Homework 1 Solution Set

1.1
1.1.1a) 1 = 1 + i0, so tan() = 0, and so 1 = e
i0
1.1.1b) i = 0 i, so tan() = , so i = e
i/2
.
1.1.1c) |1 + i| =

2, tan() = 1, so 1 + i =

2e
i/4
.
1.1.1d) |1/2 + i

3/2| = 1, tan() =

3, so 1/2 + i

3/2 = e
i/6
.
1.1.1e) The only dierence from d is tan() =

3, so 1/2
i

3/2 = e
i/6
.
1.1.3a) We have the solutions 4
1/3
, 4
1/3
e
i2/3
, and 4
1/3
e
i4/3
.
Note, 6/3 = 2, so we know to stop here.
1.1.3b) Writing the problem as z
4
= e
i
, we get the solutions
e
i/4
, e
i/4+i/2
, e
i/4+i
, and e
i/4+i3/2
.
1.1.3c) Since c > 0, we in eect get three dierent right hand
sides upon taking roots: c
1/3
, c
1/3
e
i2/3
, c
1/3
e
i4/3
, thus giving
us the solutions (b + c
1/3
)/a, (b + c
1/3
e
i2/3
)/a, and (b +
c
1/3
e
i4/3
)/a.
1.1.3d) Using a standard trick, we rst have that
z
2
= 1 i = 2
1/2
e
3i/4
, 2
1/2
e
5i/4
so that we get the four roots
z = 2
1/4
e
3i/8
, 2
1/4
e
3i/8
, 2
1/4
e
5i/8
, 2
1/4
e
5i/8
1.1.4a) Let z = x
1
+ iy
1
and w = x
2
+ iy
2
. Then
z + w = (x
1
+ x
2
) i(y
1
+ y
2
) = z + w.
1.1.4b) We have that
|zw|
2
= |z|
2
+|w|
2
(z w+ zw) = (|z|+|w|)
2
(2|z||w|+z w+ zw).
The quantity 2|z||w| + z w + zw is given by
2|z||w| +z w+ zw = |z||w|(2+e
i
+e
i
) = 2|z||w|(1+cos()) > 0,
where = arg(z w). Thus we have
|z w|
2
< (|z| +|w|)
2
,
and so by taking roots the result is proved.
1
1.1.4d) Let z = x + iy with x and y real valued. We have the
inequality
x
2
x
2
+ y
2
.
Taking roots gives the inequality.
1.2
1.2.1b) We can rewrite the inequality such that

z
(1 i)
2

< 2,
and thus we see that we have an open circle of radius 2 centered
at the point (1 + i)/2. The region is bounded, but not closed,
and therefore not compact.
1.2.1d) If we square both sides we get
z
2
r
+ z
2
i
(z
r
+ 1)
2
+ z
2
i
,
which then becomes
z
r

1
2
.
Thus we have a closed, unbounded, and thus non compact, region.
1.2.4a ) Use
sin z =
1
2i
_
e
iz
e
iz
_
,
so that
sin z =
1
2i
_

n=0
i
n
n!
(z
n
(z)
n
)
_
.
Every even index term in the series vanishes, so let n = 2k + 1,
and reindex the sum starting at k = 0. Then we have
sin z =
1
i
_

k=0
i
2k+1
(2k + 1)!
z
2k+1
_
.
We point out that i
3
= i, and thus we nally have
sin z =

k=0
(1)
k
(2k + 1)!
z
2k+1
.
1.2.4b) Using the same approach, we have
cosh z =
1
2
_
e
z
+ e
z
_
=
1
2

n=0
1
n!
(z
n
+ (z)
n
) .
Odd terms vanish, so let n = 2k, and reindex the sum from k = 0
so that we get
cosh z =

k=0
z
2k
(2k)!
.
1.2.4 cont) So in the two parts, you used the dierence and sum
of two absolutely convergent series, which in either case yields
an absolutely convergent series. You can also test this using the
ratio test. Then, in the case of sin
2
z, the easiest thing to do is
note that
sin
2
z =
1
4
_
e
2iz
+ e
2iz
2
_
.
Again, you are adding to absolutely convergent series, so you will
get an absolutely convergent series as from before. On the other
hand, for sech z, things are trickier. We need to worry about
singularities, and so we need to worry about cosh z = 0, which
corresponds to the case
e
2z
= 1 = e
i+2ni
,
where n is any integer. This shows sech z is undened at the
points
i

