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Chapter 4
1. The nominal rate of interest convertible once every two years is j, so that
.07 1 + j = 1 + 2
The accumulated value is taken 4 years after the last payment is made, so that
(1 + j )
12
2000
(1.035 )8
34
Chapter 4
6. (a) We use the technique developed in Section 3.4 that puts in imaginary payments and then subtracts them out, together with adapting formula (4.1), to obtain
(b) Similar to part (a), but adapting formula (4.3) rather than (4.1), we obtain
d 12 .09 7. The monthly rate of discount is d j = = = .0075 and the monthly discount 12 12 factor is v j = 1 d j = .9925. From first principles, the present value is
( ) 1 + (.9925 ) + (.9925 ) + + (.9925 ) = 300 1 .9925 300 6 1 (.9925 ) upon summing the geometric progression.
6 12 114
120
v3 1 125 v + v + v + = = = 3 3 1 v (1 + i ) 1 91
3 6 9
and
(1 + i )3 1 = 91 or (1 + i )3 = 216 125 125 1 3 6 216 and 1 + i = = = 1.2 which gives i = .20, or 20%. 5 125
9. Using first principles with formula (1.31), we have the present value
+ e .38 ]
100
1 e .4 . 1 e .02
35
Chapter 4
10. This is an unusual situation in which each payment does not contain an integral number of interest conversion periods. However, we again use first principles 8 140 4 measuring time in 3-month periods to obtain 1 + v 3 + v 3 + + v 3 and summing the geometric progression, we have
1 v 48 4 . 1 v 3
11. Adapting formula (4.9) we have
4 2400a10 800a54.12 . .12
( )
( )
Note that the proper coefficient is the annual rent of the annuity, not the amount of ( ) each installment. The nominal rate of discount d 4 is obtained from
1 d ( 4) ( 4) 4 1 (1.12 ) = .11174. 1 = 1 + i = 1.12 and d = 4 4 The answer is
10
m 1 m tm 1 1m 1 vn 1 v 1 vn ( m) ( ) v a = a v = a a = ( m ) = ( m ) = anm . n n n 1 m t =1 d i i t =1 m
The first term in the summation is the present value of the payments at times 1 ,1 + 1 ,, n 1 + 1 . The second term is the present value of the m m m 2 ,1 + 2 ,, n 1 + 2 . This continues until the last term payments at times m m m is the present value of the payments at times 1, 2,, n. The sum of all these payments is anm .
( )
1000 n a2 = 10,000 or
where n is the deferred period. We then have
( )
a2 = 10,
( )
v = 1 d and d
( 2)
2 = 2 1 (1 d ) . 1
36
Chapter 4
We now have
.5 (1 d )n = 20 1 (1 d ) .5 n ln (1 d ) = ln 20 1 (1 d )
and
n=
.5 ln 20 1 (1 d ) . ( ) ln 1 d
14. We have
( )
( )
( )
1 vn 1 v2n i or 3 ( 2 ) = 2 ( 2 ) = 45 ( 2 ) . i i i
Using the first two, we have the quadratic
3 (1 v n ) = 2 (1 v 2 n ) or 2v 2 n 3v n + 1 = 0
which can be factored ( 2v n 1)( v n 1) = 0 or v n = 1 , rejecting the root v = 1. Now 2 using the first and third, we have
3 (1 v ) = 45i or i =
n
3 1 1
2 = 1. 45 30
1+ v 4 + v 4 +
3 6
+v
141
1 v 36 3 . 1 v 4
( ) ( )
16. Each of the five annuities can be expressed as 1 v n divided by i, i m , , d m , and d, respectively. Using the result obtained in Exercise 32 in Chapter 1 immediately establishes the result to be shown. All five annuities pay the same total amount. The closer the payments are to time t = 0, the larger the present value.
2400an = 40,000 or an = 50 . 3
Thus
an =
or
1 e .04 n 50 = .04 3
37
Chapter 4
1 e .04 n =
and
2 3
e .04 n =
1 3
18. We have
an =
and
1 vn
= 4 or v n = 1 4
(1 + i )n 1 n sn = = 12 or (1 + i ) = 1 + 12 .
