Preferred Citation: Berger, Bennett M., editor Authors of Their Own Lives: Intellectual Autobiographies by Twenty American Sociologists.

Berkeley: University of California Press, c1990 1990. http://ark.cdli .org/ark:/1!0!0/ft0"#n 0$h/

Authors of Their Own Lives

Intellectual Autobiographies by Twenty American Sociologists Edited and with an Introduction by Bennett M. Berger
UNIVE !IT" O# $ALI#O NIA % E!!

Berkeley Los Angeles Oxford

& '(() The egents of the University of $a*ifornia

%or &onald '. Cressey and for Bar ara 'osen l(), neither of *ho) lived to see this ook in print. + do( t that they ever )et, (t + think they *o(ld have liked each other. ,hey *ere oth to(gh and tenderhard heads, soft hearts.

Preferred Citation: Berger, Bennett M., editor Authors of Their Own Lives: Intellectual Autobiographies by Twenty American Sociologists. Berkeley: University of California Press, c1990 1990. http://ark.cdli .org/ark:/1!0!0/ft0"#n 0$h/

%or &onald '. Cressey and for Bar ara 'osen l(), neither of *ho) lived to see this ook in print. + do( t that they ever )et, (t + think they *o(ld have liked each other. ,hey *ere oth to(gh and tenderhard heads, soft hearts.

$ONT IBUTO !
einhard Bendi+ .191"/0 is a for)er president of the 1)erican 2ociological 1ssociation and e)erit(s professor at the University of California, Berkeley, *here he served the depart)ents of sociology and

political science. 1)ong his )any ooks are Work an Authority in In ustry! "a# Weber: An Intellectual $ortrait! %mbattle &eason , and 'ings or $eople . Bennett M. Berger .19$"/0 is professor of sociology at the University of California, 2an &iego, and the a(thor of Working()lass Suburb! Looking for America! and The Survival of a )ounterculture . ,essie Bernard .190!/0 says she does not )ind eing called the doyenne of 1)erican sociology. 2he is the a(thor or editor of literally scores of ooks on *o)en, )arriage, the fa)ily, and other s( 3ects. 'etired fro) her professorship (t still as active as )any sociologists half her age, she has had )any honors esto*ed on her. 2he lives in 4ashington, &.C. ,a-es !. $o*e-an .19$"/0 is University Professor of 2ociology at the University of Chicago. 5e has done disting(ished *ork in a *ide variety of sociological fields, fro) )athe)atical )ethods to rational choice theory. 5is )any *orks incl(de The A olescent Society! *nion +emocracy! )ommunity )onflict! Intro uction to "athematical Sociology! and Longitu inal +ata Analysis . .ona*d . $ressey .1919/196#0 *as professor of sociology at the University of California, 2anta Bar ara, and the first dean of its College of 787 9etters and 2cience. ,he )ost i)portant of his )any st(dies in cri)inology are Other $eople,s "oney and Theft of the -ation: The Structure an Operations of Organi.e )rime in America . $ynthia #uchs E/stein .19!!/0 is professor of sociology at the :rad(ate Center of the City University of ;e* <ork and a for)er president of the =astern 2ociological 2ociety. 5er research on *o)en in the professions, (siness, and politics has prod(ced s(ch ooks as Women in Law! Access to $ower! Woman,s $lace! and )ost recently +eceptive +istinctions . ,ohn 0agnon .19!1/0 *as the first sociologist on the staff of the >insey +nstit(te for 2e8 'esearch, and he is presently professor of sociology at the 2tate University of ;e* <ork, 2tony Brook. 5e has *ritten e8tensively on se8 .)(ch of it *ith 4illia) 2i)on0 in ooks like Se#ual +eviance! Se#ual )on uct! and /uman Se#ualities . 1erbert ,. 0ans .19$#/0 is 'o ert 2. 9ynd Professor of 2ociology at Col() ia University and a for)er president of the 1)erican 2ociological 1ssociation. ,rained oth as a sociologist and a planner, his research interests incl(de (r an st(dies, ethnicity, and )ass co))(nications. 5e is the a(thor of seven ooks, the )ost recent of *hich is "i le American In ivi ualism: The 0uture of Liberal +emocracy . Nathan 0*a2er .19$!/0 is professor of ed(cation and sociology at 5arvard University. 5e )ade his )ark early as a co?a(thor .*ith &avid 'ies)an and 'e(el &enney0 of The Lonely )row ! and .*ith &aniel P. Moynihan0 1eyon the "elting $ot . 1)ong his other ooks are American 2u aism! The Social 1asis of )ommunism! &emembering the Answers! Affirmative +iscrimination! and %thnic +ilemmas . Andrew M. 0ree*ey .19$6/0 is professor of sociology at the University of 1ri@ona, a research associate at the ;ational Apinion 'esearch Center, a priest of the 1rchdiocese of Chicago, and an a(thor of est?selling novels. ,he )ost recent of his )any sociological *orks is &eligious In icators! and a)ong his )any *orks of fiction are 3o 3ame! The 0inal $lanet! Angel 0ire! and Love Song . ,ose/h 0usfie*d .19$!/0 is professor of sociology at the University of California, 2an &iego, and a for)er president of the Pacific 2ociological 1ssociation and the 2ociety for the 2t(dy of 2ocial Pro le)s. 5e has *orked )ost e8tensively in the fields of alcohol st(dies and social )ove)ents. 5is

