Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
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In the nineteenth century, western style residential hotels were developed in India by British and Swiss families mainly for their own use or for foreign visitors. Mr. Pallonjee Pestonjee is called as the pioneer of the western style hotel in India who opened the first western style hotel under the name of British Hotel in Mumbai in 1840. By the end of the nineteenth century, many western style hotels were established in India. These hotels were very much popular for their efficient management, unsurpassed cuisine and the excellence of beers and wines. The twentieth century may be called as the beginning of star hotels in India. In this century, big and modern hotels came into existence on account of the advent of big businessmen and new entrepreneurs. Affluent tourists also contributed a lot to the development of star culture. The major star hotels in India are in private sector. The high profile hotels include The Indian Hotels Company Ltd., East India Hotels Ltd., ITC Hotels Ltd., Bharat Hotels Ltd., Asian Hotels Ltd., Hotel Leela venture Ltd. and Jay Pee Hotel Ltd. etc. The only public sector enterprise is India Tourism Development Corporation Ltd. which runs countrys largest accommodation chain, The Ashoka Group of Hotels. The hotel industry in India is making a remarkable progress in private sector. The hotels have shown distinct improvement in operating techniques, catering and service. Prior to the 1980s the Indian hotel industry was a nascent and slow growing industry primarily consisting of relatively static, single hotel companies. However, the Asian games in 1982 and the subsequent partial liberalization of the Indian economy generated tourism interest in India with significant benefits accruing to the hotel and tourism sector in terms of improved demand patterns. The fortunes of the hotel industry are tied to the fortunes of tourism and the general business climate in the country which is why the economic liberalization initiatives implemented since 1991, led to a soaring demand and supply gap in the hotel industry. This enabled Indian hotel companies to increase their average room realizations (ARR) by almost 50% between April 1994 and April 1997 and still enjoy extremely high occupancies of above 80% for most of this period. During this time the ARRs of Indian 5 Star hotels were comparable to those prevailing in Singapore and Hong Kong and were among the highest in the region.
With the partial opening of the Indian economy in mid-eighties, which generated commercial interest in India, significant benefits started accruing to the tourism sector, which gave some pace to the growth of hotel industry. The economic liberalization initiatives of the early 1990s viz. industrial reforms, foreign direct
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investment (FDI) in industries, foreign institutional investment (FII) in bourses, reduction in import duties, rationalization of taxes, etc. intensified trade and investment and consequently caused spurt in both domestic and international business travel.
Indian Nationals Going Abroad and Number of Domestic Tourists Visits to All States and Union Territories in India
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Not that Indians are touring only within its national limits. It is rather interesting to observe two main features of their overseas travel patterns. First and foremost is a consistent increase in the numbers of Indians taking international vacation travel over the years, which above Table would suggest growing from 4.42% in 2000 to 12.07% in 2010. Even when the global tourist movements fallen substantially as a result of global recession, Indian outbound traffic has been growing with consistency and stability. The phenomenal growth in outbound travel could be a by-product of many economic and social factors, most important being material prosperity and urge for travel and life styles. Other contributing factors being ease of travel documents like passport, visa, relaxation in foreign exchange regulations, better awareness of destinations and benefits of travel etc. As regards travel segments, the MICE (Meetings, Incentives, Conferencing, Exhibitions) and business travel are arguably growing faster compared to the leisure segments. The quantum of Indian nationals on overseas vacations increased from 4.42 million in 2000 to 12.07 million in 2010. The Govt. of India, Ministry of Tourism launched interest subsidy scheme in 1973 for setting up hotel projects in 1,2,3-star category and heritage hotels with an objective to promote tourism. Due to the procedural issues in the scheme, it was discontinued in the April 2002 and the one-time capital subsidy scheme was introduced .The scheme would be operational upto the end of the 10th five-year plan i.e 31st March 2007. To decide on the approach during the 11th five-year plan, Ministry of Tourism decided to review the existing scheme and its impact on the budget segment. Availability Of Hotels Before Launch Of Capital Subsidy Scheme Category-wise Distribution of Hotels
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Position India as a global brand to take advantage of the burgeoning global travel trade and the vast untapped potential of India as a destination Acknowledges the critical role of private sector with government working as a pro-active facilitator and catalyst Create and develop integrated tourism circuits based on Indias unique civilization, heritage, and culture in partnership with States, private sector and other agencies Ensure that the tourist to India gets physically invigorated, mentally rejuvenated, culturally enriched, spiritually elevated and feel India from within. The Governments major policy initiatives include: Liberalization in aviation sector Pricing policy for aviation turbine fuel which influences internal air fares Rationalization in tax rates in the hospitality sector Tourist friendly visa regime Immigration services Procedural changes in making available land for construction of hotels Allowing setting up of Guest Houses
The Indian Ministry of Tourism has identified 31 villages across the country to be developed as tourism hubs. The states in which these villages have been identified include Himachal Pradesh, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Bihar, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Orissa, Assam, Sikkim, Rajasthan and West Bengal.
