Textile Chemicals

DrimarenK Dsrimaren Kreactive reactivedyes dyes

Exhaust Dyeing procedures

Table of contents
1. Introduction 2. 2.1 2.3 3. 3.1 3.1.1 3.1.2 3.1.3 Commercial forms Dissolving the dyes Exhaust process Technical factors inuencing dyeing Addition of salt Addition of alkali Works water 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 7 7 8 8 8 9 9 9 10

General information2

2.2 Pretreatment

3.1.4 Antifoams 3.1.5 Lubricants 3.1.6 3.1.7 3.2.1 3.2.2 3.2.3 3.2.4 3.3 3.3.1 3.3.2 3.3.3.1 3.3.3.2 3.3.3.3 3.3.3.4 3.3.3.5 3.3.3.6 3.3.3.7 3.3.4.1 Leveling agents Liquor ratio Sampling and shading Rinsing and soaping Cationic after-treatment Stripping methods and effects Dyeing processes Dye selection Amounts of salt and alkali Process at 40/60 C Isothermal process at 60 C Migration process at 80/60 C Jig process Pad jig process Garment Dyeing Isothermal process at 80 C for phthalocyanine dyes SWIFT process

3.2 After-treatment

3.3.3 Cellulose

3.3.4 Polyester/Cellulose 3.3.5 Cellulose/Polyamide

Textile Chemicals

Drimaren K reactive dyes

Exhaust Dyeing procedures

1. Introduction
The Drimaren K dyes are recommended for dyeing all types of cellulosic bers by the exhaust process.

2. General information
2.1 Commercial forms
The Drimaren K dyes are available in one or more of the following

On the basis of their reactivity the Drimaren K dyes are classied as warm dyeing reactive dyes. Depending on the type and amount of alkali applied the complete dye/ber reaction takes place optimally at 60 C. In this temperature region the Drimaren K dyes are distinguished by good penetration and migration behavior. Their combinability is excellent by virtue of their balanced dyeing and xation properties. Phthalocyanine dyes, Drimaren Turquoise K-2B and Drimaren Green HF-5BL are the exceptions. An isothermal method at 80 C is recommended. The alkali and salt requirements remain the same. The Drimaren K dyes can be applied by the exhaust method in all

commercial forms:

Powder Granules CDG (Cold Dissolving Granules)

2.2 Pretreatment
Optimum pretreatment of the substrate is one of the most important fundamentals for obtaining perfect dyeing results with regard to levelness and appearance of the fabric, etc. A neutral reaction of the substrate to be dyed is necessary, which means that care must be taken to eliminate acid, alkali and peroxide residues.

the usual dyeing machines such as jets, winches, jigs, package, beam, garment and yarn dyeing machines. The dyeing process and metering of the dye bath auxiliaries depends on the:

2.3 Dissolving of the dyes

When dissolving the dyes it should be considered that there are different commercial forms. There is a fundamental difference between granules (which include the CDG formulation) and powder. Some products are specially designated as CDG. Granules should never be pasted but sprinkled into water. For the CDG form the water can be cold (2030 C). For other forms it is better to use water at 6080 C. This is also true for the powder products. Mixtures of different commercial forms should always be dissolved at higher temperature (> 60 C) by sprinkling them into water.

Type and form of the substrate Type of machine, machine capacity, dye and shade depth Economic considerations

Their distinguishing properties are:

Complete dye range including turquoise, green and violet Suitable for all exhaust and continuous dyeing procedures High reliability in all application processes Very good reproducibility High light fast trichromy for difcult pale to medium shades High xation values Good washing off properties Electronic shade card available High stability of the dye-cellulosic ber bond and good fastness level Available as non-dusting, cold dissolving granules (CDG) Recommended for sensitive blends such as CO/WO

Textile Chemicals

Drimaren K reactive dyes

Exhaust Dyeing procedures

Before adding dissolved dyes to the feed tank the dye liquor should be passed through a lter to ensure that any non-dissolved dye or contamination is held back. Unlevelness and/or spots and possible damage to the pumps can be avoided in this way. Cold water should then be used to adjust the dye liquor to the required volume.

amounts of alkali are shown in this shade card text under 3.3.2 Amounts of salt and alkali. The electronic shade card for Drimaren dyes is available for calculating the optimum amount of alkali required.

