2) Second Question : a < 0 , b < 0 then the principal value is arg (z)= positive.

is an obtuse angle &

(3) a < 0, b < 0 then the principal value is argz =

is an obtuse angle & negative (4) fourth Question : a > 0, b < 0 then the principal value is arg (z) is an acute angle & negative Dumb Question:- Find the modulus & amplitude of (a) - 4, 3i (b) 4, 3i (c) + 4, 0 (d) 4e , Ans: At first sight it looks like be imaginary so to make modulus positive we write , but modulus can't be negative & also can't
-3

Now comparing with

we get

ILLVATRATION - 2. What does arg (z) =

arg(z) = shoues that Z is in first Quadrant & join of Zwith origin makes an angle of axis. Hence of Z is an open ray as shown in figure CONJUGHTE OF A COMPLEX NUMBER

with positive direction of x

The complex number of z=a+ib & are called complex conjugate of each other. The complex conjugate is obtained by changing the sign of imaginary part.

In polar from complex conjvgates are having same modulus & modulus of angle is same but the Angles differ in sing, PROPERTIES OF CONJUGATE

(1)

Why ? (ii) Why ? z is purely real (both sided equality)

ie purely real (iii) Why ? if z = ki then (iv) Why ? Let z1 - a1 + ib2 = - ki Hence z = is purely imaginary

then

&

clearly (1) = (2) (v) (vi)

Why ? Let

(vii) (viii) Why ? Let

PROPERTIES OF MODULUS (i) & if (iff) z = 0

Why? |2| = r = distance of any point from orgin & distance can't be negative. (ii)

Why ? Re(z) = r cos So, (iii)

Im(z) = r sin which is true.

(most important & frequently used property)

Why ? (iv)

(v) (vi) (viii) When point z is joined kto origin O then the vector can be used to represent complex

number z. We know that in a triangle sum of two sides is always greater thann third side. By using this concept the above property will be proved.

In figure 1:

Dumb Question:- What happens when Ans:- By same way we can also prove that

combining both (1) & (2)we can write

In figure2:

BY (3) & (4)

(viii) Why ? Look at figure 1 of last property

we can writ because sum of two sides of triangle is greater than third side. Modulus is always +ve. hence we can write.

Then

&

Hence Dumb Question:- How can you kget eqn(7)from eqn(5)& 6 ?

Ans: suppose

Hence 10 > 4 & nalso 10 > -4 If 10 > 4 it is obviously reater than - 4 but when we can use eqn. (7) to make sure that we compare + ve quantitics. (ix)

Why? Let then L.H.S.

R.H.S. Dumb Question: Why ?

Ans:- We know that

why ? By one of the previous properties

using this

Dumb Question: Why

we know that

here PROPERTIES OF ARGUMENT (i) Arg

Why ? Let

then L.H.S>

R.H.S.

s (ii) Arg

(iii) Arg Let

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Topic Page Links Complex Numbers Complex Numbers Complex Numbers Why? Complex Numbers Complex Numbers Complex Numbers Complex Numbers R.H.S. L.H.S.

Chemistry

(iv)

Arg

Why

Let

o o
Physical Chemistry

o o
Inorganic Chemistry

o o
Organic Chemistry (v)

Mathematics Why ? Let

o o
Algebra

o o
Trigonometry

o o
Analytical Geometry

o o
Differential Calculus

(vi) Why

is

purely

real ?

o o
Integral Calculus

o o
Vectors

If

o o
Statistics

i.e.

purely

real.


Physics (vii Why ) is purely imaginary ?

o o
Mechanics

o o
Optics If = Hence Modern Physics ILLUATRATION Show Electromagnetism [conj(arg(i)) + i arg(conj(i))] + [conj(arg(-i)) + i arg(conj(-i))] = 0 purely ri imaginary either & ri or -ri -ri 3. that

o o
Thermal Physics

o o o o

All Topics

o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o

Chemical Bonding Kinematics of a Rigid bo .. ATOMIC STRUCTURE AIEEE 2009 Solutions and .. Disha - Path to Success .. dasda Electricity and Effect o .. Heat & Using Thermodynamics Properties of Matter Centre of Mass Bionomial Theoram Carboxylic Acid Atomic Structure IIT-JEE Chemistry by M.K .. General Principles of Ex .. Chemical Bonding Aldehydes and ketones Quadratic Equations Progression And Series DE Parabola

above

four

results

we

get

theorem states that

MOIVRE'S for any , we

THEOREM have

The

Why

Let

L.H.S.

then

&

we

know

taht

R,H.S. Illustration :-

Hence

Suppose

So,now

find

the

value

of

s Ans:-

Now

suppose

some

(Using

De

Movire's

Theorem)

Now

again

using

De

Moviec's

theorem.

