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Published in IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution Received on 18th January 2013 Revised on 6th April 2013 Accepted on 16th April 2013 doi: 10.1049/iet-gtd.2013.0031

ISSN 1751-8687

Comprehensive review of generation and transmission expansion planning

Reza Hemmati, Rahmat-Allah Hooshmand, Amin Khodabakhshian
Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran E-mail: reza.hematti@eng.ui.ac.ir

Abstract: Investment on generation system and transmission network is an important issue in power systems, and investment reversibility closely depends on performing an optimal planning. In this regard, generation expansion planning (GEP) and transmission expansion planning (TEP) have been presented by researchers to manage an optimal planning on generation and transmission systems. In recent years, a large number of research works have been carried out on GEP and TEP. These problems have been investigated with different views, methods, constraints and objectives. The evaluation of researches in these elds and categorising their different aspects are necessary to manage further works. This study presents a comprehensive review of GEP and TEP problems from different aspects and views such as modelling, solving methods, reliability, distributed generation, electricity market, uncertainties, line congestion, reactive power planning, demand-side management and so on. The review results provide a comprehensive background to nd out further ideas in these elds.

Introduction

Generally electric power system expansion can be carried out in generation, transmission and distribution sectors. However, since the investment on generation expansion planning (GEP) and transmission expansion planning (TEP) is much more than distribution part and also from the view of stability and reliability, these two parts have more priority for power system engineers. GEP, which is related to the investment on energy production, has always attracted great attention for investors and consumers. The investment planning should consider different aspects of problems, such as sizing, timing, technology of new generation units, investment reversibility, risks and uncertainties to guarantee the prot in this sector and the consumers satisfaction. A classical planning which has been used by researchers for managing the above issues is called GEP problem. In GEP, the objective is to expand the existing power system to serve the growing demand in the future by satisfying the reliability criteria. The GEP determines size, place, technology and the time of installing new plants to satisfy forecasted load within the given reliability criteria over a planning horizon of typically 1030 years. The other important part of long-term planning is TEP. The main objective of TEP is to dene when, where and how many new lines (and substations) should be installed in the electrical network to ensure an adequate level of energy supply to customers, taking into account the load growth and forecasted demand, reliability criterion and new generator capacities, while minimising investment, operation and interruption costs.
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TEP and GEP have been widely investigated and analysed from different views and aspects such as: (a) solving method, (b) reliability, (c) electricity market, (d) uncertainty, (e) environmental impact, (f) considering distributed generation (DG), (g) the view of time horizon, (h) modelling, (i) line congestion, (j) reactive power planning, (k) exible AC transmission system (FACTS) devices and (l) demand-side management (DSM). Some of the above issues are considered in both GEP and TEP such as (a) to (e), some are only considered in TEP such as (f) to (k) and some are only dened in GEP such as (l). The proposed issues are reviewed in this paper and their advantages and disadvantages will be studied and compared. Although the reviews of TEP and GEP have already been investigated in [1, 2] and [3, 4], respectively, the current paper is more comprehensive and complete. There are different subjects that either have not been investigated by these references or have been reviewed very briey, while these issues will be thoroughly reviewed in this paper. The issues are TEP modelling such as AC and DC modelling with their advantages and disadvantages, the effect of the line congestion on TEP, uncertainty in TEPGEP and the effect of the environmental emissions on TEPGEP. Also, there are some new issues which have been discussed in recent years such as the effect of DGs on TEP, the application of FACTS devices in TEP and coordinated TEPGEP. These subjects have not been investigated in the above-mentioned papers, while this paper presents a comprehensive review of these issues by also studying their different aspects. It is worth mentioning that for reviewing articles, there are many different criteria for choosing references such as the

