true? Explain.

A.

True: The equivalent weight of given species is depends upon the nature of chemical change of species Ex 1: H 3 PO4 + NaOH NaHPO4 + H 2O The equivalent weight of H 3 PO4 is

M = 98 1

H 3 PO4 + 3 NaOH Na3 PO4 + 3H 2O

In the above reaction equivalent weight of H 3 PO4 = Ex 2: Hypo reaction with moist chlorine

M 98 = = 32.66 3 3

Na2 S2O3 + H 2O + Cl2 Na2 SO4 + 2 HCl + S

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www.sakshieducation.com In the above reaction equivalent weight of Na2 S 2O3 = M 2 Hypo reaction with iodine

2 Na2 S 2O3 + I 2 2 Na2 S 4O6 + 2 NaI

In the above reaction equivalent weight of Na2 S 2O3 =

M 1

6.

The equivalent weight of sulphuric acid is given by 98. How far it is true when sulphuric acid is a di basic acid?

A.

The equivalent weight of the compound is depends upon nature of chemical change

NaOH + H 2 SO4 NaHSO4 + H 2O

In the above reaction equivalent weight of

H 2 SO4 =

Molecular weight 98 = = 98 Number of replaceable hydrogens 1

In the above reaction equivalent weight of

H 2 SO4 =

Molecular weight 98 = = 49 Number of replaceable hydrogens 2

7. A.

Explain mole concept. A mole may be defined as the mass of a substance that contains Avogadro number of atoms or molecules or ions or any other entities. Avogardo number is denoted by N and its value is 6.023 1023 Thus 1 mole = Mass of 6.023 1023 atoms = 1 g atom = 1 g at. Wt. 1 mole = Mass of 6.023 1023 molecules = 1 g at. Wt. 1 mole = Mass of 22.4 lts volume of any gas at NTP 1 mole = Mass of 22.4 1 volume of any gas at NTP

8.

Calculate the molecular weights of the following compounds. 1) Glucose C6 H12O6 2) Calcium fluoride CaF2 3) Magnesium oxide MgO Atomic weights: C = 12. H = 1, O = 16, Ca = 40, F = 19, Mg = 24.3

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www.sakshieducation.com A. 1) Molecular weight of C6 H12O6 is

6 ( C ) + 12 ( H ) + 6 ( O )
= 6 (12 ) + 12 (1) + 6 (16 ) = 180 2) Molecular weight of calcium fluoride ( CaF2 ) is = 1( Ca ) + 2 ( F ) = 1( 40.1) + 2 (19 ) = 78.1 3) Molecular weight of magnesium oxide MgO = 1( Mg ) + 1( O ) = 1( 24.3) + 1(16 ) = 40.3

9.

Write down molar masses of a) One mole of mercury c) One mole of lead d) One mole of potassium dichromate ( K 2Cr2O7 ) formula units Atomic weights: Hg = 200.6, S = 32.6, Pb = 207, K = 39, Cr = 52, O = 16 amu b) One mole of sulphur molecules

A.

Molar mass = The weight of Avogadro number of molecules (or) atoms (or) ions (or) the expression of molecular weight in grams is called molar mass. 1) Weight of one mole of Hg in grams = 200.6 gm Molar mass of mercury = 200.6 gm 2) Weight of one mole of sulphur molecule ( S8 )

8 ( 32.6 ) = 260.8 gm
Molar mass of sulphur molecule ( S8 ) = 256 gm 3) Weight of one mole of lead ( Pb ) = 207 gm molar mass of Pb = 207 gm 4) Weight of one mole of potassium dichromate ( K 2Cr2O7 ) = 2 ( K ) + 2 ( Cr ) + 7 ( O ) = 2 ( 39 ) + 7 ( 52 ) + 7 (16 ) = 294 gm

Molar mass of potassium dichromate = 294 gm

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www.sakshieducation.com 10. Calculate the molar masses of Ca ( NO3 )2 , Al2O3 , C6 H12O6 Atomic weights of Ca = 40, N = 14, Al = 27, H = 1, C = 2, O = 16 amu a) Find out the number of moles of sodium bicarbonate present in 5.08gm of sodium bicarbonate ( NaHCO3 ) b) Calculate the number of moles of Helium in 6.46 gm of Helium (atomic weight of Helium = 4) c) Calculate the number of moles of zinc in 23.3 gm of zinc d) Calculate the number of moles of sulphur in 16.3 gm of sulphur A. Molar mass of Ca ( NO3 )2 = 1( Ca ) + 2 ( N ) + 6 ( O ) = 1( 40 ) + 2 (14 ) + 6 (16 ) = 164 gm a) Number of moles of NaHCO3 =

weight Gram molecular weight

5.08 = 0.06 moles 84 weight Gram atomic weight

b) Number of moles of He =

6.46 = 1.615 mol 4 weight Gram atomic weight

c) Number of moles of Zn =

23.3 = 0.356 mol 65.4

d) Number of moles of ' S ' =

weight Gram molecular weight

= 11.

