ZERO WASTE IS POSSIBLE IN OUR PLACES

1. Background Management of waste becomes one important issue in government, academician, and society. Ministry of Environment, Indonesia, in 2008 conducted survey distributing questionnaire to 465 city and municipalities in 33 provinces in order to see statistical description of waste management in the areas. From the survey, it can be learned that the waste management in these cities and municipalities has not considered 3R (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle) concept. The current management still applies landfill and open dumpling dumping which solely concentrate on the treatment in the disposal facility. This has resulted unsustainable management since the facility has limit of its capacity. Intervention in the source of waste through 3R needs to be applied to supplement the current management scheme. According to Indonesia Statistic Centre Institution (BPS), the average volume of waste in Indonesia is around 38,5 million tonnes per year. This amount of waste is comprised of 58% household waste, 14% plastic, 9% paper, and 1% others. With this volume of waste, Indonesia is facing challenges particularly on how to manage solid waste in an efficient ways. In the context of waste collection services for instance, the capacity of the services cannot cover the total volume of waste generated by community. In the settlement area, only 16,7 million tons waste can be collected per year. This condition also appears in the public spaces such as market and other public facilities. The total volume of waste collected by the services only reaches 27,8 million tons annually. Some amount of waste still cannot be covered by the current management scheme. Connecting sentences to bridge the topic from waste problems in Indonesia to problems in Depok is needed. Depok, a city in West Java, is located adjacent to Jakarta. The city decided 3 primary issue being the focus of Depok City Government plan. One of them is Depok Clean City which is a realization of primary programme of Depok to be clean city in Indonesia. However, the city has a problem in managing its solid waste that can be seen from the volume of piled waste in the city. According to Depok City RPMJD of 2011-2016, waste service coverage in Depok was only 38% in 2010. Meanwhile the city has a problem in managing its solid waste that can be seen from the volume of piled waste in the city. According to Depok Statistic Center, in 2012 the total volume of household waste reached 1.739.565 m3 and only 54,04 % of them was managed by the city. It was estimated that there was up to 4.601,6 m3 volume of piled waste per day in the city. Reflecting to this circumstance, Depok needs to improve its capacity to manage as well as to reduce the volume of solid waste in addition to deal with this issue. This research will focus on recycling efforts in urban area as part of 3R concept aiming to reduce the source of solid waste. From the 3R (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle) concept, recycling is chosen with regards tobecause the value of economic of waste. Economic value of waste in Depok City at year 2008 is estimated IDR

Comment [D1]: If possible, mungkin juga dicantumkan waste generated per capita, agar gambarannya lebih seimbang Comment [D2]: Mungkin maksudnya organic waste? Karena plastic dan paper bisa saja masuk kategori household waste

Comment [D3]: Then, what happened to these waste?

Comment [D4]: What is RPMJD?

Comment [D5]: Mungkin maksudnya amount of solid waste or amount of disposed waste? Karena reducing source of solid waste tidak bisa melalui recycling, namun waste prevention/reduction

187.951.800,- per day according to research conducted by Dewi (2008). In Nonthaburi, Thailand, there is a potential of revenue generation for 11,300 baht ($380) per ton of mixed recycled wastes. In total, approximately 373 million baht ($12.5 million) can be obtained annually from the existing recycling program. Based on data above, this research is intended to assess the prospect of recycling of solid waste to promote zero waste in Depok City in attempt to manage the issue of waste in the city.

Comment [D6]: So? Apa maksudnya Depok berarti harus mencontoh Nonthaburi? Apabila ya, maka harus dicantumkan dalam kalimat. Elaborate more Comment [D7]: Why all of a sudden? Sebelumnya konsep zero waste belum pernah dibahas. Elaborate more

2. Objectives and Research Questions The main objective of the research is to provide an enhanced understanding of recycling scheme in attempt to manage solid waste in urban areas. With this objective, the research question leads to this research is: how to develop doable recycling method to be implemented by local governments? In order to answer this main research question several sub-research questions are drawn as follow : a. What are the compositions of solid waste produced by City of Depok? b. To what extend extent do the management of commercials, hospitals and residents in the city of Depok manage their solid waste? c. To what extend extent do the policies and programmes of solid waste management support to recycling practices in the city of Depok? d. To what extend extent do privates support and involve within the solid waste management? e. To what extend extent do the market contribute to the recycling product of solid waste? f. To what extend extent do the recycling of solid waste contribute to the generation of local economic?

