OCR A, F966B Modern 1789-1997 Civil Rights in the USA, 1865-199 Revision questions and Past examination questions,

, with examiners comments: 1. African Americans a) #) c) d) What was the position of African Americans in 18 !" $o what extent did #%ac& Americans 'ain civi% ri'hts in the (ears after 18 !" )ow were the opponents of civi% ri'hts a#%e to mount a come#ac&" $o what extent did the %ives of former s%aves improve as a resu%t of Reconstruction" e) )ow were the %ives of #%ac& Americans affected after the compromise" f) What was the impact of #%ac& Americans on trade unions" ') Was the *irst Wor%d War a ma+or turnin' point in improvin' the %ives of #%ac& Americans" h) Was the ,ew -ea% a ma+or turnin' point in improvin' the %ives of #%ac& Americans" i) Was the .econd Wor%d War a ma+or turnin' point in improvin' the %ives of #%ac& Americans" +) -id the /o%d War hinder the deve%opment of civi% ri'hts" &) Were the 10!1s a ma+or turnin' point in improvin' the %ives of #%ac& Americans" i) )ow si'nificant was the 2rown decision" ii) What happened at 3itt%e Roc&" iii) Wh( was the 4ont'omer( 2us 2o(cott important" %) )ow much had chan'ed #( the end of the 10!1s" m) )ow did the campai'ns for civi% ri'hts chan'e in the 10 1s" n) Wh( was 2irmin'ham, A%a#ama so important" o) Wh( was the /ivi% Ri'hts Act passed in 10 5" p) Wh( did 4artin 3uther 6in' or'anise the .e%ma march" q) Wh( were divisions deve%opin' in the civi% ri'hts movement in the mid 10 1s" r) Wh( was the 4eredith 4arch si'nificant" s) Wh( did 2%ac& Power deve%op, and how si'nificant was it" t) What did the 6erner Report sa(" u) What pro'ress has #een made since the 10 1s" v) )ow important was the ro%e of African Americans in 'ainin' civi% ri'hts" 7ive detai%s of the aims and methods, success8fai%ure and si'nificance of: i) 2oo&er $ Washin'ton, ii) W9 -u#ois, iii) 4arcus 7arve( iv) A Phi%ip Rando%ph v) 4artin 3uther 6in' vi) 4a%co%m : vii) 2%ac& Panthers viii) ;esse ;ac&son <) )ow important was the ro%e of the *edera% 'overnment in he%pin' and hinderin' the pro'ress of African American civi% ri'hts i) Presidents: 1. 3inco%n

=. ;ac&son >. Rutherford 2 )a(es 5. /%eve%and !. Rooseve%t . $ruman ?. 9isenhower 8. 6enned( 0. ;ohnson 11. ,ixon 11. /arter 1=. Rea'an ii) .upreme /ourt: 1. 7ive detai%s of the *edera% 'overnment versus states ri'hts. =. 18?> $he .%au'hterhouse /ase >. 18?! /ivi% Ri'hts Act 5. 188> -ec%aration on 6u 6%ux 6%an Act and 18?! /ivi% Ri'hts Act !. 180 P%ess( versus *er'uson . 1800 /unnin'ham /ase ?. 10!5 $he 2rown /ase 8. 10! 2rowder versus 7a%e 0. 10 5 /ivi% Ri'hts Act 11. 10 ! <otin' Ri'hts Act 11. 10?= 9qua% 9mp%o(ment @pportunit( Act 1=. 10?8 2a&&e v Re'ents of the Aniversit( of /a%ifornia iii) -id /on'ress he%p or hinder the deve%opment of African American civi% ri'hts" a) $hirteenth Amendment #) *ourteenth Amendment c) *ifteenth Amendment d) /ivi% Ri'hts Act 18 e) /ivi% Ri'hts Act 10 5 f) <otin' Ri'hts Act 10 ! iv) What was the ro%e of the media in puttin' pressure on presidents to act" w) What ro%e did .tate 'overnments p%a( in the deve%opment of African American civi% ri'hts" i) 2%ac& /odes ii) ;im /row 3aws iii) .e're'ation in schoo%s and on #uses iv) Resistance to inte'ration B e' 7overnor *au#us at 3itt%e Roc& x) What ro%e did civi% ri'hts 'roups p%a( in he%pin' to achieve civi% ri'hts" i) ,AA/P ii) /@R9 iii) ./3/ iv) .,// () What ro%e did antiCcivi% ri'hts 'roups p%a( in opposin' civi% ri'hts" i) 6u 6%ux 6%an

ii)

3itt%e Roc&

D) What was the situation %i&e in 100=" 9xamination Euestions: Assess the vie! th"t the "#tions o$ %hite s&'re("#ist gro&'s !ere the ("in re"son !h) A$ri#"n A(eri#"ns !ere denied their #ivil rights $ro( 1865 to 191*+ ,-"n **9, old s'e#. F-ont adopt too narrow a focus on white supremacist 'roups B inc%ude actions of .upreme /ourt, /on'ress and presidentia% inf%uences. A%so %oo& at other factors e' economic). /o! $"r did US 'residents hinder r"ther th"n hel' the develo'(ent o$ A$ri#"n A(eri#"n #ivil rights in the 'eriod $ro( 1865 to 199 0 ,s'e#i(en '"'er, -&ne **9. 1o !h"t e2tent did the "i(s o$ the #"('"igners $or A$ri#"n A(eri#"n #ivil rights re("in the s"(e in the 'eriod $ro( 1865 to 199 0 ,-"n *1*. A popu%ar question #ut too man( candidates wrote a ver( standard African American essa( response Fro%es of *edera% 'overnment, .upreme /ourt, African American %eaders etc). 4an( fo%%owed a chrono%o'ica% route, descri#in' methods and ro%es rather than comparin' the aims of %eaders and campai'ners. Wea&er responses often focused on success8fai%ure of the /ivi% Ri'hts movement and there were some who discussed o#stac%es to the campai'n. Euite a few fai%ed to discriminate #etween the different aims of campai'ners or the( adopted a ver( narrow perspective Fe' the aim was a%wa(s to improve civi% ri'hts and8or to achieve equa%it(). .ome did see #e(ond individua%s #ut ver( few 'ot #e(ond 10 8. As ever, 4artin 3uther 6in' and 4a%co%m : fi'ured prominent%(, thou'h 2oo&er $ Washin'ton and -u 2ois as we%% as 7arve( 'ot 'ood covera'e, even if not rea%%( directed at the question set. A few candidates, however, focused on issues such as housin', hea%th, education and 'eo'raphica% %ocation, and used them to supp%ement an eva%uation of aims. ,o set conc%usions are to #e expected, #ut candidates must answer the question and address the theme over the who%e period. $he wea&er candidates wi%% concentrate a%most exc%usive%( on the various African American %eaders and wi%% pro#a#%( not 'o #e(ond contrastin' the nonCvio%ent methods of 2oo&er $ Washin'ton and 4artin 3uther 6in' with the more radica% 'oa%s and methods of %eaders such as -u 2ois, 7arve(, 4a%co%m :, the 2%ac& Power movement and the 2%ac& Panthers. Wea&er candidates are un%i&e%( to have much to sa( a#out civi% ri'hts campai'ns after 10 ! #e(ond o#servin' that 6in' was %ess successfu% in his fina% (ears. $he ma+orit( of candidates shou%d #e a#%e to contrast the %imited aims of 2oo&er $ Washin'ton B offerin' #%ac& coCoperation with a whiteCdominated societ( in return for economic 'ains B with the %e'a% campai'ns of the ,AA/P to secure their ri'hts under the 15th and 1!th amendments and 4artin 3uther 6in's hi'h profi%e campai'n to a#o%ish the who%e ;im /row s(stem. $he( shou%d a%so #e a#%e to contrast these assimi%ationist 'oa%s with the separatism advocated #( %eaders such as 7arve( and 4a%co%m :. $he #est candidates wi%% exp%ain how chan'ed circumstances, especia%%( in the postCwar period ena#%ed campai'ners to pursue a more am#itious strate'( than