first ook, Symbolic )rusa e! has eco)e a classic. 5is )ost 7 8i 7 recent ooks are The )ulture of $ublic $roblems and .in The /eritage of Sociology series0 'enneth 1urke on Symbols an Society . .ean Mac$anne** .19B0/0 is professor of applied ehavioral sciences at the University of California, &avis, and co?editor of The American 2ournal of Semiotics . 5e is the a(thor of The Tourist: A -ew Theory of the Leisure )lass and .*ith C(liet %lo*er MacCannell0 The Time of the Sign . 0ary T. Mar+ .19!6/0 is professor of sociology at M+, in the &epart)ents of Ur an 2t(dies and 5()anities. $rotest an $re4u ice *as his first ook. 5is )ost recent is *n ercover: $olice Surveillance in America . +n et*een, he has edited or co?edited several ooks and *rites for a *ide variety of scholarly 3o(rnals and pop(lar )edia. +n 1969 he *as na)ed the 1)erican 2ociological 1ssociationDs Censen 9ect(rer and he kayaked +dahoDs 'iver of ;o 'et(rn. 5e has ret(rned. .avid ies-an .1909/0 is retired fro) the 5enry %ord ++ professorship of the social sciences at 5arvard University. ,rained as a la*yer, he eca)e a sociologist at the University of Chicago, *here he ta(ght for )any years. 5e is the senior a(thor of The Lonely )row and )any other ooks on the sociology of ed(cation and on the character and c(lt(re of 1)ericans. Barbara osenb*u- .19B!/19660 ta(ght at 2tanford University and in Eer)ont CollegeDs grad(ate progra). 2he *as the a(thor of $hotographers at Work: A Sociology of $hotographic Styles . Before her (nti)ely death she *as *orking *ith a colleag(e on a ook to e called )ancer in Two 5oices . A*ice !. ossi .19$$/0 is 5arriet Martinea( Professor of 2ociology at the University of Massach(setts .1)herst0 and for)er president of oth the 1)erican 2ociological 1ssociation and the =astern 2ociological 2ociety. 5er pri)ary fields of st(dy are fa)ily and kinship, se8 and gender, and iosocial science. 1)ong her )a3or *orks are $arenting an Offspring +evelopment! 3en er an the Life )ourse! 0eminists in $olitics! and Aca emic Women on the "ove . 0uenther oth .19!1/0 is professor of sociology at Col() ia University. 5e has *ritten The Social +emocrats in Imperial 3ermany and "a# Weber,s 5ision of /istory .*ith 4olfgang 2chl(chter0 and is editor and translator .*ith >la(s 4ittich0 of the three?vol()e %conomy an 7 8ii 7 Society y Ma8 4e er. 5e recently contri (ted a long introd(ction to a ne* edition of Marianne 4e erDs iography of Ma8 4e er. %e//er !chwart2 .19BF/0 is professor of sociology and ad3(nct professor of psychiatry and ehavioral sciences at the University of 4ashington, 2eattle. 5er *ritings incl(de American )ouples .*ith Philip Bl()stein0, Women at 6ale .*ith Canet 9ever0, Se#ual Scripts .*ith C(dith 9ong 9a*s0, and 3en er in Intimate &elationships .*ith Bar ara C. 'is)an0. %ierre L. van den Berghe .19!!/0 is professor of sociology and anthropology at the University of 4ashington, 2eattle. 5is *ork on race, ethnicity, and socio iology has taken hi) to 1frica and 9atin 1)erica. 1)ong his )any ooks are South Africa: A Stu y in )onflict! Age an Se# in /uman Societies! /uman 0amily Systems! and The %thnic $henomenon . .ennis 3rong .19$!/0 is professor of sociology at ;e* <ork University. 5e *rites reg(larly for )any general intellect(al )aga@ines and is the a(thor of $opulation an Society! Skeptical Sociology! and

$ower: Its 0orms! 1ases! an *ses . 7 8iii 7

INT O.U$TION
+t see)s apt to preface *hat + have to say a o(t a(to iography and sociology y noting that )y career as a sociologist can e (nderstood as a series of )isinterpretations. 4hen + p( lished )y first ook, Working()lass Suburb! + *as G(ickly identified as an (r an sociologist, invited to conferences on (r an sociology, and often asked to contri (te to sy)posia on itHaltho(gh + had never had a co(rse on the s( 3ect and altho(gh the ook, and the research on *hich it *as ased, ca)e o(t of )y interest not in cities (t in stereotypes of s( (r ia y intellect(als. 4hen )y research interest t(rned to*ard yo(th and adolescence, so)e tho(ght of )e as a sociologist of ed(cation eca(se the )a3or instit(tional setting of yo(th *as high schools and colleges. + *as invited to speak to parent?teacher associations, provide advice to parents of tro( led teenagers, and serve as a p(ndit on st(dent re ellion y p( lications like the -ew 6ork Times "aga.ine Haltho(gh + had never had a co(rse on the sociology of ed(cation and altho(gh )y interest in yo(th had een sti)(lated y co)parative and historical reading on age grading and y the pop(larity of the generation concept, also pro)oted y intellect(als and *hich + had first enco(ntered in >arl Mannhei) and CosI Artega y :asset. 4hen + egan to st(dy hippie co))(nes and co))(nal child?rearing, + fo(nd )yself identified as a fa)ily sociologist. 1ltho(gh )y attention to co))(nes ca)e o(t of )y interest in deviant yo(th and the history of co(nterc(lt(res, + *as invited to speak at the :roves Confer? 7 8iv 7 ence and other national organi@ations of fa)ily scholars. My *ork *as represented in so)e of the standard te8ts and anthologies of fa)ily st(diesHaltho(gh + had never had a co(rse on the fa)ily and did not kno* its literat(re at all thoro(ghly. ;o*, engaged for the past fe* years in a pro3ect to collect a gro(p of essays in intellect(al a(to iography, + have noticed a tendency to i)p(te to )e a )ethodological interest in the (se of life history dataHan approach that goes ack to the early days of Chicago sociology. C(st recently + *as asked y one of the editors of Theory an Society to contri (te a piece on the (se of life histories to the t*entieth anniversary iss(e of that 3o(rnal. + respectf(lly declined, infor)ing hi) that )y interest in a(to iography had in fact partly developed o(t of )y efforts to cope *ith so)e pro le)s of ias in interpretive sociology, (t )ostly o(t of )y efforts to teach grad(ate st(dents ho* to read sociological theory to get a sense of the presence of the theorist in the te8t, learn to read et*een the lines, and hence )ore f(lly appreciate the )eanings pro3ected in the). 1 series of )isinterpretations, then. +t has taken )e far too )any years to (nderstand that *hat + have al*ays een interested in *as the culture of the gro(ps to *hich + *as attracted and the *ays in *hich that c(lt(re *as generated, s(stained, and changed y the )aterial circ()stances of its gro(p settings, the str(ct(re of *hose accessi le reso(rces f(nctioned as constraints and incentives on actors called on to 3(stify or defend their efforts to do things to .or *ith0 other actors in *ays that (s(ally prod(ced palpa le conseG(ences, intended and not. + a), in short, an (nrepentant generalist. =ven *hen + passed fifty, to those *ho asked *hat kind of sociologist + *as, + *as still in the ha it of replying frivolo(sly

