Castillo, Frances Anne A.

BS Statistics, University of the Philippines Los Baos Special Problem Proposal

Overall Performance Assessment of Public and Private Secondary Schools in Laguna According to their Technology Consumption INTRODUCTION Background of the Study The educational system in the Philippines plays a significant role in students way of learning things. It has been greatly affected due to the evolution of peoples livelihood, colonization of different countries, and others that can be traced back in history. In 2009, Calderbank of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) conducted a country profile of Secondary Educational Regional Information Base. With this research, the organization has seen that the basic education system in the Philippines consists of 11year-curriculum with one year of pre-primary education, six years of primary education, and four years of secondary education. A child may be a student in the pre-primary education when he/she reaches the age of five. On the other hand, a child may be accepted in the primary education at the age of six, regardless of pre-primary education enrolment. To complete the 11-year-course, a child may enter the secondary level of education when he/she reaches the age of 12. After the secondary education, the student may enter either college or licensed institutions for diploma or certificate from their respective degrees. In the secondary level of education, as of 2009, there are at least eight thousand institutions which implement three years of lower level secondary education and one year of upper secondary education. These institutions comprise of more or less five thousand public schools, more than three thousand private schools, eighty laboratory schools governed by state universities and colleges, Philippine Science High School, and Philippine High School for the Arts. In order to be admitted in the said institutions, a student must have accomplished primary education and must have been given permission by the school administrators. On the other hand, special schools require additional entrance examinations. In all schools, an assessment will be done to know if a particular student will be promoted to the next level. In this way, the school also assesses its performance with regards to the "degree of mastery of competencies of students in each subject area" (Calderbank, 2009, p 10). Graduation will be granted to a student if he/she mastered the highest secondary level. 1

Castillo, Frances Anne A. BS Statistics, University of the Philippines Los Baos Special Problem Proposal In the 2009 country profile from UNESCO, most males do not graduate on time since they have higher rates of repeating lower secondary levels. On the other hand, out of one hundred students who graduated from basic education, fifty six of the graduates will pursue higher education (e.g. bachelor's degree, etc.), while nineteen students decided to work first, while the remaining students were still undecided with their future careers. On the other hand, technology seems to be popular today and everyone wants to own devices which simplify everyday tasks. They innovate into better pieces of equipment that promote more advanced daily lifestyle. Well-organized life as a result is one of the advantages of obtaining these devices. Technology, in academic setting, is used primarily to simplify academic difficulties through processing cademic materials faster, and helping students cope with their subjects through simplest means. As Noeth and Volkov discussed in an ACT report in 2004, technology is used for information processing, problem analysing and solving, and output producing in schools. The researchers have also defined technology as an effective way of grasping knowledge for students in a favourable environment. In the Philippines, it has been evident that most schools have minimal practice on the application of technological enhancement in education. The countries at the other side of the globe, however, like United States of America, are already practicing this enhancement and conducting several researches on the improvement of the performances of students in their academic environment. Statement of the Problem Upon seeing the profile obtained from UNESCO, it has been noticed that the country does not fully entertain integration of technology in the curriculum as one of ways to improve the current educational system. Thus, evaluation of the awareness of practitioners in the country on technology being implemented in the educational system must be addressed. Another is that the generation today tends to depend on these technological innovations introduced by first world countries. Considering this, the Philippine educational system must be changed into a technology-ready curriculum. In devising ways to develop the system, the changes in curricula through technology affects must be studied or evaluated further, it is of interest to know if students positively or not. Hence, a study must be done in order to address this efficiency issue. Significance of the Study 2