Comment [D8]: Sepengetahuan saya, research objective dan research question hanya perlu digunakan either one, not both. Comment [D9]: Terjadi tumpang tindih antara intention/objective/research question: - to assess the prospect of recycling of solid waste to promote zero waste in Depok City in attempt to manage the issue of waste in the city - to provide an enhanced understanding of recycling scheme in attempt to manage solid waste in urban areas - how to develop doable recycling method to be implemented by local governments? Yang mana yang menjadi tujuan utama (primary objective/aim) dalam research ini? Karena ketiganya memiliki kecenderungan yang berbeda.

3. Recycling: Why we need to do recycling? Zero Waste Concept Zero Waste means that from the beginning until the end of a production process, waste production can be avoided or minimalized (Santoso, 2009). One kind of Zero Waste concept is by implementing 3R (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle) process. Zero Waste cogitation is individual or area scale of city waste management integrated system and technology approximation and implementation. The goal is to reduce waste volume at lowest. 3R concept is the basic for all of method used to reduce waste and optimalized waste production process (Suryanto, et al, 2005).

Comment [D10]: Sepertinya kata cogitation kurang tepat

Comment [D11]: Mengoptimalisasi proses produksi sampah?

Recycling Recycling is the process of collecting and processing materials that would otherwise be thrown away as trash and turning them into new products. Recycling can benefit your the community and the environment (EPA, 2013). Recycling materials consist into three steps; collection and processing, manufacturing and purchasing new products made from recycled materials (EPA, 2013). Recycling is one of the best ways for us to have a positive impact on the world in which we live. Recycling is important to both the natural environment and us Here is are the benefits of recycling: Reduces the amount of waste sent to landfills and incinerators; Conserves natural resources such as timber, water, and minerals; Prevents pollution by reducing the need to collect new raw materials; Saves energy; Reduces greenhouse gas emissions that contribute to global climate change; Helps sustain the environment for future generations; Helps create new well-paying jobs in the recycling and manufacturing industries in the United States. Recycling will not only bring benefit to reducing volume of waste but also increasing community livelihood. Community can obtain economy and social benefit from the activities of recycling which are collecting, sorting and recycling itself. Recycling is mainly about to manage the wastes and change them into more useful things.

Comment [D12]: Positive impact in what way? Avoid big jargon, as if we will save the world by recycling Comment [D13]: Avoid first person

Need new heading, such as Best Practice in South-East Asia. Recycling in Thailand/Cambodia will be the sub-heading
Recycling in Thailand Gheewala (2013) said that recycling rate in Thailand has been progressively increasing with the support from both private companies and local authorities. This is caused by the incentives which encourage local government and private industry to implement recycling. As a result of the policies, the recycling rate of the country has risen intoreached 22% in 2006. Nonthaburi Municipality is one of the local authorities which succeeded in implementing recycling. The Nonthaburi Municipality has made significant efforts to enhance recycling and to reduce volume of waste. The recycled waste in this area has risen from 22% in the year of 2006 to almost 25% in 2010. At present, Nonthaburi generates around 370 tons waste per day. From these waste, people around Nonthaburi sorted and segregated the waste to be recycled. Approximately 90 tons of
Comment [D14]: Maksudnya best pratice dan menajdi comparison bagi Depok? Apabila ya, mention briefly in Intoduction part Formatted: Font: Not Italic Comment [D15]: Incentive from whom? Elaborate more. Comment [D16]: If you want to use risen into, dari berapa %?