previous %eaders. $he( wi%% a%so refer to the importance of 'rassCroots activism when writin', for examp%e, a#out the .itCGn campai'ns and the *reedom Rides. $he #etter candidates shou%d a%so #e a#%e to ana%(se the %ac& of coherence in the aims of the 2%ac& Power movement and the 2%ac& Panthers as we%% as ana%(sin' the pro#%ems the civi% ri'hts movement experienced in the 10?1s and 1081s with controvers( over #ussin' and affirmative action and perceptions of continued po%ice discrimination Freference cou%d #e made to the Rodne( 6in' incident of 100=). )i'h %eve% answers wi%% ma&e effective comparisons over the who%e period, perhaps referrin' to the persistence of de facto discrimination and the existence of a %ar'e underc%ass trapped in a c(c%e of povert(, unemp%o(ment, poor housin' in contrast to a prosperous #%ac& midd%e c%ass which had ta&en advanta'e of the chan'ed attitude to racism and the a#o%ition of de +ure discrimination. Assess the i('ort"n#e o$ the Feder"l govern(ent in the "dv"n#e(ent o$ A$ri#"n A(eri#"n #ivil rights in the 'eriod $ro( 1865 to 199 + ,-&ne *1*. $his was a ver( popu%ar question and produced a wide variet( of responses. 4ost candidates ac&now%ed'ed the importance of *edera% institutions, in particu%ar the President and /on'ress #ut were %ess assured in their &now%ed'e and understandin' of the ro%e of the .upreme /ourt. 2etter essa(s pointed out the contradictions in each of the three e%ements, sometimes he%pin' and sometimes impedin' the advancement of civi% ri'hts. .urprisin'%( the contri#ution of African American or'anisations and individua%s was often downp%a(ed a%thou'h some candidates focused most of their answer on their ro%e. $he #est essa(s inte'rated each of the &e( *edera% e%ements, had a 'ood ran'e of examp%es and conc%uded that most advancement occurred when the President, /on'ress and .upreme /ourt wor&ed in unison and, in the 10!1s and 10 1s, this was in response to pressure from African American activists. .ome answers spent too much time on the various *edera% areas, especia%%( .upreme /ourt ru%in's, and did not crossCeva%uate with other factors, a#ove a%% the African American contri#utions. $his produced some im#a%ance. A%so, as so often in this topic, a 'ood num#er of answers stopped around 10 8 or the ear%( 10?1sH and some spent too much time on 4artin 3uther 6in' and his ro%e. /andidates who did en'a'e other factors often used the chan'in' socia% context %in&ed to cu%tura% deve%opments, with a focus on the ro%e of the media and the effects of the /o%d War. 4ost candidates wi%% accept that the *edera% 'overnment was crucia% to the advancement of African American civi% ri'hts and o#serve that the 10!1s and 10 1s witnessed the most si'nificant period of pro'ress for the civi% ri'hts of African Americans with the passa'e #( /on'ress of the /ivi% Ri'hts Act of 10 5 and the <otin' Ri'hts Act of 10 !, #oth supported #( the president, and that these advances occurred whi%e the .upreme /ourt was a%so supportive Ffor examp%e, in the 2rown /ase in 10!5 and the 2rowder versus 7a(%e verdict in 10! on the 4ont'omer( #us #o(cott). $he( wi%% possi#%( a%so refer to the period of Reconstruction F18 !C18??) as another period in which /on'ress enacted si'nificant advances Fthe 1>th, 15th and 1!th Amendments and the /ivi% Ri'hts Act of 18 ), with #etter candidates pointin' out that these were not sustained #ecause President ;ohnson and the .upreme /ourt were hosti%e. $he( mi'ht a%so contrast these periods with 18?? to 1051 when, without *edera% 'overnment support, civi% ri'hts made %itt%e pro'ress and the period from 10?1 onwards when Repu#%ican presidents, ,ixon, *ord, Rea'an and 2ush, 'ave at

#est, %u&ewarm support, and sometimes not even that. $he( wi%% pro#a#%( #e aware of the chan'ed attitude of the .upreme /ourt, contrastin' the P%ess( versus *er'uson verdict of 180 with the 2rown /ase of 10!5. Pro#a#%( on%( the #est candidates wi%% discuss the imp%ications of either the 10?8 2a&&e /ase for affirmative action or the more conservative tone of the Rehnquist court after 108 . 2etter candidates wi%% attempt to eva%uate the importance of the *edera% 'overnment in re%ation to other factors. $he( wi%% #e aware that, even when s(mpathetic to civi% ri'hts, the president and /on'ress were re%uctant to act un%ess put under pressure #( activists and protestors. $he( wi%% point out that civi% ri'hts cou%d #e seen as ma&in' pro'ress ahead of *edera% 'overnment action #ecause 'rass roots protest Fand, in the post war period, a more s(mpathetic c%imate) were essentia% prerequisites to %e'is%ative chan'e. $he( wi%% a%so #e aware that the hu'e economic and socia% chan'es #rou'ht a#out #( the -epression and the .econd Wor%d War undermined the a#i%it( of the .outhern states to resist chan'e. 1o !h"t e2tent !"s the 'residen#) o$ 3)ndon -ohnson ,1964-69. the (ost i('ort"nt t&rning 'oint in the develo'(ent o$ A$ri#"n A(eri#"n #ivil rights in the 'eriod $ro( 1865 to 199 0 ,-"n *11. /andidates who support this view mi'ht refer to the /ivi% Ri'hts Acts of 10 5 and 10 8 and the <otin' Ri'hts Act of 10 ! as the most si'nificant %e'is%ative mi%estones #ecause the( ended the ;im /row era in the .outh, and to the 7reat .ociet( pro'rammes which he%ped poor innerCcit( African Americans. .ome candidates mi'ht see the 32; presidenc( as a ne'ative turnin'Cpoint and refer to the 2%ac& Power movement, the 2%ac& Panthers, the ur#an riotin', the assassinations of 4a%co%m : and 4artin 3uther 6in' and the dama'e done to 32;s 7reat .ociet( pro'ramme #( the <ietnam War. 2etter candidates mi'ht a%so #e aware that, after 10 !, the /ivi% Ri'hts campai'n achieved on%( mixed success B the emer'ence of a successfu% #%ac& midd%e c%ass and increased po%itica% participation contrasted with the continued deprivation, discrimination and %ow aspirations of man( poor, especia%%( innerCcit(, African Americans. $he( ma( a%so refer to the increasin'%( acrimonious de#ates in the 10?1s and 1081s over &e( aspects of civi% ri'hts: schoo% #ussin', affirmative action, +udicia% appointments and we%fare provision. A%ternative turnin'Cpoints candidates mi'ht consider inc%ude, 1 $he Reconstruction period F18 !C??) when important constitutiona% amendments were passed F18 !: 1>th a#o%ishin' s%aver(H 18 8: 15th 'uaranteein' civi% ri'htsH 18?1: 1!th 'uaranteein' the ri'ht to vote) and there was si'nificant African American participation in po%itics, supported #( the Radica% Repu#%icans in /on'ress. $he *reedmans 2ureau Funti% 18?=) provided some %e'a% assistance for former s%aves and he%ped to esta#%ish schoo%s. $he 1801s when the ;im /row s(stem was esta#%ished in the .outh, ta&in' advanta'e of the end of Reconstruction and a series of .upreme /ourt +ud'ments F18?> .%au'hterhouse /aseH 188> /ivi% Ri'hts /asesH 180 P%ess( v *er'uson) which undermined the 15th and 1!th amendments.