Castillo, Frances Anne A. BS Statistics, University of the Philippines Los Baos Special Problem Proposal This study can help the education department on formulating and implementing possible rules and regulations about technology being used in education. This will involve not only software and the World Wide Web (WWW) use of students in schools, but also facilitation of schools in teaching the students in learning new skills using up-to-date technology. From the results of the study, the Department of Education Division of Laguna will be able to address secondary students need for technological attention and programs pertaining to it, as well as the facilitators concerns for this matter. Another, the Department might be able to address the lack or outdated technological equipment present in schools under their supervision. Eventually, improved programs on education with the aid of technology might improve the students performance not only in high school, but also in their pursued careers, either in profession or their vocation. Objectives of the Study The study aims to analyse the significance of technology in the performance of the public and private secondary school students in Laguna. Specifically, it aims to: 1. identify if technology directly affects the overall performance of secondary school students in Laguna; 2. identify the technological factors that affect overall performance of the secondary school students in Laguna; 3. analyse if certain types of technology in school affects the secondary school students performance in academics; and, 4. construct a model to identify significant technological advancements affecting overall performance of students with the National Achievement Test results as basis. Scope and Limitation This study will focus only on the public and private secondary schools under the Division of Laguna. It is because the province has been considered and advertised by the province as one of the Science and Technology district in the Philippines, thorough research upon the quality of education the schools in the province provides must be done. The survey will be done during the months of November 2013 to February 2014, and the results of the National Achievement Test will be taken from the latest publication of the Department of Education.

Castillo, Frances Anne A. BS Statistics, University of the Philippines Los Baos Special Problem Proposal REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE Technology affixed in education strikes improvement in the performance of the students. Unlike before, students nowadays could easily research with the help of internet and technology as main foundation and investment. A heightened awareness and interest in technological immersion in the academe may be supported by different studies and reports across the globe. Several researches implemented different programs in enhancing technological aspects of education. In the Philippines, only status reports have been published for awareness of the Filipino people on the educational performance of the country. However, there have been minimal researches on how technology affects the educational performance of the school children. Philippine education has been left in its evolution in the past years alongside with the expectations of the people, as Durban and Catalan have suggested in 2012. They have observed that Filipinos do not really prioritize education, thus, receiving different problems that worsen its quality and making people suffer from these ills. They say that there must be a substantial reset of Filipinos values to have national development. Therefore, if problems like unresponsive curriculum and improper monitoring of programs implemented will be solved now, then, it will not persist into a bigger problem more difficult to resolve. A manifestation of academic performance of students is through attaining their survival rate in achieving the highest level of education. Umali (2004) dedicated her study in attaining the survival rate to fifth grade of primary public education students. In the study, correlation analysis and regression analysis were used in relating survival rate to the fifth grade and socio-demographic and school characteristics of municipalities in the CALABARZON region. After employing data from the 1998-2003 Unified Data Gathering System (UDGS), 2000 Census on Population and Housing, and 2002-2003 Basic Education Information System, the study showed a moderate to high survival rate to the fifth grade in five provinces of CALABARZON. Most of the socio-demographic characteristics of the municipalities and teacher and school furniture characteristics have weak to moderate association. One way of improving education is through the use of technology in education. As Noeth and Volkov (2004) has discussed in their policy report, they have acknowledged technology as one of the effective ways to efficiently cross the education through barriers such as peoples gender, origin, and race. This report was made through different reviews of researches on computer and education. With

Castillo, Frances Anne A. BS Statistics, University of the Philippines Los Baos Special Problem Proposal technology, practitioners may study instruments faster, provide a more educational environment for students, highlight the sources in the internet, create a tool that maximizes experiences of students with scientific structures, processes, and models, create a chronological series of events that forecast next generation trends, provide a tool for better education in less fortunate populations, and connect language barrier through word translation. With this note, they have understood that technology should be a tool to help educators meet the educational needs of all children. On the other side, the authors have tackled that technology may not be as effective as it really is if it will not be used properly and efficiently by its practitioners. On the other hand, the final report of the Asian Institute of Journalism and Communication to UNICEF had reported that Filipino school children are computer-literate. In this study, a one-shot survey technique was implemented in four key areas (Metro Manila, Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao) that served as geographical strata, and the survey sites per area were determined through fishbowl technique. It has been observed that non-internet users in this sector come from the public schools and they are mostly female. They believe that further improvement on the computer literacy must be implied especially to public schools with less performance on computer literacy has been significantly observed. It also presented that schoolchildren of lower levels have lesser Internet access. It is because high school students have more opportunities to socialize and integrate internet into their lifestyle than elementary students. Also, computer illiteracy is caused by the inability of the academic institutions to introduce technology to their constituents, and by parental control since parents hinder their children from accessing the internet due to perceived dangers their children might encounter. This parental control must be addressed. Parents must also be computer-literate, alongside with their children, to dispel unfounded negative effects. The study also tackled about affordability of internet, childrens primary way of internet access, gender relationship to technology, independence of children in uploading and downloading contents from the internet, sites mostly preferred by children in different aspects in which they belong to, and frequency of internet exposure of children. A similar evaluation of technology consumption among children was done in Australia. Macpherson (2013) has found out that overall, students are very confident with their knowledge on technology. In a purpose-designed survey and semi-structured interviews to 202 participants aged 12 to 18 years old at high schools in Australia, one of the results include that the most regular activities by students out of school are bonding with family, doing homework, and watching television. One of the common usages found in the study is looking for information. However, some students reacted that 5

