FRANK M. STEWART Professor of Mathematics Brown University Introduction to Linear Algebra Princeton, New Jersey New York Toronto London ! D. VAN NOSTRAND COMPANY, INC.TABLE OF CONTENTS BECTION penes CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION PAGE An Example 1 Further Examples 2 Elementary Properties 7 Problems 21 Summary 23 CHAPTER II THE PLANE Dimension, Bases 24 Distance and Inner Products 27 Some Geometry 29 Area 32 Problems 33 Summary 36 CHAPTER III LINEAR DEPENDENCE, SPAN, DIMENSION, 10. ML. 12. 13. ve 15. BASES, SUBSPACES Linear Dependence and Independence 38 Dimension 49 Bases: 52 Subspaces 54 Problems 61 Summary 66 CHAPTER IV LINEAR TRANSFORMATIONS Linear Transformations 68. ‘The Algebra of Transformations 2xiv SECTION 4M. 18. 19. ‘TABLE OF CONTENTS Simultaneous Linear Equations: General Theory Simultaneous Linear Equations: Computation Matrices Problems Summary PAGE 78 85 96 106 115 CHAPTER V THE DUAL SPACE; MULTILINEAR FORMS; 21. 22. 23, 24. 25, CHAPTER VI DETERMINANTS: A TRADITIONAL 27. 28. 29, 30. 31. 32. 33. 34, 35. 36. 37. 38. DETERMINANTS Linear Funetionals and the Dual Space Multilinear Forms Determinants of Linear ‘Transformations Determinants of Matrices Problems Summary TREATMENT Permutations Determinants Expansion by Minors ‘The Determinant of a Product The Determinant of a Linear Transformation Problems Summary CHAPTER VII INNER PRODUCT SPACES Inner Produetss Norms and Orthogonality Orthonormal Bases Eigenvalues Symmetric Transformations ‘The Spectral ‘Theorem Problems Summary 116 123 136 144 155 164 167 173 180 185 191 197 203 206 210 214 217 222, 225 232 SECTION ‘TABLE OF CONTENTS Appenprx A. Equations and Identities Avpenpix B, Variables and Quantifiers, Unknowns Appenpix C. Sets Aprenpix D. Proofs Avpenpix E. Indices and Summation Appenoix F, Functions Ivpex oF SyMBors inppx Inpex oF DerINrTions, THEOREMS, COROLLARIES, AND Lewas, xv PAGE 233 239 246 253 258 264 271 275 279