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year of publication, journal and conference categories, the subject and novelty of papers and so on. In this paper, the review is managed based on the subject and novelty of papers. Then, the papers were categorised and managed based on their subjects such as modelling, solving methods, reliability, electricity market, uncertainties and so on. the same time. Thus, in GEP and TEP a multi-objective optimisation problem, which cannot be solved effectively by traditional planning methods, should be used. In this regard, two main mathematical and meta-heuristic optimisation methods have been used to solve the proposed multi-objective optimisation problems. These methods are reviewed in detail in the following subsections. 3.1 From the view of the mathematical modelling, both TEP and GEP can be considered as a large-scale highly constrained mixed-integer non-linear programming and generally contain two parts of objective function and constraints. The exibility of problem is changed by considering different objective functions and constraints. The objective function is mainly dened for costs, such as the costs of new technologies, new lines, reliability, electricity market and so on. The constraints can also be categorised into two sections: mandatory and optional constraints. Mandatory constraints such as load and reliability satisfaction and the limits of transmission lines must be considered in the planning; but the optional constraints such as environmental constraint can be excluded. The optional constraints are used in order to obtain more exibility. As mentioned before, some aspects of planning are mandatory and some others are optional. In this paper, the aspects of planning are reviewed based on the subject and novelty, not based on the mandatory and optional issues. Thus, the paper does not separate the aspects of planning based on mandatory and optional issues and all subjects associated with TEPGEP are presented in separate sections. In this regard, it is worth mentioning that some researches have been carried out without considering reliability and security in the planning. However, considering reliability leads to a exible and reliable planning and is a mandatory issue from the view of many researchers. From another view, in regulated power systems, the objective of GEP and/or TEP is to minimise the cost, but in the deregulated power systems the objective is to maximise the prot for each participant (generation company (GENCO) or transmission company (TRANSCO)). Therefore the GEP and TEP problems in the regulated power systems are modelled as (1), while they are modelled as (2) in deregulated power systems. Min Cost subject to Mandatory constraints and / or Optional constraints (1) Max Profit subject to Mandatory constraints and / or Optional constraints (2) TEP solving methods

TEP and GEP formulation overview

The most popular mathematical and new meta-heuristic optimisation methods that have been used by researchers to solve TEP problem are as follows: 3.1.1 Mathematical optimisation methods: These include linear programming [57], non-linear programming [8, 9], mixed integer programming [10], benders decomposition [1114], branch-bound method [1517], game theory [18, 19], heuristic algorithm based on sensitivity index [20, 21], hierarchical decomposition [22] and dynamic programming [23]. Meta-heuristic optimisation methods: These include ant colony [24], articial immune system [25], articial neural networks [26], bee algorithm [27], Chaos [28], differential evolution [29, 30], expert system [31], frog leaping algorithm [32], fuzzy [33], genetic algorithms (GA) [34 38], decimal-coded GA [39, 40], real-coded GA [41], hybrid GA with fuzzy [42], non-dominated sorting GA [43, 44], greedy randomised search [45], harmony search [46], particle swarm optimisation (PSO) [47, 48], search-based algorithm (grid search algorithm) [49], simulated annealing [50] and tabu search [51, 52]. 3.2 GEP solving methods

The application of mathematical and meta-heuristic methods has been widely investigated in GEP as follows: 3.2.1 Mathematical optimisation methods: These are analytic hierarchy approach [53, 54], network ow programming [55], decision tree [56, 57], dynamic programming [58, 59], game theory [19], iterative algorithm [60], mixed integer programming [6163], linear programming [64] and benders decomposition [65]. 3.2.2 Meta-heuristic optimisation methods: These include evolutionary programming [66], evolutionary strategy [66], ant colony optimisation [66], tabu search [66], simulated annealing [67], shufed frog leaping algorithm [68], GA and game theory [69], GA and bender decomposition [65], GA [69, 70], honey bee algorithm [71], articial immune system [72], inverse optimisation and bi-level optimisation [73], PSO [74, 75] and expert system and fuzzy [76, 77]. 3.3 Advantages and disadvantages of methods

