PROBLEMS ON TRAINS

1. km/hr to m/s conversion: a km/hr = ax 5 18 m/s.

1 km = 1000 meters. 1 hr = 3600 seconds. 1 km/hr = 1000/3600 m/s = 10/36 m/s = 5/18 m/s. Therefore 1 km/hr = 5/18 m/sec. 2. m/s to km/hr conversion: a m/s = ax 18 5 km/hr.

Feet to Meter conversion: 1 feet = 0.3048 meter Meter to Feet conversion: 1 meter = 3.28083 feet 1 mile=1.61 km 3. Time taken by a train of length l metres to pass a pole or standing man or a signal post is equal to the time taken by the train to cover l metres. 4. Time taken by a train of length l metres to pass a stationery object of length bmetres is the time taken by the train to cover (l + b) metres. 5. Suppose two trains or two objects bodies are moving in the same direction at um/s and v m/s, where u > v, then their relative speed is = (u - v) m/s. 6. Suppose two trains or two objects bodies are moving in opposite directions at um/s and v m/s, then their relative speed is = (u + v) m/s. 7. If two trains of length a metres and b metres are moving in opposite directions atu m/s and v m/s, then: The time taken by the trains to cross each other = (a + b) (u + v) sec.

8. If two trains of length a metres and b metres are moving in the same direction atu m/s and v m/s, then:

The time taken by the faster train to cross the slower train =

(a + b) ( u - v)

sec.

9. If two trains (or bodies) start at the same time from points A and B towards each other and after crossing they take a and b sec in reaching B and A respectively, then: (A's speed) : (B's speed) = (b : a)

moving in same directon: SUBTRACT moving in opposite directon: ADD

PROBLEMS ON TIME & DISTANCE

1. Speed, Time and Distance: Speed = Distance Time , Time = Distance Speed , Distance = (Speed x Time).

2. km/hr to m/sec conversion: x km/hr = xx 5 18 m/sec.

3. m/sec to km/hr conversion: x m/sec = xx 18 5 km/hr.

4. If the ratio of the speeds of A and B is a : b, then the ratio of the the times taken by then to cover the same distance is 1 a : 1 b or b : a.

5. Suppose a man covers a certain distance at x km/hr and an equal distance at ykm/hr. Then,

the average speed during the whole journey is

2xy x+y

km/hr.

Time and Work

1. Work from Days: If A can do a piece of work in n days, then A's 1 day's work = 2. Days from Work: If A's 1 day's work = 3. Ratio: If A is thrice as good a workman as B, then: Ratio of work done by A and B = 3 : 1. Ratio of times taken by A and B to finish a work = 1 : 3. 1 n , then A can finish the work in n days. 1 n .

Profit and Loss

IMPORTANT FACTS Cost Price: The price, at which an article is purchased, is called its cost price, abbreviated as C.P. Selling Price: The price, at which an article is sold, is called its selling prices, abbreviated as S.P. Profit or Gain: If S.P. is greater than C.P., the seller is said to have a profit or gain. Loss: If S.P. is less than C.P., the seller is said to have incurred a loss.

IMPORTANT FORMULAE 1. 2. 3. 4. Gain = (S.P.) - (C.P.) Loss = (C.P.) - (S.P.) Loss or gain is always reckoned on C.P. Gain Percentage: (Gain %) Gain % = Gain x 100 C.P.

5. Loss Percentage: (Loss %) Loss % = Loss x 100 C.P.

6. Selling Price: (S.P.) SP = (100 + Gain %) 100 x C.P

7. Selling Price: (S.P.) SP = (100 - Loss %) 100 x C.P.

8. Cost Price: (C.P.) C.P. = 100 (100 + Gain %) x S.P.

9. Cost Price: (C.P.) C.P. = 100 (100 - Loss %) x S.P.

10. If an article is sold at a gain of say 35%, then S.P. = 135% of C.P. 11. If an article is sold at a loss of say, 35% then S.P. = 65% of C.P. 12. When a person sells two similar items, one at a gain of say x%, and the other at a loss of x%, then the seller always incurs a loss given by: Loss % = Common Loss and Gain % 2 10 = x 10
2