$he two wor%d wars when the expansion of the econom( provided +o# opportunities for African American wor&ers and %ed to mi'ration northwards. $he .econd Wor%d War, in particu%ar, #ecause the impact on societ( and the econom(, and the num#er of African Americans servin' in the armed forces were so 'reat. $he war a%so stimu%ated the expansion of 'rassCroots activism Fthe foundin' of /@R9 in 105=, the creation of the *9P/ in response to Rando%phs threatened march on Washin'ton, the Idou#%e < campai'n) and discredited racism F)it%ers camps and ;apanese victories over 9uropeans). $he events of the 10!1s when the 2rown decision of 10!5 overturned P%ess( v *er'uson and the nonCvio%ent campai'ns of 4artin 3uther 6in' 'ave the civi% ri'hts movement pu#%icit(, si'nificant white support and B ar'ua#%( B irresisti#%e momentum. $he #est candidates wi%% #e a#%e to ma&e a +ud'ment a#out the re%ative importance of the various turnin'Cpoints. Gf ar'uin' for the 32; presidenc( the( mi'ht o#serve that #oth the %e'is%ative chan'es and the #ifurcation of the 10 1s have proved permanent. $hose se%ectin' the .econd Wor%d War mi'ht show how F#ui%din' on the ,ew -ea%) the re%ationship #etween federa% and state 'overnments chan'ed permanent%(, ma&in' it increasin'%( difficu%t for state 'overnments to i'nore federa% %e'is%ation and .upreme /ourt ru%in's. $he( mi'ht a%so emphasise the importance of the transformation wrou'ht #( the war. Gf se%ectin' the 10!1s, the( mi'ht point out that the /o%d War competition #etween the West and the A..R for inf%uence in the $hird Wor%d made the retention of institutiona%ised racism in the A.A impossi#%e, especia%%( as the war had destro(ed an( notion of the imp%icit superiorit( of white 9uropean cu%ture. $he( mi'ht o#serve that, without these chan'es, the achievements of the 32; era cou%d not have occurred. Assess the vie! th"t the 5&"lit) o$ le"dershi' sho!n 6) A$ri#"n A(eri#"n #"('"igners !"s the (ost i('ort"nt $"#tor in the "dv"n#e(ent o$ their #ivil rights in the 'eriod $ro( 1865 to 199 + ,-&ne *11. /andidates wi%% pro#a#%( endorse the view that %eadership was decisive and focus their attention on the inspirationa%, nonCvio%ent campai'ns of 4artin 3uther 6in' and his a#i%it( to win mass Finc%udin' white) support, nationa% media attention and internationa% reco'nition. $he( wi%% pro#a#%( refer to the #us #o(cott in 4ont'omer(, A%a#ama in 10! , his %eadership of the ./3/, his campai'n to dese're'ate 2irmin'ham, A%a#ama in 10 > which inf%uenced ;*6 to introduce the /ivi% Ri'hts 2i%%, his speech at the 3inco%n 4emoria% in the Washin'ton 4arch in 10 > and his .e%ma march in 10 ! to pressure 32; into persuadin' /on'ress to pass the <otin' Ri'hts Act. /andidates ma( a%so refer to the va%ue of the %eadership of 2oo&er $ Washin'ton in championin' African American economic ri'hts and the importance of the $us&e'ee Gnstitute in providin' education and trainin'. /andidates ma( wish to contrast him with his critic, W92 du 2ois, and out%ine the %atters importance in assertin' uncompromisin' opposition to #%ac& inferiorit( and his importance in he%pin' to esta#%ish the ,AA/P. 2etter answers mi'ht ana%(se the crucia% importance of the

,AA/P strate'( of cha%%en'in' se're'ation in the courts and exp%ain the importance of the 10!5 2rown decision. /andidates mi'ht refer to 4arcus 7arve(s inf%uence in he%pin' African Americans to rediscover and ta&e pride in their herita'e. A. Phi%ip Rando%phs campai'n to end discrimination in federa% emp%o(ment in the 1051s and 4a%co%m :s inspirationa% wor& with the ,ation of Gs%am in the 10!1s and ear%( 10 1s ma( a%so #e mentioned. .ome candidates ma( su''est that, after the death of 3uther 6in' in 10 8, AfricanCAmericans %ac&ed effective %eadership, thou'h the( mi'ht discuss ;esse ;ac&sons unsuccessfu% #ids to win the -emocratic presidentia% nomination in 1085 and 1088. 2etter candidates shou%d #e aware of the need to eva%uate the importance of %eadership in re%ation to other factors. $he( ma( #e aware that %eadership cou%d on%( #e effective when there were %ar'e num#ers of fo%%owers wi%%in' to ris& their %ive%ihoods, and even their %ives, #( campai'nin' for civi% ri'hts. $he #est answers ma( point out that the a#sence of such 'rassCroots activism he%ps to exp%ain wh( 2oo&er $ Washin'ton or W92 du 2ois cou%d achieve %ess than 3uther 6in', he had his %eadership fai%ures, for examp%e at A%#an( in 10 1C=. /andidates mi'ht a%so #e aware that, to achieve %e'is%ative chan'e, the /ivi% Ri'hts campai'n needed the support of the *edera% 'overnment, pointin' not on%( to the /ivi% Ri'hts Act F10 5) and the <otin' Ri'hts Act F10 !) as evidence, #ut a%so o#servin' that /ivi% Ri'hts made %ess pro'ress under Repu#%ican presidents ,ixon, Rea'an and 2ush. $he #est candidates wi%% perhaps #e aware that %eadership was one of a num#er a crucia% factors necessar( to the advancement of civi% ri'hts: an inte%%ectua% c%imate s(mpathetic to AfricanCAmerican aspirations, support from the three #ranches of the *edera% 'overnment, a stron' 'rassCroots movement and a c%ear, o#taina#%e set of 'oa%s. $he( ma( #e aware that these five factors came to'ether on%( in the ear%( 10 1s. $he a#sence of one, or more, of these factors exp%ains the re%ative %ac& of pro'ress of AfricanCAmerican civi% ri'hts in the (ears #efore 10 1 and after 10 !. Assess the vie! th"t Boo7er 1 %"shington !"s the (ost i('ort"nt le"der in the develo'(ent o$ A$ri#"n-A(eri#"n #ivil rights in the 'eriod $ro( 1865 to 199 0 ,-"n&"r) *1 . <er( few candidates ar'ued that 2oo&er $ Washin'ton was the most important %eader and some even c%aimed that his contri#ution was ne'%i'i#%e, a%thou'h this +ud'ement ma( have owed more to i'norance than &now%ed'e. $here was usua%%( a 'ood eva%uation of %eaders such as du 2ois, 7arve(, 3uther 6in', and 4a%co%m :, and severa% candidates considered Rando%ph and ;ac&son. White %eaders, particu%ar%( 6enned( and ;ohnson, were a%so cited in a few cases #ut their inc%usion was not essentia% for the hi'hest mar&s. $he #est scripts were a#%e to assess the qua%it( of %eaders and compare their ro%es direct%(H there was 'ood use of crossCreferencin' and man( adopted a thematic approach. $he vast ma+orit( of candidates descri#ed the achievements of a ran'e of %eaders #ut offered ver( %itt%e comparative ana%(sis. Where the %atter was attempted, it tended to #e in a ver( formu%aic manner. $he poorest responses offered a chrono%o'ica% surve( of the /ivi% Ri'hts 4ovement or wrote an extensive account of 6in'Js career, whi%e some focused on the impact of federa% institutions on the movement.

=. $rade Anion and 3a#or Ri'hts a) #) c) d) e) f) ') h) i) +) &) %) m) n) o) p) q) r) s) t) u) v) What ri'hts did unions have in 18 !" What was the impact of new immi'ration on union deve%opment" )ow did %ar'e corporations #ehave towards %a#or" What were the &e( features of the Pu%%man .tri&e" What was the )a(mar&et Affair" -escri#e the &e( features of the )omestead stri&e. )ow did emp%o(ers react to stri&es" 7ive detai%s of i)(e%%ow do' contracts ii) vio%ent stri&e #rea&ers e' the use of Pin&erton 'uards to #rea& up the )omestead stri&e $o what extent were the 1801s a &e( turnin' point in the deve%opment of trade union and %a#or ri'hts" What was the impact of #%ac& Americans on trade unions" What was the impact of Wor%d War @ne on trade unions and %a#or ri'hts" What pro'ress did Anions ma&e in the 10=1s" $o what extent did trade unions #enefit from the ,ew -ea%" What was the impact of Wor%d War $wo on trade unions and %a#or ri'hts" Wh( was the mer'er of the /G@ and A*3 in 10!! important" )ow did 6enned(s ,ew *rontier impact on trade unions and %a#or ri'hts" What did the 9qua% Pa( Act 10 > sa(" What 'ains did unions ma&e under ;ohnson and his 7reat .ociet(" )ow did the /ivi% Ri'hts Act 10 5 improve union and %a#or ri'hts" What did the 10 8 A'e -iscrimination Act sa(" 7ive detai%s of /arters 10?? 4inimum Wa'e Act )ow does the Air traffic contro%%ers stri&e under Rea'an indicate a dec%ine in power for union and %a#or ri'hts" What was the state of trade union and %a#or ri'hts #( 100="

w) What was the ro%e of *edera% and .tate 'overnment in supportin' and opposin' union and %a#or ri'hts" 7ive detai%s of the fo%%owin': i) 3aisseD faire ii) $he .herman Anti $rust Act 1801 iii) President /%eve%and B use of troops
iv) v) vi) Ase of troops C 4assachusetts 7overnor /oo%id'e in 2oston in 1010 /ourt in+unctions a'ainst stri&ers under .herman Anti $rust Act $aft )art%e( Act 105?