Solving methods

The planning objectives are mainly in conict with each other and this is an important challenge in GEP and TEP. In traditional planning, the objective is to minimise mainly the investment cost; but, in advanced planning, different objectives are carried out. The proposed objectives are even in conict with each other and they cannot be satised at
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The advantages and disadvantages of mathematical and meta-heuristic methods given in different papers are now reviewed as follows: 3.3.1 Advantages of mathematical methods: 1. The optimal solution is usually accurate and the solving time is low. 2. A suitable convergence is obtained.
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3.3.2 Disadvantages of mathematical methods: 1. Managing power system equations into an optimisation programming model is difcult. 2. To insert a new constraint, the model should be rearranged and new equations should be included. 3. The static studies can only be carried out and dynamical studies such as stability analysis cannot be performed. 3.3.3 Advantages of heuristic methods: 1. These methods are easy to use and very straightforward. 2. In these methods, it is not required to convert power system model to an optimisation programming set. The power system analysis (such as power ow or stability analysis) can be carried out in a power system analyser package (such as DigSILENT power factory) and then the output responses are fed into optimisation method. 3. Implementing these methods is easy and dynamical studies can be carried out. 3.3.4 Disadvantages of heuristic methods: 1. The optimal solution is associated with approximations and simulation time is usually high. 2. It is possible to fall into local minima instead of global minima. 3. The possibility of the divergence is more than the mathematical methods. 4.2 Reliability in GEP In GEP, reliability has been investigated with different forms such as a constraint [6569, 83] or a part of objective function [70]. An index is generally considered for constraint, such as LOLP [68, 71, 72, 74], EENS [68, 72] and LOLE [69, 75, 84, 85]. In some researches [56, 70] the reliability is considered as a part of objective function in order to maximise the reliability index or minimising the outage cost.

Deregulated electricity market

Along with the development of the deregulation of electric power system, GEP and TEP have been changed and their methodologies are recongured. In the regulated systems, the planning aims are at minimising cost, but in the deregulated power systems, each participant tries to maximise its own benet. TEP and GEP in the deregulated markets have been investigated from different views, as discussed in the next subsections. 5.1 TEP in deregulated electricity market

Reliability

The reasonability of a typical power system planning is evaluated in two macro and micro stages. In macro stage the planning from the view of the strategic policy is studied, and it includes adequacy, security and reliability analyses. However, in micro stage the planning from the view of engineering feasibility is examined, and it consists of technical analysis such as fault and stability analyses. In conventional power systems planning the reliability and adequacy analyses are carried out before stability and fault analyses [15]. Thus, reliability evaluation should be incorporated in any long-term planning such as GEP and TEP; otherwise, there is no guarantee of having a trustworthy supply for demands. An expanded plan should satisfy reliability criterion and ensures the reliability requirements. In GEP and TEP problems, reliability has been investigated with different forms. The reliability of the system can include a constraint or a part of objective function. The most commonly reliability indexes such as loss of load expectation (LOLE), energy expected not supplied (EENS), loss of load probability (LOLP) and loss of load cost (LOLC) are used to assess the system reliability. 4.1 Reliability in TEP

In deregulated environment, transmission lines have attracted more attention from the view of stockholders, participants, independent system operator (ISO) and customers [86, 87]. Traditional TEP is no longer viable in a restructured power system. An optimal TEP scheme in this new environment requires new methods and tools. In regulated electricity markets, the objective is to minimise the investment costs of new transmission lines, subject to operational constraints such as demand satisfaction. However, in deregulated electricity markets, the main objective of TEP is to provide a non-discriminatory and competitive environment for all stakeholders by considering power system reliability. TEP problem in traditional systems has a vertical order; but in deregulated electricity market, the order is not vertical and feedback signals are introduced [87]. In deregulated environments, TEP problem has been investigated with different viewpoints such as considering nodal prices [78], load curtailment cost [5], transmission congestion cost [11, 43, 44, 86], social welfare [17, 88] and minimising market risk [89]. Also, the TEP problem has been reported in an imperfect deregulated market in which only the generator sector is deregulated [49]. In [90] TEP is presented in European market, with the allocation of the nancial transmission right to investors. TEP problem in a pool market which aims to select the most effective subset of lines has been reported in [91], and TEP problem considering the demand response in deregulated market is reported in [92]. 5.2 GEP in deregulated electricity market