13. If a trader professes to sell his goods at cost price, but uses false weights, then Gain % = Error x 100 %.

Problems on Ages
1. Odd Days: We are supposed to find the day of the week on a given date. For this, we use the concept of 'odd days'. In a given period, the number of days more than the complete weeks are called odd days. 2. Leap Year: (i). Every year divisible by 4 is a leap year, if it is not a century. (ii). Every 4th century is a leap year and no other century is a leap year. Note: A leap year has 366 days. Examples: i. Each of the years 1948, 2004, 1676 etc. is a leap year. ii. Each of the years 400, 800, 1200, 1600, 2000 etc. is a leap year. iii. None of the years 2001, 2002, 2003, 2005, 1800, 2100 is a leap year. 3. Ordinary Year: The year which is not a leap year is called an ordinary years. An ordinary year has 365 days. 4. Counting of Odd Days: 1. 1 ordinary year = 365 days = (52 weeks + 1 day.) 1 ordinary year has 1 odd day. 2. 1 leap year = 366 days = (52 weeks + 2 days) 1 leap year has 2 odd days. 3. 100 years = 76 ordinary years + 24 leap years = (76 x 1 + 24 x 2) odd days = 124 odd days. = (17 weeks + days) 5 odd days.

Number of odd days in 100 years = 5. Number of odd days in 200 years = (5 x 2) Number of odd days in 300 years = (5 x 3) 3 odd days. 1 odd day. 0 odd day.

Number of odd days in 400 years = (5 x 4 + 1)

Similarly, each one of 800 years, 1200 years, 1600 years, 2000 years etc. has 0 odd days. Day of the Week Related to Odd Days:

No. of days: 0 Day:

Sun. Mon. Tues. Wed. Thurs. Fri. Sat.

Average
1. Average: Average = Sum of observations Number of observations

2. Average Speed: Suppose a man covers a certain distance at x kmph and an equal distance at ykmph. Then, the average speed druing the whole journey is 2xy x+y kmph.

Permutation and Combination

1. Factorial Notation: Let n be a positive integer. Then, factorial n, denoted n! is defined as: n! = n(n - 1)(n - 2) ... 3.2.1. Examples:

i. We define 0! = 1. ii. 4! = (4 x 3 x 2 x 1) = 24. iii. 5! = (5 x 4 x 3 x 2 x 1) = 120. 2. Permutations: The different arrangements of a given number of things by taking some or all at a time, are called permutations. Examples: All permutations (or arrangements) made with the letters a, b, c by taking two at a time are (ab, ba, ac, ca, bc, cb). ii. All permutations made with the letters a, b, c taking all at a time are: ( abc, acb, bac, bca, cab, cba) 3. Number of Permutations: Number of all permutations of n things, taken r at a time, is given by:
n

i.

Pr = n(n - 1)(n - 2) ... (n - r + 1) =

n! (n - r)!

Examples:
6 i. P2 = (6 x 5) = 30. 7 ii. P3 = (7 x 6 x 5) = 210. iii. Cor. number of all permutations of n things, taken all at a time = n!. 4. An Important Result:

If there are n subjects of which p1 are alike of one kind; p2 are alike of another kind; p3 are alike of third kind and so on and pr are alike of rth kind, such that (p1 + p2 + ... pr) = n. Then, number of permutations of these n objects is = 5. Combinations: Each of the different groups or selections which can be formed by taking some or all of a number of objects is called a combination. Examples: 1. Suppose we want to select two out of three boys A, B, C. Then, possible selections are AB, BC and CA. Note: AB and BA represent the same selection. n! (p1!).(p2)!.....(pr!)

2. All the combinations formed by a, b, c taking ab, bc, ca. 3. The only combination that can be formed of three letters a, b, c taken all at a time is abc. 4. Various groups of 2 out of four persons A, B, C, D are: AB, AC, AD, BC, BD, CD. 5. Note that ab ba are two different permutations but they represent the same combination. Number of Combinations: The number of all combinations of n things, taken r at a time is:
n

Cr =

n! (r!)(n - r!)

n(n - 1)(n - 2) ... to r factors r!