Comment [D17]: Exactly the same rate as the national rate? cf.D16 Comment [D18]: Per capita if possible

recyclable wastes are being collected by 38 small private companies. These 38 companies are well-distributed within the municipal area so that communities can sell recyclable wastes easily. The collected recyclable wastes are comprised of five major categories which are paper (22.9%), plastics (3.3%), glass (7.3%), aluminium (26.6%) and steel (39.9%). They will be then processed with the initial procedure such as cleaning, reducing of size, compacting and baling) in a pre-processing facility. From the facility, the wastes will be delivered to various recycling facilities in different provinces using heavy duty trucks. The success of recycling in Nonthaburi Municipality results from the support from all stakeholders including local authorities, private companies and communities. Nonthaburi has been making a great effort to implement recycling through applying community approaches, public awareness and public participation. Nonthaburi has developed a policy to encourage public to promote segregation from the source of waste in each household and also larger areas of communities. Recycling also can generate economic benefit as it can provide revenue to municipalities. From the experience of Nonthaburi, there is a potential of revenue generation for 11,300 baht ($380) per ton of mixed recycled wastes. In total, approximately 373 million baht ($12.5 million) can be obtained annually from the existing recycling program in Nonthaburi. This profit is distributed among the involved stakeholders including the small companies which are responsible to collect the recyclable waste, people who do the segregation of waste in the municipal facilities and also the recycling companies. This revenue indicates that recycling activities therefore can be such profitable business in Thailand. Furthermore, recycling can contribute to raise community livelihood in Nonthaburi. Currently, the commerce of separated waste (on the basis of 90 tons per day) is estimated to generate an indirect annual income for 573 million baht ($19.2 million) for community. In addition, the activities of recycling are expected to create jobs. 675 skilled employment opportunities thus can contribute to decrease the number of unemployed people in Nonthaburi. Recycling in Cambodia The amount of waste generated in Cambodia is approximately 6,818,000 tons/year of waste, based on a figure of 0.487 kg per capita per day. The percentage of the organic waste ranges between 60 to 80 % while plastic waste is about 15 %. Waste collection and transportation is contracted toconducted by the private companies, under the supervision of local authorities and technical line agencies, leading to a focus on profits rather environmental and public health concerns. Waste collected and transported to dump sites in urban areas were approximately 317,550 tons in 2004, increasing to 518,053 tons in 2008 and 630,679 tons in 2011.

Comment [D19]: Private/government/informal? Elaborate more.

Comment [D20]: Commercial?

Comment [D21]: Jadi ini bukan Best Practice? Bila bukan, untuk apa dimasukkan informasi mengenai Cambodia? Apa yang Depok bisa pelajari dari kasus Cambodia? If nothing, then this part is irrelevant.

Comment [D22]: cf.D21

Service of waste collection is very limited. It serves only at urban areas, markets, commercial and governmental administrative centers. As for rural areas, no waste collection service is provided thus waste management practices of local and suburban people are different ways such as burning (66 %), burying near or behind houses (11%), disposal into rice field, public road and free land (9%), disposal into water body (5%) and others (9%). In Phnom Penh the collected recyclables are estimated to reach 39.7 tons/day, or 4.3% of the total waste generated in the city. Recycling activities in Cambodia have been regulated by sub-decree on Solid Waste Management since April 1999. Waste recycling has been done only by private recyclers and some NGOs but on limited scale (data up to February 2013). Recyclable waste material flow in Cambodia is following: waste pickers collect recovered materials to small depots. From these small depots, an amount of recyclable waste is transported to large depot, then distribute them to some recycling industry in Vietnam, Thailand, including Cambodian. As for electronic waste (E-waste), the output from the E-waste recycling system will be sold/ exported to metal recyclers outside Cambodia. E-waste export market is expected to follow the same trend as that of global market for precious metals. Therefore, price risks related to E-waste fractions are associated with price variations in global metal markets and commodity exchanges e.g. London Metal Exchange, London Bullion Market etc. The analysis of the price graphs indicates that metal market peaks and bottoms out in a ten year period. Up to 2009, e-waste purchase price has ranged from US$ 1/kg to US$ 4/kg during the last ten year period (Sethy, 2013).