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Parentage Mahindra Holidays & Resorts India Limited is part of the USD 15.4 billion multinational Mahindra Group. With over 140,000 employees in 100 countries across the globe, the Group is also among Indias top ten Industrial Houses with interests in aerospace, aftermarket, agribusiness, automotive, components, consulting services, defense, energy, farm equipment, finance and insurance, industrial equipment, information technology, leisure and hospitality, logistics, real estate, retail, and two wheelers.
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7. Boosts the Travel Industry: Due to globalization more people move around, to facilitate this, the travel industry needs to grow as well. People who come into our country by air, or ship, or land - use the transport services offered as well. 8. Variety of International Services/Cuisines: Since there are a lot of different visitors with various cultures, customs, cuisines, and languages, the hospitality industry includes recipes and various other services to cater to them. These services are available to the locals too, which makes it even better. The Negative Impacts of Globalization are as follows: 1. Language Barriers: Due to Globalization, the hospitality Industry can employ people from different countries as it is usually cheaper they may sometimes have problems in communicating with the customers. Many customers get quite irate as a result of this. 2. Cultural Barriers: As there are people from various cultures, one needs to be careful not to offend them. For Example, a Muslim will not eat pork one needs to make sure not serve food which contains pork. (Unless specifically asked). What is acceptable by one culture may be frowned upon by another? 3. Events/Disasters in other Countries: A disaster or even taking place in one country may affect our country (the home country) also. For example, the financial crisis makes less people want to spend money or travel; due to increase in terrorism some visitors get are not ready to travel to certain countries. 4. Seasonal Employment: During peak periods, a lot of jobs are available but as soon as the tourists go back the jobs disappear as well. For example: Goa India; the locals in Goa get their income only during the peak season, (Dec- Feb and April July) after which they have no jobs and no income. 5. Increasing use of technology to communicate: Due to international barriers, there has been a steady increase in the use of technology for communication (through the internet, voice recordings). This removes the human touch. 6. Developing Countries: Countries that are unable to keep up with the advancement in technology tend to lose out. Example: Africa does not have the infrastructure or technology as yet to welcome large amount of foreign visitors, though it does have a lot of natural attractions. To increase the flow, it would
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have to improve conditions; otherwise tourists have a vast sea of areas to choose from. 7. Increase in Crime Rate: With the increase in tourists, crimes increase too. Example: pick-pocketing, hustling, rape, smuggling. 8. Bad Habits: People from other countries sometimes influence the local youth in a bad way. Increase in drugs and promiscuous behavior, etc. 9. Environmental Depletion: Globalization causes an imbalance in the eco system. People usually throw their garbage around everywhere which could cause sicknesses, to encourage more visitors, areas of greenery are cleared and wildlife killed - which is a major cause for global warming. 10. Loss of Cultural Pride and Values: To suit customer needs one needs to change or modify various services and products. For example: Certain food dishes are changed (in taste, names become more westernized) to make them more attractive to visitors. This, in a way, leads to the loss of culture as one wants to become and behave like the tourists that come into our country.
