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mitropoliti anania jafariZe

qarTvelTa winaprebis
bibliuri istoria
adamidan iesomde
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samyaros Seqmna
WeSmaritebisa da sicocxlis gzaze Tanaxmad `qarT-
lis cxovrebisa~, qarTvelTa pirvelwinaprebs win waruZR-
va sityva RmrTisa, TviT RmerTi macxovari Cveni ieso
qriste:
ori aTasi wlis win, amaRlebis Semdgom, yovladwmida
RvTismSobels eCvena ufali da qarTveli eris momavali
cxovrebis Sesaxeb amcno:
`hoi dedao Cemo, ara ugulebel vyo eri igi sazepuro
ufrois yovelTa naTesavTa, meoxebiTa SeniTa maTTvis~
(q.c. I, gv. 38), rac Tanamedrove qarTuliT ase gamoiTqmis
_ `hoi, dedao Cemo, me ar ugulebelvyof xalxTa Soris
didebul qarTvels ers, maTTvis Seni meoxebiT~. yovlad-
wmida dedam mis wilxvedr saqarTveloSi, misi Zisa da
Cveni macxovris ieso qristes davalebiT, gamoagzavna
mociquli andria pirvelwodebuli, romelmac daafuZna
saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesia.
da, ai, ori aTasi welia Cveni mama-papani erTgulad
msaxureben RmerTs _ `romelman qmna cani gulisxmisy-
ofiT, rameTu ukunisamdea wyaloba misi~ (fs. 135,5),
`romelman qmna cani da qveyana, zRva da yoveli rai ars
mas Sina~ (fs. 145,6), `romelman Seqmna samyaro ZaliTa mis
mieriTa, zegardmo arsni suliTa yvna zeciT monaberiTa~
(rusTv.), `romelman gardasul TaobebSi neba uboZa yve-
la xalxs, evloT TavianTi gziT~ (saqme, 14,16).
igi isaa, romelic ar ugulebelyofs mis gzaze myof
Cvens ers, rameTu mis mier Seiqmna yoveli xalxi da eri _
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`yovelive mis mier Seiqmna da Tvinier misa arca erTi ra
iqmna, raodeni ra iqmna~ (ioan. 1.3).
Cveni mamebis yovlad keTilma, yovlad wmida, yovlism-
codne, yovlisSemZlebelma, saxierma, sulgrZelma da
mravalmowyale RmerTma eqvs dReSi Seqmna xiluli qvey-
ana uxilavis Semdgom `rameTu man Tqva da iqmnes, amcno
da daebadnes~ (fs. 32,9).
`Tavdapirvelad RmerTma Seqmna ca da miwa. miwa iyo
usaxo da udaburi. bneli ido ufskrulze da suli RvTi-
sa iZvroda wylebs zemoT. Tqva RmerTma: iyos naTeli! da
iqmna naTeli (dab. 1. 1-3).
meore dRes RmerTma Seqmna samyaro cisa, mesame dRes
misi brZanebiT cisqveSeTSi erTgan Segrovda wyali,
gamoCnda xmeleTi, aRmoacena miwam mcenareuli, meoTxe
dRes _ man Seqmna mnaTobebi, mexuTe dRes _ wylis suldg-
mulebi, cis frinvelebi.
meeqvse dRes Tav Tavis gvarisda mixedviT cxovelTa
Seqmnis Semdgom _ `Tqva RmerTma: gavaCinoT kaci Cvens
xatad, Cvens msgavsebad. epatronos zRvaSi Tevzs, caSi
frinvels, pirutyvs, mTels dedamiwas da yvela qvemZroms,
rac ki dedamiwaze daxoxavs. Seqmna RmerTma kaci, Tavis
xatad Seqmna igi, mamakacad da dedakacad Seqmna isini.
akurTxa RmerTma isini da uTxra: inayofiereT da im-
ravleT, aavseT dedamiwa, daeufleT mas, epatroneT zR-
vaSi Tevzs, caSi frinvels, yovel cxovels, rac ki dedami-
waze daxoxavs~ (dab. 1.26-28).
meSvide dRes, samyaros Seqmnis Semdeg ganisvena man,
romlis saqmeni `didad Svenier arian, da simarTle misi
hgies ukuniTi ukunisamde~ (fs. 110, 3).
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Semoqmedma dasabamidan kacad da qalad Seqmna adami-
anebi (maTe, 19,4).
`aiyvana adami ufalma RmerTma da daasaxla edemis
baRSi mis dasamuSaveblad da dasacavad. gaafrTxila
ufalma RmerTma adami da uTxra: yvela xis nayofi geWme-
va am baRSi, mxolod keTilis da borotis Secnobis xis
nayofi ar SeWamo, radgan, rogorc ki SeWam, mokvdebio~
(dab. 2, 15-17), magram gvelis mier Secdenilma evam akrZa-
luli nayofi Wama da qmarsac aWama.
aexilaT Tvali orives (dab. 3,7).
`Tqva ufalma RmerTma, aha, gaxda adami, rogorc erTi
CvenTagani, Semcnobeli keTilisa da borotisa. ar gaiwo-
dos axla xeli da ar mowyvitos sicocxlis xis nayofic,
ar SeWamos da maradiulad ar icocxlos. gauSva igi
ufalma RmerTma edemis baRidan, rom daemuSavebina miwa,
saidanac iyo aRebuli. gandevna adami. edems ki aRmo-
savleTiT qerubimebi da cecxlovani, mbrunavi maxvili
dauyena, raTa sicocxlis xesTan misasvleli daecvaT~
(dab. 3. 22-24).
madlierebis nacvlad pirvelma adamianma ufali Rm-
erTisagan micemuli pirveli mcneba daarRvia Tavisi
urCobiT da pirveli codva Caidina.
`erTi kacis urCobiT mravali gaxda codvili~ (rom. 5, 19).
`erTis Secodebisagan yvela kacis Tavze moiwia sasje-
li~ (rom. 5, 18).
`erTis SecodebiT mravalni mokvdebian~ (5, 15).
Taobidan Taobas gadaecema adamis codva da codvis
gamo _ sikvdili (rom. 5, 12).
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ganidevna adami edemis baRidan, dawyevlili miwa unda
daemuSavebina, romlisganac tanjviT miiRebda sazrdos.
ZeZvsa da ekals aRmoucenebda miwa, pirofliani Wamda
purs, sanam miwadve gadaiqceoda, saidanac iyo aRebuli,
radgan mtveri iyo da mtvrad gadaiqceoda (dab. 3, 17-19).
edemidan gandevnis Semdeg `Seicno adamma eva, Tavisi
dedakaci, daorsulda eva da Sva kaeni da Tqva: kaci Se-
meZina uflisagan. mere Sva misi Zma abeli. abeli mecxvare
iyo, kaeni miwis muSaki. gamoxda xani da miarTva kaenma
ufals ZRveni _ miwis nayofi~ (dab. 4,1-3). abelmac Seswira
ufals msxverpli _ gamoarCia Tavisi faris rCeuli piru-
tyvidan pirvelSobilni, misTvis yvelaze Zvirfasni. `mo-
hxeda ufalma abels da mis ZRvens, xolo kaensa da mis
ZRvens ar mohxeda~ (dab. 4. 4-5), rameTu `rwmeniT Seswira
abelma RmerTs kaenisaze ukeTesi msxverpli, romliTac
miiRo mowmoba, rom marTalia igi, rogorc RmerTma
daamowma mis ZRvenTa Sesaxeb~ (ebr. 11,4). Zmis sikeTiT
gamwarebulma kaenma Tavi CaRuna. codva gabatonda masze
_ gaiyvana abeli velad da mokla.
`uTxra RmerTma _ es ra Caidine? Seni Zmis sisxli mi-
widan SemomRaRadebs. daiwyevla kaeni, devnili da miusa-
fari Seiqmna qveynad. amuSavebda miwas. uflis pirisagan
gadaxvewili kaeni gamravlda da misgan boroti STamo-
mavloba warmosdga _ daiviwyes Semoqmedi RmerTi da
keTili saqmeni, ewodaT maT `kacTa Svilebi~.
mwuxare adamsa da evas RmerTma momadla sxva naSieri
nacvlad abelisa _ SeTi. `SeTsa SeeZina vaJi da uwoda
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saxelad enoSi, maSin daiwyo uflis saxelis xseneba~ (dab.
4.26). ewoda mis STamomavlebs `RvTis Svilebi~. maTgan
warmosdga noe _ Svili lameqisa.
iwyes gamravleba adamianebma dedamiwaze. Seerivnen
`kacTa Svilebs~ `RvTis Svilebi~ da SeiZines maTgan yove-
live ukeTuri Cveuleba.
`dainaxa ufalma RmerTma, rom imata adamianTa uke-
Turebam am qveynad, rom ukeTuri iyo mudamJams maTi
yoveli gulisTqma. inana ufalma, rom Seqmna adamiani
amqveynad da Sewuxda. Tqva ufalma _ miwis pirisagan aRvgvi
adamians, romelic Sevqmeni, adamianidan dawyebuli piru-
tyvamde, qvewarmavlamde, cis frinvelamde, radgan vnanob,
rom gavaCine. mxolod noes epova madli uflis TvalSi.
es aris ambavi noesi: marTali, sruli kaci iyo noe Tavis
TaobaSi, RmerTTan dadioda noe. Sva noem sami vaJi: semi,
qami da iafeTi~ (dab. 6. 5-10).
ufalma RmerTma ineba miwis pirisagan adamianisa da
yoveli xorcielis aRgva wylis warRvniT. noes ki ubrZa-
na kidobnis gakeTeba. aswavla misi momzadeba. Seiyvana
noem kidobanSi yovelgvari cxoveli, yovelgvari xor-
cieli, rasac ki sicocxlis suli edga, yvela wyvil-
wyvilad, wmida pirutyvisagan Svid-Svidi waiyvana, uwmin-
durisagan or-ori. Sevidnen kidobanSi noe da misi Svile-
bi, colebi, raTa ganridebodnen warRvnas, meSvide dRes
movida warRvna qveynad (dab. 7. 7-10).
as ormocdameaTe dRis bolos dadga wyali da Sewyda
wvima. araratis mTebs miadga kidobani. TandaTan ikleb-
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da wyali da gamoCnda mTis mwvervalebi. jer kidev idga
wyali miwis pirze da ver ipoves brWyalis mosaWidi noes
mier kidobnidan gaSvebulma frinvelebma. meSvide dRes
xelaxla gauSva mtredi kidobnidan, `dabrunda mtredi
saRamoJams da aha, zeTisxilis nedli rto eWira niskar-
tiT. mixvda noe, rom damwdariyo wyali dedamiwaze~ (dab.
8. 11).
gadmovida noe Tavisi col-SviliT da kidobans Se-
farebuli yoveli arseba. augo noem samsxverplo ufals
da miiyvana yovladdasawvel Sesawirad TiTo-TiTo yove-
li wmida pirutyvidan da frinvelidan.
iynosa ufalma keTilsurneleba da Tqva Tavis gulSi:
aRar davwyveli miwas adamianis gamo, aRar gavanadgureb
cocxal arsebas.
`akurTxa RmerTma noe da misi Svilebi da uTxra: inay-
ofiereT, imravleT da aavseT qveyana: (dab. 9, 1). Tqveni
SiSi hqondes yovel suldgmuls, rac ki iZvris dedami-
waze, Tqvens xelT arian isini, saWmelad gaZlevT. mis
sulTan _ mis sisxlTan erTad nu SeWamT, me ki Tqvens
sisxls Tqveni sicocxlis wil movikiTxav. `vinc adami-
anis sisxls daRvris, adamianis mierve daiRvreba misi
sisxli, radgan RvTis xatad Seiqmna adami, inayofiereT
da imravleT, moefineT qveyanas da gamravldiT masze~
(dab. 9. 6-7).
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babilonis godolis dacema, enaTa
da tomTa warmoqmna
noes Svilebi gamravldnen, `maTgan mTeli dedamiwa iqna
dasaxlebuli~, kacobrioba am droisaTvis erTiani iyo,
erTi enis mqone, eTnikurad erTgvari. jer kidev ar iyvnen
erebi _ `erTpiri iyo mTeli dedamiwa da erT enaze metyve-
li. roca daiZrnen aRmosavleTidan, hpoves veli Sinyaris
qveyanaSi da iq damkvidrdnen. uTxres erTmaneTs: modi,
movziloT Tixa da gamovwvaT, qvis magivrad aguri hqon-
daT, kiris magivrad fisi. Tqves: aba, avaSenoT qalaqi da
godoli da cas mivuwvdinoT misi Txemi. aRvmarToT niSan-
sveti, rom ar gavifantoT dedamiwis zurgze, Camovida
ufali, rom enaxa qalaqi da godoli, romelsac adamiane-
bi aSenebdnen, Tqva ufalma: aha, erTi xalxia es da erTi
ena aqvs yvelas. raki es saqme wamouwyiaT, amieridan
daubrkolebliv gaakeTeben yvelafers, rasac ki ganizrax-
aven. aba, Caval da enas avurev maT, rom veraferi gaage-
binon erTmaneTs. gafanta isini ufalma iqidan mTels
dedamiwis zurgze da maTac Sewyvites qalaqisa da god-
olis Seneba. amitomac ewoda saxelad babiloni, radgan
swored aq aRria ufalma mTeli dedamiwis ena da aqedan
gafanta isini ufalma dedamiwis zurgze~ (dab. 11. 1-9).
noes Ze _ `qami iyo qanaanis mamamTavari~, _ weria da-
badebaSi. semma _ ebraul da sxva semitur tomebs daudo
safuZveli. iafetma ki _ evropasa da aziaSi gavrcele-
bul mraval xalxs. TviTon sityva `iafeti~ niSnavs `gavr-
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celebas~. sxvadasxva xalxis mamamTavarTa Soris bibliis
Zveli, gansakuTrebiT ki qristiani komentatorebi
qarTvelTa mamamTavarsac asaxeleben _ zogierTi cno-
biT, is yofila iafetis Ze Tubali. saerTod iafetis
STamomavlebi, noes dalocvis Sesabamisad, raodenobi-
Tac da RirsebiTac upiratesni iyvnen sxva mamamTavarTa
STamomavlebze. noem iafeti ase daloca _ ganufarTos
RmerTma iafets, semis karvebSi daemkvidros, daemorCil-
os mas qanaani (dab. 9. 27).
iafetis STamomavloba aseTia:
_ `iafetis Zeni: gomeri, magogi, madai, iavani, Tubali,
meSeqi da Tirasi.
gomeris Zeni: aSqenazi, rifaTi da Togarma.
iavanis Zeni: eliSa, TarSiSi, qiTimi da dodanimi. amaT-
gan ganifantnen zRvispira xalxebi Tav-Tavis qveynebSi,
TiToeuli Tavisi enis mixedviT, Tavisi tomis mixedviT,
Tav-Tavis xalxSi~ (dab. 10. 2-5).
bibliis komentatori ase ganmartavs am saxelebs:
`gomeri~ _ ...am xalxis saxels sxvaganac vxvdebiT bib-
liaSi _ winaswarmetyvel ezekielTan, romelic maT aRw-
ers, rogorc mezobels Tubalisa da mosoxisa (38, 6) da
sxva xalxebis rigSi, romelnic saxlobdnen Crdilo sir-
iaSi da mcire aziaSi.
`magogi~ ... ezekielTan es tomebi gamodian, rogorc
gamocdili da daxelovnebuli moisarni (38, 16. 39, 3).
isini cxovroben zemoT dasaxelebulebTan mezoblad,
odnav maT CrdiloeTiT. zogierTni maTSi xedaven skviTebs,
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romelnic cxovroben azovis zRvis piras. magogSi aseve
skviT-Turanelebs xedaven. skviTebis bediswera asrulda
ezekielis winaswarmetyvelebis Tanaxmad, maTi ganadgure-
bis Sesaxeb samon-gogis dablobze, roca isini dabrund-
nen palestinaSi da daavaddnen, rogorc aRwers hero-
dote (1, 105-106).
`madai~... am saxeliT iwodebodnen arielebi, mcxovreb-
ni dasavleT aziaSi _ midielebi. maTi didi nawili Tan-
daTanobiT gadasaxlda aRmosavleTSi da miiRo induseb-
is saxeli. midielebis sparselebTan da, saerTod, ari-
elebTan naTesaobis Taobaze werda winaswarmetyveli
danieli (V, 28).
`iavani~ _ miuTiTebs berZnebze, upirvelesad ioniele-
bze.
`Tubal mesexi~... _ rogorc dabadebaSi, aseve wmida
werilis mraval adgilas es ori xalxi, rogorc wesi,
erTiandebian da erTad gamoisaxebian magogis moxarkee-
bad (ezek. 38, 2. 39, 1). erTxel sxvaTaSoris iavanTan er-
Tiandebian (e. 37, 13). da kidev or adgilas maTi sacx-
ovrisi ganisazRvreba palestinis CrdiloeTiT. asirie-
li mefeebis analebSi arcTu iSviaTad moixsenieba Muski
da Tabal, viTarca ori mezobeli xalxi, mcxovrebi kil-
ikiaSi. xolo herodote ambobs tibarekebsa da iberi-
anelTa (iberTa) da mosoxTa Sesaxeb, kolxidis mezoblad
mcxovrebTa Sesaxeb. mecnierebi Tvlian, rom Tavdapirve-
lad orive xalxi cxovrobda tigrosisa da evfratis saT-
aveebSi, midiasa da skviTias Soris, e.i. kolxeTsa da ibe-
riaSi (Tubal _ savaraudoa iberebi anu qarTvelebi).
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`gomeris Zeni~: aSqezani... `_ imaze dayrdnobiT, rom
Tanamedrove ebraelebi germanias `askenazs~ uwodeben,
iudevel ganmmartebelTa umravlesoba aq xedavs miTiTe-
bas germanelebze... advilad SesaZlebelia aseve is, rom
es erovneba Tavis Tavdapirvel sacxovrisad (igulisxme-
ba mcire azia) gasvlis Semdeg, droTa viTarebaSi
damkvidrda dasavleT evropaSi da aq daudo safuZveli
momavali germaniis cxovrebas.
`Togarma~ ... es saxeli kidev orjer gvxvdeba ezek-
ielTan, rogorc cxenebisa da virebis momwodebeli tire-
li vaWrebisaTvis (ezek. 27, 14. 38, 6). tradiciis Tanax-
mad, romelic Semonaxulia mose xorenacisTan, somxeTis
mcxovrebTa mamamTavrad iTvleboda Togarmas Svili~ (ix.
` ~, t. I, 1904. gv. 70).
msoflio enaTa ojaxebi
ramdenad Seefardeba mecnierul Tvalsazriss bibliaSi
gadmocemuli Txroba enaTa da xalxTa warmoqmnis Sesax-
eb? amasTan dakavSirebiT komentatori wers, rom gene-
alogiuri cxrilebi aRmosavleTis Zveli xalxebisaTvis
warmoadgendnen yvelaze mniSvnelovan da farTod gavr-
celebul movlenas, umTavres da TiTqmis erTaderT is-
torias warsulisas, is saimedod iyo daculi da Tao-
bidan Taobas gadaecemoda.
bibliis genealogiuri cxrilebi, ueWvelad uZvelesi,
warsulis Zeglebia, wamosuli abramis epoqidan, Cans, TviT
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noes ojaxidan. axal aRmoCenaTa wyalobiT, Tanamedrove
mecnierebi ufro da ufro rwmundebian xalxTa bibli-
uri cxrilebis sinamdvilesa da simarTleSi, magaliTad,
mas `Zvel msoflioSi xalxTa gansaxlebis gansakuTrebiT
Zveli, gansakuTrebiT Zvirfasi da sruli istoriis~ do-
kuments uwodebs cnobili frangi orientalisti lenor-
mani da ambobs, rom `mis sinamdviles gasaocrad adas-
turebs SedarebiTi enaTmcodneoba da fiziologiuri
gamokvleva sxvadasxva erisa~. cxrili amtkicebs kaco-
briobis erTa erTobis WeSmaritebas, uCvenebs, rom mTe-
li kacobrioba warmoiSva mxolod am sami (semi, qami, iafe-
ti) Stosagan, romelnic Tavis mxriv gamovidnen erTi saer-
To Ziridan (ix. `tolkovaia biblia~, peterburgi, 1904,
gv. 68).
dabadeba meaTe TavSi CamoTvlis semitur, qamitur da
iafetur xalxebs, maT eTnarqebs da bolos ambobs: `es
aris noes ZeTa STamomavloba Tav-Tavisi modgmis mixed-
viT, Tav-Tavis xalxSi. maTgan ganStovdnen xalxebi qvey-
anaze warRvnis Semdeg~ (dab. 10, 32).
Tanamedrove enaTmecnierebi semitur enaTa ojaxebs
akuTvneben asurul-babilonurs, anu aqadurs, Zvel
ebrauls (anu bibliis enas), finikurs, arameuls, siri-
uls, arabuls, eTiopurs.
qamitur enaTa ojaxs akuTvneben berberulsa da kuSi-
tur enebs, Zvel egvipturs, kopturs (S. ZiZiguri, saenaT-
mecniero saubrebi, 1982, gv. 98).
msoflios yvelaze farTod ganfenili enaTa ojaxia
indoevropuli, rogorc nabrZanebia _ `ganufarTos Rmer-
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Tma iafeTs~, masSi Sedis enaTa induri, iranuli, sla-
vuri, baltikuri, germanuli, romanuli, kelturi, berZnu-
li Stoebi, calkeuli enebi.
indoevropul enaTa ojaxSi Sedis 86-ze meti ena, gan-
fenilni atlantis okeanidan indoeTisa da wynar okeanemde.
am ojaxis enaTa calkeul StoebSic aTeulobiT ena Se-
dis, magaliTad, romanul (italikur) StoSi Sedis 13 ena,
germanuli Stos sxvadasxva jgufSi _ 11 ena, indur Sto-
Si _ 12 ena, aseve iranulsa da sxva StoebSi, miuxedavad
imisa, rom aRniSnuli enebi amJamad Zlier daSorebulni
arian erTmaneTs, mecnierebi gamokvlevebis Sedegad mivid-
nen daskvnamde, rom aRniSnuli enebi warmoSobilni arian
erTi indoevropuli fuZe enis diferenciaciis, daSla-
danawevrebis Sedegad. isini aRniSnul monaTesave enaTa
SejerebiT da SedarebiT rwmundebian rom, miuxedavad
droTa viTarebiT gamowveuli cvlilebisa, maT Seinar-
Cunes saerTo struqturuli niSnebi. mecnierTa daskvniT,
fuZe indoevropul enas Tavdapirvelad gamoeyvnen wina-
reitalikebis, winarebaltielebis, winaregermanelebis,
indoiranelebis, xeTebisa da sxvaTa enebi, romelnic
Semdgom Tavis mxriv daiSalnen calkeul enebad. xalxTa
uzarmazari indoevropuli jgufi Tavdapirvelad war-
moadgenda mTlian, jer kidev dauSlel gaerTianebas,
romelic saerTo enaze metyvelebda. saerTo fuZe indo-
evropuli ena mecnierTa TvalsazrisiT daunawevrebeli
saxiT arsebobda `Cvens eramde IV aTaswleulSi~, unda
aRiniSnos, rom zogierTi RvTismetyvelis Tanaxmad, msof-
15
lio warRvna moxda 3246 wels qristeSobamde, qronolo-
gia faqtobrivad Tanmxvedria.
`msgavsadve yvela semitur enasa da yvela qamitur enas
amJamad erTmaneTisagan daSorebulsa da gantotvils,
warsulSi gaaCndaT saerTo fuZeena, romlisganac difer-
encirebis Sedegad warmodgnen isini~. aseTia azri
lingvistebisa. amas mowmobs enaTa da xalxTa warmoSobis
Sesaxeb wmida werilic.
`dabadeba~ sxva Tavdapirvel xalxTa Soris qarTvel-
Ta winaprebs _ Tobels, mosoqsa da aseve Torgams, _ pirvel
rigSi CamoTvlis. Tobeli da mosoqi (mosoxi) iyvnen iafe-
tis Zeni, xolo Torgami iafetis Zis Ze iyo. SemTxveviT
ar uwodebda lenormani bibliis genealogiur sias msof-
lioSi xalxTa gansaxlebis srul istorias. arc isaa SemTx-
veviTi, rom kaenis _ pirveli adamianis Zis Zeebsac _ ia-
beli, iubeli, Tubal-kaeni ewodebodaT. yvela amaT
qarTvelur tomTa winaprebad gulisxmobdnen gamoCeni-
li istorikosebi. bibliis genealogiuri cxrilis safuZ-
velze mkvlevarebs ufleba eZlevaT ganacxadon, rom msof-
lios Tavdapirvel xalxTa Soris qarTvelTa winaprebs
eWiraT mniSvnelovani raodenobrivi wili. Tavis mxriv,
am mosazrebas ganamtkicebs lingvist mecnierTa Teorie-
bi, romlis Tanaxmadac, indoevropul fuZeenaze gavlena
mouxdenia protoqarTvelur enas. marTlac, aTaswleulTa
win, kacobriobis gariJraJze, jer kidev dauyofel pro-
toindoevropul enaze gavlenas ver moaxdenda proqarTve-
luri, am enis matarebel eTnoss mniSvnelovani adgili
16
rom ar sWeroda mesopotamiasa da mcire aziaSi _ kaco-
briobis Tavdapirvel samSobloSi. protoqarTvelur enas,
rogorc aRiniSna, urTierToba hqonia proto-
semiturTanac, es kidev erTxel amtkicebs lenormanisa
da sxva mecnierTa azrs bibliis genealogiuri cxrilis
istoriulobis Sesaxeb, agreTve im azrsac, rom Tavda-
pirvel protoqarTvelebs mniSvnelovani adgili eWiraT
zemoaRniSnul regionSi.
winareindoevropul, winaresemitur da winareqarTve-
lur enaTa sistemebis qronologiuri da arealuri urT-
ierTdamokidebulebis Sesaxeb weren: `indoevropul winare
enis arealuri kontaqtebi semitur da qarTvelur enebTan
gamovlenili leqsikur nasesxobaTa masalebiT kargad jde-
bian semitur da qarTvelur winare enaTa sistemebis qro-
nologiur da arealur ganawilebaTa CarCoebSi. saerTo
semituri enis arseboba unda mivakuTvnoT periods ara
ugvianes IV aTaswleulisa... rac qronologiurad emTxve-
va saerTo indoevropuli enis daTariRebas. winaresemi-
turis areali unda yofiliyo axlo aRmosavleTis gan-
sazRvruli olqi, sadac SeiZleboda hqonodaT kontaqtebi
semitur enebs, rogorc indoevropul winare enaTa siste-
mebTan, aseve samxreT kavkasiur (qarTvelur) winare enis
sistemasTan~ (T. gamyreliZe, v. ivanov. `indoevropeiskii
iazik i indoevropeici~ t. II. 1984. gv. 380).
17
protoqarTveluri enis matarebeli
eTnosis gansaxleba
babilonis godolis dacemis Semdeg enaTa aRrevis Sed-
egad warmoqmnili Tavdapirveli xalxebi `gafanta ufalma
RmerTma dedamiwis zurgze~. Tavdapirvel xalxTa Soris,
rogorc iTqva, dabadeba asaxelebs qarTvelTa winapreb-
ad miCneul Tobelsa da mosoxs. isini sxva xalxebTan erTad,
cxadia, unda wasuliyvnen yvela xalxis saerTo samSob-
lodan _ mesopotamiidan _ qveynierebis sxvadasxva kide-
Si, gafantuliyvnen dedamiwaze. SeZles Tu ara proto-
qarTvelebma gafantvis Semdeg TavianTi eTnikuri saxis
SenarCuneba, romel qveyanaSi Cans maTi kvali? es sakiTxi
yovelTvis ainteresebdaT eklesiis mamebs, aseve istori-
kosebs, lingvistebs, bibliis komentatorebs. Zvel sam-
yaroSi, jer kidev qristeSobamde, espanel da kavkasiel
iberebs erTi warmoSobis xalxad Tvlidnen. Rirsi mama
ioane mTawmideli espaneTs qarTvelebiT dasaxlebulad
miiCnevda.
XIII-XIV saukuneTa istorikoss nikifore qsantopuloss,
romelsac aqvs 18 wignisagan Semdgari `saeklesio isto-
ria~, miaCnda, rom saqarTvelos iberebi `ispaniis iberTa-
gan arian gadmosaxlebulni~ (georgika, VII, 1966), kidev
ufro adre qarTvelTa warmoSobis Sesaxeb werdnen ek-
lesiis mamebi. iberTa, anu qarTvelTa sacxovrisis Sesax-
eb mogviTxroben eklesiis istorikosebi evsevi kesarie-
li (260-340), sokrati sqolastikosi, gelasi kesarieli,
rufinusi (IV-V ss.) da sxvebi.
18
amJamad sabolood damtkicebulia, rom qarTvelebi
wina aziis Zvel mkvidr mosaxleobas ekuTvnian, isini naTe-
saurad iyvnen dakavSirebulni msoflios uZveles kul-
turul mosaxleobasTan, ufro metic, `cnobil mecnierebs
fr. homels, ed. maiers, kiperts, leman-haupts, lenor-
mans, akad. n. mars, akad. turaevs da sxvebs araerTxel
aRuniSnavT, rom qarTveli tomebi memkvidreni arian Sum-
erebis, xeTebis, mitanelebis, xaldebisa da sxva, rom-
lebic wina aziis uZvelesi xalxebi iyvnen da romlebmac
Seqmnes sakacobrio kulturis yvelaze adrindeli kere-
bi. amgvarive mosazreba ganaviTara da mravalmxrivi faq-
tiuri masalebis moSveliebiT kidev ufro daasabuTa Tavis
SromebSi akad. iv. javaxiSvilma~ (S. mesxia, simon janaSia,
1950, gv. 39).
rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, enaTmecnierebaSi arsebobs
Teoria, romlis Tanaxmadac, indoevropuli fuZe enis
matarebeli eTnosi xmelTaSuazRvispireTsa da wina aziaSi
Semovida romeliRac mxridan. manamde es mxareebi (e.i.
wina aziis, pirineis, apeninis, balkaneTis naxevarkunZu-
lebi) dasaxlebulni iyvnen araindoevropuli enis matare-
beli tomebiT. akademikosma Tamaz gamyreliZem, rogorc
aRniSnuli iyo, wamoayena axali Teoria, romlis Tanaxma-
dac indoevropelebi qristeSobamde IV aTaswleulSi wina
aziaSi cxovrobdnen, warmoadgendnen jer kidev aradifer-
encirebul, mTlian gaerTianebas, romelic metyvelebda
saerTo enaze. Semdgom maTgan warmosdgnen (dayofis Sed-
egad) winare italikebi, winare baltielebi, winare
19
germanelebi, indoiranelebi, xeTebi, momavali slavebi
da sxvebi. gansakuTrebiT isaa aRsaniSnavi, rom am winare
indoevropul enas urTierToba hqonia winare qarTve-
lur da winare semitur enebTan, amitomac qarTveluri
da semituri winare enebidan usesxebia bevri sityva. Tu
am Teorias SevadarebT n. maris Teorias, davinaxavT
garkveul msgavsebas. n. maris mixedviT, qarTvelur-kavka-
siur-mediteranuli enebi warmoadgendnen im substrats,
romelzedac aRmocendnen da gaiSalnen indoevropelebi
_ `...indoevropelebi arsaidan ar mosulan, aramed isini...
igive iafetelebi arian da indoevropuli enebi iafe-
turi enebis Semdgomi safexuri, maTi transformaciaa
axal stadiaze~. Tamaz gamyreliZis Tanaxmadac, indo-
evropelebi `arsaidan ar mosulan~, maTi winare samSob-
lo wina aziaa, sadac maT urTierToba hqoniaT qarTve-
lurTan, anu n. maris mixedviT `iafeturTan~.
indoevropul winareenas, Tanaxmad T. gamyreliZisa,
urTierToba hqonia ara marto winareqarTvelurTan,
aramed winaresemiturTanac. n. maris Tanaxmadac qarTve-
lurs urTierToba hqonia semiturTan. da radganac
qarTvelurs, anu iafeturs mWidro kavSiri hqonda indo-
evropulTan, semiturTan misi dakavSirebiT gamomzeur-
da enaTa `msoflio kavSiris idea~. n. mari `...qarTuli da
semituri enebis~ naTesaobas cxadyofs da amiT ki msof-
lio kavSiris ideas amzeurebs~ (d. karbelaSvili, n. maris
saiubileo krebuli, 1934. gv. XVIII).
n. mari ar gamoricxavda kavkasiis iafeturi enebis kav-
SirurTierTobas qamitur enebTanac, is ambobda _
20
`CvenTvis, romlebic iafeturi enaTmecnierebis Teoriis
mTeli sistemis agebisas amovdivarT iafeturi enebis semi-
turTan naTesaobis faqtobrivi monacemebidan, gasage-
bia, gamoricxuli ar aris kavkasiis Zireuli enebis, e.i.
kavkasiis iafeturi enebis, kavSirurTierToba qamitur
enebTan...~. aqedan Cans, rom baskologiaSi adre gamoTqmu-
li hipoteza qamitur enebTan baskuris naTesaobisa n.
marisaTvis misaRebia (gavixsenoT magaliTad, hugo Sux-
ardtis debuleba: baskuri enaTesaveba erTsa da imave
dros qarTvelur-kavkasiurs da qamituri modgmis enebs)...
(S. ZiZiguri, baskur-kavkasiuri problema, gv. 65).
n. maris `msoflio kavSiris idea~ qarTulis meSveobiT
albaT aseTi saxiT gamoisaxeba (ix. sqema):
sem
semituri
qarTvelur-kavkasiur-mediteranistuli
i a f e t u r i
pelasguri
baskuri
etruskuli
qamituri
iafet
qam
indoevropuli
21
iafetur enaTa ojaxi, n. maris Tanaxmad, moicavda
dedamiwis vrcel regions, xmelTaSuazRvispireTs, kavka-
sias, pamirs, afrikas (d. karbelaSvili, dasax. naSr. gv.
XXXVIII).
marTlac, enaTmecnierebis mniSvnelovani nawili
gamowvlilviTi gamokvlevebis Sedegad ar gamoricxavs
qarTulis, anda fuZe qarTveluri enis kavSirs wina aziis
uZveles xalxebTan, SumerebTan, protoxeTebTan, xu-
ritebTan, aseve pelasgur-etruskul-iberiul enobriv
samyarosTan. amitomac unda vifiqroT, rom babilonis
godolis dacemis Semdgom protoqarTveluri enis matare-
beli eTnosis erTi nawili darCa wina aziaSi, xolo sxve-
bi gaifantnen dedamiwis zurgze, kerZod, dasaxldnen
kavkasiaSi, xmelTaSuazRvispireTis qveynebSi, balkaneT-
Si, apeninisa Tu pirineis naxevarkunZulze. maT, rogorc
enaTmecnierTa monacemebidan Cans, SeunarCunebiaT Tavi-
anTi eTnikuri saxe da garkveul dromde enac.
simon janaSiam pirvelqarTuli eTnosis Sesaxeb Camo-
ayaliba Tavisi koncefcia _ `uZveles droSi, daaxloe-
biT eqvsi aTasi wlis winaT, wina aziis uzarmazar miwa-
wyalze da samxreT evropaSic (balkaneTi, apeninisa da
pirineis naxevarkunZulebi) erTi modgmis xalxebi cx-
ovrobdnen. Semdeg am modgmis xalxTa adgilsamyofeli
TandaTan izRudeboda. Zv.w.aR-is II aTaswleulis damde-
gisaTvis wina aziis mkvidri xalxebidan cnobili iyvnen
xeTebi da subarebi. xeTi subarebi qarTvel tomTa winapre-
bi arian. xeTebi mcire aziaSi mosaxleobdnen, subarebs
22
ki eWiraT teritoria CrdiloeT mesopotamiidan moyole-
buli kavkasionamde. am xeTa-miTanis samefoebis xanaSi
kavkasiis miwa-wyali xeTur-subaruli modgmis mosaxle-
obas ekava. ...xeTur-subaruli mosaxleoba mraval wvril
samTavrod daiqsaqsa. xeTur-subaruli tomebidan ufro
Zlierni yofilan muskebi, mermindeli mesxebi, IX sauku-
neSi ki yvelaze energiul brZolebs asurelebs Tubale-
bi umarTavdnen. Zv.w.aR-is IX-VII ss. xeTur-subarulma
tomebma axali Zlieri saxelmwifo Seqmnes _ urartu.
aqve, mezoblad arsebobda xeTur-subaruli samefo mana...~
s. janaSias koncefciam Zlieri gavlena iqonia... samecni-
ero literaturaSi damkvidreba iwyo mis mier Semot-
anilma terminebma: `xeTur-iberiuli xalxebis jgufi~
(pireneis iberebi, etruskebi apeninis naxevarkunZulze)
balkaneTis pelazgebi, Sumerebi, xeTebi da subarebi (xu-
ritebi), urartu, muSqebi da Tabali, qarTvelebi da sxva
kavkasieli xalxebi~ da a.S. (g. meliqiSvili, `qarTvelebi,
maTi warmomavlobis sakiTxi~, saq. ist. narkv. I, gv. 327).
simon janaSias Teoria CvenTvis imiTaa saintereso, rom
erTmaneTis monaTesave `xeTur-iberiuli~ xalxebi wina
aziidan, TavianT Tavdapirveli samSoblodan gavrcele-
bulan dasavleTisaken _ afrikis CrdiloeT sanapiroze
da samxreT evropaSi _ `evropaSi am gvartomobis xalxebi
win uswrebdnen Semdeg mosul indoevropelebs, romelT-
ac damxvduri mosaxleobisa da misi kulturis Zlieri
gavlena ganicades. ase iyo pirineis, anu iberiis naxe-
varkunZulze, sadac Zveli iberiuli mosaxleobis STa-
23
momavalni, baskebad wodebulni, dRemde arian SemorCe-
nilni. aseve moxda apeninis naxevarkunZulze, sadac
etruskebma Seqmnes italiis uZvelesi civilizacia, romel-
mac Semdgom mZlavri zemoqmedeba iqonia romis kultur-
aze. dasasrul, balkaneTis naxevarkunZulze gvian mo-
sul indoevropel berZnebsac pelazgebis dawinaurebu-
li mosaxleoba daxvdaT.
am xalxTa mier Seqmnil maRali kulturis keraTagan
yvelaze ufro mniSvnelovnad winaaziuri kerebi unda
CaiTvalos. wina aziaSi ...adre Caisaxa saxelmwifoebrio-
ba. evfratisa da tigrosis auzTa qvemo nawilSi Sumer-
ebma (Semeberebma) jer kidev Zv.w.aR-is IV aTaswleulSi
ganaviTares saqalaqo cxovreba, safuZveli Cauyares sax-
elmwifos da gamoigones msoflioSi uZvelesi damwer-
loba _ jer ieroglifuri, xolo Semdgom lursmuli~ (s.
janaSia, Sromebi, t. V, 1987, gv. 20).
damoukideblad imisgan, namdvilad aqvs Tu ara qarTul
enas genetikuri kavSiri wina aziis uZveles enebTan, mec-
nierTa mier dadasturebulia, rom xuritebis, xeTebisa
da urartuelebis garkveuli nakadi Serwymia qarTvel
ers _ `enobrivi monacemebi cxadyofs, rom qarTvel tomeb-
Si unda gaTqvefiliyo da qarTveli xalxis Semadgenlo-
baSi unda Sesuliyo ZvelaRmosavluri civilizaciis Sem-
qmneli, samxreTSi mcxovrebi xalxebis (xuritebis, xeTe-
bis, urartulebis) garkveuli nakadi. amisi nakvalevi Tavs
iCens qarTvelTa enaSi~ (g. meliqiSvili, dasax. naSromi,
gv. 357). amdenad qarTvelebs ufleba aqvT TavianTi Tavi
maT memkvidreebad miiCnion.