Note: . i.
n n

Cn = 1 and nC0 = 1. Cr = nC(n - r)

Examples: i. ii.
11

C4 =

(11 x 10 x 9 x 8) (4 x 3 x 2 x 1)
16

= 330. 16 x 15 x 14 3! = 16 x 15 x 14 3x2x1 = 560.

16

C13 =

C(16 - 13) =

16

C3 =

Problems on H.C.F and L.C.M

1. Factors and Multiples: If number a divided another number b exactly, we say that a is a factor of b. In this case, b is called a multiple of a. 2. Highest Common Factor (H.C.F.) or Greatest Common Measure (G.C.M.) or Greatest Common Divisor (G.C.D.): The H.C.F. of two or more than two numbers is the greatest number that divided each of them exactly. There are two methods of finding the H.C.F. of a given set of numbers:

I.

II.

Factorization Method: Express the each one of the given numbers as the product of prime factors. The product of least powers of common prime factors gives H.C.F. Division Method: Suppose we have to find the H.C.F. of two given numbers, divide the larger by the smaller one. Now, divide the divisor by the remainder. Repeat the process of dividing the preceding number by the remainder last obtained till zero is obtained as remainder. The last divisor is required H.C.F. Finding the H.C.F. of more than two numbers: Suppose we have to find the H.C.F. of three numbers, then, H.C.F. of [(H.C.F. of any two) and (the third number)] gives the H.C.F. of three given number. Similarly, the H.C.F. of more than three numbers may be obtained.

3. Least Common Multiple (L.C.M.): The least number which is exactly divisible by each one of the given numbers is called their L.C.M. There are two methods of finding the L.C.M. of a given set of numbers: Factorization Method: Resolve each one of the given numbers into a product of prime factors. Then, L.C.M. is the product of highest powers of all the factors. II. Division Method (short-cut): Arrange the given numbers in a rwo in any order. Divide by a number which divided exactly at least two of the given numbers and carry forward the numbers which are not divisible. Repeat the above process till no two of the numbers are divisible by the same number except 1. The product of the divisors and the undivided numbers is the required L.C.M. of the given numbers. 4. Product of two numbers = Product of their H.C.F. and L.C.M. 5. Co-primes: Two numbers are said to be co-primes if their H.C.F. is 1. 6. H.C.F. and L.C.M. of Fractions: 1. H.C.F. = 2. L.C.M. = H.C.F. of Numerators L.C.M. of Denominators L.C.M. of Numerators H.C.F. of Denominators I.

8. H.C.F. and L.C.M. of Decimal Fractions: In a given numbers, make the same number of decimal places by annexing zeros in some numbers, if necessary. Considering these numbers without decimal point, find H.C.F. or L.C.M. as the case may be. Now, in the result, mark off as many decimal places as are there in each of the given numbers.

9. Comparison of Fractions: Find the L.C.M. of the denominators of the given fractions. Convert each of the fractions into an equivalent fraction with L.C.M as the denominator, by multiplying both the numerator and denominator by the same number. The resultant fraction with the greatest numerator is the greatest.

Square Root and Cube Root

1. Square Root: If x2 = y, we say that the square root of y is x and we write y = x. Thus, 4 = 2, 9 = 3, 196 = 14. 2. Cube Root: The cube root of a given number x is the number whose cube is x. We, denote the cube root of x by x. Thus, 8 = 2 x 2 x 2 = 2, 343 = 7 x 7 x 7 = 7 etc. Note: 1. xy = x x y 2. x y = x y = x y x y y = xy . y

Chain Rule
1. Direct Proportion: Two quantities are said to be directly proportional, if on the increase (or decrease) of the one, the other increases (or decreases) to the same extent. Eg. Cost is directly proportional to the number of articles. (More Articles, More Cost) 2. Indirect Proportion: Two quantities are said to be indirectly proportional, if on the increase of the one, the orther decreases to the same extent and vice-versa.

Eg. The time taken by a car is covering a certain distance is inversely proportional to the speed of the car. (More speed, Less is the time taken to cover a distance.) Note: In solving problems by chain rule, we compare every item with the term to be found out.

