Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
ASSAYER'S GUIDE;
OR,
PRACTICAL DIRECTIONS
TO ASSAYERS,
WET
PROCESSES,
AND OF
COAL,
&c.
OSCAR
M.
MISSISSIPPI.
EDITION.
PHILADELPHIA:
810
WALNUT
1907-
STREET.
77V
pv
0'
^xCopyright by
Co.,
THE
joyed
"Assayer's
Guide" has
so steadily main-
and reputation it has enmany years, and has met with such
it
success, that
new
numerous
re-
The material
drawn from the
by
Prof.
for this
articles
tion of
Analytische Chemie,"
now
being published
in
in
the apparatus
troduced,
it
and
utensils described
all
and
illustrated in the
"
.
work
practical purposes.
255808
IV
Index, which
ref-
erence.
In
its
hoped
that the
work
will fully
maintain
its
claim to the
favor
it
PHILADELPHIA, December
1,
1892.
little
volume
to the public, I
lit-
am
filling
erature.
lish
lurgy and
who have not made metalkindred sciences objects of their My desire is to offer a book especial study.
its
which fully treats of all the subjects of assaying, and whose price will yet place it within the reach
of all
persons professionally
interested in
this
important branch of knowledge. The more compendious works on chemistry, if they allude to assaying at all, give so sparing and incidental remarks, that they do not throw any light upon it for technical purposes, as indeed it does not fall within their province to do. The immense mineral wealth of the United States, to which the discoveries in California have so largely added, makes this art a very desirable acquirement for every one engaged in any business connected with the metals and it would ap;
pear indispensable to those desirous of deriving the greatest advantage from a residence in that
promising and alluring part of our country. Although these pages principally treat of the processes by heat, I have thought it proper to de-
VI
scribe also
where they
serve as
no
rectify the former, or where others exist; as, for instance, is the case with
employed
For the coins I have selected those and which are therefore generally considered the most serviceable for the
platinum.
at mints,
recommend
at least a
partial study of blowpipe assaying "to those who may wish to make use of the instructions given in
this treatise.
sted,
created, I may say, in Sweden by Cromand established more firmly by Gahn and Berzelius, both his countrymen, and has of late been made by Plattner a method even for quantitatively ascertaining the contents of most min-
was
first
erals.
The requisite blowpipe utensils for the mere detection of the principal components of ores are so few, can so easily be commanded, and may be so
readily carried about one's person, that, at least for the purpose of a prior test, it is very advisable to possess some knowledge of their application,
which can be acquired with great facility. I cannot conclude these brief remarks without
seizing
of acknowledging
the liberality of a distinguished officer at Freiberg in Saxony, Mr. Fritzsche, chief assayer of
I have made frequent use that mining district. of his notes and hints, given me while I had the
CONTENTS.
INTRODUCTION.
PAGE
Definition
object and in what it differs from inorganic analytical chemistry properly so called
of assaying,
'
its
17
Assaying the foundation of theoretical chemistry Antiquity of the art Agricola and his writings What should guide the
;
;
18 19
DESCRIPTION OF THE IMPLEMENTS AND UTENSILS USED IN THE COURSE OP ASSAYS BY HEAT.
muffle furnace and the muffle, illustrated and described
.
The
21
Hessian crucibles, illustrated and described Furnace for tests of iron ores, lead ores, etc.,
-22
illus-
27 30
31
Portable furnaces
The Battersea
nace
;
The
balance, and how weighing is to be effected Scales for weighing larger quantities
Crucibles, cupels or cups,
32
33
described
-------and tongs,
illustrated
-
and
Mr. Fritzsche's recipe for the preparation of cupels Hessian crucibles for the assay of iron ores, illustrated and described
Preparation of charcoal for coating crucibles Pan for cooling buttons of metal
Tongs, illustrated
-
37
38 39
and described
40
41
Mode
Vili
CONTENTS.
......
-
43 44
45 48
51
Monitor furnace, illustrated and described Manner of operating Brown's group of furnaces Management of the ''Monitor"
II.
"
"
52
Re-agents for dry assays Reducing agents Composition of black flux, white flux and gray flux List of the reducing powers of various reducing agents Oxidizing agents Preparation of litharge entirely free from silver
;
54
55
56
57 58
59
-
60
Sulphurizing agents Concentrating fluxes Decomposing and volatilizing fluxes Air-excluding fluxes
;
;
(covering agents)
61
62
III.
nature Preparation of the ore for investigation Object of the addition of lead to the ore Impurity of the lead of commerce
Occurrence of
64
65
Preparation of pure lead Manner of charging the crucible with the ore to be
assayed
------------at
66
67 68
one time
69 70
CONTENTS.
IX
PAGE
Separation of the slag from the metallic button Silberblick, Crucibles used in making the assay (silver gleam) On what the accuracy of the assay chiefly depends ; ;
71
72 73 75
Adage current among German smelters and assayers Treatment of the buttons of pure silver
Unavoidable inaccuracies
in the
shape of losses
IN-
IV.
79
V.
Preparation of the assay Normal and decinormal solutions of common salt Decinormal solution of silver Preparation of the assay solution Flasks illustrated and described
------; ;
81
82 83
88 89
91
Calculation
--------86
-
Gay-Lussac's tables for determining the fineness of silver alloys Table for decimal
salt solution
Table for decinormal silver solution Whittell's method of saving time and insuring greater facility in making Gay-Lussac's assay
94 97
YI.
Lowe's method
VII.
99
Similarity of the properties of silver and gojd, and - 101 their ores as regards the process of cupellation
CONTENTS.
PAGE Preparation and melting of the assays Manner of the amount of in the ascertaining percentage .gold specimen under examination Preparation of per- 102 fectly pure silver - 103 Definition of quartation Treatment of the button of gold and silver alloy - 104 obtained
;
;
-----.
GAMATION.
Manner of
VIII.
amount of
silver
105
On what
mercury
Manner
is founded Purification of Definition of the term dokimastic test ; of making the assay 106
method
....
;
IX.
On what
fornia
;
Its
employment
in Cali-
108
109
X.
The pan
- 111 the result of the of Example calculating assay Separation of the free gold from the sulphides - 114 Preparation of an amalgamated pan Klein Schmidt's method of assaying gold by panning 115
;
;
lt
in
making the
test
Execu-
Another method
Australian method
1 1
XL
Object of these assays Manner of obtaining a correct 117 average sample of the ore to be assayed Manner of pulverizing the sample -118
Scorification assay
-
119
121
Advantage of
this assay
124
CONTENTS.
XI
PAGE
Charge
125
.-
126
127
129
- 1 30 Cupellation of the auriferous lead - 131 Parting the gold from the silver Indications by which to judge whether silver has to be added or not when cupelling the auriferous lead button 132
134
XII.
WET
-
136
137
XIII.
Test for ascertaining the probable amount of silver and copper 138 Erker's table for regulating the requisite quantity of lead 139
-/--;
Manner of preparing
of the assay
Execution
140
XIV.
-.
.
141
- 142 Execution of the assay D'Arcet's table for regulating the amount of lead to be used 143 Mint units of the various countries 145 Table showing the content, weight, etc., of gold coins of various countries 146 Table showing the content, weight, etc., of silver coins of various countries 147
Xll
CONTENTS.
PAGE 148
XV.
Manner of
1
49
XVI.
United States
Execu1
52
Test for ascertaining the amount of the alloy of gold - 154 and platinum - 156 Electrolytic assay of platinum - 157 iridium Separation of platinum from
XVII.
- 158 Preparation of the ore - 159 Black flux and its preparation oxide of Difference of opinion regarding the use of antimony, arsenic or lead Manner of charging the - 160 crucible
;
162
-
Removal of
foreign metals from the button in the button Indications of the presence of lead
163
164
XVIII.
ENGLISH
applicable
....
;
Preparation
-
165 166
.Preparation of white flux Treatment of the button of copper alloy the purity of the copper
Test of
-
167
loss
of copper
168
CONTENTS.
xin
XIX.
Advantage of
WET ASSAY
;
OF COPPER.
PAGB
;
Modified Swedish assay Preparation of the cupriferous substance Precipitation with iron
this assay
17G 175
-172
Characteristics of pure precipitated copper Testing the residue from the solution of the ore for copper 176
177
XX.
described
182
electrolysis,
183
XXI.
the method of assaying lead ores depends 185 Methods of assaying sulphuretted lead ores which - 186 contain few or no foreign sulphides
On what
187
Cover of common
;
salt
-188
]89
Assay in iron
-190 Assay in iron crucibles - 191 . Assays with fluxes - 192 Assay in an iron crucible with black flux Method used in England, Germany, France and - 193 * -' Belgium
'
Proportions of the charge in various countries Assay in a clay crucible with black flux and iron
194
available for ores poor in foreign sulphides, but richer in earths 195
XIV
CONTENTS.
PAGE - 198 assay in clay crucibles of assaying sulphuretted lead ores, which
-
contain many foreign sulphides Calcination assay Assay with sulphuric acid
199
.....
.
200
203
sulphuretted lead ores, ^ 205 which contain many earthy constituents Methods of assaying oxidized lead ores and smelting - 206 products By melting with reducing agents
for
;
Methods of assaying
By
208
XXII.
Preparation of the
-
210
211
XXIII.
WET
213
214
XXIV.
Method
Storer's
216
217
method
OF IRON ORES BY HEAT.
XXV. ASSAY
crucible
mode of charging
the
-
219
Smelting apparatus used in the iron works on the 220 Harz Mountains
iron, according
-
Karsten
223
XXVI.
Ores to which
224
CONTENTS.
XV
PAGE Preparation of the ore Method of ascertaining the 225 peroxide of iron in the ore
;
----;
Method of
ore
-
finding:
-
226
XXVII.
yield of crude iron from the - 221 approximate content of iron Mode of obtaining the assay sample The aim in
ores, as well as the
executing the assay Berthier's process for the earthy matter present -
-----determination
-
228
229
of the
-
230 Quantities of flux required The character of the slag as a test as to whether the - 231 correct proportion of earths has been used
--.'-
Formation of a slag recommended by Percy; Suit- 233 able fluxes for ores or metallurgical products Execution of the dry assay of iron ores Preparation of ba^qued crucibles 235 - 236 Crucibles best adapted for the assay
;
238
239
in
England
Proportions
XXVIII.
Composition of cinnabar Analysis of a specimen of - 243 cinnabar from Japan by Klaproth Distillation of quicksilver 244 - 245 Fluxes used in the assay of quicksilver
Precaution
assay Berthier's
silver
'
as
-
to
the
-
-/
246
preparatory process in
assaying
quick-
248
XVZ
CONTENTS.
...
ORES.
250 252
XXIX.
What
the assay proper consists of; Difficulties caused by the behavior of stannic oxide and metallic tin at an elevated temperature 253
assay
German method of
Mitchell s process cyanide
;
255
potassium
256 258
XXX. ASSAY
OF SULPHURETS IN ORES.
260 Preparation of the charge Volumetric determination of sulphur in ores which contain either sulphur alone, or also sulphates; Weil's method 261
Examination of sulphur in metallic lead Determination of sulphur in pyrites Bodewig's method of determining sulphur
-
...
-
262
263
in pyrites
264
CALORIFIC
FUELS.
266 Despretz's experiments -. 267 . . Berthier's process - 268 Examples of comparison in making the assay Table of analyses of different clays from which the most approved crucibles are made 270 Table showing, in degrees of the Centigrade and Fahrenheit thermometers, the amount of heat 271 necessary to melt various substances
Rumford's process
Table of the troy weights used with gold and silver, and platinum Table of avoirdupois weights used with other metals 272
,
'
Index
...
273
THE
ASSAYER'S GUIDE,
INTRODUCTION
ASSAYING is the science which treats of the
various methods of ascertaining the
amount
but
alloy,
is
For
one of
its
main
objects is to be
In this
it is
con-
The aim
of
to
composing elements of an inorganic compound, and also the exact amount of each,
2
17
18
by a great waste
of
time and
with true chemical precision, it is selfevident that much time and labour would
Dne,)
be unnecessarily
lost, if
it
were devoted
in
to
as
would be
requisite
an analysis.
it is
that
utterly
inadequate
for
purely
scientific ends.
Assaying was the earliest known branch of chemistry, and in fact that one which
afterward,
through
the
medium
of
the
various
investigations
of
alchemy, drew
and thus
The
has so
art of assaying
is
so ancient,
and
it
constantly
and
imperceptibly
re-
INTRODUCTION.
19
eeived
its
new
is
origin
unknown.
was the
Agricola
of Saxony,
who
to col-
the
facts
and write on
this subject.
(G.
Agricola de
Ke
Metallica, libr.
XII.
dis-
Basil, 1546.)
more enlightened periods have vastly enlarged and developed this branch
coveries of
of study.
It
is
compound
stance, in
in large
quantities;
as,
for in-
amalgamation, although,
very advisable, as
it
convenient,
it it
and admixtures
ores.
to be
added
to his peculiar
The
assayer
should
be
guided in
his
20
substances,
the
most scrupulous
cleanliness, order,
and pre-
21
and
Utensils
AMONG
assayer's
the
office,
articles
necessary for
the
first
an
that
of course
is
requires a description
the furnace.
For
most purposes the muffle furnace suffices, and it is the only one used for gold, silver,
we
much
simpler one.
describe
the
3.)
muffle furnace,
(Plate
I. figs. 1, 2,
and
The
character-
istic part,
name, is the muffle, illustrated on the same plate, in figs. 7 and 8. Both
derives
its
front.
in
most of
in
our larger
22
same material
as that used
for the
well-known Hessian
which the drawing was taken in Plate I. measures eight inches across the bottom
from
inches
mouth
to
back
outside,
and
four
down
the back.
The
holes opening
upwards towards the interior measure each an inch and a half lengthways, but their
number of course
size
of
the
muffle,
which
again
should
depend on the quantity of assays expected The back and to be performed at once.
the
mouth
size.
The
muffle furnace
fig. 1,
exhibited from in
fig. 3.
front in
in a lateral section in
2.
scale,
dimensions in English feet, is attached, to facilitate the use of the drawings in building a furnace
though very small, they have been made with much care, and, with
;
for
DESCRIPTION OF IMPLEMENTS.
23
the
little
hle of being
will
employed to that effect. As be seen from the first figure, the line
is
AB
seven feet long, while the external width of the furnace, C D, is two feet nine
inches.
parts, the
The furnace
chimney,
i\
and
3,
(which
need only be 3i
chief
feet
high
if it
enters the
C D,
in
fig. 1,
containing the
that, the grate,
we
in
see
imme-
chimney
a representation
all
immediate
be of this
contact with
kind
common burnt
bricks.)
put in
new
muffle, or
'make other
repairs
when
is
necessary.
In this brickwork
we have two
former
openings,
d and
a.
The
24
mg
upon which
is
to dry
the cupels.
always closed
is
when
the muffle
in use.
is
closed
by a piece of
fig.
sented in
4,
truding on
the
the handle
fig. 5,
which we apply on removing it. To the right and a little below the muffle is a
loose brick,
6,
to be taken out
whenever
it
becomes necessary to remove the fire-proof clay bar, o, which holds the muffle, (vid. fig.
2.)
As
seen in
fig. 3,
shown
one
is
little
back of the
case
In burning charcoal
may
be horizontal,
DESCRIPTION OF IMPLEMENTS.
25
inasmuch
as
it
enables
us to
The
is
on one
side,
with a loose piece of brick and an iron wedge, which can be removed, as already
in
remarked, through
e.
On
and muffle, the parts where they meet, and where the former touch the other bricks,
should be powdered over with bone-ashes, to prevent a possible adhesion from the intense
heat.
p, in
fig. 2, is
left
round
and into which the opening d in figs. 1 and 3 leads. Immediately below C D we have
the door b exhibited in
all
three figures
and
3,
is
just
x, in figs.
2 and
which
same
26
The door/,
fig 1,
an inch and a quarter thick, kept in place by iron rivets, thus protecting the assayer from
the radiating heat of the iron, which would
otherwise
soon
be white-hot.
Below the
2 and
chamber
q, in figs.
The plane
like
bottom of
this is inclined
the
grate
To
intro-
sufficient
quantity of
which enters q
floor
and passing
opens
under the
outside at
of
3
:
the
Z
laboratory
i,
fig.
is
a small piece of
which,
we open
Jc
at
and accordingly as we require a great influx of air or not, for a high or low The little figure annexed to temperature.
pleasure,
fig. 1,
little
It
is
DESCRIPTION OF IMPLEMENTS.
27
exactly as with a
common
iron stove, y
/?
can be
removed, as
may
degrees of ventilation.
This furnace
is
of
it
has been
employed
economy and
can
when not
required to be
movable,
I shall
tests of iron
Those parts
heat should
bricks,
in
be
of
fire-proof
which ought
some distance
of the
The back
28
is
the top
has a
little slant,
merely
for
convenience in
door at
one or several openings, as is represented in the door g, in fig. 1, for It the sake of regulating the ventilation.
this furnace is to be used for iron assays,
H having
in
is
requi-
site,
fig. 3,
cool place,
e.
g.
stronger current of
better ventilation.
and consequently a
Above
vary
is
DESCRIPTION OF IMPLEMENTS.