According to the World Tourism Organisation tourism supports some 7 % of the worlds employees. 4. Stimulation of infrastructure investment: Tourism can induce the local government to improve the infrastructure by creating better water and sewage systems, roads, electricity, telephone and public transport networks. All of this can improve the quality of life for residents as well as facilitate tourism. 5. Contribution to local economies: Tourism can be a significant, even essential part of the local economy. Because the environment is a basic component of the tourism industrys assets, tourism revenues are often used to measure the economic value of protected areas. There are other local revenues that are not easily quantified, as not all tourist expenditures are formally registered in the macroeconomic statistics. Money from tourism is earned through informal employment, such as street vendors and informal guides. The positive side of informal or unreported employment is that the money is returned to the local economy and has a great multiplier effect as it is spent over and over again. The World Travel and Tourism Council estimate that tourism generates an indirect contribution equal to 100 % of direct tourism expenditures. 6. Direct financial contributions to nature protection: Tourism can contribute directly to the conservation of sensitive areas and habitat. Revenue from parkentrance fees and similar sources can be allocated specifically to pay for the protection and management of environmentally sensitive areas. Some governments collect money in more far-reaching and indirect ways that are not linked to specific parks or conservation areas. User fees, income taxes, taxes on sales or renal of recreation equipment and license fees for activities such as hunting and fishing can provide governments with the funds needed to manage natural resources. 7. Competitive advantage: More and more tour operators take an active approach towards sustainability. Not only, because consumers expect them to do so but also because they are aware are that intact destinations essential for the long term survival of the tourism industry. More and more tour operators prefer to work with suppliers who act in a sustainable manner, e.g. saving water and energy, respecting the local culture and supporting the well being of local communities. In 2000 the international Tour Operators initiative for Sustainable Tourism was founded with the support of UNEP.
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Bollywood actor Aamir Khan is the brand ambassador of the 'Atithi Devo Bhavah' campaign for the Ministry of Tourism. Guest is god. The tourism industry is one of the most profitable industries in India and is also credited with contributing a substantial amount of foreign exchange. It is the largest service industry in India, with a contribution of 6.23% to the national GDP and 8.78% to the total employment in India. India witnesses approximately 3 million annual foreign tourist arrivals every year.
economy is operating close to its trend growth rate, powered mainly by domestic factors. The kharif harvest has been good and AN OVERVIEW OF ECONOMY IV SocioEconomic Review, Gujarat State, 2010-11 rabi prospects look promising. Good agricultural growth has boosted rural demand. Export performance in recent months has been encouraging. The RBI has made baseline projection of real GDP growth at 8.5 percent but with an upside bias. While as per the advanced estimates of Central Statistics Office for National Income, released on February 7, 2011, the growth in GDP during 2010-11 is estimated at 8.6 per cent as compared to the growth rate of 8.0 percent in 2009-10. This estimate is boosted by increased farm output. A robust monsoon and strong harvest this year has seen the sector flourish. The governments estimates for agriculture and allied activities growth this year stands at 5.4 per cent compared to the previous years 0.4 per cent. Manufacturing, meanwhile, estimated to retain a steady growth of 8.1 per cent and services will hold its ground at 9.6 percent. When it comes to issues such as food security, health, poverty alleviation, climate change, disaster management, womens empowerment, and economic development, today, with sustained high economic growth rates over the past decade, India is in a better position. However, an uncertain external environment calls for a continued focus on the domestic growth drivers. To sustain high growth over an extended period, it will be vital to pursue reforms to make the economy more competitive and the economic regulatory and oversight systems more efficient and sensitive to new developments, as well as delivering fiscal consolidation. Indias macroeconomic context is different from that of advanced and other EMEs (Emerging Market Economies) in at least four respects. One, India is facing rising inflationary pressures, albeit largely due to supply side factors. Two, households, firms and financial institutions in India continue to have strong balance sheets, although there is a need to encourage domestic consumption and investment demand. Three, since the Indian economy is supply-constrained, pick-up in demand could exacerbate inflationary pressures. Four, India is one of the few large EMEs with twin deficits - fiscal deficit and current account deficit.
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3. Susceptible to political events: The internal security scenario and social unrest also hamper the foreign tourist arrival rates.
Opportunities 1. Rising income: Owing to the rise in income levels, Indians have more spare money to spend, which is expected to enhance leisure tourism. 2. Open sky benefits: With the open sky policy, the travel and tourism industry has seen an increase in business. Increased airline activity has stimulated demand and has helped improve the infrastructure. It has benefited both international and domestic travels. Threats 1. Fluctuations in international tourist arrivals: The total dependency on foreign tourists can be risky, as there are wide fluctuations in tourism industry. 2. Increasing competition: Several international majors like the Four Seasons, Shangri-La and Aman Resorts are entering the Indian markets. Two other groups the Carlson Group and the Marriott chain - are also looking forward to join this race. This will increase the competition for the existing Indian hotel majors.