16.3 = 0.0637 mol 256

a) Your friend required you to weight 0.5 moles ammonium sulphate. How many grams do you weigh? (Hint: formula of ammonium sulphate ( NH 4 ) SO4 (Atomic weight: N = 14, H = 1, S = 32, O = 16) b) Calculate the weight of 0.885 mole of Mg ( NO3 )2

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www.sakshieducation.com Atomic weight: Mg = 24, N = 14, O = 16 c) What is the weight of 0.590 mole of aspirine ( C9 H 8O4 ) Atomic weight: O = 16, C = 12, H = 1 A. a) Weight of ( NH 4 )2 SO4 = number of moles Gram molecular weight = 0.5 13.8 = 69 gm b) Weight of Mg ( NO3 )2 = moles Gram molecular weight = 0.885 148 = 130.98 gm c) Weight of Aspirine = moles Gram molecular weight = 0.059 180 = 10.62 gm

PROBLEMS ON EMPERICAL AND MOLECULAR FORMULAE

1.

The percentage composition of an organic compound is given below. Its molecular weight is 1.36. Calculate the molecular formula C= 70.59; H= 5. 88 O = 23. 53

A) Element Carbon % composition 70.59 Atomic ratio Simple ratio

70.59 = 5.88 12

5.88 =4 1.47

Hydrogen

5.88

5.88 = 5.88 1 23.53 = 1.47 16

5.88 =4 1.47 1.47 =1 1.47

Oxygen

23.53

Empirical formula of the compound = C4 H 4O Empirical formula weight = ( 4 12 ) + ( 4 1) + (1 16 ) = 68 Molecular weight given = 136

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n =

MolecularWeight Empirical formula weight

=136/68 = 2

Molecular formula = ( C4 H 4O )2
= C8 H 8O2

2.

Analysis of an organic compound gave the following results. a) 0.100 g of the compound gave 0.2878 g of CO2 and 0.0756 g of H 2O b) 0.200 g of the compound at 150 C and 760 mm pressure gave 21. 8 ml of N 2 . The molecular weight of compound is 107. Calculate its molecular formula

A.

From (a) % of carbon =

12 weight of CO2 100 44 weight of organic compound

12 0.2878 100 44 0.1 2 weight of H 2O 100 18 weight of organic compound

= 78.49%
% of Hydrogen =

2 0.0756 100 = 8.4% 18 0.1

From the data of (b): Calculating volume N 2 at STP

PV PV 1 1 = 2 2 T1 T2
Given conditions STP conditions

P 1 = 760mm V1 = 21.8 ml T1 = 150 C

= 15 + 273 = 288 K

P2 = 760 mm V2 = ? T2 = 00 C
=273 K

V2 =

PV T 1 1 2 T1 P2
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760 21.8 273 = 20.66ml 288 760

% of Nitrogen =

Volume of N 2 at STP ( ml ) 28 100 22400 Height of organic Compound

28 20.66 100 = 12. 91% 22400 0.2

Sol. Element % composition Atomic ratio Simple ratio

Carbon

78.49

70.49 = 6.54 12 8.4 = 8.4 1 12.91 = 0.92 14

6.54 = 7.10 0.92 8.4 = 9.13 0.92 0.92 =1 0.92

Hydrogen

8.4

Oxygen

12.91

Empirical formula of the compound = C7 H 9 N Empiricial formula weight = 7 (12) + 9 (1) + 1 ( 14) Given Molecular weight = 107

n=

molecular weight 107 = =1 Empirical formula weight 107

Molecular formula = ( C7 H 9 N )1
= C7 H 9 N

3.

An organic compound on analysis was found to contain 16.27% carbon. 0.67%

H 2 , 7.2.2% chlorine. The V.D. of the compound is equal to 73. 75. Calculate the
empirical formula and molecular formulae of the compound. A. Element Carbon % composition 16.27
atomic ratio % weight At.weight

Simple ratio

16.27 = 1.35 12

1.35 = 2.02 0.67

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Hydrogen 0.67 Chlorine Oxygen 72.2 10.86

0.67 0.67 1

0.67 =1 0.67

72.2 = 2.03 35.5

10.86 = 0.678 16

2.03 = 3.02 0.67

0.678 =1 0.67

Empirical formula of the compound = C2 HCl3O Empirical formula weight = ( 2 12 ) + (1 1) + ( 3 35.5 ) + (1 16 ) = 147.5 Molecular weight = 2 x V. D = 2 x 73. 75 = 147 . 50

n= =

MolecularWeight Empiricial formula weight

147.50 =1 147.50

Molecular formula = C2 HCl3O

4. Combustion of 0.277g of an organic compound gave 0.66g carbon dioxide and 0.337g water. Vapour density of the compound is equal to 37. Calculate its molecular formula.

A).

% of Carbon =

12 0.66 100 = 64.98 44 0.277

% of Hydrogen =

2 0.337 100 = 13.51 18 0.277

atomic ratio % weight At.weight

% of Oxygen = 100 ( 64. 98 + 13.51) =21. 51

Element % composition Simple ratio

Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen

64. 98 13.51 21.51

64.98 = 5.415 12 13.51 = 13.51 1 21.51 = 1.344 16

5.415 =4 1.344 13.51 = 10 1.344 1.344 =1 1.344

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Empirical formula of the compound = C4 H10O Empirical formula weight = ( 4 12 ) + (10 1) + (1 16 ) = 74

n= =

MolecularWeight Empirical formula weight

2 37 =1 74

Molecular formula = (Empirical formula) x n = ( C4 H10O )1 = C4 H10O

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