3.1.3 Works water

The processing water should be soft ( 4 dH), neutral (pH 7) and free from chlorine. During xation, in the alkaline medium, any earth alkalis present in hard water could precipitate and deposit on the goods being dyed. Removal of earth alkalis requires an acid treatment, preferably with an addition of Sirrix 2UD liq or Sirrix DNA liq

3. Exhaust process
3.1 Technical factors inuencing dyeing 3.1.1 Addition of salt
The recommended amounts of common or Glaubers salt are shown in this shade card text under 3.3.2 Amounts of salt and alkali. The electronic shade card for Drimaren dyes is available for calculating the optimum amount of salt required. As a rule the salt is added at the beginning so as to achieve shorter processing times. In critical cases the risk of unlevelness can be avoided by adding the dye rst, before dosing the salt. This is particularly recommended for high substantivity Drimaren dyes which are sensitive to electrolytes and for dyeing regenerated cellulose and mercerized cotton. Depending on its origin, salt may contain large amounts of impurities which have a negative effect on the dyeing. Softening with a sequestering agent may not be sufcient to remove all the impurities and this may lead to a loss of color yield and precipitations. In such cases a better quality of salt should be used.

If only hard water is available it is advisable to add a sequestering agent such as Ladiquest 2005 liq c

3.1.4 Antifoams
Undesired foaming may occur, which can have a negative effect on the levelness. The type of dyeing machine, in particular those running at high speed and with high turbulence, can inuence the amount of foam generated. The dyes and dyeing chemicals used or residual detergents from the pretreatment also have an inuence on foaming. This problem can be avoided by slowly adding 0.10.5 g/l Antimussol SFE liq (silicone-free) in the pre-diluted form.

3.1.5 Lubricants
When treating sensitive piece goods in rope form, especially in

3.1.2 Addition of alkali

Soda ash is the recommended alkali for xation of Drimaren K dyes. The alkali is metered into the dye bath or added in several portions. The optimum bath pH for xation is 10.511. The recommended

short liquor machines or machines with high friction, where the goods are subjected to high speed and compression, creasing and abrasion may occur. An addition of 0.51 g/l Imacol C3G liq to prevent ber-ber and ber-metal friction is advisable in such cases.

Textile Chemicals

Drimaren K reactive dyes

Exhaust Dyeing procedures

3.1.6 Leveling agents

For critical shades, unfavorable machine conditions or if the solubility of the dyes is in the critical region, it is advisable to add 12 g/l Drimagen E3R liq to the dye bath. When Drimagen E3R liq is applied it is necessary to increase the amount of alkali, necessary for xation, by ~ 3050%. Drimagen E3R liq improves distribution of the dyes, ensures a uniform increase of the pH during addition of the alkali and complexes any hardness forming salts in the dye bath without de-metalizing the dyes. Detailed information is given in the technical information bulletin on Drimagen E3R liq.

3.2.2 Rinsing and soaping

To achieve optimum wash and wet fastness properties, unxed hydrolyzed dye must be completely removed from the ber. Thorough rinsing out of the electrolyte before soaping is essential. Any electrolyte remaining in the soaping bath will impair washing off of the unxed dye.

Working method
If possible, the rinsing process should be carried out with soft warm and then hot water. If only hard water is available, add 0.53 g/l Ladiquest 2005 liq. conc. or Ladipur RSK/R3C liq. to the rinsing bath. To improve washing off efciency, the soaping stage should contain 0.53 g/l Ladiquest 2005 liq c or Ladipur RSK/R3C liq

3.1.7 Liquor ratio

Rinsing baths on jet, winch and circulation machines (example): The substantivity, degree of exhaustion and nal xation are higher at shorter liquor ratios. This obviously has economic advantages through savings of dye, salt, energy and water. Severe deviations in the liquor ratio can have a negative inuence on shade reproducibility which is why it is advisable to control the liquor ratio during dyeing. The liquor ratio can be calculated using a level gauge on the machine, a ow meter at the water inlet, or by measuring the specic gravity of the liquor after the salt addition. The inuence of the liquor ratio can be calculated using the electronic shade card. Rinsing ends on the jig (example): 2 2 2 1 ends at 50 C ends at 50 C + Sirrix NE liq (neutralize to pH 67) ends at 70 C end cold rinse 10 min at 50 C. 10 min at 50 C + Sirrix NE liq (neutralize to pH 67) 15 min at 95 C + 0.53 g/l Ladipur RSK/R3C liq 10 min at 70 C 10 min cold rinse

24 ends at 95 C + 0.53 g/l Ladipur RSK/R3C liq.