24
qristeSobamde III aTaswleulSi saqarTveloSi arsebu-
li TrialeTis Sua brinjaos xanis kulturis Zlieri
kavSiri Sumerul samyarosTan mkvlevarebs afiqrebinebs,
rom winaaziuri warmoSobis zogierTma tomma saqarTvelo-
Si SemoaRwia (iqve, gv. 353). `TrialeTis kulturas metad
mkafio paralelebi moepoveba ara marto Crdilo-dasav-
leT iranis materialur kulturaSi, aramed xeTur sam-
yaroSic~ (iqve, gv. 354). saerTod TrialeTis kulturis
gamoCenas amierkavkasiaSi ukavSireben xuritebis tomis
eqspansias (iqve, gv. 355). arqeologiac emxroba zemomot-
anil azrs.
dadasturebuli faqtia qarTul-indoevropuli eno-
brivi siaxlove, Tumca ki qarTuli enaTa damoukidebel
ojaxs ganekuTvneba, es imiTaa saintereso, rom wina aziis
uZvelesi mosaxleoba indoevropelebi aRmoCndnen,
qarTvelebs mWidro kontaqtebi hqoniaT maTTan, imde-
nad, rom uZveles qarTvelur enas Zlieri transforma-
cia ganucdia indoevropuli substratis gavleniT.
fiqroben, rom es garemoeba Sedegia im xangrZlivi da
mWidro kontaqtebisa, romelTac adgili unda hqonoda
uZveles xanebSi qarTvelur tomebsa da uZveles indo-
evropul dialeqtebze molaparake tomebs Soris (g. mel-
iqiSvili, dasax. naSr. gv. 345).
yuradRebas ipyrobs garkveuli msgavseba qarTvel da
Zvel anatoliur indoevropul (xeTur, luviur, palaur)
enebs Soris (ix. g. giorgaZe, indoevropul-qarTul (qarTve-
lur) enobrivi paralelebis xasiaTis Sesaxeb, saenaTmec-
niero krebuli 1979, gv. 62).
25
saerTo anatoliuri indoevropuli fuZeenis daSlis
procesi dawyebula gvarovnuli wyobis dros III aTaswle-
ulSi qristeSobamde, anatoliaSive (iqve, gv. 67). nesite-
bi TandaTan gavrcelebulan centralur da aRmosavleT
anatoliaSi, romelic manamde dasaxlebuli iyo xeTebis
(protoxeTebis) tomebiT (zogierTi mecnieris azriT, swo-
red protoxeTebs hqoniaT kavSiri qarTvelebTan). nesi-
tur-xaturi urTierTobis dros, romelic gagrZelda
aseulobiT wlobiT, protoxeTuri ena STanTqa nesitur-
ma, romelmac Tavis mxriv ganicada garkveuli cvlileba
(fonetikaSi, leqsikaSi, morfologiaSi). Serevis da Sejva-
rebis Sedegad indoevropelebisa da xeTebis tomebs Soris
Camoyalibda xeTuri eTnosi. daaxloebiT XVII saukuneSi
qristemde Seqmnilma xeTurma samefom mTlianad SeiTvi-
sa protoxeTebis mdidari tradiciebi (iqve, gv. 67).
Tavis mxriv, xeTur saxelmwifosTan urTierToba unda
hqonoda pirvel qarTul saxelmwifoebs (politikur war-
monaqmnebs) _ diauxis (daianis _ asiriuli wyaroebiT) da
kulxas _ Woroxisa da dasavleT evfratis yara-sus raion-
ebSi, sadac ZvelTaganve cxovrobdnen qarTuli tomebi,
isinive iyvnen samxreTuli periferiebi pirvelqarTuli
saxelmwifoebisa. arsebobs safuZveli vifiqroT, rom am
olqebSi, SeiZleba samxreTiT an samxreT-dasavleTiT,
ZvelTaganve imyofeboda ZiriTadi teritoria saerTo
qarTveluri fuZeenis matarebeli tomisa, romlisgan
TandaTan gamoiyvnen sxvadasxva dialeqturi erTeulebi
(svanuri, megruli, Wanuri). ivaraudeba aseve urTierTo-
26
ba ara xeTebsa da qarTvel tomebs, aramed ufro adre
saerTo anatoliur indoevropul enobriv erTeulsa da
saerToqarTuls Soris.
simon janaSia protoxeTebs, anu xatebs qarTvelTa
uSualo winaprebad miiCnevda wina aziis sxva Zvel tomebT-
an erTad. is werda _ `mTeli wina aziis teritoria uZve-
les xanaSi dasaxlebulia iseTi xalxebiT, romelTac ara
aqvT araviTari kavSiri arc indoevropelebTan, arac
semitebTan, arc Turqul-monRolur tomebTan. yvelaze
mniSvnelovanni wina aziis am uZveles xalxTagan arian
sumerebi, xatebi anu xetebi, mitanelebi, urartus (vanis)
qaldebi da sxvebi. swored am xalxebma Seqmnes kacobri-
obis uZvelesi kulturuli kera... Semdeg es xalxebi
TiTqos qrebian, nuTu ukvalod? ra Tqma unda ara. sxva
tomebis mowolis gamo isini icvlian teritorias da axal-
axal kerebs qmnidnen. yvelaze samxreTiT mdebare raion-
ebidan maT amoiwies mcire aziasa da mesopotamiaSi, aqedan
Savi zRvis samxreT sanapiroebsa da vanis tbis raionSi,
iqidan kidev Tanamedrove amierkavkasiaSi. satomo sax-
elebis istoria am mxriv did sayuradRebo masalas Sei-
cavs~ (s. janaSia, t. III, 1959, gv. 194).
rogorc vxedavT, s. janaSia amierkavkasiis mkvidr mo-
saxleobas (upirvelesad, cxadia, qarTvelebs) miiCnevs
adgilmonacvlebuli Sumerebis, xatebis, mitanelebisa da
urartuelebis STamomavlebad. es xalxebi, misi azriT,
saerTo warmoSobisa SeiZleboda yofiliyvnen.
safiqrebelia, rom kavSiri arsebobs xatebis, xaldeb-
is, anu qaldebis, xalibebis saxelebs Soris. Zveli berZe-
27
ni mwerlebi pirdapir amboben, rom xaldebi winaT xali-
bebad iwodebodneno. Semdeg sayuradReboa, rom xaldebi
cxovrobdnen, rogorc Savi zRvis samxreT sanapiroze,
ise vanis tbis garSemo. cxadia, es erTi xalxis ori Sto
unda iyos.
aseve sayuradReboa asurul warwerebSi moxsenebuli
muskebisa da kaskebis saxelebi. muskebi arian mermindeli
mosxebi an mesxebi. kaskebi kidev kolxebi, rogorc es
aRniSnulia ukve prof. iv. javaxiSvilis mier. mesxebisa
da kolxebis ambavi yvelasTvis cnobilia. friad sarwmu-
noa iberebis kavSiri tibarenebTan da tabal-TobalTan.
aseve safiqrebelia, rom termini `qarTveli~ dakavSire-
bulia qald-Tan (iqve, gv. 195).
arnold Ciqobavas daskvniT, rac ufro Sors vixedeb-
iT qarTveluri da sxva iberiul-kavkasiuri enebis isto-
riul warsulSi, miT ufro xelSesaxebi xdeba am enaTa
warmoSobiTi kavSiri wina aziisa da SuamdinareTis Zveli
civilizaciis enebTan (urartulTan, huritulTan, xe-
TurTan, ulamurTan, SumerulTan). S. ZiZiguris azriT,
`mecnierebaSi dgas sakiTxi winaelinuri (pelasgur-ana-
toliuri) kulturis Semqmnel xalxebTan iberiul-kavka-
siuri enebis kavSiris Sesaxeb. jer kidev adre SeamCnies,
rom berZnul enaSi gamoiyofa fena, romelic ar aixsneba
indoevropuli enebis safuZvelze. maSasadame, es danale-
qi unda ganekuTvnebodes xmelTaSua zRvis uZveles mkvidr-
Ta samyaros... winaberZnuli egeosuri enebis amocnobis
gzebi miimarTeba iberiul-kavkasiuri enebisaken, kerZod
28
qarTveluri enebis samyarosaken~ (baskur-kavkasiuri prob-
lema, gv. 51).
egeosuri mosaxleobis istoriis sakiTxebis mkvlevaris,
r. gordezianis azriT, Sexvedrebi iberiul-kavkasiur da
egeosur enebs Soris namdvilad mniSvnelovania, aseve
egeosur-anatoliur geografiul saxelebs garegnulad
TiTqmis zusti paralelebi aqvT kavkasiurTan, kerZod ki
qarTul toponimikasTan (ix. r. gordeziani, `iliada~ da
egeosuri mosaxleobis istoriisa da eTnogenezis sakiTx-
ebi, 1970, gv. 299-301).
CvenTvis saintereso sakiTxs _ uZvelesi qarTuli eT-
nosis migracias xmelTaSua zRvis qveynebSi exeba mec-
nieri sxva SromaSic _ etruskulis kavkasiurTan da baskur-
Tan mimarTebisas igi varaudobs, rom Zv.w.aR-is III
aTaswleulis miwurulSi kavkasiidan italiaSi saberZne-
Tis gavliT gadasaxlebula kavkasiur tomTa erTi naw-
ili, romelsac Seuqmnia e.w. kavkasiuri substrati Semdgom
formirebuli etruskulisaTvis (r. gordeziani, etrusku-
li da qarTveluri, 1980, gv. 6).
etruskul-qarTvelur mravalricxovan enobriv para-
lelebs r. gordeziani akavSirebs xalxTa migraciasTan,
`gansakuTrebiT ki kavkasiur tomTa mZlavr gadasaxle-
bebTan egeidasa da dasavleT xmelTaSuazRvis auzSi adre
brinjaos xanis dasawyisSi~ (iqve, gv. 6).
misi azriT, e.w. kavkasiur-pelazguri Sre italiaSi
qristeSobamde II aTaswleulSi dawyebul migracias unda
Seetana, `isini dakavSirebulni unda yofiliyvnen e.w.
29
apeninis kulturis damkvidrebasTan italiaSi... Tavis
mxriv TviT Sua heladuri kulturis warmoqmna Cven mig-
vaCnia egeidaSi kavkasiuri, upiratesad qarTveluri tome-
bis migraciis Sedegad Zv.w.aR-is II aTaswleulis damdegs.
rogorc irkveva, maT egeosur samyaroSi Semoitanes aSkar-
ad qarTveluri komponenti, rac winare berZnul enobriv
samyaroSi aTobiT wminda qarTveluri struqturis si-
tyvisa da terminis arsebobiT dasturdeba, rogorc Cans,
es talRa Zv.w.aR-is II aTaswleulis ganmavlobaSi gavr-
celda dasavleT xmelTaSua zRvis auzSi, risi Sedegic
unda iyos aq Suaheladuri tipis kulturebis aRmocene-
ba da pelazgur-kavkasiuri enobrivi elementebis gavr-
celeba. swored migraciaTa am talRam moumzada, Cvenis
azriT, safuZveli Semdgom formirebul etruskul enas.
rogorc Cveni gamokvlevebis Sedegebi gviCvenebs, pel-
azgur-qarTveluri elementebi albaT yvelaze ufro
arsebiTia etruskulSi~ (r. gordeziani, etruskuli da
qarTveluri, gv. 60).
sabolood, albaT unda iTqvas, rom babilonis godo-
lis daqcevis Semdgom warmoqmnil enaTa da xalxTa Soris
arsebobda protoqarTveluri enac, es cnobilia bibliis
uZvelesi komentatorebisTvisac, romelnic iafetis ZeTa
Soris qarTvelTa winaprebsac asaxeleben. protoqarTve-
luri eTnosi, sakmaod mravalricxovani yofila, rac
iqidan Cans, rom TviT warRvnamdec kaenis bolo STamo-
mavalTa Soris lameqis Zeebs ewodaT iabeli (IV, 20), iuba-
li da Tubal-kaeni. mecnierTa erTi nawili, saxelebidan
30
gamomdinare (aq unda gavixsenoT, rom iafetis Ze Tubali
_ qarTvelTa mamamTavrad iTvleboda) maT miiCnevdnen
qarTuli tomebis mosaxeleebad. iabels _ karavSi mcx-
ovrebTa da mejogeTa mamas, iubals _ meCangeTa da
mestvireTa mamas, Tubal-kaens _ rvalisa da rkinis saWur-
velTa mWedels, maTi azriT, saxelebi SerqmeviaT
ZvelqarTul tomTa saqmianobasTan dakavSirebiT. war-
Rvnas isini ver gadaurCnen, magram maTi saxelebisa da
Tobelis saxelis msgavseba mecnierebs afiqrebinebT, rom
protoqarTveluri eTnosi sakmaod mravalricxovani iyo
uZveles epoqaSi. godolis daSlis Semdeg, qarTvelTa
winaprebi, rogorc zemoT iyo aRniSnuli, gavrcelebu-
lan qveynierebis sxvadasxva kideSi, SuamdinareTidan _
wina aziasa da kavkasiisaken, xmelTaSuazRvispira qvey-
nebSi, Crdilo afrikaSi. maT yvelgan safuZveli daudvi-
aT Sesabamisi kulturebisaTvis, romelnic Semdgom au-
TvisebiaT sxvebs.
aRTqma RmerTisa erTan
dedamiwis zurgze gafantvis Semdgom adamianebma Tan-
daTan daiviwyes TavianTi winaprebisagan gagonili da
naswavli gadmocemebi RmerTze, amas xels isic uwyobda,
rom siSorisa Tu urTierTqiSpis gamo xalxebs Soris mis-
vla-mosvla da kavSiri Semcirebuli, anda Sewyvetili
iyo. WeSmariti RmerTis daviwyebis Semdgom gavrcelda
31
crumorwmuneoba, zeciuri da qveyniuri qmnilebebis Tay-
vaniscema, amitomac erTi uxilavi RmerTis magier Tay-
vani sces mraval cru `RmerTs~, maT gamosaxulebebs _
kerpebs emsaxurebodnen da msxverpls swiravdnen maT.
TandaTan kerpTayvanismcemlad iqca msoflios yvela
xalxi, amitomac ufalma ineba dedamiwaze yofiliyo erTi
xalxi mainc, romelSic daculi iqneboda WeSmariti sar-
wmunoeba, romelsac ecodineboda igi da Tayvans scemda
mas da mxolod mas.
ufalma ineba aseTi eri warmoeSva erTi kacis _ abra-
mis STamomavlobisagan. abrami WeSmariti RmerTis madide-
beli iyo, warmoSobiT Suamdinareli, misi mamis samSob-
lo qveyana iyo qaldea, qalaqi uri. am droisaTvis qaldea
erqva qveyanas tigrossa da evfrats Soris TiTqmis sparse-
Tis yuredan babilonamde. aq, rogorc aRniSnuli iyo,
cxovrobdnen sxvadasxva epoqaSi jer Sumerebi, Semdgom
xuritebi da protoqarTvelebis monaTesaved miCneuli
sxvadasxva tomebi semitebTan erTad. CvenTvis saintere-
soa, rom qaldea ufro mogvianebiT ewodeboda dRevande-
li saqarTvelos mezoblad mdebare qveynebsac _ urar-
tudan pontos CaTvliT gadaSlil mxares. urartuelTa
uzenaes RmerTs `xald~ _ qald ewodeboda da isini Tavi-
anT Tavs qaldevelebad miiCnevdnen. `safiqrebelia, rom
termini `qarTveli~ dakavSirebulia qald-Tan da misi
meSveobiT, sxva amave Ziris winaaziur uZveles saxelebT-
an~, _ werda s. janaSia (t. III, 1959, gv. 195). saxel qaldeas
ivane javaxiSvilic akavSirebda qarTvelebTan. `dakvirve-
32
bam dagvarwmuna, rom qarT-megruli Stos tomebis saku-
Tar saxelebSi (qarTueli, karduxi) erTi da igive qveynis
saxeli gvxvdeba. igi aris qarTu anu kardu. raki am qvey-
nis saxeli orive Stos tomebis saxelwodebaSi moipoveba,
ueWvelia igi qarTvelebis Tavdapirveli samSoblo unda
yofiliyo. am samSoblos xsovna mesame Stos warmomad-
genels, svanebsac aqvT SerCenili _ es karTu anu qarTu
ganTqmuli qveyana qaldea aris~ (qarTveli eris istoria,
I, 1951, gv. 403-404).
ase rom, qaldea ara marto abraamis winaparTa samSob-
loa, is qarTvelTa pirvelsamSoblodac SeiZleba Cai-
Tvalos. aseTi versiis arseboba unda miuTiTebdes, rom
qaldevelTa qveyana semitebTan erTad albaT qarTvel-
Ta monaTesave, anda protoqarTveluri tomiTac iyo dasax-
lebuli.
rogorc wina Tavidanac Canda, SuamdinareTSi qarTvel-
Ta monaTesave tomebs qristeSobamde aTaseuli wlebiT
adre daculi hqondaT mcire marcvali WeSmariti sarw-
munoebisa. qaldevelTa urSi mcxovreb abrams ki hqonda
Seuryeveli sarwmunoeba RmerTze.
`mohkida xeli Teraxma Tavis Zes abrams, Tavis Svil-
iSvil lots, haranis Zes, Tavis rZals sarais, Tavisi Zis
abramis cols da gavidnen erTad qaldevelTa uridan
qanaanis qveyanaSi wasasvlelad. miadgnen xarans da iq
damkvidrnen~ (dab. 11, 31).
qaldevelTa urs, sadac cxovrobda mama abramisa Tar-
ra anu Teraxi, Cveulebriv aigiveben samxreT mesopota-
33
miis qalaq urTan, saidanac is ojaxTan erTad gada-
saxlebula qalaq xarranSi mesopotamiis Crdilo nawil-
Si. igi iqve gardaicvala. rogorc aRiniSna, mesopotami-
aSi sazogadod saukuneTa manZilze sxvadasxva xalxebi
cxovrobdnen. istorikosTa Tanaxmad, qristeSobamde IV-III
aTaswleulSi aq mcxovrebma Sumerebma Seqmnes pirveli
qalaqi-saxelmwifoebi (eridu, uri, uruki, lagaSi, nipu-
ri). Semdgom aq Semodian semituri tomebi, romlebmac
aiTvises SumerTa kultura. qristemde III aTaswleulSi
aq sargon mefem Seqmna erTiani semituri mesopotamiis
momcveli saxelmwifo _ aqadi. amave III aTaswleulSi aq
SeiWrnen kvlav semituri _ amorevelTa tomebi, maT mier
Seqmnili saxelmwifos dedaqalaqi iyo babiloni. Zvel-
babilonuri saxelmwifos Semqmneladaa miCneuli mefe
xamurabi _ kanonmdebeli. xamurabianTa dinastia daamxes
xeTurma tomebma 1530 wels qristeSobamde. II aTaswleu-
lis Sua xanebSi mesopotamiaSi gamoCndnen xuritebi, sax-
elmwifo miTanis Semqmnelebi. xuritebi, istorikosTa
erTi nawilis Tanaxmad, qarTvelTa winaprebadaa miCneu-
li, iseve rogorc zogierTi xeTuri tomi da gansakuTre-
biT protoxeTebi. abraamis mamis _ Tarras _ qaldevelTa
uridan gamosvlis droisaTvis qaldea, marTlac qarTvel-
Ta winapari tomebiT yofila dasaxlebuli.
msoflio warRvnis Semdeg ufalma RmerTma aRTqma
dado, anu kavSiri Sekra mTel kacobriobasTan _ noes
saSualebiT. Semdgom abraamis saSualebiT _ adamianTa
TanamonaTesave jgufTan, xolo sinas mTaze ufali Rm-
34
erTi daukavSirda mxolod da mxolod erT xalxs, iako-
bis STamomavlebs _ israelTa Svilebs. man misca maT kano-
ni, gadaaqcia is Tavis rCeul erad.
xaranSi yofnisas, abraami (maSin jer kidev abrami er-
qva) iRebs RvTisagan brZanebas _ `uTxra ufalma abraams:
wadi Seni qveynidan, Seni samSoblodan, mamaSenis saxl-
idan im qveyanaSi, romelsac me giCveneb. gaqcev did xalx-
ad, gakurTxeb da ganvadideb Sens saxels da kurTxeuli
iqnebi. vakurTxeb Sens makurTxebels da davwyevli Sens
mawyevars. kurTxeuli iqneba SenSi miwierTa mTeli modg-
ma~ (dab. 12.1-3). `uTxra ufalma abrams mas Semdeg, rac
loti gaeyara: aaxile Tvali da gaixede am adgilidan,
sadac Sen dgaxar, CrdiloeTisaken, samxreTisaken, aRmo-
savleTisaken da dasavleTisaken. mTeli es qveyana, rasac
xedav, SenTvisa da Seni modgmisaTvis momicia samaradis-
od. qviSasaviT uricxvs gavxdi Sens STamomavlobas. Tu
vinme SesZlebs qviSis daTvlas, Seni STamomavlobac daiTv-
leba~ (dab. 13. 14-16).
Semdgomi sityva aRTqmisa azustebs wina aRTqmebis
monacemebs: `am dRes daudo ufalma aRTqma abrams da
uTxra: Seni STamomavlobisaTvis mimicia es qveyana egvip-
tis mdinaridan did mdinaremde _ evfratis mdinaremde...~
(dab. 15. 18).
Semdeg kidev ufro gamowvlilviTaa Camoyalibebuli
_ `oTxmocdacxra wlis iyo abrami, rom gamoecxada ufa-
li abrams da uTxra: me var RmerTi Zlieri. iare Cems
winaSe da sruli iyavi. davdeb aRTqmas Cemsa da Sens Soris
35
da didad, didad gagamravleb. pirqve daemxo abrami da
ase elaparaka mas RmerTi: `es me var, da aha, Cemi aRTq-
mac: `uamrav xalxTa mama Seiqmnebi! aRar gerqvas ameri-
dan saxelad abrami, aramed abraami iyos Seni saxeli,
radganac uamrav xalxTa mamad gaqcev. didad, didad gag-
amravleb, xalxebad gaqcev da mefeni gamovlen Sengan.
davdeb aRTqmas Cemsa da Sens Soris da Sens STamomaval-
Ta Soris Taobidan Taobamde, samaradiso aRTqmas, rom
Seni da Seni STamomavlobis RmerTi viqnebi. mogcem Sen
da Sens STamomavlobas Seni mdgmurobis qveyanas, qanaa-
nis mTels qveyanas, samaradiso sakuTrebad da Tqveni Rm-
erTi viqnebi. uTxra RmerTma abraams: oRond daicaviT
Cemi aRTqma Sen da Senma STamomavlobam Taobidan Taobam-
de~... (dab. 17. 1-9). aRTqmis piroba iyo winadacveTa
abraamisa da misi STamomavlobisa. winadacveTiloba iyo
niSani RvTis xalxis kuTvnilebisa.
abraami 100 wlisa iyo, roca saram, RvTis dapirebis
Tanaxmad, Sva Ze, romelsac uwodes isaaki. manamde abraams
saras nebiT mxeval agarTan eyola ismaili _ ismaitelTa
mamamTavari, aseve xeTTurasTan hyavda _ madiani, madi-
anelTa mamamTavari. isaakma SeirTo rebeka, romelmac
Sva tyupi vaJebi esavi _ edomelTa mamamTavari da iakobi
_ israelianTa mamamTavari. marTalia, esavi pirmSo iyo,
magram iakobma Tavisi moxerxebiT miiRo pirmSoeba da
mamis kurTxevac. amis Semdeg gaeqca esavis risxvas. gae-
marTa mesopotamiaSi, xaranis sanaxebSi, dedis naTesav-
ebTan. gzaze dauRamda, daido lodi sasTumlad da dawva
36
erT adgils _ `esizmra: miwaze kibe dgas da TaviT cas
swvdeba, uflis angelozebi adi-Camodian kibeze. aha,
ufali dgas kibeze da eubneba: me var ufali RmerTi
abraamisa, mamaSenisa da RmerTi isakisa. es miwa, romelze-
dac wevxar, SenTvis da Seni STamomavlobisaTvis momi-
cia. Seni STamomavloba qviSasaviT mravalricxovani iqneba
da ganivrcobi dasavleTisaken, aRmosavleTisaken, Crd-
iloeTisaken da samxreTisaken, SeniTa da Seni STamomav-
lobiT ikurTxeba miwierTa mTeli modgma. aha, SenTana
var da yvelgan dagifarav, sadac ki waxval, kvlav
dagabruneb am miwaze. ar migatoveb, vidre ar agisruleb
yvelafers rac giTxari~ (dab. 28, 12-15). xarranSi iakobs
SerTes lia da raxili, maTTan da agreTve maT mxevlebT-
an iakobs eyola Tormeti vaJi da erTi qali, maTgan war-
moiSva israelis Tormeti tomi. Tavisi ojaxiT ukan dab-
runebisas iakobs `uTxra RmerTma: iakobia Seni saxeli,
aRar gerqmeva amieridan saxelad iakobi, aramed israeli
iqneba Seni saxeli. da uwoda saxelad israeli. uTxra
RmerTma: me var RmerTi yovladZlieri, inayofiere da
gamravldi. xalxi da xalxTa krebuli warmoiSoba Sengan
da mefeni gamovlen Seni sazardulidan. qveyana, romel-
ic miveci abraams da isaks, SenTvis momicia, Seni STamo-
mavlobisaTvis momicia es qveyana~ (dab. 35, 10-12).
iakobis Zem _ iosebma _ egvipteSi gadidkacebis Semdgom
qveynad Camovardnili SimSilobis gamo mamamisi ojaxiT
miiwvia maRZar egvipteSi: `uTxra RmerTma israels Rameul
xilvaSi: iakob, iakob! miugo: aqa var. uTxra: me var Rmer-
37
Ti, RmerTi mamaSenisa. nu geSinia egvipteSi Casvlis, rad-
gan iq gaqcev did xalxad. me Cagyvebi egvipteSi, meve
amogiyvan iqidan da iosebi dagixuWavs Tvalebs sakuTari
xeliT~ (dab. 46, 2-3).
egvipteSi Casvlis Semdgom iakobis ojaxi dasaxlda
mdidar mxareSi, ramdenime aseuli wlis Semdgom is iqca
did xalxad, magram droTa viTarebaSi egviptelTa mone-
bi gaxdnen _ ``gamoxda mravali xani da mokvda egviptis
mefe. akvnesdnen mZime Sromisagan israelianebi, gahkiod-
nen da miswvda maTi RaRadi RmerTs. moesma RmerTs maTi
kvnesa da gaixsena RmerTma abraamTan, isakTan da iakob-
Tan dadebuli aRTqma. moxeda RmerTma israelianebs da
icno RmerTma isini~ (gam. 1. 23-25).
gamoiyvana ufalma israelianebi egviptidan da miiyva-
na aRTqmul qveyanaSi. xalxis winamZRvroba ufalma daak-
isra winaswarmetyvelsa da rjulmdebels.
mose Cvilobidanve izrdeboda sasaxleSi. is faraonis
qaliSvilis mier iyo naSvilebi, magram mowifulobisas
gamoamJRavna egviptelTa mier daCagruli Tavisi erisadmi
siyvaruli da Tavdadeba. am dros mokla zedamxedveli
egvipteli da iZulebuli gaxda gaqceuliyo egviptidan.
is gaemarTa sinas naxevarkunZulisaken, madiamelTa
miwaze, iq SeirTo coli da mwyemsavda cxvrebs. erTxel
cxvari waasxa udabnos iqiT da miadga RvTis mTas _ xorebs.
`gamoecxada uflis angelozi cecxlis alad Suagul may-
vlovanSi. xedavs, cecxli ukidia mayvlovans, magram ar
iwvis mayvlis buCqi. Tqva mosem, mival da vnaxav am dide-
38
bul sanaxavs ratom ar iwvis mayvlovani. dainaxa ufalma
rom modis mose sanaxavad da dauZaxa Suagul mayvlo-
vanidan: mose, mose! miugo _ aqa var. uTxra: axlos nu
moxval! gaiZre fexsamosi, radgan es adgili, sadac Sen
dgaxar wmida miwaa. uTxra: me var mamaSenis RmerTi. saxe
daifara mosem, radgan RvTis xilvisa SeeSinda. da Tqva
ufalma: vixile Cagvra Cemi erisa egvipteSi da momesma
zedamxedvelebisagan gamwarebuli RaRadi. raki gavige
misi gasaWiri. Camovedi, rom vixsna igi egviptelTagan da
waviyvano mag qveynidan madliansa da vrcel qveyanaSi,
sadac Rvarad moedineba Tafli da rZe, qanaanelTa, xe-
TelTa, amorevelTa, ferizevelTa, xivielTa da ie-
busevelTa qveyanaSi. `aha, moiwia Cemamde israelianTa
RaRadma da vixile maTi Cagvra, rogor Cagraven maT
egviptelebi. axla gagzavni faraonTan, rom gamoiyvano
egviptidan Cemi eri, israelianebi~ (gam. 3. 2-10).
kvlav uTxra ufalma moses israelianTa Sesaxeb _ `mi-
giReT Cems erad da viqnebi Tqveni RmerTi. gecodinebaT,
rom me var ufali, Tqveni RmerTi, egviptelTa kirTeb-
isagan Tqveni gamomxsneli~ (gam. 6.7).
amis Semdgom ufali RmerTi `Cems ers~, `Cems xalxs~
uwodebs israelianebs. mosem icoda, rom faraoni uars
ityoda egviptidan aseulaTasobiT muSis, anu ebraelTa
gaSvebaze. ufali ambobs _ `ar mogismenT faraoni. maSin
xels movuWer egviptes da didi sasjelebis ZaliT gamov-
iyvan Cems krebuls, Cems ers, israelianebs egviptis qvey-
nidan~ (gam. 7.4).
39
yoveli wardgomis dros mose faraons eubneboda: `am-
bobs ufali, ebraelTa RmerTi: gauSvi Cemi xalxi, raTa
memsaxuron~.
faraoni ar uSvebda ebraelebs, risTvisac aTi saswau-
lebrivi sasjeliT daisaja egvipte, romelTa drosac
ebraelebi uvnebelni rCebodnen, Tanaxmad uflis sityvi-
sa _ `gamovarCev Cem xalxs Seni xalxisagan...~ (gam. 8. 23).
isjeboda faraoni, Tumca ufali agebinebda dasjis mizezs:
`aqamde abuCad igdeb Cems ers da ar uSveb~ (gam. 9.17).
ebraelTa gauSveblobisaTvis egviptelebi sastikad
daisajnen. Tavzardacemulma faraonma gauSva uflis eri.
eqvsasi aTasi kaci qalebisa da bavSvebis garda gaemarTa
mewamuli zRvisaken. win miuZRodaT maT ufali, dRisiT
Rrublis svetSi gzis saCveneblad, RamiT cecxlis svet-
Si gzis gasanaTeblad. gons mosvlis Semdgom egviptele-
bi ukan gaekidnen ebraelebs, mosem RvTis brZanebiT zRva
kverTxiT orad gahyo, ebraelebi mSrali zRvis fskeris
gavliT gavidnen meore napiras, faraoni ki Tavisi mxe-
drebiTa da etlebiT kvlav kverTxis dakvriT SeerTe-
bulma zRvam daaxrCo.
rogorc aRiniSna, aRTqma _ kavSiri _ ufal RmerTsa
da mis ers Soris egviptidan gamosvlis Semdgom daido.
egviptidan gamosvlis sami Tvis Semdgom mose Tavisi
xalxiT miadga sinais mTas.
`avida RmerTTan mose da mTidan CamosZaxa mas ufalma:
ase uTxari iakobis saxls da amcne israelianebs: Tqven
naxeT, ra davmarTe egviptes, rogor agitaceT arwivis
40
frTebiT da CemTan migiyvaneT, amieridan Tu SeismenT
Cems sityvas da daicavT Cems aRTqmas, Cems sakuTrebaT
gamogarCevT yvela xalxisagan, radgan Cemia mTeli qvey-
ana. mRvdelTa samefod da wmida erad meyolebiT. ai,
sityvebi, rac unda uTxra israelianebs~ (gam. 19: 3-6).
yvela xalxisagan gamorCeulobisa da uflis erad qce-
visTvis israelianebs unda daecvaT aRTqma uflisa _
SeesminaT misi sityva. `mRvdelTa samefod da wmida erad~
gamorCevisaTvis israelianebma mzadyofna ganacxades _
`erTxmad miugo erma da uTxra: yvelafers SevasrulebT,
rac brZana ufalma. wauRo mosem ufals xalxis naTqvami~
(gam. 19.8).
ufalma ubrZana moses moemzadebina xalxi RvTis
gamocxadebisaTvis. xalxi ori dRis manZilze iwmendda
Tavs, Tavis tansacmels, mosem mTis garSemo xazi Semoav-
lo, rogorc ineba RmerTma, raTa mas aravin miaxlovebo-
da sikvdilis SiSiT, rameTu am dros RmerTi mTaze iyo.
mesame dRis diliT sinas mTa RrubliT daifara, daiwyo
elva da quxili.
`gamoiyvana banakidan xalxi mosem RvTis Sesaxvedrad
da dadgnen mTis Ziras.
bolavda mTeli sinais mTa, radgan ufali iyo masze
Camosuli cecxlis alSi, rogorc quras, ise asdioda kvam-
li da Zlierad iryeoda mTa. TandaTan Zlierdeboda
sayviris xma. laparakobda mose da exmianeboda RmerTi~
(gam. 19. 18-20).
RmerTma warmosTqva xalxis gasagonad mcnebebi:
41
1. Tqva RmerTma yvela es sityva:
2. me var ufali, Tqveni RmerTi, romelmac gamogiyva-
neT egviptelTa qveynidan, monobis saxlidan.
3. ar gaiCinoT Cems garda sxva RmerTebi.
4. ar gaikeTo kerpebi, arc rame xati imisa, rac aris
maRla caSi, dabla miwaze da wyalSi, miwis qveS.
5. ar sce Tayvani maT, arc emsaxuro, radgan me var
ufali Tqveni RmerTi, Surismgebeli RmerTi, romelic
mamis codvas Svilebs movkiTxav, Cems moZuleebs, mesame
da meoTxe TaobaSi.
6. aTaswlil sikeTis mzRveli Cems moyvarulTaTvis
da Cemi mcnebebis dammarxvelTaTvis.
7. ar daifico fuWad uflis, Seni RvTis saxeli, rad-
gan dausjeli ar gadaurCeba ufals misi saxelis fuWad
maficari.
8. gaxsovdes SabaTi dRe, rom wmida hyo igi.
9. eqvs dRes imuSave da akeTe Seni saqmeebi.
10. meSvide dRe ki uflis, Seni RvTis SabaTia. ara
saqme ar gaakeTo, arc Sen, arc Senma vaJma, arc asulma,
arc Senma ymam, arc Senma mxevalma, arc Senma pirutyvma,
arc Senma mdgmurebma, saxlSi rom gyavs.
11. radgan eqvs dReSi Seqmna ufalma ca da miwa, zRva
da yvelaferi, rac masSia da meSvide dRes Seisvena, ami-
tomac akurTxa ufalma SabaTi dRe da wmida hyo igi.
12. pativi eci mamas da dedas, raTa dRegrZeli iyo
miwaze, romelic ufals, Sens RmerTs moucia SenTvis.
13. ara kla.
42
14. ar imruSo.
15. ar iqurdo.
16. ar gamoxvide cru mowmed Seni Tvistomis winaaRm-
deg.
17. ar indomo Seni Tvistomis saxli; ar indomo Seni
Tvistomis coli, arc misi yma, arc misi mxevali, arc misi
xari, arc misi saxedari, arc araferi misi qonebidan (gam.
20. 1-17).
rogorc aRniSnuli iyo, ufali RmerTis mier dedami-
waze mcxovreb mraval xalxTa Soris erTis gamorCeva
gamoiwvia kerpTayvanismcemlobis gavrcelebam _ yvela
xalxs daviwyebuli hyavda WeSmariti RmerTi. sarwmunoe-
bis damcvelad ufalma israelianebi amoirCia. marTlac
am erma saukuneTa manZilze SeZlo siwmindiT gadaeca
sxvadasxva erebisa da kacobriobisaTvis (TviT am erSi
ganxorcielebuli RvTis Zis _ ieso qristes mier) _ WeS-
mariti sarwmunoeba. saerTod eris _ erTi warmoSobisa
Tu sxva mxriv gaerTianebuli xalxis amorCeviT ufalma
RmerTma akurTxa kacobriobis xalxebad, erebad dayofa.
ieso qristes Semdgom yoveli eri, matarebeli marTa-
li sarwmunoebisa, RvTis xalxad iqca, maT Soris qarTve-
li eric. `qarTlis cxovrebis~ Tanaxmad, es momxdara
suliwmidis mofenis Semdeg, roca deda RvTisas wilad
xvda iverielTa moqceva. CvenebiT gamocxadebisas macxo-
vari mas eubneba _ `hoi, dedao Cemo, me ar ugulebelvyof
yvela xalxze ufro sazepuro qarTvel ers maTze Seni
meoxebiT~ (q. c. I, gv. 37).
43
Tubali da mosoqi
saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis wmida mamebi, ucx-
oel saeklesio moRvaweTa darad cnobiswadiliT eZiebd-
nen winaprebs RvTismSoblis wilxvedri erisas. dasturi
amisa aris leonti mrovel episkoposis da arsen beris
Sromebi qarTvelTa eTnogenezisis Sesaxeb.
arsen berma icis, rom mkiTxvels ainteresebs, _ `Cven,
qarTvelni romelTa naTesavTa Svilni varT~, igi pasux-
obs _ `Cven qarTvelni Svilni varT maT arian-qarTliT
gamosulTani da enai maTi `vuwyiT~ (Zv. qarT. agiogr.
lit. Zegl. 1971, III, gv. 46). `arian-qarTliT~ gamosuli
xalxi qristeSobamde dasaxlebula dasavleT da aRm-
osavleT saqarTveloSi aleqsandre makedonelis mier,
romelsac Cveni qveynis _ e.i. saqarTvelos _ Seneba dau-
wyia _ `iwyo Senebad qveyanasa Cvensa, xolo Tanahyva azove,
Ze arian-qarTvelTa mefeTa da misca qveyana es Cveni sameu-
fod da samkvidreblad da gauCina sazRvari hereTi da
egriswyali, somxiTi da mTai crolisai da TviT wavida~
(iqve, gv. 47).
am koncefciis Tanaxmad, mosaxleoba, rogorc dasav-
leT, ise aRmosavleT saqarTveloisa, STamomavalia `ari-
an-qarTvelebisa~. isini azovem _ `arian-qarTlis~ mefis
Zem, saqarTveloSi Camoasaxla. magram vin iyvnen da sad
cxovrobdnen `arian-qarTvelebi~, sad iyo `arian-qarTli~?
arsebobs meore koncefciac, romelic miewereba le-
onti mrovel episkoposs. leontis Tanaxmad, qarTveli
44
eri Camoyalibda saqarTvelos miwa-wyalze; qarTvel
tomTa eTnarqebi iyvnen qarTlosi, egrosi, herosi da
sxvebi. maTi winapari Targamosi ki samxreTis qveynidan
Camosaxlda amierkavkasiaSi.
saerTod Cveni eris, anda misi winapris samxreTidan
Camosaxleobis Teoria bunebrivia, rameTu samSoblo ka-
cobriobisa, Zveli xalxebisa da erebis mesopotamiaa,
saidanac, bibliis Tanaxmad, isini gavrceldnen msofli-
oSi. yvela Zveli eri Tavis winapars mesopotamiasa da
wina aziaSi eZebda, maT Soris qarTvelebic, miT umetes,
rom wmida werilis Zveli komentatorebi qarTvelTa anu
iberTa winaprebs asaxelebdnen noes uaxloes STamomaval-
Ta Soris.
`dabadebaSi~ noes Zis iafetis STamomavalTa Soris
moxseniebuli Tubali da mosoxi _ qarTvelTa winapreb-
adaa miCneuli rogorc Zvel ise axal istorikosTa mier.
ioseb flaviusi iafetis Svid ZeTagan oris _ Tubalisa
da mosoxis Sesaxeb wers _ `daamkvidrebs ukue Tovilosca
TovilTasa, romel aw ivirad iwodebian. xolo mesqinni,
mesxois mier aRSenebulni kahpadukad iwodebian~... (ioseb
flaviusi, moTxrobani iudaebrivisa Zuelisityvaobisani,
1987, gv. 103). iverielTa winaprebad bibliis Tubali mi-
iCneva. `qarTlis cxovreba~ ki, rogorc cnobilia, qar-
TvelTa winaprebad miiCnevs bibliur Targamoss. is ioseb
flaviusis Tanaxmad, `RomaroYs~ Zea. misgan warmomavloba
aseTia _ `TorRamis ukue _ TorRamelni, romelni Tnebi-
sagan ellinTaisa frigvad iwodes~ (iqve, gv. 103).
