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1.Qu es el estilo indirecto? El estilo indirecto, en ingls Reported Speech, consiste en expresar algo dicho antes por alguien, es decir, en contar lo que alguien dijo acerca de algo. El estilo indirecto en ingls es muy similar al espaol, por lo que no tiene gran dificultad para los espaoles. En una frase en estilo indirecto podemos encontrar dos partes : 1. Una primera parte introductoria que incluye el er!o que , en ingls se denomina reporting verbe y es el que introduce lo que se a a contar. : say, tell, mention, suggest, ask, wonder..", por ejemplo # Peter said that...,/ Mary told me that... $. Una segunda parte que es lo que alguien dijo so!re algo . Por ejemplo : Peter said that he had suffered a terrible accident that morning Mary told me that she was looking for her brother all morning % continuaci&n empe'aremos con un ejemplo para facilitar la comprensi&n del concepto de estilo indirecto. (eflejamos aqu) c&mo es una idea en estilo directo *pala!ras literales que la persona dijo y que suelen ir entre comillas y c&mo es en estilo indirecto. Estilo directo: +eter said: ,-.m really tired Estilo indirecto: +eter said that he /as tired
Como podemos observar, cuando empleamos el estilo directo, repetimos las mismas palabras utilizadas por el que las dijo. Por el contrario, cuando empleamos el estilo indirecto, contamos lo dicho por alguien con nuestras propias palabras.
a. 0uando se trata de algo que se aca!a de decir recientemente El verbo suele ir en PRESEN E . Peter says that.../Peter is saying that/Peter has said that En estos casos, al pasar al estilo indirecto no se cambian los tiempos de los verbos porque lo que se acaba de decir, todav!a tiene vigencia" lo que s! ha# que hacer es amoldar las re$erencias a personas, lugar # tiempo de la manera que corresponda. Estilo directo: Peter says : I cant hear anything Estilo indirecto: Peter says that he cant hear anything.1
%qu) el er!o ,can sigue siendo ,can y no ha cam!iado porque estamos contando algo que +eter aca!a de decir y toda )a tiene igencia porque se sigue refiriendo a la situaci&n presente en la que se encuentran.
!. 0uando lo que se cuenta se dijo hace tiempo y por lo tanto pertenece al pasado. %s) el er!o a utili'ar ir2 en +%3%45. Peter said that.. Este tipo de situaci%n suele ser el m&s habitual # el que normalmente nos vamos a encontrar. %s), al pasar las frases al estilo indirecto, los er!os ha!r2 que ajustarlos al pasado . Estilo directo: 6ast 3unday 7ary said : ,-. ha en.t see 8oe any/here Estilo indirecto: 6ast 3unday 7ary said that she hadn.t seen 8oe any/here Estilo directo: 9esterday 3ue told me : ,-.m preparing my 7aths exam Estilo indirecto: 9esterday 3ue told me that she /as preparing her maths exam Estilo directo: :his morning :om said to me : ,- can.t come to your party
Estilo indirecto: :his morning :om said to me that he couldn.t come to my party 'l contar algo que se dijo, pero no recientemente, surgen cambios en los tiempos verbales que se recogen en la siguiente tabla : ESTILO DIRECTO ESTILO INDIRECTO
Presente Simple Pasado simple Peter said: Im tired Peter said that he was tired Peter dijo: Estoy cansado Peter dijo que estaba cansado Presente continuo Pasado continuo Peter said: Im loo in! "or Mary Peter said that he was loo in! "or Mary Peter dijo: Estoy buscando a Mary Peter dijo que estaba buscando a Mary Presente Perfecto Pasado perfecto Peter said: I#e "inished my homewor Peter said that he had "inished his homewor Peter dijo: $e terminado mi tarea Peter dijo que ha terminado su tarea Presente perfecto continuo Pasado perfecto continuo Mary said: I#e been loo in! "or Mary Mary said that she had been loo in! "or Mary Mary dijo: $e estado buscando a Mary Mary dijo que ha estado buscando a Mary Pasado simple Pasado perfecto Mary said: I !ot u% late this mornin! Mary said that she had !ot u% late that mornin! Mary dijo: Me le#ant& tarde esta ma'ana Mary dijo que se ha le#antado tarde esta ma'ana Pasado perfecto Pasado perfecto (no cambia) Mary said: I had ne#er been there Mary said that she had ne#er been there Mary dijo: (unca he estado aqu) Mary dijo que nunca ha estado aqu) ill ould Mary said: Ill ne#er marry anyone Mary said that she would ne#er marry anyone Mary dijo: (unca me casar& con nadie Mary dijo que nunca se casar)a con nadie Can Could *usan said: I cant see +oe anywhere *usan said that she couldnt see +oe anywhere *usan dijo: (o %uedo #er ,no #eo- a +oe %or nin!.n sitio *usan dijo que no %uede #er ,no #e- a +oe %or nin!.n sitio !ust "ad to *usan said: I must "inish may homewor *usan said that she had to "inish her homewor *usan dijo: /en!o que terminar mi tarea *usan dijo que tiene que terminar su tarea !a# !ig$t *usan said: It may rain this mornin! *usan said that it mi!ht rain that mornin! *usan dijo : Puede llo#er esta ma'ana *usan dijo que %uede llo#er esta ma'ana
*a# una serie de verbos modales que no su$ren cambios ni aunque se haga re$erencia a algo que ocurri% en el pasado : C+,-., S*+,-., /+,-., 012* , # +,2* +
3eamos los cambios en los adverbios de lugar # tiempo , cuando se cuenta algo que ha pasado un tiempo despu4s # en un lugar di$erente del que se dijo .