Castillo, Frances Anne A. BS Statistics, University of the Philippines Los Baos Special Problem Proposal competence of practitioners must also be considered in preferring ICT to be used in classes. As the study suggests, findings indicate a range of student misperceptions about the study of ICT, some are rela ted to gender, others to age, others to school ICSEA rank, or a combination of these (Macpherson, 2013, p. viii) Another point to consider in improving education is through its practitioners, the teachers. Treagust and Rennie (1993) have observed in their research about implementing technology in the school Curriculum that an essential key in implementing technology lays on effective communication among their practitioners. In this way, coordinator and teachers are well informed enough in obtaining better results of integration in the school curriculum. This paper has evaluated different proposals sent by the six technology schools through assessing whether the program has succeeded or not, as introduced by Stake in 1967. In fact, the most effective in communication were the coordinators and the teachers from the Eastern Metropolitan Senior High. Another, there must be thorough documentation of the projected outputs and results in order for the practitioners to assess the track of effectiveness of the technology integration with regards to educational performance of the students. Education can be also improved by programs set into a curriculum that would later increase performance of students in their academics. Bakia, Means, Gallagher, Chen, and Jones (2009) have evaluated the Enhancing Education Through Technology (EETT) Program in their final report to the US Department of Education. This study assessed that practices on technology in education are aligned with the main goals of the EETT Program promoted by the US Department of Education. As a result, the program has capacitated the school curriculum by making it competitive with the vast development of technology. Overall, this has promoted focus on the how well teachers attain high quality developed professionally, how technology is used in instruction and learning, and the how skills that teachers and students gain result into. In such a way, performance of students may also vary due to their own consumption of technology. Own consumption includes acquisition of devices, and own use of technology at their own pace. With this, Margaryan, Littlejohn, and Vojt (2010) have facilitated the investigation on use of university students of digital technologies for school and extracurricular activities. This used mixed methods research approach for maximization in both qualitative and quantitative approaches. One of the techniques used in the study is a self-administered questionnaire to students, and in-depth interview to students and staff. It shows that the courses that are greatly inclined to technology have