45
flaviusi Targamoss frigielTa winaprad miiCnevs,
lursmul da ieroglifur teqstebze dayrdnobiT, `cno-
bilma germanelma mkvlevarma h. vinklerma mecnierulad
daasabuTa ZvelberZnuli wyaroebis `frigiisa~ da sar-
gon II-is (Zv. w. 722-705 ww.), droindeli asuruli teqste-
bis _ `muSqebis~ qveynis igiveoba (Zveli aRmosavleTis
xalxTa istoria, 1988, gv. 252).
maSasadame, `muSqebi~ _ qarTvelTa erTi didi tomi _
Targamoss daukavSirda [Targamos _ frigielni (fla-
viusiT) _ muSqebi (vinkleriT)].
asuruli teqstebis `tabal~ bibliur TubalTan (sep-
tanta, .`; zogjer _ .,; vlugata _ Thubal) gaigive-
bulia e. dromes mier (ix. s. janaSia, t. III, 1959, gv. 70).
maSasadame, bibliuri Tubali winaparia _ iberebisa
anu qarTvelebisa, ioseb flaviusis am komentars eTanxme-
bian da avrcoben Cveni mecnierebi, rac Seexeba bibliur
mosoq-mosoxs, isic qarTvelTa (mesxuri tomis) winaprad
iyo miCneuli, amJamad ki Cven SegviZlia is davukavSiroT
`qarTlis cxovrebis~ Targamoss (Targamos-frigielni-
mesxni) im gziT, rogorc zemoT iyo gadmocemuli, Targa-
mosi ki, rogorc cnobilia, aRniSnuli qarTuli wyaros
Tanaxmad, ara marto qarTvelTa, aramed somexTa winapra-
dac aris miCneuli (Targamos _ haos, qarTlos). aq ar
SeiZleba ar mogvagondes herodotes cnoba _ `frigielebs,
rogorc makedonielebi amboben, ewodebodaT brigebi mTe-
li im xnis ganmavlobaSi, sanam evropelebi iyvnen da make-
donielebis mezoblad cxovrobdnen, xolo aziaSi rom
46
gadavidnen, miwa-wyalTan erTad saxelic gamoicvales _
frigielebi dairqves. armenielebi, romlebic frigieleb-
isagan momdinareoben...~ (herodote, istoria I, 1976, gv.
434). `iber~ _ `brig~ saxelebis dakavSireba msgavsi eti-
mologiiT SesaZlebelia.
frigielebs, rogorc aRiniSna, muSqebTan, xolo am
ukanasknels mesxebTan aigiveben.
aRsaniSnavia, rom mesxebs ZvelTaganve mTel qarTul
mosaxleobasTan aigivebdnen, magaliTad, straboni dasav-
leT saqarTvelos TiTqmis centralur nawils _ mosxeb-
is qveyanas uwodebs, xolo Crdilokavkasieli tomebi aR-
mosavleT qarTul tomebs _ mesxebs uwodeben. daRest-
nelebi `avarielebi _ fSav-xevsurebs `mosoxis (anu `moso-
qis~) saxeliT icnoben (ix. h. uslar `avarskii iazik~ 1889,
II, gv. 24, 26).
rogorc iTqva, frigielebs (romlisaganac warmomdga-
ran mesxebi) aseve `brig-ebi erqvaT. am sityvis fuZe
sagulisxmo igiveobas avlens Tubal-iberis fuZesTan _
`Tbl~ _ `br~. fuZe _ `brg~ (brig.) da `br~ (ibr) uTuod
msgavsni arian.
s. janaSia bibliis Tubalebsa da mosoqebs erTi war-
moSobis urTierTmezoblad mcxovreb xalxad miiCnevs.
SemTxveviTi araa, rom Tubali da meSeqi bibliaSi
TiTqmis mudam erTad moixseneba. es SeumCneveli ar dar-
CeniaT bibliis komentatorebs. isini erTad moixsenebian
iafetis ZeTa CamoTvlis dros (`iafetis Zeni: gomeri,
magogi, madai, iavani, Tubali, meSeqi da Tirasi~ (dab.
47
10.2), aseve ezekielis mier (32:26; 38:2; 39:1), xSirad ezek-
ieli CrdiloeTis xalxebs Soris agreTve ixseniebs `go-
mers Tavis urdoTi, Togarmas saxls...~ (38:6), asiriel
mefeTa analebSi, rogorc aRiniSna, arc Tu iSviaTad ix-
senieba Muski da Tabal, viTarca ori mezobeli erovneba,
mcxovrebni kilikiaSi, xolo herodote ambobs, tibarekebs
anu iberianelTa (iberielebi) da mosxebis, kolxeTis ax-
los mcxovrebTa Sesaxeb. mecnierebi Tvlian, rom Tavda-
pirvelad orive aRniSnuli erovneba cxovrobda tigro-
sisa da evfratis saTaveebSi, midiasa da skviTias Soris,
e.i. kolxeTsa da iberiaSi (ix. `tolkovaia biblia~, pe-
terburgi, 1904-1907 I, gv. 69. komentari).
winaswarmetyveli ezekieli Tubalsa da muSeqs axsenebs
sxva Crdiloel xalxebTan erTad, romelnic codvaTa gamo
daisjebian; ezekielze adre israelis mezoblad mcxovreb
did xalxTa dasjis Sesaxeb werda ieremia winaswarmetyve-
li. saqme is iyo, winaswarmetyvelebani uSualod Seexe-
boda israels, uflis ers, romelic eRirsa aRTqmul
miwaze dasaxlebas, magram daarRvia aRTqma ufalTan
sxvadasxva codvaTa gamravlebiT, ris gamoc unda dasjil-
iyo aRTqmuli miwidan gadasaxlebiTa da sxva eris monobaSi
yofniT. kerZod, israelianebi qaldevelTa mefe nabuq-
odonosors unda gadaesaxlebina babilonSi. ris Semde-
gac qaldevelebica da sxva Crdiloeli xalxebic daisje-
bodnen uflis mier. ieremia qadagebda _ `amas ityvis
ufali RmerTi: `aha, me movuwodeb da movavlen Crdilo-
eTis yovel ers da babilonis mefes nabuqodonosors,
48
monasa Cemsa, da maT moviyvan am qveyanas da yovelTa garemos
erTa zeda, davaqcev maT da Sevcvli udabnod saukunod,
da iqmnebian es erni monebad babilonis mefisa 70 wel da
mis Semdgom me davsji babilonis mefes da mis ers maTi
usjuloebisaTvis da qaldevelT qveyanasac gadavaqcev
udabnod~. marTlac, ebraelebi gadaasaxles babilonSi,
sadac isini tyveebad iyvnen 70 wels, xolo qaldevelTa
babilonis samefo Semdgom TandaTan udabnod iqca da
daviwyebas mieca. winaswarmetyvelebis Sesabamisad daeca
TiTqmis yvela imdroindeli tomebi da cnobili saxelm-
wifoebi (igulisxmeba ebraelTa babilonSi tyveobis xana),
daeca da saxelovneba dakarga aTaswleulebis manZilze
didebulma egviptem, rac iwinaswarmetyvela ezekielma _
`adamis Zev, mimarTe piri faraonisaken, egviptis mefisak-
en da uwinaswarmetyvele mas da mTel egviptes elaparake
da uTxari, ase ambobs-Tqo ufali RmerTi, aha, Senze var
faraono, egviptis mefev, dido gveleSapo, rom gawolilx-
ar Sens mdinareebSi da ambob Cemia mdinare, CemTvis Sevq-
menio. layuCebSi Canglebs gagiyri, ...mogisvri udabnoSi
Seni mdinareebis TevzebTan erTad... mixvdeba egviptis
yvela mcxovrebi, rom ufali var, radgan lerwmis sayrdeni
iyavi israelis xalxisaTvis~ (ezek. 29. 2-4). anda: `adamis
Zev, gamarTe godeba faraonze, egviptis mefeze da uTx-
ari: Wabuk loms hgavdi xalxTa Soris da gveleSapiviT
iyavi-Tqo zRvebSi! irqinebodi Sens mdinareebSi da fexe-
biT amRvrevdi wylebs, Telavdi-Tqo maT mdinareebSi. ase
ambobs ufali RmerTi: movisvri Senze Cem saTxevels xalxTa
simravleSi da amogaTreven Cemi badiT...~ (32. 1-3).
49
marTlac, qristeSobamde mexuTe saukunidan, ebrael-
Ta babilonis tyveobis Semdgom saxelovani egvipte dae-
ca da is umniSvnelo, sxvebze damokidebul qveynad iqca.
msgavsadve asrulda ezekielis winaswarmetyvelebani sxva
xalxebsa da saxelmwifo warmonaqmnebze. daecnen israelTa
mtrebi _ yamonianebi (amonitebi) TandaTan daeca fini-
kielTa cnobili tvirosi, rameTu winaswarmetyvelTa
TqmiT, `vaglaxs ambobs ierusalimze, Seimusreba igi _
xalxebis karibWe... gaukacrieldeba~ (iez. 26:2). tvirosi
cnobili qalaqi, saxelmwifos centri iyo, sadac xalx-
ebTan erTad qarTvelTa winaprebic vaWrobdnen _ `ia-
vani, Tubali da meSeqi iyvnen Seni gamsaReblebi, tyveebs
da spilenZis WurWels gixdidnen saqonelSi, Togormas
saxlidan cxenebs, sabrZolo raSebs da jorebs gigza-
vnidnen sanacvlod~ (iez. 27:13-14).
aq qarTvelTa winapari tomebi _ Tubali, meSeqi da
Togarma erTad ixseniebian, radganac isini mezoblebi da
monaTesaveni iyvnen. saukunod daeca asureTi _ israelis
mteri. `iq aris aSuri da mTeli misi krebuli, mis garSemo
misi saflavebi yvelani gangmirulni arian, maxviliT
dacemulni~ (32:22).
daeca cnobili elami, edomi, daeca meSeqi da Tubali.
maT winaswarmetyveli sxva dasjil xalxTa Soris asax-
elebs _ `iq aris meSeqi da Tubali da mTeli misi simrav-
le~ (32:26). isini isjebian maTi mezoblis israelis winaaRm-
deg mtrobis gamo, isjeba TviT israelic, romelic
Semdgom ipovis Tavis TavSi Zalas, aRadgens siyvaruls
50
ufalTan, daicavs aRTqmas da kvlav aRorZindeba, aseve
aRorZindeba RvTis mcnebaTa damcveli yoveli dacemu-
li eri. marTlac, meSeqis da Tubalis Zveli didebisagan
dacema da umniSvnelo tomad qceva SeumCneveli arc Sem-
degdroindel istorikosebs darCeniaT. pirvelqarTvel-
Ta didebuleba, maTi saxelmwifoebi, qalaqebi, kultur-
is brwyinvaleba aCrdilad iqca. ivane javaxiSvili wers,
rom qristeSobamde 3-4 saukuniT adre qarTvelTa dace-
mis Sesaxeb _ `Tumca asurul wyaroebSi Cveni eris maSin-
deli mdgomareoba dawvrilebiT ar aris aRwerili, ma-
gram IV saukunis qarTveli tomebis yofa-cxovrebas Tu
imdroindel mdgomareobas SevadarebT, SeuZlebelia mainc
ver SevamCnioT, rom CrdiloeTisaken waweul qarTvelebs
cxadi daqveiTeba etyobaT. vazis movlas, Rvinis dayenebas,
saqonlis moSenebas, madneulis damuSavebasa da iaraR-
WurWlis gakeTebas, marTalia, winandeburad misdevdnen,
magram sad iyo winandeli simdidre, sasaxleebi, auarebe-
li ganZi da qoneba, romlis xelSi Cagdebas Tavis droze
asureTis batonebi kvexulobdnen xolme. winaT maT qalaqe-
bi hqondaT, meoTxe saukuneSi ki salaparakodac ar Rir-
da, rac iyo isic cixeebs ufro miagavda, vidre qalaqs,
winaT qarTvelebi Zlier da mdidar erad iTvlebodnen,
aReb-micemobisaTvis Soreul qveynebSi midiodnen da yvel-
gan saxeli gavardnili hqondaT. IV saukuneSi ki isini
patara-patara tomebad iyvnen danawilebulni, mamacobis
pativi mezoblebSiRa hqondaT SerCenili, msoflioSi ki
maTi saxeli aRar ismoda~... (iv. javaxiSvili, t. I, gv. 70).
51
diax, Cveni eri daeca, ezekielis winaswarmetyveleba
Tubalsa, meSeqsa da Togormaze aRsrulda. ezekieli
qristeSobamde VI saukuneSi cxovrobda. IV saukuneSi
qarTvelTa winaprebis Zveli dideba mezoblebs Tu axs-
ovdaT. Tumca, unda iTqvas, rom maTi saxsenebeli ufal-
ma ar gaaqro, rameTu isini uflis ers laSqravdnen ara
damoukideblad, aramed skviTebis iZulebiT, romelTac
`gogs~ uwodebdnen. is mTavari iyo meSeqisa da Tubalisa,
e.i. kavkasiis iqiT mcxovreb CrdiloeTis xalxebs auZu-
lebia samxreTeli mezoblebi _ qarTvelTa winaprebi,
elaSqraT `israelis mTebze~. ezekieli ambobs RvTis si-
tyvas _ `adamianis Zev! iwinaswarmetyvele gogze da Tqvi,
ase ambobs-Tqo ufali RmerTi, aha, Senze var roSis, meSe-
qis da Tubalis mTavaro, mogatrialeb, gamogaTrev da
wagiyvan CrdiloeTis kideebidan da mogiyvan israelis
mTebze gagagdebineb mSvilds marcxena xelidan da is-
rebs marjvena xelidan dagayrevineb. israelis mTebze
daecemi mTeli Seni urdoianad da xalxTan erTad, Sen
rom gaxlavs~... (ezek. 39: 1-3).
mravali xalxi daisaja, romelTac winaswarmetyvelis
piriT amis mizezs amcnobs ufali _ `raki saukuno mtro-
ba gqonda da maxvils miugde israelianebi maTi gasaWiris
Jams, saboloo sasjelis Jams~ (ezek. 35: 5).
qarTvelTa winaprebi dasjilan imis mier, visi xeli-
Tac daisajnen israelianebi; mefe nabuqodonosoris mier
datyvevebul da gadasaxlebul iqnen ucxo qveynebSi.
aRsaniSnavia, rom nabuqodonosors, zogierTi Zveli is-
52
torikosis azriT, ara marto ebraelTa gadasaxleba miew-
ereba, aramed qarTvelTa gadasaxlebac samxreTis qveyne-
bidan ufro CrdiloeTiT.
qristeSobamde IV-III saukunis berZeni mwerali, geografi
da istorikosi nabuqodonosors axsenebs viTarca iberi-
elTa Zveli saxelmwifos dampyrobels.
`nabuqodonosorma, romelic herakleze ufro Zlieri
iyo, mas Semdeg rac saomari jari Sekriba, miaRwia li-
bielTa qveyanaSi da iberTa qveyanaSi, ajoba maT, gaa-
camtvera da daimorCila, erTi wili maTgani gadaadgila
man pontos zRvis marjvena mxareze, iq daasaxla~ (georgika,
1961, gv. 30). evsevi kesarieli wers _ `agreTve megasTene
ambobs Tavis `indoeTis~ meoTxe wignSi, romelSic
mogviTxrobs amis win moxsenebuli babilonelTa mefis
Sesaxeb, rom is simamaciT da sagmiro saqmeebiT herakles
aRemateboda, imdenad aRemateboda, rom libiis da iberiis
meti wili, ambobs igi, daipyroo~ (iqve, gv. 30).
am cnobiT nabuqodonosors daumorCilebia da daupy-
ria mTeli iberiis saxelmwifo, romelic samxreTiT
libiasTan mdebareobda, auyria qarTvelebi da gadmousax-
lebia Savi zRvis aRmosavleT sanapiroze, anu kolxeTsa
da Semdgomdroindel lazikaSi. es momxdara qristeSo-
bamde VI saukuneSi. megasTenis aRniSnul cnobas imeo-
reben Semdegi drois istorikosebi marabas-katina (I s.),
mose xorenaci (V s.) da sxvebi.
nabuqodonosors qaldeelTa mefec erqva.
qveynis saxelwodebam `qaldeam~ aTaswleulTa manZilze
adgili wainacvla samxreTidan CrdiloeTisaken, Sumere-
53
bidan _ qarTvelebamde. nabuqodonosori, qaldeuri babil-
onis yvelaze cnobili mefe asurelTagan axlad ganTavisu-
flebul samSoblos saTaveSi Caudga 604 wlisaTvis da
562 wlamde marTavda mas.
nabuqodonosors hqonia RvTis siyvaruli (babilonSi
53 didi taZari da asobiT samlocvelo arsebobda). man
xelaxla aaSena daqceuli babiloni, taZarTa da sataZro
nagebobaTa aSeneba misi umTavresi sazrunavi iyo. maTken
iyo mimarTuli saxelganTqmuli babilonis saprocesio
gzebi, romlebsac mTel sigrZeze feradi (lurj-cisferi)
Wiquri miyveboda, maTze gamoyvanili yviTelfafriani
TeTri lomebiT, xarebiTa Tu gveleSapebiT. qaldeelTa
mefe dauRalavi mSenebeli iyo. misi xeliT ineba ufalma
ierusalimis dasja, sadac 597 wels gailaSqra, iudeis
mefe ioakimi ojaxiTa da warCinebulebiT babilonSi gada-
asaxla, ierusalimis umdidresi taZris ganZTan erTad.
male, ezekielis winaswarmetyvelebis Sesabamisad, nabuq-
odonosorma kvlav aiRo ajanyebuli ierusalimi 587 wels,
gaZarcva, dawva, aTasobiT iudeveli gadaasaxles babilon-
Si, risTvisac aTwleulTa Semdgom TviT babilonic daisa-
ja. uflisagan gandgoma iyo mizezi ebraelTa datyveve-
bisa, rogorc ieremia winaswarmetyveli wers _ `iyo uf-
lis sityva Cems momarT naTqvami: wadi da yurSi CasZaxe
ierusalims: ase ambobs-Tqo ufali: me maxsovs Seni ymawvi-
luri erTguleba da patarZluri siyvaruli, roca mo-
myvebodi udabnoSi, uxnav-uTes miwaze. uflis siwmidea
israeli, misi mosavlis naTavari. yoveli misi mWameli
54
dadanaSauldeba, ubedureba daatydeba Tavs, ambobs ufa-
li. ismine uflis sityva iakobis saxlo da israelis sax-
lis yovelo sagvareulov! ase ambobs ufali: ra naxa Cem-
Si cudi Tqvenma mama-papam, rom ganmidga, amaoebas rom
ahyva da Tavadac amaoebaSi Caeflao?.. ar uTqvams
mRvdlebs, sad ariso ufali, rjulis kacebma ar micnes,
mwyemsebi gamidgnen, winaswarmetyvelni baalis saxeliT
giqadageben da usargeblo kerpebs akeTeben, amitomac
kidev meqneba TqvenTan dava... kargad gamoikvlieT, naxeT,
Tu sadme momxdara amgvari rame. Tu Seucvlia romelime
xalxs Tavisi RmerTebi, Tumca ar yofilan isini RmerTe-
bi. Cemma erma ki usargeblo kerpebze gadacvala Tavisi
dideba~ (ier. 2, 1-11). israelma ori danaSauli Caidina, _
ambobs ufali ieremias azriT: miatoves RmerTi _ cocx-
ali wyarosTvali da axali wylis Zebna daiwyes _ e.i. cru
RmerTebis Zieba (ier. 2.13). israelma amiT miatova uf-
lis saxlis Sviloba, ris gamoc iqca nadavlad mbrdRvi-
navi lomebisaTvis, romlebic udabnod uqceven qveyanas,
gadawvaven da gaaukacrieleben mis qalaqebs (2,15).
`radgan ase ambobs cabaoT ufali: gaCexeT xe da daax-
vaveT ierusalimis irgvliv. unda daisajos es qalaqi!
savsea ZaladobiT. rogorc WaSi grovdeba wyali, ase da-
grovda masSi boroteba. Zaladoba da Zarcva ismis iq.
sneuleba da Wrilobebia. Cems winaSe mudam frTxilad
iyavi ierusalimo, ar migatovos Cemma sulma, ar gadagaq-
cioT udabnod, ukacriel qveynad... radgan pataridan di-
damde yvela momxveWelia, winaswarmetyvelidan mRvde-
55
lamde yvela yalbismqmneli. zereled mkurnaloben Cemi
eris Wrilobebs. amboben mSvidobaao, mSvidoba! Tumca ar
aris mSvidoba. gana ar rcxveniaT, sibilwes rom Cadian?
ara! sulac ar rcxveniaT, amitomac daecemian dacemul-
Ta Soris, waiforxileben, roca davsji maT, _ ambobs
ufali~ (ier. 6.6-15).
ieremias RvTis sityvis gancxadebisaTvis simarTliT
Seuracxyofili brbo emuqreboda, cils swamebda da es-
wrafoda mis daRupvas. ukeTuri qceviT datanjuli
winaswarmetyveli wyevlida Tavis dabadebis dRes, magram
simarTlis Tqmas ganagrZobda. man pirdapir uTxra mis
dilegSi Camgdeb erT mRvdels: `ase ambobs ufali: aha,
SiSis zars dagcem Sen da Sens megobrebs. daecemian isini
mtrebis maxvilisagan da Seni TvaliT ixilav amas.
babilonelTa mefis xelSi Cavagdeb mTels iudas. gada-
asaxlebs maT babilonSi da maxviliT amoswyvets~ (ier.
20,4).
winaswarmetyvelis sityvisamebr babilonis mefe nabu-
qodonosori gars Semoadga ierusalims. ieremiam ganucx-
ada iudeas mefes: `...ambobs ufali _ Cavagdeb cidkias,
iudas mefes da mis morCilebs, xalxs da yvelas... nabuq-
odonosoris, babilonis mefis xelSi...~ (21.7).
marTlac, aRsrulda winaswarmetyveleba. israeliane-
bi babilonSi gadaasaxles, ieremia godebda: `rogor mar-
to darCa qalaqi, odesRac xalxmravali, zis qvrivi qaliv-
iT, xalxTa qalbatoni da mxareTa dedofali moxarke
Seiqmna. tiris RamRamobiT, Rawvebze cremli sdis, aravin
56
hyavs nugeSinismcemeli, yvelam uRalata, mtrad gada-
ekidnen megobrebi~ (godeba, I: 1-2). `aRasrula ufalma
ganzraxuli, aaxdina Tavisi naTqvami, rac hqonda nabrZa-
nebi ZvelTaganve, daaqcia da ar Seibrala. mteri gaaxara
Senze, rqa aRumaRla Sens duSmanebs... yrian quCis mtver-
Si ymawvili da moxuci, Cemi qalwulebi da moymeebi max-
viliT daecnen; daxoce Seni risxvis dRes, dakali, ar
dainde~ (2.17,21).
nabuqodonosorma daatyveva da gadaasaxla ebraeli
xalxi, masve, rogorc ukve aRiniSna, Zvel istorikosTa
cnobebiT, daulaSqravs qarTvelTa saxelmwifo, sadRac
samxreTSi mdebare, dautyvevebia qarTveloba da gada-
usaxlebia CrdiloeTis qveyanaSi, Savi zRvis aRmosav-
leT sanapiroze. israel dedaTa darad tirodnen albaT
qarTveli dedebic, magram maTi godebis aRmweri aravin
iyo, Cans, maT Soris ar hyavda ufals gamorCeuli erT-
guli. isini am droisaTvis kerpTmsaxurni iyvnen, WeSmar-
iti RmerTi mxolod eqvsasi wlis Semdeg Seicnes andria
mociqulis qadagebis meSveobiT.
aq oriode sityviT unda iTqvas imis Sesaxebac, rom
rCeul erTan, romelic aRTqmis darRvevisaTvis samarTli-
anad daisaja, ufalma kvlav ganaaxla Tavisi aRTqma.
babilonis tyveoba dasrulda. ebraelebi aRTqmul mi-
waze dabrundnen. qarTvelebi ki, Tuki vendobiT Zvel
istorikosTa cnobas maTi samxreTidan CrdiloeTSi gada-
saxlebis Sesaxeb, dafuZdnen axal qveyanaSi, uwodes mas
Tavisi saxeli saqarTvelo. Tumca, simon janaSias dakvirve-
57
biT, kavkasia ZvelTaganve samSoblo iyo qarTvelebis,
iseve rogorc wina aziis zogierTi regioni. am drois-
aTvis moxda ara qarTvelTa gadasaxleba, aramed
samxreTidan CrdiloeTisaken gadainacvles maTma poli-
tikurma centrebma. ese igi, samxreTidan CrdiloeTiT
gadasaxlda mxolod politikuri elita. yovel SemTx-
vevaSi Tubalisa da meSeqis Zveli dideba saukuno warsu-
lad iqca. maTi adgili `iberma~ daiWira.
iberi
ezekielis piriT gamoTqmuli winaswarmetyvelebis kiTx-
visas _ `uTxari, ase ambobs-Tqo ufali RmerTi: aha, Sen-
ze var gog, roSis, muSeqis da Tubalis mTavaro!
gagabruneb da ybaSi Cangals amogdeb... Togormas saxls
CrdiloeTs kideebidan mTeli Tavisi urdoTi, uricxvi
xalxiTurT SenTan erTad~ _ gvaxsendeba s. janaSias si-
tyvebi _ `ueWvelia, rom VI-I saukuneebSi Cvens welTaR-
ricxvamde qarTvelobam didi zarali ganicada. am xanaSi
Semcirda qarTveli tomebis mosaxleoba da masTan erTad
am tomebma Tavisi msoflio-istoriuli poziciebi dah-
karges~ (s. janaSia, t. V, 1987, gv. 212).
raRa darCa erT dros pirineidan pamiramde ganfenili
(n. mari) qarTveluri eTnosidan?
qristeSobamde ramdenime saukuniT adre qarTveluri
warmoSobis xalxebi iqcnen mcire tomebad, daemxo maTi
58
erT dros saxelovani saxelmwifoebi. TavianTi ubedure-
bisa da gaWirvebis dros ramdenime nakadad moaSures kavka-
sias, sadac egulebodaT saxelmwifoebrivi gaerTianeba
maTi monaTesave qarTuli tomebisa _ saxelganTqmuli
kolxeTi. marTalia, kolxeTis Zlierebis xana (qristeSo-
bamde IX-VIII ss.) am droisaTvis ganvlili iyo, magram is
mainc fexze idga da bunebrivi sazRvrebisagan daculs
Zlieri mtrebic naklebad hyavda. momavali saqarTve-
losaken moiwevdnen tibaranebad qceuli Tubalebi, mesx-
ebad qceuli muSqebi, axla mcire tomebad qceuli qalde-
velebi anu xalibebi, karduxebi. herodotes Tanaxmad,
wina aziaSi amierkavkasiisken cxovrobdnen Semdegi tome-
bi _ mosxebi, tibaranebi, makronebi, mosinikebi, kolxebi,
alarodielebi, saspeirebi. is erT momentTan dakavSire-
biT wers _ `mosxebs Tavze xis muzaradebi exuraT. pat-
ara farebi da Subebi hqondaT... laSqrobdnen tibarane-
bi, makronebi da mosinikebi, romlebic mosxebiviT iyvnen
aRWurvilni... kolxebs Tavze xis muzaradebi hqondaT...
alarodielebi da saspeirebi kolxebis msgavsad Seiar-
aRebulni laSqrobdnen~ (herodote, istoria, II, 434).
rogorc Cans, qarTuli tomebi im droisaTvis kidev ufro
mravalricxovani iyo.
`vrcel miwa-wyalze mcire aziasa, samxreT evropasa
da CrdiloeT afrikis sanapiroze mcxovrebi qarTuli
gvartomobis xalxebi~ (s. janaSia) aRniSnuli droisaTvis
kavkasiaSi SeyuJul tomebad iyvnen qceulni, magram ufal
RmerTs isini ar dauviwyebia. misca Zala, raTa Camoeyal-
59
ibebinaT erTiani `qarTlis samefod~ cnobili saxelm-
wifo. Sehkra isini erTian erad da imis Semdeg, rac dedami-
waze mosuli Ze RvTisa, WeSmariti RmerTi amaRlda, eCve-
na deda RvTisas da uTxra qarTveli eris Sesaxeb: _ `hoi,
dedao Cemo, ara ugulebel vyo eri igi sazepuro ufros
yovelTa naTesavTa, meoxebiTa SeniTa maTTvis (`qarTlis
cxovreba~, t. I, gv. 38) uflis rCeul erad iqca, yvela
qristemoyvare eris msgavsad.
am siyvarulis niSnad pirvel saukuneSive Cvenma erma
miiRo zeciT qsovili kvarTi uflisa, erTiani, mTliani
da daunawevrebeli, niSnad imisa rom `sazepuro eri~ mis
wiaRSi Senaxul kvarTis msgavsad samaradJamod, mis meo-
red mosvlamde, erTiani, mTliani da daunawevrebeli unda
darCeniliyo, Tuki qristianobas daicavda. ufalma aTeul
tomebad qceuli qarTuli eTnosi qristeSobamde 3-4
saukuniT adre erTian erad aqcia erovnuli saxelmwifos
daarsebiT. erTian qarTul saxelmwifos `qarTlis same-
fos~, xolo ucxoelebi iberias uwodebdnen, `moqcevaY
qarTlisaYs~ Tanaxmad, misi dasavleTi sazRvari egrisw-
yalze gadioda, ase rom, is moicavda aRmosavleT, samxreT
da dasavleT saqarTvelos. am saxelmwifos xalxi erTian
erad SekavSirda da mas `qarTvelni~ ewodebodaT. aqve
isic unda iTqvas, erTiani qarTuli saxelmwifos sazRvrebs
gareT, samxreTSi aRmoCndnen mravalricxovani qarTuli
tomebi. qarTuli tomebi agreTve cxovrobdnen egriswy-
alTan gamavali sazRvris gadaRmac da aseve aRmosav-
leTiT _ albaneTis mimarTulebiT.
60
rogorc iTqva, gansakuTrebiT mravali qarTuli tomi
aRmoCnda qarTuli saxelmwifos gareT _ Savi zRvis san-
apiro mxareSi, romelsac qaldeas, anda WaneTs uwodebd-
nen.
aRsaniSnavia, rom erTiani qarTuli saxelmwifos daarse-
bam mefe farnavazis epoqaSi, faqtobrivad gamoiwvia
qarTuli eTnosis orad gayofa, kerZod, erTi nawili
aRmoCnda Tavis erovnul saxelmwifoSi, xolo meore naw-
ili samxreT-dasavleTiT aRmoCnda sxva saxelmwifos Se-
madgenlobaSi. am mdgomareobam xeli Seuwyo saerTo
qarTuli enis diferenciacia-danawevrebis gaRrmavebas.
amis mizezi iyo is, rom jer kidev farnavazis saxelmwi-
fos Seqmnamde saukuneebiT adre kolxuri kultura
moicavda ara marto dasavleT saqarTvelos, aramed aR-
mosavleTis umetes nawils. kolxuri kulturis arealze
ki, rogorc miiCneva, gavrcelebuli iyo fuZe qarTuli
enis diferenciaciis Sedegad miRebuli, jer kidev gauy-
ofeli e.w. zan-qarTuli ena.
Zveli kolxeTi mxolod dasavleT saqarTvelos ar
moicavda, masSi aRmosavleT da samxreT saqarTvelos didi
nawili Sedioda. kolxeTi kavkasiaSi qarTuli tomebis
gamarTianebeli iyo. herodotes aRweridanac Cans, rom
samxreT kavkasiur samyaroSi or qarTul toms aqvs hege-
monoba Tavis Tavze aRebuli, kolxebsa da mosxebs. ker-
Zod, laSqrobisas (anu politikuri moRvaweobisas) mosx-
ebTan erTad molaSqre tibaranebi, makronebi da mosini-
kebi mosxebiviT arian aRWurvilni, xolo kolxebTan er-
61
Tad myofi alarodielebi da saspeirebi kolxebiviT Se-
iaraRebulni. mosxebi da kolxebi ki warmmarTvelebad
Canan. magram mosxebs qristeSobamde VI saukuneSi mcx-
ovrebi berZeni avtori hekatos mileteli `kolxur to-
mad~ miiCnevs, anu mesxebi da kolxebi erTi xalxia, zog-
adi saxelia kolxi, maSasadame, kolxeTi, kolxuri kul-
tura da yovelive, rac Zvel kolxeTTanaa dakavSirebu-
li, aris ara dasavleT saqarTvelos lokaluri kultu-
ra, aramed zogad-qarTuli eTnosisa, yvela qarTveluri
tomisa, es Seexeba enasac. Zvel-kolxuri ena unda iyos im
droisaTvis sustad diferencirebuli fuZe qarTulidan
gamoyofili, e.w. zan-qarTuli (jer kidev dauSleli) ena.
g. meliqiSvili wers _ `mosxebs Zv.w.aR-is VI s-is berZe-
ni avtori hekatos mileteli `kolxur toms~ eZaxis. Tu
gaviTvaliswinebT, rom mesxuri elementi mudam qarTebis
elements emTxveva, `kolxurs~ aq dasavlurqarTulis mniS-
vnelobas ver mivaniWebT, radgan, rogorc iTqva, Zveli
legendaruli kolxeTis arsebobis xanaSi (Zv.w.aR-is I
aTaswleulis pirveli saukuneebi) kolxeTi jer kidev
sustad diferencirebul qarTvelur eTnikur jgufs
moicavda. am dros megrel-Wanebsa da qarTebs Soris eno-
brivi gansxvaveba, yovel SemTxvevaSi jer ar unda yo-
filiyo. amitomac `kolxi~ saxeli am uZveles xanaSi saer-
To qarTveluri, Tu qarTi-zanuri (megrul-Wanuri) el-
ementis aRmniSvneli unda yofiliyo. ionieli berZnebi
qarTvel tomebs jer kidev qarTul-zanuri erTobis ar-
sebobis `kolxur~ xanaSi gaecnen da `kolxi~ saxelsac,
62
unda vifiqroT, am erTobis aRsaniSnavad xmarobdnen. am-
itomac mosxebis `kolxur tomad~ moxsenieba hekatos mi-
letelTan, saerTod, maT qarTvelobaze miuTiTebs da
megrul-Wanur warmomavlobaze arafers laparakobs~ (saq.
ist. narkv, I, gv. 395).
erTiani qarTuli saxelmwifos formirebis epoqa,
romelic, cxadia, ramdenadme win uswrebda farnavazis
xanas (IV-III ss. qristeSobamde) xasiaTdeboda didi cvli-
lelebebiT... kerZod, am dros VIII-VI saukuneebSi kolxuri
kulturis arealSi samxreTidan Semovidnen sxvadasxva
qarTveluri tomebi, rac gamoiwvevda Zvrebs, mniSvnelo-
van gadanacvlebebs.
rogorc aRniSnuli iyo, am drois qarTveluri jgufis
ZiriTadi kultura swored `kolxuri kultura~ unda
yofiliyo (ix. iqve, gv. 431). `akad. b. kuftinis azriT,
`kolxuri kulturis~ gavrcelebis sazRvari Tavdapirve-
lad mcxeTamde aRwevda. dRevandeli samxreT oseTis
mosaxleobac gviani brinjaos xanaSi mWidrod uka-
vSirdeboda `kolxuri kulturis~ zonis mosaxleobas...
akad. s. janaSia xazs usvamda im garemoebas, rom qarTli,
kerZod, istoriuli Sida qarTli, is teritoria unda
iyos, sadac gvian brinjaos xanaSi xdeboda aRmosavlur
da dasavlur kulturaTa gavrcelebis sazRvrebis urT-
ierTkveTa~ (iqve, gv. 432).
kolxuri kulturis areali vrceldeboda araTu Tan-
amedrove saqarTvelos umetes nawilze, aramed Crdilo
kavkasiaSic da vrclad samxreTis mimarTulebiTac _ `ase-
63
Tia, magaliTad, upirveles yovlisa Crdilo oseTi da
yabardo-balyareTi mTavari qedis miRma, aRmosavleT
saqarTvelos vrceli zoli mdinare mtkvris CrdiloeT-
iT, mesxeTidan vidre aragvis xeobamde. istoriuli
samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelo Woroxis auzi da ufro
dasavleTiT Savi zRvis sanapiro, yovel SemTxvevaSi qalaq
ordumde mainc. aRarafers vambobT CvenTvis saintereso
tipis calkeul nivTebze, romlebic aRmoCenilia somxe-
Tis teritoriaze (axtala-lalvaris midamoebi, golovi-
no, parkari, leninakani) da urmiis tbis raionSi~ (iqve, gv.
255).