29
with the cover E, suspended, when open, by a chain, but which is shut when the
furnace
ol iron,
is
in use.
This cover
is
commonly
the
is
width from
For assays of lead and copper it is not necessary to have the chimney very high,
as
is
required
but
feet.
measures
if
there
is
on the same
hearth,
of both
is
chimneys
placing
into one
large
one.
On
twelve have
room
in the
in
it
at once
a piece of firebrick,
drawing,
is first
may
brick
This
employed
the
focus
to
more
in
of heat,
by elevating
30
and
also
to
keep them
The
should be placed below, to keep the grate from choking. If several crucibles are used
at once, they
upart to
On
Inscriptions
which, as I
and
it
proper that, before closing this chapter, I should devote a few lines to the mention of
those, which,
from their being movable, and thus obviating the difficulty and inconof constructing one,
venience
might,
in
many
make
cases,
it
more
difficult
to
perform
good
DESCRIPTION OF IMPLEMENTS.
assays,
31
and impossible
to attend to
many
at
a time.
both muffle
tured,
and
detailed descriptions.
They can
generally
be procured at
all
apparatus.
fireclay
The
Battersea
furnace
is
of
made
in sections
iron
bands.
fire-
from top
to bottom.
The cover
ridged
to lessen the
muffle door
is
may
fur-
when
the
door
is
closed.
After
naces used in the course of the experiments elucidated in the following pages, the reader's
attention
is
32
in the assays of ores.
There ought
to be
two
more common
admixtures, such as pure lead, borax, &c. The other one should be made with great
care,
and only used to weigh off the small buttons of gold and silver procured. Before
weighing the balance must be tested as
to
its
equilibrium.
The substance
to be
weighed
upon the scale pan, but upon suitable smaller pans, watch glasses, etc. hygro;
The
bal-
every time before a weight is put into or removed from the pan. The weights must
not be put in the pan at random, but systemof saving atically, this being the only way The highest probable weight should time.
be added
first,
DESCRIPTION OF IMPLEMENTS.
33
in order
Per-
is,
however,
may
one pan and in the other pan any convenient material as a makeweight, such as tin-foil, shot, granules of
to be
weighed
is
established
The
balance
is
is
substance
sufficient
The sum
of these
good plan to always place the weights in one pan (the right-hand one) and whatever is to be weighed always in
the other.
for
weighing
latitude
deli-
much
may
cate
;
be allowed.
It
We
must now
3
34
but
all
to
be performed a&
I allude
and tongs,
former,
II.
The
4 and
5,
and
4,
should be
made from
accurate descriptions
sels
from being
drawback
to
the assay.
they can
al-
ways
present, glazes
them immediately.
a
cupel used
in the
Fig. 1
represents
operation technically termed cupdlation of a shows it froiu the gold and silver ores
:
The concave
inner
DESCRIPTION OP IMPLEMENTS.
surface
35
should not be
too
shallow, thus
given in
within.
tremity or top.
made
in great part of
bone-ashes, being
among
I give
paration,
It
furnished
me by Mr.
Fritzsche.
ingre-
where they are made by the laboratory servant in wooden moulds, using a rod,
shaped like a
at the top.
pestle,
to
make
the hollow
The mass
consists of 4 parts
ash by
filtration, 1
of bone-ash.
36
Fig.
shows a
flat,
shallow crucible
made
sented in
is
This vessel
as well as
is
fig. 4.
termed in Ger-
man
"
Kupfer
its
that "with"
finished.
the
copper
assay
is
Fig. 4
is
above, used
It
is
made
of the
same material
its
as the former.
The
to
concentrate
all
the
in-
heat round
terior.
5) is
used;
but
No. 4
is
much
DESCRIPTION OF IMPLEMENTS.
37
Some
assay ers
use
an
extra
new.
useless after once having been employed, and before throwing them away it is therefore well first to
feet.
Fig. 5 gives a
cible,
drawing of a Hessian
cru-
which
is
iron ores.
These are imported into the United States, and can be procured in alstore.
Their dimen-
and so contrived
They
are com-
monly triangular above, and round below, as shown in the figure; but sometimes they
are
below,
and
cannot be procured,
may
be sub-
38
atituted,
and in
fact
considered preferable.
The
main bulk of
crucibles,
as will be seen
constantly on
charcoal.
ner.
They
which
man-
red-oak,
iron, is
It
much
oxide of
its
density.
since a coarse
powder
will
never furnish a
consistent mass.
To
this
we
carefully
add
water until
we
always ramming down every new portion introduced, with a pestle or piece When the whole interior is filled of wood.
up,
we
DESCRIPTION OF IMPLEMENTS.
39
(See
an inch at
least,
below and
all
round.
ment, which, though not immediately necessary, will be found extremely useful,
inasmuch as
keep up order and accuracy, great requisites for an able As will be seen from the difassayer.
it
tends
to
ferent views
a and
&, it
consists simply of
piece
of
sheet-iron,
having a wooden
number
the
of which
may
vary according
to be
is
muffle
to side.
This
pan, or whatever
it, is
40
their
and gold (q. v.) The holes should be li inch wide and i inch deep:
Figs.
different
kinds of tongs.
lateral
only shown in a
are
view, since
characteristics
fig.
thus exhibited,
while
is
sketched
from above.
They
in the progress of
first is
shaped like
common
bent
fire-tongs, only
a
downward
like
a poker, thus enabling us to handle the The .second crucibles with great care.
tongs has
circle,
each
may
fig. 1.
exactly
It
is
we
DESCRIPTION OF IMPLEMENTS.
41
strument great caution should be taken not Let me first remark, to upset the cupels.
that on
muffle,
i.
e. first
left.
It
may seem
as
to dwell
lation
am now
describing;
but I
failures
know from
to
experience,
how many
casions
the
uninitiated.
Let us now
fig. 1,
suppose, that
filled
we have
the crucible,
with
tested,
we
lift
it
up high, so
that,
when pushed
it is
into the
mouth of the
its floor,
muffle,
and cannot
it is
knock against
As
soon as
within
it,
and
keeping
it
42
only cause
is
hand
where we intend
it
to
place
it,
should never
it,
not
stands secure.
These
enough one hand.
tongs
should
be
made
'light
conveniently to handle
them with
of some
The handles
are
made
7 good firm wood, though No. 8 is general!} held lower down than the handles, and, I
may
tongs, the
when about
to hurl them.
first,
It
awkward
accidents,
at as
and yet
the
regards
assays,
occurred from
not attending to
The
may be well to supply oneself with a third pair, with straight and rather
feet.
It
pointed ends.
DESCRIPTION OF IMPLEMENTS.
43
For
sifting brass or
a good
size).
For
less
sieves
have about 35
to
50 meshes to the
square inch
and
80.
for
from 70
to
The
100 meshes to the linear inch, with tightly fitting bottom to catch all the sifted material,
and cover
to
is
valuable
will pass
implement.
substances
through the sieves without difficulty, but those with malleable admixtures will leave behind a flattened residue, as, for
example, ores carrying native silver and
copper, silver glance, granules of lead in
and thin matt, sweepings containing In case hard gangue gold and silver, etc. (quartz) is to be sifted, the fine mass which
slag
has passed through the sieve is several times rubbed together with the coarse residue re-
44
sieve,
until everything
The
residue of soft
gangue is weighed and at once assayed by itself, and the fine siftings separately also,
after they
FIG. A.
paper and several times passed through a The entire yield is then calcoarse sieve.
culated by adding the product of both together.
DESCRIPTION OF IMPLEMENTS.
45
for
some time.
The
our
common
illuminating
Fig.
crucible furnace.
a fire-clay
body held together by sheet-iron bands. The heat and flame pass through the body
of the furnace to the chimney.
It
can be
full
it.
of gas
designed
gas-assaying plant.*
Its
duty
is
to
scorification
and cupellation.
The furnace
at the left
is
ores
It is
the same as
shown
in
fig.
A.
4(5
FIG. B.
The
is to
DESCRIPTION OF IMPLEMENTS.
47
When
the
burner
is
lighted
a powerful
draught ensues, carrying all odors and fumes at once away. Both the pipe and hood are provided with dampers, controlled by small
weights.
gas-tap
The burner
by stout
tripod
\
is
connected to the
cast-iron
supports
Next
in regular order
(supposing a sulis
the
This,
and burner.
The
latter is a Fletcher
The
furnace proper
is
made
bed-plate upon
which
it
rests
and which
;
has an opening for the flame to pass through the cover (with handle attached), which also has an opening
clay
;
filled
by a plug
all
of
fire-
and
finally a
plumbago
lining.
The
48
is
FIG. C.
shows
is
it
Its
form
when
it
in place, being
the
roof.
it
Looking
at
of view,
may
be considered as a muffle
DESCRIPTION OF IMPLEMENTS.
49
exterior
dimensions are
as
follows
length
20 inches;
inches.
width
inches; and
depth 5
wedge-shaped bridges
these rests
bottom or
floor,
also
movable.
The
done
latter corresponds
to the
upon
it
is
all
the work.
It
is
3i
and has a shoulder or bench running across its entire width on the end nearest
the burner.
The covering
bricks, four in
number, are each 7 inches long by 21 inches wide and II inches high, each with a slotted
bridge for convenient handling.
The
confirst
mentioned furnaces.
The
3-inch stove-pipes of
all
three fur-
snugly into the chimney. The bench or table upon which rest the
pipe,
fits
which
50
furnaces described
made
of pine, well
seasoned and firmly joined, to resist as much as possible the warping influence of
support the weight of the furIn dimensions (not naces and table-tiles.
heat,
to
and
which overlaps
1 inch
round)
it
is
is
II inches.
is
its
sole
ornamentation.
To
The
are
is
Upon
or,
the
114
fire-clay
tiles,
rathei;
tiles
E"
Their average size is 34 inches by 3 inches across and II inches high. They are so arranged on the
the middle projection.
DESCRIPTION OF IMPLEMENTS.
51
chambers running its entire length. The spaces between the tiles are filled with a
mixture of plaster of Paris and Venetian red rubbed up with water. The latter
color
is
A
and
table.
is
it
necessary merely to shut off the dampers of the other furnaces, turn on and light the
gas and regulate the heat to suit the particular ore.
The
is
effected
by means of the
at tap, light
handle.
52
the furnace as soon as lighted
others after
moments
to
allow the
heated,
furnace
to
become
thoroughly
twentyminutes from time of lighting. The furnace will take crucibles in size up to Battersea
made
in
"S"
by 5 inches
deep).
To manage
remove the
turn gas on
In from twelve to
enough
for
work.
The
bricks
are then
turned off
the
When
the
charges have
DESCRIPTION UF IMPLEMENTS.
principally those nearest the burner
53
to
admit
gas
is
In cupellation, the
scorifica-
tion.
The time
size of button,
about the same as that occupied in the use of a coke furnace. The conbut
is
sumption of gas
feet per hour.
is
It is not
intended or claimed
per day
be cheaper. But for short runs of from one to say four hours, it is economical, as
are also the
others
here described.
The
complete plant, as illustrated, costs about The furnaces are manufactured $75.00.
New
York.
II.
According to
:
may
be divided into
from 22 to nearly 32 parts of metallic lead from litharge, according to the purity of the
charcoal.
When employed
exercises
in the roasting
charcoal
a desulphurizing
action.
Powdered
coke,
anthracite and
graphite
may
coal,
powdered charArgol
consid-
less combustible.
55
this
if
For
reason
content of carbon
it
is
reduced,
necessary, by mixing
in different
prois
The mixture
poured into a red-hot crucible, placed under a well-drawing chimney. The mixture deflagrates and emits empyreumatic
odors,
and a partial oxidation of the carbon taking place, a mixture of potassium carcarbon
is
bonate and
formed.
This
is
known as black flux. For vigorous reduction it is made from 3 parts argol and 1 saltpetre; for less vigorous, either 2i
or 2
and
and
1,
White flux
1
consists of 1
parts
saltpetre
part argol;
gray flux
of
parts
argol
and 2
saltpetre.
On account
of the hygro-
of potassium
carbonate
is
or of bicarbonate
it
used in preference,
of
wheat
35 per
56
cent.,
much
is
as
50
per
cent.
Potassium cyanide
an energetic reducIt
of
iron
free
carbide,
ferrous
and
oxides,
carbon,
and
a
It
small
exer-
quantity of potassium
cyanide.
The
following
list
found
very useful. The values are approximate only, but for air practical assaying they are
sufficiently near.
will reduce parts of metallic lead.
part of
22 to 30
Powdered
Powdered
coke,
coal,
24
25
Powdered hard
soft coal,
22
15
11
Wheat
flour,
Cornstarch,
to 13
Laundry
starch,
11 J to 13
57
part of
14 J
1
1
Pulverized
gum
arabic,
Crude
argol,
tartar,
to 8J
to 6
Cream of
2.
Oxidizing
agents.
Saltpetre.
is
OrdiIt
used.
of lead) exerts an oxidizing effect upon metals and metallic sulphides, as well as
upon organic substances. It should be dry, and free from any considerable amount of
red oxide of lead, as this causes oxidation
.of silver
and consequent
contains
silver,
loss.
When
lead
the
litharge
white
not
may
be sub-
may
it
has been
or
granulated
fused
saltpetre;
by
58
gradually
scattering
powdered
charcoal
upon litharge fused in a refractory crucible, whereby some lead will be reduced which,
in subsiding,
litharge.
3.
withdraws the
silver
from the
Solvent agents,
a.
is
Acid; such as
best used in the
since
it is
silica
and
glass.
Silica
form of pulverized
silica,
then in
should be perfectly dry. This is produced by fusing Borax-glass. borax in a clay crucible, and then pouring
it
upon a bright metallic surface. It is more fusible than glass, and the boric acid
all
the
Most
varieties of
59
Ordi-
Basic.
Potassium
carbonate.
nary carbonate of potash. It should be ground to a fine powder and kept from the air, as otherwise it would rapidly absorb
moisture.
Sodium carbonate
acts
(bicarbonate of soda)
somewhat
less energetically
than po-
quantity of
deliquescent,
it
must be
fusible
used.
It
is
less
more
and cheaper.
(or calcite),
may
tive for
removing
silica.
It readily fuses
60
(litharge,
minium, white
lead)
and
less
most of the heavy metallic oxides, but so with the earths and alkaline earths.
4.
Caustic alkalies
and
carbonates
decomis
The metal
sep-
sulphites, hyposulphites,
alkalies,
and
with
sulphates
of the
together
The
latter
forms a sulphur-salt with one part of the metallic sulphide, which, as a general rule,
can be decomposed with iron. Carbon promotes desulphuration (black Saltflux, potassium carbonate and flour).
petre oxidizes metallic sulphides, while the
61
Sulphurizing agents.
;
Sulphur in the
or of iron py-
Concentrating fluxes.
Lead
in
Silver for granulated form (assay lead). Gold for alloying with gold (quartation).
collecting
copper
(assay
of
t in
.
nickel
and
cobalt)
Iron pyrites
as
collecting
matt).
7.
Decomposing and
volatilizing fluxes.
and' graphite for decomposing sulphates, arseniates and antimoniates by Ammonium carbonate for decomroasting.
Charcoal
posing sulphates, especially copper sulphate,
at red heat, but less completely lead
and
the
bismuth sulphates.
volatilization
Common
salt for
of
nish method.
8.
Decrepitated
common
salt,
62
ing very thinly-fluid washes down particles of metal adhering to the sides of the assay
vessels.
blast furnaces.
The
following
metric
Acids:
Hydrochloric,
sulphuric,
and
acetic;
aqua
regia.
Bases
and
phate,
sodium
:
sulphide, etc.
Metals for
precipitation
zinc
copper
bromine
for
For
volumetric
;
assays.
;
Potassium
free
sodiurn
63
hyposulphite
ferric chloride
sodium chlor-
As
in-
dicators:
Litmus
tincture,
Brazil
wood
starch-paste for
64
III.
Cupellativn.
(galena,)
commonly
following
extensive
directions,
mines of
Chili.
The
assays of
all.
As with
all
which
purpose,
large
where
iron
many
is
assays
are
a
made, a
bowl
used as
much
greater
than
if it
were
straight, as
commonly
the case.
The
65
its
kitchens
its
is
being cleaned sufficiently depth prevents In lieu of the former, to insure accuracy.
and when small quantities only are desired to be pulverized, an agate mortar
may
part,
suffice.
Of the
ore
we weigh
off
one
about 3 grammes, equal to 46 grs. Troy, (say 50 grs.) is a good standard and mix it with ten parts by weight,
.
to
manner
de-
scribed below.
The
ties,
lead
is
added
such as copper,
nickel, &c.,
and
in
cases
where these
occur in
great abun-
even up
and twenty parts, though it is always injurious, and .tends to create a loss, to add too much.
to fifteen
To
The
lead of
66
purities,
iii
shape of
is
other
metals,
thoni,
among
our assays, and it ia therefore necessary to obtain a purer article. At silver furnaces lead is produced as an
very injurious
to
from the smelting works at Freiberg in Saxony, and used there by the assay ers,
slight
an impurity
to affect the
result of
the assay.
to get it in this
reduce
it
of lead.
manner, the best way is to by a galvanic process from acetate This, the sugar of lead of comreadily
dissolve in
merce,
we can
lukefilter
warm
zinc,
we should
off the
and introduce
a rod of
by which process all the lead is reduced and collected round that metal.