2
in.
Thus a series representation of sech z around z = 0 has a radius
of convergence equal to /2.
1.2.8) Letting y > 0, we see that we can write w as
w = x + iy +
x iy
x
2
+ y
2
= x +
x
x
2
+ y
2
+ i
_
y
y
x
2
+ y
2
_
.
Thus we have that
v = y
_
1
1
|z|
2
_
,
so that if y > 0 and |z| > 1, then v > 0.
1.2.10) If x = 0, then we have that X = 0, so that we have the
great circle Y
2
+ (Z 1)
2
= 1. Likewise, in the case y = 0, we
get the circle X
2
+ (Z 1)
2
= 1.
1.3
1.3.2) So we are supposing that
f(z) =

j=k+1
f
(j)
(a)(z a)
j
, g(z) =

j=k+1
g
(j)
(a)(z a)
j
.
Thus we can write, since f
(k+1)
(a), g
(k+1)
(a) = 0,
f(z)
g(z)
=
f
(k+1)
(a)(z a)
k+1
(1 +O(z a))
g
(k+1)
(a)(z a)
k+1
(1 +O(z a))
=
f
(k+1)
(a)
g
(k+1)
(a)
_
1 +O(z a)
1 +O(z a)
_
.
Thus we see that
lim
za
f(z)
g(z)
=
f
(k+1)
(a)
g
(k+1)
(a)
.
1.3.4a) Using the formula,
sin(z) =
1
2i
_
e
iz
e
iz
_
,
following the text, if e
z
is dierentiable everywhere, then we see
that sin(z) must be as well.
1.3.4b) So, the only singularities of the function are when cos(z) =
0, or z = (n + 1/2).
1.3.4c) Again, we only need to worry about singularities. These
occur when z
2
+ 1 = 0, or z = i.
1.3.4e) This is worth working out the long way. We form the
dierence quotient
2(z + z) 2z
z
= 2
z
z
= 2e
2i
,
where we have used z = |z| e
i
. We therefore see that the
limit as z 0 is not well dened, and thus 2 z is dierentiable
nowhere in the complex plane.
1.3.6) From the denition of continuity, we have that
lim
zz
0
f(z) = f(z
0
),
which becomes, for all > 0 there exists a > 0 such that if
|z z
0
| < then
|f(z) f(z
0
)| < .
By contradiction then, suppose there were no neighborhood of z
0
in which f(z) = 0. By choosing < |f(z
0
)|, we see there is no
for which
|f(z) f(z
0
)| < ,
since we can always nd at least one value of z in |z z
0
| <
such that f(z) = 0. This however contradicts the assumption of
continuity, and thus there must be a neighborhood of z
0
on which
f(z) = 0.
2.1.2a) So, given u(x, y) = 3x
2
y y
3
, from the Cauchy-Riemann
equations, we have
v
y
= 6xy, v
x
= 3x
2
+ 3y
2
.
Integrating, we have that
v(x, y) = 3xy
2
+ g(x), v(x, y) = x
3
+ 3xy
2
+ h(y),
so setting these expressions equal, we then get the identity
g(x) + x
3
= h(y),
which can only be satised by letting both sides of the equality
be equal to a constant, say c. Thus we have
v(x, y) = x
3
+ 3xy
2
+ c.
Therefore, the analytic function f is given by
f = ic+(ix)
3
+3(ix)
2
(y)+3(ix)(y)
2
+(y)
3
= ic+(ixy)
3
= iciz
3
.
2.1.2b) Using the same logic as before, we have that
v(x, y) = c + 2cy y
2
+ x
2
.
Therefore, we have that
f = i c+2xc2xy+2ciyiy
2
+ix
2
= i c+2cz+i(x+iy)
2
= i c+2cz+iz
2
.
2.1.5) Suppose that f(z) = u(x, y) +iv(x, y). Then we have that

