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Diagrid Structures is available for pre-order on Amazon! Due for release January 20, 2014
WHATISADIAGRID? Theworddiagridisablendingofthewordsdiagonalandgridandreferstoastructuralsystemthatissingle thicknessinnatureandgainsitsstructuralintegritythroughtheuseoftriangulation.Diagridsystemscanbe planar,crystallineortakeonmultiplecurvatures.Diagridstructuresoftenusecrystallineformsorcurvatureto increasetheirstiffness.Thisdifferentiatesadiagridfromanyofthethreedimensionaltriangulatedsystemssuchas spaceframes,spacetrussesorgeodesicstructures,althoughitwillbeshownthatsomeofthedevelopmentsof diagridstructureshavebeenderivedfromthedetailsofthese3Dsystems.Thediagridstructuralsystemsthatwill beexploredinthisbookwillfocusontheuseofdiagridsystemsinthesupportofbuildings,predominantly examiningtheperimetersystemsthathavecometobeassociatedwithmidrisetotallbuildings.Theseperimeter diagridsnormallycarrythelateralandgravityloadsofthebuildingandareusedtosupporttheedgeconditionsof thefloors. Diagridtypesystemsarealsobeingusedasroofstocreatelargecolumnfreeclearspans.Thesetypesof (predominantlysteel)systemshavebeenderivedfromlamellastructures.Wherelamellastructuresmaybemade fromavarietyofmaterials,theypredominantlyusewood.Themajorityoflamellastructuresuseadiamondgrid andtendnottotriangulate.Thestructuralideasbehindthewoodlamellacontributedtotheevolutionofthesteel latticegrid.Latticegridsareseeingincreaseduseasastructuralsupportsystemtoenabletheglazingoflarge courtyardsandenclosedspaces.Latticegridsaredesignedtospanrelativelylargedistanceswithoutcolumnsand theytypicallydonotsupportfloorloads.Thesteeldetailingofthelatticegridsystemissignificantlydifferentfrom thatoftheperimeterstructuraldiagridforlargerbuildings.Thistypeofstructurewasaddressedinmyprevious bookUnderstandingSteelDesign:AnArchitecturalDesignManualintheChapter12:SteelandGlazingSystems. Thedesignandtechnicalexplorationofdiagridstructuresaddressedinthisbookwillbuildontheintroductory materialaddressedinUnderstandingSteelDesign:AnArchitecturalDesignManualinChapter9:Advanced FramingSystems:Diagrids. THEINTENTIONSOFTHISBOOK Althoughdiagridshavetheirformativerootsinengineering,thisbookisdesignedtoexploreawiderangeof questionssurroundingtheircontemporaryuseinservicetoarchitecture.Thisisnotabookwithcalculationsandit isnotintendedtoreplacetheverynecessarycollaborativediscussionsthatmusttakeplaceamongstthearchitect, engineerandsteelfabricator.Thetextwillreferenceissuesofscaleandnottheabsolutesizeofmembers.Scaleis averyimportantfactorwhenlookingattherelationshipbetweentherelativesizeandexposureofthesteel structurestothespacesthattheycreateanddefine.Thiswouldapplytotheultimateimpactofdiagridstructures oninteriorspacesaswellasurbanenvironments.Diagridbuildingstendtobepurposefullyselectedtofunctionas uniqueoriconicprojects,andthediagridhasbeenemployedtomakethebuildingstandoutratherthanblendinto thesurroundingurbanfabric. FROMSHUKHOVTOFOSTER Theoriginsofthediagridstructuraltypologylayatthecrossroadsofengineeringandarchitecture.Engineering firstastheinitialexplorationsbyShukhovwereintendedtoprovideastructuralsystemthatservedacivicworks functionthatwasnotnecessarilyarchitectureinthepurestsenseoftheword.Theinitialdetailsandmember choiceswerefairlyutilitarianandsimple.ItisveryimportantthatNormanFosterhasreferencedtheworkof Shukhovasaninspirationforhisdiagridexplorations.ThisaffirmstheuseofShukhovstowersasaprecedentfor buildingssuchasSwissRe(30St.MaryAxe)andtheHearstMagazineTower.Italsoallowsustoexaminethe changesthatweremadetothemethodofdetailingandconstructionasthehyperbolicparaboloidform transitionedfromahollowtowertoonethatneededtosupportfloorloadsandwasclad.Thisisatremendous changeintheroleofthestructureandtheimplicationsonthedesign,detailingandconstructionprocesses undertakenbyFosterandARUPinSwissReweresignificant.ThedecisionstakeninthedesignofSwissReandthe HearstMagazineTowercontinuetoinformallvariationsofthediagridtothisdate.