After some time remove
in this
it,
and continue
is
manner
until all
the lead
pre-
67
then
to
to
be
repeatedly
acid,
remove the
and
dried
between
blotting paper.
not in a sufficiently pulverized shape, it need only be shaken a little in a towel and
finally sieved.
amount
venient
for
five parts,
is
con-
each assay, thus avoiding the tedium of weighing each time, a matter of considerable
consequence
in a day. vessel into
in
an
assaying
office,
made
which the mineral, together with the lead and borax, is placed,
to be introduced into the muffle of the furis
The
nace,
represented in
fig. 1,
Plate
II.
(See
We
first
and on the top the silver ore, mixing the two with great care, not to the least particle, and afterward spill
used in
cover
it
68
The
the
lead,
and
to
When much
in quantity
tin,
up
amount
before
mentioned.
If
little
we
silica,
as
perfect as
we might wish them to be, it is very advisable to make use of some quartz
better
when
the slag
is
is
forming,
thus at an
We
always
our
economy with
ore,
the fuel,
make
five or six of
each
afterward
taking the
average,
own
labour.
After previously firing the furnace, and bringing the muffle to a regular and constant red-heat,
we may
69
To quicken
we
the
melting of the
lead,
charcoal,
The
closed,
door
of
the
muffle,
previously
should be kept perfectly open as soon as the operation of calcining or roasting the
ore
fresh
has
air,
properly
commenced,
to
admit
in-
about twenty
door,
we
raise
and
flow easily, so as to
make
white-hot metal.
sufficiently
When
tough,
not employing a
remain
thick
and lead
From
lead,
much
according
ore,
to
the
which
require
may even
something more than half an hour. Generally much less time is wanted with a good
fire,
see at
what
very
little
practice
is
enabled to regulate
it.
We now
oxidizing
and
make
the slags
pour the whole contents into the different hollows of the iron plate, illustrated by fig,
0.
Plate II.
71
as above.
little
over the molten slag practice will soon accusstroke or two of the
the slags
from
the
The
come
well
crucibles
shown
in
fig. 2,
Plate
II.
If
they should be very porous, and so friable as to be crushed between the fingers with ease.
dried,
made and
In these cupels we expose the metal cubes to a moderate red-heat, which we are
enabled to regulate by inserting cold pieces of pottery old crucibles will be found very and leaving the furnace open. serviceable
The
from the
lead,
and
termed
silberblick, (silver-
72
in
gleam,)
technology,
the silver
pure.
The utmost
attention
the
moment when
this
occurs.
The
up
I
for a
few moments.
To
do
this well
is,
may
of an assayer, and on
depends, in a great
when
pure, requires a
it
much
greater
heat to bring
than
when
it
ture of lead
and
we do
when
inform us that
the
silver
all
left,
then
would
suddenly, and, of
or
at
the
bottom,
and
by
this
73
particles,
loss
to
the
an old adage current among German smelters and assay ers, probably
is
There
known
to
all
the
advantage of studying this art in that country, where it has been brought to such
perfection,
ries old,
which, since
it is it
many
centure-
has been
keep up a moderate temperature as long as any lead is left, and to apply intense heat as soon as all has detesting silver ores, to
parted.
I insert
them here
In
English
it
would be
heat
coolly
and
to use
masterpiece of an assayer.
When
cooled,
we
of pincers, tight
enough
to
compress the
74
sides,
thus exposing the bottom more, and with a wire brush remove the adhering
particles of litharge,
we
the
otherwise
heat,
by increasing
The
silver
it
should be remarked,
chemically speaking, but the slight impurities are too insignificant to deserve any
attention from an assayer,
but
technical
purposes
it
view,
though
scientific
-I
from a
have
thought proper in the fourth chapter to suggest a method to ascertain the exact
amount of
it
such precision can only be required at mints, if the investigations are not conthat
75
shape of
losses,
marked, cannot be averted, even though the assay be performed with the greatest
care,
izing lead
ticles
of silver, particularly
is
when
too
much
to
heat
It is im-
possible
any
perfect rules
how
much depends on the care and attention paid, as well as on the acquired practice and innate pracobviate such faults, since so
tical skill
all
mint has
which
will be
78.
From
with different quantities of silver vary considerably, nor is the loss a per-centage,
being greatest where the original or true
76
amount of
the
ore
or
alloy
is
seven hundred.
to,
enables
us
to
calculate
to
the
true
amount of
silver,
and
may
off
be occasioned
portions of the
with
it
77
IV.
Silver Assay.
Real amount of
sUver.
78
of
LOSS DUBING
Iii
79
With
refined silver
was
found
of
to be
0.0015 to 0.0002
.richness
and
in alloys
medium
than that stated in the preceding table. For instance, with 750 thousandths and 16
weights of lead, the loss was 5.55 thousandths, but with 11 weights of lead
it
ac-
According
with
five
thousandths and
lead,
five
0.0042 to 0.0059
to
687
V.
Gay-Lussads Process far assaying Silver
Alloys.
THIS modus operandi is one which, from its very simplicity and shortness, almost
necessarily insures success, but
it is
only
amount of
silver in
the
button
produced in
the last
assay,
was
the
proposed
by Gay-Lussac, and
of
its
from
indubitableness
results,
to
regulate
the
They
a given
weight of the
GAY-LUSSAC'S PROCESS.
alloy in nitric acid
81
of common
of
salt is required,
100 cubic
1
centimeters
which
will
precipitate
gramme
is
There
further required a
salt,
decmormal
solution of
common
quantity of
first,
common
solution in the
and a decinormal
solution of silver in
milligramme of
sil-
The
approxi-
to to
the
result.
generally
preferred
assume the degree of richness a few thousandths higher than is actually the case,
and
to base
82
effect the
chloride,
cinormal solution of salt than to be obliged to add from the decinormal solution of silver.
The quantity
of alloy containing 1
is
gramme
of silver which
to be
taken
is
then calculated
grammes
of alloy con-
1000
897 = x
gramme
:
1000).
The sample
granules
is
in the
form of shavings or
in a
placed
numbered
flask, together
with 6 to 7
a water or
sand bath.
The
flasks in
upon a stand,
"
(A
black residue
maybe
gold or sulphide of
83
silver; should the latter
The
is
then
driven
curved
and the
upon the volume of the normal solution of common salt must be taken into consideration, its liter
with 1
gramme
1 to 2 cubic
the final
tit ration.
The
silver solution is
then titrated by placing the glass flask in the metal cylinder C, Fig. E, standing upon
the
sliding carriage
(Sire's apparatus).
The
glass-cock c (a pinch-cock
may
be used
84
instead)
is
by the admission of air through a, the normal solution of sodium chloride flows from
the vessel
through
h,
the thermometer
FIG. E.
tube
by
d,
into the
sniall
burette
It ascends in
this,
and a
The cock
c is
now
closed
(h
and
GAY-LUSSAC'S PROCESS.
e
85
may
ber tube
pipette
6,
and the
which
is
now
filled,
will contain
exactly 100
cubic
centimeters
of liquid.
is
The index
hand
now
pipette, the
rubber tube d
is
end of the pipette e, and the sliding carriage B, upon which stands the metal cylinder
G containing
is
of silver,
pushed underneath the disThe index charge orifice of the pipette. finger is now removed from /, and the 100
common
salt solu-
flask.
The
sliding caris
closed
with
its
its
is
conbest
which
done by inclosing it for the purpose in a If many metal cylinder of proper size.
86
it is
advisable to use
of decinorrnai so
now added
chloride,
contained in a flask, Fig. F, whereby the point of the pipette should be placed against
the neck of the flask containing the silver
solution.
If turbidity
is
is
produced,
agitated until
^ meter of
DIG. r.
common
added,
etc.,
is
until
the last cubic centimeter which does not produce any turbidity.
cubic centimeter
tion,
is
added
last
This
added.
it is
more
tion of
common
Calculation.
GAY-LUSSAC'S PROCESS.
87
to the pre-
the alloy
liminary assay to be 897 thousandths, 1115 thousandths of the sample containing 1.000
to be
weighed
off.
1000
gramme
of silver.
Now
sup-
pose 1002.5 cubic centimeters of decinormal solution of common salt had been used,
1000 parts of the alloy would therefore contain 899.1 parts of silver.
dium
acetate (0.5
is
gramme
to 5
thousandths
of mercury)
or the mercury
is
previously volatilized by heating the assay sample in a small graphite crucible in the
muffle.
tartaric acid is
added.
tin is
sample
of nitric acid.
According
to
Thorpe, only
2 parts of silver
tated,
88
common
which,
if
tain 54.15
grammes
of
common
salt.
These
to the
volume
this
solution correspond
0.5415 gramme of
common
tate
salt,
which
gramme
is
of pure silver.
The
true
standard
centimeters of the
into a solution of 1
common
gramme
is
salt
solution
of chemically
pure
until
silver.
it
This
agitated
by shaking
which
becomes
clear,
thousandths of
common
remain
dilute
known
strength, or
water or of common
G4Y-LUSSAC S PROCESS.
salt is calculated
89
to
obtain
the
correct standard.
When
test is
this
new
had
it,
and
this
is
standard
The
is
decinorinal solution of
common
salt
prepared
of
centi-
meters
the standard
common
salt solu-
and
filling it
liter
mark.
1
of silver
gramme
6
of fine silver
of nitric
dissolved in 5 to
grammes
acid,
liter.
which
is
then
When
of silver
a large
number and
great variety
Gay-Lussac for his silver assay, will be found to save much time and trouble in
determining the fineness of the alloy.
If,
90
common
place on
solution,
no reaction
takes
adding the decimal salt solution or the decimal silver solution, it is an indication
that the silver in the alloy assayed amounts
to exactly
it
fur-
ther indicates
is
correct.
The
91
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41!
GAY-LUSSAC'S PROCESS.
97
and leave the liquid clear observe the action of the next
Whittell has redrop of the precipitant. duced this loss of time and insured greater
facility in
say
five,
They
first,
are
a row, and 3
the
c. c.
to the second, 5
c. c.
to the
next, and
so on.
c.
subsided, %
c.
added
2,
to
each successively.
Numbers
1,
and 3
in
still
none.
ber
3
5
The amount
multiplied
precipitated from
num-
by 5
(as
it
represents
only
will be the
amount of
silver contained in
simple
98
means of
seems
to be entirely mechanical.
The
minute globules throughout the silver solution, which in settling to the bottom carries
with
it
99
VI.
THE
following
method
silver
it
is
is
recommended
by Lowe.
termine
its
When
The
following
method obviates
this
is
diffi-
The
ore
coarsely
powdered
to
a half
and passed
The
sifted
divided
into
it,
four
parts and
four
assays
made
of
nearly as possible from the same relative parts of each quarassay being
ter.
taken
The average
of the
four assays
is
taken as the
result.
The
metallic par-
100
tides
or
scales of silver
which
will
not
lead, cupelled,
and the
weight of the resulting button reduced to its proper value added to the result obtained from the assay of the siftings.
101
VII.
THOSE properties of
us
to
silver,
which enable
assay
its
ores
so
by the process of
cupellation,
are
its
of gold and
more
at length
it
on this
first
part of the
operation,
would be a mere repetition of what has been said under the head of and therefore
I shall
Silver,
When, however, that process is completed, .and when therefore with silver we
would have procured the
real gold assay only
final result, the
commences,
for gold,
silver, pla-
must remark
102
pared
of
other
assays
metals,
we
should
arrange
our
accordingly,
For
purpose
common
to begin with
and
borax
as
with
silver,
are
committed to
the muffle in as
many
separate crucibles.
The products
buttons, in
up
into
two
two
same
of
kind,
in
the process
Of
course,
wnen
the assay
is
finished
we are obliged
to ascertain
by
six
the per-centage
amount of gold
far, it is neces-
in the
which we have the following methods: first, by producing chloride of silver, which
for
done by precipitating the silver from the nitric acid solution, with muriatic acid, and
is
103
pot-
it
in a porcelain crucible,
with
being
thus formed:
process,
or
secondly by the
galvanic
the
virgin
metal being
the
acid
(nitric)
liquid
from which,
by
vessel.
The
It is necessary to
make
whenever the quantity of gold in the last produced button is more than one fourth,
(hence the
term
quartatiori)
if
since experi-
the
gold
silver
particles
acid,
of
which,
sequel,
as will
would prove
Of the pure
104
of
both
in
one crucible,
(fig.
2,
Plate
II.)
Tlsis
and
silver alloy is to
little
be
hammered
slightly
it
flat
on a
as
steel
anvil,
will
and
allow
curved,
this
shape
more
easily to pass
vial, in
through the
it is
mouth of a
placed
to
little
which
now
(2
be
boiled
1
drams)
of from
to
gravity.
The
as
vial should be
is
this
We
allow
until
the
The
gold
is
then
only to be boiled a couple of times in water to remove the acid, and then to be heated to redness to evaporate the water, to enable us
to
weigh
it,
which,
as
with
all
other
assays,
is
should
never be done
eold.
till
the metal
perfectly
105
will
be found in
the
nitric
acid
solution of silver.
(See Platinum.)
silver
The
original
amount of
may
be
prodiw^
before
was
106
VIII.
THIS method
is
founded on the
quicksilver
to
fact, that
form an
amalgam, for thus the alloys of mercury and other metals are termed. It is one
that
may answer
though
it
for
is
peculiar
circum-
stances,
to serve as
a regular dokimastic*
lead
and
silver also
produce amalgams.
We
pose;
and as the
quicksilv.er of
lead,
commerce
by
pressing
it
we must
buckskin.
The powdered
*
gold
ore,
which ought
A technical
,
to be reduced in
volume by washing,
sift-
by
;
after
is
retained.
By
spoon over a lamp, the gold is procured, which will, however, still be found to contain silver or lead, if these occur in
ore.
the
108
IX.
Assay of Gold
THIS
is
~by
Washing.
way
proximate value of a gold ore, which hardly deserves being called an assay, although,
with an experienced hand, tolerable accuracy may be attained.
It is based
on the
fact,
that gold
is
much
well
and
therefore
the
rock
should
be
pounded
The
process
precisely the
same
as that
and which
is
now
so extensively
em-
Even the
the
vessels
same kind,
glass
though
it
is
better to
have a small
cylinder, about three times the length of the part that will be occupied by the ore,
101)
in diameter,
common
if,
chemical
would suggest,
where used,
made with
up to where a certain quantity by weight One hundred of the ore would reach.
grains would not be too much,
stance, the rock
is
if,
for inis
quartz;
and
it
also
the
most
convenient
amount, from
the
stances where
in
we have
to deal
is
with ores
which the
it
original rock
not always
the same,
would be well
to
have several
its
peculiar
dif-
marked
lines.
In
this
manner,
one such line might indicate the part of the tube which would be filled by a hundred grains of the quartzose ore, another
the portion which would be occupied by
110
the
on.
same weight of a
talcose one,
in
and
so
The
lines will
vary
height as the
respective ores.
When
been placed in the glass tube, the latter should be filled up two-thirds with water,
after which,
by
repeater*
By
ing,
careful decanting
we can remove
though only in
its
natural, alloyed
in
it
pans.
is
best to calcine
though carefully,
so that
no gold
is
Ill
X.
Assay of Gold by Panning.
THE
pan-test
is
a process of concentration,
depending
a sheet-
on how
is
carried.
for the
purpose
is
bottom sloping
to a point
known
as a " batea."
experienced miners frequently use a section of a bullock's horn as a substitute for the
pan.
The
mesh
amount
(3
to
15
weighed out and put in the pan, which must be free from grease.
kilogrammes)
112
Now
stand for a
may
when
the pan
is
put in water.
is
When wet
gently
oscillatory
motion or side
of the pan.
The
object of this
is
to settle
Then
it
and
so
wash
around as
edge
;
only, however, a
a time.
;
Level the pan and resettle as at first incline and wash more over the edge.
this
again
Keep
operation, gradually getting more up and more rock over the edge, and becoming more careful and washing more delicately
as the process continues.
is,
when
the rock
is
113
keep the ore under the surface of the water, as the gold might otherwise become dry and
float off.
Also
make no sudden
or unusual
lurch, or the
whole result
residue.
is,
may
go off the
alone
is
pan.
Dry the
If gold
obtained, that
free
from sulphides, etc., it must be treated as an alloy, weighed, parted, and weighed
again, or cupelled with lead, weighed, parted
and weighed
silver.
and
If the
panning
is
not carried to
all
the rock,
all
scorified
with
test
down
in a crucible), cupelled,
done without losing metalliferous particles, and the concentration treated as above described.
If the ore
is
tity is desired
114
The
As an example
is
given
= 2,250,000 milligrammes.
grammes;
then
silver,
gold,
50 milligrammes;
. .
2,250,000 mgrms.
20 mgrms.
2,250,000 mgrms.
.
29166 x
29166 x
= 25
100
oz.
and
x = 64
100
oz.
50 mgrms.
free gold
The
sulphides
is (if it
how
much
in
of the gold
how much
the
"sulphides")
amalgamated pan.