that + *as too yo(ng to speciali@e. ;o* + have (na) ig(o(sly arrived at the irreversi le stat(s of senior sociologist. Ane of the privileges of that arrival is to t(rn )y attention to the gro(p a)ong *ho) + have spent )y ad(lt life as a professional- and in order to say so)ething a o(t the c(lt(re of sociology, st(dying the lives of sociologists .or *hat they say a o(t their livesH*hich is not the sa)e thing0 see)s a good place to start. 4hen + eca)e editor of )ontemporary Sociology! + pers(aded the (niversity ad)inistration to f(nd t*o grad(ate st(dents as half?ti)e assistants for the 3o(rnal. ,he pedagogic 3(stification + offered *as that over and a ove *hat they learned in classes or at the li rary, the st(dents *o(ld learn as )(ch sociology .if not )ore0 3(st sitting aro(nd the office listening to )y colleag(es and )e disc(ss *hich ooks *ere .and *ere not0 *orth 7 8v 7 revie*ing or feat(ring, and *hich revie*ers to select .and not to select0 for *hich ooks. 2ociological theory teaches that to learn a o(t the c(lt(re of so)ething is to learn a o(t the thing itself. 1ll this, + ad)it, so(nds rather defensive, and defensiveness is a G(ality not )(ch ad)ired in sociological *ritingHor any *riting. 2till, + hope + *ill e forgiven a certain defensiveness in introd(cing this ook. +t *as o vio(s to )e that asking sociologists to *rite a o(t their lives constit(ted a s( stantial depart(re fro) the standard practices of acade)ic *riting, *hich constrain sociologists to keep the)selves as decently or discreetly invisi le as possi le. A(tside the entertain)ent pages, narcissis) does not have good press, partic(larly in those fields *hose JdisciplineJ recogni@es the logical irrelevance of the personal G(alities of the a(thor to the o 3ective G(alities of the *ork, and a radical separation et*een the). Ane of the ai)s of this ook is to narro* that gapHnot to eli)inate it entirely- the distinction, after all, is a so(nd and i)portant one. ,hat ai) is to render the presence of the person in the *ork, the a(thor in the a(thored, to the e8tent that the s( 3ect is capa le of revealing it. + kno* that not everyone agrees a o(t the *holeso)eness of s(ch a pro3ect. &ifferent .and opposing0 vie*s a o(t the a(tono)y of the te8t have een p(t for*ard, in the h()anities, y the ;e* Critics )ore than a generation ago and y the poststr(ct(ralists in the 19#0s and 1960s, and in the social sciences y those co))itted to the propriety of i)personality in the genres of the )onograph and the social?science 3o(rnal article. 2(ch vie*s have al*ays see)ed to )e of considera le interest in deter)ining *hat is or is not appropriate, for)ally and aesthetically, to a given genre, (t they sho(ld alert the skepticis) of those of (s *ho *ant to avoid the analytic dangers .there are several0 of reifying c(lt(ral for)s or taking the) for granted. Ane good *ay of fle8ing the )(scles of that skepticis) is y inG(iring into the conditions that generate, s(stain, and transfor) those genres. 5o*, for e8a)ple, did this ook get off the gro(ndK + *as *riting a long essay on the history of the relations et*een political and c(lt(ral radicalis) *hen + got st(ck and reread *hat + had *ritten. + *as appalled y ho* easily + co(ld see thro(gh )y o*n iases. =8pecting that others *o(ld see thro(gh the) as easily, + adopted the ro(tine defense of responding to anticipated criticis). .:off)an and Bo(rdie( are )asters of this device.0 + started *riting *hat + conceived as a preface to the )ain *ork, intending to c(e )y i)agined readers to )y o*n iases, their pro a le so(rces, and ho* + atte)pted to control or other*ise 7 8vi 7 cope *ith the). 2oon + had the )akings of a short a(to iographical essay a o(t )y o*n intellect(al

develop)ent. +t *as only then that the first gli))ering of the idea for this ook ca)e to )eHthat a collection of s(ch essays y a variety of sociologists )ight e a val(a le enterprise. Eal(a le ho*K %or one thing it )ight help st(dents to eco)e sophisticated readers )ore G(ickly. 1s a teacher + had een rec(rrently fr(strated y ho* long that process nor)ally takes. + co(ld re)e) er, in )y o*n st(dent days, ho* easily + *as pers(aded y nearly every theorist + read, regardless of *hether + *as told that + co(ld not e a &(rkhei)ian and a 4e erian at the sa)e ti)e, or a ,ocG(evillian and a Mar8ist. 'ead in isolation and *itho(t ackgro(nd, each i)portant *riter )akes a pers(asive case to an innocent st(dent. Under nor)al conditions of st(dy it can take years, even decades, to eco)e att(ned to the hidden agendas, the strategic o)issions, the invisi le antagonists, the )etaphysical pathos .to (se :o(ldnerDs phrase, orro*ed fro) 1lfred 9ove3oy0 in a piece of sociological prose. 5ence it can take years to eco)e a critical reader, attentive not only to the o 3ective historical conte8ts in *hich a *riter *rites (t also to *hat Pierre Bo(rdie( calls the habitus: the e8perienced )ilie( *hose )ore or less (nreflectively internali@ed c(lt(re shapes the sensi ility evident to a close reader in a piece of prose, and fa)iliarity *ith *hich ena les (s to say of its a(thor that *e kno*, )etaphorically speaking, *here sheDs co)ing fro), if not G(ite *here sheDs going to. B(t in addition, iographical infor)ation )ay tell (s literally *here a *riter is co)ing fro) and there y s(pply an added di)ension for (nderstanding te8ts. 'ay)ond 1ron co))ents that Co)te did not think it necessary to leave his apart)ent d(ring the revol(tion of 16B6, so confident *as he that his theori@ing had predicted the i)portant events occ(rring in the street. %rank Man(elDs acco(nt of the lives of 2aint?2i)on and Co)te . oth of the) te8t ook cases of deviance0 )ade reading the) a richer e8perience for )e and h()ani@es the) for st(dents easily inti)idated y the prospect of reading JclassicsJ *ritten y historically hallo*ed fig(res not easily i)agined as fla*ed h()an eings. 4e er asserts his Jethic of responsi ilityJ *ith al)ost eno(gh passion to )ake it an ethic of (lti)ate ends- the parado8 of his passion for etachment is )ade salient and intrig(ing y that )ysterio(s ne(rosis that interr(pted his teaching career. ,hese days )any (ndergrad(ates have to e told that the rhetoric of Ee lenDs Theory of the Leisure )lass is ironic- if they kne* so)ething of his life, or of =d*ardian literary style, it *o(ld e easier for the) to pick (p on his ironies. 7 8vii 7 An the *hole .despite so)e recent evidence to the contrary0, conte)porary sociologists are not very via le co))ercially as s( 3ects for iographers. B(t a(to iography, even allo*ing for so)e inevita le selectivity, distortions of retrospective reconstr(ction, post(ring, and si)ple .or not so si)ple0 )isre)e) ering of events, provides evidence of an a(thorDs self?i)age, *hich is seldo) irrelevant to the sensi ility evident in the te8t. ,his constit(tes a response, if not e8actly a sol(tion, to the pro le) posed y Pierre Bo(rdie( *ho, y titling an essay of his J9D+ll(sion iographiG(eJ .196F0, intended to s(ggest that life is )essy (t a(to iography is linear and orderly, *ith a coherence i)posed less y the facts of life than y the a(to iographerDs need to )ake sense of the). J+deologists of their o*n livesJ is Bo(rdie(Ds phrase descri ing *hat a(to iographers do. .,he phrase also provided the seed fro) *hich the title of this ook gre*.0 2ociologists and their readers, ho*ever, often have especially good antennae for detecting ideology and are not easily deceived y it. +ndeed, several of the a(to iographers represented here are *ell a*are of the pro le) and atte)pt to e refle8ive a o(t it. Moreover, it is often possi le for a caref(l reader to see )eanings in events, acco(nts, and other infor)ation on a life co(rse that the a(thor *ho provides the) )ay not see. 9et )e cite 3(st t*o e8a)ples fro) the )any in the essays contained here. Pierre van den Berghe descri es at so)e length the generations of physicians and iologists in his fa)ilyHpartic(larly the infl(ence of one of his