Tanamedrove CrdiloeT somxeTi, yovel SemTxvevaSi
bambakis mTis CrdiloeTiT mtkvris auzSi moqceuli ter-
itoria, istoriulad, aTaswleulTa manZilze saqar-
TveloSi Semaval miwa-wylad, samxreT-aRmosavleT mx-
ared miiCneoda, amitomac aq kolxuri kulturisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli nivTebis aRmoCena unda CavTvaloT mt-
kvris samxreTiT kolxuri kulturis gavlenis gavrcele-
bad. rogorc Cans, kolxuri kultura vrceldeboda
Woroxisa da saqarTvelos teritoriaze gamaval mtkvris
auzebSi, aseve dasavleT saqarTveloSi. sad mdebareobda
centri, bude kolxuri kulturisa? _ miCneulia, rom is
mdebareobda dasavleT saqarTveloSi. `rogorc araerT
mkvlevars aRuniSnavs, TviT dasavleT saqarTvelo am
kulturis ZiriTadi bude unda iyos~ (iqve, gv. 256), ma-
gram ratom ar SeiZleba es bude aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi
yofiliyo, vTqvaT mtkvris xeobaSi (istoriul diaoxTan,
64
Semdegdroindel taosTan, klarjeTTan), anda Woroxis
xeobaSi, sadac zogierTi mkvlevari metalurgiis cen-
trebis arsebobas varaudobs? safiqrelia, rom bude kolx-
uri kulturisa mdebareobda rogorc dasavleT, ise aR-
mosavleT saqarTveloSi, is erTiani kulturaa da ara
lokaluri romelime kuTxisa. marTalia, jerjerobiT
ucnobia, vrceldeboda Tu ara kolxuri kultura mcxe-
Tis aRmosavleTiT, magram, ZvelqarTul wyaroTa Tanax-
mad, aRniSnuli mimarTulebiT teritoriebi dasaxlebu-
li iyo qarTuli tomebiT (qarTlis cxovrebaSi asaxulia,
rom aq saxlobdnen qarTlosis uSualo STamomavalni).
kolxuri kulturis am arealSi gauvrceleblobis Sesax-
eb ki unda gavimeoroT g. meliqiSvilis naTqvami: `ra Tqma
unda, savaldebulo ar aris, rom materialuri kultur-
is esa Tu is are zustad emTxveodes ama Tu im eTnikuri
jgufis gavrcelebis sazRvrebs~, (iqve, gv. 432).
yovelive zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, sruliad
unda daveTanxmoT g. meliqiSvils _ qristeSobamde pirve-
li aTaswleulis pirvel naxevarSi saxeli `kolxi~ saer-
To qarTveluri, anu zan-qarTuli (qarT-zanuri) elemen-
tis aRmniSvneli unda yofiliyo. saxeli `kolxi~ sustad
diferencirebul qarTul eTnikur erTobas moicavda (am-
itomac uwodebdnen `mosxebs~ _ kolxebs).
rogorc aRniSnuli iyo, qristeSobamde VIII saukunis
Semdgom kolxuri kulturis arealSi didi cvlilebebi
moxda, CrdiloeTidan SemoiWrnen kimerielebi, maT daar-
bies kolxeTi, xolo samxreTidan TandaTan Semosula sx-
65
vadasxva qarTuli tomebi. es qarTuli tomebi erT dros
warmoadgendnen cnobil xalxebs TavianTi saxelmwifoe-
biT, maT gaaCndaT didi politikuri kultura, amitomac
Semosvlis Semdgom sakmaod male moaxdines damxvedri tome-
bis konsolidacia da Camoayalibes `qarTlis samefo~ _
axali qarTuli saxelmwifo. s. janaSias Tanaxmad,
samxreTiT mdebare qarTuli saxelmwifoebis gaqrobis
Semdeg politikurma centrebma CrdiloeTiT, dRevande-
li saqarTvelos miwa-wyalze gadmoinacvla. amas, rogorc
aRiniSna, xeli Seuwyo Zveli kolxuri samefos ganad-
gurebam kimerielTa mier. am Semosevis Semdgom, rogorc
fiqroben, kolxeTis (am SemTxvevaSi dasavleT saqarTve-
los) mosaxleobis nawili momxdurebTan brZolaSi gamw-
ydara, gadarCenilebs mezobel kuTxeebSi SeufarebiaT
Tavi.
samxreTidan CrdiloeTiT qarTuli tomebis Semosv-
las, anu politikuri centrebis gadmonacvlebas garkveu-
lad gamoucocxlebia Zveli kolxeTi. samefoc Camoyal-
ibda, saqme is iyo, rom kolxebi da Semosuli tomebi,
rogorc aRiniSna, erTi eTnosi, erTi warmoSobis xalxi
iyo. ase, magaliTad, s. janaSia fiqrobda, rom kolxuri
brinjaos kultura SeiZleboda Tubalebis (Tobelis)
kultura yofiliyo.
s. janaSia bibliaSi naxseneb iafetis Ze Tubals da
kaenis STamomavlebs _ Tubal-kaens, iabels, iubals ase
akavSirebda kolxebTan (da iberebTan): `CvenTvis sain-
tereso sakiTxis Sesaxeb bibliis ori sxvadasxvagvari
66
cnobis SeTanxmeba Zneli ar unda iyos. is garemoeba, rom
erT SemTxvevaSi Tubali martoa dasaxelebuli, xolo
meore SemTxvevaSi mas Zmebic hyavs _ Yabali da Yubali,
Cveni azriT im garemoebas mowmobs, rom pirvelad xalxi
mTliani saxiTaa warmodgenili, meored ki _ Tavisi mTa-
vari tomebis saxiT. advilad aixsneba Tubalis ori sax-
elic _ Tubal-kaeni da Tobeli: `kain~ `keni~ aq epiTetia,
romelic, saTanado semituri Ziris saSualebiT `mWedels~
aRniSnavs, Tubali xom upiratesad mWedeli da metalurg-
ia, SesaZlebelia isic (n. mari, iv. javaxiSvili), rom aq
gvqondes saTanado satomo saxelis gaazrebac (`kaenebs~,
rogorc vnaxeT, ixseniebs pliniusi da SemdegSi cnobilni
arian Wanni _ okaenitebic). dabadebis meoTxe Tavis cnobaSi
sayuradReboa fuZis axali formebi, romlebic Cven winaT
ar Segvxvedria _ Tavkiduri T//t-s nacvlad _ Y. es, ueWve-
lia, axali safexuria am saxelis ganviTarebaSi. am cno-
biT mocemuli Sesatyvisobani: T//t _ h//Y-0 safuZvels
aZleven iv. javaxiSvilis da i. yifSiZes Tubal-Tabali
da iberi, Sualedi rgolebiT, erTmaneTs daukavSiron.
prof. iv. javaxiSvili amasTanave gamoTqvams mosazrebas,
rom tabal _ qarTebis gamoTqmaa, tubal _ tobal _
megrul-Wanuri, xolo tibar svanur gamoTqmas uaxlovde-
bao. sakmarisia movigonoT asuruli cnoba tabalebis 24
samefos arsebobis Sesaxeb, rom paraleluri formebis
aseTi simdidre savsebiT bunebrivad miviCnioT da sxva
dakarguli formebic vivaraudoT. dasasrul, movigonoT,
rogor axasiaTebs am qarTvelur moZme tomebs `SesaqmeTa
67
wignis~ avtori. Tobelis, anu Tubal-kaenis Sesaxeb aq
naTqvamia: `ese iyo kveriT xuroY, mWedeli rvalisa da
rkinisa~ (IV, 22). Tu amas davukavSirebT Tanamedrove ar-
qeologis mier dadgenil faqts, rom brinjaos SesaniS-
navi kultura, romelsac winaT yobanis kulturas eZaxd-
nen, namdvilad kolxeTis kulturaa, rom am kulturis
ayvavebis xana swored Tabal-Tubalis epoqaze modis, rom
kolxuri brinjaos kultura, uaxlesi aRmoCenebiT vr-
celdeba Sors samxreTiT mcire aziisaken (vgulisxmobT
arTvinisa da ordus ganZebs), maSin bunebrivad SeiZleba
davsvaT sakiTxi: xom ar aris kolxuri brinjaos kultu-
ra namdvilad Tubalebis, anu Tubal-kainebis kultu-
ra?~ (s. janaSia, III, 1959, gv. 71-73).
ase akavSirebda s. janaSia Tubals kolxTan da iber-
Tan, xolo mesxebs kolxebTan qristeSobamdec akavSirebd-
nen.
anTropologiurad aRniSnul xanaSi mTeli kavkasiis
mosaxleoba erTgvarovani yofila. m. abduSeliSvili wers
_ `amrigad, mTeli kavkasiis brinjaos xanis mosaxleoba
ekuTvnoda erT anTropologiur tips, romelic zogad
rasobriv sistematikaSi samxreT-evropeiduli rasis xmel-
TaSuazRvispiruli tipis saxeliT aris cnobili. saqarTve-
los gvian brinjaos da Semdgom rkinis farTo aTvisebis
periodis mosaxleoba anTropologiuri TvalsazrisiT ti-
pobrivad ar gansxvavdeboda erTmaneTisagan. rac gamor-
icxavs raime axali, adgilobrivisagan gansxvavebuli el-
ementebis Semosvlas sakvlev teritoriaze drois aRniS-
68
nul monakveTSi~ (`qarTveli xalxis anTropologiuri is-
toria~).
anTropologiuri, kulturuli, enobrivi da sxva ms-
gavsi erToba unda yofiliyo mizezi imisa, rom qriste-
Sobamde VI saukuneSi aRorZinebul kolxeTis samefoSi,
romelic amjerad mxolod dasavleT saqarTvelos moicav-
da, ganfenili iyo samxreTidan Semosulad miCneuli e.w.
mesxuri tomebi. dasavleT saqarTvelos aRmosavleTi pro-
vinciebi da aseve rionis samxreTiTac moqceuli miwa-
wyali, ZvelTaganve msgavsi elementebiT Cans dasaxlebu-
li. `samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos miwa-wyalze SemoR-
weuli mcireazieli muSqebi (mesxebi), Cans, aqtiur rols
asrulebdnen am mxaris politikur cxovrebaSi... Semdeg-
Si aqedan kidev ufro CrdiloeTiT gavrceldnen. mesx-
uri samosaxloni unda gaCeniliyo rogorc dasavleT, ise
aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi... damaxasiaTebelia, rom mcir-
eaziuli warmoSobis saxelwodebebi umkvidrdeba ara mar-
to Sida qarTlis miwa-wyalze aRmocenebul cixe-qalaqebs,
aramed dasavleT saqarTvelos aRmosavleT raionebSi
warmoSobil zog amgvar centrsac... mcireaziuli ele-
mentis politikuri hegemonoba vrceldeba mesxeTs, Sida
qarTlsa da sxvaTa Soris, agreTve dasavleT saqarTve-
los aRmosavleT nawilzec. es is teritoriebia, sadac
mimdinareobda adgilobrivi qarTis da mcire aziidan
SemoRweuli mesxuri elementis wiaRSi aRmosavlur
qarTuli (qarTlis, iberiis) saxelmwifos Camoyalibeba~
(saq. ist. narkv, I, gv. 397).
69
unda vifiqroT, rom kolxeTis samefos (VI-IV ss.) wiaR-
Sive safuZveli eyreboda axal erTian qarTlis saxelm-
wifos, farnavazis mier daarsebuls. amas unda miuTiTeb-
des, wyaroTa Cveneba imis Sesaxeb, rom farnavazis
winamorbedi (samefo taxtze) azoni ara marto aRmosav-
leT saqarTvelos, aramed dasavleT saqarTvelosac mar-
Tavda. qristeSobamde VI saukuneSi samxreT-aRmosavleT
SavizRvispireTSi (istoriuli kolxeTis samxreT raion-
ebSi) mcxovrebi mosaxleoba sparselebma daimorCiles. am
adgilebSi 401 wels gaiara qsenofontem. misi aRweriT,
adgilobrivi tomebi ukve ganviTarebulni iyvnen. kar-
duxebi, xalibebi, xaldebi, makronebi, kolxebi, mosinike-
bi, koitebi da tibarenebi ar emorCilebodnen sparseTs.
aRsaniSnavia, rom is `kolxebs~ uwodebs ara rionis xe-
obaSi mcxovreb mosaxleobas, aramed trapezuntis mi-
damoebSi mcxovrebT. daaxloebiT am dros (ramdenadme
gviandel periods) exeba qarTuli wyaro `moqcevaY
qarTlisaY~, romlis Tanaxmadac, samxreTSi _ wina aziaSi
mcxovrebi qarTvelebis elita `arian-qarTlis~ mefe
azovem gadmoasaxla da ganasaxla sruliad saqarTvelo-
Si, maT Soris rionisa da enguris xeobebSic, vidre egris
wylamde. Tu es wyaro sworia, maSin rogorc dasavleT,
ise aRmosavleT saqarTvelos yovel kuTxeSi aqamde kolx-
uri kulturis arealSi mcxovreb qarTvelobas Serevia
samxreTidan gadmosaxlebuli qarTveloba da Semde-
gdroindeli qarTuli tomebi Tanabari xarisxiT maTi
memkvidreni arian. Tumca, rogorc aRniSnuli wyarodan
70
Cans, unda vivaraudoT, rom `arian-qarTlis~ mefem sruli-
ad saqarTveloSi ganasaxla ara raime mniSvnelovani raode-
nobiT mosaxleoba, am sityvis sruli gagebiT, aramed
mxolod mmarTveli zeda fena, aznaur-Tavisufali mcir-
ericxovani mmarTveli zeda fena. pavle ingoroyvas mier
aRdgenili Txzulebis teqstSi ikiTxeba qarTvelTa gad-
mosaxlebis Sesaxeb _ `xolo ese azoY warvida `arian-
qarTlad~ mamisa Tvisisa da warmoiyvana aTasi saxli md-
abioY uflisaY da aTni saxli mamamZuZeTani~ (p. ingoroy-
va, t. 4, gv. 515, 1978 w.). aq `mamamZuZe niSnavs mTavars,
aseve unda vifiqroT, rom `mdabioY uflisaY~ ufalTan,
anu mefesTan daaxloebul pirebs ewodebaT, arseni beri
Sesabamis teqstSi gadmoscems, rom azom arian qarTl-
idan moiyvana aTasi saxli `mdabioY uflisaY~ da aTi sax-
li `mTavarTagan~. sul moyvanilia aTas aTi saxli. `mo-
qcevaY qarTlisaYs~ miaCnia, rom aRniSnuli mosaxleobis
STamomavalni arian qarTvelebi, rom maT maleve Seqmnes
saxelmwifo, magram SeuZlebelia aTas aT ojaxs Seeqmna
uzarmazari, zRvidan albaneTamde gadaWimuli saxelm-
wifo, cxadia, aTas aTi saxli warmoadgenda zeda fenas,
anu saxelmwifos dvritas, mmarTvel aparats, wyobileb-
is xerxemals. es aris swored is, razedac miuTiTebda
simon janaSia. misi Teoriis Tanaxmad, moxda ara mosaxle-
obis masiuri gadasaxleba, aramed qarTuli politikuri
centrebis gadanacvleba samxreTidan CrdiloeTisaken. anu
iqamde kolxuri kulturis arealSi mcxovrebi qarTvelo-
ba aaxlebs Tavis saxelmwifoebriv wyobilebas. ufro
71
maRali saxelmwifoebrivi organizaciisa da kulturis
mqone samxreTuli qarTuli zedafenis meoxebiT maT Camo-
ayalibes `qarTlis samefo~ (anu iberiisa), aRmosavleT-
dasavleT saqarTvelos gamaerTianebeli saxelmwifo.
swored zeda fena rom movida, amis anarekli Cans `qarT-
lis cxovrebaSic~. am Txzulebis mixedviT azo _ dampy-
robelia, makedoneli, romelsac hyavs `asi aTasi romae-
li~, romlis ZaliTac xelisufleba aqvs damyarebuli
qarTvelobaze. `moqcevaYs~ mixedviT, rogorc viciT, azos
Tan mohyva `aTasi saxli mdabio~, _ `qarTlis cxovrebis~
mixedviT ki `asi aTasi~ romaeli. unda vigulisxmoT, rom
Tavis mxriv `saxlic~ Tavis qveS gulisxmobs SeiaraRebu-
li mebrZolebis (anu brZolisunariani mamakacebis) _ aram-
cire raodenobas. Tu gvian saukuneebSic ki `komlSi~ 20-
mde mamakacs gulisxmobdnen, qristeSobamde, roca ojax-
ebi gauyofelni iyvnen, `saxlSi~ uTuod didi raodeno-
bis mamakacebi unda igulisxmebodes. Tu mocemul ricx-
vebs `asi aTasi~ da `aTas saxls~ erTmaneTs SevadarebT,
SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom erT `saxls~ asamde SeiaraRebu-
li mamakacis gamoyvana SeeZlo. sad daasaxla azom Semoy-
vanili mosaxleoba, anu romel qveyanas Cauyara man safuZ-
veli `qarTlis cxovrebis~ mixedviT _ `igi imorCilebs
qarTlTan erTad hereTs da, amrigad, avrcelebs Tavis
xelisuflebas mdinare berdujidan (dRevandeli debeda)
vidre `speris zRvamde (e.i. Sav zRvamde), ipyrobs agreTve
dasavleT saqarTvelos (egriss), xarks adebs osebs, leke-
bs da xazarebs~ (narkv. gv. 438). `moqcevaYs~ mixedviT, azo
72
Semoiyvana aleqsandre makedonelma. ai, rogor sazRvreb-
Si moaqcia misi qveyana _ `da Tana hyvanda aleqsandres
mefesa azo, ZeY arian qarTlisa mefisa da mas miuboZa
mcxeTaY sajdomad da sazRvari daudva mas hereTi da
egris wyali da somxiTi da mTa crolisa da warvida~ (Zv.
qarT. ag. lit. Zegl. t. I, 1964, gv. 81).
am wyaros Tanaxmadac, azo _ dasavleT saqarTvelos
sruli mpyrobelia, vidre egriswylamde, maSasadame, mas
Tavisi `aTasi saxli~ mdabioni, xolo, Cveni azriT, Tavisi
sayrdeni xelisufalni, unda gaenawilebina mTel samar-
Tav teritoriaze, rogorc dasavleT, aseve aRmosavleT
saqarTveloSi. cxadia, moxdeboda damxvdurebisa da moms-
vlelebis Serwyma, amitomac Semdgomi drois mematianeni
TavianT Tavs (e.i.qarTvelobas) Tvlidnen _ `arian qarTl-
idan~ mosuli qarTvelobis memkvidreebad.
swrafad urTierTSerwymas xeli albaT imanac Seuwyo,
rom momsvlelnic da damxvdurnic erTi eTnosisani, erTi
warmoSobisani iyvnen. `wmida ninos cxovrebis~ zemoxseneb-
ul arsen beriseul variantSi naTqvamia, rom Cven,
qarTvelebi am arian-qarTlidan gadmosaxlebulTa STa-
momavlebi varTo. igivea naTqvami `moqcevaYs~ ufro Zvel,
Satberdiseul xelnawerSi. armazis mTaze mdgomi gacisa
da gas kerpebis aRwerisas nino ambobs, rom isini iyvnen
Tqveni (qarTvelTa) `arian-qarTleli~ mamebis (e.i. winapre-
bis) RmerTebi. mefe miriani, mimarTavs ra ninos, amave
gacisa da gas eZaxis `Cveni mamebis (winaprebis) Zvel Rm-
erTebs~ (narkv. gv. 438).
73
yovelive zemoaRniSnuliT Cven imis Tqma gvsurs, rom
farnavazis mier Seqmnili saxelmwifos mdgradoba
gamowveuli iyo mosaxleobis erTgvarovnebiT, Tumca ki,
erTi SexedviT, saxelmwifos sazRvrebs SigniT egrisw-
ylidan da Savi zRvidan somxeT-albaneTamde arsebobda
tomTa siWrele, magram saxelmwifom es tomebi Sekra, erad
aqcia, amitomac, Cveni matianeebi aTaswleulTa manZilze
yovelgvari yoymanis gareSe Cveni saxelmwifos rogorc
dasavleT, ise aRmosavleT nawilSi mcxovreb mosaxle-
obas qarTvelebs uwodebdnen, ucxoelebi ki iberebs. sx-
vadasxva qarTuli tomebis erTian xalxad gadaqcevas xeli
uTuod imanac Seuwyo, rom saxelmwifos Camoyalibebis
dros qarTuli fuZe-enis daSlis xarisxi didi ar iyo.
tomebis enebi axlos iyvnen erTmaneTTan, e.w. qarTebisa,
zanebisa da svanebis enebi, cxadia, am oriaTas xuTasi
wlis win erTmaneTis mimarT dialeqtebs warmoadgendnen.
isini damoukidebel enebad Camoyalibdnen Semdgom,
safiqrebelia mas Semdeg, rac farnavazis mier Seqmnili
saxelmwifo daiSala (igulisxmeba vaxtang gorgaslis
SvilTa dros). qristeSobamde IV saukuneSi, jer kidev
farnavazis saxelmwifos warmoSobamde, pirvelad iqna
moxsenebuli iberTa saxeli ucxour mwerlobaSi. rogorc
Cans, qarTvelebi iberTa saxelwodebiT pirvelad moixs-
enies platonma da aristotelem. s.janaSia wers _ `pla-
toni Tavis `kanonebSi~, ixseniebs `iberebs~ im `meomar
xalxTa~ Soris, romelnic svamen uwylo Rvinos. aristo-
tele ki ambobs _ `iberebis~ meomari xalxi saflavis
74
garSemo imden sars arWoben xolme, ramdeni mteric mok-
luli hyavs micvalebulso~. safiqrebelia, rom aq
qarTvelebi igulisxmebian, magram gadaWriT amis Tqmis-
aTvis damatebiTi masalaa saWiro~ (s.janaSia, t. III, gv. 48).
oriode saukuniT adre herodotesTvis ucnobi iyo es
sityva _ iberi, rogorc Cans, is sxvagvarad gamoiTqmoda
im dros, _ sasperebad. herodote erTi modgmis saspereb-
sa da kolxebs ixseniebs aseve erTi modgmis sparselebsa
da midielebTan erTad. es ukanasknelnic Semdgom erT
xalxad iqcnen. swored aRniSnuli ori modgmis xalxi _
sparsuli (sparsel-midielni) da qarTuli (kolx-sasperebi)
cxovrobdnen uzarmazar teritoriaze _ sparseTis yure-
sa (wiTeli zRva) da Sav zRvas Soris. _ `sparsebi cx-
ovroben samxreTis zRvamde, romelic `wiTlad~ iwode-
boda. maT zemoT CrdiloeTisaken cxovroben midielebi,
midielebis zemoT _ sasperebi, sasperebis zemoT _ kolx-
ebi, CrdiloeTis zRvamde, romelsac erTvis mdinare fazi-
si. es oTxi xalxi cxovrobs zRvidan zRvamde~.
sasperebs, rogorc Cans, faqtobrivad eWiraT adgili
urartuelebisa, romelTa politikuri centrebi VI sauku-
nisaTvis ukve ganadgurebuli iyo midielTa da skviTTa
mier, Tumca, rogorc Cans, sasperebi CrdiloeTis (mo-
mavali aRmosavleT iberiis) teritoriasac moicavdnen.
CrdiloeTis aRniSnuli teritoriebi, Tavis droze naw-
ilobriv kolxuri kulturis arealSi Sediodnen. aq unda
gavixsenoT isic, rom Semdgomi drois avtorTa Tanaxmad,
iberielebi mdinare araqsamde cxovrobdnen. sasperebis
75
Seviwroeba armenielTa tomebis Semosvlam gamoiwvia yo-
fili urartus teritoriaze.
s. janaSias saxeli `iberi~ gamohyavda terminebidan _
subar-sasperi-sper. gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania, rom
mas ukavSirebda bibliis Tubalsa da Tobels.
`CvenTvis saintereso satomo saxelis fuZis, zemoT,
dokumenturad, damowmebuli Tu kanonzomierad aRdge-
nili variantebi _ tibar, taber, tabar, tiber, hiber,
iber da am saxelwodebaTa matarebeli tomebis gavrceleb-
is are, gansakuTrebiT mcire aziis Sinagani olqebi, auci-
leblobiT da savsebiT damarwmuneblad ukavSirdeba, erTi
mxriT, `dabadebis~ Tubalsa da Tobels, meore mxriv,
asuruli warwerebis tabals (rogorc Cveulebriv swer-
en) anu Tabals. `dabadebis~ faqtebi, ukve didi xania, rac
specialur ganmartebis sagnad iqca. jer kidev cnobili
swavluli ebraeli ioseb flabiosi (I s., ax.w.aR-iT) amt-
kicebda, rom iafetis Svilis Tubal-Tobelis STamo-
mavalni mis dros iberebad iwodebodnen... SemdgomSi
flabioss xSirad imeorebdnen Zveli mwerlebi, gan-
sakuTrebiT, bibliur genealogiaTa ganmmartebelni, ma-
gram axalma mecnierebamac es debuleba TiTqmis uyoyman-
od miiRo~ (s.janaSia, III, gv. 63).
davamatebT, rom `Tubals~ da misgan nawarmoeb `tibare-
nis~ ukavSireben kolxebsac da lazebsac. amiT kidev erTx-
el xazi esmeba kolxebisa da iberebis erT eTnikur
mTlianobas _ `straboniT, jer kidev pirvel saukuneSi
mTeli mxare kolxeTis dasavleTiT md. Ralisis SesarTa-
76
vamde iwodeboda tibaraniad da dasaxlebuli iyo tibaran-
uli tomebiT. bizantiuri, ZvelqarTuli da Zvelsomx-
uri cnobebiT ki viciT, rom am miwa-wyals Sua saukunee-
bis mTel manZilze ewodeboda kolxida, lazika (laze-
Ti), xaldia da (dasavleT ganapiras) Waniki...~ (s. janaSia,
t. V, gv. 49). bibliuri Tubalis STamomavalni arian ibere-
bi, rogorc aRmosavleT ise dasavleT saqarTveloSi.
iberebi ewodaT dasavleT saqarTvelos mosaxleobasac _
kolxebsac, erTiani saxelmwifos Seqmnis Semdgom. am sax-
elmwifos mTeli mosaxleobis saxelis tibaran TobelebT-
an dakavSireba swored amis Sesaxeb metyvelebs. qarTvelni,
anu iberni iafetis Zis STamomavalni arian, wilxvedri
yovladwmida RvTismSoblisa, nakurTxni uflis mier.
alali da arami (urartu da armenia)
arsebobda Teoria, romlis Tanaxmadac, saberZneTSi,
italiasa da xmelTaSuazRvispireTis zogi sxva regionis
uZvelesi mcxovrebni pelasgebi, etruskebi, iberebi da
sxvebi kavkasielebTan, SumerebTan, elamelebTan, xeTebT-
an, urartuelebTan erTad ganekuTvnebodnen `xalxTa
alarodiul ojaxs~. maT akuTvnebdnen qarTvelebsac. faq-
tobrivad, aRniSnuli Teoriis gaRrmavebas warmoadgens
amJamad miRebuli Tvalsazrisi iberiul-kavkasiur ena-
Ta ojaxis SesaZlo naTesaobis Sesaxeb xuritulTan (aqedan
urartulTan), protoxeTurTan, elamurTan. es enebi
77
Turme avlenen zogierT saerTo niSans gramatikul wy-
obaSi. s. janaSia urartuelebs, romelTac xaldebs (Ta-
vianT saxels) uwodebda _ qarTvelTa uSualo winapreb-
ad miiCnevda. `xaldebis eTnikuri vinaoba sruliad ueWve-
lia, isini qarTveli xalxis erT nawils Seadgendnen~, _
werda is (s. janaSia, t. V, 1987, gv. 35). s.janaSia faqto-
brivad aviTarebs Cveni eklesiis wmindanis ilia marTlis
(WavWavaZis) Tvalsazriss urartuelTa Sesaxeb.
`diax, batonebo, urartelni qarTvelTa winaparni
yofilan, qarTvelTa sisxl-xorci eri yofila... Cven
usabuTod ar vambobT urartelebis qarTvelobas~ (i.
WavWavaZe, Txz., t. V, 1987, gv. 84).
urartuelebs IX-VI saukuneebSi samxreT amierkavkasiasa
da mis momijnave teritoriebze gaaCndaT TavianTi damw-
erloba, religia, TavisTavadi kultura, xelovneba,
uZlieresi saxelmwifo, romelic qristeSobamde VII-VI
saukuneebSi dasustda da sabolood daeca midielTa xe-
liT. urartueli xalxi usaxelmwifod darCa, uZlieresi
mtrebi swored eTnikur urartuelebs devnidnen. yvela
gadamTieli batonad iqca maT qveyanaSi.
`urartus samefos dacemis Semdeg mis dasavleT per-
iferiaze gaaqtiurdnen somexi tomebi. maT TandaTano-
biT iwyes aRmosavleTiT winsvla da Zveli urartus mTel
rig raions daeuflnen. Zv.w.aR-is VI saukunis bolos spar-
sul warwerebSi Zveli urartu ukve `arminad~ iwodeba,
xolo es saxeli TandaTan ucxoelTa wreSi swored somx-
ebs ukavSirdeba. amaSi gamoxatuleba hpova urartus Ziri-
78
Tad raionebSi somxebis hegemonobis damyarebis faqtma.
urartus mosaxleobis erTi nawili amasobaSi somexTa
wreSi gaiTqvifa... ra Tqma unda, yvelaferi es nel-nela
xdeboda, xangrZlivi, mravalsaukunovani procesi iyo.
urartuelT ucbad ar daukargavT Tavisi sakuTari to-
mobrioba, Tavisi ena, kultura, eTnikuri individualo-
ba. sainteresoa, rom swored Zveli urartus teritoria
igulisxmeba sparseTis XVIII satrapiaSi (olqSi), romel-
Sic, Zv.w.aR-is V s-is berZeni avtoris herodotes cno-
biT, Sediodnen alarodiebi, matienebi da sasperebi. am-
aTgan alarodi, ueWvelia, Zvel urartelebs gulisxmobs
_ saxeli `alarodi~ (ararodi) odnav saxecvlili igive
`urartua~. es saxeli SemorCa dRes araratis mTas, romel-
sac adgilobrivi somxuri mosaxleoba `masiss~ uwodebs
(Zv. aRm. xalxTa istoria, gv. 359).
urartuelTa saxeli qarTvelTa mexsierebas `alalis~
saxiT unda Semoenaxa. amis safuZveli iqneboda isic, rom
berZnebic urartuelebs _ alarodebs, alalodebs
uwodebdnen.
_ movses xorenaci, mama somxuri istoriografiisa,
arams somxur tomebs uwodebs, is wers _ `rogorc yvela-
saTvis cnobilia, garSemo mobinadre xalxebi Cvens qvey-
anas dRemde aramis saxelis mixedviT eZaxian~ (`somxeTis
istoria~, 1984 w., gv. 77).
`arami~ _ somexTa ramdenime eTnarqis saxelia xorena-
cis mixedviT. somexTa mamamTavrebis genealogia aseTia _
`iafetma Sva gameri, gamerma Sva Tirasi, Tirasma Sva
79
Torgomi, Torgomma Sva amasia, amasiam Sva gelami, gelam-
ma Sva harma, harmam Sva arami, aramma Sva ara mSvenieri~
(iqve, gv. 62).
rogorc vxedavT, maT Soris `arami~ ramdenimes hqvia,
mxolod sxvadasxva variaciebiT. amitomac SeiZleba Zvel
cnobierebaSi somxeTis saxeli _ arams daukavSirda. ala-
li da arami xalxebi Cveni mezoblebi iyvnen, maT erT-
maneTTan araviTari naTesauri kavSiri ar hqonia ilia
WavWavaZisa da sxva mecnierTa mosazrebiT. lenormanio,
wers ilia, urartuelebs qarTvelebad da qarTvelTa
monaTesaveebad miiCnevs da ara somxebis `romelTanac
urartuelebs araviTari naTesaoba ara aqvT~ (i. WavWavaZe,
Txz., t. V, gv. 88).
yovelive zemomoyvanili sainteresoa Cveni eklesiis
ierarqisa da mematianis, leonti mroveli episkoposis
qarTvel eTnarqTa genealogiis ganxilvisaTvis.
`qarTlis cxovreba~, SeiZleba iTqvas, somexTa xsenebiT
iwyeba, `pirvelad vaxsenoT ese, rameTu somexTa da
qarTvelTa, ranTa da movaknelTa, herTa da lekTa,
megrelTa da kavkasianelTa _ amaT TvisTa erTi iyo mama,
saxeliT Targamos. ese Targamos iyo Ze TarSisi, Ziswuli
iafeTisi, Zisa noesi~ (qarTlis cxovreba, t. I, gv. 3).
mrovelis mier gadmocemuli genealogiiT, Targamo-
sis STamomavloba aseTia: `pirvelsa erqva haos, meoresa
qarTlos, mesamesa bardos, meoTxesa movakan, mexuTesa
lek, meeqvsesa heros, meSvidesa kavkas, mervesa egros~
(iqve, gv. 4).
80
Tu erTmaneTs SevadarebT xorenacisa da mrovelis mier
gadmocemul genealogiur siebs, aseT suraTs miviRebT:
xorenaciT: mroveliT:
iafeti _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ iafeti
gameri _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ iafetis Ze
Tarasi _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ TarSi
Torgomi _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Targamos
haiki _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ haos, qarTlos da
a.S.
xorenacis Torgomi, rogorc mrovelis Targamosi, iafe-
tis STamomavalia, mrovels (iseve, rogorc xorenacis)
Targamosis Zed miaCnia haos anu haiki. gansxvaveba isaa,
rom qarTveli episkoposis azriT, Targamoss rva Ze hyav-
da, xolo somexi qeTxudis (rjulis maswavleblis) azriT,
_ erTi Ze.
xorenaciT mroveliT
Torgomi _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Targamosi
haiki haos, qarTlos, bardos,
movakan, lek, heros, kavkas, egros
sruliad aSkaraa _ leonti mroveli an xorenacis gene-
alogiiT sargeblobs da umatebs mas saxelebs qarTveli
eTnarqebisas, anda xorenaci iyenebs romeliRac Zvel
genealogias, sadac Targamosi kavkasielebis mamamTavradaa
81
gamoyvanili, magram ar asaxelebs Targamosis sxva Zeebs,
garda haosisa. amgvari qmedebebis mizezs TviTonve asaxe-
lebs, oRond `saRvTo rjulis~ magaliTis moSveliebiT
_ `saqme isaa, rom saRvTo werili gamohyofs Tavisian-
ebs, Tavis sakuTar ers. xolo sxvebs, viTraca uRirsT
da SeuracxT, ugulebelyofs, maTi STamomavlobis Sesax-
eb arafers ambobs~ (movses xorenaci `somxeTis isto-
ria~, gv. 63).
Tu saRmrTo werilic ki ar asaxelebda eTnarqebs,
aramed mxolod `Tavisianebs~, Tavis sakuTari eris eT-
narqebs gamohyofda da sxvebs ugulebelhyofda, e.i. ar
asaxelebda, srulebiT araa gasakviri, rom xorenacs ar
daesaxelebina Targamosis sxva STamomavlebi, garda hao-
sisa _ somexTa eTnarqisa, miT umetes rom mas kavkasiis
sxva erebi SedarebiT umniSvnelo erebad miaCnda.
ufro savaraudoa, rom xorenacma daasaxela Targamo-
sis erTi Ze _ haosi, xolo mrovelma Targamosis Zeebis
ricxvi gazarda. leonti mroveli imeorebs xorenacis
genealogias, oRond avsebs mas sakuTari eris eTnarqebis
saxelebiT. ismis kiTxva _ leonti mrovelma ratom miiC-
nia qarTvelTa eTnarqebi da somexTa eTnarqi erTi mamis
Svilebad, hqonda Tu ara mas amisTvis raime safuZveli?
unda vifiqroT, rom amis safuZveli iyo qarTvel xalxSi
daculi Zveli gadmocema (anda cnoba) imis Sesaxeb, rom
uZveles dros saqarTvelos samxreTiT, romelsac Semdgom
somxeTi ewoda, erT dros cxovrobda qarTvelTa monaTe-
save didi eri.
82
alali xalxis xsovna mrovelis dros, aTeulobiT sauku-
nis win, uTuod metad iyo SemorCenili Zvel saqarTvelo-
Si, vidre Semdgom. vin icis, iqneb haosSi Cveni Zveli
mematianeni Zvel urartuelebs gulisxmobdnen, romel-
Ta Sesaxebac ilias Zveli Tavaduri sisxli aTqmevinebda
_ `diax, batonebo, urartelni qarTvelTa winaparni
yofilan~.
marTalia, urartus qarTvelTa monaTesave Zveli tome-
bi maT qveyanaSi Semosul armenielebSi asimilirdnen,
magram SeuZlebelia qarTul azrovnebaSi ar darCenil-
iyo mogoneba an gadmocema maT Sesaxeb. albaT, mogvi-
anebiT leonti mrovelis an misi wyaros epoqaSi qarTul-
ma azrovnebam Zveli urartus qarTvelebi da somxebi
gauTanabra erTmaneTs da mematianem miiCnia, rom swored
somxebi iyvnen `Tvisni~ qarTvelebisa. ufro metic, Tar-
gamosis ZeTa Soris udidesnica da upiratesnic _ `xolo
haos umetes gmiri iyo yovelTasa, rameTu egeviTari
araodes yofil iyo arca wylis-rRunis winaT da arca
Semdgomad taniTa, ZaliTa, simxniTa~ (q. c. I, gv. 4).
somexTa winapris aseTi qeba, adamis STamomavalTa Soris
yvelaze ukeTesad miCneva, TviT somex mematianeebsac ara
aqvT gamoTqmuli, miT umetes, rom armenielebi arc ki
moixseniebodnen urartus saxelmwifos daqcevamde (qriste-
Sobamde VI saukuneSi), msgavsi qeba ki namdvilad SeSveno-
da alarodielT, urartus brwyinvale saxelmwifos mqone
ers, romlis dideba, Zliereba da xelovneba Zvel sam-
yaroSi erT-erTi uSesaniSnavesi iyo. albaT amitomac miC-
83
neul iqna alalTa adgilas mcxovrebi armenielebis war-
suli ase saxelovnad.
leonti mroveli qarTvelTa da kavkasielTa eTnar-
qebs erTmaneTis `Tvisebs~ uwodebda da Zmebad miiCnevda,
anu kavkasiel xalxebs erTi eTnikuri warmoSobis mqone
monaTesave erebad Tvlida. iberiul-kavkasiurma mecniere-
bam, romelic meoce saukuneSi Seiqmna, xangrZlivi ZiebiT
daasabuTa kavkasiis mkvidr erTa monaTesaveoba. amito-
mac unda vifiqroT, rom leonti mrovels, anu misi epo-
qis mecnierebas gaaCnda raRac sabuTi anda gadmocema
kavkasielTa monaTesaveobis Sesaxeb. xolo Tuki mis mier
naxseneb `haosis~ qveS vigulisxmebT urartuelebs, maSin
Cvens Tvalwin gacocxldeba Teoria e.w. alarodiel xalx-
Ta ojaxis (e.i. Zvel urartuelTa da sxvaTa) monaTesav-
eobis Sesaxeb.
armenieli xalxi, rogorc aRiniSna, qristeSobamde VI
saukuneSi Camoyalibda, xolo leonti mroveli qriste-
Sobamde aTaswleulebis win debs Targamosisa da misi
Zeebis kavkasiaSi Semosvlis TariRs. niko mari miiCnevda,
rom am epoqisaTvis (aTaswleulebis win) iafeturi (qarTve-
luri) enebi moicavda msoflios vrcel regions. am droi-
saTvis, misi azriT, qarTveluri enebi gavlenas axdend-
nen fuZe indoevropulze, urTierToba hqondaT semitur-
Tan, somxur enas ki niko mari miiCnevda `narevi tipis~
enad, `n. mari intensiurad muSaobda somxur filologia-
Sic. mas, rogorc qarTulis karg mcodnes, uTuod unda
SeeniSna, rom somxur enaSi bevri ram, rac indoevropul
84
enebTan SedarebiT ver aixsneba, SeiZleba aixsnas qarTul-
Tan SedarebiT~ (i. SilakaZe, Zveli somxuri enis gramati-
ka~, 1975 w., gv. 27). `n. maris mixedviT, rogorc cnobilia,
am minarevma somxuri ena aqcia raRac saSualod kavkasi-
ursa (Semdeg iafetursa) da indoevropul (Semdeg prom-
eTeidul) enebs Soris mdgom enad~ (iqve, gv. 30). i. Silaka-
Ze wers _ `somxeTis teritoriaze indo-evropuli modg-
mis xalxs mermindel mosulebad vivaraudebT Tu adgi-
lobriv mkvidrad (rogorc zogierTi fiqrobs), erTi
cxadia: am teritoriaze winaT arsebobda saxelmwifoebi
da cxovrobdnen xalxebi (Tu tomebi), romelTac qarTv-
el xalxTan (da saerTod kavkasiel xalxebTan) garkveu-
li kavSiri hqondaT, Tu asea, cxadia, somexi xalxi, rogorc
eTnikuri erTeuli, uTuod Seicavs am xalxebis da tome-
bis minarevs. am minarevs ki Tavisi wvlili unda Seetana
axal ojaxSi. es eWvs gareSea. maSasadame, somxurSi indo-
evropul enebTan SedarebiT auxsnelTagan bevri ram Sei-
Zleba aixsnas qarTvelursa da kavkasiur enobriv sam-
yarosTan SedarebiT (am mxriv gansakuTrebiT sayuradRe-
boa saSualo da axali somxuri enebi dialeqtiTurT,
romelTac ramdenadac ufro Rrmad vswavlobT, imdenad
metad vrwmundebiT, rom somxur enas bevri iseTi Tviseba
SeuZenia, rac qarTul-qarTveluri enebis Tvisebas
gvagonebs da rasac Zvel somxurSi adgili ar hqonda.
aman aTqmevina i. karstes _ somxuri enis dialeqtebi indo-
evropuli warmoSobisa ar ariano~ (iqve, gv. 29).
xorenaci mudam laparakobs somexTa gadmosaxleobis
dros samxreT kavkasiaSi mcxovrebi arasomxuri tomebis
85
Sesaxeb, romlebic aTqvefilan Semosul mosaxleobaSi.
xorenacis `istoriis~ qarTulad mTargmneli a. abdalaZe
wers: `xorenacis am da msgavs cnobebSi asaxulia isto-
riuli sinamdvile imis Sesaxeb, rom e.w. `didi somxeTis~
miwa-wyalze somexTa mosvlamde mkvidrobdnen sxva xalx-
ebi, maT Soris qarTuli modgmis tomebic~ (`istoria~
gv. 249).
xorenaci aRwers urartus qveyanaSi somexTa winapari
tomebis gadasaxlebis suraTs, is wers, rom haiki
`...babilonSi vaJis arameneakis SeZenis Semdeg gaeSura
CrdiloeTis mxareebSi mdebare araradis qveynisaken Tavisi
vaJebiTa da qaliSvilebiT... igi mivida da damkvidrda
erTi mTis Ziras, vakeze, sadac ukve dasaxlebuliyo mcir-
eodeni xalxi adrindeli gafantvis dros. haikma daimor-
Cila isini da aago iq samemkvidreo saxli. amas Zveli
zepirgadmocemebic adastureben~ (m. xorenaci, istoria,
gv. 70).
harqis zeganze, sadac `Torgomis saxlis mamani~ damkvi-
drebulan, xorenacis cnobiT, `adridanve cxovrobdnen
mcireodeni kacni, romlebic nebiT daemorCilnen gmirs,
zepiri gadmocemebi amasac adastureben~ (iqve, gv. 70).
xorenaci kvlav wers _ `sakvirvelia mematianes naTq-
vami, rom Cvens qveyanaSi mraval adgilas gafantulad
mkvidrobda mcireodeni xalxi, Cveni Zireuli winapris
haikis mosvlamde~ (iqve, gv. 73).
mosulma armenielebma damxvedri tomebi STanTqes,
moaxdines maTi asimilacia, es pirdapir Cans xorenacidan.
86
magaliTad _ `amasTanave (aramma) ubrZana iqaur mkvidrT,
SeeTvisebinaT somxuri ena da laparaki~ (iqve, gv. 77).
isic unda iTqvas, rom urartus miwa-wyalze Sesvlis
Semdgom moxda Camoyalibeba somexi xalxisa, rogorc es
aRiniSneba somex istorikosTa mier. am dros Cans, somxur
enaze gavlena iqonia, damxvdur, mkvidr xalxTa enam.
S. ZiZiguri wers _ `niko maris koncefciiT, qarTul
enobriv samyaros didi gavlena mouxdenia somxur enaze
winaistoriul xanaSi, uZveles periodSi, rodesac xde-
boda somxuri eTnosis formireba, Sesabamisad _ somxuri
enis Camoyalibeba. niko maris udidesi wvlili armeno-
logiaSi, swored es aris. koncefciis sqema aseTia: somx-
uri narevi enaa, orbunebovania, erTi fena, Senarevi da
Sezrdili sxva fenasTan, qarTul-kavkasiur samyarosTan
siaxloviT aris aRbeWdili~ (S. ZiZiguri, `niko mari qarTu-
li kulturis mkvlevari~, (1985, gv. 104).
yovelive zemoaRniSnuli uflebas iZleva gamoiTqvas
mosazreba, rom Zvel saqarTveloSi arsebobda mogoneba
saqarTvelos samxreTiT mcxovrebi Zlieri, qarTvelTa
monaTesave xalxis Sesaxeb, da vinaidan saqarTvelos
samxreTiT im droisTvis somxebi cxovrobdnen, qarTvel-
Ta genealogiis Semdgenelma mematianem sxva qarTvelur
monaTesave tomebis eTnarqTa Soris haosic CarTo, vi-
Tarca pirovnuli gamoxatuleba xsenebuli mogonebisa.