ESTILO
"ere No%
Mary dijo : ahora me #oy
DIRECTO
T$ere T$en
ESTILO INDIRECTO
Mary dijo que all) estaba su casa Mary dijo que entonces se iba
Toda#
Mary dijo : hoy me caso
T$at da#
Mary dijo que aquel d)a se casaba T$at nig$t Mary dijo que esa noche sal)amos T$e ne&t da# ' T$e follo%ing da# Mary dijo que al d)a si!uiente com)amos juntos T$e pre)ious da# ' t$e da# *efore Mary dijo que el d)a anterior me hab)a #isto T$e follo%ing %ee+ ' t$e follo%ing #ear Mary dijo que la semana siguiente iba a mi casa Te %ee+ *efore ' t$e #ear *efore Mary dijo que la semana anterior no hab)a ido al cine ,-*efore Mary dijo que des%u&s de tres d)as no hab)a dormido
Tonig$t
Mary dijo : esta noche salimos
Tomorro%
Mary dijo : ma'ana comemos juntos
(esterda#
Mary dijo: ayer te #i
,-ago
Mary dijo: hace tres d)as que no duermo
Exercise 1. 1ast wee you meet a "riend o" yours called 2harlie 3 you hadnt seen
him "or a lon! time. $ere are some o" the thin!s 2harlie said to you :
(7) 1 don6t 8no9 9h# :red 9as sac8ed $rom his compan#
(>) =ou can come and sta# 9ith me i$ #ou are ever in -ondon (?) 16ll tell 'nne 16ve seen #ou here
oda# #ou tell another $riend 9hat Charlie said or thought 9hen #ou sa9 him. ,se Reported Speech.
1. 2. 3. . $. %. '. (.
Charlie said that he was living in London with his parents He mentioned that he hadnt see Diane recently Charlie thought that I look much older than him Charlie told me that he didnt know why !red had "een sacked #rom his company Charlie said that I could come and stay with him i# I was ever in London Charlie thought that he would tell &nne he had seen I here Charlie told me that his car had "een stolen a #ew weeks "e#ore He mentioned that he wanted to go on holidays "ut he couldnt a##ord it
Exercise 2 : *omebody says somethin! to you which is the o%%osite o" what
they say be"ore. 4rite an a%%ro%riate answer. 5emember you#e !ot to use
;DB hat restaurant is ver# eEpensiveC 5DB'nn is coming to #our part#C <DB1 8no9 lots o$ peopleC 7DB1 have seen this $ilm be$oreC >DB16ll tell #our girl$riend #our little dirt# secretC
1s itF Gut #ou said it 9as cheap 1s sheF 1 thought #ou said that she 9asn6t coming to m# part# .o #ouF Gut #ou told me that #ou didn6t 8no9 an#one H *ave #ouF 1 thought #ou said that #ou hadn6t seen this $ilm /ill #ouF Gut #ou promised #ou 9ouldn6t tell it H
anto en los casos en que usamos E-- como S'= para pasar oraciones in$ormativas al estilo indirecto , podemos prescindir de *' # nunca se usa hat cuando pasemos preguntas, %rdenes o peticiones.