Alligation or Mixture
1. Alligation: It is the rule that enables us to find the ratio in which two or more ingredients at the given price must be mixed to produce a mixture of desired price. 2. Mean Price: The cost of a unit quantity of the mixture is called the mean price. 3. Rule of Alligation: If two ingredients are mixed, then Quantity of cheaper Quantity of dearer We present as under: C.P. of a unit quantity of cheaperC.P. of a unit quantity of dearer (c) ( d - m) Mean Price ( m) (d ) (m - c) = C.P. of dearer - Mean Price Mean price - C.P. of cheaper

(Cheaper quantity) : (Dearer quantity) = (d - m) : (m - c). 4. Suppose a container contains x of liquid from which y units are taken out and replaced by water. y n x 1- x

After n operations, the quantity of pure liquid =

units.

Stocks and Shares

1. Stock Capital: The total amount of money needed to run the company is called the stock capital.

2. Shares or Stock: The whole capital is divided into small units, called shares or stock. For each investment, the company issues a 'share-certificate', showing the value of each share and the number of shares held by a person. The person who subscribes in shares or stock is called a share holder or stock holder. 3. Dividend: The annual profit distributed among share holders is called dividend. Dividend is paid annually as per share or as a percentage. 4. Face Value: The value of a share or stock printed on the share-certificate is called its Face Value or Nominal Value or Par Value. 5. Market Value: The stock of different companies are sold and bought in the open market through brokers at stock-exchanges. A share or stock is said to be: i. ii. iii. At premium or Above par, if its market value is more than its face value. At par, if its market value is the same as its face value. At discount or Below par, if its market value is less than its face value.

Thus, if a Rs. 100 stock is quoted at premium of 16, then market value of the stock = Rs.(100 + 16) = Rs. 116. Likewise, if a Rs. 100 stock is quoted at a discount of 7, then market value of the stock = Rs. (100 -7) = 93. 6. Brokerage: The broker's charge is called brokerage. (i) When stock is purchased, brokerage is added to the cost price. (ii) When stock is sold, brokerage is subtracted from the selling price. Remember:

i. ii. iii. iv.

The face value of a share always remains the same. The market value of a share changes from time to time. Dividend is always paid on the face value of a share. Number of shares held by a person = Total Investment Investment in 1 share = Total Income Income from 1 share = Total Face Value . Face of 1 share

7. Thus, i. ii. iii. iv. v.

by a Rs. 100, 9% stock at 120, we mean that: Face Value of stock = Rs. 100. Market Value (M.V) of stock = Rs. 120. Annual dividend on 1 share = 9% of face value = 9% of Rs. 100 = Rs. 9. An investment of Rs. 120 gives an annual income of Rs. 9. Rate of interest p.a = Annual income from an investment of Rs. 100 = 1 x 100 % = 7 %. 120 2 9

Banker's Discount
IMPORTANT CONCEPTS Banker's Discount: Suppose a merchant A buys goods worth, say Rs. 10,000 from another merchant B at a credit of say 5 months. Then, B prepares a bill, called the bill of exchange. A signs this bill and allows B to withdraw the amount from his bank account after exactly 5 months. The date exactly after 5 months is called nominally due date. Three days (known as grace days) are added to it get a date, known as legally due date. Suppose B wants to have the money before the legally due date. Then he can have the money from the banker or a broker, who deducts S.I. on the face vale (i.e., Rs. 10,000 in this case) for the period from the date on which the bill was discounted (i.e., paid by the banker) and the legally due date. This amount is know as Banker's Discount (B.D.). Thus, B.D. is the S.I. on the face value for the period from the date on which the bill was discounted and the legally due date. Banker's Gain (B.G.) = (B.D.) - (T.D.) for the unexpired time. Note: When the date of the bill is not given, grace days are not to be added. IMPORTANT FORMULAE 1. B.D. = S.I. on bill for unexpired time.

2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

B.G. = (B.D.) - (T.D.) = S.I. on T.D. = T.D. P.W. x B.G. B.D. = T.D. = Amount x Rate x Time 100 Amount x Rate x Time 100 + (Rate x Time) B.D. x T.D.

(T.D.)2 P.W.

Amount = T.D. =

B.D. - T.D. B.G. x 100

Rate x Time

Area formula
(pi = = 3.141592...)