Cans, mrovelis haosi _ urartus Zlierebis anareklia.
winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi verc erTi Tavisufali eri aitanda
Tavis erovnul matianeSi mtkicebas imisas, rom maTi me-
87
zobeli eris winapari TavianT winaparze upiratesi da
uZlieresi iyo. swored qarTvel xalxSi darCenil mog-
onebas samxreTeli monaTesave mezoblis Sesaxeb unda gaex-
ada asatani mrovelis genealogiis erovnul matianeSi
CarTva.
rogorc aRiniSna, mroveli Tavisi genealogiis Sedge-
nis dros iyenebda xorenacis genealogias. maSasadame, es
genealogia V saukuneze adre ver Sedgeboda. Zneli
safiqrebelia, VIII-XI saukuneebSi qarTvelebisa da somxe-
bisaTvis ewodebinaT Zmebi da `Tvisni~, qarTul-somxuri
eklesiebis daSorebisas atexili ideologiuri brZolis
gamo. manaskertis 726 wlis krebis Semdgom qarTuli da
somxuri eklesiebi (da Sesabamisad ideologiac) srulebiT
gansxvavebuli gzebiT ganviTardnen, srulebiT gan-
calkevdnen, ufro metic, saqarTveloSi somxeTTan da
somxur eklesiasTan kulturuli an raime erTobis dama-
dasturebeli yovelgvari Txzuleba ispoboda anda re-
daqtirdeboda.
sul sxva viTareba iyo VI-VII saukuneebSi. am dros
qarTveli da somexi erebi, eklesiebi gansakuTrebiT dakav-
Sirebulni iyvnen erTmaneTTan. yovel SemTxvevaSi, qarTu-
li mxare iZulebuli iyo qarTuli eklesia somxuri ek-
lesiis mokavSired waredgina sparsi xelisuflebisaTvis.
saqarTvelos dapyrobis Semdgom sparseTi gansakuTre-
biT uWerda mxars somxur eklesias, aZlierebda mas da
amasTan erTad aiZulebda mis imperiaSi mcxovreb qris-
tianebs mieRoT qristianuli sarwmunoebis is orienta-
88
cia, romelsac adga somxuri eklesia (e.i. antibizanti-
uri). am dros xdeboda qarTuli wmida wignebis redaqtire-
ba da `gamarTva~ somxuris mixedviT (amis Sesaxeb ix. qve-
moT).
unda vifiqroT, rom mematianem qarTvel eTnarqTa
genealogia Seadgina somxur-qarTuli eklesiebis `erTo-
bis~ dros VI-VII saukuneebSi. jer kidev m. TarxniSvilma
gamoTqva azri, rom leonti mrovelis literaturuli
saqmianoba VI-VII saukuneebs ganekuTvneba.
`m. TarxniSvilis azriT, leonti mrovelis literatu-
ruli saqmianoba merve saukunis meore naxevars ver gada-
scildeba _ ufro zustad is unda daidos VI-VII sauk.
somex-qarTvelTa saeklesio ganxeTqilebamde~ (k. kekel-
iZe, lit. ist. gv. 238).
farnavazi
saqarTvelos pirveli erTiani saxelmwifos damaarse-
blis, anbanis gamavrceleblis, qarTuli mwignobrobis
fuZemdeblis, mefe farnavazis cxovreba aRwerilia
qarTvelTa umTavres saistorio, erovnuli siwmindis
xarisxamde amaRlebul wignSi, romelsac `qarTlis cx-
ovreba~ ewodeba. miCneulia, rom `qarTlis cxovrebis~
Sesavali, TargamosianTa genealogia, TviT redaqtors
Seudgenia (kerZod, mas Tavisi drois moTxovnilebis Se-
sabamisad dauweria Zvel wyaroTa gamoyenebiT `ambavi
89
rvaTa ZmaTa~, `gamosvla xazarTa~, `Semosvla aleqsan-
dresi~), xolo `cxovreba farnavazisi~ _ ukve arsebuli
Zveli qarTuli saistorio moTxroba, Tavisi gemovnebiT
gaumarTavs da CaurTavs wignSi.
qveynis gamaerTianebeli pirveli mefis mamis saxeli
mematianisaTvis ucnobia, samagierod misTvis cnobilia
saxeli mamis Zmisa. amasTan dakavSirebiT pavle ingoroy-
va wers _ `leonti mroveli aq, Cans, imeorebs romeliRac
Zveli saistorio wyaros cnobas~ (t. IV, gv. 523).
mematiane farnavazis ambis gadmocemisas wers, rom
farnavazi `iyo mamulad qarTleli, naTesavi uflosi,
mcxeTosis Zisa~ (qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. 20). misi genea-
logia, cxadia, wyvetilebiT, aseTia:
farnavazamde didi xniT adre, qarTvelTa erT mTavar
winaparTagani _ qarTlosi, dasaxlebula mtkvrisa da
qarTlos
mcxeTos gardabos kaxos kuxos gaCios
uflos oZrxos javaxos
farnavaz
90
aragvis SesarTavTan mdebare armazis mTaze. aq auSenebia
simagreebi (SemdgomSi aq armazis kerpi aRmarTes, iqamde
ki am mTis saxeli `qarTli~ yofila). qarTloss auSenebia
orbis (Semdgom samSvilded wodebuli) da xunanis (anu
mtueris) cixeebi. ucocxlia didxans.
qarTlosisa da Targamosis STamomavalT erTmaneTSi
siyvaruliT ucxovriaT, Semdgom ki aSlilan da daknineb-
ulan. am mizeziT maT Soris aRaravin yofila uwarCineb-
ulesi da usaxelovanesi. adgil-adgil Tavadebi (gamoCe-
nili meTaurebi) Cndebodnen, magram mcxeTis Tavadi yve-
laze warCinebulad iTvleboda sxvebTan SedarebiT. mas
mefis, an erisTavis saxeli ar ewodeboda, aramed mamasax-
lisi. is gamzavebeli da mosamarTle iyo qarTlosianTa
Soris.
swored am droisaTvis dauviwyniaT WeSmariti RmerTi,
romelic qarTvelTa winaprebs swamdaT, dauwyiaT msax-
ureba mzisa, mTvarisa da xuTi varskvlavisa, `mtkice da
ufrosi saficari maTi iyo saflavi qarTlosisa~.
didi xnis Semdgom gamoCenila aleqsandre makedoneli.
igi sxva qveyanaTa dapyrobis Semdgom Semosula qarTlSi,
sadac mas uxilavs mkvidrni qveynisa; unda iTqvas, rom aq
mematianes mier gadmocemuli ambavi aSkarad areulia,
Cans ara marto sxvadasxva wyaros, aramed sxvadasxva kon-
cefciis gavlenac. magaliTad, rogorc viciT, sxva wyaros,
`moqcevaY qarTlisaYs~ _ koncefciis Tanaxmad, qarTvelebi
samxreTis `arian-qarTlis~ qveynidan gadmosaxlebulan
makedonelis dros. maT am qveyanaSi daxvedriaT ucxo eri,
91
`qarTlis cxovrebis~ koncefciiT ki qarTveloba xalxad
yalibdeba saqarTvelos miwa-wyalze, e.i. ar gadmosaxle-
bula. zemoaRniSnuli ambis gadmocemis dros, rogorc
aRiniSna, es ori koncefcia erTmaneTSia areuli. magal-
iTad, makedonels qarTlSi xvdeba qarTveloba da... ucxo
eri _ bunTurqebi da yivCaRebi. aq, cxadia, aRebulia
`moqcevaYs~ ambavi, romelic saTanadod araa Sejerebuli
`qarTlis cxovrebis~ koncefciasTan.
qarTlSi Semosvlis Semdgom aleqsandre makedoneli
SeebrZola da daamarcxa zogierT kuTxeSi mcxovrebi
araqarTuli tomebi _ `mosrna yovelni igi naTesavni
aRreulni qarTls myofni da ucxoni igi naTesavni mosr-
na da daatyvevna da dedani da yrmani ucebni, TxuTmetisa
wlisa umcrosni~ (q. c. I, gv. 18). araqarTvelTa mospobis
Semdeg darCenil qarTvel mosaxleobas (qarTlosianebs)
patrikad dautova makedoneli azoni, iaredosis Ze. mas
emorCileboda 100000 romaeli qveiTi.
maTi sarwmunoeba, mematianes gadmocemiT, aseTi iyo:
ebrZana azons aleqsandres mier qarTvelTa qveyanaSi
danergiliyo Tayvaniscema mzisa, mTvarisa, xuTi varskv-
lavisa, msaxureba uxilavi RmerTisa, yovlis dambadeb-
lisa. aleqsandres wasvlis Semdgom azonma miatova es
sarwmunoeba _ `iwyo kerpTmsaxurebad da Seqmnna orni
kerpni vercxlisani: `gaci da gaim~. azoni sastiki da sisx-
liani kaci yofila, mas qarTvelTaTvis iaraRis tarebis
nebac ki ar daurTavs _ gaucia brZaneba: `yovelman
qarTvelTaganman, romelman povos saWurveli, mokaliT
92
igi~. _ `da iyo Wiri didi naTesavsa zeda qarTvelTasa~.
swored aseT dros gamoCenila farnavazi _ qarTvelTa
ganmaTavisuflebeli. siyrmidanve kavkasiis mTebSi
ltolvili farnavazi saxelovan vaJkacad aRzrdila. is
`iyo kaci gonieri, mxedari SemmarTebeli da monadire
xelovani~. mcxeTaSi dabrunebis Semdgom is gaucniaT
azonisaTvis, rogorc saxelganTqmuli monadire. `Seiy-
vara igi azonman monadireobisaTvis~. azonTan daaxloe-
bas didad SeuSinebia deda farnavazisi, evedreboda Svils
daetovebina mcxeTa, qarTli da wasuliyvnen, raTa azo-
nis xels dasxltomodnen. marTlac ojaxma gadawyvita
sxvagan, farnavazis dedis qveyanaSi gadasaxleba. mema-
tiane ganagrZobs:
maSin ixila farnavazma sizmari, TiTqosda igi iyo erT
ukacur saxlSi, undoda gasvla da ver gadioda. maSin
sarkmlidan Semovida mzis sxivi Semoertya welze, gaiz-
ida da gaiyvana sarkmelidan. da rodesac velze gavida
mze, farnavazma is ixila dadablebuli, xeliT Seexo mzis
pirs, moxoca cvari da icxo Tavis pirze. gaiRviZa far-
navazma, gaukvirda da Tqva _ es sizmari albaT dedaCemis
samSobloSi Casvlis Semdeg amixdeba, iq sikeTeSi viqne-
bio.
im dReebSi farnavazi sanadirod gaemarTa da diRmis
velze irmebs gaekida. irmebi Tbilisis xriokebisaken
gaiqcnen. misdevda farnavazi, styorcna isari, hkra irems,
man cota gaiara da daeca kldis ZirSi. amasobaSi daRam-
da, CamoqveiTda farnavazi da iremTan gadawyvita Ramis
93
gaTeneba. am dros gawvimda Zlier. kldis ZirSi farnavazma
gamoqvabuli SeamCnia, amoqolili. amoiRo Cuglugi da
gamoarRvia kari, raTa simSraleSi Sesuliyo. Sevida Sig-
niT da ixila ganZi miuwvdomeli, oqro da vercxli, uTv-
alavi WurWeli oqrovercxlisa. Zlier gaukvirda, aRiv-
so sixaruliT da gaaxsenda sizmari. isev amoqola gamo-
qvabulis kari. uTxra es ambavi dedasa da or das. gamoi-
tanes es ganZi malviT. amis Semdgom azonis qmedeba miu-
TiTebs imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra Zlieri iyo im uZveles drosve,
qristeSobamde aswleulebiT adre, qarTvelTa Soris
erovnuli erTianobis grZnoba da qarTvel tomebs rogor
hqondaT SenarCunebuli eTnikuri erTianobis simZafre.
ganZis povniT uceb gamdidrebulma farnavazma, upirve-
les yovlisa, gagzavna Tavisi warmomadgeneli egrisis
dasavlur qarTuli saerisTaos meTaurTan _ qujisTan
da Seatyobina mas momxdari ambavi. farnavazma SeuTvala
survili, Tavisi ganZiT misuliyo qujisTan da erTiani
ZaliT SebrZolebodnen azons _ qarTvelTa qveynis damp-
yrobels.
mematiane wers, rom am ambis mosmeniT `ganixara qujim
sixaruliTa didiTa da hrqua: `aRsdeg da moved Cem Tana,
nu Surob xvastagsa Sensa, da xvastagiTa SeniTa, gangim-
ravlne spani Senni, vidre gamovCndeT mtrad azonisa, maSin
ganixaron yovelTa qarTvelTa awyvedilTa misgan da mi-
wyvedulTa~ (q.c. gv. 22).
pasuxis miRebis Semdeg farnavazi dediTa da debiT
sixaruliT wavida qujisTan. quji aseTi sityvebiT See-
94
geba mas: `Sen xar Svili TavTa maT qarTlisaTa da Sen
gmarTebs ufloba Cemi... Sen xar ufali Cveni da me var
mona Seni~ (gv. 22). farnavazi am droisaTvis, rogorc
viciT, ubralo, yovelgvari pativisa da Tanamdebobis
uqonel pirs warmoadgenda, xolo quji egrisis vrceli
qveynis mflobeli iyo, amitomac misgan Tavisi Tavis
`monad~, xolo farnavazis `uflad~ gamocxadeba aixsneba
genealogiuri ufros-umcrosobiTi urTierTdamokide-
bulebiT, rac Zveli droisaTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli da
savaldebulod Sesasrulebeli. farnavazi `qarTlis TavTa
Svilia~, amitomaco, ambobs `egrisis TavTa Svili~, _ me
Sen unda dagemorCilo, Sen `Cveni ufali xaro~. aseTi
urTierToba gvafiqrebinebs, rom Tavdapirvel geneal-
ogiur variantSi, romelsac Semdgom asaxva ver upovnia
`qarTlis cxovrebaSi~, genealogiuri Sto, Cans aseTi
saxiT iyo gadmocemuli:
qujica da farnavazic erTi winapris STamomavalni
arian, magram farnavazi pirmSoebiTi uflebis ZaliT
qarTlos
mcxeTos egros gardabos kuxos gaCios
quji farnavaz
kaxos
95
ojaxSi, gvarSi, ufrosad iTvleba, is `ufalia~, misi yve-
la naTesavi mas unda daemorCilos. aseTia im Jamis kano-
ni.
farnavazma da qujim moilaparakes osebTan da leke-
bTan, isini sixaruliT daTanxmdnen azonis winaaRmdeg
ajanyebas, radganac ar surdaT misTvis xarkis micema.
maTgan miiRes damxmare samxedro Zala, egrisSi Seikriba
uTvalavi spa. Seuties azons. azoni damarcxda da Tavi
Seafara klarjeTs. farnavazi Sevida mcxeTaSi, imave wels
daimorCila `yoveli qarTli~, klarjeTis garda _ ase
wers mematiane, _ `daipyra yoveli qarTli Tvinier klar-
jeTisa~, aq uTuod `yoveli qarTlis~ qveS igulisxmeba
rogorc aRmosavleTi, aseve dasavleTi saqarTvelo _
swored dasavleT saqarTvelo warmoadgenda farnavazis
sayrden baziss azonis winaaRmdeg ajanyebisas.
azons farnavazis winaaRmdeg omSi daexmara `saberZne-
Ti~ _ misgan miiRo didZali damxmare Zala, samagierod
farnavazs _ `asuristanis mefe antioqozi~. kidev erTx-
el SeebrZolnen erTmaneTs azonisa da farnavazis jare-
bi _ artaanis naqalaqevSi, romelsac huri anu `qajTa
qalaqi~ erqva. berZenTa jarebi daamarcxes qarTvelebma,
mokles azoni, SeiWra farnavazi saberZneTis sazRvrebSi
_ Sevida anZioZorSi da ukan dabrunda ekelecis gziT.
klarjeTi SeuerTa Tavis samefos da dabrunda mcxeTaSi.
qarTlis samefos sazRvari Crdilo-dasavleTiT daido
mdinare egriswyalze. am mdinaris marjvena sanapiroc
(iseve rogorc marcxena) warmoadgenda egrosis wils, e.i.
96
warmoadgenda egrosis STamomavalTa sacxovriss (vidre
xazareTis mdinaremde `saca warswudebis wueri kavkasi-
sa~), magram egriswyalsa da xazareTis mdinares (e.i. md.
egriswyalsa da md. yubans) Soris mcxovrebma egriselebma
ar inebes gandgoma `berZenTa~ saxelmwifosagan da Sesv-
la farnavazis samefoSi. sazRvari `yoveli qarTlisa~ am
mimarTulebiT daido mdinare egriswyalze. mematiane wers
_ `xolo egriswyals qvemoT darCa berZenTa, rameTu
mkvidrTa mis adgilisaTa ara inebes gandgoma berZenTa~,
xolo egrisis meore nawili Sevida qarTlis samefoSi,
Tavisi saxelmwifo farnavazma dayo saerisTavoebad.
pirvelTa Soris mematiane asaxelebs egriss da mis
erisTavs qujis. is gaxda siZe farnavazisa da miiRo
saerisTavod yoveli qarTlis qveyana egriswyalsa da rions
Sua. man aaSena cixe-goji. margveTis saerisTavoSi Se-
dioda miwebi mdinare rionsa da lixis mTas Soris. Semde-
gi saerisTavoebi iyvnen kaxeTSi, xunanSi, samSvildeSi,
wundaSi, oZrxeSi, klarjeTSi. erTi erisTavi daadgina _
spaspetad, mas Sida qarTlic mieca sagamgeod, is war-
moadgenda mefis Semdeg pirvel Tanamdebobis pirs, yvela
erisTvis ganmgebels. Tavis mxriv erisTavebs emorCile-
bodnen spasalarebi da aTasisTavebi, maTgan Semodioda
saerisTavo da samefo xarki.
farnavazma aaSena aleqsandre makedonelis mier
saqarTveloSi dangreuli qalaqebi da cixeebi, dedaqalaq
mcxeTas ki Semoavlo galavani.
farnavazs Seuqmnia Tavis saxelze _ kerpi armazi,
rameTu farnavazs sparsulad armazi erqva. es armazis
97
kerpi aRmarTa qarTlis mTis Tavze. didi dResaswauli
gadaixada kerpis aRmarTvisas.
gamefebisas 27 wlis iyo. 65 weli nebierad imefa. `aRa-
Sena da ganavso qarTli~.
farnavazma qarTuli ena saxelmwifo enad gamoacxada,
ris gamoc qarTulis garda sxva ena saqarTveloSi ar
ixmareboda. manve Seqmna qarTuli mwignobroba.
sikvdilis Semdeg armazis kerpis win daasaflaves.
ase gadmogvcems farnavazis cxovrebas Cveni matiane.
qarTlis, anu iberiis erTiani didi saxelmwifos war-
moqmnas mecnierebi qristeSobamde IV-III saukuneebiT aTar-
iReben.
farnavazisa da misi memkvidre mefeebis anu farnava-
zianebis dros mcxeTaSi _ samefos dedaqalaqSi, Sendebo-
da cixesimagreebi, sxvadasxva nagebobani, kidev sxva ker-
pebic aRumarTavT. farnavazis mier armazis aRmarTvis
Semdgom mefe saurmagma aRmarTa kerpi ainina, iwyo ar-
mazis cixe-qalaqis Seneba. mefe mirvanma daninas kerpi
aRmarTa, daasrula armazis mSenebloba. mefe farnajom-
ma kerpi zaden mTaze aRmarTa, cixec auSena. arsok mefem
_ qalaqs sxva zRude Semoavlo. mefe artags ki armazSi
Sida cixe (akropolisi) auSenebia.
maTi Semdgomi mefeebi ukve sakuTriv mcxeTas aSenebd-
nen, anu mtkvris marcxena sanapiroze mdebare qalaqs.
dedaqalaqs icavdnen rTuli TavdacviTi sistemis meS-
veobiT. armaz-cixe somxeTidan, albaneTidan da dasav-
leT saqarTvelodan momavali gzebis TavSeyris adgilas
98
idga, zadencixe ki CrdiloeTis momTabareTa qveynebidan
momaval gzas akontrolebda. qveyanaSi Sedioda didi
saerTaSoriso mniSvnelobis savaWro gza, rogorc amas
gvacnobs straboni. saerTod iberia savaWro gzebiT yofi-
la daserili. strabonis cnobiT, iberia kargad yofila
dasaxlebuli, qalaqebi da dabebi mravalricxovani iyo.
saxlebi da nagebobebi kargad nagebi, xuroTmoZRvruli
xelovnebiT, hqondaT kramitis saxuravebi. iberiaSi mde-
bareobda qalaqebi _ ufliscixe, wunda, oZrxe, cixegoji
(am qveynis dasavleTi sazRvari, rogorc aRiniSna, mdinare
egriswyalze ido).
uTuod yovel saerisTavos gaaCnda Tavisi centri.
CrdiloeTis mimarTulebiT iberiis sazRvars, Cans, kavka-
sionis wyalmyofi qedi warmoadgenda, romlis iqiTac
mcxovreb tomebzec vrceldeboda samefos gavlena.
samxreTis mimarTulebiT iberia vrclad iyo gadaWim-
uli. armeniasa da iberias, qristeSobamde II saukunis av-
toris _ apolodoris cnobiT, erTmaneTisgan hyofda
mdinare araqsi. araqsi yofila gamyofi iberielebisa da
armenielebisa.
samxreT-dasavleTiT iberiis sazRvari gadioda piri-
adris mTis kalTebze, mas ekuTvnoda xorzene da gogare-
ne, rogorc berZnebi uwodebdnen samxreT saqarTvelos
kuTxeebs. Semdeg, strabonis cnobiT, armenias iberiisaTvis
waurTmevia aRniSnuli kuTxeebi, daaxloebiT 190 wels
qristeSobamde (ix. saq. ist. narkv., t. I, gv. 456).
farnavazis rezidencias da samefo qalaqs warmoad-
genda armazi. misi saxeli mraval ucxour Tanadroul
99
wyaroSic aris asaxuli, rogorc Cans, is cnobili da sax-
elovani qalaqi iyo. am qalaqis sidiade daadastura ar-
qeologiurma gaTxrebma, qarTvel erismTavarTa da war-
CinebulTa brwyinvale fufuneba da didebuleba naT-
lad gamoaCina arqeologiurma Zeglebma. armazidan same-
fo rezidencia gadatanil iqna sakuTriv mcxeTaSi, es
momxdara pirveli saukunis meore naxevarSi. p. ingoroy-
vas Tanaxmad, mefe farnavazi mefobda qristeSobamde 284-
219 wlebSi. 284 welsve damyarebula qarTuli welTaR-
ricxva.
`ZvelqarTuli kalendris Seswavlidan irkveva, rom
qarTuli nacionaluri welTaRricxva iwyeba swored im
droidan, rodesac, leonti mrovelis cnobiT, aleqsan-
dre makedonelis imperiis dayofis Sedegad moxda axali
iberiis saxelmwifos Camoyalibeba, farnavazianTa dinas-
tiiT xelisuflebis saTaveSi. saxeldobr, dasawyisi
qarTuli nacionaluri welTaRricxvisa aris 284 weli
Cvens eramde. es weli aris gamosavali TariRi, romelic
Semdeg safuZvlad daedo qarTuli qoronikonis siste-
mas, ...es TariRi, 284 weli, romelidanac iwyeba qarTuli
nacionaluri era, aris TariRi iberiis saxelmwifo
damoukideblobis gamocxadebisa da farnavazianTa di-
nastiis damkvidrebisa iberiis saxelmwifos xelisuflebis
saTaveSi (p. ingoroyva, t. IV, 1978, gv. 558).
pavle ingoroyvam saTanado kvlevis Sedegad daaskvna,
rom qarTul matianeTa antikuri xanis iberiis mefeTa
sia (`mefeni qarTls Sina warmarTni~) _ warmoadgens is-
100
toriuli sinamdvilis Semcvel dokuments, romelic mo-
mdinareobs winaqristianuli epoqis ZvelqarTuli saist-
orio wyaroebidan (iqve, gv. 559).
farnavazma erT saxelmwifoSi gaaerTiana qarTuli
tomebi, Sehkra isini erT xalxad, man SesZlo aseve am
saxelmwifos gavlenis sferoSi moeqcia iberiul-kavka-
siurad wodebuli, qarTvelTa monaTesave sxvadasxva
tomebi. kerZod, rogorc iTqva, iberielTa da armeniel-
Ta Soris sazRvari erT dros mdinare araqsze gadioda.
CrdiloeTis mimarTulebiT qarTvelTa gavlenis sfero-
Si, mematianes Tanaxmad, Sediodnen osTa, durZukTa da
lekTa tomebi. durZukebi da lekebi _ qarTvelTa monaTe-
saveebad uZveles drosve miiCneoda. osTa Sesaxeb unda
iTqvas, rom rogorc wyaro miuTiTebs, osebi im drois-
aTvis ar miiCneodnen iranulenovan tomebad, aramed iTv-
lebodnen qarTvelTa monaTesave kavkasiur (adgilobriv)
tomad. Cveni matianes Tanaxmad, osebi yofilan STamo-
mavalni xazarTa mefis Zisa uobosisa _ `mrovelis war-
modgeniT, uobos xazarTa mefisSvili yofila, xolo osebi
TiTqos am uobosis, e.i. xazarTa da qarTvelTa da somex-
Ta tyveebis `naTesavebi~, anu STamomavalni yofilan. e.i.
narevi erovneba yofila~ (iv. javaxiSvili, qarTveli eris
istoriis Sesavali, t. I, 1950 w. gv. 277).
aqedan Cans, rom farnavazis epoqaSi osebi marTalia
narev, magram mainc qarTvelTa monaTesave tomad miiC-
neoda. osebi _ romelTac Semdgom alanebi ewodaT _
ucxoelTa mier iberielebad miiCneodnen _ `XI saukunis
101
bizantieli mwerali ioane cece amtkicebs: iberebi, aba-
zgebi da alanebi erT xalxs Seadgendneno, xolo XV sauku-
nis somexi mematiane Toma mewofeli ganumartavs mkiTx-
velebs, rom qarTvelTa saxlSi, e.i. qarTul erovnul-
kulturul gaerTianebaSi Sedis rva tomi _ qarTebi (`vra-
cebi~), imerlebi, megrelebi, svanebi, afxazebi, mesxebi,
dvalebi da osebi~ (s. janaSia, t. V, gv. 12). Semdgomi
saukunis evropeli avtoric aseve miiCnevs _ `Striteri
Tavisi Sromis nawilSi, sadac laparakia zemo iberiis
mezoblad binadar alanebze, kategoriuli da sruli
eWvmiutanlobis kiloTi acxadebs, rom esenic iberiele-
bi ariano~ (S. ZiZiguri, saenaTmecniero saubrebi, gv. 174).
dvalebs, marTalia, ratomRac durZukTa toms aTv-
lidnen bolo dromde, magram sinamdvileSi qarTvelebi
iyvnen. Semdgom moxda dvalTa tomis iranizacia, gaoseba.
SesaZlebelia, Tavdapirvelad osebad saxeldebuli tom-
ic ar iyo iranulenovani da Semdgom, Sua saukuneebis
manZilze, Crdilo kavkasiaSi moxda osebis gairanulen-
ovneba.
sayovelTaodaa aRiarebuli, rom alanebi iranuleno-
vani tomi iyo, magram arc is unda darCes uyuradRebod,
rom sakmaod didi nawili Zveli istorikosebisa alanebs,
qarTvel istorikosTa msgavsad, xazarul (e.i. Turqul)
kavkasiur warmomavlobis tomad miiCnevda. magaliTad,
XIV saukunis arabi geografi alanebs Turqulenovan xalx-
ad Tvlida, is erT alanur qalaqze werda _ `is dasaxle-
bulia alani xalxiT, da isini Turqebi arian _ romelnic
102
gaqristiandnen~. XV saukuneSi i. Siltbergeri iyo asebT-
an (osebTan) da alanebTan. isini Turme maSin RmerTs
TaTrul enaze adidebdnen (ix. f. burn, `puteSestvie iva-
na Siltbergera...~, wigni `zapiriski imperatorskogo no-
vorosiiskogo universiteta~. t. I, vip. 1 da 2. odessa
1867, gv. 31-33). prof. n. baskakovis Tanaxmad, Cinur
wyaroebSi moxsenebuli tomi iaoSe (iasebi, osebi) Turquli
warmoSobisa yofila. aseve aRsaniSnavia, rom yaraCaevel
da balyarel istorikosebs TavianTi tomebi alanuri
warmoSobisad, alanebi ki Turqul-xazarul warmoSobisad
miaCniaT. am mxriv, Cans aris raRac saerTo Zvel qarTul
da ucxour wyaroTa Soris.
farnavazis droisaTvis sruliad SesaZlebelia, osebi
iseve yofiliyo iberiul-kavkasiuri warmomavlobis tomi,
rogorc sxva mezobeli tomebi.
farnavazis saxelmwifo faqtobrivad mTel kavkasias
aerTianebda Tavis gavlenis sferoSi, magram yvelaze
arsebiTi isaa, rom qarTvel tomTa gamaerTianebeli sax-
elmwifos Seqmnam saxelmwifosave meSveobiT SesaZlebe-
li gaxada qarTvelTa erovnebis formireba, erTiani xalx-
is, eris Camoyalibeba. sazogadod cnobilia, rom saxelm-
wifos aqvs Tviseba erTian xalxad Camoayalibos saxelm-
wifoSi mcxovrebi mosaxleoba, aseTive Tvisebebis iyo,
cxadia, qarTuli erTiani saxelmwifoc. miT umetes, rom
qarTul wyaroTa Tanaxmad, farnavazis mier Camoyali-
bebulma saxelmwifom iarseba TiTqmis aTasi weli. ker-
Zod, es saxelmwifo daSlila vaxtang gorgasalis Svilebis
103
Semdgom VI saukuneSi _ ase gadmogvcems `qarTlis cx-
ovrebac~ da `moqcevaY qarTlisaYc~. qarTveli eris Camoy-
alibebis dros Sesaxeb laparakia qvemoT, xolo aq unda
iTqvas, rom farnavazis epoqaSi qarTvelTa erTianobas
miuTiTebs ZvelqarTuli gvarebis formaTa erTianoba
uZveles saqarTveloSi. gamokvlevebiT dadgenilia, rom
uZvelesi gvaris aRmniSvneli sufiqsi egrisSi, anu samegre-
loSi iyo `iani~ (misgan iqna Semdgom miRebuli daboloe-
ba `ia~, `va~ da sxva). uZvelesi sagvarovano sufiqsi sva-
neTSi iyo da aris `iani~. uZvelesi sagvarovano sufiqsi
sruliad saqarTvelos mTianeTSi _ fSav-xevsureTidan
svaneTamde iyo `iani~ (saojaxod, saSinaod amJamadac `ian~
formebi ixmareba). uZvelesi sagvarovano sufiqsi
saqarTvelos barSic iyo _ `iani~. ganvixiloT ramdenime
magaliTi: Zvel wyaroebSi erTaderTi damaboloebeli
sufiqsi _ `iani~-a _ gvarebSi _ `farnavaziani~, `xosroiani~,
`arSakuniani~, `baqariani~, `reviani~ (q. c. gv. 138). `maru-
Siani~, `bagratoniani~ (q. c. gv. 251). `ariSiani~ (q. c. gv.
328). `barabiani~ (q. c. 116). `bivritiani~ (erisTavi oZrx-
isa) q. c. 185). `goderZiani~ (es gvaria, rac iqedan Cans,
rom mravlobiTis formiTaa wyaroSi mocemuli _ `goder-
Zianni tbelni~), (q. c. gv. 248). iqvea `mameanni~, `mame-i-ani.
`Targamosianni~ _ eTnarqebi. Savliani (ivane _ afxazeTis
mefe. 258). `kavkasianni~ _ sadaurobis aRsaniSnavad (130).
`nebroTianni~, `nersiani~ (nerse _ qarTlis erisTavi, 241),
`qarTlosianni~ (qarTlosis STamomavalni, 27), juanSe-
riani (juanSeri-istorikosi, gv. 248) da sxva uamravi.
104
marTalia, zogierT SemTxvevaSi CamonaTvali jer kidev
ar aris namdvili gvar-saxelebi da aRniSnuli forma pirTa
STamomavlobas miuTiTebs, magram isini sagvareulo sax-
elebad iqcnen ZiriTadad. `ian~ sufiqsiT, rogorc aRin-
iSna, mTel saqarTvelos saxelmwifoSi arsebobda gvare-
bi (gvar-saxelebi). amis dasturia megrul-svanuri da
mTiuluri uZvelesi formebi. s. janaSia wers _ `gaba-
tonebuli unda yofiliyo gvar-saxelebis es forma
samegreloSic... megruli `ia~ _ `ianis~ naSTia. es cxadi
xdeba, kerZod, cnobil gvar-saxelTa istoriul da cocx-
al formaTa SedarebiT, amrigad, istoriulsa da liter-
aturul (dadians, lipartians, ratians, bedians megrul
cocxal metyvelebaSi udris: dadia, lipartia, ratia,
bedia... bolokidur _ n-s dakargva niSandoblivia
megrulisaTvis (s. janaSia, t. III, 1959, gv. 40-41).
iqve s. janaSias ganxiluli aqvs `ian~ formis gamoyene-
ba gvar-saxelebisavis aRmosavleT da dasavleT saqarTve-
los mTianeTSi (mTiuleTi, raWa, leCxumi, svaneTi). _ `gvar-
saxelebis es daboloeba Tavdapirvelad gavrcelebuli
iyo, Cans, yvela qarTul tomSi, da qarTvelurs patron-
omistikul morfologiaSi igi erTi yvelaze adrindeli
movlenaTagania. droTa viTarebaSi es forma zogs qarTvel
tomSi dasustda, zogan TiTqmis mTlad daikarga~ (iqve,
gv. 35).
Cven vfiqrobT, rom eTnikuri erTianoba qarTveli
tomebisa farnavazianTa saxelmwifoSi (qristeSobamde III
saukunidan VI-mde) gacilebiT ufro Rrma iyo, vidre am
105
saxelmwifos daSlis Semdeg (VI s.). rogorc cnobilia,
pirveli erTiani saxelmwifos daSlidan mxolod oriode
saukunis Semdeg, VIII-IX saukuneebSi saqarTvelos sxvadasxva
kuTxeebSi Camoyalibda erTmaneTisagan damoukidebeli
saxelmwifoebi, ramac, cxadia, qarTuli tomebi erTma-
neTs ufro daaSora (zemoT aRniSnuli erTiani niSnebis
`dasusteba~ da `dakargva~ amis Sedegi unda iyos), marTa-
lia, Semdeg arsebobda erTiani saxelmwifo (XI-XV ss), ramac
xeli Seuwyo konsolidacias, magram Semdgomma kvlav
daSlam gaaRrmava svanur, megrul, gurul, imerul,
qarTlur, kaxur da sxva eTnografiul jgufSi individ-
ualuri Tvisebebi. farnavazis saxelmwifos dros ki er-
Tiani erovnuli niSnebi Rrma iyo.
qarTuli saRvTismsaxuro
anbanis fuZisdeba
saukuneTa da aTaswleulTa manZilzec, qarTveli xalxi
sargeblobs erovnuli anbaniT. arsebobs misi ori saxeo-
ba _ xucuri da mxedruli. TviT sityva `xucuri~ miu-
TiTebs, rom is RvTis sadideblad eklesiaSi, samRvde-
loebis (xucebis) mier ixmareboda. xucuri anbaniTaa daw-
erili Cveni uflisa da macxovris ieso qristes pirveli
qarTuli saxarebani, Zveli da axali aRTqmis wignebi.
xucuri _ srulyofili anbania imiT, rom mas aqvs e.w.
mTavruli da nusxuri asoebi, rogorc sxva evropul an-
106
banebs, maSin roca mxedruls _ mTavruli asoebi ar gaaC-
nia. miRebulia, rom mTavruli pirvelsafuZvelia misgan
ganviTarebuli nusxuri da mxedruli asoebisa, isini
qarTuli Sriftis saxeobebia. mxedruli SemoRebulia XI
saukunis Semdeg, manamde VIII-IX saukuneebSi gamoiyeneboda
nusxa-xucuri, V-VII saukuneebSi asomTavrul-xucuri. aseTi
periodizacia pirobiTia. rogorc aRiniSna, miRebulia,
rom asomTavrulis ganviTarebis Sedegadaa miRebuli _
nusxa-xucuri, am ukanasknelisagan ki mxedruli, Tumca
ZvelTaganve paralelurad ixmareboda samive, gansakuTre-
biT ki wina ori. saeklesio da saRvTismsaxuro saWi-
roebisaTvis saqarTveloSi yovelTvis xucuri anbani
gamoiyeneboda.
ivane javaxiSvili uZveles, V saukunisad miCneul,
qarTul warweraze dakvirvebiT werda: `jer xanad cno-
bili qarTuli damwerlobis Zeglebi iseTi maRalxarisx-
ovani kaligrafiuli ganviTarebis safexurs warmoadgenen,
rom qarTuli anbanis dasawyisi xana sul cota 7-8 sauku-
nis uwinares aris sagulisxmebeli~. mecnierebaSi miRe-
buli iyo azri, rom Cvenamde moRweuli qarTuli alfa-
beti qristeSobamde VII-VI saukuneebSi unda warmoSobil-
iyo finikur-semituri saanbano sistemidan.
saerTod cnobilia, rom anbani pirvelad finikielebma
Camoayalibes, masSi yoveli aso gamoxatavda erT rome-
lime bgeras da yoveli bgera gadmocemuli iyo erTi
romelime asoTi. am anbanma udidesi gavrceleba hpova
msoflioSi, pirvel rigSi finikur-semituri anbani TviT
107
semituri modgmis erTa Soris gavrcelda, misgan mravali
axali damwerloba gaCnda. dasavleTis mimarTulebiT yve-
laze adre finikiuri anbani berZnebma SeiTvises, misga-
nac mravali axali anbani warmoiqmna. berZnuli anbanis
Tavdapirveli saxeoba zusti asli yofila finikiuri
anbanisa. finikiur anbans gavrceleba dauwyia qristeSo-
bamde IX saukunidan (S. ZiZiguri, saenaTmecniero saubre-
bi, gv. 124-125).
pavle ingoroyvas azriT, qarTuli anbani finikiuris-
agan miRebuli arameulis erTi ganStoeba yofila. sxva
TvalsazrisiT, is berZnulis mixedviT SemuSavebula. ufro
ki, rogorc aRiniSna, aRiarebulia Teoria, romlis mixed-
viTac, qarTuli uSualod finikiuri anbanisagan aris gad-
moRebuli, iseve rogorc berZnuli anbani.
sxvagan pavle ingoroyva wers: `qarTuli anbani ekuTv-
nis arqauli periodis mcire aziis alfabetebis jgufs.
qarTuli anbani araa Seqmnili Tanamedrove saqarTvelos
teritoriaze, aramed igi Camoyalibebulia jer kidev im
xanaSi, rodesac xeTas qarTveli xalxis erTi nawili _
hiberebi (Tobelebi) da mesxebi mcire aziis teritori-
aze mkvidrobdnen, hiberebs (Tobelebs) da mesxebs, rogorc
irkveva, Tavdapirvelad ieroglifuri damwerloba hqon-
daT~ (p. ingoroyva, t. IV. gv. 247).
mecnieris azriT, xeTas qarTvelebi qristeSobamde VIII-
VII saukuneebSi gadasulan alfabetur damwerlobaze, risi
damsaxurebac miaweres mesxTa, anu frigielTa saxel-
ganTqmul mefes miTas _ `miTa mesxs~. p. ingoroyvas Tanax-
108
mad, finikiuri alfabetis qarTul da berZnul enebTan
morgebisaTvis Seqmnila sagangebo komisia, romelsac es
sakiTxi gadauWria. kerZod, delfosis samisnoSi aRniS-
nul komisias mouxdenia finikiuri uxmovnebo anbanis voka-
lizacia _ SemouRia xmovani asoebi, daumatebia Tanxmo-
vani bgerebi qarTulisaTvis, romelnic finikiurs aklda
(iqve, gv. 249).
qarTuli anbanis warmoSobis Sesaxeb sul sxva azrisaa
T. gamyreliZe: qarTuli anbani qristianobis gavrceleb-
is Semdeg saeklesio-samwignobro saWiroebisaTvis Seqm-
nilao (gulisxmobs V saukunis Semdgom periods), magram
TviT qarTuli eklesiis ierarqia, qristiani samRvdeloeba
TiTqmis aTasi wlis winac ki qarTuli anbanis Seqmnas ar
akavSirebda qristianobis gavrcelebasTan, piriqiT,
ZvelqarTuli Rrmad morwmune sazogadoeba darwmunebiT
amtkicebda, rom qarTuli alfabeti (qarTuli mwigno-
broba) warmarTi mefis, qristeSobamde aswleulobiT adre
mcxovrebi farnavazis mier iyo SemoRebuli.
cxadia, qarTuli anbani qristianobis gavrcelebis
Semdeg rom warmoSobiliyo, xsovna am yovladmniSvnelo-
vani ambisa uTuod Semoinaxeboda qarTul eklesiaSi, saek-
lesio mwerlobaSi. bunebrivia ismeba kiTxva, Tuki anbani
SemoRebul iqna V saukunis Semdeg da ukavSirdeba qris-
tianuli sarwmunoebis gavrcelebas, TviTon qristian-
ulma eklesiam (kerZod, eklesiis ierarqma episkoposma
leonti mrovelma) is ratom daukavSira warmarTul xanas,
warmarT mefes, miT umetes rom warmarTuli xanis
109
qarTveloba qristianuli xanis samRvdeloebis mier sak-
maod velurad miiCneoda, rogorc es Zveli wyaroebidan
Cans?
rogorc aRiniSna, didi ivane javaxiSvili Rrma kvle-
vis Sedegad mivida daskvnamde, rom qarTuli anbani war-
marTuli, qristianobamdeli xanis produqtia.
leonti mroveli episkoposi ki mefe farnavazis dam-
saxurebaTa CamoTvlis dros wers _ `amanve Seqmna mwigno-
broba qarTuli~. mefe farnavazs miiCneven anbanis ara
Semqmnelad, aramed manamde arsebulis gamavrceleblad,
e.i. farnavazamde anbans ramdenime saukunis istoria hqo-
nia.
s. janaSia wers _ `qarTuli anbanis mecnierulma Ses-
wavlam gamoarkvia, rom igi SeTvisebuli unda iyos mcire
aziaSi ara ugvianes meSvide saukunisa qristes win (ix.
prof. iv. javaxiSvili, qarT. paleografia). msgavsi al-
fabeturi damwerloba SeiZleboda mxolod ganviTareb-
is garkveul safexurze gaCeniliyo. manamde mcire aziaSi
mcxovreb qarTvel tomebsac xatovani da lursmuli dam-
werloba unda exmaraT. am mxriT uaRresad sayuradReboa
qarTuli termini `wera~, igi Tavdapirvelad `Wras~, `kve-
Tas~ niSnavda, aqedanaa `weraqvi~, e.i. qvis saWreli, sakve-
Ti; xvnis mniSvnelobisaa mTaSi `wera~ da aqedan _ `wereu-
li~ _ `yanis nakrefi, Sekonvili~, `sawereli~, e.i. mWame-
li, mWreli... werasTan dakavSirebuli meore mniSvnelo-
vani terminis warmoSobas gvixsnis `wertili~ (`werta~
zmnisagan nawarmoebi). `wertac~ xom Cxvletas, amokveTas,
110
CaWras niSnavs. maSasadame, orive termini im xanisaa, roca
wera realurad iyo raime magar masalaze (qvaze, Tixis
dafaze, liTonze) amoWris, amokveTis procesi. Cven gvgo-
nia, rom qarTvelma tomebma Tavisi uZvelesi samSoblodan
amierkavkasiaSi moitanes ara marto es terminebi, aramed
TviT saTanado damwerlobanic...~ (s. janaSia, t. III, gv.