CUBE Cube roots

ROOTS of

OF unity

UNITY. means

Lrt

one

of

cube

root

of

unity

,then.

Solution

of

this

cubic

equation

will

give

us

three

cube

roots

of

unity.

Let

us

call

Now,

Therefore ss Dumb

3 cube Question:-

roots Why

of there

unity are

are 3

1,

w, solutions

w. ?

Ans:- By theory of equation we know that a mnth orider equation will have n solution. Here n is PROPERTIES 1. 1 OF + 3 CUBE w ROOT + OF w =
2

solution UKNITY. 0

Why? By theory of equation we know that for any nth order equation, sum of roots

Here Why

for ?: Again

x by

1 the

= theory

0 of

, Equation

Sum product

of

roots

For So Hence
th

x product w =
3

1 of roots 1.

= 1, Now

0 w,

we w = if
3 n 2

have 1.w.w = w =
n 3n 3 2

1 = 1.

Now if n the Taking nth power on both sides we get (w ) = 1 gives w 3.

Why

By

one

of

the

properties

we

know

that

Hence

w.

So

Hence

We Dumb

also know Question :

that How

w = can

1 you

& say

taht

Hence |w|

Ans : We know that w is cube root of unity . Hence we

Taking modulus on both side get

If value

is

cube

root

of

unity

then

find

the

Ans:

(i)

(ii)

(iii)

By 1 + w

(1).(2)& w = -

(3) 1

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1

HE n ROOTS OF UNITY (1) The term is called nth root of unity

th

Let x =

be all possible nth roots of kunity

so

is the equation whose solutions are n nth roots of unity.

2) The nth roots of unity form a G.P. & their sum is Why:- For k = o x = 1

For k = 1

For k = 2

For k = 3

For k = n -1

Sum

(3) The nth roots of unity can be represented on a unit circle . The points represented by n nth roots form a n sided polygon (regular) having centre at the origin. Having on vecter on positive

(4) From the above figure we can say that in the n nth roots of unity, both members of complex conjugate pair are the roots. The product of the n nth roots is.

product of roots =

product = -1 if n is even , 1 if n is odd Dumb Question:- How can we say that in n nth roots of unity both mamber of complex conjugate pair are the roots. Ans:- Well the polygon that is drawn in point (3) is a regular polygon and it starts with the real axis . Now the two roots of the either side of real axis are poaced similarily because the angle they make with the real axis is same and both lie on unit axis so, such pairs are conjugatre of each other. Oone can go taking such pairs which well be conjugate of each other. Illustration:-

If

are n nth roots of unity. Find the value

of Ans:- We know the equation whose roots are n nth roots of un

Replacing x as 6 we get

Hence Value of ROTATION THEOREM (CONI METHJOD) If z1, z2, z3 the vertices of triangle ABC desxibed in COUNTERCLOCKE sense then.

Why? Let us shift the origin to prove this theorem . Let the origin be at z 1.

By looking at above figure we can say that

Dividing equation (1) by (2) we get

We can also say that Arg Illustration - 6. If z1, z2, z3 are the vertices of equilaleral triangle. then find a relation between Z 1, z2, z3? Ans. Applying rotation theorem taking origin as z2 we get

Again applyin Theorem now taking center a z1

Equating (1) & (2)

(1)Equation of a straight line through z1& z2is given by. where Why ?

Let us apply Rotation theorem

A purely Real Number

solving we get

Here

is purly imaginary . Let i + be ib, be,br />

this can also be writen as

where a = i(z2 - z1) &

(2)Slope of line segment joining any two points is given by Why?

eqn of line is Let z = x + iy & replacing kin this equation

As we have in cartesion cooedinate system here also the slope is 3) Equation of perpendicular Bisector jonining A(z1) & B(z2) is given by Why?

Consider a point c lying on the perpendicular bisctor of A & B then we have AC = AB then we have AC = AB i.e. | z - z1| = | z - z2| Squaring both sides we get |z - z1| = |z - z2|
2

ILLUSTRATION:- Show taht thepoint z 2 is the reflection of line z1 in the line Ans. If z 2is reflection of z 1 throught line . So the midpoint of AB lies on line i.e.