3.2 After-treatment 3.2.1 Sampling and shading

As a rule, it is advisable to correct the shade in a fresh bath. If shading is carried out in the existing dye bath, by draining half the dye liquor and replacing it with fresh water, there is a danger of unlevelness and dye hydrolysis. With large differences in shade, the desired shade should be matched in the lab and re-dyeing carried out in a fresh bath.

These are general guidelines. The following parameters can have a negative effect on the washing off behavior of reactive dyes:

The substantivity of the hydrolyzed dye High amounts of salt remaining from dyeing dark shades Hard water used for rinsing and soaping

If any of the above factors are present then the number of rinsing baths must be increased and/or an additional soaping process carried out to ensure the required fastness level is achieved.

Textile Chemicals

Drimaren K reactive dyes

Exhaust Dyeing procedures

3.2.3 Cationic after-treatment

Under unfavorable washing off conditions, i.e. if perfect removal of the hydrolyzed dye is not guaranteed, the fastness properties can be improved by an after-treatment with a cationic xative. After-treatment possibilities by the exhaust method are, e.g.: 0,54 % Optix EC liq or 14 % Optix RSL liq

2. 10 ml/l Caustic soda 36 B, 5 g/l Sodium hydrosulte, heat within 15 min from 60 C to 90 C, 60 min at 90 C, rinse warm and cold Arostit BLN p, Heat within 15 min from 60 C to 90 C, 60 min at 90 C, rinse warm and cold 3. 5 g/l

20 min at 40 C A cationic after-treatment can result in a change of shade and a reduction in the light fastness (the best results are achieved with Optix RSL liq).

The stripping methods can also be combined as follows: 4. 5. First Method 1, without sodium bisulte treatment, then Method 2 First Method 2 then Method 1

3.2.4 Stripping methods and effects 3.3 Dyeing processes

Faulty dyeings with Drimaren K dyes can be stripped by reduction

or oxidation depending on the desired effect. Using the methods described below, dyeings can be partially or completely stripped. Dyeings at 1/1 standard depth (SD), at 1/3 SD for the turquoise and brilliant green dyes and additionally 3/1 SD for navy dyes, were prepared on bleached cotton interlock. The stripping effects attainable by each method were assessed. To avoid catalytic ber damage when stripping faulty dyeings with metal complex dyes it is advisable to add a sequestering agent such as Sirrix AK liq to the stripping bath.

3.3.1 Dye selection

Standard combination for highest reproducibility in pale to medium shades:

Drimaren Yellow K-2R Drimaren Red K-4BL Drimaren Blue K-2RL

For highest reproducibility in pale to medium shades requiring high light fastness:

Drimaren Orange K-GL Drimaren Rubinole K-5BL Drimaren Blue K-2RL

Stripping methods
1. 3 g/l Available chlorine (sodium hypochlorite), pH 1011 with caustic soda, 60 min at 25 C, Antichlor treatment with 1 g/l sodium bisulte, 10 min at 30 C, rinse cold

Standard selection to meet the highest fastness and reproducibility demands in medium to dark shades:

Drimaren Yellow K-2R Drimaren Red K-4BL Drimaren Red K-8B Drimaren Blue K-2RL Drimaren Navy K-BNN

Textile Chemicals

Drimaren K reactive dyes

Exhaust Dyeing procedures

If a dye is applied at a particularly low concentration it can be replaced by the corresponding lightfast element to improve the light fastness properties. Special elements for bright yellow, blue, green and turquoise shades:

3.3.3 Cellulose 3.3.3.1 Process at 40/60 C

For all Drimaren K dyes For knitted and woven fabrics, yarn and loose stock material
Process at 40/60 C
C 130 120 110 100

Drimaren Yellow K-4G Drimaren Turquoise K-2B Drimaren Blue K-RB Drimaren Green HF-5BL

3.3.2 Amounts of salt and alkali

Soda ash
Drimaren K dye Common or Glaubers salt Soda ash % g/l g/l < 0.5 0.51 11.5 1.52 30 3 40 5 50 7 60 8 23 70 9 35 80 10 >5 90 12

90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20

Glaubers salt is recommended for Drimaren Turquoise K-2B and Drimaren Green HF-5BL.

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

220

240

260

280

AB

Dye bath additions The electrolyte and alkali amounts given for Drimaren K in tables 3.3.2 can be used for Drimaren Green HF-5BL.