192).
s. janaSiamde msgavsi Tvalsazrisi qarTuli damwer-
lobis siZvelis Sesaxeb gamoTqmuli hqonda Teimuraz
batoniSvils, Cans is eyrdnoboda sazogadoebaSi dacul
Zvel gadmocemas, an romelime werilobiT wyaros: _ `ara
uwignoni iyvnen qarTvelni uwinaresTa JamTaca Sina. vi-
dre farnavazamde swerdnen igini uxucesTa weriliTa.
ese igi, qurumTa maT, romelTac uxucesTa da xevisberTa
uxmoben. igini iyvnen kerpTa mRvdelni da memsxverpleni
erisni `RmerTTa~ mimarT da werili maTi ars werili ese
xucuri Cveni. werilni xucesni pirvelsa Jamsa qmnil ars
werilisagan ebraulisa da qaldeurisa da msgavsica ari-
an asoTa maTTa Cveni xucurni~ (T. bagrationi, cxovreba,
1972, gv. 126).
Zvel saqarTveloSi xucur anbans akavSirebdnen ara
berZnul, aramed semitur alfabetTan.
Teimuraz bagrations mohyavs aseve Zveli gadmocema,
romlis mixedviTac, maStocis mier somxuri anbanis Seqm-
namde somxebi ukve arsebuli qarTuli mwignobrobiT
sargeblobdnen, xolo maStocs somxuri anbanis zogier-
Ti aso qarTulis mimsgavsebiT Seuqmnia. rac Seexeba
111
mwignobrobaso, _ wers Teimuraz bagrationi, `ara iyo
maT (somexTa) Soris ZvelTa Sina saukuneTa... igini (somx-
ebi) sargeblobdes pirvel berZnuliTa wigniTa da qarTu-
liTa, qristes mosvliTgan mravalTa welTa ganvles, merme
qmnes somexTa werili Tvisi, romelsac ityvian igini
moZRvrisa maTisa mesrofisaTvis, viTarmed man ganawesa
da qmna asoni maTni, msgavsni qarTulis xucuris weril-
isa. werils qarTulsa somxuri romelnime asoni hgvanan
da ara yovelni. somexni vieTnime ityvian, rom somxuri
wignis asoebi da qarTulis wignis asoebi xucurio mes-
rofma gaakeTao. magram qarTuli xucuri asoebi mesrofs
ar gaukTebia, didi tyuili aris~ (iqve, gv. 126). es bolo
winadadeba Tavisi gamokvlevebiT daadastura iv. javax-
iSvilma.
Teimurazi ganagrZobs: `sanam mesrof daibadeboda da
am sofelSi Semovidoda, agreTve qarTuli xucuri wigni
iyo da mesrofze uwin, saRmrTos werilis mTargmnelni
CvenTa wmidaTa mamaTagani mravalni iyvnes, romelnic
ebraulisagan da berZnulisa da asurulisagan qarTu-
lad sTargmnidnen, da odes srulebiT ara aqvndaT jer
somexTa werilni TvisTa zeda enaTa sargeblobdes da
xmarobdes igi qarTuliTa wigniTa da weriliTa~ (iqve).
mecnierTa erTi nawilis TvalsazrisiT, mefe farnavazma
anbani ki ar Seqmna, aramed man ukve arsebuli, mosaxleo-
bis mxolod erTi nawilisaTvis cnobili damwerloba,
sruliad saqarTvelos saxelmwifoSi gaavrcela.
112
ramaz patariZis TvalsazrisiT, romelic eyrdnoba
qarTuli asomTavruli aso-niSnebis grafikul analizs,
qarTuli damwerloba Seqmnilia finikiuri damwerlobis
safuZvelze qristeSobamde mexuTe saukunis dasasruls
(ix. r. patariZe, qarTuli asomTavruli, 1980, gv. 268).
anbani qarTvel qurumTa wiaRSi Seqmnila.
r. patariZem Tavisi kvlevis Sedegad daadastura sxva
mecnierTa mier gamoTqmuli mosazrebani, rom qristeSo-
bamde 284 weli aris sruliad qarTuli saxelmwifo dam-
werlobis oficialurad SemoRebis TariRi da agreTve
qarTuli erovnuli welTaRricxvis dasabami. qristeSo-
bamde 284 wels gasula farnavaz mefis gamefebidan 19
weli. is vaxuStis Tanaxmad, gamefebula 303 wels.
284 welTan dakavSirebiT vaxuSti wers: `am farnavazis
mefobis iT (19) wels qarTuli xuTiaTasiani qoronikoni
i-jer (10-jer) mobrunebuli ganvida da meTerTmete iw-
yebis~ (iqve, gv. 305). aq igulisxmeba 532-wliani didi in-
diqtioni, romlis safuZvels mzis 28-wliani da mTvaris
19-wliani ciklebi warmoadgens, is nikeis I msoflio saek-
lesio krebam daakanona. ase rom, vaxuStis mier naxsenebi
`qarTuli qoronikoni~ farnavazTan dakavSirebiT
anaqronizmia, romlis Sesaxebac r. patariZe wers _ `iqneb
saxelovani mecnieri aq zogadad qarTuli welTaRricx-
vis dasabams gulisxmobdes, romelic gvian qarTuli
qoronikonuli welTaRricxvis dasabamic gaxda~ (iqve, gv.
306). mecnieris daskvniT, 284 weli aris ara marto qarTuli
113
damwerlobis SemoRebis TariRi, aramed qarTuli war-
marTuli welTaRricxvis dasabamic.
rogorc aRiniSna, 284 wels qristeSobamde 10X532 weli
gasula, anu 5332 weli dasabamidan.
dasabamidan, anu qveynis gaCenidan qristeSobamde
qarTuli angariSiT sul gasula 284+(10X532)=5604 weli.
saerTod qristianul qveynebSi miRebuli iyo welTaR-
ricxvis sami sistema: `qristesiT~, `dasabamidan~ da `qoron-
ikoniT~. `qristesiT~ welTaRricxva _ amJamad gamoiyeneba
msoflios yvela qveyanaSi. welTaRricxva qoronikoniT,
rogorc aRiniSna, 532-wliani cikliT xdeboda. saerTod,
qarTuli qoronikonis dasawyisis TariRad miCneuli iyo
780 weli. 781 weli aris pirveli weli qarTuli qoroni-
konis me-13 moqcevisa, xolo qristeSobamde 284 weli _ me-
10 moqcevisa. am wlidan 2-jer 532 wlis gavlis, anu ori
moqcevis Semdeg dadga 780 weli. xolo dasabami am mo-
qcevebisa qarTuli welTaRricxviT (aTvlis wertili) aris
5604 weli qristemde, anu `dabadebidan~ _ qveynis gaCenidan
qristemde qarTuli welTaRricxva iTvlis aRniSnul
(5604) wels. adamidan qristes Sobamde, anu `dasabamiTga-
nis~ saxeliT cnobili welTaRricxva sxvadasxva saxis iyo
ZvelTaganve. ZiriTadad cnobilia `dasabamiTganis~ Sem-
degi variaciebi: 1. 5198 weli _ evsevi kesarielisa, 2.
5492 weli _ pandore aleqsandrielisa, 3. 5500 weli _
aniane aleqsandrielisa, 4. 5508 weli _ bizantielebisa
anu bizantiuri era, 5. qarTuli era _ 5604 weli _ qarTu-
li `dasabamiTgani~ (ix. iqve, gv. 75).
114
`unda davaskvnaT: qarTuli dasabamiTganis gamosava-
li TariRi yofila Zv.w.aR-is 284 weli. 5604-wlian qris-
tianul qarTul dasabamiTgans safuZvlad dasdebia dam-
werlobis SemoRebis qarTuli warmarTuli TariRi _ 284
weli Zveli welTaRricxvisa~ (iqve, gv. 75).
qarTul anbanSi iyo 37 aso-niSani. Zvelad ricxvis
aRsaniSnavad anbanis asoebi ixmareboda.
aso-niSnebis ricxviTi mniSvneloba da anbanuri saTv-
alavi aseTia:
10. i_10
11. k_20
12. l_30
13. m_40
14. n_50
15. Y_60
16. o_70
17. p_80
18. J_90
1. a_1
2. b_2
3. g_3
4. d_4
5. e_5
6. v_6
7. z_7
8. H_8
9. T_9
19. r_100
20. s_200
21. t_300
22. u_400
23. f_500
24. q_600
25. R_700
26. y_800
27. S_900
28. C_1000
29. c_2000
30. Z_3000
31. w_4000
32. W_5000
33. x_6000
34. P_7000
35. j_8000
36. h_9000
37. O_10000
xucuri anbanis moxazuloba da saxelebi aseTia (pirve-
lad naCvenebia asomTavruli aso-niSani, mis gverdiT nusx-
uri da misi saxeli):
115
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
1. a
2. b
3. g
4. d
5. e
6. v
7. z
8.
9. T
10. i
11. k
12. l
13. m
14. n
15.
16. o
17. p
18. J
a
b
g
d
e
v
z
C
T
i
k
l
m
n

o
p
J
an
ban
gan
don
en
vin
zen
he
Tan
in
kan
las
man
nar
Ye
on
par
Jan
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
19. r
20. s
21. t
22.
23. f
24. q
25. R
26. y
27. S
28. C
29. c
30. Z
31. w
32. W
33. x
34.
35. j
36. h
37. H
r
s
t
Y
f
q
R
y
S
C
c
Z
w
W
x
K
j
h

rae
san
tar
Yie
far
qan
Ran
yar
Sin
Cin
can
Zil
wil
War
xan
xar
jan
hae
hoi
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
u-aso-niSani SemoRebul iqna gvian ori asos kombi-
naciiT _ uy da mieniWa ricxviTi mniSvneloba 400, man Y-
s adgili daiWira. asomTavruli monumenturi (kapitaluri)
damwerlobaa berZnul-laTinuris msgavsad. monumentur-
oba gulisxmobs asoebis geometriuli sworxazovneba-sim-
etriulobas. yvela aso-niSani Tanabari simaRlisaa da
or paralelur xazs Soris Tavsdeba. nusxuri damwerlo-
ba ki oTxxazovan badezea damyarebuli, misi asoebi grZe-
116
li, mokle da tolmetia, rac adamians Zalian uadvilebs
kiTxvas. mxedruli damwerlobac, nusxuris msgavsad,
oTxxazovani sistemis damwerlobaa.
Tavdapirveli anbani mTavrdeboda `jan~ asoTi (T.
gamyreliZe, weris anbanuri sistema da Zveli qarTuli
damwerloba, 1988, gv. 186.), xolo h-hae fonema Cndeba
SedarebiT mogvianebiT, VII saukunidan moyolebuli (iqve,
gv. 128).
maSasadame, Tavdapirvel anbanSi ara 37, aramed 35 aso-
niSani iyo da is mTavrdeboda janiT. r. patariZis azriT,
H-s eWira anbanSi merve adgili, sadac Semdeg gaCnda e.w.
e-merve.
ramaz patariZem, romelic qarTuli damwerlobis yve-
laze nayofieri mkvlevaria CvenSi, didi ivane javaxiSvi-
lis Semdeg, aRmoaCina, rom Cveni anbani amave dros as-
rulebda kalendris movaleobasac.
ZvelTaganve, Zveli civilizaciis qveynebSi drois kal-
endaruli aRricxva problemas warmoadgenda. `mizezi
amisa iyo is, rom dRe-Rame da weliwadi drois sxvadasxva
astronomiuli sidideebia. dRe-RameTa mTeli ricxviT
weliwadis gamoxatva SeuZlebelia, e.i. dRe-Rame da we-
liwadi ara jeradi, aramed uTanazomo sidideebia. swored
aRniSnuli uTanazomobis rogorme daZleva, misi SeZleb-
isamebr zustad asaxvis saSualebiT, warmoadgenda nebi-
smieri kalendaruli sistemis mizans. am mxriv, qarTuli
anbaniT ganxorcielebuli kalendari bednieri gamonak-
lisia. qarTuli kalendari eyrdnoba anbanSi aso-niSneb-
117
is anbanuri da rigiTi saTvalavis unikalur wesri-
gianobas, aseve aso-niSnebis mizandasaxul saxeldebasa
da sxva.
r. patariZis gamokvleviT, qarTuli warmarTuli kal-
endaris martivi sqema aseTi saxiT gadmoicema:
am sqemiT: anbanis 7 aso-niSani Svideuli dRe-Rame anu
erTi msgefsia, anbanis 12 aso-niSani weliwadis 12 Tvea.
anbanis 19 aso-niSani mzisa da mTvaris 19-wliani ciklia.
anbanis 24 aso-niSani dRe-Ramis 24 saaTia. anbanis 31 aso-
niSani nakiani weliwadis oTxwliani da 128-wliani
ciklebia. anbanis 5 ukanaskneli aso-niSani (wil-jan) we-
liwadis 5 epagomeni dRe-Ramea (r. patariZe, qarTuli
asomTavruli, 1980, gv. 526).
Cvens eklesiaSi amJamadac gamoyenebulia romauli,
iuliusis uZravi weliwadis kalendari, romliTac weli-
wadis xangrZlivoba 365,25 dRe-Ramea, sam weliwads we-
liwadis xangrZlivoba 365 dRe-Ramea, xolo meoTxe we-
liwads _ 366 dRe-Rame, e.i. meoTxe weliwadi nakiania.
iuliusis kalendariT, wlis bolos epagomenebis 5 da 6
dRis darTva moSlilia. manamde gamoyenebul uZveles
kalendarul sistemebSi weliwadis xangrZlivobas 360
dRe-RamiT gansazRvravdnen (egviptesa da sxvagan). weli-
wadSi egviptelebi 12 Tves angariSobdnen, yovel TveSi
30 dRes, wlis bolos zeimobdnen 5 sadResaswaulo dRes
(5 epagomens), amitomac egvipturi mzis weliwadis xangr-
Zlivoba 365 dRe-Rames Seadgenda, maSin, roca realuri,
anu tropikuli weliwadis xangrZlivoba 365, 2422 dRe-
118
Ramea, e.i. egvipturi kalendari arazusti iyo. qriste-
Sobamde 46 wels romSi iulius keisris mier ganxorciele-
buli kalendari ufro zusti iyo, romliTac weliwadis
xangrZlivoba 365,25 dRe-Ramea, isic arazustia, radga-
nac tropikul weliwads aRemateba wuTebiTa da wamebiT,
rac 128 weliwadSi iZleva 1 dRe-Ramis sxvaobas. es Seu-
sabamoba gaaswora grigorianulma kalendarma 1582 wels.
qarTul warmarTul kalendars saukuneebiT adre Sedar-
ebiT sworad gamouxatavs tropikuli weliwadis xangr-
Zlivoba. es r. patariZis dakvirvebiT ase ganxorciele-
bula: qarTuli kalendriT TveSi aris 30 dRe-Rame, we-
liwadSi _ 12 aseTi Tve, xolo wlis bolos emateba 5
kalendaruli dRe-Rame, nakian wels ki _ 6 da aseve 0,25
dRe-Rame. kerZod, es ase xdeba: qarTuli anbanis 30 aso-
niSani (maTi saxeldebis principis safuZvelze dayrdno-
biT) _ gamoxatavs 30 kalendarul dRe-Rames, qarTuli
anbanis ukanaskneli 5 aso-niSani wlis bolos dasarTve-
li kalendaruli dRe-Ramea. anbaniT gamoxatulia mzis
weliwadis formulac. kerZod, anbanis meTormete asoTi
(`lasi~), romlis ricxviTi mniSvneloba aris 30. am for-
mulis ZiriTadi elementia: 12l30. `asomTavruli `lasi~
qarTuli asomTavruli anbanis 30 kalendarul aso-niSans
_ 30 kalendarul dRe-Rames 12-jer angariSobs. amito-
mac, qarTuli asomTavruli anbanis 5 darCenili aso-niSani
is 5 kalendaruli dRe-Ramea, romelic wlis bolos, ax-
ali wlis dadgomamde 360 dRe-Rames emateba epagomeneb-
is saxiT, raTa weliwadis xangrZlivobis mzis Zvel-egvip-
119
turi kalendaruli sistema ganxorcieldes~ (iqve, gv. 412).
`lasis~ formuliT, weliwadSi 365 dRea. 12l30=12X30=360
da 5 epagomeni, sul 365 dRe-Rame.
yoveli sami wlis Semdeg ki weliwadis xangrZlivoba
qarTuli warmarTuli kalendriT 366 dRe-RamiT gan-
isazRvreboda. es xorcieldeboda anbanis aso-niSan
`wilis~ formuliT. misi anbanuri da rigiTi saTvalavi,
aseTia: 31 wili 4000=31w4000 anu 3+1w4000.
`rogorc `wili~ cxadyofs, erTxel yovel oTx weli-
wadSi, e.i. nakian weliwads 365 dRe-Rames erTi _ 31-e
dRe-Rame emateba, amis gamo, yovel oTx weliwadSi erTx-
el weliwadis xangrZlivoba 365+1=366 dRe-Ramea. amg-
varad aso-niSani `wili~ yovel oTx weliwadSi erTxel 30
dRe-Ramis nacvlad 31 dRe-Rames angariSobs, xolo es
saidumlo `wili~-s rigiTi saTvalaviT aris gancxadebu-
li~ (iqve, gv. 422).
amas Turme miuTiTebs aRniSnuli asos rigiTi saTva-
lavi _ 31 (es aris 3+1 e.i. 3 sruli, 1 nakiani), ricxviTi
mniSvneloba _ 4000 (`aTasi weli viTarca erTi dRe~ _
4000=4-s, e.i. oTx weliwadSi erTxel damateba). misi an-
banuri saTvalavia, (romlis mixedviTac ricxvi 31 iwere-
ba) _ `la~, rac udris 30+1-s, anu 30-dRian Tveebs erTiT
meti Tve emateba saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, (formulis Se-
sabamisad), amasve Turme miuTiTebs am aso-niSanis saxeli
_ sityva `wili~, rac nawils, wilads aRniSnavs. mas anban-
Si dafaruli mniSvnelobac hqonia, rogorc amis Sesaxeb
wers `qebaY da didebaY qarTulisa enisaY~, romelSic aseve
120
aRniSnulia: `wili~ asoY ars da ityvis yovlad oTx aTas-
sa da ese ars oTxi `rameTu aTasi viTarca erTi~, e.i. w=4,
rac `dafarulad unda acxadebdes, rom 4 wili erTi dRe-
Ramea, amitom `wili~ aso-niSani kalendarulad weliwad-
Si dRe-Ramis naoTxalia, dRe-Ramis meoTxedia, oTx we-
liwadSi ki erTi kalendaruli dRe-Ramea~ (iqve, gv. 422).
sabolood qarTuli kalendriT weliwadis xangrZlivo-
ba Seadgens 365,25 dRe-Rames (3X365 da 1X366), magram
Turme tropikul weliwads anbanSi ganxorcielebuli
qarTuli kalendari kidev sxva sistemebiT uaxlovdeba,
rac gadmocemuli aqvs Tavis wignSi r. patariZes.
qarTuli anbanis saSualebiT gadmocemuli yofila
aseve mTvaris kalendaric.
qarTuli anbaniT mTvaris kalendari Semdegi sistemi-
Taa gadmocemuli: anbanis aso-niSanTa saxelwodebani, maTi
rigiTi da anbanuri saTvalavi kalendris gasaRebs war-
moadgens. qarTuli anbanis kalendaruli monacemebi
gamowvlilviT aqvs mimoxiluli Tavis wignSi r. patariZ-
es. masve sruliad ueWvelad aqvs dasabuTebuli qarTu-
li anbanis grafikuli moxazulobis finikiuridan wa-
rmomavloba. patariZis azriT, qarTuli anbani SeumuSave-
biaT qurumebs qristeSobamde 412 wels, rac imavdrou-
lad kalendris SemoRebasac niSnavda. 128 wlis Semdeg
qristeSobamde 284 wels dawyebula qarTuli saxelmwifo
erovnuli welTaRricxva.
qarTuli anban-kalendris Semoqmed qurumebs
babilonel, qaldevel da berZen maTematikosTa miRweve-
121
bze daufuZnebiaT TavianTi Sroma. iv. javaxiSvilis, s.
janaSias da sxva mecnierTa Sromebze dayrdnobiT, erTi
mxriv, Cven Tu vaRiarebT, rom qristeSobamde VII-V sauku-
neebSi saqarTvelos moaSures Zveli damsxvreuli civi-
lizaciis namsxvrevma tomebma, STamomavlebma xuritebi-
sa, qaldevelebisa, Tobalebisa Tu muSqebisa, unda vaRi-
aroT isic, rom, maTma inteleqtualurma nawilma Tan
moitana Zveli aRmosavleTis astronomiuli, maTematikuri
codna, sarwmunoeba da kultura.
Zveli qaldevelebis kulturas udidesi gavlena
mouxdenia sxva qveynebis kulturaze. maTgan gavrcele-
bula ricxviTi mistika, maTematikuri codna, romelic
ganuyofeli nawili yofila qaldeuri mecnierebisa da
kulturisa. ricxviTi mistikis akvnad da aseve sxva said-
umlo mecnierebis kerad ZvelTaganve iTvleboda qaldea.
saberZneTSi qaldeuri swavleba piTagores ganuviTare-
bia (ix. iqve. i. Cistiakovis da sxvaTa Sromebze miTiTeba
gv. 487). r. patariZis azriT, swored qarTuli pi-
Tagorelebis mier unda Seqmniliyo qarTuli anbani,
romelSic dasturdeba codna, rogorc aRmosavluri, ise
dasavluri civilizaciisa. saqarTveloSi Semosul odes-
Rac didi civilizaciis memkvidre qarTul tomebs unda
SemoetanaT egvipturi mzisa da babilonuri mTvaris kal-
endrebi, romelnic Semdgom qarTul anban-kalendarSi
SenivTda. qarTuli anban-kalendari, msgavsad piTagoru-
li moZRvrebisa _ saidumlo yofila. is mxolod qurum-
Ta viwro wreSi yofila cnobili, farnavazis dros mas
122
ramdenadme gavrceleba miuRia sruliad saqarTvelos
qurumTa Soris. qristeSobis Semdeg, qristian qarTvelo-
bas swored es ukve arsebuli anbani gamouyenebia saekle-
sio saWiroebisaTvis. ufro metic, qarTuli anbani nawi-
lobriv, r. patariZis gamokvlevis Tanaxmad, safuZvlad
dasdebia somxuri anbanis Seqmnis princips (ix. iqve, gv.
528-596), rasac ufro adrec miuTiTebdnen qarTveli is-
torikosebi.
Cven vfiqrobT, rom anbani, romliTac daiwera qarTul
enaze axali aRTqma, bibliis wignebi, locvebi, qadage-
bani, romelsac efuZneboda aTaswleulTa manZilze naw-
eriT gadmocemuli saRmrTo didebismetyveleba, SeuZle-
belia Seqmniliyo suliwmindis monawileobis gareSe.
uTuod qarTuli xucuri anbani suliwmindis Cagonebis
Sedegia. dideba mas!
axali aRTqma uflisa
israilis didma winaswarmetyvelebma gamoacxades, rom
arsi WeSmariti religiisa _ RmerTisa da kacis kavSirSia,
swored am kavSirs anu erTobas ewodeboda aRTqma.
aRTqma wmida werilSi gamoiTqmoda sityviT `berit~,
rac niSnavs pirobas, kanons, dadgenilebas, romelzec
Tanxmdeba ori SemTanxmebeli mxare. wmida wignebi, rom-
lebSic aRwerilia kavSiri RmerTisa kacTan, warmoad-
gendnen erT-erT saSualebas aRTqmis damowmebisas, amit-
123
omac maTac `aRTqmas~ uwodebdnen. is arsebobda ukve moses
ep oqaSi. Z vel aRTqmas gan ekuTvneba p irveli
winaswarmetyveluri miTiTeba `axali aRTqmisa~. kerZod,
ieremias cnobil winaswarmetyvelebaSi _ `ai, dadgeba
dReebi, ambobs ufali, roca me davdeb israelisa da iu-
das saxlTan axal aRTqmas~ (ier; 31.30).
Semdgom termini `axali aRTqma~ mravalgzis ixmares
TviT ieso qristem da misma wmida mociqulebma (maTe 26.28,
mark. 14.24; luka 22.20; 1 kor. 11.25; 2 kor. 3.6 da sxva).
rogorc aTi mcneba, anu kanoni iwodeboda `aRTqmad~,
zustad aseve, gamoTqma `axali aRTqma~ qristianuli ek-
lesiis mier mieniWa wmida wignebs, romlebSic gad-
mocemulia qristesa da mociqulebis swavleba (ix. tolk-
ovaia biblia, III, peterb. 1911-1913, gv. 2).
jer kidev ieremias piriT brZanebs ufali `axali aRTq-
mis~ pirvelad xsenebisas (qristeSobamde 600 wliT adre)
kacobriobis codvaTa daxsnis Sesaxeb _ `...me maT vap-
atieb ukanonobas da ar gavixseneb maT codvebs. ase am-
bobs ufali, romelmac mogvca mze dRis sinaTled da
mTvare da varskvlavebi Ramis sinaTled, romelic
aRelvebs zRvas, ise, rom xmauroben misi talRebi, iaRve
sabaoTia _ misi saxeli~ (31.33-34).
RvTismetyvelTa Tanaxmad, Zveli aRTqma warmoadgen-
da momzadebasa da winaswarmetyvelebas qristeze. nawi-
naswarmetyvelebi iyo zusti dro da adgili mesiis So-
bisa, mogvTa Tayvaniscema, yrmaTa gawyveta, egvipteSi
gaqceva, winamorbed-winaswarmetyvelis gamoCena, iudev-
124
el mwignobarTa da xelisufalTa mtroba, macxovaris
saswaulebi, mesiis uaryofa iudeveli xalxis mier, tanj-
va, sikvdili, jojoxeTSi Casvla, aRdgoma, amaRleba da
a.S. (p. svetlov, xristianskoe verouCenie, kiev, 1912, t. I,
gv. 125).
`sarwmunoebis simbolo~, romelsac `mrwamssac~ uwode-
ben, ase gadmoscems qristes gankacebas _ `romeli CvenTvis
kacTaTvis da Cvenisa cxovrebisaTvis gardmoxda zeciT
da xorcni Seisxna sulisagan wmidisa da mariamisagan qal-
wulisa gankacna, da jvars ecva CvenTvis pontoelisa
pilates ze da ivno da daefla. da aRsdga mesamesa dResa
msgavsad werilisa~.
cxadia, `werilSi~ igulisxmeba Zveli aRTqmis wmida
wignebi, kerZod ki winaswarmetyvelTa wignebi. jer kidev
abraamis Sesaxeb iyo nabrZanebi (dabadeba, 12), rom mis
mier warmoSobili xalxis mier `ikurTxeba yvela tomebi
da xalxebi dedamiwisa~. swored am erSi ganxorcielebu-
li macxovris mier moxda gamosyidva kacobriobisa. si-
nais aRTqmaSi safuZveli Caeyara xalxs, romelic unda
qceuliyo `wmida xalxad da mRvdelTa samefod~ (gamos-
vl. 19). am xalxidan qristianobis macocxlebeli sarwmu-
noeba miiRes msoflios sxva xalxebma. esaiac yvela xalx-
Ta mxsnelad warmoadgens mesias _ `...yoveli eri misken
daiwyebs denas. daiZvreba uTvalavi xalxi da ityvis: modi,
avideT uflis mTaze iakobis saxlSi. gvaswavlos Tavisi
gzebi da misi bilikebiT viaroT, radgan rjuli sionidan
gamova da uflis sityva _ ierusalimidan. samarTals
125
ganikiTxavs igi erebs Soris da amxilebs uTvalav xalxs.
maxvilebisgan saxnisebs gamoWedaven da Subebisagan _
namglebs, eri erze aRar aRmarTavs maxvils da aRaravin
iswavlis oms~ (esaia, 2).
winaswarmetyveli xedavs momaval cxebuls, romelic
moitans mSvidobasa da Tavisuflebas. misi mefoba Secv-
lis yovel arsebas _ `xalxma, bnelSi moarulma, ixila
naTeli didi, wyvdiadis qveyanaSi mcxovreblebs naTeli
gamoubrwyinda. Sen gaamravle xalxi, gauzarde mas six-
aruli... radgan Sen dalewe misi kirTebis uReli... rad-
gan SegveZina Svili, mogveca Ze... ewoda saxelad sakvirveli
mrCeveli, RmerTi Zlieri, maradisobis mama, mSvidobis
mTavari, xelmwifebis gansadideblad da uboloo mSvi-
dobisaTvis daviTis taxtze da mis samefoSi...~ (esaia, 9).
winaswarmetyveli ganagrZobs mesiis Sesaxeb _ `amova
ylorti ieses Rerodan da misi fesvebis amonayari gaix-
arebs. daivanebs masze uflis suli, suli sibrZnisa da
gonierebisa, suli rCevisa da simxnevisa, suli Segnebisa
da uflis SiSisa... simarTliT gansjis Rarib-RatakT,
sisworiT ganikiTxavs qveynis bedSavT... simarTle iqneba
sartyelad mis welze... dadgeba mgeli cxvarTan erTad
da vefxvi dabinavdeba cikanTan erTad, xbo, lomi da na-
suqali pirutyvi erTad iqnebian da Cvili bavSvi waruZRve-
ba maT... im dRes xalxTa droSad dadgeba ieses fesvi da
misken daiwyeben denas tomebi, dideba iqneba misi saSvebe-
li~ (esaia, 11).
esaias darad miqa winaswarmetyvelic mesiis eras ukav-
Sirebs yvela xalxebis moqcevasa da gadarCenas _ `uka-
126
nasknel dReebSi iqneba, rom mTebis TavSi damyardeba
uflis saxlis mTa, gorakebze maRla aRimarTeba da mis-
ken daiwyebs denas xalxebi. movlen uamravi xalxebi da
ityvian: wamo, avideT uflis mTaze da iakobis RvTis
taZarSi, rom gvaswavlos Tavisi gzebi da viaroT misi
bilikebiT, radgan sionidan gamodis rjuli da ierusal-
imidan _ uflis sityva~ (miqa, 4:1-2).
uflis mosvlis Semdgom damyarebul dausrulebel
samefos ieremia `axal aRTqmas~, xolo ezekieli `sauku-
no aRTqmas~ uwodebs _ winaswarmetyvelis piri RaRadebs
_ `davudeb maT mSvidobis aRTqmas da saukuno aRTqma
iqneba maTTvis. davamkvidreb maT da gavamravleb, maT
Soris davdgam Cems sawmindars saukunod. iqneba maTze
Cemi movaneba, veyolebi maT RmerTad, isini ki Cemi eri
iqnebian. maSin mixvdebian xalxebi, rom ufali var, israe-
lis ganwmendeli, da Cemi sawmidaris saukuno myofobiT
maT Soris~ (ezek. 37:26-27).
Zveli aRTqmis gamocxadebis mwvervalia esaias
winaswarmetyveleba, romelmac iwinaswarmetyvela ara
marto Cveni mxsnelis _ qristes _ daviTis sagvareulodan
warmoSoba, qalwulis mier misi mucladReba, Soba da
emanuelad saxeldeba (esaia 7:14), aramed Cveni codvebis
daxsnisaTvis misi vnebaca da sikvdili _ `namdvilad ki,
man ikisra Cveni snebebi da itvirTa Cveni satanjveli,
Cven ki gvegona, RvTisagan iyo nacem-nagvemi da damcire-
buli. magram is Cveni codvebisaTvis iyo daWrili, Cveni
ukeTurobebisaTvis dalewili. masze iyo sasjeli Cveni
127
simrTelisaTvis da misi wylulebiT Cven ganvikurneT...
evno da ewama, magram ar dauZravs bage, kraviviT dasak-
lavad miiyvanes da rogorc cxvari dums mparsvelTa winaSe,
masac ar dauZravs bage~ (esaia, 53:4-5, 7-8).
man iwinaswarmetyvela, rom macxovris uwinares mova
winamorbedi da moamzadebs xalxs mis misaRebad, ityvis
rom is iqneba qriste, ese igi cxebuli RvTisa, rom is
iqneba RmerTi da kaci, rom is moaxdens saswaulebs; misi
sityviT, koWlebi ivlian, brmebi aRixilaven, mkvdrebi
aRdgebian, rom is ewvaleba, mokvdeba da amiT gamoixsnis
yvela mis morwmunes, is aRsdgeba da daafuZnebs simarT-
lis da mSvidobis sasufevels da mis sufevas ar eqneba
dasasruli, rameTu misi samefo, axali ierusalimi, iqne-
ba WeSmariti samefo RvTisa gardamosuli qveynad.
winaswarmetyvelebani aRsrulda, magram ise, rom is,
visac elodnen, movida wynarad da SeumCnevlad (emanuil
svetlov, vestniki carstva boJia, 1972, gv. 488-492), raTa
axali aRTqma daedo rCeul erTan, rogorc ambobda ier-
emias piriT ufali _ `es aris is aRTqma, romelic unda
davudo israelis saxls im drois Semdeg, ambobs ufali.
wiaRSi Cavudeb maT Cems rjuls da gulze davawer. maTi
RmerTi viqnebi me da isini Cemi eri iqnebian~ (ier. 31:32).
movida is, romelic ixila danielma CvenebiT _ `Cems
Ramis xilvaSi vnaxe: aha, cis Rrublebze modioda kacis
Zis msgavsi, igi Zvel dReTagan movida da wardgenil iqna
mis winaSe. mieca mas xelmwifoba, dideba da mefoba, raTa
yvela xalxi, tomni da enani mas emsaxuron. misi xe-
128
lisufleba saukuno xelmwifebaa, bolo ar eqneba mas da
misi samefo ar daiqceva~ (dan. 7:13-14).
yvela xalxi, tomi da ena iqca ieso qristes Tayvanism-
cemlad, rCeuli eri israilisa, amis Semdgom, swored maT,
mis morwmune qristianebs ewodaT, swored maT miecaT
axali aRTqma.
yvela qristianma erma Tavisi sasuliero mwerloba
`saRmrTo werilis~, anu bibliis TargmniT daiwyo. axali
aRTqmis berZnulidan Targmna meore saukunidanve dau-
wyiaT. maT Soris pirveli siriuli Targmanebi yofila.
siriuli ena axlos yofila arameul dialeqtTan,
romelzec laparakobdnen qriste da mociqulebi.
qarTulad saxareba mexuTe saukuneSi ukve Targmnili
iyo. iakob xucesi, romelmac `wameba wmidisa SuSanikisi
dedoflisa~ 476-483 wlebSi dawera, sxva wignTa Soris
moixseniebs saxarebasac _ `evangelies~ saxeliT. iakob
xucesi wers: rodesac curtavSi SuSanik dedofali ga-
nudga gamazdeanebul qmars _ varsqen pitiaxSs da kvlav
taZrad mivida, man `Tana waritanna evangelie Tvisi da
wmidani igi wignni mowameTani~, sapyrobileSi ki `...didi-
Ta gulis-modginebiTa xelTa aRixvna daviTni da mcir-
edTa dReTa Semdgomad asergasisni igi fsalmunni dais-
wavlna~. maSasadame, V saukuneSi ukve arsebula qarTu-
lad `saxareba~, wmida mowameTa cxovrebis aRwera da dav-
iTni (iv. lolaSvili, wignisa da mwerlobis sawyisebTan,
1978, gv. 8).
sityva `evangelie~ klasikur berZnulSi aRniSnavs
keTili ambis cnobas _ xarebas. axal aRTqmaSi aRniSnavs
129
xarebas imisas, rom qristem Seariga adamianebi RmerTTa-
gan da Cven mogvitana sasufevlis sikeTe, amitomac ewoda
qarTulad evangeles _ saxareba.
Cveni mematianes Tanaxmad, vaxtang mefis dedisaTvis
saxareba gaucvniaT V saukunis Sua wlebSi, xolo VI sauku-
nis 30-ian wlebSi saqarTvelos farglebs gareT arsebu-
li saba ganwmendilis monastris damaarseblis, wmida sa-
bas `anderZi~ gvauwyebs, rom iberielebs `neba eZlevaT
warTqvan Jamni da samxrisaY, warikiTxon samociqulo da
saxareba TavianT dedaenaze~. maSasadame, sabawmindel
qarTvel berebs V saukunis meore naxevarSi xelT hqoni-
aT qarTuli `samociqulo~ da qarTulive `saxareba~ (iqve,
gv. 9).
saxarebis uZveles qarTul Targmanebs `pirveliTgans~
uwodebdnen, giorgi mTawmideli am Targmanebs `wmidad
Targmnilebs~ uwodebda da did mniSvnelobas aniWebda:
`Cvenni yovelni saxarebani pirveliTgan wmidad Targm-
nilni arian da keTilad _ xanmetnica da sabawmindurni-
ca~. i. lolaSvilis azriT, `pirveliTganSi~ igulisxmeba
IV saukuneSive, CvenSi qristianobis saxelmwifo sarwmu-
noebad gamocxadebisas Targmnili saxarebani (iqve, gv. 9).
saRmrTo werili yvelaze adre Targmnila qarTulad.
am TargmanebiT dawyebula qarTuli saeklesio mwerlo-
ba. efrem mcires sityviT, qarTvelebs maSin dauwyiaT
saRmrTo werilis Targmna, roca msoflio eklesias jer
kidev `araraY aqunda sxvaY sagalobelad saeklesioY, Tvin-
ier fsalmunTa wignisa~. e.i. maSin, roca RvTismsaxureba-
130
Si himnografiuli elementi jer ganviTarebuli ar iyo
da araviTari wesis Sesruleba ar SeiZleboda `saRmrTo
werilis~ (bibliis) wignebis gareSe (k. kekeliZe, qarT.
lit. istoria I, gv. 441). marTlac, petre iberis cxovre-
bis Tanaxmad, petres jer kidev saqarTveloSi, konstan-
tinepols gamgzavrebamde (424 wlamde) Seuswavlia wmida
werili, xolo, matianes cnobiT, vaxtang gorgasals mdi-
drulad Seumkia saxareba (iqve, gv. 412).