6x12 inches)
so
The
up
is
little
mercury
115
amalgamate the interior, and the ore is carefully washed over this,
free gold will
most of the
become amalga-
mated and
stick
to the
pan.
piece of
will
push
little
specks
and into a
crucible.
Kleinschmidt gives the following method Five kiloof assaying gold by panning.
grammes of
pass through
the
ore
to
be
assayed
are
mesh
sieve,
any
gold
remaining
upon
the
sieve
being
weighed separately.
500 grammes ;ire put in the pan, moistened with water and mixed with 5 grammes or more of mercury.
is
slowly
finally,
with the addition of potassium cyanide soluThe cleansed amalgam is gently tion.
116
heated, and the resulting metal,
cupelled, or the bead parted.
if
necessary,
According to another method the pulverized ore is put in a porcelain dish, and for
amalgamated
is
silver
sheet.
The
gold
amalgam
then scraped
off,
and
the entire
amalgam
stiff paste,
rubbed
The
are
addition
of mercury and
then
repeated,
and
after
adding hot water, soda and 5 or 6 spoonfuls of mercury, the whole is rubbed together,
an enamelled dish, collected and the amalgam distilled, whereby 80 to 90
washed
in
117
XI.
THE
gold,
is
to fix the
silver,
on lead
be fur-
way
(quartation
with nitric acid). In smelting with lead earthy admixtures are scorified, and metallic
ides
air,
saltpetre, etc.).
The
uted
gold
the
in
special
care
must be
To
illustrate the
about
fifty
pounds, which
may
be
as
118
single lump, or, better, the result of the selection of samples across the section of a
vein.
With
entire
mass into pieces about the size of a walnut, and form of the mass an oblong
pile.
Then
means of a
sheet brass.
heavy
halves,
it still
Mix
them
Continue the crushing, mixing and halving until about one pound has
finally
been
sampled down.
Instead
of
may
be quartered, and
The next
step
is
to pulverize the
damp
ores
sample must be
The
latter
may
due
had
to
prevent
loss
to flying particles
by loosely wrapping a
119
Then
sift
the pulver-
sample through a tin box-sieve, having 80 to 100 meshes to the linear inch, upon a piece of brown paper or a zinc sifting-pan.
Assays by smelting with lead.
According
admixtures), there
a,
used
is
suitable
for
According to the supposed content of gold weigh out for each assay 0.5 to 10 grammes of the sample.
every kind of
assays are
made
the
lead
buttons
weighs 0.2
ore,
lic
according to
charged with four to sixteen times on an average with eight times the quantity of
granulated lead free from
ject of the latter
is
silver.
The
ob-
120
ent, for
is
has great
affinity.
This
most readily effected by the presence of metallic lead in an earthy substance, but
with more difficulty in metallic sulphides.
The
latter
oxi-
dizing
melting,
lead
converted
into
oxide.
re-
Thus,
galena requires
quantity of assay-lead of
If the ore contains
only acid earthy constituents (quartz, clay and other silicates), they are dissolved to a
slag
If
it
contains basic
or
metallic
earths
magnesia,
etc.)
acid
dissolving
agents
(bor
,x-
glass, glass)
121
such agents being dependent on the quantity of the bases to be scorified, and on their
refractoriness.
Lime and
duce special refractoriness, and require up to 50 per cent, or more of the ore weighed out
of fluxing agents
;
Have ready cleaned a number of the scorifiers. Number or tetter each scorifier with
reddle, weigh the requisite
it
in halves
one-half to the
scorifier.
Upon
place the
Pour
surface of the
all
lead,
and
over
A charge
3.75
frequently
used
is,
for
instance,
grammes ore, 30 grammes lead and 0.94 gramme borax-glass. In similar manner
charge
all
other scorifiers.
sconfier-tongs place the
By means of the
scorifiers
in
the
strongly-heated
muffle-
122
augment the
heat
(fifteen to
smooth without
where they
at first
remain
tminelted.
With
slag.
The
however,
still
holds
metallic sul-
edge of the
muffle
is
scorifier.
The door
of the
current of
the
fire
time decreased.
The
lead
now
oxidizes in
123
and
its
of cold
working).
As
the slag
two
to
Now
remove the
scorifiers
and pour their contents into the scorification-moulds, which should be warm and
painted inside with chalk or reddle wash.
its
identifica-
tion.
buttons
may
be
scorifiers.
when
cold,
from their
slags
A content of
124
silver in the ore collects with the gold in
the lead.
The
scorifiers
when
a disturbing
b.
effect.
Crucible assay.
whereby the earthy constituents are scorified by the fluxes and a portion of the lead
oxide, while another portion of the lead
converted by the reducing agents into metallic lead which then absorbs the
oxide
is
These assays have the advantage of being more accurate than the scorification- assay, because with
gold
(besides
the silver).
the
availability
of a
larger
quantity of
or more)
assay-substance (25 to 50
grammes
125
ac-
count of a larger number of assays (frequently twenty or more) not being required, which has to be taken into consideration,
especially
On
the
They
ores.
are
less
adapted
for
and antimonial
The
latter to be con-
process
they suffer
vigorous oxidation.
a.
grammes
next 20
of borax and 10
grammes of
free
argol,
grammes
of litharge
126
is
coated
Then
of
its
common
salt,
A
sists,
grammes
grammes
dust.
litharge,
and 6
to 8
grammes
coal
First
mix
the
and lay
in
crucible
piece
of iron
wire, in case
should be present.
Or,
sand with SOO grammes potash, 200 grammes soda and 50 grammes borax scatter upon
;
the mixture 20
free
grammes
upon
of granular lead
from
silver,
this
a thin
layer
127
common
The
crucible
thus
charged
is
slowly
heated in
the
air-furnace until
no more
the lid
ceases.
and the puffing up of the mass The heat is then increased for 10
minutes more to insure complete
or 15
fusion.
The pasty
is
which
motes the action of the lead upon the The crucible, when cold, is broken gold.
up, the lead freed from slag
If great accuracy
(4 or 5) are
is
and cupelled.
made.
cupelled,
The
the
tained
are
metallic
grains
examined
wet process.
b. Melting of sulphuretted ores. Ores with a larger content of gold are brought
.128
air until a
shows no odor of sulphurous acid. The slightly slagged mass of an earthy appearthen broken up with the blade of the spatula, rubbed fine, mixed with coal
ance
is
in
the
muffle
until
is
burnt.
With poorer
ores, of
kilogramme or more,
has to be used, roasting in the muffle is effected in clay boxes, each about 200
millimeters long, 70 to 90 millimeters wide,
and 40
to
coal fire
it
on the edges, or a clay roasting-plate. The charging and melting of the roasted
assay-sample
is
effected
in
the
manner
larger
is
amount of
oxide, the
or
for
quantity of borax
somewhat increased
Another charge
is,
some
glass added.
129
The
roasted sample
ore,
kilogramme crude
125
to
glass,
then
lead
free
cover of
common
gamation containing pyrites is melted, without being roasted, with fluxes and litharge
without reducing agents.
By
the content
is
then
re-
duced from the lead oxide, the former absorbing the gold and silver.
If,
with very
to be de-
is
grammes each
the re-
silver, so that
sweepings are, 4 parts potash and 1 part flour, or 13 parts potash and 10 parts soda with small
tion.
Other fluxes
for dross or
Melt
for
two hours
up, scorify
concentrate
them
to
is
button of saltpetre, heats to a white heat, stirs with an iron wire, and then takes the
crucible
from
the
is
furnace.
If necessary
the operation
manner be
of
the
obtained.
Gupellation
auriferous
lead.
This operation consists in oxidizing the lead of the lead buttons, the litharge formed by
the heat being partly absorbed by the cupel
and partly driven up the chimney, leaving the gold and silver together as a bead upon
the surface of the cupel.
oxidized
131
The
process
is
the same
with the exception of a hotter "driving" towards the end of If the assay, so that no litharge remains.
as for silver (which see)
the assay-sample
is
In
the
latter
case
they are
wrapped
in lead foil
The
then weighed,
is
and, in case
Parting
the gold
from
is
the silver.
The
little.
flattened a
silver pure
from chlorine
is
used.
The
silver
at least 2 2 parts of
With
the
power of
The
metallic grains
132
richer in gold than in silver, whilst those
from
auriferous
silver
gold.
Whilst
ment with
former are
first
is
may
at
once be added
lead button.
when
To judge whether
or not, note,
a.
silver has to be
added
The
If
it is
deep
yellow, two and a half to three times the quantity of silver will have to be added if
;
pale
and,
Or,
if
The
behavior of the
button
towards
ivhen
nitric
acid of 1.19
specific
gravity
If the laminated
133
more than 4
parts)
is
operation
may
be proceeded with.
But
if
it is
taken
from the
cupelled with
two and a half times the quantity of silver and some lead, and parting completed with
nitric acid,
be-
hind either in a pulverulent form if at least 4 parts silver are present, or in a coherent
state with 2
When
heating
developed
The
gold
is
now washed
filled
The
flask
is
then entirely
with cold water and inverted in a clay crucible, or a small porcelain saucer, and when
the gold has dropped into the crucible, the
flask is carefully
side.
The water
is
then poured
134
weighed.
To when
them
to slide
from the
flask
Then
carefully
wash them
alcohol
first
and
ether,
and
ignite,
whereby with
evaporate to
tube,
whereby thin yellow rings appear, which may be recognized either with the
glass.
also be transferred to a
which
is
and
aqua
regia
upon
the solution
is
observed, a
may
135
The
smallest quantity of
can be recognized in the gold solution. black speck rubbed in an agate mortar
color.
shows a gold
XIL
Assay of Gold Ores by a Wet
ALTHOUGH
have
tried
to
make
it
now
venture
found very available to ascertain the true amount of gold, when the gold has been
extracted in
its
given methods.
ease with which
characterized by the
can be performed.
The
by
washing the ore or sand should be submitted to the action of concentrated aqua
regia, (consisting of
from three
to four parts
the gold
if
is
extracted.
num,
WET
PROCESS. 1-7
The
with the greatest care, water being afterward poured on to wash the insoluble
parts,
and
to procure the
whole of the
is
dis-
solved
gold.
if
Sal-ammonia
then
to
he
in-
added, and
This latter
is
then
O84
after
and
digesting poured
off,
until
no more coloured
Iron
(copperas)
in
solution,
if
poured
into
it,
may
XIII.
Assay of Silver Coins, or Alloys of Stiver and
Copper.
As
it is
a matter of course, with these alloys not necessary to perform the operation,
is
which
We
proceed with
we
have ascertained the probable amount of silver and copper. To know this more
accurately
no
method
exists,
except
previous
hasty cupellation,
it is
practised assayer
become acquainted with this, as the quantity of lead must be taken accordingly.
By adding
too
much, a
loss
of silver
in
139
used,
we
will
The
tity
of
was calculated
by Erker.
Still later,
though less simple, experience has shown to be no more accurate, and it is for this
reason that I have subjoined the former.
32 parts of the Alloy containing
140
pulverize
a coin or
to
file
off
small portions.
About
gramme
wrapped
is
little
prevent
small
particles
from being lost, and placed in the muffle furnace on the cupel, fig. 2. When the paper is burnt to ashes, the lead is added
according to the table.
assay
is
The
rest of
the
As
long as lead and copper are being oxidized, no severe heat should be employed, which
is,
however, done
as soon
as
the bright
flash appears.
The
alloy or coin
may
also
be
treated
amount of
silver,
we
by
subtraction,
XIV.
Assay of Gold Coins, or Alloys containing
Oold, Silver,
and Copper.
it
is
The method
commonly used is the touchstone or besanite test, the same employed by goldsmiths when purchasing coin or bullion. A dark
fine-grained
basalt or siliceous slate
this a line is
is
re-
quired,
and on
gold coin.
Those
whom
in
quently
brought
contact
to
judge pretty
is,
accurately by
making
it
To
carry
mark
is
moistened
142
virgin state.
When some
on account of their
liability
to be
blown
away
might otherwise only drop off after weighing, and thus cause a decided loss.
For the assays, 5 grains are used in each, and the value of the gold is afterward given
in carats fine, pure gold being
reckoned at
alloy
24
carats
fine.
In
this
way an
containing 91.666 per cent, of gold will be 22 carats fine, or in other words, it contains
S or
jj
14:3
After
having
weighed
to
off
the
above
be tested, three
amount
taken in pure silver. Some deem two and a half sufficient. The gold
tigations, are
and the
in
silver are
a piece of paper.
It
is
now
necessary to
of
the
required
quantity
pure
which
As
this metal
has a
much
from
for silver, it is
much more
its
difficult to sepa-
rate
it
alloys
latter,
and
much
as
would be
a coin
necessary,
were we
assaying
copper.
consisting
of silver and
is
The
following table
given by
to
D'Arcet to regulate
used
:
the
amount
be
144
THE ASSAYER
GUIDE
145
may
may
Mint
-Units.
Country.
146
The
weight,
tries.
following tables
etc.,
show the
content,
Gold Coins.
147
Silver Coins.
Country.
148
Base Coins.
Country.
143
XV.
To find the Proportion of Gold in
a mixture
~by
Calculation*
THE The
A. Ascertain the
Suppose
it
to
Deduct the
specific
gravity of the
"Gold
a work
*This
article is
85,
edition of this
little
volume,
is
needless
more
particularly to
to
recommend
to those
in
who pay
attention
the
recent publications
this
150
gravity of the
ratio of the
the difference
:
the
quartz by volume
19.000-8.067
C.
= 10.933
gravity of the
Deduct the
specific
the difference
is
by volume:
8.067
D.
- 2.600 = 5.467
The
:
Add
is
duct
10.933
16.4
is to
5.467
= 16.400
is
5.467 as 100
to 33.35
E.
The product
mixture by
the
:
ratio of gold
in
the
weight
33.35x19.00
= 633.65
The product
PROPORTIONS OF GOLD.
is
151
weight
66.65x2.60
G.
= 173.29
by the
To
633.65
806.94
is
173.29
= 806.94
100
is
to 633.65 as
to 78.53
by weight.
152
XVI.
Assay of Platinum Ores.
yet'
occurred in the
United States only in gold ores, and even then in the merest traces, and hence, perhaps,
it
in
over
to
the
world,
and
its
useful
application
me
to insert
some
used on ac-
count of the
From
this solution of
common
salt,
153
of silver;
filter
and wash
dropping from the funnel no longer conThis tains any of the platinum solution.
latter
sal-ammonia.
Gold,
art.
Wash
it
with alcohol,
(see
ride of platinum
ness, thus
and ammonium
to red-
platinum.
If there be
cent, of
is
platinum in the gold, its presence readily perceived, from various circum:
stances
a
is
higher temperature
necessary than
commonly
the case, to
make
;
crystalline or
and quite irregular, besides looking dull and having a more or less grayish colour; fourthly, the
large, flat nitric acid is frequently discoloured;
fifthly,
rough, and
when
and
the
little
roll
of gold
is
not of a
154
THE ASSAYEL
GUIDE.
to-
pure gold yellow, but rather inclining wards steel gray. After having thus recognised
quantity of this metal,
sary, since copper
is it
a larger
becomes neces-
frequently present, to
make a
tion, the
amount of the
alloy of gold
by cupellaand
After that, two assays should be made; the one, to ascertain the exact
platinum.
conjoint per-centage of the two; the other,
amount of the gold alone. The difference of the two results gives the
amount of platinum. The inquartation silver should not be more than from two
and a half
to three times the weight of the
;
and
it is
often
may
afterward be procured
piece.
This
ought particularly to be done, when there is as much as a third the weight of the
ASSAY OP PLATINtM
OftES.
155
platinum grains of the Ural Mountains, which contain about 80 per cent. The
button
is
hammered
flat,
and proceeded
with exactly as gold ores, the platinum dissolving with the silver in nitric acid.
But as
it
latter, at least
is
when
in large quantities,
it
dis-
two
assays
following one
another
results, a thing
fifth
it
may
time.
is
It should be
remarked, that
neces-
sary to add a
tion,
little
more lead
if
for cupella-
no platinum
is
well to shake
the
cupel
little,
to
make
the
button
156
stiffen, as
more regularly
and
cannot so well collect in different unconnected lumps, unexposed afterward to the action of the acid. The platinum may
assay of platinum.
Com-
If one
used
it
that
it
mered platinum.
way,
tities
possible,
in
this
quan-
For the
salts,
the
157
may
treated with
ate,
or potassium oxalelectrolyzed.
The
containing 0.6
0.5
gramme platinum,
its
deposited
gramme
is
in five hours.
Iridium
solutions
by a
single
Bunsen
This fact
may
be
iridium
158
XVII.
Assay of Capper Ores
garian Method.
THIS
ore, if
a sulphuret, as
is
rally the
reduced to the finest possible powder, be submitted to the process of roasting, vulgarly termed calcining.
one part by weight of the ore is mixed up with one fifth of graphite, (black-lead,)
which, consisting of carbon in a more con-
therefore, so
much
the more
This
an intense red-heat in the cupel, (fig. 1,) (painted over on the inside with red chalk,
or Spanish red, to prevent adhesion,)
for
is
it
159
graphite,
when
it
in the muffle.
hour we take
for the
it
it is
over,
mass
about one-half to a
a
full
hour, according
or
little
much
sul-
may
be seen rising
during the whole of this process. After this the ore has a reddish, or what
is
generally called
it
a ferruginous colour,
from the
first crucible,
and introduce
fig.
it
on the
same
plate.