grandfathers. B(t he never G(ite )akes an e8plicit connection et*een his o*n )id?career t(rn to*ard socio iology and his fa)ilyDs tradition, against *hich he regards hi)self as so)e*hat re ellio(s. &avid 'ies)an, fro) a patrician Philadelphia fa)ily, descri es his )otherDs severe distinction et*een the Jfirst rateJ .great artists and perhaps a fe* great scientists0 and the Jsecond rateJ and her aesthetic disdain for even those prestigio(s professionals *ho do the practical *ork of the *orld. B(t he does not e8plicitly connect this )aternal aristocratis) to his choice to devote the (lk of his teaching career to the general ed(cation of talented (ndergrad(ates at t*o elite (niversities rather than to the professional training of *orkaday attorneys as a professor of la*, in *hich capacity he egan his teaching career and *hich is (s(ally regarded as )ore prestigio(s than teaching (ndergrad(ates. Most sociologists, in fact, do not *ork in ,ho)as >(hnDs Jnor)al scienceJ style, i))ersed in the search for sol(tions to c(rio(s p(@@les that the acc()(lating corp(s of kno*ledge has left (nsolved. Most of 7 8viii 7 (s p(rs(e o(r ideas, for)(late o(r hypotheses, and do o(r research in *ays, and fro) so(rces, connected to *hat *e care a o(t and are )oved yH*hich of co(rse does not render the *ork any less o 3ective. ,hat is *hat 4e er )eant y value relevance , and *hat + )ean y saying that )ost of (s do not do alienated *orkHat least not )ost of the ti)e. + hope that st(dents *ill read this ook eca(se it provides access to conte8ts that can enhance their (nderstanding of te8ts and their a(thors, and that 3o(rney)en acade)ic sociologists the)selves *ill enco(rage st(dents to read it eca(se professors have a stake in the early sophistication of their st(dents as readers. B(t i)agine the *orst. 2(ppose that the interest of readers t(rns o(t to e at least partly pr(rients(ppose that they have )erely a gossipy interest in *hat e)inent professor so?and?so Jis really likeJs(ppose they are only looking for the inside dope to penetrate the passive voice and other faLades of i)personality that do)inate the prose of acade)ics. &o these attit(des *eaken the serio(s intent of the ookK + think not. Perhaps a pr(rient interest is etter than none. :ossip, after all, is talk .even )alicio(s talk0 a o(t persons rather than iss(es, pro le)s, or str(ct(res. ,o J ring )an ack in,J as :eorge 5o)ans (rged )any years ago, )ay risk ringing gossip ack in- and it is perhaps not inadvertent that 5o)ans has p( lished a f(ll?length a(to iography. ,o *ant to kno*, then, *hat professor so?and?so is really like )ay not e as anal as it see)s at first. >no*ing *hat he is really like can palpa ly affect a st(dentDs f(t(re. Ane of the )a3or contri (tions of Ci) Cole)anDs rilliant essay on his grad(ate?st(dent days is his evocation of Pa(l 9a@arsfeld, *ho *as (s(ally so f(ll of ideas that he co(ld not possi ly p(rs(e all of the) syste)atically and *as hence contin(ally on the looko(t to recr(it or co?opt pro)ising st(dents and 3(nior colleag(es as colla orators. ,he relevance of gossip and other inside dope is transparent in the spate of a(to iography and )e)oir, especially, for e8a)ple, a)ong for)er presidential staff )e) ers, *ho reco(nt private conversations and other events that take place in ins(lated offices and other inaccessi le places and regarding *hich p( lic records are not (s(ally leftHor if left, are )arked JclassifiedJ and so)eti)es destroyed. 2(ch infor)ation increases in i)portance as the discrepancies *iden et*een *hat act(ally happens, *hat *e kno*, *hat *e )ay e officially infor)ed of, and *hat *e are free to say p( licly. Af co(rse *e all kno* less than *e need to kno*. B(t as receptacles of privileged infor)ation *e also kno* )ore than the legiti)ate *ays of e8pressing *hat *e kno* can 7 8i8 7