Thus, 1 + 12 =
an = v dt =
t 0
n 0
n (1+ r ) r dr e 0 = e 0 0
dr
dt
Now
(1+ r ) e 0
t 1
dr
= e ln 1+t = (1 + t ) .
( )
n
Thus,
1 an = (1 + t ) dt = ln (1 + t )]0 = ln ( n + 1) . n 0
1 v
iv
. Thus, t ln v = ln v + ln
and t = 1
i ln .
( Ia )n =
an nv n i
and
( Da )n =
n an i
. Thus,
( Ia )n + ( Da )n = 1 ( an nv n + n an ) i 1 vn 1 = ( an + 1 v n nv n + n an ) = ( n + 1) = ( n + 1) an . i i
38
Chapter 4
n 1 n 1
2 n +1
n n 1 n +1
n 1 n +1
n2 n +1
Pan + Q
23. The present value is
an nv n i
= 6a20 +
a20 20v 20 i
v 4 ( Da )10 =
24. Method 1:
Method 2:
1 an nv n + nv n ) ( i (1 + i ) an an a = n = = . i i d 1 1 PV = ( Ia ) v n ( Ia ) = (1 v n ) + 2 i i n n a 1 v 1 1 v = = n. 1 + = id d i i PV = ( Ia )n + v n na =
25. We are given that 11v 6 = 13v 7 from which we can determine the rate of interest. We have 11(1 + i ) = 13, so that i = 2 /11. Next, apply formula (4.27) to obtain
P Q 1 2 11 11 + 2 = + 2 = + 2 = 66. i i i i 2 2
26. We are given:
v v2 2 ( ) X = va = and 20 X = v Ia = . i id
39
Chapter 4
Therefore,
v v2 X= = i 20id
27. The semiannual rate of interest j = .16 / 2 = .08 and the present value can be expressed as 10 a10 300a10 .08 + 50 ( Da )10 .08 = 300a10 .08 + 50 .08 10 A = 300 A + 50 = 6250 325 A. .08 28. We can apply formula (4.30) to obtain
2 1.05 1.05 + PV = 600 1 + + 1.1025 1.1025 19 1.05 + 1.1025
1 (1.05 /1.1025 )20 = 600 = $7851 to the nearest dollar. 1 (1.05 /1.1025 )
29. We can apply formula (4.31)
i =
which is the answer.
Note that we could have applied formula (4.32) to obtain PV = 600a20 .05 = $7851 as an alternative approach to solve Exercise 28. 30. The accumulated value of the first 5 deposits at time t = 10 is
40
Chapter 4
or
4.096 =
10 =
1 .25 .01k
and k = 15%.
32. The first contribution is ( 40,000 ) (.04 ) = 1600. These contributions increase by 3% each year thereafter. The accumulated value of all contributions 25 years later can be obtained similarly to the approach used above in Exercise 30. Alternatively, formula (4.34) can be adapted to an annuity-due which gives
(1.05 )25 (1.03)25 (1.05 ) = $108,576 to the nearest dollar. 1600 .05 .03
33. Applying formula (4.30), the present value of the first 10 payments is
34. We have
PV =
1 2 1 m v + 2v m + 2 m
+ nmv m
nm
1 1 n 1 1 + 2v m + + nmv m 2 m 1 nm 1 1 n 1 PV 1 + v m + + v m nmv m (1 + i ) m 1 = 2 m 1 ( m) an nv n = . m
PV (1 + i ) m =
1
41
Chapter 4
Therefore
PV =
anm nv n m (1 + i ) m 1
1
( )
anm nv n im
( )
( )
35. (a)
(b)
( 24 ) ( 25 ) 25 = . ( 2 )(144 ) 12
36. We have
PV = [ v 5 + v 6 + 2v 7 + 2v8 + 3v 9 + 3v10 + v5 1 5 7 9 ( ) = v +v +v + a = 2 1 v d = v v 1 = . 2 1 v iv i vd
5 4
37. The payments are 1,6,11,16,. This can be decomposed into a level perpetuity of 1 starting at time t = 4 and on increasing perpetuity of 1, 2,3, starting at time t = 8 . Let i4 and d 4 be effective rates of interest and discount over a 4-year period. The present value of the annuity is
1 1 4 1 where i4 = (1 + i ) 1. + 5 (1 + i4 ) i4 i4 d 4
We know that
1 (1 + i )4 = (.75 )1 = 4 / 3, or i4 = 4 1 = 1 and d 4 = 3 = 1 . 3 3 1 + 13 4
3 1 3 + ( 5 ) 1 1 = 3 + 45 = 48. 4 3 4
38. Let j be the semiannual rate of interest. We know that (1 + j ) = 1.08, so that j = .03923 . The present value of the annuity is
2
42
Chapter 4
10 5 5 0
tdt
tdt
10 1 2 5 2 5 2 1 0 2
] 75 / 2 = = 3. 25 / 2 ] t
( Ia ) =
(.08 )2
= 156.25.