vii) viii)

3andrumC7riffin Act of 10!0 6enned(s ,ew *rontier and ;ohnsons 7reat .ociet(

x) -id divisions in the unions hinder pro'ress" 9xpand on each of the fo%%owin': G) -ivisions over mem#ership B a) 6ni'hts of 3a#or and A*3 F10/)H A*3 and /G@ F10>1s) #) 9thnic conf%ict #etween whites and #%ac&s and native wor&ers v immi'rants

c) -ivisions over 'ender d) -ivisions over re%i'ion e) -ivisions over aims and methods B peacefu% protests v use of vio%ence e' 4o%%( 4a'uires and Wo##%ies used vio%ence B 'ive detai%s. 9xamination Euestions: 1o !h"t e2tent !ere the 189*8s the ("in t&rning-'oint in the develo'(ent o$ tr"de &nion "nd l"6o&r rights in the 'eriod 1865-199 0 ,3eg"#) '"'er, -&ne **9. 91he intern"l divisions !ithin the tr"de &nion "nd l"6o&r (ove(ent in the USA !ere the (ost i('ort"nt o6st"#le to the 'rogress o$ l"6o&r rights in the 'eriod $ro( 1865 to 199 +: /o! $"r do )o& "gree0 ,-"n *1*. $here were some ver( 'ood, &now%ed'ea#%e answers which usua%%( started with interna% divisions and then went on to ma&e a comparison with other factors that inf%uenced the pro'ress of %a#our ri'hts. 4an( answers were un#a%anced or 'enera%ised, often descri#in' features #ut without evidentia% support, and man( tai%ed off in the 10!1s or 10 1s #efore +umpin' to the Air $raffic contro%%ers stri&e under Rea'an. /ontextua% factors were usua%%( cited and other factors inc%uded the attitudes of *edera%8.tate 'overnments and 2i' 2usiness #ut too often not enou'h i%%ustration was advanced. 7enera%%( not enou'h was made of the ,ew -ea% era and the 10 1s often received curt treatment. 4an( answers tended to #ecome a %ist of factors and wou%d have #een much #etter if a crossCeva%uation of factors had #een attempted. .ome /entres disp%a(ed an a%armin' %ac& of &now%ed'e concernin' interna% divisions in #oth the trade union and %a#our movement. ,o set conc%usions are to #e expected, #ut candidates must answer the question and address the theme over the who%e period. Wea&er candidates wi%% pro#a#%( refer on%( in 'enera% terms to the divisions over mem#ership #etween the 6ni'hts of 3a#or and the A*3 in the %ate 10th centur(, and the A*3 and the /G@ in the 10>1s. $he( mi'ht a%so refer to ethnic conf%ict #etween whites and #%ac&s and #etween nativeC#orn wor&ers and the new immi'rants of the %ate 10th and ear%( =1th centuries. .ome wea&er candidates ma( a%so discount For even i'nore) the interna% divisions within the %a#our movement and provide a %ist of a%ternative factors without adequate%( comparin' their importance. 4an( Fperhaps most) candidates, whi%e ac&now%ed'in' the divisions within the %a#our movement, wi%% concentrate their ana%(sis on the other o#stac%es to the pro'ress of %a#our ri'hts. $hese inc%ude the use force of #( 'overnment authorities to end stri&es Ffor examp%e, President /%eve%and durin' the Pu%%man stri&e in 1805 or 4assachusetts 7overnor /oo%id'e in 2oston in 1010), the wi%%in'ness of the courts to issue in+unctions a'ainst stri&ers under the .herman AntiC$rust Act, specifica%%( antiC%a#our %e'is%ation such as the $aftC)art%e( Act of 105? and the 3andrumC7riffin act of 10!0, and the emp%o(ers use of #oth (e%%ow do' contracts and vio%ent stri&eC#rea&ers Fsuch as Pin&erton 'uards in the )omestead stri&e). 4ost candidates shou%d attempt some eva%uation of the re%ative importance of these factors in re%ation to divisions amon' wor&ers.

2etter candidates wi%% #e a#%e to ana%(se how far %a#our divisions were exacer#ated #( a c%imate in the A.A hosti%e to the pro'ress of %a#our movements and point out that this c%imate was, in part, the resu%t of extremist %a#our movements Fsuch as the 4o%%( 4a'uires or the Wo##%ies) #ut that it a%so made it eas( for emp%o(ers and 'overnments to associate trade unionism with socia%ism and communism, there#( underminin' midd%e c%ass s(mpath( for wor&ers. )i'h %eve% candidates wi%% #e aware that the ar'uments within the %a#our movement extended #e(ond union mem#ership and tactics and were #edevi%%ed #( divisions over race, c%ass, re%i'ion and 'ender. $he( wi%% provide inte%%i'ent%( se%ected examp%es to i%%ustrate these divisions. )i'h ca%i#re candidates mi'ht, as we%% as ana%(sin' these divisions and the o#stac%es, point out that the pro'ress of %a#our ri'hts depended crucia%%( on the support of the federa% 'overnment Fas in the ,ew -ea% and the ;*6C32; (ears). $he( wi%% a%so #e a#%e to ana%(se the importance of wider economic conditions, especia%%( in exp%ainin' the dec%ine of trade union power since the 10!1s. 1he Feder"l govern(ent hindered r"ther th"n hel'ed the develo'(ent o$ tr"de &nion "nd l"6o&r rights+: /o! $"r do )o& "gree !ith this vie! o$ the 'eriod 1865 to 199 0 ,-"n *11. /andidates wi%% pro#a#%( ar'ue that this was true of the period up to the 7reat -epression #ut that the *edera% 'overnment was supportive durin' the ,ew -ea%. $he( wi%% pro#a#%( #e aware that, after Wor%d War $wo, the *edera% 'overnment #ecame %ess supportive of trade union ri'hts #ut Funder -emocratic administrations at %east) supportive of wor&ers ri'hts. 9xamp%es of *edera% hosti%it( #efore the ,ew -ea% inc%ude 1 3aisseDCfaire assumptions a#out the ro%e of 'overnment which he%ped to create a c%imate of hosti%it( to or'anised %a#our, especia%%( durin' the Ired scare that fo%%owed each wor%d war. President /%eve%ands use of federa% troops to suppress the 1805 Pu%%man .tri&e. 180! .upreme /ourt decision upho%din' the use of in+unctions a'ainst trade unions under the .herman AntiC$rust Act. 101! 3ochner /ase Fstri&in' down a ,ew Kor& %aw settin' a maximum num#er of wor&in' hours for #a&er( wor&ers). 1018 Adair /ase Fupho%din' I(e%%ow do' contracts #( which wor&ers were prevented from +oinin' a union). Ase of the 101? 9spiona'e Act to suppress I$he Wo##%ies FGndustria% Wor&ers of the Wor%d). 10=1 ru%in' dec%arin' unconstitutiona% the 1015 /%a(ton Act Fwhich aimed to 'uarantee wor&ers ri'hts to or'aniDe, #ar'ain co%%ective%(, stri&e, #o(cott and pic&et). 9xamp%es of the postCwar c%imate uns(mpathetic to or'anised %a#our inc%ude