contain. 1nd as scholars, + pres()e, *e all have interests in seeing an increase in the n() er and variety of containers. 1(to iography )ay e one of the). B(t in addition to )y hopes that this ook *ill help create sophisticated readers )ore G(ickly and de)onstrate the conte8t(al relevance of a(to iographical data to te8ts and careers, + hope that it *ill have infl(ence on the f(t(re practice of sociologists. + do not )ean )erely the clichI of strengthening h()anist .as against positivist0 sociology- neither ter) is a favorite of )ine. +n )y le8icon humanist refers to a certain )oral and aesthetic G(ality of )ind, *hereas positivist refers to a partic(lar episte)ology .and perhaps its associated research )ethods0. 4hatever the tensions et*een the), + have never een pers(aded that it *as necessary to give (p one for the other. Most sociologists *ill at least pay lip service to the idea that they are in fact part of the social reality they descri e and analy@e. 4hen pressed, they *ill even ad)it that they )ay contri (te to the constr(ction of the realities their )ethods ass()e already e8ist Jo(t there.J B(t )ost do not write as if that *ere the case, e8cept occasionally in prefaces, appendi8es, or postscripts. +n )y last ook + )ade so)e halting (se of the a(to iographical )ode thro(gho(t the te8tHin effect atte)pting to take readers y the hand and ring the) along *ith )e to share so)e of the e8perience of doing field research. + told stories a o(t *hat happened to )e- a o(t getting access to sites and data- a o(t the interpersonal co)ple8ities that so)eti)es develop in long?ter) participant o servation, and personal a) ivalence a o(t *hat to do ne8t- a o(t coping *ith resistance y respondents- and a o(t thinking thro(gh the (nanticipated pro le)s of interpretation, then rethinking the) as the research *ent along, all the *hile letting the reader in on the interior dialog(es. ,hat )ore sociologists do not *rite candidly or *ell a o(t their lives, *ork, and *orking lives is partly an e8pression of the hege)ony that the rhetoric of i)personality e8ercises. +t egins so early that )ost of )y first?year grad(ate st(dents in sociological theory have great diffic(lty co)plying *ith )y reG(est that efore they (ndertake serio(s for)al analysis they *rite five? or si8?page *eekly papers recording their i))ediate responses, associations, likes, dislikes, and so on, vis?M?vis the assigned reading. ,hey si)ply do not elieve )e *hen + tell the) that + *ant the) to *rite on conte)porary theory in their o*n nat(ral voices .*hich + do to help the) a sor serio(s theori@ing into their o*n routine )odes of thinking0 rather than ape the lang(age of the professional 3o(rnalsHth(s reG(iring a cognitive lip in order to shift et*een 7 88 7 spontaneo(s thinking and se)inar talk or 3o(rnal talk. ,he rhetoric of i)personality, + think, has een s(ccessf(l less for the (lk of relia le kno*ledge of social str(ct(re it has acc()(lated than for the po*erf(l clai) it in principle staked for sociology to the stat(s of science, and hence to instit(tionali@ation in (niversities, and the considera le professional enefits that stat(s carries *ith it. Universities generally have diffic(lty acco))odating in their acade)ic c(rric(la s( 3ect )atters not clearly categori@a le as arts or sciences, *ith their o*n acc()(lated Jliterat(res.J Co(rnalis) is a perennially disdained stepchild, often segregated in professional schools. ,he h()anities are rec(rrently (ffeted in one or the other direction. 4hen the direction is to*ard arts, defenses of the h()anities as the )oral and aesthetic antennae of the nation eco)e ro(tine parts of the lect(re repertoire of their senior spokespersons. 4hen the direction is to*ard science, lang(age, philosophy, history, and criticis) t(rn to*ard Jtheory,J and the rigor of oneDs logic or research design replaces s( stantive insight, discovery, or narrative grace as the )a3or criterion of perfor)ance. ;ote 4illia) +r*in ,ho)psonDs prescient .and edgy0 characteri@ation of M+,Ds pride in its h()anities progra), *here, as he p(ts it, Jliterat(re eco)es ling(istics.J

Moreover, the rhetoric of acade)ic i)personality has an elective affinity to the rhetoric of (rea(cracies, in *hich )ost acade)ics *ork. 1 o(t fifty years ago there *as a )a3or shift in the social sciences in *hich )ost practitioners gave (p talking to general intellect(al a(diences in favor of talking to each other in technical lang(ages that e8cl(ded )ost nonprofessionals. +n several respects that *as a good argain (t so)e of its costs have een proli8ity, (nreada leness, and an o sc(rity not *arranted y the co)ple8ity of *hat is talked a o(t. Oversimplification is no* a co))on ter) of reproach in acade)ic disc(ssions- everyone is against oversi)plification. B(t there is no parallel ter) nearly as freG(ently (sed to descri e the opposite pheno)enon, *hich s(rely occ(rs as often, if not )ore so. Mystification, ethereality, and slovenly prose are pro a ly less often s( 3ect to negative critical sanctions fro) *ithin than oversi)plification. ,he a(to iographical )ode co(ld e an effective antidote to so)e of this e8cessive professionalis). ,here see)s to e so)ething a o(t the *itnesslike character of the first?person sing(lar .+ *as therethis is *hat + did- here is *hat happenedHto )e and to others0 that transfor)s indifferent, o sc(re, or ethereal *riters into good, or at least intelligi le, ones. 2ocial science has a potentially s( stantial a(dience, (t *e reach it 7 88i 7 so poorly in part eca(se good social scientists often take foolish pride in their inaccessi ility. 4e do not have to reach the nonprofessional a(diences *ho care a o(t o(r *ork eca(se (niversities re*ard scholars for JtechnicalJ achieve)ents and look *ith so)e skepticis) on pop(lar s(ccess. ;evertheless, each of the social sciences shelters a s)all cre* of *riters .seldo) a)ong the )ost prestigio(s in their disciplines0 *ho have real a(diencesH*riters *ho are read less eca(se their readers need to keep (p *ith the literat(re than eca(se they elieve that these *riters have so)ething i)portant or co)pelling to say. + think there co(ld e )ore s(ch *riters, and a ook like this 3(st )ight enco(rage their li eration fro) the i)personal lang(age of (rea(cracy. 4hatever else it is, a(to iography is personal, and + hope that sociology *ill eco)e )ore accessi le as its practitioners eco)e less invisi le. +t )ight even help red(ce o(r dependence on pop(lari@ationHand o(r rit(al co)plaints against it. B(t in saying these things, *hich + kno* are contentio(s .and are s(rely not eing said here for the first ti)e0, + can already hear so)e of the co(ntercontentions efore they are )ade, re (ttals even to contentions + have not )ade. 2o)e readers *ill see a hidden agenda in )y re)arks, a code that derogates discretion and restraint. +t *ill e ass()ed that + a) )aking a raggedly veiled arg()ent against professional detach)ent and hard?*on criteria of scholarly acco)plish)ent, and against o 3ectivity, disinterestedness, elite standards, and acade)ic asceticis). By contrast, i)p(ted to )e *ill e an effort to enco(rage narcissistic self?ind(lgence and Jletting it all hang o(tJ- for ro)anticis), against classicis)- for &ionys(s, against 1pollo: JCalifornia sociology.J ,here )ay e a fe* kernels of tr(th in these contrasts, (t + regard s(ch polarities as anal, and + intend no s(ch stark oppositions. ,hey are in fact ideal types- real cases, of co(rse, fall so)e*here et*een the). 'eaders *ill note that despite )y critical co))ents a o(t acade)ic i)personality, + have )ade the) in the conventional acade)ic style, and that d(alis) is as it sho(ld e. ,he essays contained here also cover a fairly *ide range et*een these poles, and )ost of the) sho* so)e oscillation et*een the). 2till, )y pro3ect does contain latent c(lt(ral iases of the sort incl(ded in *hat 5er ert :ans has descri ed as taste c(lt(res, and it see)s likely that so)e readers, partisans of one taste c(lt(re, )ay e offended y the essays that represent another. 4henever G(estions of taste are raised .they are raised often y a(to iography0, one can e certain that i)portant c(lt(ral iss(es are at stakeHsy) ols and