Castillo, Frances Anne A. BS Statistics, University of the Philippines Los Baos Special Problem Proposal more usage than those that are not technology-based subjects. Even if there is a barrier between courses in technology uses, this research does not prove that other specific methods were basically used by non-technology enthusiasts, thus, making them adapt the traditional and conventional ways of learning. This study recommends that change in learning methods may divert students way of thinking towards learning and technology use. One of the technology uses that may be suggested will be use of World Wide Web as an aid for academic requirements. In line with this, Smith and Peck (2010) studied about with regards to the use of YouTube as way of assessing internet usage among higher education nursing students. The study used an evaluative survey from students belonging to the first year undergraduate nursing students at the University of Ballarat in Australia. Results show that this study acknowledges that we must bring assessment into line with contemporary student populations in order to stimulate and satisfy the learning needs of undergraduate students. This study is also cognisant that higher education must be mindful of the added complexity that these technologies bring (Smith, Peck, 2010, p. 4800). With a response rate of 63%, there must a need to work towards collaborative outcomes for both students and academic, remaining aware not to cast the student as the digital victim and portray the teacher as the digital perpetrator, as the authors Smith and Peck pointed out in the study. In terms of technology, a type of technology that a student often brings is the mobile phone. Thaden (n.d.) has identified that high school students are limited into usage of cell phones for academic purposes. In the study Thaden has done, it analyses the possible perceptions of students who are newlyentered tertiary regarding use of mobile phones as an instrument of academic learning. Through a survey on a voluntary basis, 166 participants were interviewed through self-administered questionnaires. Results show that, males responded with a statistically higher degree of acceptance toward cell phone use initiated by teachers-to-students in education and by students to collaborate with other students. Another, males favour face-to-face communication rather than indirect communication (Thaden, n.d.) with regards to technology. Overall, Thaden suggested that practitioners must be aware of the influences created by gender preferences in using technology in school premises. As cited by Thaden, Kolb (2006) mentioned that mobile phones may also serve as a learning tool if educators introduce its proper use to students. With regards to education, students performance must also be considered even without exposure to technology. Domingo (2006) took consideration of different factors that may affect the

Castillo, Frances Anne A. BS Statistics, University of the Philippines Los Baos Special Problem Proposal academic performance of students. A survey was implemented through the set of all non-freshmen students in Los Baos National High School enrolled in that school year, and the data collected was compared and correlated with average grade of the students as dependent variable. Correlation analysis and stepwise multiple regression analysis were implemented to further analyse the data collected. The study shows that students attending morning shift has greater performance than that of the afternoon shift Females have greater chance of obtaining higher average grade, resulting to better academic performance. Romantic relationship while studying tends to decrease performance, while being in the circles of students with high academic achievements as friends tends to increase performance. As stated before, minimal number of researches has been done in this topic in the Philippines. This research may be a starter in order for the advanced study on how the technology improves the academic performance of students. This may be used for further analysis on the overall state of the education performance when technology has been implemented as aid in teaching and learning. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK Test of Association In identifying significant factors which determine the overall performance of secondary school students in Laguna, correlation analysis will be employed. Correlation analysis in this study involves Pearsons correlation analysis, and Spearmans correlation analysis. Pearsons correlation will be used to identify association between two quantitative variables. Pearsons correlation may be used if several assumptions are satisfied: (1) the variables must be either interval or ratio in scale, (2) the variables must be approximately normal, (3) there is a linear relationship between variables, (4) there is a minimal or no outliers present, and (5) there is homoscedasticity in data. The correlation may be measured as:

where is the correlation between variables X and Y, XY is the covariance between variables X and Y, X is the standard deviation of the variable X, and Y is the standard deviation of the variable Y. Spearmans correlation will be used to identify association betw een an ordinal variable and a ratio variable. This is used as a non-parametric alternative to the Pearsons correlation coefficient when at least one of the assumptions in Pearsons r is not satisfied. The researcher must satisfy that the data 8

Castillo, Frances Anne A. BS Statistics, University of the Philippines Los Baos Special Problem Proposal are measured in at least the ordinal scale, and the two variables need not to be normally distributed. The correlation may be computed as:

when the number of ranks (n) have no ties where is the Spearmans Rank Order Correlation Coefficient, and di is the difference for each pair of ranks. If there occurred ties, the next formula may be used: ( ( where n is the number of pairs, TX = ( ) ) ( )( ), T Y = ( ( ) ), gx is the number of groupings of )

tied ranks of X, gy is the number of groupings in tied ranks of Y, and t i is number of tied ranks of X and Y. On the other hand, with large number of samples, this formula may be used:
( ) ( ) ) ( )

where is the Spearmans Rank Order Correlation Coefficient, R(Xi)R(Yi) is the covariance of the variables X and Y, 2R(Xi) is the variance of the variable X, and 2R(Yi) is the variance of the variable Y. Regression Analysis Multiple regression is a statistical technique used to predict the value of a dependent variable from significant independent variables. In such a way, regression further concludes the correlation of the variables present in the model. One specific multiple regression technique is stepwise multiple regression analysis. Stepwise multiple regression analysis will be employed to identify the effect of the independent variables to the dependent variable. One of its assumptions is that the dependent variable follows a linear function of one or more independent variables with an error accounted for external factors that are not explored in the study. Another is that the dependent variable must be in at least the interval scale level of measurement. In this method, every variable is assessed upon entry in the model. The variables will also be reassessed every time another variable enters the regression model. The 9