1 105> .mithC/onna%%( Act preventin' stri&e action in industria% p%ant producin' war materia%s. 105? $aftC)art%e( Act a%%owin' states to pass Iri'ht to wor& %aws #annin' the Jc%osed shopJ. 10!0 3andrumC7riffin Act #annin' secondar( pic&etin'. $he impact on trade union power, mem#ership and stri&e activit( of Rea'ans 1081 defeat of the Air $raffic /ontro%%ers stri&e. Gn dea%in' with *edera% support, candidates mi'ht refer to 1 Attempts durin' the presidencies of $heodore Rooseve%t and Woodrow Wi%son to %e'is%ate on such matters as wor&in' conditions, consumer protection, housin' and education. $he &e( ,ew -ea% measures: the ,ationa% 3a#our Re%ations Act of 10>! FWa'ner Act), the ,GRA F10>>), the .ocia% .ecurit( Act F10>!) and the *air 3a#our .tandards Act F10>8). 2etter candidates mi'ht a%so point out that *-Rs response to the %a#our mi%itanc( of 10> C? contrasts sharp%( with that of ear%ier administrations. $he creation durin' WW= of the *9P/ and the ,ationa% War 3a#our 2oard. 7ood candidates ma( a%so #e aware of the support 'iven, especia%%( #( -emocratic presidents, to wor&ers. $rumans I*air -ea%, ;*6s J,ew *rontierJ and, in particu%ar, 32;s J7reat .ociet(J pro'rammes aimed to #ui%d on *-Rs ,ew -ea% and #rou'ht definite #enefits to wor&in' peop%e: support for a minimum wa'e, economic re'eneration measures, improved housin' and medica% care and #etter wor& opportunities. /andidates can a%so refer to ,ixons support for affirmative action and /arters extension of the minimum wa'e as examp%es of presidentia% support for %a#our ri'hts. Gn contrast, the( ma( a%so #e aware that Rea'ans po%icies of %ower taxes and #usiness dere'u%ation were part of a de%i#erate re+ection of the ,ew -ea% phi%osoph( in the 1081s. $he( mi'ht a%so show that the three #ranches of the federa% 'overnment were not a%wa(s in harmon(: the .upreme /ourt struc& down /on'ressiona% %e'is%ation in 10=1 Fthe /%a(ton Act) and in 10>! the .chechter /ase ended *-Rs ,GRA. 2oth the .mithC/onna%%( Act and the $aftC)art%e( Act were passed over presidentia% vetoes. 1o !h"t e2tent !"s the ;e! <e"l the (ost i('ort"nt t&rning 'oint in the develo'(ent o$ tr"de &nion "nd l"6o&r rights in the USA in the 'eriod $ro( 1865 to 199 0 ,-"n&"r) *1 . $his question was 'enera%%( we%% answered #( most candidates. $he ,ew -ea% era was seen #( man( candidates as the most important turnin' point and how we%% it was eva%uated was a differentiator #etween 'ood and avera'e essa(s. $he %e'ac( of Wi%sons administration and the impact of Wor%d War $wo were usefu% counterC points and contrasts #ut #etter responses a%so %oo&ed at the 10 1sB?1s, whi%e others favoured the preC Reconstruction era. A fair num#er of essa(s too& the hint that the

question was not simp%( a#out trade unions and inc%uded some 'ood materia% on women and minorit( 'roups as sections of the %a#ourin' c%asses. Wea&er candidates %ac&ed enou'h re%evant &now%ed'e, resorted to 'enera% descriptions and stru''%ed to identif( other c%ear turnin' points. .ome #e%ieved the Wa'ner Act was a separate entit( from the ,ew -ea% and so treated it as a si'nificant turnin' point. 4an( answers tai%ed off after 105! #efore the antiCunion #ac&%ash had 'athered momentum. *or some, !1 (ears constituted a turnin' point which, as the candidates discovered, was an interpretation that #ecame increasin'%( difficu%t to defend. >. ,ative Americans a) )ow were ,ative Americans treated in the %ater nineteenth centur(" #) What was the impact of the -awes Act 188?" c) $o what extent was the acquisition of A. citiDenship in 10=5 a turnin' point" d) )ow did ,ative Americans #enefit from the ,ew -ea%" e) $o what extent was the Gndian Reor'anisation Act 10>5 a turnin' point" f) What impact did Wor%d War @ne and Wor%d War $wo have on ,ative Americans" ') Were the 10!1s and 10 1s a turnin' point for ,ative Americans" h) What pro#%ems did the ,ative Americans face, 105!C81". i) Wh( was Passamaquodo( v 4orton 10?= an important case" +) Wh( did the 2ureau for Gndian Affairs arouse opposition" m) 7ive detai%s of improvements and successes 10?1s and 81s n) 7ive detai%s of fai%ures o) 9xp%ain the aims and methods of the fo%%owin' pressure 'roups: i) .ociet( of American Gndians 1011 ii) ,ationa% /on'ress of American Gndians 1055 iii)American Gndian 4ovement 10 8 iv),AR* v) Red Power p) What impact did the *edera% 'overnment have on the ri'hts of ,ative Americans" FPresident, .upreme /ourt and /on'ress B he%pin' and hinderin' pro'ress). 9xamination Euestions: /o! $"r !"s the =nter-%"r 'eriod ,1919->1. the (ost i('ort"nt t&rning-'oint in the develo'(ent o$ ;"tive A(eri#"n rights0 ,-"n **9, old s'e#. F/ompare period 1010C51 with other turnin' points, especia%%( 18??C01 and 10 5C81 and exp%ain how ,ative American ri'hts chan'ed for the #etter). 1he #on#e't o$ the 9(elting 'ot: did not "''l) to ;"tive A(eri#"ns thro&gho&t the 'eriod $ro( 1865 to 199 + /o! $"r do )o& "gree !ith this vie!0 ,S'e#i(en '"'er, -&ne **9. 91he =ndi"n Reorg"nis"tion A#t in the ;e! <e"l !"s the (ost i('ort"nt t&rning 'oint in the develo'(ent o$ ;"tive A(eri#"n #ivil rights in the USA in the 'eriod $ro( 1865 to 199 +: /o! $"r do )o& "gree !ith this vie!0: ,-"n *1*.
It was pleasing to see many good answers but, as often in the past, quite a number were very generalised or else excessively descriptive. Most candidates knew something about the Indian Reorganisation Act and the context of the ew !eal,

though not many had any criticisms. "ome candidates had impressive knowledge of the #$%&s through to the #$'&s, but this was often at the expense of earlier periods. A common approach was to claim that the IRA was something of a foundation for what was to follow but it was the growth of the Red (ower movement in the #$%&s that constituted the most important turning point. )his was fine and made for some interesting answers except that in a number of cases the period before #$*+ was largely neglected. An awareness of issues over employment, education, housing, economic and political rights nevertheless did emerge at times. Again, the concept of a turning point and how to examine it proved troublesome for many candidates, who tended to simply state a turning point and go on to list such alternatives. ,nfortunately some candidates turned the question into one about how government agencies and presidents had proved obstructive to ative American civil rights. o set conclusions are to be expected, but candidates must answer the question and address the theme over the whole period. Most candidates will agree with this statement and point out that the Indian ew !eal replaced forced assimilation with respect for Indian culture and customs which, arguably, has persisted to the present. -urthermore, the Indian Reorgani.ation Act prevented the alienation of more tribal land and granted Indian communities a measure of governmental and /udicial autonomy. 0eaker candidates will probably see this as a stage of 1good2 policy towards Indians as opposed to the 1bad2 periods of forced assimilation from #''3 until #$** and the termination policy of the #$4&s. As such, they will regard the Indian Reorgani.ation Act as a significant turning point, although such candidates are unlikely to be able to compare it with other turning points. Most candidates will offer some alternatives 5such as the #''3 !awes Act at the end of the Indian 0ars, the end of the Indian ew !eal in #$+4, the end of termination in the #$%&s or the first militant action of Red (ower in #$%$6 but their attempts to compare them with the Indian Reorgani.ation Act may be unconvincing. )he best candidates will be aware of the limitations of Indian Reorgani.ation Act and the degree of opposition to it 5for different reasons6 in 7ongress and among ative Americans. )hey might point out that 7ollier8s policies were as paternalistic in their way as all other federal Indian policies, and that the ma/ority of white Americans 5and a significant number of Indians themselves6 continued to believe that Indians should assimilate into mainstream ," culture. As such, the Indian Reorgani.ation Act could be seen as an aberration rather than a turning point. )he best candidates might also contrast the importance of federal policy shifts with the impact of economic and social change in the ,"A on ative American lives and attitudes 5especially the two world wars, the 7old 0ar and the post9war expansion of the ," economy6. Alternatively, the best candidates will make effective comparisons between the different turning points they analyse and explain fully why one is more important than the others. :xaminers must be open to alternative approaches.