)ean? 7 88ii 7 ings necessarily taken for granted in order that disco(rse )ay e civilly cond(cted. Breaching the), therefore, is al*ays potentially volatile, partic(larly a)ong scholars, *hose stately and i)personal )odes of disco(rse are i)portant conditions of the privileges accorded the) as part of their acade)ic freedo). Ane early reader of the )an(script of this ook, for e8a)ple, see)ed deeply offended y an essay *hose a(thor )ade an inti)ate se8(al reference. Ane co(ld al)ost feel the readerDs recoil: J&o *e really need to kno* that . . . KJ +n fact there is relatively little inti)ate detail, private confession, or grievance e8pressed in these essays- not )(ch talk a o(t se8, spo(ses, or the ad(lt fa)ily life of sociologists, partic(larly *here tra()atic or other painf(l e8periences are involved. ,hose seeking titillation sho(ld look else*here. B(t taste c(lt(res are pl(ral, even in the acade)y. 2ince the end of 4orld 4ar ++ there have een i)portant changes in the co)position of the 1)erican professoriat, and professorial sensi ilities are no* )ore diverse than they once *ereHpartly an e8pression of so)e of the )o ility stories told in this ook. 1 second early reader of the )an(script, rather than eing offended y inti)ate references and revelations, *as instead ored y a fe* of the )ore states)anly essays reco(nting the instit(tional events of a career. ,astes differ, and + dare say that the *ide variety of essays in this ook virt(ally g(arantees that no single reader *ill like all of the) (nless he or she is capa le of a h(ge :eert@ian effort to appreciate Jthe nativeDs point of vie*.J 1s a(to iographers, *e are all natives. <et the i)portance of good taste *as a )a3or the)e in the correspondence et*een )e and Matilda 'iley *hen she *as planning the 196" 1)erican 2ociological 1ssociation )eetings on Jlives.J ,his anticipated an8iety a o(t taste is in one sense (nderstanda le eca(se it is o vio(s that invoking the personal .as a(to iography )(st0 poses so)e threat to val(es taken for granted that are e) edded in the stately rhetoric of acade)ic disco(rse- and that rhetoric is (s(ally e8perienced y its practitioners as self?evident good taste that needs no defending. B(t in another sense the an8iety is s(rprising eca(se one of the )a3or assets of )icrosociological research has een its de)onstration that face?to? face interaction a)ong real persons )ay have per)anent relevance to the o(tco)es of )acrosociological research, *hose findings a o(t patterns or str(ct(res are often presented as G(antified covariation in operationali@ed indicators of a stract varia les. ,he relevance, )oreover, )ay e either s(pportive of the findings . y providing an 7 88iii 7 acco(nt of ho* the )acro covariations are Jprod(cedJ in face?to?face interaction0 or critical of the) . y providing a validity? ased critiG(e of the )isleading inferences )ade fro) the)0. 1s this ook *as taking shape, + *as in fact ca(tioned y several friends and colleag(es a o(t the o(ndaries of good taste in a(to iographical *riting. + have d(ly noted those ca(tions. 1t the sa)e ti)e it see)s appropriate to note that *hile pr(dence dictates some respect for e8tant canons of good taste, serio(s inG(iry )(st not allo* itself to e entirely governed y the). +n fact, *hen sociological inG(iry is serio(sly constrained y conventional *isdo), its typical practice has een to )ake the conventional *isdo) pro le)atic y G(estioning the ass()ptions on *hich it restsHin this case y i)plicitly asking *hat good taste reveals, *hat it o sc(res, and *hyHas Bo(rdie( has done e8plicitly and rilliantly in +istinction .