For
this
purpose,
however,
some Hack flux should be provided. It consists of carbonate of potash and lime,
and
is
made by
by weight of
saltpetre,
and two of
rural-
160
mon
The
kept carefully corked to prevent the abIt is still sorption of hygroscopic water.
better to
required for
immediate
If the ore
poor,
make
these
One of
to the roast-
may be taken, is very difficult to separate from the copper, and that the antimony may unite with part of the same, forming an antimoniate. They therefore
only employ borax and black flux, in about the same It is hard to proportions, however, as given above.
say which
is best,
and
it
must be
left to
the discretion
to act
as
may
be most
161
in-
vestigating.
The
salt
is
merely used
to
all
When
have thus been placed in the crucible, they are covered over with a piece of charcoal,
cut to
match the
size of the
is
vessel
after
put on.
We
then ex-
to a white-heat for
full
about one-half
be most convefig. 6,
one
hour, as
may
draught furnace,
Plate
latter
I.,
case,
we must
allow the
longest
period of time.
The carbon
of the flux
is
intended to
while
its
carbonate
of
potash
and the oxides of other metals present, such as iron, which would otherwise also be
reduced to their metallic
it
state.
With
these
borax being added to make it flow easy, and allow the copper to collect in one button.
forms a
slag, the
11
162
On
cal
cooling,
we break open
impure
ore.
the crucible,
of
or
alloyed
copper,
may
chance to
occur in
crust
the
should
have
button and the slag, the ore was not properly roasted, a part of the copper not reduced,
is
worthless.
In a good assay the slag should be black and vitreous in appearance, never of an
earthy
texture.
If striated
or
speckled
with red, we
copper
is
may know
it,
that protoxide of
Much
attention
is
required during
mentioned under
managed, however,
fail
as
to be suc-
The
button,
as
163
vary in purity.
iron,
It generally contains
some
and
in
(since
these
metals frequently
lead,
exist
copper ores)
bismuth,
tin,
cobalt, nickel,
latter
two
in
Thus
it
very
rarely, if ever,
is
sufficiently
pure to require
less
no
third
process.
The
it
Nickel particularly tends to harden it. To remove the foreign metals, the button
put in a piece of paper, with sufficient borax to cover it, (one-fourth to one-third
is
more than
ore,
less,)
and
live
which
amount,
forty,
however, should
increase
up
to
or
even more,
if
there
are
many
be
impurities in the
alloy.
is
Even
if this
always safer, and can never produce any bad effect, to add much. crucible of the kind illustrated in fig. 3,
it
164
Plate
should
be brought to
a bright
Coals
may
be
which should be so
great, that
the copper,
on being introduced, wrapped in paper with borax and lead, may melt in a few minutes.
As
are
reflected,
lead
is still
As with
silver
When
the the
and immerse
in water, to pre-
vent any copper from oxidating unnecesThe button of pure copper is then sarily.
A slight
loss can-
impossible to pre-
and we must therefore grant a larger centage than the assay would direct.
per-
At
least
once, to
two assays should be made at compare the results, and take the
average.
165
XVIII.
At&ay of Capper Ores
English Method.
AT
of
its
mode
of assaying,
should be remarked
method
is,
and that
therefore
if
means should be employed, as shall be shown hereafter, to extract them from the
slags,
when
concluded.
The
roasted
ore,
as
man
166
is
and a half
contain
to
lead
or
arsenic,
from
twenty-five
fifty per-cent.
of saltpetre,
and
fifty
per-cent. of borax.
Together with
these,
it is
exposed
in a clay crucible.
is
On
removed, as
is
mode
of procedure, more
common on
the conti-
nent of Europe. Having thus reduced the copper, it is necessary to purify it, as was also done in the
other assay.
that this
again,
little
part
of
Cornwall process,
can
is
lead
For
this purpose,
be prepared, which
effects
it
of atmorequires
the
same precaution
vation.
167
The button
mered out
allow
of,
of copper alloy
is
then ham-
flat,
without breaking. It is then exposed in a crucible, (fig. 3,) already redhot, and, as soon as it melts, covered with
white flux.
Some
table-salt,
from which
moved by
heat,
is
immediate contact with the atmosphere, which, together with the heat, would unavoidably create a free oxidation.
siderable ebullition
is
con-
siding of which,
mass flows quietly, the contents of the crucible are poured into an iron mould, (fig. 6,
Plate
II.,)
which
ena-
The
known by
its
malleability,
and by
it
168
not cracking
much
at the
margin, when
hammer.
Should
it
this
test
prove
its
yet
uncleansed state,
mitted to
the
it is
ought again
just
to be sub-
operation
concluded.
Sometimes
several times.
It has already been mentioned, that, particularly
when
not
all
the copper in an
ore
is
ret, it is
metal from escaping into the slag; and therefore, to diminish this loss as much as
possible, English assayers collect the slags,
in a
Hessian
com-
mon
this
salt.
The
is
little
button produced in
way
the
same treatment
1GO
This
second
button
Is
weighed together with the large one, and the result will givp vpry accurately the
per-centage of coppei
cne ore.
XTX.
Wet Assay of Copper.
ON
account of
its
assay of copper.
The
cuprifer-
must not be
is
by igniting the precipitated copper, or by a preparatory roasting at not too high a tern-
WET ASSAY OF
COPPEIl.
first
171
by
itself,
and then with the addition of some iron pyTin and antimony are removed by rites.
heating with moderately diluted sulphuric
acid,
nearly to boiling.
fuming
tion
is
nitric acid
are added.
The
solu-
fuming ceases. The dry mass is dissolved in hot water and filtered, and the solution treated
with some hydrochloric or
or,
the antimony
is
assay-sample
or,
the assay-sample
and
di-
gested with a solution of sodium sulphide to extract the antimony, arsenic and tin in
soluble form.
It is
now
filtered,
and the
above.
residue
as
172
ferous schists,
remove the
Into a suit-
5,
grammes
of the assay-
sample, and decompose them by heating with sulphuric acid, adding from time to
the
separated
is
sulphur, in-
oxidized as
is
much as
possible.
at once
then evapo-
the flask.
To
few drops of sulphuric acid to the dry mass and then, cautiously, water. The fluid,
which
is
is
now
filtered
into
flask,
washed
until the
Two
173
or, to
may
and copper
The
filtrate is
gently
To prevent
more
is
and then
three times
with
The
flask is
then completely
and 80 millimeters
in
diameter
placed
bottom upwards, on top of it. The flask and dish are then inverted. The mouth
of the flask
is
until
it
is
nearly
full.
The
flask
left
174
THE
copper and the iron wires have falter Ir.co the water in the dish. Small particles
of carbon separated from the iron will re-
main
floating
flask is
on the water
for
some time.
The
ing
it
The
iron
is
freed
from copper by
poured
off as
lute alcohol,
until it has
It is
then brought upon the pan of the balance, or into a tarred porcelain crucible with the
aid of a fine brush,
It
is
now
dried for
the copper
is
175
amount of
shows a reddish sediment, it should be filtered, the filter dried and ignited upon the
scorifier,
re-
sulting
oxide should be
yield.
may be
The
contained
copper on account of a
:
precipitated
it
copper
is
becomes black.
ides formed are
The
The
ferric
oxide
is
precipitated with
is
ammonia.
The
solution
filtered
filter
paper.
The
may
be found,
is
de-
oxide found.
176
cipitated copper,
may
all
be filtered, dried,
as above,
ignited, weighed,
and dissolved,
fine
copper
and
arsenic,
has
first
later on,
The
larger
been evaporated to dryness with sulphuric acid and again moistened with
tate has
solution.
The
etc., is
with
in excess.
The appearance
indicates copper.
may
be used.
The
ring
is
end
projects.
When
pre-
177
is
rinsed Or,
as above.
may
be used in place
re-
must be immediately
moved from
salts.
In solutions
from
lead
and
described,
and
filter.
Then
place a strip of
until a bright
de-
and heat
it
shows no copper
is
not browned by
The
strip of zinc
then taken out, and the precipitated copIt is per washed off with the wash bottle.
next
filtered until
few drops covering the copper remains. of warm hydrochloric acid are then -added
12
178
to dissolve
which ma;y
etc.,
be present.
It is
now
decanted,
;
as in
or
it is filtered
soon
as
effervescence
ceases,
quickly
dried.
The
filter,
then detached
from the
platiin
num
The black
zinc,
is
by a trace
is
of sulphide of copper.
not
thrown down by
zinc,
but cobalt
is not.
Granulated zinc
a
strip,
may be
used instead of
The copper
cupriferous
is
then decanted,
etc.
The
a
fluid
may
be
filtered
into
platinum dish, and some hydrochloric acid added to it. Now heat and add a few small
pieces of zinc,
will.
179
on the
zinc.
is
After precipitation
ascertained
is
complete, which
by
testing
copper
zinc.
is
off
from the
decanted,
It is
settle,
to
treated
with
which some
added; then
hydrochloric
has been
quickly washed with hot water by decantation to prevent the loss of copper
tion.
by
solu
It is finally
230
to
248
F.,
dish, after
is
heated in a current
of sulphuretted hydrogen.
180
XX.
Electrolytic Determination of Copper.
CLASSEN'S method for the electrolytic determination of metals is based upon the fact
that
the separation of the
metal
is
best
effected
when
the oxide
is
fixed to an acid
secondary reaction cannot take place. Such an acid is oxalic acid, which splits
carbonic acid
rnetals
into
and hydrogen.
insoluble
their
Most
heavy
salts
give
;
precipitates
double
alkaline
adding
ammonium
formation of a precipitate.
The
carbonic
decomposition of the
ammonium
oxalate
monium
is
carbonate.
conducted by
neutral
double oxalates by the addition of a large excess of ammonium oxalate, heating the
solution
and exposing
and
in a
it
to the action of a
metals de-
negative electrode.
The determination
known, can be very
sen's
is
According
to Clasif
method the
solution (concentrated,
is
necessary, by evaporation)
ing, and, after
solid
heated to
boil-
adding 3 to 4 grammes of
oxalate, subjected to the
as
ammonium
is
soon
as
sep-
everything
arates
dissolved.
The copper
quickly and easily, provided the current is not too weak. With a strength
of current corresponding to 300 cubic centimeters of
gramme
182
in
25 minutes.
As
diameter, of
moderately
which
to a
is
secured by a screw
thick platinum
medium
wire.
To prevent
num
the
dish
is
covered with a
perforated in
entire
ar-
watch
crystal
centre.
The
shown
in front
the resistance-arrangement
"
---
G.
It consists
erable strengths
of current.
of
a rod b with
to
a zinc pole,
strength.
The
zinc poles
must be amai-
gamated with mercury and hydrochloric b kept clean. acid, and the contacts at
,
gramme
or
dissolved in
The
solution
evaporated
FIG.
H.
nearly to dryness, the residue dissolved in a small quantity of dilute sulphuric acid
to
60 or 70 cubic
is
The
solution
I,
poured into
B of
the dish
is
184
THE
C with
trode,
and
the
after
liquid
electrolyzed
the
funnel
in position.
from the
ter
is
dish.
The
first
lat-
FIG.
I.
rinsed out
with
185
XXI.
Assay of Lead Ores.
THE method
of assaying
pends on the nature of the ore and chiefly on whether the lead occurs in a sulphuretted or oxidized state.
a.
The
Many
ent,
predominant quantity.
As a
can be better
recognized,
pieces
In the latter
may, with
186
Methods of assaying sulphuretted lead ores which contain few or no foreign sul1.
phides.
These methods are based upon the desulphuration of the galena by iron and alka-
as
is
Too
much carbon
carboniferous
causes
refractoriness.
The
cible
substances also
main-
the cru-
and
and
Any
white lead or
By
the alkalies
187
eign sulphides, such as copper pyrites, sulphide of antimony, zinc blende, etc., are
associated with the galena, they are also
partially
the iron,
lead.
decomposed by the alkalies and and their radicals pass into the
also give rise to the formation
They
of sulphur-salts,
lead in the slag.
tions potash
used.
or
still
prepared by pouring a mixture of 2 parts crude tartar and 1 part saltpetre (crude flux) in a heated clay crublack flux
is
The
cible
188
the
most
a portion of the carbon, while, with a correct quantity of saltpetre, another portion
By
is
taking too
much
carbon
oxidized,
flux) only potassium carbonate (white flux) is obtained, arid with little carbon, gray flux.
must frequently be prepared fresh. For this reason it is more convenient to use a
mixture of 100 parts potash and 10 to 15
parts rye or
wheat
latter
is
flour.
On
heating the
mixture the
divided carbon
The
by a
keep
after
cover of
common
salt.
It serves to
189
has become thinly-fluid as a wash, bringing down from the sides of the crucible adhering metallic grains or fluxes.
All
assays, containing
in
their charge
mation of carbonic oxide, and hence capacious crucibles, which should at the utmost
be
filled I full
to be used. in
an air-furnace or a muffle-furnace
For assaying lead ores of the kind mentioned under A 1, various methods are in
use in different places.
a.
vessels.
for
nearly pure
free
Assay in iron dishes. Galenas nearly from foreign admixtures are assayed in
as follows
:
England
irondish.
w rough t-
The
190
After
is
in-
pro-
lid
of
somewhat
The
then
When
still
the matte
is
empty the
and
then pour
all
upon a metal
still
plate,
whereby
In 5 to
results.
a short
time
these
for controlling
nearly
the
same
volatilization
of metal
takes place.
In South Assay in iron crucibles. Wales about 80 grammes of galena are melted in an iron crucible, about 72 milliP.
191
on the
to
top, in
15 minutes.
The
yield
is
81 to 82 per
cent.
b.
The
fluxes,
which
ores,
have
be added
to
more impure
Of
silver nearly
;
the lead
iron in the
more
silver
is
retained
Copper
is
slag.
Of
zinc
which
does
not volatilize
Iron
is
passing
only found
in
traces
in
the
lead,
but
antimony
partially
vola-
as
par-
tially
Silica pro-
i92
scorification
is
counteracted.
The
lead in
an impure lead regulus obtained by the dry assay can only be determined by the wet
method.
With a content of
copper, dissolve
or reduce
in
it
with cya-
nide of potash
crucible.
is
and soda
a porcelain
antimony
with
solved
sulphide
of
lead
converted
into
sulphate.
According
to the
quality
and quantity of
methods
of assaying
a.
may
be used.
Assay in an iron crucible with black With ores as free as possible from flux. copper and poor in earths, this assay in a
short time gives the greatest yield (84 i to
193
85 i per cent.), because it is for a shorter time (10 to 15 minutes) in the fire and
can be executed with larger quantities of ore, whereby the loss is distributed over
larger quantities.
The absence
of a larger
contents of the
crucible
quantities
is
much
used in Eng-
and
then charge
and
1 borax).
salt
Then add
cover of
common
or powdered
glass,
upon the crucible and gradually heat during 5 minutes to a red heat, and maintain this temperature for 5
place an iron lid
to 8
minutes longer.
13
When
all is
melted,
194
and any globules of lead appearing on the surface or unmelted masses have been sub-
merged with a
cool
to
warmed ingot-mould painted inside with The slag may be again melted black lead.
with some flux (soda or potash and argol) for 10 to 12 minutes.
The
is
Of 86.81 per
obtained by this
The
In England
500 grains (32. 4 grammes) ore, 500 grains soda and 50 grains argol for poorer ores, 850 grains soda, 150 grains
;
borax and 50 grains argol time for melting, 8 to 10 minutes; entire time, 10 to 15
;
195
ore,
At
Freiberg
50 grammes
15 minutes; time for heating the slag with potash, 10 to 12 minutes. 0. Assay in a clay crucible with black flux
heat, 12 to
and
iron
method of assaying
is
At
lows:
Charge a crucible,
first
with
3.75
grammes of powdered
to its richness, place
to
1.12
grammes
and 4
to 5.5 millimeters
upon
it
11.25 grammes
of a mix-
grammes
and
flour,
with 1.12 to 1.5 grammes of borax, and finally add a cover of common salt a few
millimeters
thick.
If foreign
sulphides,
are
it
may
196
With galena
is
Pribram
12
as
follows: 5
grammes
ore, 11.5 to
grammes black
petre), 1 to 1.2
grammes
blende
:
iron
grammes
iron wire.
flux, 1 to 1.2
grammes
Some
argol
is
always
make
the
common
which
more
fluid
lead,
volatilized,
is
The
assay
When
is
then
The assay may be considered a success when assay and counter-assay agree, when
the lead
is
at the
bottom
in one
button and
By
a few
197
blows of the
hammer, the
is
iron
.
wire
is
The galena
at first desulphurized
by
The
salt
creased
hence, towards
the
its
end of melting
content of lead.
freed
desulphurization,
the
potassium
formed
Another being closely allied to sulphur. portion of the alkali in conjunction with
the borax and glass causes the scorification
of the earths and metallic oxides contained
in the assay-sample.