Comment [D23]: cf.D21

4. Solid waste management in Depok City

Picture 1. Waste Management Flow in Depok City

Solid waste in Depok city currently managed by Landscaping Services Agency (Dinas Kebersihan dan Pertamanan) or DKP. In 2012, DKP transported 1,140 m3 solid waste per day and managed 450 m3 solid waste per day. Therefore, total solid waste waste that can be managed by DKP is 1,590 m3 per day. For waste management, Depok City Government budgeting is from their Anggaran Perencanaan Belanja Daerah (APBD) or Depok City Expenses Planning Budget. Budget for waste transportation service in Depok for 2012 is Rp 13 billion (suaradepok.com, 2012). DKPs employee pick up solid waste from some source by carts/wagons or trucks. The following is location of waste appearance and transportation tools in Depok up to August 2013. DKP pick it up directly from garbage dump in each household/housing area, market or hospital everyday. After that, they transport waste to Unit Pengelolaan Sampah or UPS (Waste Management Unit) nearby each area. Such as UPS Cipayung that located in Cipayung subdistrict. In UPS, they segregate waste into organic or nonorganic. They process the organic waste into compost and pile up the nonorganic one. Residual waste from composting and the nonorganic waste then transported to Final Disposal Area. The collection of waste until the transportation to UPS and Final Disposal Area is doing by DKP officers in Cleaning Service Division as showed in this following table.

Formatted: Font: Italic Comment [D24]: What is the difference between transporting and managing? Bukankah transporting is part of managing waste? Comment [D25]: Gunakan format di atas saat menjelaskan Dinas Pertamanan; i.e. sebut terjemahannya dulu, baru dalam kurung Bahasa Indonesiau/ menjaga konsistensi format Comment [D26]: Approximately how many US$? Comment [D27]: Some source? Mungkin maksudnya the source? Comment [D28]: Kalau menggunakan following (e.g. berikut ini) lebih baik menggunakan pointers/bullet points untuk menyajikan informasi Comment [D29]: Maksudnya waste flow? Comment [D30]: So, not recycled at all? Important info, need to be elaborated

Comment [D31]: Mungkin tabel memang belum jadi ya

Waste services in Depok City was only around 29% (1200 m3 from 4.200 m3) from all of waste generated. From 29% waste that was transported, only 9% (375m3) of them was able to be recycled. Landscaping Services Agency (DKP) collect the data by dividing waste into three groups; domestic (house hold), market and other. The following is the data in 2012:

Comment [D32]: Meaning? Maksudnya waste coverage? Comment [D33]: Jadi ada yang di-recycle? Apa maksudnya ini composting? Karena D30 mengatakan: They segregate wasteand pile up the non-organic one Mungkin lebih baik dibedakan antara composting (recycling organic materials) dengan recycling (recycling non-organic materials). Pengkategorian ini sudah lumrah digunakan dalam literature mengenai waste management Comment [D34]: Kalau sebelumnya penyebutan Dinas ini sudah disingkat DKP, ya DKP saja. Tidak perlu selalu diulang Landscaping Service Agency

Picture 2. The Volume of Waste Based on Its Source

Based on the data, it clearly that most of the waste is household or domestic. The other source are waste from hospitals, malls, etc. The Landscaping Services Agency (DKP) recycling programme focuses more on composting of organic waste. Based on data in 2012, the average of volume of house hould waste is 76262 m3/day. But, only 27,8% organic waste that is recycled. Its means, still a lot of waste that has not been in recyclingrecycled, especially nonorganic waste. Beside, according to estimation from Tempo.co (2012), Final Disposal Area Cipayung (TPA) of Depok will not be enough to accomodate waste after 2013. Head of Technical Officer of TPA Cipayung said that there are 1.200 m3 or 400 tonnes waste per day that being delivered to TPA Cipayung. Meanwhile, total number of waste in Depok City is 4.500 m3 per day. It means there are 3.300 m3 waste still left in Temporary Disposal Areas (TPS) in Depok. On the other hand, area of TPA Cipayung is unexpandable because resident around it disagreed of governments idea to expand the area. Need sub-headings such as: Household waste, Commercial waste Briefly explains about waste from mall, it is categorized as market or other? Connecting sentences is needed. Different with household, Margocity mall hires a company to collect their waste. The following is the scheme:
Comment [D38]: Why Bantargebang? Not Cipayung? If you dont know why, elaborate more the fact that Bantargebang is not even within Depok municipality, its in Bekasi

Comment [D35]: Menjawaw pertanyaan D33. Maka memang harus dibedakan penyebutan dari awal, antara recycling and composting Comment [D36]: Tolong ditentukan penulisan ribuan dan pecahan mau menggunakan koma atau titik (di Indonesia seharusnya titik untuk ribuan dan koma untuk pecahan). Inkonsistensi: -76762 m3/day -27,8% organic -1.200 m3 -1,590 m3 Comment [D37]: Sebelumnya sudah disingkat

all of margocity waste

Margocity Mall's Waste Disposal Area (TPS)