TEP has been investigated with the consideration of different reliability indexes such as the LOLE [78], hierarchical reliability assessment [79], LOLC [24], EENS [30] and the reliability improvement index [80]. Also, the security can be included in TEP problem. The security analysis is to ensure the performance requirements under one contingency. N 1 contingency [13, 15, 81] and deliberate outages [82] are often used as constraints in TEP problem.
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As mentioned before, the main purpose of GEP in deregulated market is to maximise the revenue of generation companies (GENCOs), while the purpose of GEP in regulated system is to minimise the cost. In deregulated power systems, each GENCO tries to maximise their own revenue while satisfying the independent system operator (ISO) criteria such as reliability, reserve margin and load satisfaction [93]. Electricity market in GEP problem has been widely investigated. In electricity market, the GEP scheme is mainly presented in pool market, where GEP is divided into two programming levels: master and slave. In the master level, a game theory is proposed to evaluate the contrast of

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GENCOs by ISO and in the slave level, the best solution of each GENCO for decision making of investment is obtained [59, 69, 75, 85]. A model for maximising the expected revenues of a generation company has been presented in [84]. This model aims at maximising the expected revenues of GENCOs while ensuring the safe operation of the power system. In [19, 84], a Cournot model is used to simulate the expansion strategies of generation and transmission enterprises, and the equilibrium is obtained by using the mixed complementarily approach. Another important tool for modelling uncertainty in TEP problem is to use the fuzzy method and fuzzy decision systems. In this regard, the application of fuzzy method in TEP problem has been investigated in [1, 33, 42, 105]. 6.2 Uncertainty in GEP

Uncertainty

The uncertainties always exist and cannot be excluded from power system. Thus, power system uncertainties should be incorporated in any power system planning such as TEP and GEP. Considering uncertainties leads to a robust planning that can satisfy different conditions. Different types of uncertainties have been investigated in GEP and TEP. 6.1 Uncertainty in TEP

GEP problem has been widely investigated, with the consideration of uncertainty in regulated and deregulated market. In [84] some common uncertainties have been considered in GEP, such as price volatility, reliability of generation units, demand evolution, investment and operation costs. The other types of uncertainty such as fuel prices, investment and maintenance costs and electricity price have been considered in GEP by [85]. Dual uncertainty in objective function and constraint has also been presented in GEP [60]. In GEP problem, the commonly used method to deal with uncertainties is MCS method [84]. As mentioned in the previous section, fuzzy method can also be used to deal with the system uncertainties. In this regard, the application of fuzzy method in GEP problem has been investigated in [60, 76].

TEP problem is commonly associated with different uncertainties such as price, power system modelling, input data, load and so on. Also, the uncertainty in deregulated market is more than the regulated electricity markets, because in regulated markets, the planner can obtain all information of the system; but in the deregulated environment, some information about generation, transmission and distribution companies are condential and cannot be obtained by the planner. Some generic uncertainties are as follows: 1. Load and price forecast uncertainty [12, 30, 36, 9498] 2. Availability of power system components [12] 3. Uncertainties due to simplication in modelling and simulation [30] 4. Market uncertainties [36, 9497], energy and its risk [94], fuel availability and cost [96] 5. New technologies of generation such as wind farms and photovoltaic units [99102] 6. Government and political policies [9497] and environmental aspects and their cost [103]. The researchers have shown that considering uncertainty leads to a better and robust TEP. In this regard, a comparison between deterministic and stochastic models in TEP has been reported in [104]. This paper shows that the TEP plans which consider uncertainty perform better than plans with deterministic models. With regard to the proposed uncertainties, TEP is often faced with the risk. Thus, new methods should be incorporated to deal with uncertainties. The most commonly used methods to deal with uncertainties are: 1. Mathematicalstatistical model [30, 99] 2. Monte-Carlo simulation (MCS) [12, 36, 94, 95, 98]. Mathematical method uses probabilistic models for considering uncertainty. But, MCS is a numerical method based on the iterations. Mathematical method takes less computation time, but MCS is easy to be implemented. Both methods have been widely used to deal with uncertainties in TEP problem [98, 99].
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Environmental impacts