Exercise . : 2om%lete these sentences with SAY or TELL . 6se only one word
each time 1. &nn said good"ye to me and le#t. Dont tell anyone what I said. Its a 2. )ell us a"out your holiday. Did you Did she tell you what happened* +o she have a nice time. didnt say anything to me. 3. Dont ,ust stand there- .ay something0eorge couldnt help me. He told me to I wonder where .ue is. .he said she would ask 1ate. $ 2ack told me that he was #ed up with his ,o" 0eorge couldnt help me. He said he was % )he doctor said that I should rest #or at least a week short o# time.
'. (.
/.
13.
,saremos el verbo 'SK u otros como /+N.ER (preguntarse), o /'N tener en cuenta un $actor $undamental : el tipo de pregunta
a) Puede tratarse de una pregunta de respuesta corta (SiLNo) # donde usaremos I0 o /*E *ER para pasarlo al estilo indirecto. Estilo directo : Mary asked me : Have you ever eaten C inese food! Estilo indirecto : Mare asked me if I ad ever eaten C inese food"
b) Puede ser una pregunta de in$ormaci%n, encabezada por una part!cula interrogativa : 9hat, 9hen,9ho,9h#,9here,ho9,ho9 lond,ho9 much,ho9 man#,etcM. Para pasarla al estilo indirecto se repite la part!cula, nunca se usa Bi$C. Estilo directo : Mary asked me : # at ave you said!$ Estilo indirecto : Mary asked me # at I ad said Estilo directo : 0ar# as8ed me : B /h# are #ou shouting at meFC Estilo indirecto : Mary asked me # y I #as s outin% at er +tro aspecto importante a recordar es que cuando una pregunta se pasa a estilo indirecto deja de ser pregunta # por eso pierde el orden habitual de la pregunta en ingl4s.
a4 5hat time does the match start* I asked a policeman. I asked a policeman # at time t e matc started" "4 Have you ever thought o# studying engineering* 6y #ather asked me. My father asked me if I had never thought of studying engineering. c4 5hy has she cut it o# with me* I wondered I wondered why she is had cut it of with me d4 5hos going to "uy your house* 6rs 2ones asked her cousin Mrs asked her cousin who was going to buy her house
que alguien haga algo, que lleve a cabo una acci%n. 's! pues nosotros pondremos una orden en estilo indirecto , re$lejando la acci%n que se ordena de la $orma m&s simple: to 1 infiniti)o Estilo directo: My father told me : Work hard for your e am!" Estilo indirecto: My father told me to work hard for my e am. En caso de que la orden sea negati a , al infiniti o se le antepone not . Estilo directo : My father told me : #ont get $ack home late!" Estilo indirecto: My father told me not to get back home late.
Exercise 0 : /he "ollowin! ideas are direct s%eech3 chose one o" them to
com%lete each sentence below. 5emember were chan!in! commands into
Dont wait #or me i# Im late7 .peak a "it louder or I wont understand you 7
.tay in "ed till you #eel a "it "etter 7 Dont make me any personal 8uestion 7
a- 7nn wanted to ee% that secret and she told me................................................ b- I didnt want to delay 7nn so I told her88888888888888888 c- /he teacher couldt hear me and he told me888888888888888.. d- +im was in lo#e with *ue and he told her8888888888888888... e- /he doctor recommended me88888888888888888888.. "- $e started as in! me %ersonal questions and I888888888888888
Exercise 4. /he "ollowin! ideas are direct s%eech3 choose one o" them to
com%lete each sentence below. 5emember were chan!in! 5E96E*/* into
Do you think you could give me a hand9 )om* :lease slow down @
a- *he couldnt hear me and she as ed me to re%eat what I had said b- +ohn was #ery sur%rised when Mary as ed him to marry her c- /he customs o""icer loo ed at me and he as ed me o%en my ba! d- I couldnt mo#e the "rid!e alone, so I as ed /om to !i#e me a hand e- *arah was dri#in! too "ast, so I as ed her to slow down "- /he teacher couldnt start the class and he as ed us 888888888888
Have you told your wi#e that you have :ut later +oe says somethin! di""erent to pro"lems* you. 4hat would you say in each situation; Could you lend me some money I 1.)ell me whenever you need* need 1.=ut you told me not to ask me any my help other #avour7 2.<ou shouldnt say anything to &nn 3.2ane is always short o# money .5hat do you think a"out your ,o" $.5hy dont you complain a"out your ,o"* 2.=ut you asked me to tell &nn that I love her7 3.=ut you said 2ane had a very;well paid ,o"7 .&gain* <esterday you also asked me what I thought a"out your ,o"7 $.However you told me not to complain a"out my ,o" to my "oss7