CP Arie Karya collected everyday

CV. AK
Bantargebang

Based on the scheme above, we know that there is no waste segregating segregation and recycling programme. The housekeeping division be is responsible to manage and make sure that Margocity mall is clean and their waste carried by CV AK. They pay the delivery expense based on contract. Need sub-heading. Why include University in the first place? What is the category (market, other?). Give some background condition of university in Depok and how you will analyse the university wasteespecially in terms of data collection. Fine if you only focusing on University of Indonesia (UI), but why? What is the significance of UI? (e.g. the biggest university in Indonesia) As for University, the following is the waste scheme therein:
Comment [D39]: What university? All university in Depok? Only UI? Make it clear, dont generalize

All of the waste is transported once a day by 3 containers to Cipayung Final Disposal. The waste is often segregated by Cleaning Services in UI before being thrown away to the waste container/truck. The organic waste is made into compost and the nonorganic is disposed to Final Disposal Area in Cipayung. Based on the scheme above, there is no recycling of nonorganic waste in University. Need sub-heading. Why Tugu Ibu Hospital? What is the significance? Same concern with the university part. Type of solid waste in Tugu Ibu Hospital not distinguished by organic and non-organic waste, but divided into medical waste and non medical waste. Type of medical waste consists of sharp object waste, such as syringe, needle, etc,

Comment [D40]: Inconsistent format. Previously disebut TPA(?) Comment [D41]: So not always? How often? Comment [D42]: What is UI? Always assume your reader is someone who dont know Indonesia at all

pharmaceutical waste and infectious waste, while non medical waste consists of plastic bottle/can, paper and food package waste. Total volume of medical waste on 2012 around 50 kg/day and volume of non medical waste around 1.333,3 kg/day. Average amount of medical waste on 2011 are 1.202,40 kg/month or 33,16 kg each day. On 2012, average of medical waste are increase into 1503 kg/month or 50,1 kg/day (January-May period). Non-medical waste is 30 times more than medical waste. Its average of volume of waste on 2011 was 34.333,3 m3/month or 1.271,6 m3/day. Waste management in Tugu Ibu Hospital only limited to segregation of medical waste and non medical waste. Recycling and reuse activity not implemented yet by this hospital, but they already have the plan to recycling recycle their waste in the future. Segregation of medical waste and non medical waste are distinguished by the colour of plastic container. Medical waste discarded into yellow container and non medical waste into black container. Sharp object waste discarded into special jerry can as disposal container without label on it. All of Waste that has been segregated from hospital area was transferred into disposal temporary area by cleaning service employee twice a day. Disposal temporary area for each type of waste was made separately by hospital, which is located in the backyard of the hospital. Once accommodated temporarily in disposal temporary facility, the waste managed by third parties because of Tugu Ibu Hospital did not have the incinerator to burn its medical waste. Medical waste managed by PT. Wastec International, a hazardous and medical waste management company that have been certified by BLH (Environmental Services Agency) of Depok City. Non medical waste managed by DKP (Landscaping Services Agency) of Depok City twice a week into Cipayung final disposal area. As for Tugu Ibu Hospital, the following is waste management scheme for its waste:

Medical Waste Tugu Ibu Hospital Non-Medical Waste

PT. Wastec International Landscaping Services Agenyc (DKP)

5. Potential market of recycling in Depok Need introduction sentences. Recycling in Depok already done by some Waste Bank in Depok. There are approximately 200 Waste Bank in Depok but only a few of them actively recycling solid waste. Waste Banks have recycling programme in their own area. They recycling plastic, paper, glass, and some other non-organic solid waste. This activity produce some recycalable product such as plastic bag, plastic mat, paper pencil case, paper or plastic tissue box, neklace, keyholder, etc. Range of price for recycled product is from Rp 5.000,00 Rp. 250.000,00. Most of the product is plastic bag and pencil case. The craftsmen are people who have been a member of Waste Bank or other people who sell their product through Waste Bank connection. They sell recycled product to visitor of Waste Bank, visitor of member own house, or through events held by Environmental Services Agency. According to Pok Lili Waste Bank, income from selling recycled product is Rp 500.000,00 Rp 1.000.000,00 per month. For every sold-out item, the craftsmen get 80% of the profit and Waste Bank gets 20%. From this 20%, 10% is for buying supporting material for produce recycled product. Another 10% is Waste Banks cash. Waste Bank concept is as temporary disposal site for non-organic waste around the household. Therefore, all of solid waste material is collected therein. There is a medium company which collecting solid waste from Waste Bank every two or three weeks. They collect plastic and paper and chopped them in their company. After that, they sell chopped material to another bigger company. Waste Bank produce their recycled product from residual material after company collection.
Beside, junkshop collecting the waste for economic purpose. Waste collected by scavengers is purchased at a certain price after being weighed. The scavengers collect the
Comment [D43]: What is waste bank? Conducted by whom? Government/community? Elaborate more. Never give information without introduction

