Drama Glossary

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A
acoustics: the quality of a room in respect to transmission of sound. act: a major unit or division of a play. action: the movement or development of the plot or story in a play; the sense of forward movement created by the sense of time and/or the physical and psychological motivations of characters. actor: a performer who assumes the role of a character in a play, film, or television show; a female actor may also be called an actress. ad-lib: to improvise lines that are not part of the written script; also refers to the improvised line. aesthetic distance: the physical or psychological separation of the audience from the action of a play, needed to maintain the artistic illusion of the play. aesthetics: branch of philosophy that studies the arts and, especially, the principles of beauty. allegory: a dramatic work in which there is a one-to-one correspondence between the literal meaning and the underlying, or allegorical, meaning of the work. An example is the medieval play Everyman, in which the protagonist Everyman stands for all people. amphitheater: a type of stage with an oval or round structure with no roof and with tiers of seating rising from the center. ancient: theater of ancient and lineage-based cultures, such as Near Eastern, African, European, and Native American, centered on religious ritual, ceremony, and storytelling. antagonist: the opponent or adversary of the hero or main character of a drama; one who opposes and actively competes with another character in a play, most often with the protagonist. antihero: a protagonist who does not have the heroic qualities of the traditional protagonist. Willy Loman in Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller is an example. apron: the area between the front curtain and the edge of the stage.

arena stage: a type of stage without a frame or arch separating the stage from the auditorium, in which the audience surrounds the stage area; see theater-in-the-round. articulation: the clarity or distinction of speech. artistic choices: selections made by theater artists about the situation, action, direction, and design in order to convey meaning. audience: the people who watch the performance; those for whom the performance is intended. audition: a tryout for a part in a drama; also, the act of trying out. auditorium: the part of the theater in which the audience sits; also called the house.

B
backdrop: a flat surface the width of the stage, hung upstage of the acting area, upon which scenery is usually painted. backing: flats or drops behind scenery openings, such as doors and windows of the set, to mask the backstage area. backstage: the area behind or beyond the stage that includes dressing rooms and wings. bard: a person who composed and recited heroic or epic poems; William Shakespeare is referred to as The Bard. blackout: a lighting cue where all stage lights go off simultaneously. borders: short curtains hung at intervals above the acting area to hide lighting and flown scenery from the audience. breath control: proper use of the lungs and diaphragm muscle for maximum capacity and efficiency of breath for speaking. burlesque: a form of low comedy that mocks a broad topic.

C
cabaret: a show produced in a small space with limited seating, such as a restaurant or nightclub. catharsis: the feeling of release felt by the audience at the end of a tragedy; the audience experiences catharsis, or is set free from the emotional hold of the action, after experiencing strong emotions and sharing in the protagonists troubles.

chorus: a group of performers who sing, dance, or recite in unison; in Greek drama, the chorus was the group of performers who sang and danced between episodes, narrated offstage action, and commented on events. classical drama: formally, the drama of ancient Greece and Rome (800 BCE-400 AD); plays of the classical period instruct and perfect humans and present the universal ideal of beauty through logic, order, reason, and moderation. Tragedy was born during this period; the Greek Sophocles is one playwright of the period. climax: the point of greatest intensity in a series or progression of events in a play, often forming the turning point of the plot and leading to some kind of resolution. comedy: a play that treats characters and situations in a humorous way. In Shakespeares time, a comedy was any play with a happy ending that typically told the story of a likable characters rise to fortune. In ancient Greece, comedies dealt almost exclusively with contemporary figures and problems. Low comedy is physical rather than intellectual comedy; high comedy is more sophisticated, emphasizing verbal wit more than physical action. comic relief: a break in the tension of a tragedy provided by a comic character, a comic episode, or even a comic line. commedia dell arte: a type of theater that originated in northern Italy and France and relied on stock characters with which the audience was familiar. cue: the words or action at which an actor is expected to deliver a line or perform another action. Also, a signal from the stage manager to the cast, stage crew, props manager, or lighting technician that a predetermined actionan entrance, sound effect, change in the set or lightingis required.

D
dnouement: the solution, clarification, and/or unraveling of the plot of a play. deus ex machina: literally, god from the machine; refers to the character in classical Greek tragedy who entered the play from the heavens at the end of the drama to resolve or explain the conflict; in modern drama, refers to any arbitrary means of plot resolution. dialogue: spoken conversation used by two or more characters to express thoughts, feelings, and actions. diction: selection and pronunciation of words; clarity of speech. domestic drama: a style of drama characterized by a domestic setting and a protagonist who is a common man. downstage: the area of the stage closest to the audience.

drama: the art of composing, writing, acting, or producing plays; a literary composition intended to portray life or character or enact a story, usually involving conflicts and emotions exhibited through action and dialogue, designed for theatrical performance. duet: in acting, when two people perform on stage.