Nowadays, environmental emissions such as carbon, oxide nitrogen and natural gases are limited based on the regulation of environmental protection agency (EPA). The planners are encouraged to install renewable energies instead of conventional energies such as oil. In this regard, the effect of renewable energies and emission on the GEP and TEP has been thoroughly investigated. 7.1 TEP and environmental impacts

Midwest independent transmission system operator (MISO) has reported a transmission expansion plan [103] in which an environmental impact analysis in TEP planning has been considered and the environmental impacts are analysed based on the EPA regulations. 7.2 GEP and environmental impacts and emissions The generation technologies produce environmental emissions and the amount of emission depends on the type of technology. The modern technologies such as nuclear and wind do not produce emission while the old technologies such as gas-turbine and coal-turbine units produce a large amount of air pollutions such as CO2, SO2 and NOx. These air pollutions should be considered in GEP planning in order to reduce their amounts. In all countries, there are some regulations to limit the air pollutions and generally, the EPA has some policies to limit the emissions. The emissions have been considered in GEP problem from different aspects. Some researchers have considered the pollutions as a constraint in their programming [65] and some others have dened a cost for emission and have included it in objective function [60, 62, 64, 106108]. In [109], the impact of some of incentive systems (namely feed-in tariffs, quota obligation, emission trade and carbon tax) on generation planning has been considered and a GEP model with a modied objective function and additional constraints has been presented. Also, in order to reduce the
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emission, the renewable energies such as wind have been broadly considered in GEP [102, 106, 110]. 6. Reliability indexes can be consideration of reactive power. 10.3 AC model disadvantages calculated with the

TEP with consideration of DG

The classical centralised generation model is faced with several problems such as high cost, long transmission system, environmental effects, risk and reliability and power losses. In order to solve this drawback, DG systems, which are usually installed near the load centre, are increasingly being used. This property of DG leads to have less power transmission, less losses, less cost and more reliability. However, the penetration of DG will cause signicant changes in the power system, and also it deeply inuences the TEP. For example, DG affects on local demands and changes local marginal prices (LMPs) in electricity market, or changes power losses in transmission lines. Therefore, it is required to consider the effect of DG on TEP problem [111]. The application of DG in practical TEP problems has been investigated in Australia [112] and in UK [113].

1. AC model leads to a large and complex non-linear programming problem. 2. An efcient optimisation technique is required to solve the AC model. 3. AC model handles disconnected systems, a common situation in the initial phase of transmission planning, when generators and loads have not yet been electrically connected to the network.

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TEP associated with line congestion

TEP from the view of time horizon

From the view of time horizon, TEP problem is classied as static and dynamic planning. In static planning, time horizon is not considered and the optimal plan is determined for a single year. In other words, it is assumed that all new lines should be installed in the rst year of the planning horizon. But, in dynamic planning, the years of horizon are separately studied and new lines for each year are denoted. In fact, it is assumed that each new line should be installed in its relative year of planning horizon. It seems that the dynamic planning leads to a better and cheaper planning, but it is very complex and time-consuming [1].

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TEP from the view of modelling

There are two general modelling for TEP problem, which are AC model [58, 1520, 22, 23, 3540, 42, 4548, 78, 8689, 91, 92, 9497, 99, 104] and DC model [9, 1114, 21, 24, 26, 2834, 41, 43, 44, 4951, 79, 81, 90, 98, 114, 115]. AC model is a complete and practical one, but it is complex. DC model is simple, but it contains simplications. The advantages and disadvantages of these models can be concluded as follows: 10.1 DC model disadvantages