DIAGRIDSTRUCTURES:SYSTEMS,CONNECTIONS,DETAILS TerriMeyerBoake TABLEOFCONTENTS PREFACE 1. ACOLLABORATIVEPROCESS FROMSHUKHOVTOFOSTER THEINTENTIONSOFTHISBOOK THEIMPORTANCEOFCOLLABORATION THEROLEOFBIM WHYCHOOSEADIAGRID? DIAGRIDDECISIONS,STEPBYSTEP 2. EARLYEVOLUTIONOFDIAGRIDFRAMINGSYSTEMS BIRTHOFTHEDIAGRIDINRUSSIANCONSTRUCTIVISM THEIMPACTOFTHEMODERNMOVEMENT GEODESICDOMESANDSPACEFRAMES THEEMERGENCEOFTHEDIAGONALIZEDCORETYPOLOGY THEAPPEARANCEOFTHEDIAGRIDSUPPORTEDOFFICEBUILDING THEFORMATIONOFTHECONTEMPORARYDIAGRID ATIMEOFSTRUCTURALCHOICE:DiagonalizedCores,OutriggersandMegaColumns 3. THEDEVELOPMENTOFTHECONTEMPORARYDIAGRID THECONCEPTANDDEFINITIONOFADIAGRID EXPLORINGTHEPOSSIBILITIESOFDIAGRIDSYSTEMS STRUCTURALBENEFITS THEFIRSTCONTEMPORARYDIAGRIDBUILDINGS o PROJECTPROFILE:LONDONCITYHALL|FOSTER+PARTNERS,ARUP o PROJECTPROFILE:SWISSRE|FOSTER+PARTNERS,ARUP o PROJECTPROFILE:HEARSTTOWER|FOSTER+PARTNERS,WSPCANTORSEINUK TIMELINESHOWINGTHEPROJECTSINTHISBOOK 4. TECHNICALREQUIREMENTS DESIGNINGFORPERFORMANCE WINDTESTING SEISMICDESIGN FIREPROTECTIONSYSTEMS o OccupantSafety o SprayAppliedSystems o ConcreteFilledTubes o IntumescentCoatings
5.
MODULESANDMODULARITY ISSUESOFSCALEANDSHAPE GOVERNINGSTRUCTURALPERFORMANCECRITERIA MODULESELECTIONCRITERIA OPTIMIZINGTHEMODULEFORSTRUCTURALPERFORMANCEOFTALLBUILDINGS BRACINGOFTHEDIAGONALMEMBERS MODULESANDCORNERCONDITIONS IMPACTOFTHEMODULEONTHENODE IMPACTOFTHEMODULEONTHEFAADE APPLICATIONSOFMODULES o SmallModules:2to4Storeys o MidSizeModules:6to8Storeys o LargeModues:10+Storeys o IrregularModules NODEANDMEMBERDESIGN WHATISANODE? MATERIALCHOICES THEBASISFORNODEDESIGN:SWISSREANDHEARST THEIMPACTOFEXPOSUREONDESIGNANDDETAILING o ConcealedSystems o ArchitecturallyExposedSystems NODEADAPTATIONSFORCONCEALEDSYSTEMS NODEADAPTATIONSFORARCHITECTURALLYEXPOSEDSYSTEMS COREDESIGN MATERIALTRENDSINTALLBUILDINGDESIGN THEIMPACTOF9/11ONCOREDESIGN THEPURPOSEOFACOREINADIAGRIDBUILDING STEELFRAMEDCORES o CenteredSteelCores o OffsetSteelCores o SteelCoresOutsideoftheBuilding o SteelCoresforHybridDiagridBuildings REINFORCEDCONCRETECORES o CenteredConcreteCores o ConcreteCoresforNarrowPlans o ConcreteCoresforHighlyEccentricLoading o ConcreteCoresforSupertallBuildings CONSTRUCTABILITY SAFETYISSUES ARCHITECTURALLYEXPOSEDVERSUSCONCEALEDSTEEL ECONOMYTHROUGHPREFABRICATIONANDREPETITION IMPACTOFNODEANDMODULECHOICESONERECTION TRANSPORTATIONISSUES STAGINGAREAANDSITERELATEDISSUES MAINTAININGSTABILITYDURINGERECTION
6. 7.