Area Formulas
Note: "ab" means "a" multiplied by "b". "a " means "a squared", which is the same as "a" times "a". Be careful!! Units count. Use the same units for all measurements. Examples
2

square = a 2

rectangle = ab

parallelogram = bh

trapezoid = h/2 (b1 + b2)

circle = pi r 2

ellipse = pi r1 r2

triangle =

one half times the base length times the height of the triangle

equilateral triangle =

triangle given SAS (two sides and the opposite angle) = (1/2) a b sin C triangle given a,b,c = [s(s-a)(s-b)(s-c)] when s = (a+b+c)/2 (Heron's formula) regular polygon = (1/2) n sin(360/n) S2 when n = # of sides and S = length from center to a corner Units Area is measured in "square" units. The area of a figure is the number of squares required to cover it completely, like tiles on a floor. Area of a square = side times side. Since each side of a square is the same, it can simply be the length of one side squared. If a square has one side of 4 inches, the area would be 4 inches times 4 inches, or 16 square inches. (Square inches can also be written in2.) Be sure to use the same units for all measurements. You cannot multiply feet times inches, it doesn't make a square measurement.

The area of a rectangle is the length on the side times the width. If the width is 4 inches and the length is 6 feet, what is the area? NOT CORRECT .... 4 times 6 = 24 CORRECT.... 4 inches is the same as 1/3 feet. Area is 1/3 feet times 6 feet = 2 square feet. (or 2 sq. ft., or 2 ft2).

Polygon properties
What is a Polygon? A closed plane figure made up of several line segments that are joined together. The sides do not cross each other. Exactly two sides meet at every vertex. Types | Formulas | Parts | Special Polygons | Names Types of Polygons Regular - all angles are equal and all sides are the same length. Regular polygons are both equiangular and equilateral. Equiangular - all angles are equal. Equilateral - all sides are the same length.
Convex - a straight line drawn through a convex polygoncrosses at most two sides. Every interior angle is less than 180.

Concave - you can draw at least one straight line through a concave polygon that crosses more than two sides. At least one interior angle is more than 180.

Polygon Formulas (N = # of sides and S = length from center to a corner) Area of a regular polygon = (1/2) N sin(360/N) S2 Sum of the interior angles of a polygon = (N - 2) x 180

The number of diagonals in a polygon = 1/2 N(N-3) The number of triangles (when you draw all the diagonals from one vertex) in a polygon = (N - 2) Polygon Parts
Side - one of the line segments that make up the polygon. Vertex - point where two sides meet. Two or more of these points are called vertices. Diagonal - a line connecting two vertices that isn't a side. Interior Angle - Angle formed by two adjacent sides inside the polygon. Exterior Angle - Angle formed by two adjacent sides outside the polygon.

Special Polygons Special Quadrilaterals - square, rhombus, parallelogram, rectangle, and the trapezoid. Special Triangles - right, equilateral, isosceles, scalene, acute, obtuse. Polygon Names Generally accepted names
Sides n 3 4 5 Name N-gon Triangle Quadrilateral Pentagon

6 7 8 10 12

Hexagon Heptagon Octagon Decagon Dodecagon

Names for other polygons have been proposed.

Sides 9 11 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 30 40 50 60 Name Nonagon, Enneagon Undecagon, Hendecagon Tridecagon, Triskaidecagon Tetradecagon, Tetrakaidecagon Pentadecagon, Pentakaidecagon Hexadecagon, Hexakaidecagon Heptadecagon, Heptakaidecagon Octadecagon, Octakaidecagon Enneadecagon, Enneakaidecagon Icosagon Triacontagon Tetracontagon Pentacontagon Hexacontagon

70 80 90 100 1,000 10,000

Heptacontagon Octacontagon Enneacontagon Hectogon, Hecatontagon Chiliagon Myriagon

To construct a name, combine the prefix+suffix

Sides Prefix 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Icosikai... Triacontakai... Tetracontakai... Pentacontakai... Hexacontakai... Heptacontakai... Octacontakai... Enneacontakai... Sides Suffix +1 +2 +3 ...henagon ...digon ...trigon ...tetragon ...pentagon ...hexagon ...heptagon ...octagon ...enneagon

+4 +5 +6 +7 +8 +9

Examples: 46 sided polygon - Tetracontakaihexagon 28 sided polygon - Icosikaioctagon

However, many people use the form n-gon, as in 46-gon, or 28-gon instead of these names.