E
elements of drama: The elements of drama, by which dramatic works can be analyzed and evaluated, can be categorized into three major areas: literary elements, technical elements, and performance elements.

literary elements include story line (plot), character, story organization (beginning, middle, end), plot structures (rising action, turning point, falling action), conflict, suspense, theme, language, style, dialogue, monologue. technical elements include scenery (set), costumes, props, lights, sound, music, makeup. performance elements include acting (e.g., character motivation and analysis, empathy), speaking (breath control, vocal expression and inflection, projection, speaking style, diction), and nonverbal expression (gestures, body alignment, facial expression, character blocking, movement).

empathy: the capacity to relate to the feelings of another. ensemble: the dynamic interaction and harmonious blending of the efforts of the many artists involved in the dramatic activity of theatrical production. epilogue: a summary speech delivered at the end of a play that explains or comments on the action. exposition: the part of a play that introduces the theme, chief characters, and current circumstances. extemporaneous: composed or performed with little or no previous preparation; similar to impromptu.

F
falling action: the series of events following the climax. farce: an extreme form of comedy that depends on quick tempo and flawless timing and is characterized by improbable events and farfetched coincidences; from the French meaning to stuff. flashback: in a nonlinear plot, to go back in time to a previous event;

foil: one who by strong contrast underscores the distinctive characteristics of another and, sometimes, prevents someone or something from being successful. folktale: any story or tale passed on traditionally. foreshadowing: an indication beforehand of something that is about to happen. fourth wall: the invisible wall of a set through which the audience sees the action of the play. Freytags Pyramid: a triangular diagram that shows how a plot or story line progresses.

G
genre: a category of literary or dramatic composition; drama is a literary genre. Drama is further divided into tragedy, comedy, farce, and melodrama, and these genres, in turn, can be subdivided.

I
inflection: change in pitch or loudness of the voice. interpretation: the determination of meaning in a literary work; in responding to dramatic art, the process of identifying the point, ideas, or themes in the play and how the plot relates to the major idea or theme. In a dramatic production, the director, and perhaps others, will decide how to interpret the play for the audience. irony: an implied discrepancy between what is said and what is meant. There are several forms of irony. Verbal irony is when a writer or speaker says one thing and means something else (often the opposite of what is said). When the audience perceives something that a character does not know, that is dramatic irony. Situational irony can be described as a discrepancy between expected results and the actual results.

J
judgement: in responding to dramatic art, the process of evaluating the play and performance. top

K
Kabuki: the popular theater of Japan which developed out of Noh theater in the 17th century. In Kabuki theater, actors use exaggerated and stylized makeup, costumes, gestures, speech, and special effects to portray traditional character roles and story lines. kinesthetic: resulting from the sensation of bodily position, presence, or movement.

L
leitmotiv: in music, a recurring musical theme that accompanies a character or situation; in drama, then, the repetition of a word or phrase or image (from the German meaning leading motive).

M
Medieval drama: Classical drama ended with the fall of Rome, but drama was reborn during the Medieval period (800-1400 AD), growing out of religious ceremony. Medieval drama instructed in Christian faith, appealed to emotions, and stressed the importance of religion. Morality plays, such as Everyman, are an example. melodrama: a style of play, which originated in the 19th century, relying heavily on sensationalism and sentimentality. Melodramas tend to feature action more than motivation, stock characters, and a strict view of morality in which good triumphs over evil. mime: acting without words. mimicry: the practice of mimicking or imitating. modern/contemporary drama: drama from 1900 to the present that breaks with or redefines the conventions of the past, uses experimental techniques, and/or shows the diversity of society and the blending of cultures. monologue: a long speech made by one actor; a monologue may be delivered alone or in the presence of others. mood: the tone or feeling of the play, often engendered by the music, setting, or lighting. morality play: an allegorical drama, such as Everyman, in which vices and virtues are personified in the battle for the protagonists soul. The genre developed in Medieval England. mummers play: an English folk play, performed mostly in rhyme and often with songs or even dances, that depicts the death and resurrection of a folk hero. (A mummer is an actor.) These plays grew up in Medieval times (or even earlier), and many historians believe that this drama is a celebration of the death of the year and its resurrection in the spring. Key characters include a regional hero such as Saint George, a comical quack doctor, adversaries, and a variable number of extras whose main purpose is to ask the audience for money, food, and drink at the end of the performance.

naturalism: a style of drama that developed in the late 19th century as an attempt to represent real life on stage faithfully and without artifice; the actions of characters tend to be dominated by determinism (societal or environmental forces). Neo-Classicism: style in music (1720-1827) that reacted to the excesses of the monarchy and returned to order, reason, and clarity; in theater, satire flowered during this period. Noh: Japanese drama that began as a religious ceremony in the 14th century; plays are highly stylized and depend upon music, lavish costumes, mime, and masks. Traditionally Noh was the theater of the upper classes.