Class and ethnicity are .(ns(rprisingly for sociologists0 salient the)es in )any of the essays in this ook, and as oth :ans and Bo(rdie( have sho*n, taste is closely correlated *ith the). 4ill anyone e offended if + say that the a(to iographers represented here tend to *rite )ore personally, )ore inti)ately, if they co)e fro) poverty or are Ce*ish, and that the tendency is strengthened if they co)e fro) poverty an are Ce*ishK +s it a s(rd to say that Cohn :agnon *rites like a Ce*K 5e does in effect confess to eing a philose)iteHso)ething + re)e) er the anthropologist Cohn Bennett *riting a o(t very poignantly in commentary )any years ack, faced as he *as *ith gro*ing (p in ;e* <ork, *here an intellect(alDs Jnat(ralJ co))(nity *as predo)inantly co)posed of Ce*s. =8actly *hat the connections are, ho*ever, et*een class or ethnicity and tastes for the personal or i)personal, the inti)ate or the instit(tional, the l(nt or the polite, )ay e very el(sive. Cohn C(ddihy provided a very co)ple8 .and controversial0 e8planation so)e years ago in his *onderf(lly titled The Or eal of )ivility . An the other hand, it )ay e nothing )ore co)ple8 than that the children of poor i))igrants have little other than their personal, do)estic, or neigh orhood lives to talk a o(t, *hereas the *ell orn, heirs to a greater variety of instit(tional e) eddedness, develop a )ore stately (nderstanding of their lives. +n the essays y &ennis 4rong .son of the Canadian a) assador to 4ashington0 and &avid 'ies)an readers *ill note the fa)o(s *ell?connected na)es and esta lished instit(tions that for) a nat(ral ackdrop to their early lives. ,here )ay have een so)e do( t a o(t what they *o(ld achieve in their lives, (t that they *o(ld achieve so)ething significant appears not to have een in G(estion. Patrician fa)ilies see) 7 88iv 7 often to hand do*n to their children a certain grace and easy confidence as val(a le as their )ore )aterial assetsHaltho(gh + (nderstand that they pro a ly hand do*n distinctive (rdens as *ell. %or those starting near the otto), it )ay e that rapid social )o ility, *ith its so)eti)es sharp reaks in the e8perience of )ilie(s, reG(ires a self?conscio(s effort to integrate the) and generates a )ore poignant and distressf(l )ode of retrospective (nderstanding than lives characteri@ed y c(lt(ral sta ility, in *hich the procession fro) event to event is )ore contin(o(s or reg(lari@ed. &on CresseyDs essay is preocc(pied *ith poverty and class, *ith *hether people are Jclassy,J and there is an al)ost a(di le whew7 as he concl(des each episode of his narrative *ith an J+ )ade itNJ +t *as not clear that he *o(ld. Bar ara 'osen l()Ds essay is a near )odel of the pain and sense of a*k*ardness .so)e of Jthe hidden in3(ries of classJ0 as one )oves (p and a*ay fro) the )ilie( of oneDs irth. +t goes so)e distance to s(ggest *hy, in Bo(rdie(Ds ter)s, so)e people choose to re)ain in the ha it(s of their irthright despite the talent and opport(nity to )ove (p and o(t. By contrast, :ary Mar8Ds )o ility story *o(ld so(nd al)ost like that of a pre)at(re y(ppie, *ere it not for the (n(s(al candor and r(e of his tale of early spectac(lar s(ccess that s(ddenly endsHor at least slo*s do*n. Cohn :agnon descri es his fa)ilyDs descent fro) respecta le poverty to Jraggedy?ass poor,J and the University of Chicago inadvertently appears as an all (t (nattaina le Aly)p(s, fro) *ithin *hose )ists a )ysterio(s pro)ise of a etter life eckons. 1 si)ilar i)age appears in Coseph :(sfieldDs tho(ghtf(l essay, and ChicagoDs great (niversity played this role for )ore than a fe* sociologists orn poor. ,here are several archetypal stories of 1)erican social )o ility in this ook, and none of the) is *itho(t its to(ches of poignance. B(t there are no self?congrat(latory h(ffings and p(ffings a o(t raising oneself (p y the ootstraps. ,hese are, after all, sociologists, *ho kno* )ore than a little not only a o(t the po*er of social stratification (t also a o(t the role of historical str(ct(res of opport(nity in the shaping of lives. ;evertheless, lives are )ore co)plicated than social categories- too )any varia les intersect at a specific ti)e and place in an individ(alDs life to per)it easy generali@ation a o(t class or ethnicity. Cynthia =pstein and Pepper 2ch*art@, for e8a)ple, each of the) orn to (pper )iddle?class Ce*ish

fa)ilies, each of the) acco)plished sociologists and fe)inists, reveal the)selves differently. =pstein is grave and reflective, very )(ch the ;e* <ork intellect(al. 2ch*art@ is pert, perky, scatological, and right?eyed, still sho*ing traces of the cheerleader she 7 88v 7 ref(ses to apologi@e for having een in high school and college. 'einhard Bendi8 and :(enther 'oth, orn to )iddle?class fa)ilies in :er)any, e)igrated to the United 2tates in their early ad(lthood. Both descri e a grad(al transfor)ation of their interest in politics into an interest in political sociology. <et Bendi8 titles his essay J5o* + Beca)e an American 2ociologistJ .)y e)phasis0, and he speaks and *rites =nglish *ith hardly a trace of the accent of his native lang(age. 'othDs :er)an accent, y contrast, is apparently per)anent, not only in his speech (t also in the conto(rs of his tho(ght. 5er ert :ans, fro) an assi)ilated :er)an?Ce*ish fa)ily, left :er)any at age t*elve and not only confesses that he has no :er)an c(lt(re in hi) (t also ackno*ledges that he has eco)e an e8pert on 1)erican pop(lar c(lt(re. &ean MacCannell, 1)erican as apple pie, tries to ans*er the G(estion of *hy a J%renchJ intellect(al .as he conceives hi)self0 takes a doctorate in r(ral sociology and teaches at a (niversity fa)o(s for its agric(lt(ral school. +t *o(ld e hard to i)agine t*o early lives )ore different than Bar ara 'osen l()Ds and &ennis 4rongDs. <et each of the) fo(nd in ;e* <orkDs ohe)ia of art and intellect a transitional shelter et*een *hat they had een and *hat they *ere yet to eco)e. 'osen l() and ;athan :la@er share poverty, ;e* <ork, and Ce*ishness as part of their ackgro(nds, yet :la@erDs intellect(al perspectives and career develop)ent have far )ore in co))on *ith 4rong and 'ies)an than *ith 'osen l(). 9ives, as + said, are )ore co)ple8 than categories, and 1lice 'ossiDs caref(l distinctions a)ong period effects, cohort effects, and )at(rational effects, in an essay so)eti)es to(ching, so)eti)es s( tle, so)eti)es rilliant, and so)eti)es all three together, )ay help e8plain so)e of that co)ple8ity. 1ge is also a pro)inent consideration in )any of the essays incl(ded here. 'eaders *ill notice that the a(thors in this ook *rite )(ch )ore revealingly a o(t their childhood and adolescence than a o(t their ad(lt lives after starting their careers. 1ltho(gh there are e8ceptions .Cole)an, :reeley0, this tendency )ay e an o vio(s e8pression of the nor)al pr(dence e8pected of acade)ics .indeed of )ost professionals0 regarding their c(rrent career involve)ents. B(t so)ething )ore co)es fro) these pages: it is as if so)e latent consens(s in o(r c(lt(re defines childhood and adolescence as proper foc(ses of retrospective reflection, *hereas )ore recent periods of oneDs life represent practical acco))odations to relatively congealed present circ()stances, or a )ere playing o(t of e8perience? shaping forces of )(ch earlier origin .altho(gh 'ossiDs essay is s(rely an e8ception0. 7 88vi 7 ,his ook is f(ll of )e)ora le )o)ents in each of its essays. +f it does nothing else, it sho*s that, at o(r est, sociologists can *rite as *ell as any acade)ic gro(p. :(enther 'oth tells (s that he is still distressed to see people reclining on eaches and in parks eca(se they re)ind hi) of the odies lying in the streets of &ar)stadt after a sat(ration o) ing in 4orld 4ar ++. &on Cressey *orked part?ti)e as a aker *hile he *as in high school .a good craft, he tho(ght, for a poor oy *itho(t prospects0, and *hen he finally did go to college he *as attracted to che)istry and *as good in the la eca(se it *as like aking: )i8ing the ingredients of a recipeHonly very caref(lly. Pepper 2ch*art@ tells of a fe)ale dean at <ale having to (se the ack stairs to attend a )eeting eca(se it *as held at MoryDs, *hich did not ad)it *o)en. Pierre van den Berghe, orn in the Congo, the son of a Belgian colonial, tells of a co(sin *ho shot an 1frican *orker in the leg for )alingering. Ean den Berghe kno*s racis) directly at