8.
9. 10.
CONTEMPORARYPROJECTS TALLBUILDINGS o THELEADENHALLBUILDING,LONDON,ENGLAND ROGERSSTIRKHARBOURANDPARTNERSW/ARUP o CAPITALGATE,ABUDHABI,UAE RMJMARCHITECTS o GUANGZHOUINTERNATIONALFINANCECENTER,GUANGZHOU,CHINA WILKINSONEYREARCHITECTSW/ARUP o ARCELORMITTALORBITTOWER,LONDON,ENGLAND ANISHKAPOOR,CECILBALMONDW/ARUP o DOHATOWER,DOHA,QATAR ATELIERSJEANNOUVEL UNCONSTRUCTEDVISONARYPROJECTS o LOTTESUPERTOWER,SEOUL,KOREA SOM o CITICTOWER,BEIJING,CHINA TFPARCHITECTS
DIAGRIDTIMELINE Atimelinetolookattheseriesofprojectsthatwillbeaddressedinthisbookinthecontextofthedevelopmentof thediagrid,fromtheearlyworkofVladimirShukov,throughthediagonalizedcoretypology,tothepresent.Thisis bynomeansacompletelistofallofthediagridbuildingsconstructedtodate.Thesamplingisglobalandintended toprovideathoroughoverviewofthedevelopmentofthesystem. Building Name Completion Building Height Diagrid Type Team Date m/ft No. of Floors Thumbnail Shukov Towers Designer: Vladimir Shukhov (various) Russia
1963
13 floors
concealed diagrid
Architect: Curtis and Davis Architects Engineer: Leslie E. Robertson Associates RLLP
1969
1990
367m/1,205ft/ 72 floors
diagonalized Architect: I.M. Pei core Engineer: Leslie E. Robertson Associates RLLP
2003
10 floors
2004
180m/590ft/ 40 floors
Architect: Foster + Partners Structural engineering: Arup Wind surveyor: Rowan Williams Davies & Irwin Inc. Facade consultant: Emmer Pfenninger Partner AG Contractor: Skanska UK Steel supplier: Hollandia BV and Victor Buyck Steel Construction NV Facade supplier: Schmidlin (UK) Ltd.