Comment [D44]: Pencil case is a product, not waste type. What is the material? (e.g. plastic, aluminium) Comment [D45]: Better create a diagram, to show the waste flow

Comment [D46]: Should be in the opening sentence, cf.D43

Comment [D47]: Another diagram

Comment [D48]: Elaborate more

waste everyday, but weighing is done once a week. Based on information by a scavenger, Mr. T, he collects solid wastes 3-4 times a day around Juanda, Depok. He segregates the waste by types and put them into different places every two days. Most of the materials he gets from collecting waste is plastic glass. He can collect approximately 30 kg every week and sells them to Mr. L. Later, he would sell the wastes to the companies at higher price.
*Potential profit of a junkshop
Comment [D49]: Wheres even the asterisk?

6. Government support to recycling According to information from Pok Lili Waste Bank and Landscaping Services Agency of Depok City, there is no specific law, programme or plan from government to support recycling in Depok City. But Depok certainly have a programme related to waste management, such as Waste Management Unit (UPS). This programme is based on Laws Number 18/2008 about Integrated Waste Management in cities. As a part of government that related to waste management, Landscaping Services Agency of Depok City has no programme regarding solid waste recycle so far. They just create compost from organic waste from Waste Bank site and other temporary waste site. Regarding to recycle programme, DKP have their Landscaping Services Agency Priority Programmes Planning Indication of Depok City Year 2011-2016 and there is a programme called Gerakan Depok Memilah (Depok Segregation Movement) with budgetary fund Rp. 434.691.000 from Depok City budget in 2011 activity. This programme explained through following table.
Table 3 Depok Segregation Movement in DKP Priority Programme Planning 2011-2016 No Programme /Priority Activity 2012-2016 c. Gerakan Depok 3R Sequential Area 11 area 55 area 66 area
Comment [D52]: What condition? What area?

Comment [D50]: What is it about? Elaborate more

Comment [D51]: Instead of just presenting the raw data in Table 3 and 4, brief explanation about this initiative is needed

Programme Indicator

Beginning Condition

Programme Performance

Ending Performance Target

Memilah (Depok Segregation Movement)

amount

Source: Landscaping Services Agency, 2012

Tabel 4 Activity Resume of Gerakan Depok Memilah Programme Year 2011 Evaluation Component Physical Performance 1. 2. Gerakan Depok Memilah activity was attended by 270 participants. This activity was implemented in 9 location with 30 participants attending in each location. 3. Every participant got Portable Trash Bin, Takakura Bin, and Segregated Information

Trash Bin. 4. Solid waste that carry away to UPS was already segregated into organic and nonorganic waste. 5. Further supervision was practiced to make sure the trained participant implemented programme activity according to the rules. Benefit 1. 2. Some Depok City citizen segregate their solid waste with 3R principle. Abridging and accelerating solid waste management process in UPS because the waste transported to it has been segregated. Impact The amount of waste appearance at this activity areas is reduced. Source: Fitrahanefi, 2013.

On Depok Segregation Programme Report, DKP of Depok City said that citizen enthusiasm is quite high because of appearance of some new communities in programme training area. Unfortunately, DKP have no record about these communities. Other than Landscaping Services Agency, Environmental Services Agency that directly not responsible for waste management handling in Depok support recycle programmes by holding some govermental or non-governmental events. They often invite Waste Bank and other recycled product producers to introduce Waste Bank to public and show their product at events. They also support by bringing some Waste Bank products and selling them to public. But such activity is not regularly done yet because Environmental Services Agency has no definite time to take the product.