Tu verwmunebiT cnobas andria pirvelwodebulisa da
sxva mociqulebis saqarTveloSi qadagebis Sesaxeb, me-
sukavel mowameTa (I-II ss) cxovrebis cnobebsa da agreTve
ioane sabanisZis VIII saukuneSi naTqvams, rom mesame sauku-
nidan saqarTvelos mosaxleoba ukve gaqristianebulia,
maSin unda vifiqroT, rom wmida werils zepirad Targmna
_ qadagebis gziT qarTvelebi meoTxe saukunemde unda
gacnobodnen, xolo IV-V saukuneebSi CvenSi ukve rom ar-
sebobda `pirveliTgani~ Targmanebi, sandod unda miviC-
nioT. miT umetes, rom moRweulia mravali xelnaweri,
mecnierTa mier V-VI saukuneebiT daTariRebuli. gan-
sakuTrebiT ki palimfsestebi. arsebobs Zveli Targmanebis
(pirveliTganis) ramdenime redaqcia. esenia xanmeti (aso
x-aniT meti) da haemeti. Semdgomia e.w. `sabawminduri~.
romelic, k. kekeliZis Tanaxmad, xanmetisagan fone-
tikurad gansxvavdeboda, imiT, rom xan-ebi ukve aRar ix-
mareboda, Tumca SesaZleblad miiCneva sabawmindur re-
daqciaSi x-anis magier h-aes xmareba. es redaqciebi IV-IX
saukuneebSi Tavsdeba. axali redaqcia wmida werilisa,
131
kerZod ki saxarebisa ekuTvnis eqvTime aTonels (mestiis
saxareba 1033 w. da metexis saxareba 1049 w.) _ mas teqsti
Seujerebia axal, imJamindel berZnul redaqciasTan. es
Sroma gaugrZelebia giorgi mTawmindels, mas saxarebis
teqsti samjer Seumowmebia berZnul teqstTan da moucia
axali, damoukidebeli redaqcia, romelmac saqarTvelo-
Si moipova kanonikuri Rirseba da mniSvneloba qarTuli
vulgatisa (iqve, gv. 414).
saeklesio saWiroebisaTvis, cxadia, Zveladve `pirvel-
iTgan~ iTargmneboda samociquloc.
SuSanikis martvilobidan Cans, rom pavles epistole-
ni V saukuneSi arsebobda, Tumca samociqulos Zveli
nusxebi (XI s-mde arsebulni) naklebad Semonaxula CvenSi.
eqvTime aTonels, samociqulos zogierTi teqstis re-
daqtirebac unda ekuTvnodes, kerZod ki apokalifsisa,
anu gamocxadebisa. mas k. kekeliZe miiCnevs pirvel Targ-
manad, magram SeuZlebelia is manamdec ar hqonodaT
qarTvelebs, masve uTargmnia pavles zogierTi epistole,
ganmartebebTan erTad. samociqulo ufro srulad uTarg-
mnia (e.i. moucia axali redaqcia axali aRTqmis am nawil-
isa) giorgi mTawmindels. mas uTargmnia `pavle sruli da
saqme mociqulTa da kaTolikeni mociqulTani~. is yofi-
la Zveli qarTuli teqstis redaqtireba da ara axali
Targmani berZnulidan. redaqtireba rom yofila, amas
amowmebs efrem mcirec _ kerZod, aRniSnavs, rom giorgim
mTlianad ver gawyvita kavSiri Zvel qarTul teqstTano
(iqve, gv. 416). es redaqciac samociqulosi kanonikuri
gamxdara.
132
Zveli aRTqmis wignebi qarTvelebs, rogorc Cans, sep-
tantadan uTargmniaT (cnobilia, rom Zveli aRTqmis
ebrauli dedani qristeSobamde mesame saukuneSi aleqsan-
driaSi berZnul enaze gadauTargmnia 70 mTargmnels _
mas uwodes septanta (`septuaginta~), Tumca, zogierTi
qarTuli Targmani Sedarebulia II saukuneSi ebraulidan
berZnul enaze Sesrulebul TargmanebTanac (cnobilia II
saukunis sami Targmani: akvilasi, svimaxosisa da Teodot-
ianesi).
dReisaTvis gadarCenilia Zveli aRTqmis zogierTi
wignis xelnawerebis nawilebi, zogierTi wigni ki mTli-
anad. bibliis sruli qarTuli nusxa, romelic Cvenamdea
moRweuli, 978 welsaa gadawerili mesxeTSi, `lavrasa
Sina didsa uSks~ (oSks) da daculia aTonze, iverTa mon-
asterSi.
arsebobs mosazreba, rom eqvTime da giorgi mTawmind-
elebs uTargmniaT mTeli biblia, k. kekeliZe am azrs ar
eTanxmeba.
bibliis meore redaqcia aris 1743 wlisa, esaa moskov-
Si baqar batoniSvilis mier dabeWdili teqsti.
mesame redaqcia meTvramete saukunisaa, mas mcxeTuri
biblia ewodeba. is uZvelesi xelnaweridan gadauweriaT,
romelSiac bibliis teqsti dayofili ar yofila Tave-
bad da muxlebad. gansakuTrebul, anu m. janaSviliseuls
uwodebs k. kekeliZe XV-XVI saukuneebis xelnawerebs (iqve,
gv. 418-419);
1884 wels TbilisSi meored daibeWda moskovis gamocema.
1989 wels TbilisSi gamoica bibliis axali Targmani,
manamde ki axali aRTqmis teqsti ramdenjerme daibeWda.
133
armazi, ahuramazda,
molodini mesiisa
Cven mama-papaTa rjuli, sarwmunoeba, ukve ori aTasi
welia qristianobaa, yovladwmida samebis Tayvaniscema.
iqamde ki, `qarTlis cxovrebis~ Tanaxmad, `sjuli mamaTa
CvenTa~ iyo Tayvaniscema kerpTa da mnaTobTa.
mamaTa rjuli Zvel qarTvelobas mtkiced epyra, iqam-
de, rom TviT mefesac ki, qveynis TviTmpyrobels qvey-
nidan aZevebdnen, Tuki is gabedavda da winaparTa sarwmu-
noebisadmi orgulobas gamoamJRavnebda. farnavazis Svil-
TaSvili, meoTxe mefe iberiisa, anu qarTlis samefosi _
farnajomi _ mazdeanobisa da cecxlTayvanismcemlobisak-
en midrekila da kerpmsaxureba uaruyvia, amis gamo qarT-
lis erisTavebma ganacxades: _ `mefe Cveni gardaxda sjulsa
mamaTa CvenTasa, arRara msaxurebs RmerTTa mpyrobelTa
qarTlisaTa, aw arRara Rirs ars igi mefed Cvenda~ (qarT-
lis cxovreba, I, gv. 29). marTlac, mefes SeebrZolnen,
mokles da mis nacvlad taxtze sul sxva, axali dinasti-
is fuZemdebeli mefe aiyvanes.
axalgazrdobisas (da gamefebis Semdeg) farnajomi
qarTuli rjulis moyvare da misi morwmune yofila,
aRumarTavs zadenis kerpi zaden cixesTan, rac im droi-
saTvis taZris movaleobas asrulebda. `amis Semdgomad
Seiyvara sjuli sparsTa, cecxlis msaxureba, moiyvana
sparseTiT cecxlismsaxurni da mogvni da dasxna igini
mcxeTas, adgilsa mas, romelsa ese hqvian mogvTa da iwyo
134
cxadad gmobad kerpTa, amisTvis moiZules igi mkvidrTa
qarTlisaTa, rameTu didi sasoeba aqundaT kerpTa mima-
rT~ (iqve, 29). qarTvel `mamaTa rjulis~ gmoba Zvirad
daujda qarTvelTa mefes.
qarTvelTa warmarTuli sarwmunoebis amsaxveli
pirvelwyaroebi kerpebis Sesaxeb naklebad laparakoben
_ qarTvelni Tayvans scemdneno mzes, mTvaresa da xuT
varskvlavs, Tumca ki ufro adre _ warmarTobamde,
qarTvelebi WeSmariti RmerTis mcnobni da misi morwmu-
neni iyvneno.
WeSmariti RmerTi qarTvelebs dauviwyebiaT erTiani,
protoqarTveluri eTnosis daSlis Semdeg an ufro mogvi-
anebiT: `STavarda Suri Soris SvilTa qarTlosisaTa: iwyes
brZolad da xdomad urTierTas... da ganagrZeles maT
Soris brZola, romel Jamsame aRdgian amaTganni orni
naTesavni erTsa zeda da sxvani Seeweodian... da romeln-
imme kvalad sxvani aRsdges erTmaneTsa zeda da sxvani
Seeweodian~ (qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. 10).
am droisaTvis, rogorc aRiniSna, maTSi moSlila WeS-
mariti sarwmunoebis codna _ `da mas Jamsa daiviwyes
RmerTi, dambadebeli maTi da iqmnes msaxur mzisa da
mTvarisa da varskvlavTa xuTTa da mtkice da ufrosi
saficari maTi iyo saflavi qarTlosisa~ (iqve, gv. 11).
rogorc vxedavT, am epoqaSi qarTvelebs xeliT qmnili
kerpebi, raime qandakebani, `TavianTi Tavis msgavsi kerpi~
ar SeuqmniaT da arc Tayvans scemdnen maT, Tumca ki dam-
badebelis, qveynis Semoqmedis nacvlad Tayvani sces mis
135
qmnilebebs _ zeciur sxeulebs. mzis, mTvarisa da xuTi
varskvlavis Tayvaniscemis mogoneba bolo dromde Semor-
Cenila qarTvelTa Soris. XX saukunis dasawyisSi, ambobs
ivane javaxiSvili, samegreloSi deda akvnis Cvils xelSi
ayvanils mnaTobTa saxelebs agonebdao:
_ `TuTa, Taxa, juma, ca, vobi, sabateni, bJa~, TuTa _
mTvarea, Taxa _ Tarxoni anu marsia (iv. javaxiSvili, I,
1979, gv. 176), juma _ hermesi _ merkuria (`jimaRi~), ca _
ciskris varskvlavi anu afroditea (iqve, gv. 178), vebi _
elva-quxilis, xeTur-xaldeuris monaTesave RvTaeba,
sabateni _ nasesxebi sityva `SabaTia~, amiT aRiniSneboda
mnaTobi kronosi, romelsac qarTulad `morige~ hqvia da
meSvide caze myofad miiCneoda.
xazgasmiTaa aRsaniSnavi: qarTuli warmarToba imde-
nad srulyofilad damuSavebuli da daxvewili iyo, rom
`aramcTu sazogado qarTuli, yvela qarTul tomTaTvis,
maT Soris megrelTa da svanTaTvisac, saerTo warmarTo-
ba arsebobda, aramed am warmarTobas saerTo termino-
logiac, saerTo enac qarTuli hqonia~ (iqve, gv. 156).
saqarTveloSi sarwmunoebis ena qarTuli iyo, es wesi
mtkiced damkvidrebula uZveles dros yvela qarTul
tomSi. es miT ufro dasafasebelia, rom sarwmunoebis ena
TviT gvian saukuneebSic ki, xSirad ara mSobliuri ena
iyo zogierT xalxSi.
qarTuli warmarToba qarTvelebisaTvis gamSobliure-
bul-gaerovnebuli yofila, amitomac mas mtkice winaaRm-
degoba gauwevia TviT iranuli religiisaTvis, romel-
136
sac asaxva upovia `sparselTa wminda wignSi~ _ avestaSi
(zoroastrizmi).
`qarTul warmarTobas Tavisi mtkiced Camoyalibebu-
li panTeonic hqonia, am panTeonSi zogi mTavar RvTae-
bad iTvleboda, zogi da umetesoba umcros RvTaebaTa
jgufs ekuTvnoda~ (iqve, gv. 156).
ivane javaxiSvilis azriT, warmarTobisdroindeli
qarTvelebis mTavar `RvTaebad~ mTvare iTvleboda. yvel-
gan, sadac ki qarTvelebs ucxovriaT, mTvaris Tayvanis-
cemis kvali SerCenilia. ara marto saqarTveloSi, pon-
tosa da frigiaSi, `sadac erT dros qarTveli tomebi
binadrobdnen strabonis sityviT, mTvaris Tayvaniscema
gavrcelebuli yofila~ (iqve, gv. 99).
mTvaris, viTar mTavar meufis da RvTaebis Tayvanis-
cema, yvela qarTveli tomis rwmenad unda CaiTvaloso, _
werda is (iqve, gv. 99). panTeonSi umaRles RvTaebebad
miiCneoda aseve `RmerTi Semoqmedi~ da `ca _ RrubelTa
batoni~ (iqve, gv. 101). uzenaes RvTaebas `morigesac~
uwodebdnen. is kronosi unda yofiliyo. qarTuli 7-dRi-
ani msgefsis yoveli dRe mnaTobTadmi iyo miZRvnili da
maT sadideblad iyo saxeldebuli. kvira mzis dRe iyo,
orSabaTi _ mTvarisa, samSabaTi _ ariasi, oTxSabaTi _
ermisa, xuTSabaTi _ afroditisa, paraskevi _ diosisa,
SabaTi _ kronosisa. mTvare marTlac gansakuTrebiT pa-
tivdebuli yofila. TviT Cems siymawvileSic ki zogi
moxuci orSabaTs uqmobda (orSabaTi ki mTvarisadmi,
uzenaesisadmi yofila miZRvnili), xolo zogan Cvil bavSvs
137
mTvares daanaxebdnen da pirjvars asaxvinebdnen. am dros
eubnebodnen _ `ai, fufala~ da gulisxmobdnen ufals
(warmarTuli Cvevebis aRorZineba eklesiis dacemam gam-
oiwvia XX s-Si). r. patariZem ZvelqarTuli anban-kalen-
dris kvlevisas faqtobrivad daadastura ivane javaxiS-
vilis sityvebi: `exla roca gamoirkva, Tu ra didi mniS-
vneloba hqonda Zveli qarTvelebis sarwmunoebaSi mT-
vares da mis mdgomareobas, mcxralisa, gavsebulisa, da
mTvaris aRvsebis gamocnobas, cxadia, rom xatis msax-
urebs kargad unda scodnodaT mTvaris angariSi, swored
ase iyo kidec, fSavsa da xevsureTs, xevisbersa da de-
kanozs rom hkiTxoT, _ ambobda am 55 wlis winaT
r.erisTavi, mTvare ramdeni dRisaa, erT wamsve miiRebT
swor pasuxso. vin ar icis, rom saqarTveloSi am oci wlis
winaT yvelam Cinebulad icoda, zogma exlac icis mT-
varis raodenobis gaangariSeba~ (iqve, gv. 98).
qarTul warmarTobasac Tavisi istoria hqonia, dro-
Ta ganmavlobaSi ganviTarebula, SeuZenia axal-axali
elementebi, mnaTobTa Tayvaniscemis gverdiT kerpTa
Tayvaniscemac SemouRia qarTvelobas.
saistorio wyaroebis mixedviT qarTul warmarTul
panTeonSi pirveloba hqonia armazs.
safiqrebelia, kerpTa Tayvaniscema axladSeqmnili
erTiani warmarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis ganmtkicebis
saWiroebisTvis SemouRiaT qveynis mmarTvelebs, magali-
Tad, dasavleT-aRmosavleT-samxreT saqarTvelos gaer-
Tianebisa da damoukidebeli samefos sazRvarTa ganmt-
138
kicebis Semdgom `farnavaz Seqmna kerpi didi saxelsa zeda
Tvissa; es ars armazi, rameTu farnavazs sparsulad ar-
maz erqva, amarTa kerpi igi Tavsa zeda qarTlisasa da
amieriTgan ewoda armazi kerpisa misTvis da qmna sat-
fureba didi kerpisa misTvis aRmarTebulisa~ (`qarTlis
cxovreba~, I, gv. 25) armazi _ gaerTianebuli da gaTavisu-
flebuli pirveli erTiani qarTuli saxelmwifos mfarvel
`RvTaebad~ unda yofiliyo warmodgenili. wyaros Tanax-
mad, farnavazamdec azonis qveynis sazRvrebic faqto-
brivad sruliad saqarTvelos moicavda, azons, Cans, Tavisi
saxelmwifos ganmtkicebis mizniT, pirvelad SemouRia
kerpTayvaniscema. `qarTlis cxovreba~ wers _ `aman azon
dauteva sjuli aleqsandres mocemuli, iwyo kerpTmsax-
urebad da Seqmnna orni kerpni vercxlisani: `gaci da
gaim~. aleqsandre makedonelis mier qarTvelTaTvis da-
tovebuli sjuli ki yofila mnaTobTa da uxilavi Rmer-
Tis Tayvaniscema _ `ubrZana aleqsandre azons, raTa pa-
tivs scemdes mzesa da mTvares da varskvlavTa xuTTa da
hmsaxurebdnen RmerTsa uxilavsa, dambadebelsa yovlisasa,
rameTu mas Jamsa ara iyo winaswarmetyveli da moZRvari
sjulisa WeSmaritisa, romelmanca aswava da amxila aramed
TviT moigona sjuli ese aleqsandre, mefobasa Sina yov-
elsa qveyanasa sjuli ese daudva da wavida aleqsandre~
(iqve, gv. 19).
cnobilia, rom aleqsandre makedoneli Tayvans scemda
`RmerTTa~ berZnul panTeons, mnaTobTa da uxilavi Rm-
erTis Tayvaniscema iyo ara aleqsandres rjuli, aramed
139
qarTvelTa pirvelwinaprebisa, rogorc amas iqve, ram-
denime Tavis win wers qarTveli mematiane. unda vifiqroT,
rom aleqsandrem an misma romelime satrapma, Tuki isini
saqarTveloSi iyvnen, saWirod CaTvales qarTvelTa
erovnuli sarwmunoebisaTvis pativi miegoT da daekanon-
ebinaT.
saxels armazisas mematiane sparsulTan akavSirebs,
`farnavazs sparsulad armaz erqva~-o, mecnierTa erTi
nawili mas ahuramazdasTan _ sparsul uzenaes RvTae-
basTan akavSirebs, sxvebi ki xeTur mTvaris RvTaebis sax-
el `armas~-Tan. armazis saxels ahuramazdasTan akavSireb-
da ivane javaxiSvili da werda: `armazis Sesaxeb cnobebs
rom sparsul ahuramazdasTan saxelis meti saerTo
araferi aqvs, es ucilobelia~ (iv. javaxiSvili, dasax.
naSr. gv. 145).
armazis Tayvaniscemasa da mazdeanobas Soris saerTo
niSnebs ver xedaven, magram, miuxedavad amisa, cecxlTay-
vanismcemlobas saqarTveloSic SemouRwevia da nawilo-
briv gavrcelebula kidec.
`mazdeanoba rom erT xans saqarTveloSic gavrcele-
buli iyo da maSasadame, ahuramazda-armazis Tayvanis-
cemac unda yofiliyo Cvens qveyanaSi _ es cxadia~, _ wers
iv. javaxiSvili.
`...wmida nino maSindel qarTvelebs ase axasiaTebs:
`vxedevdiT, cecxlis msaxursa mas ersa da mogvebsa da
cTomasa maTsa zeda vtirodio~.
zoroastrizmi _ iranidan gavrcelda sxva qveynebSi,
isic `uxilav RmerTsa~, da ciur sxeulebs Tayvanscemda
140
da amitomac, albaT qarTvelTa sarwmunoebasTan msgavse-
bis gamo, saqarTveloSic hpova gavrceleba. Tumca ki,
qarTul erovnul sarwmunoebas misTvis medgari winaaRm-
degoba gauwevia.
zoroastri, anu zaraTuStra winaswarmetyvelad miiC-
neva. am religiis wmida kanonia _ avesta, xolo uzenaesi
RvTaeba _ ahuramazda, romlis saxelis mixedviTac zo-
roastrizms mazdeanobac hqvia. is saqarTveloSi qris-
tianobamde imdenad gavrcelebula, rom misi mZlavri
gavlenis kvali dRemde SemorCa qarTul enas (taZari,
kerpi, zvaraki, eSma, jojoxeTi, marTali, warmarTi, bagini,
droSa, anderZi, dasturi da sxva). Cans gansakuTrebiTac
moukidnia fexi qarTlis samefos mmarTvel zedafenaSi,
amis maCvenebelia maT Soris gavrcelebuli iranul-zo-
roastruli Teoforuli saxelebi _ farnavazi, farna-
jomi, artavazi, arSaki, bagrati, bakuri, bartomi, mir-
dati, adarnase, azorki da sxva (m. andronikaSvili, narkveve-
bi iranul-qarTuli enobrivi urTierTobidan 1. 1966).
`parsebis wminda wigni _ avesta, romelsac zogjer
`iranul bibliasac~ ki uwodebdnen _ zoroastrizmis
sulieri codnis Semcvelia. Cans, swored mas uwodebdnen
qarTvelebi `nebroTis wigns~, romelic ZvelqarTuli
wyaroebis Tanaxmad, winaqristianul epoqaSi qarTvelTa-
Tvis cnobili yofila, pavle ingoroyva miiCnevs, rom is
qarTul enazec iyo Targmnili da mefeTa saxlebSi inax-
eboda.
mazdeanoba popularuli gaxda qristianobamdel msof-
lioSi, mas gavlenac ki mouxdenia gviandel iudaizmze,
141
SeWrila romaul religiaSi, suli Cauberia gnosticizmisa
da maniqevelobisaTvis (e. svetlovi, vestnik carstva boJia,
V, briuseli, 1972 gv. 363).
unda iTqvas, rom msoflioSi erTaderTi religia,
romelic icnobda mesianizms (igulisxmeba bibliuri sam-
yaros gareT) esaa mesianizmi zaraStutrasi (iqve, gv. 493),
sxvaTa Soris, es Cans qarTuli wyaroebidanac, romelsac
qveviT ganvixilavT. israelis winaswarmetyvelTa garda
mxolod mazdeanobas swamda momavali sufeva uflisa,
mxolod is moeloda msoflios mxsnelis mosvlas amqvey-
nad, swored zaratuStras qurumebi _ mogvebi _ mividnen
pirvelni Cveni macxovris iesos Sobisas mis Tayvanissacem-
lad, swored isini elodnen mis mosvlas am qveynad da
pirvelebma Seityves es. Tanaxmad maTe maxareblisa _ `xolo
roca iudeis beTlemSi daibada ieso qriste, herodes me-
fobis Jams, aha, aRmosavleTiT movidnen mogvni ierusal-
ims da Tqves: sad aris iudevelTa axalSobili mefe? vi-
naidan vixileT misi varskvlavi aRmosavleTSi da movediT,
raTa Tayvani vceT mas. es rom gaigo, SeZrwunda mefe herode
da mTeli ierusalimi masTan erTad. da Sekriba yvela
mRvdelmTavari da eris mwignobarni da gamoikiTxa maTgan,
sad unda Sobiliyo ieso qriste. xolo maT uTxres mas:
iudeis beTlemSi, vinaidan ase daiwera winaswarmetyvelis
mier... maSin herodem farulad mouwoda mogvebs da gam-
oikiTxa maTgan varskvlavis gamoCenis Jami da wargzavna
isini beTlems... xolo maT usmines mefes da wavidnen da
aha varskvlavi, romelic ixiles aRmosavleTiT, win mi-
142
uZRvoda maT, sanam ar mivida da Tavs ar daadga im adg-
ils, sadac yrma iyo... da rodesac Sevidnen saxlSi, ix-
iles yrma mariamTan, Tavis dedasTan erTad, da daemxnen
da Tayvani sces mas da gaxsnes TavianTi saunje da miar-
Tves mas ZRveni: oqro, gundruki da muri~ (maTe, 2:1-11).
es moTxroba, e.svetlovis azriT, gviCvenebs, rom axa-
li aRTqma raRacnairad dakavSirebulia bibliisgare
religiur samyarosTan, rom israelis sazRvrebs gare-
Tac adamianebi elodnen mxsnelis mosvlas.
saxarebis dedanSi sityva `mogvi~ JRers rogorc `magi~
(Mc,.), rac saerTod ewodeba jadoqrobaSi daxelovneb-
ul adamianebs; Zvelad ki antikur dros sityva `mags~
iranuli religiis qurumebs uwodebdnen, rogorc es aRniS-
nuli iyo, da swored maT sces pirvelebma Tayvani war-
marTTagan RmerTkacs bagaSive.
es SemTxveviT ar yofila: e. svetlovis azriT, niSan-
doblivia, rom Zveli aRTqma, medgrad mebrZoli egvip-
tis, babilonis, finikiis, saberZneTis `RmerTebis~ winaaRm-
deg, arsad pirdapir ar gamodis iranis religiis winaaRm-
deg (iqve, gv. 362). mazda ahura (ahuramazda) niSnavda
yovlismpyrobel da yovladbrZen ufals. isaa `Semoqme-
di~ samyaroisa da simarTlisa. samyaro RmTaebrivi Semoq-
medis mieraa Seqmnili, ahuramazdas gverdiT dgas eqvsi
zeciuri suli (esenia) _ `keTili fiqri~ (azri), `simar-
Tle~, `siwminde~, `sikeTis samefo~, `janmrTeloba~, `ukv-
daveba~ _ yvelani eseni suliwmindis mier arian Seqm-
nilni, ras niSnavs es? _ erTian RmerTs Tu qristes war-
143
marT winamorbeds iranis miwaze? arsebiTad es sruliad
dasaSvebia, visa aqvs ufleba SezRudos suli wmidis mo-
qmedeba erTi adgiliT? maxareblis sityvebiT, gana is ar
sunTqavs, iq, sadac nebavs? Tu eklesiis mamebi antikur
azrovnebaSi xedavdnen axali aRTqmis preludias, ra uSlis
xels igive iTqvas zarastutras swavlebaze? TviT bib-
lia ar gamoricxavs imis SesaZleblobas, rom RmerTi ix-
sneba `warmarTTaTvis~ (iqve, gv. 368).
mazdeanobas swamda, rom sikeTis RmerTi sabolood
gaimarjvebda da didebiT moevlineboda dedamiwas,
boroteba ki damarcxdeboda, xolo is adamianebi, rom-
lebic mazdas emsaxurebodnen azriT, sityviT da saqmiT,
dajildovdebodnen RvTis am sasufevelSi (iqve, gv. 375).
RmerTis sasufeveli (kxSatra) warmoadgenda jamsa da
gvirgvins msoflio yofisas, zarastutras sikvdilis Sem-
deg warmoiSva rwmena imisa, rom mazda adamianebs gamoug-
zavnida axal mxsnels, es rwmena sabolood iudaur mesi-
anizms daemsgavsa. magebi aswavlidnen, rom garkveuli
drois Semdeg mxsneli dedamiwaze movidoda, raTa borote-
ba daemarcxebina (iqve, gv. 377). am rwmeniT xom ar gahyvnen
iraneli mogvebi beTlemisaken varskvlavs?
yovelive zemomoyvanili CvenTvis gansakuTrebiT sain-
teresoa `qarTlis cxovrebis~ erTi adgilis amoxsnisaTvis,
romelic dakavSirebulia mociqulTa swor mefe mirian-
Tan.
mematiane mogviTxrobs, rom warmarTobis xanis
qarTvelma mefe mirianma wmida ninos qadagebis mosmenis
144
Semdeg `iwyo gamoZieba sjulisa~ da gadaikiTxa warmarTu-
li `nebroTis wigni~ (mazdeanuri rjulisa), garda amisa
aman gamowvlilviT gamoikiTxa moxuc ebraelTagan sju-
lis sakiTxebi, is dainteresda swored `mxsneliT~. wmida
ninos, aseve moxuc ebraelTa da `nebroTis wignis~ mi-
TiTebani mxsnelsa da mesiaze erTmaneTs emsgavsebodnen
_ `maSin mirian mefe gankvirda da iwyo gamoZiebad sjulisa
qristessa da mravalgzis hkiTxaven huria-yofilsa mas
abiaTars ZvelTa da axalTa wignTasa da igi auwyebda
yovelsa. da wignica romeli hqonda mirian mefesa nebro-
Tisi da masca wignsa Sina pova werili esreTi: ...~me var
miqael, romeli dadginebul var RmerTisa mier mTavrobasa
zeda aRmosavlisasa... xolo ukanasknelTa JamTa movides
meufe igi cisa... man gixilos Wirsa Sina da gixsen Sen~.
maSin gulisxma yo mefeman mirian rameTu Zvelni wignni
da axalni ewamebodes da nebroTis wignica daamtkicebda
da Seeqmna survili qristes sjulisa~ (qarTlis cxovre-
ba, I, gv. 105).
aSkaraa, rom qarTul wyaroSi dadasturebulia zemo-
moyvanili azri, rom bibliur wignebSi gadmocemuli me-
sianizmis idea zoroastrizmSic arsebobda. swored aman
SesZra mefe miriani da ukve movlinebul mxsnelad aRi-
ara Cveni macxovari. aq sainteresoa isic, rom `nebroTis
wigni~, rogorc Cans, namdvilad arsebobda Zvel
saqarTveloSi, radganac misi citata damowmebuli mema-
tianis mier, swored zoroastrizmis umTavresi ideis Sem-
cvelia, masSi naTqvamia `cis meufis mosvlisa~ da `xsnis~
Sesaxeb.
145
mefe miriani, romelic iqamde cecxlTayvanismcemeli
yofila, emsgavseba mogvebs, romelnic uflis akvanTan
mividnen da Tayvani sces mas TavianTi sarwmunoebrivi
codnis wyalobiT, magram amiT maT Soris msgavseba
mTavrdeba, mefe miriani ufro amaRlda imiT, rom man ara
marto Tayvani sca mxsnels, aramed gaxda misi upirvelesi
moqadage da misi rwmenis gamavrcelebeli saqarTveloSi,
amitomac is mociqulTa sworad iwoda. isic unda iTqvas,
rom mefe miriani warmarTobis dros, sxva qarTvelTa
darad, `qarTvel mamaTa rjulis~ mimdevaric iyo da Tay-
vans scemda winaparTa `RmerTebs~, misi azriT, isini ari-
an `RmerTni didni, soflis mpyrobelni, mzisa momfenelni,
wvimis momcemelni da qveynis naSobTa gamomzrdelni Rm-
erTni qarTlisani armaz da zaden, yovlisa dafarulisa
gamomZiebelni, Zvelni RmerTni mamaTa CvenTani gaci da
gaim~ (iqve, gv. 106).
aqve uTuod unda iTqvas, rom msgavseba Zveli aRTqmis
mxsnel RmerTsa da cecxlTayvanismcemelTa mazdas Soris
mxolod calmxrivia. mazdeanizmi dualisturi religiaa,
mazdas miekuTvneba yovelgvari sikeTe, is Semoqmedia
yovelive mSvenierisa samyaroSi, xolo yovelive bnelisa
da borotisa ki `aiaSma~, sicruea. am borot suls angra-
maniu (ahrimani berZnulad) _ `mowinaaRmdege suli~ hqvia.
is mudmivi mowinaaRmdegea RmerTisa, masTan mebrZolia,
meore `boroti Semoqmedia~. mis Seqmnilad iTvleboda _
jadoqrebi, mebrZoli tomebi, devebi da sxva. gansakuTre-
biTi gansxvaveba isaa, rom zarastutra araTu ibrZoda
146
maT winaaRmdeg, vinc ar iziarebda mazdeanur sarwmunoe-
bas, aramed avaldebulebda mis yvela morwmunes, iar-
aRiT xelSi, ukompromisod moespo yvela religiuri mow-
inaaRmdge, religiuri omi wminda omad miaCnda. yvela
sarwmunoebriv mowinaaRmdeges ahrimanis, anu boroti
sulis mier Seqmnilad miiCnevda, religiur sakiTxebs cecx-
lTayvanismcemlebi iseve Wridnen, rogorc Semdgom muha-
medi. amiT sparseTi rogorc mazdeanuri ise mahmadia-
nuri, qarTvelTaTvis agresiuli iyo, misi sarwmunoebrivi
politika ar Secvlila. xolo iranelebTan qarTvelebis
zneobriv-moraluri damokidebulebis Sesaxeb unda iTq-
vas, rom antikur epoqaSi, qarTul wyaroTa Tanaxmad,
qarTvelebs sparselebTan urTierToba, maTTan naTesao-
ba da sulieri kavSiri saTakilod ar miaCndaT (sul sxva
suraTia qarTul-sparsuli urTierTobisas Sua sauku-
neebSi). mizezi amisa iyo is, rom cecxlTayvanismcemlobis
dros TavianTi sarwmunoebrivi moTxovnilebebis gamo
iranelebs sicrue, boroti, arazneobrivi saqmis Cadena
ejavrebodaT. `sicrues isini samarcxvino naklad Tv-
liano~, _ wers herodote, Semdgom, mongolebis dros,
Cveni mematianes sityviT, mongolebi sparselebs yvela
xalxTa Soris yvelaze matyuarad da crud miiCnevdnen
(albaT, am epoqaSi qarTvelTa Soris maT zneobasac sax-
eli gautyda). mazdeanobisas ki maT evalebodaT Sesruleba
valdebulebisa _ `keTili azri, keTili sityva, keTili
saqme~. evalebodaT amoerCiaT keTilsa da borots Soris
erTi _ keTili. rjulis pirveli maswavleblis gar-
147
dacvalebis Semdgom mazdeanobaSi SeiWra mravalRmerTi-
anoba. ahuramazda ukve aRar iyo erTaderTi RmerTi.
ahuramazdas avestaSi ewodeba `simarTlis dambadebe-
li~, romelmac gakvala gza mzisa da varskvlavebisaken;
mas adareben mTvares, romelic ivseba da ileva. amitomac
SesaZlebelia armazs _ ahuramazdas qarTul saxes _ mT-
varis RmerTis funqciac miewereboda.
Tu armazs mTvaris RmerTis funqcia eniWeboda, maSin
is misaRebi iqneboda warmarTul saqarTveloSi arsebu-
li ori sarwmunoebrivi mxarisaTvis. erTni iyvnen sax-
elmwifo religiis _ `mamaTa rjulis~, anu qarTuli
erovnuli panTeonis Tayvanismcemlebi (xalxis farTo
masebi da erisTavebi), meoreni ki zoroastrizmis mim-
devrebi _ am ukanasknelTa ricxvs, Cans dafarulad
TanaugrZnobda samefo ojaxic (`qarTlis cxovrebis~
Tanaxmad, farnavazis Semdgomi qarTuli samefo dinas-
tiebi _ nebroTianebi da arSakunianebi enaTesavebodnen
aRmosavlur iranul dinastiebs). maT esaWiroebodaT
mazdeanobis dafarva, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, rogorc
Tavidan iyo aRniSnuli, taxtidan Camoagdebdnen.
Tavisi wminda saxiT mazdeanoba kerpTayvanismcemlo-
bas uaryofda, magram Semdeg misi Tavdapirveli `siwminde~
SeimRvra.
qristianobis gamarjvebis Semdeg samefo ojaxSi dar-
Cenila naSTi mazdeanizmisa, is kvlav dafaruli iyo, amas
miuTiTebs vaxtang gorgaslis mematianis sityvebi, romel-
ic `nebroTis wignis~ Sesaxeb gvamcnobs `mamaTa CvenTa
farulad epyraT wigni ese~.
148
armazi _ warmarTobis dros, xalxis TvalsazrisiT,
cecxlTayvanismcemlobis mowinaaRmdege `RmerTs~ war-
moadgenda.
saqarTveloSi qristianoba ukve pirveli saukunidanve
TandaTan vrceldeboda, amave dros CvenSi cxovrobdnen
iudaisturi religiis mimdevrebi da mzis (cecxlis) Tay-
vanismcemlebi.
qarTveli warmarTebi cdilobdnen `mamaTa RmerTis~ _
armazis _ risxva ar gamoewviaT qristianobis, iudaizmis
anda cecxlTayvanismcemlobis miRebiT. isini eTayvane-
bodnen armazs da ambobdnen _ `vai Tu da-sada-vaklo rai
didebasa didisa RmrTisa armazissa da Se-rasme-vcde si-
tyvasa ebraelTa Tana, gina mogvTa smenasa daxvdomil
viyo mzis msaxurTa da romelime ityvian ucebni didsa
visme RmerTsa caTasa~ (qarT. agiogr. lit. Zegl. I, gv.
119).
armazi _ mamaTa RmerTi _ gansxvavdeba ebraelTa,
mazdeanTa da qristianTa RmerTisagan. ufro metic, _ is
mteria `atroSanisa~ anu `iTrujanisa~ _ cecxlis RvTae-
bisa. `qaldevelTa RmerTi iTrujan da Cveni ese RmerTi
armaz yovladve mter arian. aman rame mas zeda zRva moaq-
cia...~ k. kekeliZis kvlevis Tanaxmad, iTrujani atroSa-
nia, xolo qaldevelebs im droisaTvis sparselebs
uwodebdnen.
armazi wyliT aqrobs cecxlis sagznebels (iseve,
rogorc Semdgom Cveni wmida mamebi _ cecxlTayvanism-
cemlobis winaaRmdeg mebrZolni).
149
sabolood ZvelqarTuli sarwmunoebis Sesaxeb gavime-
oroT sidonias sityva:
`egreT iyo cxovrebaY Cveni qarTvelno, rameTu viq-
ceodiT naTelsa da mkvidr viyveniT bnelsa, vixarebdiT
SvebiTa da viunjebdiT glovasa, romlisa nugeSinismce-
meli ara iyo. vhmsaxurebdiT same dabadebulTa da ara
dambadebelsa, qerobinTa etlTa zeda mjdomarisa wil
mTaTa maRalTa Tavyuanis-scemdes mamani Cvenni, gebalsa
da garizinsa da mas zeda ara iyo arca RmerTi, arca mose,
arca niSi maTi, aramed kerpni qvisani usuloni. xolo
amas qveyanasa qarTlisasa iyvnes orni mTani da maT zeda
orni kerpni, armaz da zaden, romelni iynosdes sul-
myralobiT aTassa sulsa yrmisa pirmSoisasa armaz da
zaden da Sesawiravad uCndes mSobelTa maTTa msxverp-
lad, viTarmca ukunisamde ara iyos sikvdili. da ese iyo
moaqamde, xolo iyvnes kerpni sxvanica samefoni: gaci da
ga. da Seiwirvoda maTa erTi sefewuli cecxliTa dawvad
da mtveri gardabnevad Tavsa kerpisasa~ (`moqcevai qarTl-
isai~, iqve, gv. 125, var. a).
yrmaTa kerpTadmi Sewirva, Tu marTla arsebobda ase-
Ti wesi, matianis Tanaxmad, qristianobis gavleniT
aRukveTia mefe rev marTals III saukunis dasawyisSi. stra-
bonis Tanaxmad, mTvares albaneTSi marTlac swiravdnen
adamians msxverplad.
isic unda iTqvas, rom ivane javaxiSvils eeWveboda
CvenSi kerpTayvanismcemlobis arseboba, misi kvlevis
Tanaxmad, warmarTobis xanaSi qarTvelebi Tayvans scemd-
150
nen `Semoqmed RmerTs~, mnaTobebs, sxva qmnilebebs da
swored es miiCneoda `mamaTa rjulad~.
pompeusis laSqroba israelsa
da iberiaSi
qristeSobamde 65 wlis gazafxulze romaelTa laSqari
saqarTvelos samxreT sazRvars moadga. mxedarTmTavar-
ma, romaeli xalxis usazRvro siyvaruliT mosilma
pompeusma, roca albaneTTan omisas Seityo iberTa mefe
artagis saomrad mzadebis Sesaxeb, daswreba amjobina da
swrafi marSiT gaiara manZili iberiis dedaqalaqamde.
armazis kedlebTan momdgari romaeli legionebisa da
polkebis niSnebis moulodnelma aelvarebam daabnia
qarTvelTa mefe.