A= x

g/l Salt

0.51 g/l Imacol C3G liq 0.53 g/l Ladiquest 2005 liq c 0.53 g/l Humectol C liq hc % Drimaren K dye (linear metering) g/l Alkali (progressive metering)

Precise information is given in the electronic shade card.

B = y C = z

The amount of salt and alkali used should be according to the information given in section 3.3.2 Amounts of salt and alkali or in the electronic shade card. The Isothermal process at 80 C for phthalocyanine dyes, described in section 3.3.3.7, is recommended for Drimaren Turquoise K-2B and Drimaren Green HF-5BL.

Textile Chemicals

Drimaren K reactive dyes

Exhaust Dyeing procedures

3.3.3.2 Isothermal process at 60 C

For all Drimaren K dyes For knit and woven fabrics, yarn, loose stock material
Isothermal process at 60 C
C 130 120 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280

3.3.3.3 Migration process at 80/60 C

For all Drimaren K dyes Especially recommended for regenerated cellulose and garment dyeing For knitted and woven fabrics, yarn and loose stock material
Migration process at 80/60 C
C 130 120 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280

AB

Dye bath additions A= x g/l Salt 0.51 g/l Imacol C3G liq 0.53 g/l Ladiquest 2005 liq c 0.53 g/l Humectol C liq hc

AB

Dye bath additions A= x g/l Salt 0.51 g/l Imacol C3G liq 0.53 g/l Ladiquest 2005 liq c 0.53 g/l Humectol C liq hc 3 g/l Revatol NS liq c % Drimaren K dye (linear metering) g/l Alkali (progressive metering)

B= y C = z

% Drimaren K dye (linear metering) g/l Alkali (progressive metering)

The amount of salt and alkali used should be according to the information given in section 3.3.2 Amounts of salt and alkali or in the electronic shade card. The Isothermal process at 80 C for phthalocyanine dyes, described in section 3.3.3.7, is recommended for Drimaren Turquoise K-2B and Drimaren Green HF-5BL.

B= y C = z

The amount of salt and alkali used should be according to the information given in section 3.3.2 Amounts of salt and alkali or in the electronic shade card. The Isothermal process at 80C for phthalocyanine dyes, described in section 3.3.3.7, is recommended for Drimaren Turquoise K-2B and Drimaren Green HF-5BL.

Textile Chemicals

Drimaren K reactive dyes

Exhaust Dyeing procedures

3.3.3.4 Jig process

Process for all Drimaren K dyes Dyeing temperature 60 C (corresponds to the xation temperature on the goods). Dry goods should be run into water containing 1 g/l Leonil EHC liq c.

Jig bath:

0.53 g/l Leonil EHC liq c 50100 ml/l Pad liquor y g/l Salt 0.53 g/l Ladiquest 2005 liq c 0.53 g/l Humectol C liq hc z g/l Soda ash

Fixation: The number of ends depends on the depth of shade, but Dye bath additions x % Drimaren K dye

should correspond to 3060 min. The amount of salt and alkali used should be according to the information given in section 3.3.2 Amounts of salt and alkali or in the electronic shade card. The Isothermal process at 80 C for phthalocyanine dyes, described in section 3.3.3.7, is recommended for Drimaren Turquoise K-2B and Drimaren Green HF-5BL.

0.5-1 g/l Imacol C3G liq 0.5-3 g/l Ladiquest 2005 liq c

0.5-3 g/l Humectol C liq hc y z g/l Salt g/l Alkali

1. end amount dye + dyeing auxiliarys 6. end amount salt 2. end amount dye + dyeing auxiliarys 7. end amount alkali 3. end amount salt 4. end amount salt 5. end amount salt should correspond to 3060 min. The amount of salt and alkali used should be according to the information given in section 3.3.2 Amounts of salt and alkali or in the electronic shade card. The Isothermal process at 80 C for phthalocyanine dyes, described in section 3.3.3.7, is recommended for Drimaren Turquoise K-2B and Drimaren Green HF-5BL.

8. end amount alkali 9. end amount alkali 10. end amount alkali The dyeing of ready made-up articles of knit or woven fabric is an alternative to conventional piece dyeing. The entire range of shades can be covered with the Drimaren K dyes. Thanks to the simple dyeing method and their good washing off properties the Drimaren K dyes are highly recommended for dyeing garments. To ensure good penetration of thick seams and heavy articles, the migration process at 80/60 C is recommended. The amount of salt and alkali used should be according to the information given in section 3.3.2 Amounts of salt and alkali or in the electronic shade card.