In the deregulated electricity market, transmission congestion is an important issue that needs to be incorporated in power system operation and network expansion planning. TEP associated with transmission congestion is handled with different objectives that should be considered; such as the operation cost due to congestion [11], the available transfer capability [13], transmission surplus capacity [28] and transmission line loading [48]. Congestion management has also been investigated in a practical case study [90]. In this paper, a trilateral market coupling arrangement among the Netherlands, Belgium and France is investigated. The proposed trilateral market can also be coupled to the other Europes national power markets. In the proposed merchant framework, the system operator allocates nancial transmission rights to investors in transmission expansion based upon their preferences and revenue adequacy. The ISO preserves some proxy nancial transmission rights to manage potential negative externalities that may result from expansion projects. This paper shows that the proposed scheme could help European market in coupling arrangements to attract additional investment. A method for enhancing transmission system capability and having the congestion alleviated using TEP has been reported in [115]. Generally, congestion studies are associated with TEP problem and researchers are interested in this topic [8688, 98, 111].

12 TEP associated with reactive power planning

In practical power systems, the reactive loads are supplied by generators. In this case, the reactive power is transferred through transmission lines and transferring such an amount of reactive power may reduce the available transfer capability and this leads to build more new transmission lines. By allocating locally reactive sources close to the loads, it is possible to supply reactive demands and the capacity of transmission lines is thereby increased and also the power losses are reduced. Therefore TEP problem should be associated with reactive power planning and otherwise, the TEP leads to build more new lines [41, 78].

1. In DC modelling, the reactive power cannot be incorporated. 2. The resulted plan from DC model should be reinforced when the AC operation is considered. 3. It is difcult to consider power losses in DC model. 10.2 AC model advantages

1. Considering reactive power in planning. 2. Reactive power planning can be associated with TEP to achieve less new lines. 3. Power losses can be completely included. 4. The other components such as FACTS devices can be included. 5. The other types of studies such as voltage stability can be carried out.
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TEP with FACTS devices

In TEP problem, network expansion is typically made by adding new transmission lines. Installing new lines

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increases the transmission system capacity. However, FACTS devices can also increase the transmission system capacity [116] and can be used instead of installing new lines. This issue has been investigated in [117, 118]. of implementation and operation of the used DSM option, including lost revenues as an operational cost. The results in [63] show that considering DSM leads to a better planning with lower cost.

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GEP with DSM

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Coordinated TEP and GEP

DSM is a management system in electricity markets that helps the system operator to improve the performance of a system. The DSM programs are usually performed by low level cost, but they have a positive effect on the system performance. DSM programs mainly reduce the operational cost in power systems and considering these programs in GEP problem may lead to a exible programming with optimal results. In [63], the DSM has been considered in GEP. In this paper, the peak clipping is given as a demand-side option in the planning process. The model takes into account the full cost
Table 1 Outline study of researches in TEP problem
Ref. no. Solving method Mathematical [5] [6] [8] [9] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] [24] [26] [27] [28] [29] [30] [32] [33] [34] [35] [36] [37] [38] [39] [40] [41] [42] [43] [44] [46] [47] [48] [49] [50] [78] [79] [90] [91] [92] [97] [98] [104] [111] [114] [115] Heuristic Electricity market Uncertainty

In real-power systems, the generation and transmission sectors are not apart from each other. In this regard, transmission expansion planning can be performed associated with GEP. This coordinated TEP and GEP has recently attracted more attention. Many investigations have been carried out to perform coordinated TEP and GEP [12, 14, 18, 49, 79, 81]. The coordinated GEP and TEP have been investigated under both regulated [79] and deregulated [12, 14] electricity markets. In electricity market, coordinated TEPGEP is carried out under ISO supervision. At rst, GENCOs and TRANSCOs