Tu ara xerxianoba romaelTa saxelovani sardlisa,
mas didi usiamovneba da SeiZleba marcxic ki eloda ib-
erTa mxridan, miT umetes, rom sul ramdenime dRis win
pompeuss albanelTa 40-aTasiani laSqari daesxa Tavs.
miTridates, pontos mefes, romaelTa winaaRmdeg me-
brZols, iberTa didi imedi hqonda. plutarqe, Zveli
berZnuli mwerlobis saukeTeso warmomadgeneli, Tavis
`paralelur biografiebSi~ werda: `iberni ricxviT al-
banelebs ar Camouvardebodnen. guladobiTac sxvebze
ufro mamacni iyvnen da Zalian undodaT miTridatesTvis
eamebinaT da pompeusi ukueqciaT: iberni arc midielebis
151
morCilebaSi yofilan, arc sparsebs eqvemdebarebodnen
da Tavis droze makedonelTa mbrZaneblobac aicdines
Tavidan imis wyalobiT, rom aleqsandre friad swrafad
gabrunda hirikaniidan, magram pompeusma iberebic daama-
rcxa did brZolaSi ise, rom cxra aTasi kaci mokles,
xolo aTi aTasze meti romaelebs CauvardaT tyved~ (pl-
utarqe, rCeuli biografiebi, 1975, gv. 330).
plutarqes mier naxsenebi iberebTan gamarTuli `didi
brZola~, namdvilad didi unda yofiliyo, radganac mxe-
darmTavar pompeusisaTvis, romelmac manamde ori tri-
umfi moawyo romSi afrikisa da evropis dalaSqvrisaTvis,
Cveulebrivi omis `did brZolad~ saxeldeba didebis mo-
mtani ar iqneboda.
iberebis damarcxeba sasaxelo iyo pompeusisaTvis,
romaelTa mier `didad~ saxeldebulisaTvis, radganac,
rogorc plutarqe ambobs, manamde iberebis damorCileba
verc midielebma da verc sparselebma SeZles da aleqsan-
dre makedonelic hirkaniidan ukan gabrunebula.
Tu ras niSavda midielTa, sparselTa da makedonelTa
saxelmwifoTa morCilebisagan Tavis arideba, kargad Cans
danielis winaswarmetyvelebidan. babilonSi ebraelTa ty-
veobis dros mefe nabuqodonosoris sizmris axsnisas
danielma Tqva, rom mraval xalxze gabatonebuli babil-
onis samefos Semdeg msoflioSi warmoiSoboda sami udidesi
imperia: sparsTa `mere gamefdes, romeli euflos yovel-
sa qveyanasa (mefoba makedonelTa, berZenTa), mefoba meoTxe
(romaelTa) iyos Zlieri rogorc rkina~.
152
damarcxeba iberielebisa, romlebmac Tavidan aiciles
midiel-sparselTa da berZenTa xelqveS yofna, sasaxelo
iyo romaelTa sardlisaTvis.
romaelTa somxeTSi gamarjvebis Semdeg iberiis mefes
eWvi gasCenia, vaiTu pompeusi saqarTvelosac moadges da
daipyroso, da TviTonac saswrafo saomar mzadebas Ses-
dgomia, pompeusisTvis ki despanebi gaugzavnia _ mego-
brobis dasamyareblad. pompeusi ar Semcdara da, rogorc
iTqva, saswrafod iberiaSi SeWrila. iberebs verc sazR-
varTan dadgoma mouswriaT da verc Casafreba, omis samza-
disSi myofi mefe armazSi imyofeboda.
saqarTvelos dedaqalaqis saxeli berZen-romaeli mw-
erlebisaTvis I saukunidanve cnobilia, mas `armaz cixe-
sac~ uwodebdnen, mcxeTis Sida cixe-akropolisis sasax-
leSi Seutyvia artags, rom pompeuss misi samyofelidan
mxolod kedlebiRa hyofda. mefem, romelsac ucxoelebi
artoks uwodebdnen, ver moaxerxa cixis dacva da saCqar-
od miatova igi. armazSi panika Seqmnila, garnizoni dab-
neula, brZolaSi damarcxebula da danebebia pompeuss,
mdinaris meore mxares gadasul mefes ki romaelTa laSqari
dadevnebia. mterma moaswro mtkvris mTeli marjvena san-
apiros dapyroba. miuxedavad imisa, rom romaelebi mt-
kvris meore napirzec gadavidnen da qarTuli laSqaric
ramdenime SebrZolebis Semdeg ZiriTadad daamarcxes,
mefis Sepyroba ver moaxerxes.
qarTlis mefesa da pompeuss Soris molaparakeba gam-
arTula, mSvidobis sanacvlod pompeusi mefes mZevlebs
153
sTxovda _ sefewulebs. mefe yoymanobda, amasobaSi zafx-
ulmac moatana da mdinare pelori dapataravda, amiT
isargebla pompeusma da erT adgilas, sadac foni iyo,
gaRma gadavida. maSin ki artag mefem ikadra da Tavisi
Svilebi mZevlebad gamoimeta. amis Semdeg iberiis mefem
da romaelebis sardalma xelSekruleba dadves~.
pompeusma samxreT-dasavleT saqarTveloSi _ kolx-
eTSic ilaSqra, Semdeg kvlav ajanyebul albanelebs Seu-
tia da TiTqmis miadga kaspiis zRvas.
pompeuss iberiisa da albaneTis dalaSqvris Semdeg
gadauwyvetia samyaros mopirdapire mxarec daelaSqra.
amis Semdeg is samyaros oTxive kuTxis mpyrobelad Cai-
Tvleboda, iqamde mis mier dalaSqruli iyo evropa da
afrika. `pompeuss metad mgznebare wadili da miswrafeba
hqonda siria aeRo da arabeTze gavliT mewamul zRvamde
misuliyo, raTa gamarjvebuls mieRwia okeanemde, sam-
yaros rom yovelmxriv gars evleba. marTlac, igi gama-
rjvebuli pirveli gavida libiaSi gare zRvis napirebam-
de, mere espaneTSi atlantis okeaneTi SemosazRvra ro-
maelTa sabrZanebeli da mesamejer sul axlaxan, al-
banelebis devnis dros, cota daaklda, Torem hirkaniis
zRvasac miadgeboda, amgvarad pompeusma gadawyvita
laSqrobaTa wre mewamuli zRviT Seekra da mxedroba
aqeTken daZra~ (plutarqe, iqve, gv. 333).
swored siriaSi omis dros pompeusTan mivida iude-
velTa deputacia da mefobis maZiebeli Zmebis saxeliT
iTxova davis gadaWraSi daxmareba.
154
aleqsandre makedonelis Semdeg, rac imperia oTxad
gaiyves misma mxedarTmTavrebma, iudea xelT igdo ptole-
meelTa dinastiis damaarsebelma, egviptis mefe ptoleme
lagem (Zv.w.aR-is 320-283), igive soterma. amis Semdeg 120
wlis manZilze iudea ptolemeTa dinastiis xelqveS iyo.
egvipturi xelisufleba iudeaSi selevkidTa siriul-
ma dinastiam Secvala. mefe antioqe III lmobierad epyro-
boda ebraelebs, xolo misi taxtis memkvidre selevk IV
filipatori (qristeSobamde 187-175) piriqiT, man ebrael-
Ta taZrebis gaZarcva moiwadina, antioqe IV-m (175-163
wlebi) ki ebraelebs sinagogaSi siaruli, locva aukrZa-
la. moiTxova Tayvani ecaT zevsisaTvis da mxolod berZnu-
li eniT elaparakaT. daiwyo represiebi, misi brZanebiT
dawves wmida wignebi, daangries taZrebi, urCebi sikvdiliT
dasajes, sastikad awamebdnen da CvilebTan erTad klavd-
nen ebrael morwmune dedebsac ki. am dros ebraelebs
moevlinaT saxalxo gmiri oTxmoci wlis maTaTia (xas-
monelTa STamomavali) Tavisi xuTi vaJiT. xalxi say-
ovelTaod ajanyda da gahyva maTaTias (Zv.w.aR-is 167).
misi gardacvalebis Semdeg ajanyebas saTaveSi Caudga
iuda, romelsac makabi (uro) Searqves. man marTlac gaaT-
avisufla Tavisi qveyana, aRadgina taZari. misi sikvdil-
is Semdeg saxelmwifos meTaurobda ionaTan makabeli,
Semdeg ki misi umcrosi Zma simoni (Zv.w.aR-is 143-135). mis
dros iudea damoukidebel saxelmwifod aRiares da si-
mons uwodes nasi _ Tavadi. dadginda qveyanaSi umaRlesi
sasuliero wodeba mRvdelmTavrisa (qurumis) memkvidre-
obiT gadasuliyo makabelTa gvarSi.
155
romma cno iudeis damoukidebloba da masTan mego-
bruli urTierTobac daamyara. simonis vaJis ioan hirka-
nis dros iudeam didebisa da Zlierebis umaRles dones
miaRwia. daimorCila samarielebi, gaanadgura maTi mTa-
vari taZari gerizimis mTaze, daimorCila idumelebi,
miaRebina maT iudevelTa sarwmunoeba. misi sikvdilis
Semdeg daeca Zliereba iudevelTa saxelmwifosi, aristo-
bulis uzneo qmedebebma saTave daudo sisxlian omebs tax-
tisaTvis. misi sikvdilis Semdeg saxelmwifos saTaveSi
Caudga meore vaJi aleqsandre ianai (Zv.w.aR-is 103-76) _
ufro uzneo mmarTveli. taxtisTvis ZmaTa Soris oms or-
mocdaaTi aTasi iudeveli Seewira. qmris sikvdilis Semdeg
dedofalma salomem erT vaJs _ hirkan II-s uzenaesi qu-
rums xarisxi mianiWa, xolo meore vaJi aristobul II Camo-
aSora saxelmwifos saqmeebs. dedis sikvdilis Semdeg Zma-
Ta Soris omi daiwyo. orives surda taxtis daWera. aristo-
bulma Tavi mefed gamoacxada. ZmaTa Soris omi wlebis
manZilze grZeldeboda. bolos, qristeSobamde 63 wels,
Zmebma daxmarebisaTvis pompeuss mimarTes, romelic,
rogorc iTqva, iberiaSi gamarjvebis Semdeg samxreTisken
gaemgzavra. pompeusi imJamad sirias ebrZoda. romaeli
mxedarTmTavari Zmebs dahpirda, rom siriaSi gamarjvebis
Semdeg iudeasac ewveoda da maT saqmeebs gaarCevda.
ori aTasi welia, axali da Zveli aRTqmis istorikose-
bi siamovnebiT uTmoben adgils TavianT SromebSi pompeu-
sis laSqrobas iudeaSi, magram isic unda iTqvas, rom
berZen-romaeli istorikosebisaTvis es TiTqmis SeumCn-
eveli iyo.
156
plutarqe, romelic aRwers iberiaSi pompeusis
laSqrobas, iudeaSi mxedarmTavris Sesvlas gakvriT ixs-
eniebs. es uTuod imiT iyo gamowveuli, rom iberia im
droisaTvis Zveladve arsebul saxelmwifos warmoadgen-
da, xolo iudeis saxelmwifoebrioba romaelTa mier sul
ramdenime wlis win iyo aRiarebuli. egviptelTa da sir-
ielTa, anu ptolemeTa da selevkidTa saxelmwifoebis
uRelqveS moqceulma iudeam romaelTa Tvalwin aRidgi-
na saxelmwifoebrioba, romelic romaelTa mierve iqna
saukunod dasamarebuli.
ratom miiwvies taxtisaTvis moqiSpe ebraelebma pompeu-
si TavianTi saqmis gadasaWrelad? TiTqos am kiTxvas pa-
suxobs plutarqe _ `pompeusis Zlierebis xma sakmaod
Soris iyo gavardnili, magram amaze nakleb rodi quxda
xma mis samarTlianobaze da keTilmowyalebaze~ (iqve, gv.
334). samarTlianma da keTilmowyale pompeusma daudo
safuZveli Zlivs aRorZinebul iudevelTa saxelmwifos
ngrevas.
samTviani Zneli alyis Semdeg gaWirvebiT Sevida ro-
maeli mxedarTmTavari ierusalimSi gabzaruli kedlidan.
omi gagrZelda taZris SemogarenSi. brZolebisas mRvdlebi
uwyvetliv agrZelebdnen RvTismsaxurebas sakurTxevlis
win, iqamde, sanam ukanaskneli maTgani maxviliT gangmir-
uli ar daeca.
aseTi mZime brZolebis miuxedavad, plutarqe mxolod
oriode sityviT gadmogvcems pompeusis iudeaSi Sesvlas,
siriis romis provinciad gamocxadebis Semdego, _ wers is
157
_ mxedarTmTavarma `iudea daipyro da mefe aristobule
daatyveva~ (plutarqe, rCeuli biografiebi, 1975, gv. 334).
Tuki ierusalimis kedlebTan xangrZlivi omi plutarqes
aRweris Rirsad ar CauTvlia, unda vifiqroT, rom iberi-
aSi pompeusis laSqroba ufro mniSvnelovnad da sasax-
elod miaCnda.
pompeuss ierusalimis aRebis Semdeg gadauwyvetia
msoflioSi saxelganTqmuli taZris daTvaliereba da
wmidaTa wmidaSi Sesvlac ki, sadac mxolod mRvdelmTa-
vars SeeZlo Sesvla, isic weliwadSi erTxel, romaelebi
iq cnobismoyvareobam Seiyvana. mTel qveyanaze sxvadasx-
va xmebi dadioda wmidaTa wmidas Sesaxeb. warmarTebis
erTi nawilis mtkicebiT, iq sasikvdilod ganwiruli kaci
hyavdaT gamomwyvdeuli, sxvebi amtkicebdnen, rom iq Tavis
gamosaxuleba inaxeboda. magram ra inaxeboda iq sinamd-
vileSi? romaelebi raRac arabunebrivs elodnen, magram
rogori iyo maTi gaoceba, roca bisonis mZime fardis
gadawevis Semdeg iq sicariele ixiles. wmidaTa wmidaSi
araferi ar iyo, maT sakurTxevlis win mxolod Svidtota
Sandali ixiles, anTebuli sanTlebiT. gaoceblebma SiSiT
datoves taZari, `magram romaelebi kidev ufro gaocde-
bodnen, Tu gaigebdnen, rom isini pirispir Sexvdnen re-
ligias, akvans axali sarwmunoebisa, romelic male daipy-
robda aRmosavleTsac, dasavleTsac, TeTrmarmarovan
eladasa da maT mSobliur romsac~ (ix. a. bogoliubov,
sin CeloveCeski, gv. 12-16).
miTridate pontoelis damarcxebisa da sikvdilis Sem-
deg gamarjvebuli pompeusi romisken gaemgzavra. mas
158
brwyinvale Sexvedra mouwyes da yovelmxriv aleqsandre
makedonels amsgavsebdnen.
`zeimis dros win mohqondaT dafebi im qveynebisa da
xalxebis saxelTa aRniSvniT, romelnic pompeusma daama-
rcxa da romlebzedac gamarjvebis triumfs ixdida. es
iyo: ponto, somxeTi, kapadokia, paflagonia, midia, kolx-
eTi, iberia, albaneTi, siria, kilikia, mesopotamia, fini-
kiisa da palestinis tomebi, iudea, arabeTi...~ (plutar-
qe, gv. 340). triumfSi midiodnen sxvaTa gverdiT iude-
velTa mefe aristobule da iberieli sefewulebi. plu-
tarqes cnobiT, pompeuss iberTa mefisagan miRebuli hqon-
da oqros sawoli, taxti da magida, safiqrebelia, rom am
nivTebma triumfs brwyinvaleba SesZines.
Cveni epoqis arqeologebma, romlebmac mcxeTis mi-
damoebSi samefo saxlisaTvis saWiro mravali zRapruli
sidiadis nivTi aRmoaCines, aRtaceba ver dafares sawo-
lis naSTis aRmoCenisas _ `yvelaze did STabeWdilebas
tovebso, _ wers istorikosi _ sareclis CuqurTmovan
fexTa vercxlis oTxi erTnairi garesakravi _ kaklis xisgan
gamoTlili mrgvali qandakeba erTmaneTze gadabmuli
arwiv-spilos stilizebuli gamosaxulebebiT, arwivis
Tavis qandakebebiT vercxlis sqeli firfitebiT
garSemoWedili~ (saq. ist. narkv. I, gv. 704). plutarqes
cnobiT, rogorc aRiniSna, pompeusisTvis mirTmeuli sa-
woli, magida da taxti vercxlis ki ara, oqrosi yofila.
iberia pompeusis epoqaSi oqromravali, elinuri ge-
movnebiT ayvavebuli qveyana iyo, rogorc amas arqeolo-
gia adasturebs.
159
triumfis dros forumze pompeuss miTridate pontoe-
lis damarcxebisadmi miZRvnili sityva warmouTqvams.
swored miTridates dasamarcxeblad moawyo man aziaSi
didi laSqroba. pontos samefos romi TiTqmis naxevari
saukunis manZilze ebrZoda. ponto ZvelTaganve qarTve-
li tomebis sacxovrisi yofila da iq samefo Seqmnila
`_qarTveli (megrul-Wanuri) da misi monaTesave tomebis
miwa-wyalze~ (saqarTvelos istoria, I, 1958, gv. 58).
ara Tu ponto, misi samxreTiT momijnave kapadokiac
qarTveli tomebiT yofila dasaxlebuli. ponto da kapa-
dokia politikurad zogjer erTmaneTs faravda.
ZvelqarTuli tomi tabalebi (Tubalebi) _ swored Sem-
degdroindel kabadokiaSi saxlobdnen (iv.javax. qarT. eris
ist. I, gv. 404).
ioseb flaviosi, rogorc iTqva, tabalebs _ iberTa
winaprebad, xolo mesxebs kabadokielebad miiCnevda. IV
saukuneSic kabadokia mesxebis sacxovrisi yofila, ar-
qiepiskoposi evstate (+360) _ qarTvelTa winaprebis Sesaxeb
wers: `obelma _ Tobelebi, axlandeli iberebi; osoxma _
mesxebi, axlandeli kabadokielebi~ warmoSveso (ix. g.
gozaliSvili, miTridate pontoeli, gv. 161).
gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa CvenTvis winaswarmetyvel
isaias ganmarteba IV saukunis kvirieli episkoposisa Te-
odotes mier, is ambobs, rom isaia `...mosoxebSi _ kaba-
dokielebs, TobelebSi ki _ iberielebs gulisxmobdao~
(iqve, gv. 162).
pontos qarTvelTa sacxovrisad asaxelebda V sauku-
neSic rufinusi.
160
IV saukunis eklesiis sami didi mama _ grigol nazian-
zeli, basili didi da grigol noseli, Cveulebriv cno-
bilni arian sami didi kabadokielis saxeliT. Cveni isto-
riuli matiane, rogorc es vaxtang gorgaslis cxovre-
bidan Cans, grigol nazianzels miiCnevda saqarTvelos
sakaTalikosos daarsebis sulier meTaurad. swored mis
saflavze misul vaxtang mefes eCvena suli grigolisa da
misi saflavis eklesiis mRvdeli pirveli qarTveli kaTa-
likosi gaxda. kabadokielni iyvnen CvenTvis erovnul
wmindanebad qceulni _ wmida giorgi, qarTvelTa gan-
manaTlebeli wmida nino, Cvens eklesiaSi istoriulad
didad miRebuli basili didi episkoposi, misi Zma _ episko-
posi grigol noseli, misi debi _ wmindanebi: emilia, mak-
rina da Teozevia. 1877 wels daibeWda d. CubinaSvilis
naSromi miZRvnili kabadokiis mosaxleobisa da qarTve-
li xalxis naTesaobis Sesaxeb. mkiTxvelisaTvis es mtki-
ceba gasagebi iyo, radganac istoriulad kabadokieli
moRvaweni mSobliurad iyvnen miCneulni qarTvelTaTvis.
e.xinTibiZem, Tavisi kvlevis Sedegad daaskvna, rom `ba-
sili kesarieli erovnebiT iyo qarTveli, mcire aziis
teritoriaze mcxovrebi qarTveluri tomebis erT-erTi
StoTaganis warmomadgeneli, romlebmac adre iwames qris-
tianuli aRmsarebloba, dauaxlovdnen mcire aziis kul-
turul centrebs da eziarnen berZnul kulturasa da
ganaTlebas~ (g. gozaliSvili, ori etiudi, 1965, gv. 105).
kirion episkoposi werda _ `kapadokielebs, didi Rvaw-
li miuZRviT qristianobis gavrcelebis saqmeSi. ostguTeb-
161
Si qristianoba danerges, rogorc amas basili amtkicebs,
kapadokielma tyveebma, vestguTebSi (IV s.) gaavrcela da
ganamtkica qristianoba episkoposma ulfilam, tyve kapa-
dokielTa STamomavalma. sugdelebis ganmanaTlebeli...
kapadokielia~ (episkoposi kirioni, kulturuli roli
iveriisa ruseTis istoriaSi, 1900, gv. 9), kapadokieli
iyo wmida nino.
pontos samyarodan iyo miTridate, mis vaJsac qarTu-
li saxeli _ `maxare~ erqva, misi samefos dedaqalaqi,
romelsac Semdgom kesaria daerqva _ pompeusis inicia-
tiviT xelaxla gaSenda, miTridates omebis Semdeg es
qalaqi qristianobis udides kerad iqca.
dasruleba gmirulisa da dawyeba
sulieri epoqisa
gaqristianebis Semdgom, rogorc mosalodneli iyo,
Seicvala da Seivso zneoba yoveli qarTvelisa. axalma
erovnulma sarwmunoebam gardaqmna erovnuli TvalTaxed-
va, Seicvala warmodgenebi, wes-Cveulebani da midrekile-
bani. miT ufro, rom qarTveloba qristes erTguli iyo
ara asi da orasi wlis, aramed ori aTasi wlis manZilze
da aseTad rCeba amJamadac.
warmarTobis dros qarTvelTa xasiaTi, qcevebi da
Cveulebani sxvagvari yofila, ufro heroikuli da gmir-
uli _ am sityvebis swored imdroindeli, Zveleburi gage-
biT.
162
`gmirebs~ qarTvelTa winaprebi TavianT mama-papebs da
maT mSoblebs uwodebdnen, romelTac warmoSobiT noes
Zes iafets ukavSirebdnen, iafetis Zmiswuli TarSi mama
yofila Targamosisa. qarTvelTa winaprebi Targamosis
STamomavlebi iyvnen, swored Targamoss uwodebdnen
`gmirs~. is babilonis godolis daqcevis Semdeg wamosu-
la SuamdinareTidan da damkvidrebula kaspiisa da Savi
zRvis Sua, araratisa da kavkasiis mTebs Soris. mas rva
Svili hyolia _ `gmirni Zlierni da saxelovanni~. es am-
bavi momxdara qristeSobamde ramdenime aTasi wliT adre.
Targamosis ZeTagan pirveli, Tanaxmad matianisa,
`umetes gmiri iyo yovelTasa, rameTu egeviTari arasodes
yofiliyo arca wylis-rRvnis winaT da arca Semdgomad
taniTa, ZaliTa simxniTa~ (q.c. I, gv. 4). masSi unda ig-
ulisxmebodes Zveli urartuelni _ xuritebi, romelTa
qveyanasac `xurlas udnes~ uwodebdnen, xolo Targamo-
sis sxva Zeebis saxelebSi JRers qarTvelTa da kavkasiel
tomTa saxelebi (zogi maTgani mTavrdeba berZnuli bo-
losarTiT _ `os~, romelic, Cans, Semdeg daurTes). ese-
nia: `qarTlos, bardos, movakan, lek, heros, kavkas, egros~.
rva gmiri, ganudga cnobil, saxelovan, dedamiwaze
pirvel gmirs _ nebroTs, romlis Sesaxebac dabadebaSi
naTqvamia _ `quSma Sva nebroTi, aman daiwyo Zalis gamoCena
qveyanaze. Zlieri monadire iyo igi uflis winaSe, amit-
omac Tqmula, nebroTiviT bumberazi ariso uflis winaSe,
misi samefos rCeuli qalaqebi iyo babiloni, ereqi, aqa-
di, da qalne, Sinayaris qveyanaSi. am qveynidan gamovida
163
aSuri da aaSena nineve, rexoboT-qalaqi, qalaxi~ (dab. 10.
8-11).
TargamosianTa gandgomis gagebisTanave nebroTi Tavis
ZalebiT gaemarTa kavkasiisaken.
aq nebroTs `Wurvils rkiniTa da rvaliTa terfidan
vidre Txemamde~ ver uSvela javSanma, Semogebebuli rva
gmirTagan uZlieresma `styorcna isari da hkra mkerdsa
nebroTisasa, ficarsa zeda rvalisas. da ganvlo zur-
giT~ (q.c. I, gv. 7).
mamaTa gmirul sulsa da sagmiro saqmeebs kargad aR-
wers `qarTlis cxovreba~.
aseve aRweren Cveni mematianeebi gmirTa STamomaval
qarTvel mefeTa garegnobasa da xasiaTs: _ `taniTa sru-
li, Svenieri, Zlieri, mxne da qveli~. ai, rogor ebrZvis
ucxo SemoWril toms mefe mirvani _ `waruZRva wina qveiT-
Ta, zurgiT Semoadginna mxedarni da movida karTa maT
Sina, viTarca jiqi sificxiTa, viTarca vefxi simxniTa,
viTarca lomi zaxiliTa. iqmna maT Soris brZola Zlieri,
xolo mirvans ver hkveTda maxvili durZukTa, viTarca
kldesa sipsa da dga uZravad, viTarca koSki mtkice da
gagrZelda maT Soris brZola da moswyda orgniTve uricx-
vi, xolo iZlivnes durZukni da ivltodes. miudges ukan
qarTvelni, mosres da tyve qmnes da Sevida mirvan dur-
ZukeTs... da Seabna karni qviTkiriTa da uwoda saxelad
darubal da dajda mirvan mcxeTasa mefobda nebierad da
uSiSad. iyo kaci mimniWebeli keTilisa uxvad da Seiy-
vares igi yovelTa mkvidrTa qarTlisaTa~ (q.c. gv. 28).
164
aderki, romlis saqarTveloSi mefobis drosac beTlems
uriastanisasa iSva Cveni macxovari ieso qriste, ase ebrZo-
da metoqes taxtisaTvis _ `aRizaxnes orTave xmiTa sas-
tikiTa da mietevnes urTierTas da iwyes orTave gvemad
orolisa da vera hkveTes saWurvelsa erTmaneTisasa da
brZolisa sigrZesa Sina ganutyda orolebi. aRmoiRes Cu-
glugebi da iwyes brZolad CuglugebiTa odes uxeTqian
Cuglugi igi saWurvelsa zeda maTsa, hgvandis xma igi
xmasa mas uros mWedlisasa, romeli ecemis grdemlsa da
xma zaxilisa maTisa msgavs iyo quxilisa. maSin ver sZles
urTierTas, daSvres da ukuagdes imier da amier. SeRamda
dRe igi da ganisvenes orTave da dileul kvalad gamov-
ides aiRes mSvildebi da iwyes rbevad da svrad erTmane-
Tisa, hkra aderki mkerdsa arSakisasa da veRara ufara
simagreman saWurvelisaman. ganvarda zurgiT da Camovar-
da arSak cxenisgan~ (q.c. I, gv. 34).
ase xedavdnen sagmiro saqmeebs qristianobamdeli
qarTvelebi. qristianobis miRebis Semdeg ki maTi Sexed-
uleba Seicvala. sulieri gamarjveba da ara xorcieli,
ai, ra miiCneva axla gmirobad.
warmarTi gmiri amirani iqamde uZleveli da daumarcx-
ebeli, xalxuri TqmulebiT, marcxdeba qristes mier. gmiria
amiranis mama. dedac warmarTul RvTaebad iTvleba. Zmo-
bilebi badri da usupi _ Zlieri gmirebi, zeSTabune-
brivi Tvisebebis mqoneni arian. `usups beWeb-Sua mzis
msgavsi niSani aqvs da badrs mTvaris msgavsi~. amiranic
`RvTaebrivi~ TvisebebiTaa dajildoebuli; oqros kbili
165
da sacrisodena Tvalebi aqvs. xasiaTiT ki `Savsa Rrubelsa
saavdrod gamzadebulsa~ hgavs. ukvdavi arsebaa _ sikvdili
kidec rom indomos, ar SeuZlia. amirans Ronec gmiruli
aqvs. siCqare gaqanebuli xisa aqvs, simarde zvavisa, Rone
Tormet uRela xar-kameCisa, miwas umZims misi tareba,
devebs advilad xocavs, mzis mylapvel da cecxlis
mfrqvevel gveleSaps amarcxebs. ZaRlic araCveulebrivi
hyavs _ orbis lekvi, frTosani, `mas beWebze orbis frTe-
bi aqvs~
amirani itacebs qals yamars. ivane javaxiSvilis mier
elamitur `RvTaeba~ lagamarad anu afroditad miCneuls
(qarT. eris ist. I, gv. 194, 1979), am qals ded-mama caSi
hyoloda. mama amindis Semcvleli da wvimis momyvania,
roca amirani Seeba, mis muzarads cecxlis naperwklebi
scvioda. misi sulis SeberviT ki amirani `Coqze daeca~.
mamis jaris adgilidan daZvrisas _ ca moiRrubla, wamow-
inwkla, Semdeg ki kokispiruli wvima wamovida. Rrubeli
jaris Crdilia. amiranis masTan brZola mogvagonebs Tar-
gamosianebisa da nebroTianebis SebrZolebas _
_ `iqmna maT Soris brZola sastiki _
romeli emsgavsa sastikebasa haerisasa,
rameTu mtveri ferxisa maTisa _
viTarca Rrubeli sqeli,
xma pirisa maTisa _
viTarca xma quxilisa
simZlavre isrisa maTisa _
viTarca texa mexisa
166
tyorcna qvisa maTisa _
viTarca setyva xSiri
da daTxeva sisxlisa maTisa
viTarca wvimisa Rvari~
amirani araCveulebrivi gmiria Zvel qarTvelTa war-
modgeniT. imdenad araCveulebrivi, rom gabeda da TviT
RmerTs SeebrZola. xalxuri fantaziiT da sarwmunoe-
briv-simboluri ganxatebiT, amirani Tavis naTlias _ ieso
qristes gaukadnierda da RmerTi `saWidaod~ gamoiwvia,
rom gamoecada, vin ufro Ronieri iyo~ (am saxiT war-
marTuli qarTuli Teologia ejibreba axals, qris-
tianuls). avsulebTan da devebTan uZleveli, TavisTa-
vad keTilSobili da kacTmoyvare gmiri, RvTis mimarT
gaamayebuli, daisaja. xalxuri TqmulebiT, ieso qristem
is miajaWva kavkasionis mwvervalze.
unda CavTvaloT, rom RmerTTan mebrZoli amiranis
damarcxeba aris simboluri saxe gmirul-warmarTuli
epoqis dasrulebisa da dawyeba axali sulieri epoqisa,
qristianobisa, anu sulis zeimisa xorcze. daTrgunva xor-
cis da ayvaveba sulis _ ai, ra moeTxoveba axali sarwmu-
noebis mimdevrebs. qristes mier amiranis mijaWva sim-
boluri saxea aseve imisa, rom erovnuli TvalTaxedva
Seicvala, axla warsuli sxvagvarad analizdeba, momava-
li sxvagvarad ganiWvriteba. gmiroba axla sulierebaa,
sulieri epoqis erT-erTi mTavari sakiTxia rkveva imisa,
Tu ra aris sicocxle, cxovreba, ra aris sikvdili, Sei-
Zleba Tu ara sikvdilis damarcxeba, sicocxlis gamara-
167
diuleba. samagaliToa erTi ambavi: warmarT ufliswuls
_ iodasafs _ umalaven, rom arsebobs avadmyofoba, si-
bere, sikvdili, magram is axerxebs gamovides mis irgvliv
xelovnurad Seqmnil iluziur samyoflidan da pirispir
Sexvdes cxovrebas. Tavis sicocxleSi pirvelad naxavs
avadmyofs, mixrwnil moxucs. ikiTxavs mis Sesaxeb ra moe-
lis am kacso?~ _ upasuxes _ sikvdilio. `da rai ars
sikvdili~? kiTxulobs gaocebiT. `ganqardebis saxsene-
beli amisi qveyniT~. iodasafi roca Seityobs, rom igive
sikvdili elis yovel adamians da TviT masac, SeZrwunde-
ba, auduRdeba guli. urva-tiriliT kiTxulobs, aris Tu
ara sadme qveyana, sadac adamianebi ar kvdebian. ufliswu-
lis usasoobiT Sewuxebuli aRmzrdelebi tiriliTve
pasuxoben _ `ar aris casa qveSe egeviTari qveyana, hoi
Zeo mefisao, romelTa Sina ganeren kacni salmobaTagan
da sikvdilisagan~ (Zveli qarT. literaturis qrestoma-
Tia, t. I, 1946, gv. 280).
yovel adamians, mdidars Tu Raribs, gmirs Tu jabans,
erTnairi bolo aqvs _ sikvdili, gaqroba. amis gagebiT
SeZrwunebul da damwuxrebul ufliswuls avtori
adarebs Tvalauxelel brmas, yrus, utyvs, uZlursa da
naklulevans. Tumca ki, garegnulad brwyinvales, xor-
cielad mSveniers, axalgazrdasa da jansaRs. mis
`gankurnebas~ inebebs udabnodan mosuli qristiani, gar-
egnulad Raribi, Rataki da xorcielad uZluri. misi
Semxedvare ufliswuli cdilobs udabnoSi mcxovrebi
qristiani moRvaweebis daxmarebas. Txovs waiRos `safase~
168
_ fuli, raTa is Seewios Tavis udabnoel Zmebs. meudab-
noe miugebs _ `viTar miscem safasesa moyvasTa CemTa,
rameTu ukanaskneli maTi umdidres ars Sensa?~
_ da rogor aris Sens ZmaTagan uglaxakesi Cemze mdi-
dari, maSin, roca TviTonve ambob, rom arafris mqoneni
xarT?
_ imas mogaxsenebT, rom TqvenSi mdidari kidev zrunavs
Tavis qonebis gazrdisaTvis, amis gamo mudam SfoTavs,
xan iqiT ecema, xan aqeT, raTa kidev ufro meti Sekribos,
xolo Cemi Zmebi arafrisaTvis ar zrunaven _ arc saWmli-
saTvis, arc SesamoselisaTvis, radgan mdelos balaxisa-
gan zomierad ikvebebian da mis gamo adideben RmerTs.
maT datovebuli aqvT qveyniuri simdidre da soflis
amaoebani, ixareben da iSveben suliT, rameTu moelian
caTa sasufevels.
iodasafi Seityobs, rom arsebobs suli da arsebobs
ukvdaveba sulisa. mas aexileba Tvali, dainaxavs, Tu sad
da rogor eZebos ukvdaveba da moipovos igi. amis Semdeg
eubneba Tavis mamas mefes _ `dainaxe umjobesi da Seitye,
rom mokvdavi xar da Sens yovel amqveyniur didebas sxvas
dautoveb, radganac yvela kvdeba da maTi sacxovrebeli,
monagebi sxvebisa xdeba, `xolo Semdgomad JamTa aRdgo-
mad varT da miegebis kacad-kacadsa saqmeTa maTTaebr~
(iqve, gv. 296).
erTxel ixilavs CvenebiT samoTxis didebulebasa da
simSvenieres, angelozebi mis Sesaxeb auwyeben `es aris
wmidaTa gansasvenebeli~. ixilavs aseve jojoxeTis
169
saSinelebas da satanjvels da mis Sesaxeb Seityobs, rom
is aris `misagebeli codvilTa~. swored jojoxeTis
saSinelebiT SeZrwunebuli iTmens da mis sacduneblad
miyvanili qalis siyvaruls ar pasuxobs, ufro meti, an-
Tebs sanTels, cecxlis als uSvers TiTs, xorci ewvis, is
ki ambobs _ `Tu am mcire cecxls ver gavuZleb, jojox-
eTis saukunovan dauSretel cecxls rogorRa gavuZleb,
Tu am qalTan codvas ar gaveridebi?~.
daTrgunva xorcisa, galaReba sulisa _ saukuno sic-
ocxlis misaRebad _ ai, axali sarwmunoebrivi ideali.
swored esaa axla gmiroba.
aRniSnul Temas exmaureba `moTxroba abekuraisi~,
romlis gmiri (ukve ara Zveli, aramed axali mniSvnelo-
biT) aris `yviTel piriTa, mZafriTa marxviTa, SromiTa
da mRviZarebiTa~, romelic dedoflis xorciel siyvaruls
uaryofs, da nacvlad miiRebs satanjvels, is ambobs: _
`gvemaY Cemi _ gansvenebaa sulisa CemisaY, satanjveli Cemi
_ saSvebeli sulisa CemisaY~ (p. ingoroyva, dasax. naS. gv.
281). is iTmens Tavisi sulis ukvdavebisaTvis, sulis ga-
darCenisaTvis. esaa axali gmiroba.
qarTuli sazogadoebisaTvis, romelsac qristianobis
miRebamde aseuli wlebis manZilze gmirobis sxvagvari
ideali hqonda, misi tradiciebiTa da memkvidreobiT, ar
unda yofiliyo advili axlis miReba da gaTaviseba. xde-
boda maTi urTierTSerwyma.
Zvelgmirul heroikulisa da axali sulieris Serwy-
mis kargi magaliTia wmida mefe vaxtangis cxovrebis mo-
170
mentebi. is amarcxebs bumberaz goliaT bayaTars, rom-
lis mSvildis sigrZe Tormeti mtkavelia, isari ki eqvsi
mtkaveli. misi mokvlis Semdeg is ambobs _ `ara ZaliTa
CemiTa vZlie, aramed dambadeblisa CemisaTa, rameTu Zali
qristesi _ CemTana da jvari misi patiosani saWurvel
Cemda~.
msgavsi suliskveTeba _ mxneoba RvTis SewevniT _ sauku-
neTa manZilze gasdevda qarTvelobas, grigol bakuri-
anis Ze werda: `qarTvelni varT naTesaviT mxneni da
mxedrobiT aRzrdilni~ _ da amave dros _ misive sityviT
_ `umankoni da gul-martivni~ (petriwonis qarTuli mo-
nastris tipikoni, a. SaniZe, t. IX, gv. 103). imdenad, rom
`Cveni naTesavis umankoebisa da gul-martivobis~ gamo
TviT deda RvTismSobeli eSveleba qarTvelebs Sesaf-
eris momentSi. magaliTad, qarTvelebs garekvas upirebdnen
_ saberZneTis erTi monastridan, amis gamo deda RvTisa
brZanebs, vinc qarTuli eniT metyvel adamianebs ar Sei-
wynarebs _ Cemi mtrebi ariano: `anu ara uwyia, viTarmed
mravalni damkuidrebad arian mTasa amas maTisa enis
metyvelni da cxovnebad arian da romelni maT ara Seiw-
ynareben, mter Cemda arian~ (cxovreba ilarion qarTvelisa,
qrestomaTia, 1946, gv. 172).
erTi saukunis Semdeg, kvlav deda RvTisa gamoecxada
ucxoeTSi mcxovreb momakvdav patara eqvTime mTawmind-
els, moxeda mis sneulebas da uTxra _ `aRsdeg, nu geSi-
nin da qarTulad xsnilad ubnobdi!~ (iqve, gv. 183). da
amis Semdeg qarTuli sityva, misgan viTarc wyarod amo-
171
dioda `uwmindes yovelTa qarTvelTasa~, gaamdidra wign-
Tagan didad naklovani qarTlis qveyana sulieri saun-
jiT.
asureli mamebi, grigol xanZTeli, ilarion qarTveli,
ioane, eqvTime da giorgi mTawmidelebi da mravali sxva
sulieri moRvaweni iqcnen qarTvelTa zneobriobis mas-
wavleblebad, maT daiWires is adgili, romelic adre
qarTvelTa cnobierebaSi `gmirebs~ eWiraT.
172
sarCevi
samyaros Seqmna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
babilonis godolis dacema, enaTa
da tomTa warmoqmna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
msoflio enaTa ojaxebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
protoqarTveluri enis matarebeli
eTnosis gansaxleba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
aRTqma RmerTisa erTan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Tubali da mosoqi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
iberi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
alali da arami (urartu da armenia) . . . . . . . . . . 76
farnavazi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
qarTuli saRvTismsaxuro anbanis fuZisdeba . . . . . 105
axali aRTqma uflisa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
armazi, ahuramazda, molodini mesiisa . . . . . . . . . 133
pompeusis laSqroba israelsa da iberiaSi . . . . . . 150
dasruleba gmirulisa da dawyeba
sulieri epoqisa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161