The
common
salt pre-
globules on
198
This method of assaying is very simple, readily executed and permits of the best
yield of lead for ores of the above-mentioned
kinds.
lead
up
obtained
loss
of lead
may, however, increase to 10 per cent. v. Upper Harz potash assay in clay crucibles. Melt 5 grammes of galena with
three times the quantity of potash under
a cover of
the
muffle
common
salt in a crucible
under
30
complete.
:
The
4
+ Pb
2
S=
4-
Pb +
2.
(K 2 S +
(K 2 S
Pb
Pb
S)
+ K
In order to
separate
S)
from th
sulphur-salt
by
is
it
open the
converted into
liberated
Pb S
partially
199
is
Pb S
4.
If
now
the muffle
again
upon the
decomposed sulphide of
being formed,
if
allowed
for
the
above-mentioned cooling
4
(Pb S
cooling
+ Pb
is
= 2 Pb +
2 S'02 ).
If
The durais
many foreign
sulphides.
The
combinations, because
decomposed by
their
and
the
iron,
radical
passing into the lead button, and an abundant formation of sulphur-salts takes. place,
in
the
200
and a
Calcination-assay.
is
Take from
a pile of
times, 5 to 10
Pulverize this grammes. assay-sample and thoroughly roast it for 6 or more hours in a more or less shallow
crucible about 65 millimeters in diameter,
in-
By
thorough roasting
is
air, so
that no fusion
the
latter,
phurous
acid,
are converted
201
After
assay-sample,
if
it
should be slagged together, in a cast-iron mortar, roast again for about half an hour,
triturate again,
mix
with
it
and reheat.
are
also
In roasting, metallic
sulphates
phides,
to be
sul-
with the development of sulphurous acid, they again form sulphides and then with the repeated access
decomposed so
be removed
temperature.
The
which
remain as sulphates in the roasted powder, are removed by heating the latter with
ammonium
carbonate, volatile
ammonium
202
The sulphate
of
in
sample has an earthy appearance and shows no odor of sulphurous acid. It is finally
taken from the furnace, allowed to cool and,
after
melted
The
and
melted at not too high a temperature with reducing agents (black flux, potash and flour) and solving fluxing (borax,
glass), the lead
oxide
is
reduced to metallic
oxides, reducible
lead while
the metallic
difficulty,
with more
are scorified.
How-
latter are
also
partially reduced
is
impure.
Too
much
or too
little
203
wanting.
partially
The
decomposed by the acids of the borax and glass and partially reduced to
sulphide of lead, from which by the alkali a portion of the lead is separated, while
sul-
For phide of potash and lead in the slag. the decomposition of the latter combination
a small
addition
of iron
is
recom-
mended.
executed by mixing the roasted assay-sample with three to four times the
Melting
is
quantity of black flux and an equal weight of borax and glass, bringing the mixture
into a crucible, covering
it
with
common
heating
it
hour.
been successful
the lead
acid.
Decom-
204
pose 5 or 10
ore in a
grammes
of finely pulverized
nitric
digesting-glass with
acid,
it
upon a
filter,
residue
upon the
Besides insoluble
phate of lead which is with difficulty soluble in water, while the sulphates of the
metals associated with galena being readily
soluble in water are
removed
filter
is
after
washing
the residue.
The
dried, ignited
with
and the ignited mass melted with black flux and iron, whereby
its
contents
decomposed by the
This assay gives a more correct content of lead than the preceding, and is also On account of suitable for lead alloys.
the availability of lower temperatures, the
205
mass
volatilized,
with about
quantity of potas-
The
cold
melt
is
extracted" with
no sulphide of
lead, has
been formed,
In
re-
move
it
by washing.
to be
both cases
and has
3.
process.
Methods of assaying for sulphuretted lead ores which contain many earthy con,
stituents.
In such
determined by the dry method by melting a larger quantity of assay substance (100
to
206
around
is
in the fluid
mass until
all
the lead
is
separated.
not
also obtained
by mixing 10
to
20
grammes of the substance to be assayed in the ordinary manner with potash or black
flux, spreading out
arv
vided silver (30 to 50 per cent.), covering the latter with common salt and melting in
the
usual
manner.
The
increase in the
may
By
when
207
white lead
which cannot be
directly with
reduced,
but
combine
phos;
the alkalies
(silicate,
in
re-
is
the slag).
Combinations
of
the
and
salt in a
crucible.
fluid,
The
slag
and
as this
of
the
latter,
must accordingly be
silicated lead slags
it
modified.
is
To highly
cent,
taining i to
to
the
Slags
containing sulphur
are
208
somewhat
According
to the
last
may
from 1 \ to 2 hours, in order to give the lead an opportunity to thoroughly separate from
the very thinly-liquid slag.
At Mechersoda
and
borax
;
in
red heat
Percy recommends the following charges For white lead ore 500 grains ore, 500
:
100 argol and 30 borax. Time of For minetite (green melting, 20 minutes.
soda,
lead ore)
400 soda, 20 coal dust and 30 borax or 350 grains soda, 100 argol and 30 borax.
Duration of the process from the time of introducing the charge to pouring out, 25 to
30 minutes.
2.
By
and
iron,
when
fixed on sulas,
209
Charge with three to four times the quantity of black flux and 10 to
lead, dross, etc.
slags,
an addition
suffices.
210
XXII.
Assay of Lead Ores by Heat
THERE
is
amount of
the
so easily oxidized
by a high
varies
temperature.
Generally,
the
loss
from one-sixth to one-twelfth, or yet more commonly is about a tenth; and for this
reason, the result of the assay should after-
ward be increased by
centage of lead.
The
fig.
4,
lead
is
the most
common)
and therefore are comparatively small in Three parts, or here six hundred bulk.
grains, of black flux are
211
powdered
ore.
little
then expose the whole to a strong, steady red-heat, for about an hour, in the bellows furnace, fig. 6, Plate I. This is effected
bri^.k,
We
by first placing the crucible on the and then making a layer of cold
On
this
come the
live coals,
burnt ones up to the top of the furnace. When burnt down, we take out the cruci-
and thus obtain a button of pure lead and some slag, besides a remaining portion
bles,
of the iron.
The
latter should be
added in excess, to
13.45
Galena contains,
in
hundred
parts,
which
would require 22.67 parts of metallic iron to form sulphuret of iron, consisting of 37.23
212
parts of sulphur to 62.77 of iron.
fore,
If,
there-
two hundred grains of the ore are used, the iron should weigh from 60 to 100
Filings ought never to be used, as
grains.
they are always covered, to a smaller or Besides, it is greater amount, with oxide.
very
difficult to get
them
purities
latter
213
XXIII.
Assay of Lead Ores ty a Wet Process.
THIS method
will
be found
much
it
the
may
(See
The
ore
(galena)
should
be powdered
much
even than in the assay by heat, after which it is moistened with fuming
finer
nitric acid,
by which process
entirely changed from the sulphuret to the sulphate of lead. If the mass be diluted with water and
filtered,
is
be found
quantities toe
If
214
THE
ASSAYERi'S GUIDE.
by ammonia,
not be
at
is
the latter
by muriatic acid.
fuming
nitric
Should
hand, and
acid
if therefore
a weaker kind
and
sul-
phur
is
of nitrate of lead.
From
this
latter the
metal should be precipitated with sulphuric acid. By heating the dried residue, after
filtering
over
it
evaporated and sulphate of lead is retained. In both cases, the lead produced is a
sulphate, and in this shape
it
should be
weighed, and from the result the amount of the former alone may be easily calculated, as will be seen
weight, of
Oxide of lead
Sulphuric acid
73.56
.
26.44
100.00
lead, again, of
Lead
92.83
Oxygen
Hence we
say, if
....
7.17
100 parts of oxide of lead contain 92.83 of pure lead, then 73.56 of
pure lead contain 68.285748 parts;
or, in
Lead
68.285748
.
Oxygen
5.274252'
Sulphuric acid
26.440000
100.000000
For
need be taken.
smaller
amount might
one would only
make
216
XXIV.
Gravimetric Analyses of Lead Ores.
AT
method
:
is
executed for pure galenas as follows Decompose 2 grammes of the ore with concentrated nitric acid, add a few drops of sul-
mass
in water,
filter
contents of the
cium and
barium,
sulphur,
with
wash the
filter until
a drop
wash
with water until acid reaction ceases, precipitate the lead with as little sulphuric
acid as possible (an excess of acid also pre-
off the
sulphate of
lead,
whereby
and rich
far, arid
the
so-
grammes
of
100 to 150 cubic centimetres of hydrochloric acid diluted with four times the
quantity of water, and heated to 122
for
F.
15 to 20 minutes.
He
ment
218
acid
and
by zinc have
mined by
the lead.
special assays,
readily
on a weighed
quantity of Wood's metal (1 part Bi, 0.5 Pb, 0.25 Sn, 0.25 Cd), and finds the lead
219
XXV.
Assay of Iron Ores by Heat.
ONE
mixed with
/ains of calcined
The quantity
when
it
contains
many
foreign
admixtures.
If the ore contains sulphur, it
to
Hessian crucible
is
and Implements.
centre,
Into
the
hollow in the
is
the
is
entirely covered
220
with a piece of charcoal. The crucible is then closed, the number of the assay being marked on the inner surface of the cover.
This
is
some putty.
The
iron
ore,
is
after
these
preliminary
arrangements,
to be submitted to a reduc-
which
hour.
lasts
about
three-quarters
of an
At
Mountains
used instead of
portability, I
give a description.
It consists
or jar,
one and a half in height, and having a plate of sheet-iron, perforated with many
little
a grate. This leaves a vacant space of about two inches below, to receive the
ashes.
The
latter partition
221
ders
bellows.
Above the
any
an inch
mouth
of the jar.
The
each
with
same
impurities, carbon,
would,
if
For these
entirely
suffices;
but to ascertain the true amount of pure iron, the wet analysis should be resorted to,
the same as with other ores
;
and
it is for
next
the
chapter
real
how
to discover or calculate
222
THE ASSAYER'S
GUIDE,.
by heat.
uninteresting to
many,
perusal, to
thod for obtaining chemically pure iron, as given by Karsten in his famous and
metal.
It
is
He
e. g.
;
Swedish
it
cut
it
up
with
about a fourth part by weight of oxide of the same metal, melt it in a Hessian crucible.
To
cover
it,
use a
compound
flux,
from
all
223
it
by vapours of watei
re-
markably white colour, a strong metallic lustre, and is more ductile than the best
varieties of soft bar-iron.
racteristic,
Particularly chaits
however,
is
great
specific
gravity,
amounting
is
to
of wrought-iron
7.6 to 7.9,
and of
cast-
The only imiron only from 7.0 to 7.5. purity this metal may be discovered to
possess occurs as slight traces of silicium.
and therefore
pure as
it
it
may
be considered to be
ass
wet
analysis,
and thus in
to
this
shape
it
is
utterly
unknown
the
mere
224
XXVI.
s Process
a very sure one, not only to ascertain the quantity of iron in an ore, but
to acquaint us
oxidation in which
exists,
and
it is
also the
amount of each
oxide,
which
often not
Many
magnetic ones,
and the
to
protthis
which
common
The
Fuchs
founded on the
fact,
that chemically
air is
when atmospheric
incapable
of dissolving anv
when peroxide
of iron
is
a corresponding quantity of
thus formed.
The
if
ore
is
necessary, filtered.
tomed
tion
a clean weighed
and the vessel corked, and covered with a piece of bladder, tied down round
placed,
-*
we
are
ready to
boil
it.
This
is
best
received
by the acid. The former is then taken out, well washed in water, dried with a towel,
and immediately weighed.
The
copper
the
for
difference
is
in
is
the
weight
of the
all
that
required to ascertain
of iron in the ore,
amount of peroxide
226
The
quo-
To know
15
it,
dissolve
it
chlorate
we
pure metal, into our calculations. By subtracting the amount of the peroxide from the last result, the amount of the protoxide
is
found.
The
no
presence of alumina,
silica,
&c. has
on this assay, though the existence of copper in it would represent the ore as
effect
poorer than
it
really
is.
The
latter,
how-
common
iron or its
ores except in
mere
227
XXVII.
Swedish Assay of Iron Ores.
THE
following dry
is
method of assaying
in
iron ores
still
much employed
Swe-
much more
an iron ore when smelted on a large scale. The yield of crude iron from the ores, as
well as the approximate content of iron,
is
obtained by multiplying the weight of the resulting button of crude iron by 0.95.
in
manganese have
works are
The
assayed in the dry way in order to determine the yield of iron, the nature of
the
iron,
the
behavior in smelting,
etc.
228
The
obtained by
or
Ibs.
more
in
weight from the circumference and interior of the ore-pile and reducing them to powder.
is
formed into a conical heap, which is divided into several parts. One or two of these
parts are then taken and again formed into
a heap,
which
is
is
divided as before.
This
until
reduction
finally 2
several times
Ibs.
repeated
to 4
which are passed through a sieve having 40 to 60 meshes to the linear inch, and
dried at from 230
to
248
F.
The aim
in executing the
assay
is
to
admixed earthy matter. To effect the latter, silica, alumina and lime must be brought
together in suitable proportion about 56
:
:
14
30
(bisilicate).
In order to approximate
make
a pre-
way
for the
de
229
For
recommends the
following process
weighed quantity of the finely powheated to redness in a porcelain the loss of weight gives the amount
is
dered ore
crucible
;
matters present.
is
Another weighed portion heated with dilute nitric acid, which dis-
magne-
sium
amount of
is
third portion
with
strong
hydrochloric
acid,
whereby the carbonates of lime and magnesium and the oxides of iron ore are dissolved out, leaving an insoluble residue of
weighed, the oxides of iron being determined from the difference of weight by deducting that of
quartz and
clay.
This
is
the
carbonates previously
found.
From
230
In
many
pre-
fluxes to
Calcareous appearance of the ore alone. ores effervesce with acids-; clayey ores, when
and adhere
to
when
struck with
the
steel.
According
to
experience, the
many
MATERIALS.
231
According to the above table, for siliceous and argillaceous iron ores a flux of 20 to 25
per cent, of chalk and 20 to 30 per cent, of However, fluor-spar is as a rule sufficient.
many
cases, especially
cent, or more.
When
alumina
is
wanting,
is
added.
From
can readily be recognized whether the correct proportion of earths has been
melting
used. If the slag
is
If there
is
too
much
silica
in the
more or
completely transparent, easily broken with a conchoidal fracture and sharp Should the charge be fritted, puledges.
verulent,
particles,
less
in
minute
portioned,
the
temperature
too
low.
232
This
and
lime.
is
dark in
silica or
an excess of
decom-
a spongy appearance.
The
the slag
larger
amounts render
it
olive
Titaniferous
With
a considerable
crumbles to a powder. Such basic slags with a stony texture may correctly give
the content of iron
graphitic.
if
the button
is
not too
Iron
ores containing
sulphur
may
from sulphur.
38 Si 15 A1 2
2,
Thus
21 parts Si
Ca
0.
Such slag
is
other
constants
=A
1.75(35
3
0.75
15
Lime
2.50(50
The
following fluxes
have
also
been
recommended
lurgical products,
The
gramme
ore
Parts.
Parts.
China clay
2
2
Lime
to 3
Lime
Sand
Glass
Blast-furnace slag. 5
Otol
2 to 2 &
Fluor-spar
2.
and
flue cinders
Parts.
Parts.
Glass
Ito2
2i to
China clay
2
3
to
Lime
Lime
3.
magnesia,
manganese,
:
etc.,
Parts.
China clay
2
1J
.
Glass
to
Lime
Sand..
Lime
1J to 2
235
Ores containing
:
silica
and alumina,
Parts.
Parts.
Glass
to 2*
China clay
to 2
Lime
2J to 3
Lime
to 3
5.
titanium
Parts.
Parts.
Lime
Glass
Glass
2 2
2J
Lime
China clay
H
1
China clay
Lime
The dry assay of iron ores is performed as follows Mix the finely pulverized ore with
:
it
The
:
basqued crucibles are prepared as follows The charcoal powder is mixed with just
sufficient
gum-water or molasses
to
is
make
it
cohere readily.
The
crucible
gently
rammed
drical
full
236
the charge
made
adapted for this assay are made of a mixture composed of two parts unburnt
cibles best
and one part burnt clay. They are about II inches high and li inches in diameter
at the top.
As
gramme, four
crucibles
furnace at a time.
The charges
but a
result-
weight of the
is
probably correct;
mean weight of
is
as the result. It
them
so that
when
the fusion
is
finished all
Although
lids are
some-
it is better,
been introduced, to stop the cavity with a charcoal plug and to cover the entire top of the crucible with a clay
237
The
half brick
should be placed near or directly upon the fire-bars at the bottom of the furnace and the anthracite or coke fire built
up around and over the crucibles. When the latter have been in the fire about li to 2
hours, and a white heat has been reached
may
be considered
When
the crucibles are cold they are broken up, the metallic buttons and globules * which
may
The
ap-
been referred
to,
and
and maintained
is
of charcoal or dirt to
the cavity
when
being charged.
238
they have not been cooled too quickly, graphitic. As a general thing the iron buttons are dark
should be dark, tough and,
if
gray or mottled according to the condition and amount of carbon they contain. If the
crucibles are allowed
to cool very slowly,
but
if
The
presence
sulphur produces
structure;
a mottled or reticulated
man-
grained iron
mium, a
ing
iron.
to
the
amount of chromium
of sulphur
in
the
A content
may
also be recog-
on
239
pouring hydrochloric acid over the regulus. By bringing a sheet of silver over a weighed quantity of the button thus treated, the
former
is
phur
tion
is
present.
