Jessa Rodene B.

Francisco IV Aristotle

Schizophrenia
What is schizophrenia?
Schizophrenia is a severe, chronic brain disorder which affects an individuals ability to perceive reality, which in turn distorts how she acts, thinks, relates to others, and expresses emotion.

Who gets schizophrenia?

Schizophrenia tends to run in the family, but genetics isnt the only cause. Symptoms can be triggered by outside factors such as living in a stressful environment, using hallucinogenic drugs, or by certain pre-natal viruses. About one percent of Americans are schizophrenic.

What are the symptoms?

There are three different types of schizophrenic symptoms; positive symptoms, negative symptoms and catatonia and inappropriate effect. Positive symptoms These are when experiences are amplified, or when a persons behavior is excessive to the point that the general population would consider it unusual. Examples include: Auditory hallucinations - hearing voices talking, laughing or other things that are making noise. It can also mean noises in the persons environment are painful to hear or too much for them to bear. Feeling sensations that dont exist - like burning, tingling and stinging. Feeling disconnected from their body, machine like or like they are not real. Seeing things that arent there, or finding light too bright or blinding. Experiencing delusions - having thoughts most people would disagree with. E.g. a person may believe they are someone that they actually arent, often a famous person. Disorganized speech not being able to organize thoughts and communicating them in a way which other people cant understand. (Alogia)

Negative symptoms These are when thoughts and behaviors which are normally present in the general population arent there. Examples include: Lack of expression when a persons face, voice tone and gestures seem flat, or looking disinterested in surroundings. Lack of motivation having trouble doing simple things, not being able to get interested in everything, feeling sleepy. (Avolition) Lack of pleasure not enjoying things they used to, including relationships and activities. (Anhedonia) Inattention being easily distracted. This makes school, work and other activities difficult and frustrating to be a part of. (Asociatily)

Catatonia and inappropriate effect These symptoms dont fit the categories of positive or negative symptoms. Examples include: Catatonia grimacing, making strange facial expressions, repeating certain gesture, or making manic gestures.

Catatonia inability holding yourself in strange positions for a long time. Inappropriate effect - responding to news in a way that doesnt match what they heard, and isnt appropriate. For example, laughing when they hear sad news.

What are the causes?

Your genes - If there is no history of schizophrenia in your family your chances of developing it are less than 1%. However, that risk rises to 10% if one of your parents was/is a sufferer, if two then it becomes 46%. Your environment - Things like being exposed to stress or trauma, if you didnt receive sufficient nutrition as a child, had problems with brain development, or if your mother had the flu when she was pregnant with you, you have a higher risk of developing schizophrenia. Biochemical factors - Some research has indicated that chemical imbalances in a persons brain can contribute to developing schizophrenia. Drug use - Some research suggests that drug misuse is related to the development of schizophrenia. Its likely that substance misuse can bring on or worsen the symptoms and get in the way of the treatment of a person with schizophrenia.

Medications
The medical management of schizophrenia generally involves drugs for psychosis, depressionand anxiety. This is because schizophrenia is a combination of thought disorder, mood disorder and anxiety disorder. The most common antipsychotic drugs are Risperidone (Risperdal), Olanzapine (Zyprexa), Quetiapine (Seroquel), Ziprasidone (Geodon), and Clozapine (Clozaril): Risperidone (Risperdal) - introduced in America in 1994. This drug is less sedating than other atypical antipsychotics. There is a higher probability, compared to other atypical antipsychotics, of extrapyramidal symptoms (affecting the extrapyramidal motor system, a neural network located in the brain that is involved in the coordination of movement). Although weight gain and diabetes are possible risks, they are less likely to happen, compared with Clozapine or Olanzapine. Olanzapine (Zyprexa) - approved in the USA in 1996. A typical dose is 10 to 20 mg per day. Risk of extrapyramidal symptoms is low, compared to Risperidone. This drug may also improve negative symptoms. However, the risks of serious weight gain and the development of diabetes are significant. Quetiapine (Seroquel) - came onto the market in America in 1997. Typical dose is between 400 to 800 mg per day. If the patient is resistant to treatment the dose may be higher. The risk of extrapyramidal symptoms is low, compared to Risperidone. There is a risk of weight gain and diabetes, however the risk is lower than Clozapine or Olanzapine. Ziprasidone (Geodon) - became available in the USA in 2001. Typical doses range from 80 to 160 mg per day. This drug can be given orally or by intramuscular administration. The risk of extrapyramidal symptoms is low. The risk of weight gain and diabetes is lower than other atypical antipsychotics. However, it might contribute to cardiac arrhythmia, and must not be taken together with other drugs that also have this side effect Clozapine (Clozaril) - has been available in the USA since 1990. A typical dose ranges from 300 to 700 mg per day. It is very effective for patients who have been resistant to treatment. It is known to lower suicidal behaviors. Patients must have their blood regularly monitored as it can affect the white blood cell count. The risk of weight gain and diabetes is significant.