1he "#tions o$ ;"tive A(eri#"ns the(selves #ontri6&ted nothing to the "dv"n#e(ent o$ their #ivil rights in the 'eriod $ro( 1865 to 199 + 1o !h"t e2tent do )o& "gree !ith this vie!0 ,-&ne *1*. $his question wor&ed we%% and produced some rea%%( 'ood answers. 2etter candidates had much to sa( on the issue and wrote at %en'th and main%( in an ana%(tica% manner. .ome tended to %oo& at the %ate nineteenth centur(, the ,ew -ea% era and then the 10 1s onwards, often reachin' 100=, and so were too episodic in their use of &now%ed'e and, on #a%ance, the postC105! period was we%%C&nown #( #etter candidates. As ever, a distin'uishin' feature was the a#i%it( to en'a'e such areas as socia%, cu%tura%, economic and po%itica%. $he ro%e of the *edera% 'overnment featured

in most essa(s #ut on%( the #etter candidates were a#%e to %in& this to ,ative American activities. At times, wea&er candidates drifted into actua% achievements and successes and the reasons for such at the expense of the rea% thrust of the question. $here were some confused answers which asserted that ,ative Americans harmed their advancement throu'h their ne'ative actions, whi%st advancin' their civi% ri'hts #( adoptin' IRed Power. What was %ess evident in severa% essa(s, however, was how the campai'n of civi% ri'hts for ,ative Americans fitted into the overa%% pattern of civi% ri'hts activit( from 10!1 onwards and the extent to which ,ative Americans 'ained from civi% ri'hts %e'is%ation of the 10 1s. $here was some simp%istic ana%(sis in these essa(s. *or instance, it was c%aimed that ,ative American invo%vement in the P%ains Wars provo&ed an inevita#%e #ac&%ash from the *edera% 'overnment and so demonstrated that the( were not interested in advancin' their civi% ri'hts. 4an( tended to a'ree with the question and then write an essa( focused who%%( on the ro%e of the *edera% 'overnment with the assumption that the ,ative Americans were tota%%( passive. ,o set conc%usions are to #e expected, #ut candidates must answer the question and address the theme over the who%e period. 4ost candidates are %i&e%( to a'ree that the ma+orit( of ,ative Americans did %itt%e towards the attainment of their civi% ri'hts. $he( wi%% ar'ue that the *edera% 'overnment did much more than ,ative Americans themse%ves to advance their civi% ri'hts. $he wea&est candidates are %i&e%( to resort to narrative, chrono%o'ica% exposition of *edera% po%ic( #e'innin' with the period of forced assimi%ation that #e'an with the 188? -awes Act. $he( wi%% re'ard /o%%ier and the Gndian ,ew -ea% as a #rief period of en%i'htened *edera% po%ic( which was fo%%owed #( a return to forced assimi%ation under the po%ic( of termination. 4ost candidates wi%% #e fami%iar with the hi'hCprofi%e activities of IRed Power in the %ate 10 1s and ear%( 10?1s Fthe occupation of A%catraD in 10 0, the occupation of the 2GA in 10?=, and the protest at Wounded 6nee in 10?>). $he( ma( conc%ude that this Gndian activism Fto'ether with the impact of the African American civi% ri'hts campai'ns) resu%ted in the re%uctant redress of some ,ative American 'rievances, thou'h some candidates wi%% ar'ue that these actions did no more than raise the profi%e of Gndians. 7ood candidates mi'ht consider the Gndian Wars of the %ate 10th centur( as evidence of ,ative Americans attemptin', thou'h u%timate%( unsuccessfu%%(, to defend their ri'hts. )i'h a#i%it( candidates wi%% show the importance of this stru''%e in creatin' s(mpath( for ,ative Americans some 81 (ears %ater. 7ood candidates wi%% a%so #e aware that the si'nificant contri#ution of ,ative Americans to the A. war effort in the two wor%d wars inf%uenced su#sequent *edera% po%ic( Fthe 'rantin' of A. citiDenship in 10=5 and the formation of the Gndian /%aims /ommission in 105 ). $he #est candidates wi%% #e aware of the activities of the various Gndian 'roups, the .ociet( of American Gndians F.AG, esta#%ished in 1011), the ,ationa% /on'ress of American Gndians F,/AG, esta#%ished in 1055) and the American Gndian 4ovement FAG4, esta#%ished in 10 8) to preserve Gndian customs and cu%ture and exert pressure on *edera% and state authorities. )i'h a#i%it( candidates wi%% a%so #e a#%e to eva%uate the impact of these 'roups and show that, thou'h the( neither exercised much po%itica% power nor mo#i%ised mass protest, their activities #oth inf%uenced, and were encoura'ed #(, s(mpathetic *edera% officia%s F;ohn /o%%ier in the 10>1s and 1051s)

and po%icies Fthe Gndian /%aims /ommission). $he( wi%% a%so #e a#%e to show that ,ative Americans were a#%e to exercise a si'nificant, thou'h %imited, ne'ative impact on *edera% po%ic(: #oth the Gndian ,ew -ea% and the termination po%ic( of the 10!1s were a#andoned in part #ecause of Gndian hosti%it(. )i'h a#i%it( candidates mi'ht a%so point out the %ac& of c%arit( a#out what ,ative American civi% ri'hts actua%%( are. $he( wi%% #e aware of the impact of economic and socia% chan'es of the mid to %ate =1th centur( on ,ative Americans. .ome wanted reco'nition of their separate cu%ture and traditions whi%e others, particu%ar%( those who have moved to the cities and8or intermarried, wished to assimi%ate into mainstream A. cu%ture and overcome de facto racia% pre+udice over such issues as emp%o(ment and housin'. .uch candidates mi'ht a%so ana%(se the %ac& of consistenc( in *edera% Gndian po%ic( and wi%% #e a#%e to discuss the current %e'a% and economic status of the reservations. 91he 'oli#ies o$ the Feder"l govern(ent $"iled to s&''ort the #ivil rights o$ ;"tive A(eri#"ns+: 1o !h"t e2tent do )o& "gree !ith this vie! o$ the 'eriod $ro( 1865 to 199 0 ,-&ne *11. 4an( candidates wi%% wish to a'ree with this view and discuss the uns(mpathetic treatment ,ative Americans have received from the *edera% 'overnment. $he( mi'ht mention the period of the Gndian Wars F18 1s to 1801) when the aim of the *edera% 'overnment was to destro( ,ative American opposition to white westward expansion, defeat them as a mi%itar( threat and su#+u'ate them onto reservations. $he( ma( a%so #e fami%iar with the -awes .evera%t( Act of 188? which aimed to #rea& up the reservations and turn ,ative Americans into se%fCsufficient farmers. /andidates ma( a%so &now a#out the 101> .upreme /ourt decision FLone Wolf v. Hitchcock) that /on'ress cou%d dispose of Gndian %and without 'ainin' the consent of the Gndians invo%ved. Gn this period reformers and educators aimed to destro( ,ative American cu%ture and separate identit( #( Icivi%isin' them B #( convertin' them to /hristianit( and teachin' their chi%dren in specia% schoo%s, mode%%ed on the /ar%is%e Gndian .choo%. .ome wi%% #e aware that, a%thou'h the 10=5 /itiDenship Act 'ranted A. citiDenship to a%% ,ative Americans who had not a%read( acquired it, Gndians were denied the vote in man( Western states #( much the same methods as African Americans were disenfranchised in the .outh. /andidates wi%% perhaps re'ard the po%ic( &nown as Itermination from 1058 to 10 1 as another uns(mpathetic period when the *edera% 'overnment sou'ht to end *edera% supervision of the reservations and to I%i#erate ,ative Americans #( encoura'in' them to re%ocate to the cities and assimi%ate into mainstream A. societ(. /andidates ma( we%% interpret this as another c(nica% 'overnment p%o( to seiDe ,ative American %and. Gn cha%%en'in' the view that the *edera% 'overnment was consistent%( uns(mpathetic, candidates ma( wish to discuss *-Rs Gndian commissioner, ;ohn /o%%ier, who ended the assimi%ation po%ic(. $he Gndian Reor'anisation Act of 10>5 ended the po%ic( of a%%otment, #anned the further sa%e of Gndian %and and decreed that an( una%%otted %and not (et so%d shou%d #e returned to tri#a% contro%. Gt a%so 'ranted Gndian communities a measure of 'overnmenta% and +udicia% autonom(. $he GRA was important in arrestin' the %oss of Gndian resources and /o%%ier successfu%%( encoura'ed a renewed respect for ,ative American cu%ture and traditions. /andidates ma( a%so wish to ar'ue that, from the 10 1s, *edera% po%ic( has #een much more supportive of ,ative American ri'hts.