f(z) = u iv. Taking f(z) to be analytic then gives us the

Cauchy-Riemann equations
u
x
= v
y
, u
y
= v
x
.
Thus, if

f is also analytic, then we get the identities
u
x
= v
y
, u
y
= v
x
.
Adding the two expressions involving u
x
gives u
x
= 0. Likewise
we have that u
y
= 0, and thus u(x, y) = c, where c is some xed,
real value. This clearly then gives that v(x, y) = c. Likewise,
if f assumes only purely imaginary values, then u = 0, so that
v
x
= v
y
= 0, and thus v(x, y) = c.
2.1.6) Doing the usual thing gets you
=
k
2
x
x
2
+ y
2
+ i
k
2
y
x
2
+ y
2
,
which gives us the velocity potential
(x, y) =
k
2
x
x
2
+ y
2
,
and stream function
(x, y) =
k
2
y
x
2
+ y
2
.
We have that the velocity is given by

V = =
k
2
_
x
2
y
2
(x
2
+ y
2
)
2
,
2xy
(x
2
+ y
2
)
2
_
.
If we look at stream lines, then we need to plot the curves (x, y) =
c or
k
2
y
x
2
+ y
2
= c.
Let the constant c = k/(2c). Then after a bit of algebra, we
have that
x
2
+ y
2
cy = 0,
so upon completing the square, we have
x
2
+
_
y
c
2
_
2
=
c
2
4
Note, c can be any real value, which is to say negative or positive.
So the streamlines are a series of circles extending both above and
below the x-axis.
Graduate Student Problems
1.2.11) This is a pretty, but challenging problem. First, let your
line be given by y = mx+b. We intuitively know that we should
get some kind of circle on the sphere, which is easiest to represent,
as the text points out, as the intersection of the sphere with a
plane. So, what we really want to show is that the (X, Y, Z)
triple lives on some plane. To that eect, we then look at the
expression

1
X+
2
Y +Z =
4
|z|
2
+ 4
_

1
x +
2
(mx + b) +
1
2
(x
2
+ (mx + b)
2
)
_
.
Thus, in order to get a constant, and thus the equation for a
plane, we get the equations

1
+ m
2
= 0, 2b
2
= 4.
Solving, we thus see that the line in the complex plane is given
by the intersection between the sphere and the plane

2m
b
X +
2
b
Y + Z = 2.
1.3.12) Using the chain rule, we have that
d
dx
=
dt
dx
d
dt
,
so that from x = e
t
, we get that
dt
dx
= e
t
=
1
x
,
so nally we have
x
d
dx
=
d
dt
.
Continuing on, we see that
d
2
dx
2
=
d
2
t
dx
2
d
dt
+
_
dt
dx
_
2
d
2
dt
2
= e
2t
d
dt
+ e
2t
d
2
dt
2
,
and thus we have shown
x
2
d
2
dx
2
=
d
2
dt
2

d
dt
.
Clearly then, the original ODE becomes
d
2
w
dt
2
+ w = 0,
which then implies that w(t), treated as real, can be written as
w(t) = Acos(t) + B sin(t),
where A and B are arbitrary real constants. Taking t = ln |x|,
we then get
w(x) = Acos(ln |x|) + B sin(ln |x|).
2.1.7) Taking (u, v) = (u(x, y), v(x, y)) + i(u(x, y), v(x, y)),
using the chain rule we get

xx
= u
xx

u
+ v
xx

v
+ u
2
x

uu
+ 2u
x
v
x

uv
+ v
2
x

vv
.
Leaving things in this form, we have simply by symmetry that

yy
= u
yy

u
+ v
yy

v
+ u
2
y

uu
+ 2u
y
v
y

uv
+ v
2
y

vv
.
Given that u(x, y) and v(x, y) are harmonic, we immediately have
that

xx
+
yy
= (u
2
x
+ u
2
y
)
uu
+ (v
2
x
+ v
2
y
)
vv
+ 2(u
x
v
x
+ u
y
v
y
)
uv
.
Using the Cauchy-Riemann Equations, we have v
x
= u
y
and
v
y
= u
x
. This then gives

xx
+
yy
= (u
2
x
+ u
2
y
)(
uu
+
vv
) = |f

(z)|
2
(
uu
+
vv
).