Reliability/ Security

Transmission congestion

Reactive power planning -

DG

Modelling AC DC

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Table 2 Outline study of researches in GEP problem
Ref. No Solving method Mathematical [53] [56] [57] [58] [59] [60] [61] [62] [63] [64] [65] [66] [67] [68] [69] [70] [71] [72] [73] [74] [75] [76] [84] [85] Heuristic Electricity market Uncertainty Reliability/Security Emission Demand-side management

provide capacity investment decisions to the ISO for approval. GENCOs and TRANSCOs investment decisions are based on individual prot maximisation while considering their respective constraints. The ISO aggregates resource planning proposals and checks the security of transmission network. If the transmission network security is not met, the ISO provides GENCOs and TRANSCOs with capacity signals that represent the added value of generating units or transmission capacity for security. If the transmission network security is met, the ISO calculates LMPs and ow-gate marginal prices based on the proposed investment plan. Accordingly, the projected price signals are provided by the ISO to GENCOs and TRANSCOs for capacity investment planning. The revised optimal transmission and generation capacity planning decisions are submitted iteratively by GENCOs and TRANSCOs to the ISO and the iterative process will continue until a solution is reached for satisfying the stopping criterion. If a cycling pattern emerges during the solution process, the ISO may stop the coordination process and make a nal decision based on pre-specied market rules [14].

published papers were evaluated and investigated. The proposed cited papers showed that GEP and TEP problems should be carried out to satisfy demand and reliability in the future. Besides, in order to achieve a better and exible planning, the problems should be associated with different factors such as uncertainty, market concepts, congestion management, reactive power planning, distributed generation and reliability. However, there is not a unique methodology for GEP and TEP planning and it differs from one system to another. The study of GEP and TEP problems in this paper opens the door for further works in this eld. In general, the GEP and TEP models developed so far have one or more of the following drawbacks: 1. DG has not been properly studied. Application of DG in TEP problem is a new issue and has not been widely considered by researchers. The results of researches show that the application of DG in planning leads to an optimal planning and reducing cost. This issue has been studied in recent years and it can be analysed from different views and aspects in new research works. 2. Reactive power planning has not been thoroughly studied. Reactive power planning is an important issue for considering in TEP and GEP problem. This issue has rarely been investigated by researchers and can be concluded in new research works. Combination of reactive power planning with GEP may lead to a more optimal planning and has not been investigated so far. 3. Uncertainties associated with new generation technologies such as wind farms and photovoltaic have not been properly investigated. In this regard, it is necessary to consider the uncertainties of wind and photovoltaic as probability distribution functions in planning and inserting the uncertainty by using numerical tools such as MCS. 4. Hydro power stations and related effects have not been properly included. Considering the uncertainty and details of hydro power stations such as water limitations leads to a non-linear planning. This issue can be considered as a new research work in this eld.

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Comparison of researches

Tables 1 and 2 show the outline reviews of the cited papers in TEP and GEP problems. The papers are evaluated from different aspects and a complete comparison is carried out. In TEP problem, the researchers have focused on the market type, uncertainty, reliability and congestion. It seems that the most favourite aspect of TEP problem is to study TEP in a deregulated electricity market considering reliability. Also, it is seen that in GEP problem, the reliability and emission have been considered in planning.

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Conclusions

In this paper, GEP and TEP problems were reviewed by considering different aspects and views. The recently
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5. Coordinated TEP and GEP have attracted limited attentions. This issue has been investigated in recent years and many aspects of this problem have not been investigated so far. In this regard, many issues such as coordinated TEPGEP associated with reactive power planning, considering different reliability criteria in coordinated TEPGEP and so on, can be viewed as new works. 6. Considering FACTS devices in TEP has not been properly investigated. Therefore, considering the series-type FACTS devices such as TCSC, SSSC, UPFC and IPFC in TEP problem can be investigated and studied. 7. GEP problem is mainly investigated based on single nodal model which is an unreal model. Since in this model the transmission network is not considered, it is assumed that all generation units and loads are installed on a single bus. Therefore, GEP with the consideration of transmission network is closer to practice. In this regard, a security constrained GEP problem can be investigated. 8. Considering demand-side programs such as DSM and interruptible loads can greatly affect the result of planning. This issue has not been adequately investigated in TEP and GEP. 9. With increasing micro-grids in power systems, it is necessary to study GEP and TEP with the consideration of micro-grids in the future.
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