$he( mi'ht point to the impact of the Red Power movement in drawin' nationa% attention to the p%i'ht of Gndians and the %ar'e%( s(mpathetic response in a series of measures inc%udin' the 10 8 Gndian /ivi% Ri'hts Act, the 10?= Gndian 9ducation Act, the 10?! Gndian .e%fC-etermination and 9ducation Assistance Act and the 10?8 American Gndian Re%i'ious *reedom Act. $he( ma( a%so #e aware of the decisions of the Gndian /%aims /ommission and the .upreme /ourt in 'rantin' compensation for %ost Gndian %ands and the socia%, economic and socia% impact these have had on some reservations. $he #est answers ma( we%% #e a#%e to point out that *edera% po%ic( is comp%icated #( a %ac& of c%arit( a#out what ,ative American ri'hts shou%d #e and that there is no a'reement amon' ,ative Americans a#out this either. $he( mi'ht point out that some ,ative Americans are on%( too anxious to assimi%ate, as the opposition of man( to the GRA, their wi%%in'ness to en%ist Fespecia%%( in Wor%d War $wo) and the de'ree of support for termination demonstrates. .ome candidates ma( point out that *edera% po%ic( has #een consistent%( characterised #( paterna%ism. 2oth the po%ic( of *edera% supervision of the reservations and the attempts to assimi%ate ,ative Americans are founded on the assumption that WA.P cu%ture is superior. 5. Women a) What was the position of women in 18 !" #) )ow did the campai'n for prohi#ition impact on womens ri'hts" c) What methods did women use to win the vote" d) $o what extent were the womens suffra'e campai'ners divided" 7ive detai%s of divisions in aims and methods of ,W.A and the AW.A F#oth founded in 18 0) and 101> 4i%itant /on'ressiona% Anion. e) $o what extent was the ,ineteenth Amendment 10=1 a turnin' point" f) )ow did the status of women chan'e in the 10=1s" ') Gn what wa(s were women %ess successfu% in the 10=1s" h) Wh( were the achievements of women in the 10=1s %imited" i) )ow did women #enefit from the ,ew -ea%" +) )ow did the *irst and .econd Wor%d War he%p to improve the status of women" &) 7ive reasons for the rise of feminism in the 10 1s and 10?1s %) 7ive detai%s of the campai'n for the 9qua% Ri'hts Amendment m) What chan'es to the %aw were made #etween 10?= and 10?5" n) What is the si'nificance of Roe v Wade 10?>" o) What were the resu%ts of a%% these chan'es" p) 7ive detai%s of opposition to these chan'es from women themse%ves, e' Ph(%%is .ch%af%( q) 2rief%( out%ine the chan'es in womens economic and emp%o(ment opportunities. r) What was the position of women #( 100=" 9xamination Euestions: /o! $"r do )o& "gree th"t divisions !ithin the !o(en8s (ove(ent !ere the (ost i('ort"nt $"#tor hindering the "tt"in(ent o$ gender e5&"lit) in the USA in the 'eriod $ro( 1865 to 199 0 ,-&ne *1*. $his question produced man( hi'h qua%it( essa(s. 4ost candidates were aware of divisions within and #etween womens 'roups and attri#uted this to conf%ictin' aims,

methods and attitudes of supporters. $he #est essa(s showed how such divisions existed throu'hout the period in question and that socia%, economic and po%itica% deve%opments a%so hindered the attainment of 'ender equa%it(. $he main phases covered were the runCup to and period of #oth the 'ainin' of the vote and Prohi#ition, the ,ew -ea% era and Wor%d War $wo, the 10 1s onwards reachin' into the 1081s. .urprisin'%( man( essa(s omitted the impact of racia% and c%ass pre+udices and persistent ma%e opposition exemp%ified #( the $rade Anions. Wea&er responses, and there were quite a %ot, revea%ed sha%%ow &now%ed'e and understandin' of the topic in 'enera% and the question in particu%ar. $he( offered much 'enera%ised comment a#out sexism and Iseparate spheres, and drifted into ma&in' a comparison with other socia% 'roups, inc%udin' ,ative Americans, there#( resu%tin' in a %ac& of focus. ,o set conc%usions are to #e expected, #ut candidates must answer the question and address the theme over the who%e period. 4ost candidates wi%% #e aware of the different, and sometimes competin', womens or'anisations. $he( wi%% refer to the different strate'ies adopted #( the ,W.A and the AW.A F#oth founded in 18 0) and to the foundin' in 101> of the mi%itant /on'ressiona% Anion. )owever, the( ma( #a%ance this #( pointin' out that the ,W.A and the AW.A mer'ed Fas the ,AW.A) in 1801 and ma( attri#ute the passa'e of the 10th Amendment in 10=1 Fwhich 'ranted women the vote nationa%%() to the campai'nin' of the ,AW.A and the /on'ressiona% Anion. $he( mi'ht characterise the womens suffra'e movement Fas we%% as the temperance campai'ners and those a'itatin' for Pro'ressive 9ra socia% and economic reform) as essentia%%( midd%e c%ass and the( shou%d a%so #e aware of divisions amon' women over race. 2%ac& women were exc%uded from the ,AW.A Fand so formed their own campai'n 'roup) and 9%iDa#eth .tanton opposed a%%owin' #%ac&s to vote. White women were heavi%( represented in the mem#ership of the revived 666 in the 10=1s. .ome women opposed the postCwar civi% ri'hts movement for its fai%ure to campai'n for womens issues. 4ost candidates shou%d #e aware of the divisions over a#ortion FRoe versus Wade, 10?>) and the ro%e of Ph(%%is .ch%af%( in opposin' the 9qua% Ri'hts Amendment. Wea& candidates wi%% pro#a#%( not 'et much further than out%inin' the divisions within the womens movement, #ut #etter candidates shou%d #e a#%e to wei'h up the importance of these divisions in re%ation to other factors. $he( cou%d refer to the impact of economic and techno%o'ica% chan'e Fthe deve%opment of factor( wor&, the t(pewriter, the expansion of retai% trade in the %ate 10th centur( and the deve%opment of domestic app%iances in the =1th centur() in chan'in' womens %ives and prospects. $he( cou%d a%so refer to the power of ma%e opposition to 'ender equa%it(, initia%%( in resistin' fema%e suffra'e, #ut a%so in trade unions. $he a#%est candidates ma( a%so #e aware that some advances in 'ender equa%it( had %itt%e to do with womens a'enc(. $he 'rantin' of fema%e suffra'e in certain western states Fe' /o%orado in 180>, Gdaho in 180 , Washin'ton in 1011 and /a%ifornia in 1011) had more to do with encoura'in' westward mi'ration than en%i'htened attitudes to womens ro%es in societ(. .imi%ar%(, after the .econd Wor%d War, some .outherners advocated womens ri'hts as a tactic to divide, and thus defeat, the civi% ri'hts campai'n.

