Earthquakes

Austin T. Koeckeritz
 6.1 Forces in the Earth’s Crust

Key Concepts
1. How does stress in the crust change Earth’s surface?

2. Where are faults usually found, and why do they

form?

3. What land formations result from the forces of plate

movement?
The three types of stress
1. Tension- The stretching of rock.
2. Compression- The Compaction of rock (pushing together).
3. Shearing- The slipping of masses of rock in opposite
directions
The three types of faults.

1. Normal Faults-Rocks pulling apart

1. Tension- The stretching of rock.

2. Reverse Faults-Rocks pushing together

2. Compression-The Compaction of rock (pushing together).

3. Strike-Slip Faults-Rocks Slipping past each other

3. Shearing- The slipping of masses of rock.

fault lines (3)

1. Normal Faults- Rocks pulling apart
1. Tension- The stretching of rock.
2. Reverse Faults-Rocks pushing together
2. Compression- The Compaction of rock (pushing together).
 Anticline - A fold in the rock that bends upward
Syncline - A fold in the rock that bends downward

Anticline with syncline visible at far right- USGS. Note the man standing before the formation, for scale. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anticline
Why do the hills show different color layers? The
different layers were laid down during different times

folding (2:18)
Fault block mountain - When two normal faults cut through a
block of rock.

fault block mountain (1:25)

 Plateau - A large area of flat land elevated high above sea-
level.

The Colorado Plateau, which spans some 130,000 square miles, is actually made up of many plateaus. PHOTOGRAPH REPRODUCED BY PERMISSION OF
THE CORBIS CORPORATION.
 6.2 Earthquakes and Seismic Waves

Key Concepts
1. How does the energy from an earthquake travel
through Earth?

2. What are the scales used to measure the stretch of

an earthquake?

3. How do scientists locate the epicenter of an

earthquake?
1. What type of fault is this and where
is it located?
Strike-slip fault found in alaska

2. What causes this type of fault to

occur? Two plates slide past each other
in different directions.

3. Define - Earthquake - Shaking and

trembling due to the movement of
rock.

4. Define - Focus - Area beneath the

surface where the earthquake begins.

5. Define - epicenter -Point on the

surface above the focus.
Seismic wave - Carry energy from an earthquake away with
focus.
The three different types of seismic waves.

1. P Waves- Primary Waves

2. S Waves- Secondary Waves that causes the crust to vibrate

from side-to-side to up-to-down.

3. Surface Waves- Combined P&S Waves. The ground surface

rolls with a wavelike motion.

Seismic waves, magnitude and richter scale (3:20)

Measuring Earthquakes
The three ways earthquakes can be measured.
1. Marcela Scale

2. Richter Scale- Scale is rated 1-10

3. Moment Magnitude Scale

 The following website is has good information
about earthquakes:
http://earthquake.usgs.gov/learning/kids//
1. Which of the three scale is used most often for scientists?
The Moment Magnitude Scale
How do scientists use waves to determine the location of an
earthquake? Scientists measure the differences in arrival times of
S&P waves. Scientist then draw the at least 3 circles using data
from different seismographs.
 Earthquakes 4.25

1. X-Axis-Distance from epicenter

Y-Axis- arrival time
2. 7.5 Minutes
3. 4 minutes
4. 2,000= 3.5 Min