Castillo, Frances Anne A. BS Statistics, University of the Philippines Los Baos Special Problem Proposal procedure evaluates the effect of the newly entered variable on the variables already in the regression of the procedure. METHODOLOGY Data Set The list of public and private secondary schools will be requested from the Department of Education Laguna Division. This will be used as the sampling frame of the study. This contains the list of schools and their location. The data for the independent variables will be obtained through a survey questionnaire. The variables will be included in three groups: the School Profile on Technology, the Students Technology Consumption Profile, and the Practitioners Assessment on Students Perception of Technology. The data for the dependent variable will be the National Achievement Test results of schools in the sampling frame for the year 2012-2013. The list of the overall mean percentage scores from each school in the population will be extracted. This will be obtained through the Department of Education Division of Laguna. Data Sampling and Collection The sampling technique used in the study will be stratified random sampling with proportional allocation. It is due for representation for each geographical enumeration area, to prevent coverage error in the sample. The sample size, n, will be computed through getting the proportion of the population of a stratum to the overall population, then all the strata samples will be summed up to become the overall sample. The sample size per stratum will be computed through:

where ni is the sample in the ith stratum, n is the overall sample, Ni is the population of the ith stratum, and N is the overall population size. The level of significance will be set to 0.05. The study will consider the list of public and private schools as the sampling universe. The schools will be the sampling unit of the study. The school directors or administrators of the technology curriculum in the school will be the response units.

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Castillo, Frances Anne A. BS Statistics, University of the Philippines Los Baos Special Problem Proposal Then, the study will use self-administered questionnaires as the survey instrument. The questionnaire will include four sections: the Basic Information of School, the School Profile on Technology, the Students Technology Consumption Profile, and the Practitioners Assessment on Students Perception of Technology. Data Analysis For this study, the dependent variable will be the overall performance of the students from private and public secondary schools. The independent variables to be considered will be number of subjects offered by the school related to technology, overall mean grades of students per technologyrelated subjects offered by the school, number of computers in the school, number of computer laboratories present in the school, number of appliances aside from computers in acquisition of the school used in classes and other academic exercises, mean number of students using the computer laboratories in a week, mean number of hours a student usually use the computer laboratories in a week, mean number of programs a student usually use during a session in the computer laboratories, most and least frequent program used by the students, mean number of assistance of facilitators to students in their laboratory works in a week, way of access of a student in the laboratory, most common way of access of a student in the laboratory, assessment of achieving positive remarks from students from teaching computer and other related technology courses. In this study, the methods done by Domingo (2011) in data analysis will be followed. This will consist of formation of descriptives, correlation analysis, and regression analysis. Frequency tables, and summary statistics, specifically mean and standard deviation will be utilized to generate descriptives to illustrate the demographic characteristics of the secondary schools in Los Baos and Bay, Laguna. Correlation between the overall performance of schools and the factors determined will be done using Pearson's correlation coefficient and Spearman's rank correlation coefficient depending on the level of measurement of the data. For the measurement of the strength of association of nominal variables to overall performance scores, Cramer's V will be used. In order to get the correlation of ordinal variables with overall performance scores, a new variable named omps group will be created that as defined to be the groupings of the overall performance scores of respondents. The omps score will be divided into five groups, namely: very low 11

Castillo, Frances Anne A. BS Statistics, University of the Philippines Los Baos Special Problem Proposal (1-20), low (21-40), average (41-60), high (61-80) and very high (81-100), which is similar to a five-point Likert scale. The stepwise multiple regression analysis will then be employed in order to know which among the factors significantly affect the overall performance of the secondary school students in Laguna. This will be done to address possible connection of technology to the students performance per secondary school in Laguna.