Technopak, the Indian hotel industry accounts for USD 17 billion, 70% (USD 11.85 billion) of which take their origin from the unorganised sector and the remaining 30% (USD 5.08 billion) from the organised sector. In 2000, India hosted only 2.6 million international visitors. By 2009, the figure had already increased to 5.13 million arrivals. Compared to other tourism markets in nearby Asian countries, this is still a limited success, but one with the potential to develop into a tremendous success story.
Change in standards of living More disposable income Better education Long leisure time Aging population
Owing to growth of tourism sector, infrastructure will improve, competition will increase, new products will enter the market and better services will be provided. Today, all the major international hotels like Holiday Inn, Radisson, Le Meridien, Accor, Ibis, TGIF, Hyatt, and Hilton are present in India. With all the positive signals, hospitality industry in India is getting consolidated and has many more opportunities to grow further.
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World Tourism Day is celebrated annually on 27 September. Its purpose is to foster awareness among the international community of the importance of tourism and its social, cultural, political and economic value. The event seeks to address global challenges outlined in the UN Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and to highlight the contribution the tourism sector can make in reaching these goals. This years theme is a celebration of tourisms role in linking together the cultures of the world through travel. With millions of people travelling the world each year, never before have so many people been to so many places, nor been so exposed to other cultures. This interaction between individuals and communities, and their diverse cultures, leads to tolerance, respect and mutual understanding the building blocks for a more peaceful world. The Egyptian city of Aswan will host the official 2011 World Tourism Day (WTD) celebrations, which will include a High-Level Think Tank on this years theme, Tourism Linking Cultures (27 September 2011)
In other words, every man, woman and child could become richer by Rs 7,000. India has yet to realize its full potential from tourism. The Travel and Tourism industry holds tremendous potential for Indias economy. It can provide impetus to other industries, create millions of new jobs and generate enough wealth to help pay off the international debt. That is why we have included Tourism amongst the Core Sectors of the Indian Economy. India on the World Map The Indian tourism industry has not had it so good since the early 1990s. Though the India economy had slowed, it was still growing faster than the rest of the world. In 2009, the country is seen rising 6.5 percent, compared to the world output, which is seen falling 0.4 percent. With Indian economy growing at around 7% per annum and rise in disposable incomes of Indians, an increasing number of people are going on holiday trips within the country and abroad resulting in the tourism industry growing wings. The Indian tourism sector is seen generating $42.8 billion by 2017, a 42 percent surge from 2007, according to an industry research note by auditing and consulting firm Deloitte Touche. It is fast turning into a volume game where an ever-burgeoning number of participants are pushing up revenues of industry players (hotels, tour operators, airlines, shipping lines, etc). Thus, the tourism sector is expected to perform very well in future and the industry offers an interesting investment opportunity for long-term investors.
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to an economic recession, the first thing they stop spending money on is luxury items. These items include: going out to eat at restaurants, going on trips, and basic recreation. These three activities are part of H&T; therefore, the H&T Industry is one of the first industries to get hurt when the economy recesses. In economic expansion people have more money and tend to spend more money on things like vacations, going to eat at restaurants, and recreation. 4. Places : Limitation in places means there some place which affects the tourism sector. 5. Past bad Impression : It means when any foreigner went there nation with bed impression, that time always he talk about their experience. 6. Poor support Infrastructure: Though the government is taking necessary steps, many more things need to be done to improve the infrastructure. In 2003, the total expenditure made in this regard was US $150 billion in China compared to US$ 21 billion in India 7. Fluctuations in international tourist arrivals: The total dependency on foreign tourists can be risky, as there are wide fluctuations in international tourism. Domestic tourism needs to be given equal importance and measures should be taken to promote it. 8. Problem of Seasonality: Hotel is indeed a seasonal business. There is seldom 100 percent occupancy Except in peak season. In India on an average, it is 59.7 percent. Therefore, a hotel cannot use its property fully and it accounts for low income. The problem is aggravated in case occupancy is adversely affected owing to bad weather or any other reason such as slump in business, international crisis or disturbances etc. Food cannot be stored due to its perishable nature. Similarly, hotel staff cannot be reduced temporarily at the time of poor demand of rooms. All these account for poor earnings. 9. High Consumer Expectations: Consumer satisfaction is key to success for hotel industry. In these days, consumers are well informed and their expectations go on changing very
