Networking Basics by

S.Muthusami DDE, STI(T)

What is Networking?

Connecting two or more computers

Types of Networking
LAN (Local Area Network) Normally within a building Connection oriented Wireless

What is Networking?
WAN (Wide area network)

Contd..

between two branches in different cities with dedicated lines(Costly but slower than LAN) VPN (Virtual private network) between two branches in different cities using public network (Cheaper than WAN but slower than LAN)

Why Networking?
Purpose of Networking
Sharing of files Sharing of resources Sharing of programs Users communicate with each other Video conferencing

Why Networking?
Entertainment, distributed games
Audio & video streaming Doom and other games

Contd..

Commerce
Ticket booking, Purchase of articles and banking

Automation of business processes Control of equipment

Domestic like washing machine, Microwave etc.

Terminology
Local networks are called LANs A computer connected to a LAN is known as a Node A computer is turned on and can access the network is said to be online.

LAN and Internet are different Internet is a group of large networks Two modes of configuration in a network Client Server model (Domain) Peer to Peer model (Workgroup)

Domain Configuration

DC Switch

ADC

Workstation

Workstation

Workstation

Features of a Domain
Suited for large Networks

Increased security by central authentication Access control with NTFS file system Disk quota Remote access DNS DHCP Mailing facility Costly operating system

Peer to Peer model

Workstation Workstation

Switch

Workstation Workstation

Features of a Peer to peer

Suited for Small Networks up to ten computers.

Share level Access control Cheaper operating system Easier to maintain No Administrator Static IP addresses

Network infrastructure
Physical
Network interface card Cables Switches/Hubs Routers Connectors

Logical
Operating system protocols

UTP cable

ScTP cable

UTP cables

Connectors

Topology

1. Bus topology

2. Star topology

3. Ring topology

Network communication
Communication between two computers in a network OSI reference model (Open Systems Interconnection Reference Model (1984)) standardization of the various protocols used in computer networks by the International Standards Organization TCP/IP model or DOD model

The OSI model

Application layer Transport Network

Link

The OSI model

The Physical Layer

Responsibility:
transmission of raw bits over a communication channel.

Issues:
mechanical and electrical interfaces time per bit distances

The Data Link Layer Data Link Control

Responsibility:
provide an error-free communication link

Issues:
framing (dividing data into chunks)
header & trailer bits

addressing

10110110101

01100010011

10110000001

The Data Link Layer The MAC sublayer

Medium Access Control - needed by mutiaccess networks. MAC provides DLC with virtual wires on multiaccess networks.

The Network Layer

Responsibilities:
path selection between end-systems (routing). subnet flow control. fragmentation & reassembly translation between different network types.

Issues:
packet headers virtual circuits

The Transport Layer

Responsibilities:
provides virtual end-to-end links between peer processes. end-to-end flow control

Issues:
headers error detection reliable communication

The Session Layer

Responsibilities:
establishes, manages, and terminates sessions between applications. service location lookup

Many protocol suites do not include a session layer.

The Presentation Layer

Responsibilities:
data encryption data compression data conversion

Many protocol suites do not include a Presentation Layer.

The Application Layer

Responsibilities:
anything not provided by any of the other layers

Issues:
application level protocols appropriate selection of type of service

Network Address
Every host connected to a network should have an IP address for interconnectivity IP addresses are unique logical addresses (not physical) 32 bits.( 4 octets in dotted decimal notation) Includes a network ID and a host ID. Every host must have a unique host ID in its IP address. IP addresses are assigned by a central authority (IANAInternet numbers assigning authority) Subnet masks are to identify the network ID and host ID Eg: For Class C network 255.255.255.0 Class B network 255.255.0.0

Network Address
Every Ethernet interface has a unique 48 bit address also (MAC address a.k.a. hardware address). Example: C0:B3:44:17:21:17 Switches use this address for switching

IP Address
Class A 0 NetID B 10 C 110 D 1110
8 bits

HostID HostID HostID

0-126
128-191 192-223 224-239 240-254

NetID NetID

Multicast Address
8 bits 8 bits 8 bits

E 1111
Eg:

Research

192.128.16.1

Class A,B&C IP Address

Class Class A A
128 128 possible possible network network IDs IDs over over 4 4 million million host host IDs IDs per per network networkID ID

Class B
16K possible network IDs 64K host IDs per network ID

Class C
over 2 million possible network IDs about 256 host IDs per network ID

Network ID and Host ID

A Network ID is assigned to an organization by a global authority. Host IDs are assigned locally by the system administrator. Both the Network ID and the Host ID are used for routing. A single network interface is assigned a single IP address called the host address. A host may have multiple interfaces, and therefore multiple host addresses. Hosts that share a network all have the same IP network address (the network ID).

Subnetting
router Subnet A
192.168.1.0

Subnet B
192.168.2.0

Subnet C
192.168.3.0

Process summary
Letter Addressed Envelope

Letter

Addressed Envelope

Thank You