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Castillo, Frances Anne A. BS Statistics, University of the Philippines Los Baos Special Problem Proposal APPENDIX A Good day! I am Frances Anne A. Castillo, an undergraduate BS Statistics student from the University of the Philippines Los Baos. I am conducting a research about the Overall Academic Performance of Secondary School Students in Los Baos and Bay, Laguna According to their Technology Consumption and your school has been chosen as one of my samples for this research. This survey will be a way in which data will be collected for analysis. Rest assured that the data from this questionnaire will be kept confidential, and will be used solely for research purposes only. Please answer the questionnaire as truthfully as possible.Thank you very much. A. Introduction Name of School : _______________________________________________________________ School Head (optional) : _______________________________________________________________ School Address : _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ Contact number/s : _______________________________________________________________ Email address/es : _______________________________________________________________

I.

II.

School Profile on Technology 1. Total number of students enrolled in the school year 20132014 ______________________________________ 2. Total number of subjects related to technology in the school year 2013-2014 ______________________________________ 3. Mean overall grade of students after taking these subjects in the school year 2013-2014 ______________________________________ 4. Total number of computers in the school for the school year 2013-2014 ______________________________________ 5. Total number of computer laboratories present in the school in school year 2013-2014 ______________________________________ 6. Number of academic equipment (aside from computers) in acquisition of the school in the school year 2013-2014 ______________________________________ Students Technology Consumption Profile 1. Mean number of students using the computer laboratories in a week in school year 2013-2014 ______________________________________ 2. Mean number of hours a student usually use the computer laboratories in a week in the school year 2013-2014 ______________________________________ 13

Castillo, Frances Anne A. BS Statistics, University of the Philippines Los Baos Special Problem Proposal 3. Mean number of programs a student usually use during a session in the computer laboratories in the school year 2013-2014 ______________________________________ 4. Most frequent program used by the students. (Please choose only one from the list.) Word processing (eg. MS Word) Spreadsheet (eg. Excel) Presentation software (eg. Powerpoint) Computer programming Databases (eg. Access) Multimedia (eg. Media Player) Internet (eg. Browser) E-mail (eg. Outlook Express) Tutorials/Drill and Practice softwares Working with graphs and pictures [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ]

5. Least frequent program used by the students. (Please choose only one from the list.) Word processing (eg. MS Word) Spreadsheet (eg. Excel) Presentation software (eg. Powerpoint) Computer programming Databases (eg. Access) Multimedia (eg. Media Player) Internet (eg. Browser) E-mail (eg. Outlook Express) Tutorials/Drill and Practice softwares Working with graphs and pictures [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ]

6. Mean number of hours a facilitator spends on assisting students in their laboratory works in a week in the school year 2013-2014 ______________________________________ 7. How does a student access the laboratory? Please check whatever is applicable. Individually [ ] In pairs [ ] In small groups [ ] As a whole class [ ] If more than one is checked, which way is done the most? ______________________________________ Practitioners Assessment on Students Perception on Technology 1. Do you achieve positive remarks form your students on teaching computer and other related technology courses in your class? [ ] Yes [ ] No 14

III.

Castillo, Frances Anne A. BS Statistics, University of the Philippines Los Baos Special Problem Proposal 2. Please check the box that corresponds to your idea of students perception about technology based on the statements below. Strongly Disagree Disagree Strongly Agree

STATEMENTS 1. Computers make schoolwork easier to do. Students prefer to use computers to do school-work instead of using pencil and paper. Using computers for schoolwork can also have disadvantages. Computers make schoolwork more fun / interesting. Computers help to improve the quality of students' schoolwork. Computers help students understand classes better. Students look forward to the beginning of computer use in classes. Students need to learn many new skills to use computers for their schoolwork.

Neither

Agree

2.

3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

8. 9.

Students want to learn more about computers. Students would be equally prepared to enter college 10. without the computer literacy program. Having a computer in class is an 11. advantage when it comes to learning. Students would think their ability 12. with computers will affect the grades they get.

