DEFINITIONS AND FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES

IDC

Data Communications
Information is transmitted between two points in the form of data. G Analog
G

Varying amplitude, phase and frequency

G

Digital
In copper systems represented as a high and low voltage levels. In fibre systems represented as the presence or not of a light pulse.

IDC

Transmitters, Receivers and Communications Channe s

G

A communications process requires

A source A transmitter A communications channel A receiver A destination

IDC

Communications Process
#eneric Comms $rocess
"o urce ransmitter Communications Channel !eceiver Destination

&ptical 'iber Communication "ystem

"o urce
%lectrical ransmitter &ptical "ource &ptical 'ibre cable

&ptical detector

%lectrical receiver

Destination

IDC

Contd((.

O!tica Fi"re Communications S#stem Com!onents

%ncoder )aser Drive CC )aser 'ibre Cable A$D A$D + Avalanche $hotodiode

Digital "ource

Digital &utput

Decoder

Amp * %qualiser

IDC

O!tica Fi"re Communications S#stem Com!onents

Electrical to Optical (E-O !on"erter

Electrical In
+ IDC

Light Out

Variable Intensity = Analog Blink On & Off = Digital

O!tica Fi"re Communications S#stem Com!onents Optical Waveguide

#ilica-$lass Optical %iber

Light In
IDC

Light Out

O!tica Fi"re Communications S#stem Com!onents Receiver

Optical to Electrical (O-E !on"erter
Photodiode + Light In
IDC

(original signal) Electrical Out

'or successful communications between both ends of a communication lin, there must be mutual agreement on he form and magnitude of the signals used he type of communications lin, he coding of the signals Data flow control %rror detection and correction

IDC

Important Concepts
G

Interface standards .eg.!"/0/1

Defines electrical and mechanical aspects of the interface to allow different manuafcturers equipment to wor, together 2. defines %lectrical signal characteristics .voltage levels, grounding1 /. defines 3echanical characteristics .connectors and pin assignments1 'unctional characteristics .defines the function of data, timing and control signals1 Does not cover how the data is transferred

IDC

Important Concepts
G

Coding .describes the way the data is converted into

symbols before transmission1

4ide variety of codes eg. 3orse code he more common code symbols used for transmission today are5 %6ample - A"CII Code and %7CIDIC .see A"CII table 1 5 letter D + 2888288
IDC

G $rotocols .&6ford dic- rules or formalities

of a procedure1 Initialisation 5 initiates the protocol parameters .sets the rules for data transmission1 'raming and synchronisation 5 defines the start and end of the frame and gives synchronisation information to receiver 'low control 5 manages the flow .speeds up and down1 of data
IDC

G $rotocols contd(
)ine control 5 9sed with half duple6 lin,s to switch tramsitter and receiver %rror control 5 techniques used to chec, the accuracy of the data and identify errors ime out control 5 :retry or abort; procedures %6amplesG

<3&D%3, =%!3I , 7"C, "D)C, >D)C, C$?I$, 3A$, &$, 3&D79", D>@, >A! ,

IDC

Communication Channe s
G

Analog
Varying amplitude, phase and frequency

Digital
>igh A low voltages levelsB on A off signals.

IDC

Ana o$ Si$na s
@ 4avelength Varying Amplitude 8 ime

Velocity of signal movement though channel

IDC

Di$ita Si$na s
+ $ulse $eriod
AMPLITUDE

&C 3A!=

&'' "$AC%

@ Velocity of signal though channel 8

Time

IDC

Channe Pro!erties
$hysical properties of the communications medium limit the effective transmission of data G 3easurement of gain and loss in circuits is carried out using decibels
G 5 Decibels are a relative measure
GAIN
IDC

= 10 LOG (Pb/Pa)

dB

Absolute #ain 3easurement D

Can also be measured with respect to 2 milliwatt GAIN = 10 LOG (P/10 w) dBm &r can be measured with respect to 2 watt GAIN = 10 LOG (P/1w) dBw
-3