Volume formula
Volume Formulas
Note: "ab" means "a" multiplied by "b". "a " means "a squared", which is the same as "a" times 3 "a". "b " means "b cubed", which is the same as "b" times "b" times "b". Be careful!! Units count. Use the same units for all measurements. Examples
2

cube = a 3

rectangular prism = a b c

irregular prism = b h

cylinder = b h = pi r 2 h

pyramid = (1/3) b h

cone = (1/3) b h = 1/3 pi r 2 h

sphere = (4/3) pi r 3

ellipsoid = (4/3) pi r1 r2 r3

Units Volume is measured in "cubic" units. The volume of a figure is the number of cubes required to fill it completely, like blocks in a box. Volume of a cube = side times side times side. Since each side of a square is the same, it can simply be the length of one side cubed. If a square has one side of 4 inches, the volume would be 4 inches times 4 inches times 4 inches, or 64 cubic inches. (Cubic inches can also be written in3.) Be sure to use the same units for all measurements. You cannot multiply feet times inches times yards, it doesn't make a perfectly cubed measurement. The volume of a rectangular prism is the length on the side times the width times the height. If the width is 4 inches, the length is 1 foot and the height is 3 feet, what is the volume? NOT CORRECT .... 4 times 1 times 3 = 12 CORRECT.... 4 inches is the same as 1/3 feet. Volume is 1/3 feet times 1 foot times 3 feet = 1 cubic foot (or 1 cu. ft., or 1 ft3).

Surface area
Surface Area Formulas In general, the surface area is the sum of all the areas of all the shapes that cover the surface of the object. Cube | Rectangular Prism | Prism | Sphere | Cylinder | Units
Note: "ab" means "a" multiplied by "b". "a " means "a squared", which is the same as "a" times "a". Be careful!! Units count. Use the same units for all measurements. Examples
2

Surface Area of a Cube = 6 a 2

(a is the length of the side of each edge of the cube) In words, the surface area of a cube is the area of the six squares that cover it. The area of one of them is a*a, or a 2 . Since these are all the same, you can multiply one of them by six, so the surface area of a cube is 6 times one of the sides squared.

Surface Area of a Rectangular Prism = 2ab + 2bc + 2ac

(a, b, and c are the lengths of the 3 sides) In words, the surface area of a rectangular prism is the area of the six rectangles that cover it. But we don't have to figure out all six because we know that the top and bottom are the same, the front and back are the same, and the left and right sides are the same. The area of the top and bottom (side lengths a and c) = a*c. Since there are two of them, you get 2ac. The front and back have side lengths of b and c. The area of one of them is b*c, and there are two of them, so the surface area of those two is 2bc. The left and right side have side lengths of a and b, so the surface area of one of them is a*b. Again, there are two of them, so their combined surface area is 2ab.

Surface Area of Any Prism

(b is the shape of the ends) Surface Area = Lateral area + Area of two ends

(Lateral area) = (perimeter of shape b) * L Surface Area = (perimeter of shape b) * L+ 2*(Area of shape b)

Surface Area of a Sphere = 4 pi r 2

(r is radius of circle)

Surface Area of a Cylinder = 2 pi r 2 + 2 pi r h

(h is the height of the cylinder, r is the radius of the top) Surface Area = Areas of top and bottom +Area of the side Surface Area = 2(Area of top) + (perimeter of top)* height Surface Area = 2(pi r 2) + (2 pi r)* h In words, the easiest way is to think of a can. The surface area is the areas of all the parts needed to cover the can. That's the top, the bottom, and the paper label that wraps around the middle. You can find the area of the top (or the bottom). That's the formula for area of a circle (pi r2). Since there is both a top and a bottom, that gets multiplied by two. The side is like the label of the can. If you peel it off and lay it flat it will be a rectangle. The area of a rectangle is the product of the two sides. One side is the height of the can, the other side is the perimeter of the circle, since the label wraps once around the can. So the area of the rectangle is (2 pi r)* h. Add those two parts together and you have the formula for the surface area of a cylinder.