3.3.3.6 Garment dyeing

Fixation: The number of ends depends on the depth of shade, but

3.3.3.5 Pad jig process

If the Drimaren K dyes are applied by padding it is possible to save up to 10 ends on the jig.

The Isothermal process at 80C for phthalocyanine dyes, described in section 3.3.3.7, is recommended for Drimaren Turquoise K-2B and Drimaren Green HF-5BL. The hot dyeing Drimaren X/XN dyes are particularly

Dye bath additions Padding: x g/l Drimaren K dye

recommended for dyeing such articles.

Textile Chemicals

Drimaren K reactive dyes

Exhaust Dyeing procedures

3.3.3.7 Isothermal process at 80 C for phthalocyanine dyes

This process is especially recommended for phthalocyanine dyes, Drimaren Turquoise K-2B and Drimaren Green HF-5BL.

3.3.4 Polyester/Cellulose 3.3.4.1 SWIFT process

The SWIFT process is for dyeing PES/CEL blends in the shortest time, where high wet fastness is achieved without a reduction clearing step, saving water, energy and total processing cost. Dyestuff selection CEL Drimaren K dyes: A range of reactive dyes distinguished by the high stability of the dye-ber bond, easy washing off and excellent fastness level. Dyestuff selection PES Foron S-WF dyes: A range of alkali clearable dyes with high sublimation and wet fastness properties.
SWIFT process

For knitted and woven fabrics, yarn and loose stock material
Isothermal process at 80C for phthalocyanine dyes
C 130 120 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280

C 130 120 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 0 15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 150 165 180 195 210 225 240 255 270 285

AB

Dye bath additions A= x g/l Glaubers salt

0.51 g/l Imacol C3G liq 0.53 g/l Ladiquest 2005 liq c 0.53 g/l Humectol C liq hc

g/l Revatol NS liq c % Drimaren dye (linear metering) g/l Alkali (progressive metering)

12 g/l Drimagen E3R liq

B= y C = z

Glaubers salt is recommended. The amount of salt and alkali used should be according to the information given in section 3.3.2 Amounts of salt and alkali or in the electronic shade card. When Drimagen E3R liq is applied it is necessary to increase the

AB

DE F

Dye bath additions A: Chemicals: 0.251.5 g/l Lyocol RDN liq

0.2 0.52 0.52 pH 5.5

% Eganal PS liq g/l Imacol MPE liq g/l Opticid PSD liq c

amount of alkali, necessary for xation, by ~ 3050%.

B: Foron S-WF dye

Textile Chemicals

Drimaren K reactive dyes

Exhaust Dyeing procedures

C: Chemicals: D: Glaubers salt E: Chemicals:

0.8 1.5 4.0 1.0 0.4 1.0

% Imerol JSF liq % Sirrix SB liq % H2O2 35% % NaOH 36 B % Bactosol SAP liq % Imacol MPE liq

1st bath Dye bath additions A= x g/l Salt 0.51 g/l Imacol C3G liq 0.53 g/l Ladiquest 2005 liq c 0.53 g/l Humectol C liq hc % Drimaren K dye (linear metering) g/l Alkali (progressive metering)

B= y C = z

F: Drimaren K dye (linear metering) G: Alkali (progressive metering)

The amount of salt and alkali used should be according to the information given in section 3.3.2 Amounts of salt and alkali or

3.3.5 Cellulose/Polyamide
2 bath dyeing process for cellulose/polyamide blends For knitted and woven fabrics, yarn and loose stock material
Dyeing process
C 130 120 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340

in the electronic shade card. The Isothermal process at 80 C for phthalocyanine dyes, described in section 3.3.3.7, is recommended for Drimaren Turquoise K-2B and Drimaren Green HF-5BL. 2nd bath Dye bath additions D = 1.02.0 g/l sodium acetate cryst 0.52.0 % Lyogen CN liq 0.53.0 % Lyogen NH liq x % Nylosan/Lanasyn dye % acetic acid to pH 4.55.0

E = y

After-treatment of the polyamide dyeing: The recommendations for the after-treatment of polyamide dyeings can be found in the polyamide shade card.
AB C DE

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Textile Chemicals

Drimaren K reactive dyes

Exhaust Dyeing procedures

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