IDC

"I#CA) A
G G G

%C9A I&C

G G
IDC

Catural resistive cable properties absorb the electrical energy and turn it into heat )imits the length of the communications channel Digital signals have fast rising edges which represent high frequency components. "ignal attenuation increases with increasing frequency. 9se repeater, amplifiers and equalisers Catural resistive properties of glass absorb electromagnetic energy

Si$na Attenuation
8 2 2 8 2 8 8 2
ime ransmitted "ignal

ime

"ignal at Distance d

ime
IDC

"ignal at Distance /d

Signal Repeaters
ransmitter Amplifier !eceiver

IDC

C>ACC%) 7ACD4ID > .the way the channel affects data throughput1
he difference between the highest and the lowest frequencies that can pass though a channel. 4here the highest and lowest frequencies have dropped to half power i.e. 0 d7 drop in power. Digital signals are constructed of many frequencies but their transmission is limited by the channel analog bandwidth. he higher the bandwidth the higher the frequency that can be transmitted.

IDC

Channe %and&idth
AMPLITUDE

8d7

A0d7

0d7 7andwidth

F E!UEN"# 3inimum 'requency

IDC

7ACD4ID >

3a6imum 'requency

E''ect O' Channe %and&idth On A Di$ita Si$na

8 2 8 8 2
&riginal Digital Data

2/88 >E 7andwidth "ignal

IDC

F888 >E 7andwidth "ignal

 he ma6imum data rate is given by "hannons )aw)aw

" = $ B LOG$ M b%&

5 4here and 7 + bandwidth in >ertE 3 + levels of signalling element

IDC

Coise
5 Vibration of molecules emit random electromagnetic radiation A noise 5 Catural low level %3! limits the transmit signal level. 5 3easure of useful signal power is the "I#CA) to C&I"% !atio-

'/N =10 LOG10 ('i()a*/N+i&e) dB

"ignal + "ignal power in 4A " Coise + Coise power in 4A "
IDC

"hannon >artley law relates signal to

noise ratio to the ma6imum data rate-

" = B LOG$ (1 + '/N) i) b%&

4here-7 + 7andwidth in >%! G
" + "ignal power in 4A " C + Coise power in 4A " 5 An increase in 7 or "?C increases data rate capability 5 An increase in 7 is more effective than an equivalent increase in "?C
IDC

Digital regenerators provide transmission distances of 2888s ,m.

Di$ita Re$enerator
)ine Driver Digital !epeater )ine !eceiver

Channel

Channel

Degraded "ignal !eceived

!egenerated "ignal

IDC

TRANSMISSION MODES
"imple6 G >alf duple6 G 'ull duple6
G

IDC

Sim! e(

"tation A Data 'low In &ne Direction &nly

"tation 7

ransmitter

!eceiver

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Half Duplex (2-Wire)

"tation A "tation 7

ransmitter

Data 'low

!eceiver

!eceiver

Alternate 'low

ransmitter

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ull Duplex (!-"ire)

"tation A "tation 7

ransmitter "imultaneous Data 'low

!eceiver

!eceiver

ransmitter

IDC

"ynchronisation of digital data signals

Asynchronous transmission
5 !6 and < independent 5 Co cloc, signal

"ynchronous transmission
5 !6 and < synchronised to a system cloc, signal 5 >igher overhead than Asynch

IDC

#S$%CHRO%O&S D#'# R#()

IDC

S$%CHRO%O&S 'R#%S(ISSIO%

IDC

LI)*T
G

Is represented by
%lectromagnetic waves $hotons .particles1

ravels at a speed of 0 6 28 m?s G !eflect, refract and diffract off optical surfaces.
G
H

IDC

%lectromagnetic spectrum
!epresented by frequency and wavelength frequency + velocity wavelength !epresented by photon energy energy .eV1 + 2./F8I wavelength.Jm1

IDC

E ectroma$netic S!ectrum

IDC

&ptical region of the spectrum used for fibre optics is 0,$ mi-.+me/e.& /+ $0 mi-.+me/.e& +. $00 )m /+ $0000 )m

Includes
Visible light .plastic1 .IK8nm1 Infrared .silica1 .HK8nm1 9ltraviolet .special silica1
Visible )ight "pectrum

IDC &V

I' 088nm L88nm