By
may, with some experience, be judged whether the iron is suitable for this
it
is
also exe-
with
the
previously
mentioned
fluxes (glass
coal,
fluxes
and
passed
series,
through a 60-mesh
With a
may
be pro-
portioned as follows
1
and
2.
Ore
Glass
Lime
500 grains (32 grammes) " 250 (16 grammes) " 300 (19.2 grammes)
3 and
4.
500 grains (32 grammes) " China clay. c*. ..200 (12.8 grammes)
Ore
240
Sand
50 grains
(
3.
2 grammes)
Lime
250
"
(16
grammes)
is
prefer-
may
The
used
1
.
following
:
amounts
are
respectively
80 grains
110
(5. 1
2 grammes)
3. 4.
"
2.
(7. 04 grammes)
150
20 grains "
(7. (9.
68 grammes)
60 grammes)
reducing agents with the transfer to a cruore, thoroughly cible about 4 inches high by li inches in Lute the cover on with clay, diameter.
place on a piece of fire-brick and heat in
Mix
the
fluxes
and
the usual
manner
for
an hour or more.
In
must be taken
to
shake
it
as little as pos-
disseminating glob-
When cold,
break
open the crucible, and collect any small buttons or shots of metal in the slag with a
241
magnet. Weigh, then fracture the largest button and note the character of the iron.
If the above
car-
ried out,
using
ore,
magnetic
like as follows
1.
Not being
is
sufficient
the ore
not
all
reduced
unreduced ore being fritted together with slag in an irregular lump. Ore completely reduced and fused into a button. Iron, gray. Slag, glassy, and
2.
opaque.
3.
a well-melted button.
white.
Slag,
clear,
glassy
and
trans-
mitted light.
Ore completely reduced, but owing to the excess of carbon present the metal is
4.
disseminated
16
through
the
slag
in
small
242
shots or globules.
Iron, gray.
Slag, glassy,
to re-
reduction.
Consequently the
243
XXVIII.
Assay of Quiclmlver Ores.
THIS metal
is
times occur in the virgin state, though by far the most common shape in which it
presents itself
is
the bisulphuret,
commonly
perfectly
termed
cinnabar,
which in
its
Mercury
Sulphur
-.
86.287
13.713
...
100.000
Its
formula being
Hg S.
.
A
T
.
..
specimen from
Mercury
Sulphur
84.50
14.75
99.25
Which, though
it
244
THE
ASSAYEIl'S GUIDE.
that
it
possessed
much
lated composition,
contain.
could be expected to
not the place here to give the analyses of other casual occurrences of this metal, such as perhaps are only to be
It is
and
the
I shall
therefore
proceed to describe
manner
in
In
all
cases the
simple distillation,
necessary
disengage
it.
commonly
contrived
facilitate
used.
so
that
can
be
unscrewed, to
Retorts or
24o
To produce
should not exceed a mild red, any convenient furnace, such as the one described on
Any
It
the
mouth of the
retort
ought not to be
on cooling, the water would rise up into it. To avoid this, and yet to prevent the escape of the mercurial vapors, a wet wrapper of
paper or linen
of the other
is
in the water.
Some
little
The
may
be enumerated
:
24f>
Black llux, from one-half to full weight of ore " Carbonate of soda or of potash, one-half " " " Iron filings, from a quarter to a half
full
"
"
"
With
The black
flux
potash
are
The
disengaged.
The
alkaline fluxes
If
the quicksilver
its
is
known
to exist only in
virgin
uncombined
state,
no flux
is
re-
quired,
to distil it over. It
during the assay should not exceed a moderate red. This point is of
employed
cinnabar, because
sublimated
heat
is
in its
undecomposed
state, if the
in
If
the
247
the ore,
first
if
their presence
is
suspected, must
be
mixed with
soda.
To render
the
mixing more intimate, a little water is employed, which must, however, be removed
before placing the ore in the retort.
It is
and,
when
removing the receiving vessel, so that particles of the metal condensed in the neck
of the retort or in the tube may be forced out ,
still
more,
it is
neces-
with a
little
brush or feather.
has collected ID
The
quicksilver which
frequently indis-
is
by
boiling
in water.
the water
decanted should be re
blotting-paper.
From
are
commonly employed
ores
by
heat,
neither
as
regards
full
the
perfect
chemical
duced; but, as the loss and impurity are yet greater with quicksilver produced on a
large scale, this
ore
h
the
when
ore
is
when
therefore
to
in-
the large
amount
it
would be necessary
249
convenience in the assay, the following preparatory process be resorted to. The ore
should
be digested with
aqua
regia, the
supernatant liquid decanted or filtered off, the residue thoroughly washed with water,
solution, together
with the
washings, evaporated to dryness. All the quicksilver in the shape of chloride is then
in the dry
it is
way, only
above remarked,
to
always necessoda,
sary
carefully
mix with
is
when
choride of quicksilver
present.
it
will be well
treatment necessary
contains arsenic.
when
quicksilver
ore
I shall
remarks of
BodemaD
in
the preface.
He
Huanca-Ve*lica, in Peru,
to Berthier's
^"vJ
THE ASSAYER
GUIDE.
most adequate
for
determining the mercury in it. " The ore is mixed with four or
its
five times
retort.
flowing, slag-like
mass
is
formed
&c..
sul-
The
The only
precaution
concluded."
According to Escosura, 0.5 gramme of the ore is digested with 10 to 15 cubic centimeters of hydrochloric acid and 20 cubic centimeters of water in a porcelain dish.
251
gramme
of
In order to
if
present,
sat-
add 20
to
30 cubic centimeters of a
urated solution of
ammonium
sulphate and
resi-
boil
When
filter,
the insoluble
filtrate
the
electrolytic
bath.
The negative
and the
posiis
a platinum
sheet.
The
solution
30 hours.
equals
The
the
gold
content of
quicksilver.
Two Bunsen
This assay
dish
cells are
generally sufficient.
may
also be executed
by
treat-
with hydrochloric acid, ammonium Of 10 per cent, ore sulphate, and water. only 0.2 gramme is used, and .of 0.1 per
cent, ore,
10 grammes.
The platinum
dish
252
serves as the negative pole, and a disk of
sheet-gold, about 4 centimeters in diameter,
as the positive pole.
The current
cells,
is
sup-
plied
by 6 Meidinger
silver is precipitated in
24 hours.
are
These
determinations
be
very accurate
at
Almaden.
From
a solution of
with
nitric acid,
mercury
is,
according to Classen,
The metal adheres oxyhydrogen gas. well and can be washed without loss. The
washing must, however, be done without
interrupting the current.
silver
Insoluble quick-
common
salt
(1:10)
and
electrolyzing as usual.
253
XXIX.
Dry Assay of
TIN that
is
Tin Ores.
must be present
cible at a
form of oxide.
way The
high temperature reducing and fluxing re-agerits which, bring the stannic
oxide to the metallic state and convert the
The behavior gangue into a liquid slag. of stannic oxide and of metallic tin at an
elevated temperature causes, however, certain
difficulties,
results
These
1.
difficulties are
metallic
decomposes the
forming
alkali
carbonates used
as fluxes
254
3.
That
the
reduce
stannic
oxide, other
metallic
tin but-
That sulphates are reduced, or, if sulphides are present, they combine directly
with the metallic
slag.
5.
tin
and carry
it
into the
in the ore is
loss
always
siliceous.
as the stannic
oxide, while passing through the intermediate state of stan nous oxide, combines with
silica
6.
and
silicates.
is liable,
before its
nates
Thus
it
can
when
when
tin is carried
sili-
255
and that
if
all
moved,
possible,
The making up
much
as possible the
bad influences of
crucibles used in
the
basic fluxes.
The
plumbago
crucible,
lain crucible.
sary.
Five grammes
gramme
charged
on top are placed 12.5 to 15 grammes black flux (or the substitute: 2 parts of potassium-sodium-carbonate
and
grammes
and
crucible
borax-glass, then a
fin
common
salt cover,
The
nace at a moderate, gradually increasing temperature, until the boiling has ceased,
and
256
The
crucible
is
then
cool,
fire,
broken, when
button weighed.
Mitchell *
argol,
mixes
400 grains
ore,
100
300 sodium carbonate, 50 lime, and charges in a crucible so large that.it need
then gives a cover only be half filled of sodium carbonate and 200 grains of
;
of powdered potassium
into a capacious porce-
cyanide
is
rammed
to
from
12
15
grammes of the .powdered ore intimately mixed with five times the quantity of potassium cyanide are added to that in the crucible, and the whole is covered with a thin
layer of the cyanide.
*
>Janual of Assaying;
The charge
New
York, 1881,
is
then
p. 48,
ORES.
257
and
kept in constant fusion for 10 minutes. The crucible is then taken out and gently
tapped to facilitate the formation of a single The button button, and allowed to cool.
is
then freed from adhering slag by water. In case copper or lead is present, the ore
freed from
must be
them
before reduction
by treating it with acid. This is the most accurate method of assaying tin (to within
one-half per cent.), and can be executed in
a very short time.
siliceous, a
is
grammes
ture
placed in
The mix-
covered with potassium cyanide and then with powdered charcoal. The
cover
a
is
high
temperature
for
one-half to
one
hour.
In any case it is always better to mix a small quantity of powdered charcoal with
17
258
the
One-half of
the
potassium
cyanide
may
Care
become
After
pouring, the
apt to
Winklers bronze
of ore are
assay.
Five grammes
of cupric
;
mixed with
grammes
oxide and charged in a clay crucible on top are placed 15 grammes of black flux
with 1.25 grammes of borax-glass, then a common salt cover, and finally a large piece
of charcoal.
muffle
or
The
crucible
is
heated in a
boiling
pot-furnace,
after
has
hour at a bright-red heat, finishing the The result assay at almost a white heat.
is
a white,
With
every tin-assay, an assay of 5 grammes of cupric oxide with the same charge is made,
ORES.
25 f*
gives
the ore.
This assay
the
Its
is
actually a modification of
German method
advantage
is
previously described.
(or,
pended in the slag. All the metallic oxides that have been reduced are found collected
in one button.
is
It is
regular
per cent.
2i)0
XXX.
Assay of Sulplmrets in Ores.
IT
is
know
the
To one
The borax is first mixed with and when placed in the Hessian
or in the lead and copper one,
II.,
fig.
the ore,
crucible,
4, Plate
glass.
The
crucible
then exposed to a bright red-heat, as with copper and lead, and on cooling the
is
button
broken
out,
which
may
contain in
261
and
may
method
Place 1 to 2
in
a
grammes
of the finely
powdered ore
cork, through
flask
provided with a
which passes a bent tube. The outside end of this tube dips into an
ammoniacal solution of copper of known
strength.
A few small
of
pieces of granulated
and 75 cubic
acid
centimeters
hydrochloric
poured
over
its
and heat.
de-
when
The
precipitation ceases,
settle, is filtered
the sulphide
is
allowed to
object
and washed.
zinc
is
of adding
the
262
traces of
it
THE ASSAYER'S
GUIDE.
and
glass
Heat
to boiling,
titrate
This
gives
quantity
the
multiplied
by
0.50393
sought.
content
of
sulphur
The
upon the
it
is
ore,
and
if
any
galena
is
present,
;
also
more readily
decomposed
concentrated
hydrochloric
acid
sulphur
which
it
is
be-
263
in the
The
To
gramme
porcelain
add a small
the
amount of potassium
chlorate, cover
dish with a watch glass, add 50 cubic centimeters concentrated nitric acid, and heat
to boiling,
adding a
little
to time.
When
perfectly oxidized,
it
remove
should be rinsed
to a small
little
and evaporate
Add
strong
and evaporate to dryness, moisten with the same acid, add water, and To the filter from silica and the gangue.
filtrate
add 1 gramme tartaric acid, heat, add hot solution of barium chloride, drop by drop, boil, let settle, filter and wash well
with hot water.
264
Weigh a
cible,
add the
and
precipitate,
burn
to
ashes, cool,
and weigh
as baric sulphate.
After deducting
filter ash,
weights of crucible
and
One-half
gramme
of pyrites
is
The
stopper
is
quickly inserted,
for 5 minutes.
is
When
the
ended, which
all
known by
disappearance of
pulverulent sulphur
glass, the solu-
emptied into a casserole, and most of the bromine allowed to evaporate in the cold. The solution is almost neutralized
with ammonia, then poured into an excess of hot ammonia contained in a platinum dish, and digested from 10 to 15 minutes at
265
is
The sulphuric
filtrate
acid
de-
termined in the
usual manner.
from
this in
the
bro-
The
entire
amount of
mine employed must not be added all at once, as otherwise there may be some loss
of sulphur in the form of sulphuretted hy-
drogen.
Some
hence
it
can-
made
by the ammonia.
266
XXXI.
Mode of
testing the
Calorific
Power of Coal
and
IT
other Fuels.*
must not be supposed that the amount of heat which a fuel is capable of producing
is
entirely dependent on
its
chemical com-
position.
Different
to
determine the efficacy of coal as a fuel. Thus, Despretz has made experiments of this kind by discovering the amount of
water which a certain quantity of coal will elevate in temperature one degree of the
centigrade thermometer.
ii.,
p.
219,
476.
267
however, proposed one that seems equally simple, and serviceable for all practical purposes.
Berthier has,
applica-
Wood
rasped. The powdered substance is then mixed with some litharge, but more than
it
is
capable of reducing,
its
twenty times
forty.
The
mine
d,
accuracy
what
The
mixture
II., fig.
about twenty to thirty grammes of litharge. The crucible must not be filled over onehalf
This
is
and covered.
too
268
The
When
the melting
may
collect.
The
crucible
is
This process rests upon the fact that the carbon will reduce the litharge; and having,
therefore,
assumed one
number
for
the
amount of
which
to
compare the
experiments of this kind are made, the assayer will do well to establish
a certain
When many
number
as the basis.
This
will
vary according to the general character of his coals. This number it will be well to
assume as low as
convenience of fractions.
fore
He would
there-
as the
adopt a very inferior variety of coal one with which to compare the
in
others
the
following manner,
though
269
remembered
of
am
not
only
now
giving
results
assays, but
imaginary
examples.
1
part bone-coal
"
"
"
rough bituminous" 12.50 " 20.00 good bituminous " 26.00 anthracite
litharge
'<
"
"
'
.270
the
in
inclusive,
3
1
les
gland.
En
to
in
crucib
for
steel
clays,
of
rst iefl
fi
chiefly
two
sed
facture
T86
|
5*66
|
0'66
|
9'66
i'OOI
O'OOl
II
Sis fll
II
1
Stourbridge,
Ber-
by
Sr
b
"-.I
England, thier-
From
OQ
ill |ii
CO
271
and Fahnecessary
Amount of Heat
"2T1
T<M* of Tray
and
Silver,
and
Platina.
24 grains
(gr.)
make
1
1 1
20 pennyweights
12 ounces
Ib.
1
pound
(Ib.)
oz.
dwt.
12
1
= =
gr.
240 == 5760
20
1
= =
480
24
c. f.
is
being
One pound
number
of carats fine
is
unalloyed.
grs.,
One pound of gold 23 carats fine contains 5520 o on, and one oz. of gold 20 c. f. has 400 grs.
one dwt. of gold 15
c. f.
and
has
15 grs.
to
be calculated.
(Pound)
Ib.
(Ounce)
oz.
(Dram)
dr.
20
1
80
SB
16
Plate
I.
Part
I.
Plate
I.
Part
II.
Plate Il.-Part
I.
Plate II.-Part
II.
Plate II.
Part III.
INDEX.
Acid solvent agents, 58 Acids for wet assays, 62 Agricola and his writings, 19
Air-excluding fluxes, 61, 62 Alkalies and carbonates, caustic, 60 caustic, 59 Alloy or coin, pulverizing an, 140 silver, calculation of the
silver in a, 86, 87
Assay, crucible, for gold, 124130 dry, of iron ores, execution of, 235-239 dry, of tin ores, 253-259 electrolytic, of platinum, 156, 157 furnaces, gas, 44-53 modified Swedish, of copper, 170-179 of copper ores, 158-170 of gold by a wet process,
136, 137 of gold by combined dry and wet methods, 117135 of gold by panning, 111116 of gold by washing, 108110 of gold coins, or alloys
and
containing gdld, silver and copper, 141-148 of gold ore by amalgamation, 106, 107
American gold
126, 127
ore,
charge
for,
Ammonium
ores,
re-ageuts
for
ores
by heat, 101-
ores
ores,
by
heat, 219-
ores
cess, 213-215
of,
Antimony, addition
in the
assay of copper, 160 Argol, 54 Arsenic, addition of, in the assay of copper, 160 treatment of quicksilver containing, 249, 250 Assay, bronze, Winkler's, 258, 259
.
of lead ores by heat, 210212 of native silver ores, 99, 100 of platinum ores, 152-157 of quicksilver ores, 243252 of silver coins, or alloys of silver and copper, 138140
18
(273)
274
Assay of
INDEX.
silver, inaccuracies in
by heat, 6476 of sulphurets in ores, 260265 scorification, for gold, 119124 silver, a table to rectify the loss incurred during the, 77-79 silver, Gay-Lussac's tables for the, 89-96 silver, preparation of the charge in the, 67, 68 solution, silver, preparation of the, 81-86 Swedish, for iron ores, 227242 wet, of copper, 170-179 Whittell's, of silver, 97, 98 Assayer, chef d'ceuvre of an,
72,73 chemistry the guide of the, 19,20 Assay ers and smelters, German, adage current among, 73 English, practice of, in the assay of copper, 168, 169
Assaying, antiquity
of, 18, 19
Assays, wet, bases and salts for, 62 wet, re-agents for, 62, 63 Auriferous lead, cupellatiou of
the, 130, 131 Australia, method of assaying gold in, 116
Balance, the, and its management, 32, 33 Base coins of the various countries,
148
Bases and salts for wet assays, 62 Basic solvent agents, 59, 60
Batea, the, 111 Battersea furnace, 31 Belgium, lead assay in, 193195 Bellows furnace, 211 Berthier's method of testing the efficacy of coal, 267, 268 preparatory process in the assay of quicksilver, 248, 249 process for quicksilver ore
containing arsenic,
250.