P
pantomime: acting without words. parody: a mocking or satirical imitation of a literary or dramatic work. places: the stage command for actors to take their positions at the opening of an act or scene. playwright: a person who writes a play. problem play: generally refers to a play of ideas that explores contemporary social problems. Examples of problem plays are Ibsens A Dolls House and Millers Death of a Salesman. Several of Shakespeares comedies are termed problem plays because of their confusing tone and ambiguous endings. prologue: a speech which introduces a play. prompt: to give actors their lines as a reminder; the prompter is the one who assists actors in remembering their lines. protagonist: the main character or hero in a play or other literary work.

R
realism: an attempt in theater to represent everyday life and people as they are or appear to be through careful attention to detail in character motivation, costume, setting, and dialogue. Plays from this period (from 1820 to 1920) seek the truth, find beauty in the commonplace, and focus on the conditions of the working class. Henrik Ibsen is an exemplar of the movement; he influenced others such as George Bernard Shaw and Anton Chekov. Renaissance: period from 1400 to 1600 marked by reconciliation of Christian faith and reason, rebirth of the classical ideal, and freedom of thought. Shakespeare wrote during the Renaissance; commedia dell arte appeared in Italy and southern France during this period.

rendering: a drawing or pictorial representation of a designers ideas or concept for a plays set or costumes. resolution: how the problem or conflict in a drama is solved or concluded. reversal: when an action produces the opposite of what is desired or expected. rhetorical devices: language and effects used to impress or persuade the audience. rising action: a series of events following the initial incident and leading up to the dramatic climax. Romanticism: in drama, a 19th-century tendency toward overblown staging, grand passions, and larger-than-life charactersin other words, melodrama. Artists, composers, and writers of the Romantic period (1760-1870) revolted against NeoClassical order/reason; embraced nature, freedom, emotion, and the imagination; and were interested in the exotic, patriotic, primitive, and supernatural.

S
satire: a play in which sarcasm, irony, and ridicule are used to expose or attack folly or pretension in society. scenario: an outline of a hypothesized or projected chain of events or plot for a dramatic or literary work. sensory recall: an acting technique whereby a sight, smell, taste, sound, or feeling is recalled along with its cause and the actors reaction to it. soliloquy: a speech in which an actor, usually alone on stage, speaks the inner thoughts of his/her character aloud. spectacle: the scenery, costumes, and special, or visual, effects in a production. stage business: actions or behaviour of an actor on stage used to give information, enhance character, define focus, or establish importance. stage crew: the personnel who set up and manage the scenery and props for a performance. stage directions: instructions in the script that tell the actors what to do and where to move on stage; may also provide information about the setting. stylization: the shaping of dramatic material, settings, or costumes in a deliberately nonrealistic manner.

tableau: a technique in creative drama in which actors create a frozen picture, as if the action were paused; plural is tableaux. Theatre: the imitation/representation of life, performed for other people; the performance of dramatic literature; drama; the milieu of actors and playwrights; the place that is the setting for dramatic performances. tragedy: in Greek theater, a play depicting man as a victim of destiny. The characteristics of tragedy have evolved over time to include any serious play in which man is a victim of fate, a character flaw, moral weakness, or social pressure. According to Aristotle, the purpose of tragedy is to arouse pity and fear in the audience and purge them at the plays conclusion (catharsis). tragic flaw: the defect in the tragic hero that leads to his or her fall. tragic hero: the central figure in a tragedy; typically, a tragic hero is a person of basically good character who passes from happiness to misery because of a character flaw or error in judgment. turning point: the climax or high point of a story, when events can go either way.

V
vaudeville: a form of stage entertainment that includes a variety of acts; was extremely popular in the early 20th century; the term comes from the Valley of Vire in France, known for its music and entertainment in the 15th century.

W
word play: verbal fencing, punning, or mock bickering. Shakespeares plays are known for their word play.