Thank you for your cooperation! This will greatly help not only the research, but also institutions that may base their actions based on this report. Again, the information in this questionnaire will be confidential and will be solely used for research purposes only. Once again, thank you, and have a great day. 15

Castillo, Frances Anne A. BS Statistics, University of the Philippines Los Baos Special Problem Proposal

LITERATURE CITED Asian Institute of Journalism and Communication. Survey on Internet Access and Use by Filipino Children. Retrieved from http://www.aijc.com.ph/survey_internet_access.pdf. Durban, J., Catalan, R. (2012). Issues and Concerns of Philippine Education Through Years. Asian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities. Vol. 1 No. 12. Macpherson, K. (2013). DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY AND AUSTRALIAN TEENAGERS: Consumption, Study and Careers. Australia: The Education Institute, Faculty of Education, Science, Technology, and Maths, University of Canberra. Margaryan, A., Littlejohn, A., Vojt, G. (2010). Are digital natives a myth or reality? University students use of digital technologies. Retrieved from http:// Martinez, N. B. (2006). Factors Affecting Academic Performance Among Los Baos National High School Students. Unpublished Special Problem. Institute of Statistics, University of the Philippines Los Baos. Noeth, R., Volkov, B,.(2004). Evaluating the Effectiveness of Technology in Our Schools: ACT Policy Report. Retrieved from http://www.act.org/research/policymakers/pdf/school_tech.pdf. Smith, A., Peck, B., (2010). The Teacher as the digital perpetrator: Implementing web 2.0 technology activity as assessment practice for higher education Innovation or Imposition. Australia: University of Ballarat (UB). Thaden, M. B. H., (2011). Student Reflective Perceptions of High School Educational Cell Phone Technology Usage. The Journal of Technology Studies. Vol. XXXVII No. 1. Treagust, D., Rennie, L. (1993). Implementing Technology in the School Curriculum: A Case Study Involving Six Secondary Schools. Journal of Technology Education Vol.5 No.1. Umali, J.D., (2004). Survival Rate To Fifth Grade of Primary Public Education at the Municipal Level in CALABARZON Region. Unpublished Special Problem. Institute of Statistics, University of the Philippines Los Baos. REFERENCES 16

Castillo, Frances Anne A. BS Statistics, University of the Philippines Los Baos Special Problem Proposal Bakia, M., Means, B., Gallagher, L.,Chen, E., Jones, K. (2009). Evaluation of the Enhancing Education Through Technology Program: Final Report. Washington, DC: US Department of Education, Office of the Planning, Evaluation and Policy Development, Policy and Program Studies Service. Brace, N., Kemp, R., Snelgar, R., (2009). SPSS for Psychologists. 5th edition. Retrieved from http://www.palgrave.com/pdfs/0333734718.pdf. Calderbank, D., Aoyama, E., (2009). Secondary Education Regional Information Base: Country Profile Philippines. Thailand: UNESCO Bangkok. Cambel, R. G., (2011). An Analysis of the Economic State of Senior Citizens in the Municipality of Sta. Cruz, Laguna. Unpublished Special Problem. Institute of Statistics, University of the Philippines Los Baos. Domingo, L. I. S., (2011). Factors affecting UPLB Students' Appreciation of Mathematics. Unpublished Special Problem. Institute of Statistics, University of the Philippines Los Baos. Hill, J. R., (2004). The Impact of Portable Technologies on Teaching and Learning: An Evaluation Project : Student Technology Survey. Retrieved from http://lpsl.coe.uga.edu/Projects/AAlaptop/MEMBERS/instrument/initial_student_revisedUS.pdf Tandang, N.A., (2010). STAT 101 STATISTICAL METHODS: A Handbook of Slide Presentation . Philippines: Institute of Statistics, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Los Baos.

BIBLIOGRAPHY Kirkwood, A., Price, L. (2010). Technology enhanced learning wheres the evidence?. Retrieved from http://ascilite.org.au/conferences/sydney10/procs/Price-concise.pdf.

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