)i'h %eve% answers mi'ht a%so discuss the nature of womens ri'hts and point out the %ac& of unit( a#out what 'ender equa%it( means in practice. 9=t !"s the "#tivis( o$ !o(en the(selves th"t !"s the (ost i('ort"nt $"#tor in "dv"n#ing their #ivil rights+: /o! $"r do )o& "gree !ith this ?&dge(ent on the 'eriod 1865 to 199 0 ,-"n *11. *rom the Pro'ressive era candidates can discuss campai'ners for improved re'u%ation of wor&in' conditions and for hea%th and housin' reform such as ;ane Addams, *%orence 6e%%e( and the ,ationa% /onsumers 3ea'ue. $he( mi'ht a%so discuss Gda We%%ss antiC%(nchin' crusade and the ro%e of the ,ationa% Association of /o%ored Women F180 ). @n the suffra'e issue, some mi'ht refer #ac& to the .eneca *a%%s /onvention of 1858 as the start of or'anised womens campai'nin' and 'o on to refer to the wor& of 9%iDa#eth /ad( .tanton and .usan 2 Anthon( and of the more 'entee% 3uc( .tone. $he( wi%% pro#a#%( #e aware of their respective pressure 'roups, the ,W.A and the AW.A F#oth 18 0, #ut mer'ed as the ,AW.A, 1801) as we%% as A%ice Pau%s more radica% campai'n and the ro%e of the ,ationa% Womens Part( F101?). /andidates ma( mention womens ro%e in the temperance movement and refer to the wor& of *rances Wi%%ard and the W/$A F18?5) as we%% as the AntiC.a%oon 3ea'ue F180>). 2etter candidates ma( a%so #e aware of womens ro%e in the repea% of prohi#ition and of Pau%ine .a#in and W@,PR F10=0). .ome mi'ht refer to 4ar'aret .an'ers %en'th( campai'n for fami%( p%annin' and #irth contro%. Gn the postCwar period, candidates wi%% pro#a#%( discuss the impact of 2ett( *riedans campai'n to %i#erate women from domesticit( and the ro%e of ,@W F10 ) in pressin' for womens equa%it( and its impact on the Roe versus Wade +ud'ement and the 9RA. .ome ma( wish to discuss Ph(%%is .ch%af%( and the importance of her campai'n a'ainst the 9RA. $he wea&er candidates wi%% pro#a#%( do %itt%e more than out%ine the activities of some or a%% of these campai'ns. 2etter candidates wi%% attempt some +ud'ement a#out their importance. $he( ma( #e aware that women were not the on%( campai'ners durin' the Pro'ressive era which was a reaction to chan'in' economic and socia% conditions #rou'ht a#out #( the rapid industria%isation of the A.A in the %ate 10th centur( and that %e'is%ative and +udicia% pro'ress depended on ma%e po%iticians in the White )ouse and /on'ress and ma%e +ustices in the .upreme /ourt. $he( ma( a%so #e aware that the 10th amendment F10=1) came after man( states had a%read( 'iven women the vote and that western territories Fe' W(omin' 18 0, Atah 18?1) did so to encoura'e emi'ration westwards and hasten statehood. $he( ma( point out that prohi#ition was part of the wider Pro'ressive a'enda and as much a product of protestant re%i'ious Dea% as fema%e activism. Repea% owed as much to the perceived fai%ure of prohi#ition and the need to revive Fand tax) the drin&s industr( durin' the -epression as to womens campai'nin'. 2etter candidates wi%% pro#a#%( a%so #e aware of the controversia% nature of modern feminism and that issues such as porno'raph(, a#ortion, the 9RA and womens ro%e in the econom( have divided #oth the womens movement and ma%e opinion. $he #est candidates mi'ht a%so assess how far divisions in the womens movement %essened the effectiveness of their campai'ns Fe' the differin' aims of #%ac& and white, midd%e c%ass and poor). $he( ma( a%so #e a#%e to eva%uate the importance of womens activism in re%ation to other factors and #a%ance the importance of womens pressure on po%iticians with the impact of socia%, cu%tura% and economic chan'e #rin'in' women more opportunities in education and emp%o(ment. $he( ma( wish to ana%(se how far

socia% and %e'is%ative chan'e was caused #(, or fo%%owed, womens activism. *ina%%(, the( mi'ht assess how far there is a consensus on what womens civi% ri'hts are. 9@"ining the vote in Feder"l ele#tions in 19 * !"s the (ost i('ort"nt t&rning'oint in the #"('"ign $or gender e5&"lit) in the USA+: /o! $"r do )o& "gree !ith this vie! o$ the 'eriod $ro( 1865 to 199 0 ,-&ne *11. $he 10th Amendment can #e seen as a turnin'Cpoint in a%%owin' women fu%% participation in po%itica% %ife. /andidates mi'ht contrast 18 !, when women cou%d not vote, with the end of the period when, in 1085, 7era%dine *erraro was the viceC presidentia% -emocratic candidate and there were si'nificant Fthou'h sma%%) num#ers of women in /on'ress. $he( ma( refer to the Lf%appersM of the 10=1s as evidence of a 'reater sense of %i#eration amon' women Ffrom the midd%e c%ass, at %east) perhaps attri#uta#%e to the achievement of the vote and point out that *rances Per&ins #ecame the first fema%e mem#er of the /a#inet as .ecretar( of 3a#or on%( 1> (ears after the 10th Amendment and that *-Rs ,ew -ea% %e'is%ation advanced a num#er of womens causes. $he( mi'ht re'ard the 10th Amendment as evidence of the success of womens activism and see it as inspirin' %ater campai'ns on other issues. .ome candidates wi%% wish to cha%%en'e whether 10=1 can #e seen as a turnin'Cpoint, perhaps pointin' out that the vote had #een 'ranted in near%( ha%f F=1858) of the states #efore 10=1. $he( ma( a%so o#serve that the 10th Amendment had no impact on #%ac& women in the ;im /row south and that 'ainin' the vote had #een an o#+ective of main%( midd%e c%ass women. $he #etter candidates ma( o#serve that the vote made no rea% difference to womens other, ar'ua#%( more important, concerns such as education, +o# opportunities, wor&in' conditions, and earnin's and point out that, after 10=1, opinion amon' women over the 9RA #ecome more po%arised. /andidates shou%d compare 10=1 with other potentia% turnin'Cpoints. $hese mi'ht inc%ude either of the two wor%d wars which expanded womens emp%o(ment and earnin' power. 9ven if these #enefits %asted on%( for the duration of the war, the economic expansion that occurred in each war widened womens opportunities and horiDons and, ar'ua#%(, contri#uted to %on'Cterm chan'e in socia% attitudes. /andidates mi'ht a%so consider the 10 1s which saw the expansion of universit( education and we%fare provision, two important %e'is%ative mi%estones F10 > 9qua% Pa( Act, 10 5 /ivi% Ri'hts Act), the feminist movement spearheaded #( 2ett( *riedan and the mar&etin' of the contraceptive pi%%. .ome candidates mi'ht ar'ue for the Roe versus Wade .upreme /ourt decision on a#ortion as the turnin'Cpoint which #e'an the cu%ture wars of the 10?1s and 1081s and stimu%ated the womens #ac&%ash a'ainst the 9RA %ed #( Ph(%%is .ch%af%(. $he #est candidates wi%% wei'h up the re%ative merits of the various turnin'Cpoints. $he( ma( conc%ude that the re%ative%( %imited impact of the 10th Amendment disqua%ifies it as the most important turnin'C point. $he( mi'ht ar'ue that the chan'es #rou'ht a#out #( the wars were more si'nificant #ecause the( affected a wider ran'e of issues and peop%e. @thers wi%% opt for the 10 1s as the most si'nificant #ecause the chan'es were %e'is%ative, educationa%, economic and socia%. *urthermore, the( were ar'ua#%( more divisive than the chan'es #rou'ht a#out #( other turnin'Cpoints. Assess the re"sons !h) gender e5&"lit) in the USA ("de gre"ter 'rogress in the )e"rs 19>1 to 199 th"n in the 'eriod $ro( 1865 to 199 ,-"n&"r) *1 .

Euestions on womens ri'hts have produced some exce%%ent essa(s in recent sessions and this paper was no different. $he contrast #etween the periods 18 !B1051 and 1051B 100= was evident in most answers a%thou'h a few candidates cha%%en'ed the premise of the question. Reasons for particu%ar trends needed to #e at the heart of the essa( and #etter candidates #e'an #( assessin' the impact of Wor%d War $wo Fcompared with Wor%d War @ne), the African American civi% ri'hts movement of the 10!1sB 1s Fcompared with the 10=1sB>1s), the rise of womens %i#eration Fcompared with womens movements 18 !B1010) and the support of federa% a'encies and trade unions Fcompared with opposition #efore 1051). $here were, however, man( wea&er essa(s that descri#ed pro'ress in womens ri'hts rather than exp%ained or assessed the reasons, said %itt%e a#out the ear%ier period, and presented ver( 'enera%ised and overC assertive narratives. .ome simp%( %isted &e( events. $here was a%so a widespread fai%ure to differentiate #etween different t(pes of women and how the( fared, and a mar&ed re%uctance to sum up pro'ress #( 100=. .ome focused too much on hindrances to the womens movement Fsuch as the impact of *edera% 'overnments and interna% divisions) and these candidates seemed to #e rehearsin' past questions.