COM907M1: Computational Intelligence

Computational Intelligence COM907M1 Laboratory Session: week 1 Introduction to MATLAB and Mathematical Preliminaries
Integrated environment of MATLAB is shown in the diagram below. You can create your own tools to customize toolbox or harness with another toolbox such as Fuzzy logic, optimisation or neural network toolbox. You can write M-files and run at command prompt. Simulink is a tool in Matlab that allows users to simulate system behaviour using block diagrams. Introduction to Toolboxes and Simulink will be given in later labs.

Toolbox Simulink

User-written M-files

MATLAB Figure 1: Matlab environment

Exercise 1: Representing vectors

A vector in Matlab is represented by any variable e.g. x. A row vector x can be initialised as

>> x = [6 5 4 8] It will display the vector x as >>x = 6 5

If elements are separated by semicolon, a column vector y is initialised, e.g

>> y = [1;2;3;4] It will display the vector y as y= 1

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2 3 4

Individual elements of a vector can be accessed by the vector name followed by an index running from 1 to n (max number of elements) to point to the elements e.g.

>> x(4) ans = 8 It will return the 4th element of vector x which is 8

The transpose of a column vector results in a row vector, and vice versa. For example

>>z=y will produce 1 2 3 4

Vectors of the same size can be added or subtracted, where addition is performed component wise. However, for multiplication, specific rules must be followed in order to obtain the correct resulting values. The operation of multiplying a vector X with a scalar k is performed component wise. For example

>>X=[1 3 5]; >>k=5; >>P=k*X produces the output 5 15 -25

The operator .* performs element by element operation. For example, >>x.*z % x and z are both row vectors

results in 6 10 12 32

Inner product or dot product of two vectors x and z (both are row vectors) is a scalar quantity. The inner product is given by

>>S=x*z yields S= 60

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Various norms (measure of size) of a vector can be obtained. For example, the Euclidean norm is the square root of the inner product of the vector and itself. e.g. >> N=norm(z) produces the output ans = 5.4772 The angle between two vectors X and Y is defined by cos =
X *Y , where X *Y

X*Y is the inner product and X , Y are the norms of the vectors. The angle between the vectors is calculated as follows >>theta=acos(X*Y/(norm(X)*norm(Y)))

The zero vector is a vector with all components equal to zero

>>Z=zeros(1,4) produces a row vector of 4 elements Z= 0

Sum vector is a vector with each component equal to one. To generate a sum vector of size 4, use

>>I=ones(1,4) results in I=

1 1 1 1 In Matlab the colon (:) can be used to generate a row vector. For example,

>>x=1:8 generates a row vector of integers from 1 to 8 x= 1

For increments other than unity, any value can be used

>> z=0:pi/3:pi results in z= 0 1.0472 2.0944 3.1416

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For negative increments >> x=5:-1:1

results in x= 5 4 3 2 1

Exercise 2: Representing matrices

A matrix is represented with a variable name e.g. w, elements in each row are separated by blanks or commas. A semicolon must be used to indicate the end of a row. If a semicolon is not used, each row must be entered in a separate line. Matrix elements can be any Matlab expression. For example, a 3x3 matrix can be initialised as

>> w = [4 5 6; 0 4 7; 3 5 1] will display the matrix w as w= 4 0 3

5 4 5

6 7 1

>>w=[2*2 5 3*2; 0 2*2 7; 3 5 1] results in w= 4 5 6 0 4 7 3 5 1

Individual elements of a matrix can be accessed by the matrix name followed by a two indices running from 1 to n (max row) and 1 to m (max column) to point to the elements e.g.

>> w(2,3) ans = 7 It returns the element on row 2 column 3 which is 7 Entire row or column of a matrix can be addressed by means of the symbol (:). For example >>r2w=w(2,:) returns the 2nd row of the matrix 0 4 7

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>>c2w=w(:,2) returns the 2nd column of the matrix 5 4 5

Matrix w can be transposed (rows will convert to columns) as

>> w It will display the transpose of matrix w as ans = 4 0 5 4 6 7

3 5 1

Exercise 3: Handling Mathematical functions

Sine, Cosine, Tangent, Logarithm and Exponential functions can be used in Matlab e.g.

sin(X) is the sine of the elements of X. cos(X) is the cosine of the elements of X. tan(X) is the tangent of the elements of X.

log Natural logarithm i.e Log base e. log(X) is the natural logarithm of the elements of X. Complex results are produced if X is not positive. log2 is Log base 2, log10 is Log base 10.

Example: How many bits are required to represent the decimal number 128 in binary number >> log2(128) ans = 7
Exercise 4: Reading data files, reading a column from a file

Suppose you have a data file named signal.dat which contains 3 columns of data. To read this data file use command as

>> load d:\signal.dat;

d:\ specifies the path and semicolon stops displaying values on the screen Data can be assigned to any other variable e.g. >>s = signal;

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>> load FILENAME X %loads only X. >> load FILENAME X Y Z %loads just the specified variables.

The wildcard '*' loads variables that match a pattern (MAT-file only).

Exercise 5: Plotting, labelling, and printing graphs

>>plot >>plot(x,y)

% Linear plot. %plots vector x versus vector y.

If X or Y is a matrix, then the vector is plotted versus the rows or columns of the matrix, whichever line up. If X is a scalar and Y is a vector, length(Y) disconnected points are plotted. >>plot(y) %plots the columns of Y versus their index.

Various line types, plot symbols and colors may be obtained with PLOT(X,Y,S) where S is a character string made from one element from any or all the following 3 columns: b g r c m y k blue green red cyan magenta yellow black . point o circle x x-mark + plus * star s square d diamond v ^ < > p h triangle (down) triangle (up) triangle (left) triangle (right) pentagram hexagram : -. -solid dotted dashdot dashed

For example, >>plot(X,Y,'c+:') >>plot(X,Y,'bd') %plots a cyan dotted line with a plus at each data point;

%plots blue diamond at each data point but does not draw any line. Title and Labels for x-axis and y-axis created by >>xlabel(x-axis) >>ylabel(y-axis) >>title(Plot of Gaussian MF)
To print a graph to a file, use commands >>print dmeta c:\pathname\<filename>

This prints plot into a file, which can be later used in a MS word document by simply inserting the picture.
Exercise 6: Writing m-files

You can write lines of Matlab codes in a file and save it as m-file. The m-files can be run from command prompt. For example

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Write the following codes in a new file %This m-file creates a Gaussian function Gauss.m x=1:0.1:10 m=4.5; s=1; xm=(x-m)/s; A=exp(-0.5*xm.^2); plot(A) xlabel(x-label) ylabel(y-label) grid %creates a grid lines across the plot

Save the file as Gauss.m and run the file from command prompt

>>Gauss
Exercise 7: Writing an m-file for a Bell-shaped MF

Write an m-file for the following Bell-shaped membership function and plot the membership function. 1 A ( x) = 2a xm 1+

The parameters m and represent the centre and width of the bell shaped MF respectively. Parameter a , usually positive, controls the slope of the MF at crossover point. Use three different values of m , , and a so that the MFs are sufficiently overlapped. Plot all three MFs on a single Figure. Use different colours for each MF. Label all axes and use a title for the Figure. Submit Exercise 7 with proper Lab cover sheet (can be found on the web). The submission should contain cover sheet with name & student no, source M-file, and the Figure with sufficient explanation.

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