249,
by
and
the
course
21-53
53
re-agents, used in, 54-63
Assays, advantage of
making
calori-
by gravimetric or
metric analysis, re-agents for, 62 dry, re-agents for, 54-62 by smelting with gold, lead, 119-124 volumetric, indicators for, 63 volumetric, re-agents for,
process for the determination of earthy matter in iron ores, 229, 230 Besanite or touchstone test, 141, 142 Bicarbonate of soda, 59 Bismuth in silver, 87 Black flux, 55, 159, 160 preparation of, 187, 188 substitute for, 55, 56 Bleiberg, in Carinthia, assay of lead ores at, 216, 217 Bodewig's method of determin-
62,63
wet, acids for, 62
ing sulphur in pyrites, 263-265 Borax-glass, 58 Brecon's portable furnace, 31 Bronze assay, Winkler's, 258, 259 Brown's, W. L., gas-assaying plant, 45-53
INDEX.
Buttons, pan
for cooling the,
275
testing the calorific
of,
power
266-269 Coal, standards for comparison in testing, 268, 269 Calcination-assay for lead ores, Coin or alloy, pulverizing a, 140 200-203 Calcium carbonate, 59 Coins, base, of the various countries, 148 California, assay of gold by washing in, 108 gold, of the various counCalorific power of coal and tries, 146 other fuel, mode of testof various countries, mintunits of, 145 ing the, 266-269 or Calorimetric gravimetric silver, of the various coun-
39,40
tries,
147 61
Coke, powdered, 54
Carbon, 60 Carbonate, ammonium, 61 calcium, 59 of potash, 59 Carbonates and alkalies, caustic, 60 Caustic alkalies, 59 and carbonates, 60
Common
salt,
cover
as
analyticontra-distin-
81 decrepitated, 61, 62 normal solution of, 81 Concentrating fluxes, 61 Copper button, signs of the purity of the, 167, 168 to remove the foreign metals from the, 163 Classen's method of the de-
termination
assay
of,
181-183
guished
from
assaying,
176
of,
the guide of the assayer, 19, 20 theoretical, assaying the foundation of, 18 Cinnabar, composition and formula of, 243 from Japan, analysis of, 243, 244 Classen's method for the electrolytic deposition of
metals, 180, 181 for the electrolytic de-
determination
by
electrolysis, 183,
of,
ore, roasting of, 158, 159 ores, assay of, 158-169 English method for the
assay
of,
165-169
Clay, 58 Clays, analyses of, for crucibles, 270 Coal and other fuel, mode of
with iron,
172-177
276
Copper,
INDEX.
pure precipitated, characteristics of, 176
j
Dry assay of
tin ores,
253-259
wet assay of, 170-179 Electrolysis. TTerpiu's method Cornwall, assay of copper ores of assjiving copper by, in, 165-169 183, 184. 62 Covering agents, 61, Electrolytic assay of platinum, Crucible assay for gold, 124-130 156, 157 clay, lead assay in a, with determination of copper, black flux and iron, 195180-184 198 of quicksilver, 250-252 for the Ussay of copper, 163, England, assay of iron in, 239164 242 Hessian, 36, 37 proportions of the charge with
iron, lead assay in an, black flux, 192-195
in lead assays in, 194, 195
English
in
the assay of 165-169 clay Upper Harz potash Erkei., g \^ le of the 4 quant t ies lead assay in H-8, 199 of ]ead to be added in for the assay of silver-71 the of si]ver coi paste for coating, 38, 39 139 64-76 Cupellation, Escosura's process of the elecof the auriferous lead, 130, trolytic determination of 131 quicksilver, 250-252 Cupels or cups, 34, 35 recipe for the preparation Ferrocyanide of potassium, 56, of, 35 60 Cups or cupels, 34, 35 Fletcher's direct-draft crucible Cyanide of potassium, 56, 60 furnace, 45 D'Arcet's table for the quanti- Fluor-spar, 59, 60 ties of lead to be added Flux, black, 55, 159, 160 in the assay of gold coins, preparation of, 187, 188 substitute for, 55, 56 143, 144 gray, 55, 188 Decomposing and volatilizing quantities of, in the assay fluxes, 61 of iron ores, 230 to deterDespretz's experiments mine the efficacy of coal, white, 55, 166, 188 266 Flaxes, air-excluding, 61, 62 concentrating, 61 Desulphurizing or precipitating decomposing and volatilizagents, 60 Dross or sweepings, fluxes for, ing, 61 for dross or sweepings, 129, 129, 130 130 of gold, melting of, for iron ores or metallur125-127 comgical products, 233-235 Dry and wet methods, lead assays with, 191-199 bined, assay of gold by, scale for weighing, 33 117-135
' j
,
of, 235,
INDEX.
Fluxes
used in the assay of
Gold, assay
of,
277
by a wet
process,
quicksilver, 245, 246 France, lead assay in, 193-195 regulation of the mint as-
136, 137
of, by combined dry and wet methods,
says in, 80 Freiberg, lead assay at, 195 from the smelting works at, 66 proportions of the charge in lead assays at, 195 Fritzche's recipe for the preparation of cupels, 35 Fuchs's process for iron ores and iron. 224-226 Fuel, mode of testing the calorific power of, 266-269 Furnace, Battersea, 31 bellows, 211 Brocon's portable, 31 Fletcher's direct-draft crucible,
45
for testing iron ores, 27-30 muffle, 21-27 Furnaces, gas, 44-53
portable, 30, 31
W. L. assaying plant, Brown's, 45-53 Gay-Lussac's apparatus, 82, 83 process for assaying silver alloys, 80-98
tables for silver assay,
117-135 by panning, 111-116 of, by washing, 108-110 assays by smelting with lead, 119-124 besanite or touchstone test for, 141, 142 button, behavior of the, towards nitric acid, 132134 color of the, 132 coins, assay of, 141-148 of the various countries, 146 quantities of lead to be added in the assay of, 143, 144 crucible assay for, 124-130 dross or sweepings, fluxes for, 129, 130 melting of, 125 -127 free, separation of, from sulphides, 114, 115 obtained by panning, example of calculating the, 114
of,
.
ore,
American, charge
126, 127
for,
assay
of,
by amalgamaof, 117,
89-96
sampling
ores, assay of,
118
105
earthy
of,
or
ferric oxide,
125-127
sulphuretted melting of, 127-130 parting the, from the silver, 131-135 scorification assay for, 119124 smelting of, with lead, 117 specific gravity of, 149 specks, recognition of, 134, 135
278
Gold, test-acid
for,
INDEX.
composition
Iron dishes, lead assay in, 189, 190 ores and iron, Fuchs's proa mixture of gold and cess for, 224-226 quartz, 149-151 assay of, by heat, 219223 troy weights for, 272 character of the slag, Graphite, 54 and charcoal, 61 in assaying, 231-233 from Passau, analysis of, determination of 270 earthy matter in, 229, Gravimetric analyses of lead 230 furnace for testing, 27ores, 216-218 or calorimetric analysis, re30 agents for assays by, 62 preliminary assay of, 188 Gray flux, 55, 229, 230
of, 141, 142 to find the proportion of, in
for
in
Swedish
227-242 oxide
of,
assay
for,
free
from foreign
of,
copper
183, 184
by
electrolysis,
36, 37
Hessian crucible,
of copper precipitation with, 172-177 proportions of ore and fluxes in the assay of, 239, 240
.
pyrites, 61
reducing agents in the assay of, 240 results of the assay of, 241, 242
ores or metallurgical products, fluxes for, 233-235
Japan,
Iridium, separation of, from platinum, 157 Iron and iron ores, Fuchs's process for, 224-226 assay of, in England, 239242
buttons, characteristics
237, 238
of,
cinnabar
chemically pure, preparation of, 222 correction for, in the copper assay, 175, 176
Kaolin, 58 Karsten's method of preparing chemically pure iron, 222 Klaproth, analysis of cinnabar from Japan by, 243, 244 Kleinschmidt's method of as-
INDEX.
Lead, 61 addition
279
ores
Lead
of,
sulphuretted
with
sul-
many
oxide, 60
foreign
per, 160 assay by melting with reducing agents, 206208 in a clay crucible with black flux and iron, 195-198
preparation of pure, 66, 67 quantities to be added in the assay of gold coins, 143, 144
slags,
melting
of,
at
Mech-
in
crucible
flux, 192-
in
iron 190
dishes,
189,
assays by melting with reducing agents and iron, 208, 209 with fluxes, 191-199
sulphate of, composition of, 214, 215 white, 57, 60 yeklow, oxide of, 57, 58 Leval's assay of tin with potassium cyanide, 256-258 Litharge, 57, 58
entirely free from silver, to prepare, 57, 58
auriferous,
cupellation of
Mercury
in silver, 87
of,
melting point
271
Metallurgical products or iron ores, fluxes for, 233-235 Metals, Classen's method of the electrolytic deposition of, 180, 181 for precipitation, 62
by a wet
sulphuric acid for, 203-205 calcination assay for, 200-203 gravimetric analyses of, 216-218 oxidized, and smelting products, assays for, 206-209 sulphuretted with few
or
with
process^ 13-2 15
272
salt,
Microcosmic
58
in SO va-
Mortar and
pestle, 64, 65
assaying, 186-199
280
INDEX.
Panning, example of calculatthe gold obtained by, 114 Passau clay, analysis of, 270 Percy, charges in making lead
Nitric acid, behavior of the gold button towards, 132134 quartation with, 117 solution of silver chloride in, 87, 88
ing
assays, "
recommended
by,
Normal
solutions, preparation
of the, 88, 89
Ore,
American
for, 126,
gold, 127
of,
charge
gold, assay
by amalga-
mation, 106, 107 sampling of, 117, 118 Ores, assay of sulphurets in, 260-265 copper, assay of, 158-169 gold, assay of, by heat, 101-105 earthy or containing ferric oxide, melting of, 125-127 sulphuretted, melting of, 127-130 iron, assay of, by heat, 219-223 furnace for testing, 2730 Swedish assay for, 227242 lead, assay of, 185-209 by heat, 210-212 native silver, assay of, 99,
100
208 formation of a slag recommended by, 233 Peru, quicksilver ore from, 249, 250 Pestle and mortar, 64, 65 Phosphorus, salt of, 58 Pibram, lead assay at, 196-198 Platinum, electrolytic assay of, 156, 157 ores, assay of, 152-157 separation of iridium from, 157 troy weights for, 272 Plumbic monoxide, 57, 58 Potash, carbonate of, 59 crude bitartrate of, 54 Potassium carbonate, 59 cyanide, 56, 60 Leval's assay of tin, with, 256-258
ferrocyanide, 56, 60.
Pouring
plate, 39, 40
Precipitating or desulphuri& ing agents, 60 Precipitation, metals for, 62 Pyrites, determination of sul*
phur
iron, 61
in,
263-265
platinum, assay of, 152-157 quicksilver, assay of, 243252 silver, assay of, by heat, 64-76 tin, dry assay of, 253-259 volumetric determination of sulphur and sulphates in, 261, 262 Oxide, copper, 6i 60 lead, Oxidizing agents, 57, 58
Quartation, 103 with nitric acid, 117 Quartz and gold, to find the proportion of gold in a mixture of, 149-151 specific gravity of, 149 Quicksilver, Berthier's preparatory process in the assay of, 248, 249
containing
arsenic, treat-
ment
Pan, amalgamated, 114 Panning, assay of gold by, 111-116
of, 249,
250
250-252
INDEX.
Quicksilver, fluxes used in the assay of, 245, 246 ores, assay of, 243-252
281
ores, assay
and
by gravi-
Sire's apparatus,
83-85
loss
metric or calorimetric analysis, 62 dry assays, 54-62 volumetric assays, 62,63 wet assays, 62, 63 used in assaying, 54-63 Reducing agents, 54-57 list of the reducing powers of, 56, 57 Roessler's method of fixing the lead sponge, 218 Rumford's method of testing the efficacy of coal, 266, 267
Salt,
the
incurred
65,66 bismuth
in,
87
73,74
separation of the, 71 chloride, solution of, in nitric acid, 87, 88 coins, assay of, 138-140 of the various countries, 147 quantities of lead to be added in the assay of, 139 crucibles for the assay of, 71 deciuormal solution of, 81 gleam, 71, 72 inaccuracies in the assay
of,
common,
81
61
of,
decrepitated, 61, 62 normal solution of, 81 microcosmic, 58 of phosphorus, 58 solution, decimal table for,
91-93
Saltpetre, 57, 60 Salts and bases for wet assays,
74-76
in,
mercury
87
assay
for
gold,
119-124
mould, 39, 40 Scorifier, 39, 40 Sieves and sifting, 43, Sitting and sieves, 43, Silberblick, 71, 72 Silica, 58
Silver, 61
44 44
occurrence of, 64 ores, assay of by heat, 6476 native, assay of, 99, 100 parting the gold from the, 131-135 pure, preparation of, 102, 103 solution, decinormal, table for, 94-96
tin in, 87 to prepare litharge entirely free from, 57, 58
addition
of, in
282
INDEX.
Sulphur, recognition of, in ircn, 238, 293 98 Sulphurets in ores, assay of, in the as260-265 Slag, appearance of, say of copper, 162 Sulphuretted gold ores, meltcharacter of the, in assaying of, 127-130 lead ores with' few or no ing iron ores, 231-233 formation of a, recomforeign sulmended by Percy, 233 phides, methods of asin silver assays, 69, 70
Whittell's
assay
of,
97,
refined, 62
Smelters
and assayers, German, adage current among, 73 Smelting products and oxidized
lead ores, 206-209 Soda, bicarbonate
assays
of,
saying, 186199
many
earthy
constituents, methods of
for,
59
many
1
foreign
Sodium-ammonium hydrogen
phosphate, 58
carbonate, 59 Solution, decimal
for,
salt,
s u ]) hides, methods of
assaying,
table
91-93 decinormal silver, table for, 94-96 Solutions, normal, preparation of, 88, 89 Solvent agents, 58-60
Stammingtou
270
218
199-205 Sulphuric acid, assay of lead ores with, 203-205 Sulphurizing agents, 61 Swedish assay for iron ores, 227-242 of copper, 170-179 Sweepings or dross, fluxes for.
129, 130 of gold, melting of, 125-127
Stourbridge clay, analysis of, 270 Sulphate of lead, composition of, 214, 215 Sulphates and sulphur, volumetric determination of, in ores, 261, 262 Sulphides, separation of free gold from, 114, 115 Sulphur, 61 and sulphates, volumetric determination of, in ores, 261, 262 determination of, in pyrites, 263-265 examination of, in metallic lead, 262, 263 melting point of, 271
salt solution,
so-
of analyses of different clays used for crucibles, 270 weights avoirdupois for metals, 272 base coins of the various countries, 148 gold coins of the various countries, 146 mint-units of the coins of various countries, 145
INDEX.
Table of silver coins of the various countries, 147 the quantities of lead
to
283
decomposing
be added in the
assay of gold coins, 143, 144 the quantities of lead to be added in the assay of silver coins, 139 troy weights used with
gold,
in,
and
silver,
and
platinum, 272
Washing,
showing the
amount of
heat necessary to melt various substances, 271 to rectify the loss incurred during the silver assay, 77-79
and
sulphur and
of, 141,
sulphates
Tin, difficulties in the assay of, 253, 254 German method of assaying, 255, 256 in silver, 87 Leval's assay of, with potassium cyanide, 256-258 Mitchell's assay of, 256
ores,
dry assay
or
of,
253-
Touchstone
besanite
test,
117-135 assay of copper, 170-179 assays, acids for, 62 bases and salts for, 62 re-agents for, 62, 63 process, assay of gold by a, 136, 137 White flux, 55, 166, 188 lead, 60 Whittell's assay of silver, 97, 98
141, 142
Winkler's bronze
assay,
258,
Wood
panning
in the, 111
259 charcoal, 54
lead, 57, 58
occurrence of platinum
in the, 152 Utensils and implements used in the course of assaying
Yellow oxide of
by
heat, 21-53
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