And also PO

AB, therefore, Slope of PQ = - Slope AB

EQUATION OF A CIRCLE The equation of a circle whose centre is z0 has radius r is |z - z0| = r |z - z0| < r represent the interior of circle & |z - z0| > r represent the exterior of circle. Why? Let z be any point on circle & we know that distance between any point & centre is r . So |z - z0| = r , Squaring both sides |z -z0| = r
2 2

where a = - z0 & k = |z0| Represents circle with centre - a & radius EQUATION OF PARABOLA

Equation of parabola whose focus is at z0 & the line

is the directrix is

Why ? By the definition of parabola we know that distance of any point on parabola to directic & focus remains same. So using that Distance betweet directrix & any point z = |z - z0| Distance between directrix & any

point ILLUSTRATION - 8.

Hence by equating we get the required Equation

find the centre & radius of circle given by Ans:- Comparing this with eqn of circle a = - z0 centre of circle = - (1 + i) K = |z0| Hence 1 = 2 - r
2 2 2

we get a =1 + i & k = 1

r = 1, r = 1 is the radius of circle

Equation of elipse whose foci are z1 & z2 is |z - z1| + |z - z2| = 2a where 2a > |z1 - z2| Why From the definition of Elipse we know that the distance of any point on Elipse from two fixed point is constant & is 2a. So we can write the equation as |z - z1| + |z - z2| = 2a EQUATION OF HYPERBOLA Equation of hyperbola having foci at z1 & z2 is given by |z - z1| - |z - z2| = 2a where 2a is +ve real number & 2a < |z1 z2|.

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Complex Numbers

ILLUSTRATION - 9. Find the ecentricity of elipse whose equation is |z - 4| + |z - 12/5| = 10 Ans:Comparing with givem from we get z1 = ae = 4 1st focus z2 = be = 12/5 2nd focus & 2a = 10 => a = 5 => ae = 4 5e = 4 => e = 4/5 Ans. 1. Iota (i) is neither 0 nor greater than 0, nor less. 2. Amp(z) - Amp(-2) depends as amp(z) positive or negative 3. Segment joining points z1 & z2is divided by point z in the ratio m1 : m2 then

where m1 m 2

4. Three point z1, z 2, z3 collinear if 5. AB where A ( z1) & B

0 is the equation of circle with diameter

6. & is aline if k = c + id 7. For evaluation (a + b) we write a + ibc + id = e logea + = ec + id logea + ib 8. If avg ILLUSTRATION - 10. are concyclic.

Show that the centre of the circle whose two diametrically opposite point are z1 & z2 is

Ans. We know taht of a point z divides z1 & in ratio m : n then z = Here m = n = 1 Therefore

Q. 1. Find the value of equation

for while a real volue of x will satisfy the

Ans:-

So,

Equating real & Imaginary parts of equation Removing x from above two equation we get identity & true for every . Q.2. Rind the square root of 15 + 8i. Ans Let the square root of 15 + 8i be a + 1 Then ,which is an

= a + bi squaring both

we get 15 + 8i = a2 - b2 & 8 = 2ab Solving above two equation a = 4, b = Hence square root of 15 + 8i is 4 + i

Q.3. ............ Ans If z = then

Therefore modules of ei Argument of ei =1 =

Q. 4. Find the value of Ans:- We know that

Henc

Therefore Q.5. If z1 & z2 are two complex number, then find the value of k in the equation |z1 + z2|2 = |z1|2 + |z2|2 + ki ? Ans:- We know that, |z1 + z2|2 = |z1|2 + |z2|2 + 2 Re Comparing with the given form we get, |z1|2 + |z2|2 + ki = |z1|2 + |z2|2 + 2 Re => Ki = Real

So k should be purely Imaginary Number. Q. 6. If iz3 + z2 - z + i = 0 . Find modulus of z. Ans:- iz3 + z2 - z + i = 0 iz3 + z2 + i2z + i = 0 z2(iz + 1) + i(iz + 1) = 0 (z2 + i)(iz + 1) = 0 Solution are z =i & z2 = - i Considering z = i Taking modulus on both sides |z| = |i| = 1 Now consider z2 = -i, Take modulus of both sides |z2| = |-i| = 1 |z2| = |z|2 = 1 => |z| = 1 but |z| always

Hence |z| = 1 Q.7. ............... number z satisfying |z - i| = 4 Ans:- We know taht |z1 -|z2| |z1-z2| Here z1 & z2 = i So |z| - |i| |z - i| |z| - 1 |z| - 1 |z| + 1 Hence 3 4 |z| + 1 5 3 5 |z| + |i|

|z1-z2

=> |z| => |z| |z|

Q.8. Find the locus of z Satisfying lthe equation Arg

Ans:- Let z = x + iy yhen Arg = Arg((x - 1) + iy) - Arg ((+ 1) + iy)

= Arg(z - 1) - Arg (z + 1)

Locus is a circle with centre(0, 1)& radius. Q.9. If be roots of equation x5 - 1 Then find the value of

Now we know lthat

In this equation replacing x by - x we get

Now in this equation replacing x by we get

Hence the value is Q. 10. Find the condition so that complex numbers z1 & z2 & origin form an isosceles triangle with vwetical angle Ans:- In this case |z1| = |z2| .

