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PowerTransferCapabilityLimits

DrMSRMurty

10/16/2010

Transfercapability
Themaximumpowerthatcanbetransferred iscalledthetransfercapability. Forproperoperationofthepowersystem andtogainthebenefitsofthebulkpower transfers,thetransfercapabilitiesmustbe calculatedandthepowersystemplannedand operatedsothatthepowertransfersdonot exceedthetransfercapability.
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TransferCapability:Terminology
TotalTransferCapability(TTC):Theamountof electricpowerthatcanbemovedor transferredreliablyfromoneareatoanother areaoftheinterconnectedtransmission systemsbywayofalltransmissionlines(or paths)betweenthoseareasunderspecified systemconditions.

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TotalTransferCapability(TTC)
TTC=ETC+ATC+CBM+TRM
Where ETC=ExistingTransmissionCommitments ATC=AvailableTransferCapability CBM=CapacityBenefitMargin TRM=TransmissionReliabilityMargin

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FCITC :FirstContingencyIncrementalTransfer Capability(FCITC)istheAvailableTransfer Capability(ATC),afterCapacityBenefit Margin(CBM) TRM: TransmissionReliabilityMargin ETC:ExistingTransmissionCommitments

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Flowpathsbetweenareas
Flowsalongtheprimarypathand Flowsoccuralongtheparallelpathdueto physicalconditions Restrictionontheamountofpowertransfer canoccurduetoanypath

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Transferlimits
Keyconsiderationsinevaluatingtransferlimits are: thermalloading voltageproblem,or angularstability Theconditionsbywhichatransferlevelis acceptableornotaredefinedbythereliability criteria.
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Transferlimits
Thelimitmaybereachedduring normalconditions inthetransientperiodfollowinga disturbanceorfollowingacontingencysuchas lossofaline. Typically,therewillbeonelimitingcondition definedbythetypeofdisturbance,thetypeof limit(thermal,voltageorstability)andthe loadinganddispatchstate.
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Transferlimits
Transferlimitsareafunctionoftheoperating state: theloadlevel generationdispatch thestatusoftransmissionelements(e.g., undermaintenanceoroffline).

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Transferlimits
Hourlytransferlimitsexperiencedbythe operatingpowersystem,and plannedtransfercapabilityasstudiedby transmissionplanners. Thecalculationoftransferlimitsmay sometimesbeconstrainedbytheactual capabilitytomonitorspecificparametersof thepowersystem.
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Firstcontingencyincremental transfercapability (FCITC)


FCITCistheamountofelectricpower, incrementalabovenormalbasepower transfer,thatcanbetransferredoverthe interconnectedtransmissionsystemsina reliablemannerbasedonvariousconditions. 1)Withnormal(precontingency)operating procedures,allfacilityloadsarewithinnormal ratingsandallvoltagearewithinnormal limits.
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FCITC
2)Theelectricsystemsarecapableofremaining stablefollowinganysinglecontingency. 3)Afterthedynamicpowerswingssubside followingasinglecontingency,alltransmission facilityloadingsarewithinemergencyratings andallvoltagesarewithinemergencylimits.

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Constraints
Thermallimit: Themaximumamountof electricalenergythattransmitontransmission linewithoutoverheating. Voltagelimit: Systemvoltageandchangein voltagemustbemaintainedwiththerangeof acceptabledeviation Stabilitylimit: Transmissionsystemcapableof survivingdisturbancesthroughthetransientand dynamicperiod
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TransferCapabilityAnalysis:Steps
1. EstablishaSecure,solvedbasecase Withnopowertransfer lineflows,busvoltageswithinoperating limits 2.Specifyatransferincludingsourceandsink assumptions BusA(sourceofpower)toBusB(sink)

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TransferCapabilityAnalysis:Steps
3.Establishasolvedtransfer limitedcaseanda bindingsecuritylimit Transferincreasedtoalimitonlineflow, voltagemagnitude,voltagecollapseetc., 4.CalculateTransfermargin Differencebetweenthetransferatbase caseandlimitingcase

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TransferCapabilityCalculation
Amountoftransfer:AScalarparameterthat canbevariedinthemodel Transferexpressedintermsofbusinjections Continuationprocess:Seriesofpowersystem solutionssolvedandtestedforlimits Transfercapability:Amountoftransferfrom thebasecasetransfer

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ContinuationModel
Aseriesofloadflowcalculationsforincreasing amountsoftransfersorbymoreelaborate highperformancenumericalmethods. Powersystemnonlinearity,operatoractions, controlssuchastapchanges,andgenerator limitsarealsobeincluded Usefultransfercapabilitiescanalsobe obtainedwithsimplerpowersystemmodels suchastheDCloadflowapproximation.
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TransferLimitAnalysis(TLA) moduleinPSS/E
AvailableTransferCapability(ATC)calculation Transferlimitsduetothermal andvoltage relatedavailabilitycriteria Parametricanalysis:SeriesofPowerFlowstill limitingcondition PVCurveanalyticalengine:Tofindboth thermalandvoltageconstrainedtransfers Probabilistictransferlimits
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ACbasedtransferlimits
Low voltage transfer limit: As transfer is increased voltage decreases at some bus near transfer path and reaches low voltage criterion With further increase Voltage collapses at a point called voltage collapse transfer limit

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PVCurveorKnee ofcurve
PV Curve from a series of AC power flows from a low transfer level increasing in steps Voltage collapse studied separately Using Non- Divergent power flow method

For buses relatively remote from transfer path

All of the curves will not have a low voltage transfer limit. However, all of the curves have the same voltage collapse transfer limit.
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PVCurveanalysis
Monitorsvoltageatallbusesornodeswithin amonitoredsubsystemwhichmayinclude busesonthetransferpathaswellasthosein thereceivingandsendingareas. Appliesitsnondivergentpowerflow algorithmtoidentifythetransferlevelat whichvoltagecollapseoccurs.

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PVCurveanalysiscontd.,
Optionsforadjustingtransfers: loadchange generationredispatchaccordingto participationfactorsand generationredispatchaccordingtoeconomic basis. Usesanadaptivestepsizetominimizethe numberofpowerflowevaluationpointswhile maintainingresolutiononthePVcurves
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ThermalTransferLimit
Monitoring of flow on a selected branch

Thermal rating specified Is reached at Overload tr. limit

DC power flow method used to generate table of tr limits

Linearized
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ThermalTransferLimit
Linearized DC power flow method used to generate table of tr limits

Linear approximation methods: 1. Distribution factors method 2. Interpolation method

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Transferlimitmonitoring
Each line has its own thermal limit Constraining thermal limit: Line which reaches its Thermal rating at the lowest transfer level

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UncertaintiesinTransferlimits: deterministiccalculation
Generationdispatchandinthemannerwhich initchangesastransfersincrease Demandorloadwithrespecttoboththetotal andthedistributionbysubstation Theuncertaintyintransfersincreasingtothe levelswhichhavelimitingconditions Theimpactofforcedoutagesinthe transmissionsystem
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Probabilitymethod
Exposurefunctiontorepresenttheprobability ofoccurrenceofagivenload,dispatchand transferlevel

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Cumulativeprobability:Example

Cumulative probability of overloads as function of transfer

At transfers below 440 MW: Zero possibility Above 580 : 100 % probability

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Summary
Themaximumpowerthatcanbetransferred iscalledthetransfercapability. Limitscanbeduetothermalloading,voltage problem,orstability Methodsofanalysis:PVCurveanalysis, probabilisticmethods SeriesofPowerflowcalculationsarerequired

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