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frequently. Therefore, satisfying a consumer is a most challenging task as it depends not only on tangible but on intangible factors as well. The best of room comfort and the choicest products of culinary art fail to satisfy some people. Services have to be highly personalized in this industry. This makes the hotel industry the most difficult one from the marketing point of view. 10. Low Profitability: Revenue mainly comes from the rooms and sale of food & beverage in the hotel industry. Average occupancy level and average room rate have been found very low as indicated in table 1.2. However, slight increase has been noted in both in 2003-04. But it is not sufficient to increase the profitability level of the hotel industry up to mark. Further, on one hand food & beverage revenue is low while on the other hand food & beverage cost as well as labour cost is high as shown by below table which affect the profitability of the hotel industry adversely. 11. High Direct and Indirect Taxes: The hotel industry is unfavorably treated from taxation point of view. Hotels do not get tax benefits as enjoyed by other industrial enterprises. Rebates in corporate income tax, service tax, custom duty, municipal taxes etc. are offered to other industries. The hotel industry does not get these benefits despite its $ low return on investment. Therefore, the industry cannot keep pace with inevitable changes in market trends. 12. Problems of Raising Funds: Most of the hotels are built in the heart of towns where land is very costly further, cost of constructing a new hotel building or renovating an existing facility is also very high. Therefore, huge capital is required to complete construction or to renovate the existing one. It is indeed very difficult to mobilize huge funds from various sources. The poor financial viability of the hotel industry has further aggravated the position. The solution of these problems needs a very high degree of managerial skill and expertise.
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Eight of the attacks occurred in South Mumbai: at Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus, the Oberoi Trident, the Taj Mahal Palace & Tower, Leopold Cafe, Cama Hospital (a women and children's hospital),the Nariman House Jewish community centre, the Metro Cinema, and a lane behind the Times of India building and St. Xavier's College. There was also an explosion at Mazagaon, in Mumbai's port area, and in a taxi at Vile Parle. By the early morning of 28 November, all sites except for the Taj hotel had been secured by Mumbai Police and security forces. On 29 November, India's National Security Guards (NSG) conducted Operation Black Tornado to flush out the remaining attackers; it resulted in the deaths of the last remaining attackers at the Taj hotel and ending all fighting in the attacks. Ajmal Kasab disclosed that t the he attackers were members of Lashkar-e-Taiba, the Pakistan-based based militant organisation, considered a terrorist organisation by
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India, Pakistan, the United States, the United Kingdom, and the United Nations, among others. The Indian government said that the attackers came from Pakistan, and their controllers were in Pakistan. On 7 January 2009, Pakistans Information Minister Sherry Rehman officially accepted Ajmal Kasab's nationality as Pakistani. On 12 February 2009, Pakistan's Interior Minister Rehman Malik asserted that parts of the attack had been planned in Pakistan. A trial court on 6 May 2010 sentenced Ajmal Kasab to death on all the 86 charges for which he was convicted. On his appeal against this verdict, Bombay High Court on 21 February 2011 and Supreme Court of India on 29 August 2012 upheld his death punishment. 11 July 2006 Train bombings at the Mahim station
One of the bomb-damaged coaches at the Mahim station in Mumbai during the11 July 2006 train bombings. There have been many bombings in Mumbai since the 13 coordinated bomb explosions that killed 257 people and injured 700 on 12 March 1993. On 6 December 2002, a blast in a BEST bus near Ghatkopar. On 6 December 2002, a blast in a BEST bus near Ghatkopar station killed two people and injured 28 A bicycle bomb exploded near the Vile Parle station 27 January 2003. A bicycle bomb exploded near the Vile Parle station in Mumbai, killing one person and injuring 25 on 27 January 2003, a day before the visit of the Prime Minister of India Atal Bihari Vajpayee to the city.
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Chapter 7 Conclusion
Tourism industry in India is growing and it has vast potential for generating employment and earning large amount of foreign exchange besides giving a fillip to the countrys overall economic and social development. But much more remains to be done. Eco-tourism needs to be promoted so that tourism in India helps in preserving and sustaining the diversity of the India's natural and cultural environments. Tourism in India should be developed in such a way that it accommodates and entertains visitors in a way that is minimally intrusive or destructive to the environment and sustains & supports the native cultures in the locations it is operating in. Moreover, since tourism is a multi-dimensional activity, and basically a service industry, it would be necessary that all wings of the Central and State governments, private sector and voluntary organizations become active partners in the endeavor to attain sustainable growth in tourism if India is to become a world player in the tourism industry.
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