Surface Area = 2(pi r 2) + (2 pi r)* h

Circle
Definition: A circle is the locus of all points equidistant from a central point. Definitions Related to Circles
arc: a curved line that is part of the circumference of a circle chord: a line segment within a circle that touches 2 points on the circle. circumference: the distance around the circle. diameter: the longest distance from one end of a circle to the other. origin: the center of the circle pi ( ): A number, 3.141592..., equal to (the circumference) / (the diameter) of any circle. radius: distance from center of circle to any point on it. sector: is like a slice of pie (a circle wedge). tangent of circle: a line perpendicular to the radius that touches ONLY one point on the circle.

Diameter = 2

radius of circle
x

Circumference of Circle = PI x diameter = 2 PI where PI = = 3.141592... Area of Circle: area = PI r2

radius

Length of a Circular Arc: (with central angle ) if the angle is in degrees, then length = x (PI/180) if the angle is in radians, then length = r x

Area of Circle Sector: (with central angle ) if the angle is in degrees, then area = ( /360)x PI r2 if the angle is in radians, then area = (( /(2PI))x PI r2 Equation of Circle: (Cartesian coordinates)

for a circle with center (j, k) and radius (r): (x-j)^2 + (y-k)^2 = r^2 Equation of Circle: (polar coordinates) for a circle with center (0, 0): r( ) = radius for a circle with center with polar coordinates: (c, radius a: r2 - 2cr cos( - ) + c2 = a2 Equation of a Circle: (parametric coordinates) for a circle with origin (j, k) and radius r: x(t) = r cos(t) + j y(t) = r sin(t) + k ) and

Perimeter
Perimeter Formulas The perimeter of any polygon is the sum of the lengths of all the sides.
Note: "ab" means "a" multiplied by "b". "a " means "a squared", which is the same as "a" times "a". Be careful!! Units count. Use the same units for all measurements. Examples
2

square = 4a

rectangle = 2a + 2b

triangle = a + b + c

circle = 2pi r circle = pi d (where d is the diameter) The perimeter of a circle is more commonly known as the circumference. Units Be sure to only add similar units. For example, you cannot add inches to feet. For example, if you need to find the perimeter of a rectangle with sides of 9 inches and 1 foot, you must first change to the same units. perimeter = 2 ( a + b) INCORRECT perimeter = 2(9 + 1) = 2*10 = 20 CORRECT perimeter = 2( 9 inches + 1 foot)

= 2( 3/4 foot + 1 foot ) = 2(1 3/4 feet) = 3 1/2 feet

Right Triangle and Pythagora's theorem Pythagora's theorem: The two sides a and b of a right triangle and the hypotenuse c are related by

a2 + b2 = c2

Area and Perimeter of Triangle

Perimeter = a + b + c

There are several formulas for the area. If the base b and the corresponding height h are known, we use the formula Area = (1 / 2) * b * h. If two sides and the angle between them are known, we use one of the formulas, depending on which side and which angle are known Area = (1 / 2)* b * c sin A Area = (1 / 2)* a * c sin B Area = (1 / 2)* a * b sin C . If all three sides are known, we may use Heron's formula for the area. Area = sqrt [ s(s - a)(s - b)(s - c) ] , where s = (a + b + c)/2.
Area and Perimeter of Rectangle

Perimeter = 2L + 2W Area = L * W

Area of Parallelogram

Area = b * h
Area of Trapezoid

Area = (1 / 2)(a + b) * h
Circumference of a Circle and Area of a Circular Region

Circumference = 2*Pi*r Area = Pi*r 2

Arclength and Area of a Circular Sector

Arclength: s = r*t Area = (1/2) *r 2 * t where t is the central angle in RADIANS.

Volume and Surface Area of a Rectangular Solid

Volume = L*W*H Surface Area = 2(L*W + H*W + H*L)

Volume and Surface Area of a Sphere

Volume = (4/3)* Pi * r 3 Surface Area = 4 * Pi * r 2

Volume and Surface Area of a Right Circular Cylinder

Volume = Pi * r 2 * h Surface Area = 2 * Pi * r * h

Volume and Surface Area of a Right Circular Cone

Volume = (1/3)* Pi * r 2 * h Surface Area = Pi * r * sqrt (r 2 + h 2)