2006
182m/597ft/ 46 floors
concealed diagrid
2005
11 floors
2006
6 floors
concealed diagrid
2008
600m/1,969ft/
2008
37 floors
2008
195m/640ft/ 51 floors
diagrid
Architect: CICO Consulting Architects and Engineers, SAIT Engineers: Stroh and Ernst AG
2010
AESS diagrid
2010
106m/347ft/ 24 floors
2011
110m/361ft/ 25 floors
concealed diagrid
2011
165m/540ft/ 36 floors
AESS diagrid
2011
2012
145m/476ft/ 29 floors
honeycomb
2012
238m/781ft/ 46 floors
AESS diagrid
Architect: Ateliers Jean Nouvel Engineer: Terrell Group, China Construction Design International Architect: Anish Kapoor, Cecil Balmond Engineer: ARUP
2012
diamond diagrid
237m/779ft/ 57 floors
AESS diagrid
2012
234m/768ft/ 54 floors
concealed diagrid
2012
11 floors
concealed diagrid
2013
concealed diagrid
2013
2013
5 floors
AESS diagrid
224m/735ft/ 50 floors
AESS diagrid
2016
Preface
1. Introduction
INTRODUCTION
Diagrids or diagonal grids are a structural design strategy for constructing large buildings with steel. They create triangular structures with diagonal support beams. Diagrids require less structural steel than a conventional steel frame: Hearst Tower in New York City, designed by Sir Norman Foster, reportedly used 21% less steel than a standard design. The Diagrid also obviates the need for large corner columns and provides a better distribution of load in the case of a compromised building. Diagonalized grid structures have emerged as one of the most innovative and adaptable approaches to structuring buildings in this millennium. The use of diagrids as a formal structural language in buildings started in the early 2000s, examples being Swiss Re, London GLA and Hearst Tower, all from the offices of Foster + Partners with ARUP. Today, variations of the diagrid system have evolved to the point of making its use non exclusive to the tall building. Diagrid construction is also to be found in a range of innovative mid-rise steel projects. As a structural type their use is becoming more widespread, although information about how to best detail and take advantage of the system is lacking or generalized. The selection a diagrid system is often based on architectural choice rather than structural directive,however there are several functional and economic advantages that underlie the system: - increased stability due to triangulation - diagrids combine the gravity and lateral load bearing systems, thereby providing more efficiency - provision of alternate load paths in the event of a structural failure - reduced use of structural materials which translates into carbon or environmental savings - reduced weight of the superstructure translates into reduced load on the foundations - ability to provide structural support for a myriad of shapes (this has been a reason for the choice of cast concrete for many years as steel tended to be very orthographic) From the perspective of the project, there are aspects that can be very positive: - the need for a team approach given the complexity of the design and visual impact of the structure on the building design - a high level of cooperation between the architect and engineer - a higher freedom of expression possible given the innate stability of the frame - requirements of expertise and specialization from both architects and engineers
Aldar HQ, UAE - only disk like diagrid building in the world
KK100, Shenzhen
3. The Module
THE MODULE
This chapter will examine the relationship between the size of the module, height of the building and efficiency and form. This will build upon current optimization research that is based on numerical studies but include a comparative study of the many projects that will be included in this book to look at how the module influences and responds to: - structural efficiency - height/width and proportion of the building - choice of fenestration pattern and window size - floor to floor heights - geometry of the building - eccentric loading - AESS versus concealed steel structures
5. Core Design
CORE DESIGN
This chapter will examine the reasons for choosing steel or concrete for the core based on considerations of: - constructablity - erection sequencing - local practices or preferences - fire protection and disaster mitigation issues - structural stability - dimensional characteristics of the building design - impact of and resistance to eccentric loading Included will be some discussion regarding a change in core design to reflect terrorism. Regions that might historically have used all steel buildings have more recently changed to composite steel and concrete cores as an anti-terrorism measure.
9. Exterior Diagrids
EXTERIOR DIAGRIDS
This chapter will examine the choice to place the diagrid on the exterior of the thermal envelope. This has been done to support a double facade system or in climates that are temperate and where thermal bridging is not of concern. Double Faade - structural benefits of an external diagrid over a rectilinear system - impact on glazing and ventilation - constructability Exterior Diagrid Structure - why place on the exterior? - weathering issues - potential structural concerns - potential thermal concerns
ARCHITECTURAL APPLICATIONS
This chapter of the book will be the largest chapter and look to compare different classifications or applications of diagrid structures. This will be different than the reference to the projects in Chapters 2 to 9 where the method of diagrid design was explored. The following classifications will be used as a method of sorting the projects: - Tall and Supertall versus mid-rise applications - Curved geometries - Crystalline geometries - Eccentric loading vs. normalized loading - Hybrid diagrid buildings This section will work towards creating a series of more detailed project profiles of each of the subject buildings, including the following documentation: - Detailed close-up shots of exterior and interior - Photo or drawing of the nodes - Structural axonometric of the building (preferably a Tekla/BIM model) - Construction images (if available) - Descriptions of the way the diagrid system has been incorporated into the design. The level to which the project profiles can be consistently developed will be a function of the ability to source additional materials from the architects, engineers and fabricators. It is the intention of the Project Profiles to use as much ready made material that would have formed a part of the design and construction process. It is not my intention to commission new drawings.