Note that the upper limit is zero since i > k . 42. (a) ( Da )n = ( n t )v t dt.
n
(b)
n 0
( n t )v t dt = nan ( Ia )n
n (1 v n )
The similarity to the discrete annuity formula (4.25) for ( Da )n is apparent. 43. In this exercise we must adapt and apply formula (4.44). The present value is
an nv n
n an
14 1
( t 2 1)e
t 0
(1+ r )1 dr
dt.
1 The discounting function was seen to be equal to (1 + t ) in Exercise 19. Thus, the answer is
14 1
14 ( t 1)( t + 1) 14 t2 1 dt = dt = ( t 1) dt 1 1 t +1 t +1 14
1 1 = t 2 t = ( 98 14 ) 1 = 84.5. 2 1 2
43
Chapter 4
1 + v.5 + v + v1.5 +
X [1 + v 2 + v 4 +
] = X 1 2 = 20
1 v
2
45. We have
n
0
at dt =
n
0
(1 vt ) dt =
n an
n ( n 4) = 40. .1
46. For each year of college the present value of the payments for the year evaluated at the beginning of the year is
1200a912 . /12
The total present value for the payments for all four years of college is
( ) ) (1 + v + v 2 + v3 ) = 1200a4 a9(12 1200a912 . /12 /12
P . i 1 1 For annuity #2, we have PV2 = q + 2 . i i Denote the difference in present values by D. D = PV1 PV2 =
(a) If D = 0 , then
pq q 2. i i
pq q q q or i = . 2 = 0 or p q = i i i pq
dD d = ( p q ) i 1 qi 2 di di = ( p q ) i 2 + 2qi 3 = 0.
Multiply through by i 3 to obtain
44
Chapter 4
( p q ) i + 2q = 0 or i =
2q . pq
48. We must set soil (S) posts at times 0,9,18,27. We must set concrete posts (C) at times 0,15,30. Applying formula (4.3) twice we have
PVS = 2
a36 a9
and PVC = ( 2 + X )
a45 a15
a36 a9
= (2 + X )
a45 a15
so that
1 vn
= a, so that v = 1 a . Similarly, a2 n =
n
1 v2n
= b, so that
2 v 2 n = 1 b . Therefore, 1 b = (1 a ) = 1 2a + a 2 2 , or a 2 2 = ( 2a b ) so 2a b . Also we see that n ln v = ln (1 a ) n = ln (1 a ) so that that = a2 an nv n ln (1 a ) . We now n= . From formula (4.42) we know that ( Ia )n = substitute the identities derived above for an , n, v n , and . After several steps of tedious, but routine, algebra we obtain the answer a3 a 2a b ( b a ) ln . 2 ( 2a b ) b a
n n d d n d n t t 1 an = v t = (1 + i ) = t (1 + i ) = v tv t = v ( Ia )n . di di t =1 di t =1 t =1 t =1
d a di n
i =0
= v ( Ia )n
i =0
= t =
t =1
n ( n + 1) . 2
n n d d n d n t t 1 an = v t dt = (1 + i ) dt = t (1 + i ) dt = v tv t dt = v ( Ia )n . 0 0 di di 0 di 0
d a di n
i =0
= v ( Ia )n
t =0
= tdt =
0
n2 . 2
45