A = |z1| B = |z2| Applying Rotation thesrem to this trianglem takin origin at O we get

Squaring both side & rearecanging we get

z22+ z12 + Q.11. Show that the area of the triangle of the argand digram formed by iz, -z & -z + iz is |z|2 ? Ans:- It is clear from the vector theory that the Right angled triangle can be made through these three comples number. Area of Right angled triangle = X base X height base = |iz| = |z| Height = |i2z| = |-z| = |z|

Area = X |z| X |z| = |z|2 Dumb Question:- Why this D is a right angled ? Ans:- Take any complex no. as z. If you multiply it with i we get iz = zeiz/2 If Hence iz is the complex no. having same modulus as z but amplitude is 90 more than z. Q.1. If w is the nth root of unity & z1 & z2 are any two complex number prove that

Ans:- If 1, w, w , .......w then Now consider

n-1

( n N) are n nth roots of unity

So,

Hence proved

Dumb Question:- If Ans:- If

then how

Take conjugate of both side

Q. 3. Prove that xy(x + y)(x2 + y2 xy) is a factor of g(x, y) = (x + y)n - xn - yn Ans:- (xy)(x +y)(x2 + y2 + xy) can be writen as f(x, y) = (xy)(x + y)(x - wy)(x - w2y) If we can prove taht whenever f(x,y) = 0, g(x,y) = (x + y)n - xn - y n is also 0, then f(x,y) is always a factor of (x + y)n - xn - yn 1. Put x = 0 which is afactor of f(x,y) in g(x,y) we get g(0, y) = (0 + y)n - 0n - yn = yn - y n = 0 i.e. (x - 0) is a factor of g(x,y) 2. Put y = 0 whichis a factor of f(x,y) in g(x,y) g(x, 0) = (x + 0)n - xn - 0n

= xn - xn = 0 i. e. (y - 0) is also a factor of g(x, y) 3. Put (x + y) = 0 which is a factor of f(x, y) in g(x, y) g(x, y)/x + y = 0 = 0n - (- y)n - yn = - (- y)n - yn (becaise n is 0 i.e (x + y) is also a factor of g(x, y) 4. Put x = wy which is afactor of f(x, y) in g(x, y) g(wy, y) = (wy + y)n - (wy)n - yn = yn [- w2n - wn - 1] g(wy, y) = - yn(w2n + w + 1) n is not a multiple of 3, n can be 3n + 1 or 3n in bot the cases w2n + wn + 1 = 0, Hence g(wy, y) = 0 i.e. (x - wy) is also a factor of g(x, y) 5. Put x = w2y which is a factor of f(x, y) in g(x, y) g(w2y, y) = (w2y + y)n - (w2y)n - yn = yn(- w2 - w2n - 1) = - yn(1 + wn + w2n) g(w2y, y) = 0 i.e. (x - w2y ) is also a factor of g(x, y) combing all the above factor which are common to both we can say xy(x + y)(x2 + xy + is a factor of g(x, y) = (x + y)n xn - yn Q.3. Interpret the equation geometrically on the Argand plane :

Ans:-

S0,

Put |z - 1| = x

So x > 8 & x < 4/3 Hence |z - 1| > 8 represents th exterior of a circle with centre (1, 0) & radius 8 & |z - 1| < 4/3 represents the interior of a circle with centre (1, 0) & radius 4/3 : Dumb Question:- Why K < 1/2 when log1/2K > 1 Ans : log1/2K > 1 means. log1/2K > log1/2K > 1/2 And we know that when the base is less than 1 the inequality cahnges. Hence K < 1/2 Q.4. Diwaing f(z) by z - 2i we ge remainder i diwding by z + 2i we get the remainder 2i. Find the remainder upon division of z2 + 4 ? Ans:gives remainder as i means

f(z) = K(z - 2i) + i i.e. f(2i) = i & f(-2i) = 2i

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