its )ost vir(lentHin his lood, as it *ereH*hich )ay help acco(nt for his irritation *ith *hite 1)ericans .*ho have only a s(perficial kno*ledge of racis)0 lect(ring hi) a o(t it. Cohn :agnon, on a long sit?(p rail trip after his fatherDs death, re)e) ers the l(8(ry of a sho*er in the sparkling athroo) of ChicagoDs Union 2tation, *ith its fl(ffy to*els and hot *ater. Cessie Bernard tells (s that she is rel(ctant to (se not only a *ord processor (t even an electric type*riter eca(se she needs stiff keys to po(nd o(t her aggressions. 1ndre* :reeley o(t)arginali@es so?called )arginal Ce*ish intellect(als y pointing to his o*n sit(ation: he is distr(sted y sociologists eca(se he is a priest and y the Catholic ch(rch eca(se he is a sociologist *ith an inco)e of his o*n. 5e has his s*eet revenge, tho(gh: in a self?s(staining cycle, his est?selling novels contain the kno*ledge he has gained a o(t Catholic 1)ericans thro(gh his ;ational Apinion 'esearch Center s(rveys, and the royalties fro) his novels f(nd f(rther s(rveys and allo*ed hi) genero(sly to endo* a chair in religio(s st(dies at the University of Chicago, *hich, he tells (s, accepted it *ith ill grace. 1ltho(gh this ook is far fro) (nprecedented, the idea for it generated a lot of intrig(ed interest *hen + first talked a o(t it *ith colleag(es. +t also generated a lot of skepticis): sociologists canDt *rite- the first?person sing(lar doesnDt co)e nat(rally to the)- sociologists donDt have interesting lives- they *onDt e *illing to talk a o(t those very selves that their co))it)ents to o 3ectivity have ro(tinely s(ppressed- even if they *ere *illing to dredge (p all that s( 3ectivity, it *o(ld e ad P' for sociology, still not f(lly esta lished as a legiti)ate o 3ective science. Besides, *ho *o(ld e interested in the lives of a 7 88vii 7 (nch of o sc(re acade)icsHo sc(re at least y co)parison *ith states)en, )ilitary leaders, )ovie stars, literary fig(res, or tycoonsK =ven efore thinking the pro3ect thro(gh, + )(st have sent o(t )ore than fifty or si8ty letters to a variety of sociologists .+ did not think at all a o(t sa)pling0, asking if they *o(ld like to contri (te to a vol()e of a(to iographical essays. Anly one of that original atch said no in a disdainf(l *ay .Jnot )y c(p of teaJ0. 2everal others also said no, (t in an apologetic *ay .citing the (s(al range of reasons0 that enco(raged )e to go for*ard *ith the pro3ect. 2till others s(ggested that + (se earlier a(to iographical efforts they had )ade, or intervie*s cond(cted *ith the) containing a(to iographical )aterial. B(t al)ost all *ere s(pportive, and so)e .like Cessie Bernard, =d 2hils, and +rving 5oro*it@0 even took the tro( le to provide )e *ith references to earlier or si)ilar efforts. ,he selection of a(thors is in no *ay a caref(l sa)pling. 1fter t*enty?five years as a *orking sociologist + kne* )any of )y colleag(es, so + egan *ith the net*orks + had. + asked )yself *ho *rites *ell, *ho is likely to e *illing to *rite candidly a o(t his or her life, *ho is likely to have had an interesting life to *rite candidly a o(t. + only later decided that no life, really, is (ninteresting, and that it takes a )ore or less deli erate fail(re of intelligence or sensi ility to render oneDs life anal or other*ise oring. +t *as only later too that + *ished + had sa)pled syste)atically so as to e a le to clai) )ore for the evidence contained here. 2till, the essayists represent a fairly good distri (tion of age, fro) those in their forties 3(st achieving national rep(tations to senior e)inents in their seventies and eighties, like Cessie Bernard, &avid 'ies)an, and 'einhard Bendi8. +ncl(ded are several schools of tho(ght, G(alitative and G(antitative sociologists, )en and *o)en, natives and foreign? orn. Unfort(nately there are no sociologists of color. 1ltho(gh several *ere asked, and so)e said yes, none delivered a )an(script. 1s it t(rned o(t, too )any )an(scripts *ere delivered. 1ltho(gh they all contained val(a le and interesting )aterial, p( lishing all of the) *o(ld have )ade a ook too large to )arket effectively.

,he ook *as delayed *hile + str(ggled *ith the pro le) of *ho) and *hat to c(t a)ong a(thors + had solicited )yself. + also repressed the pro le), alternately *aiting for a good fairy to eli)inate it *ith a stroke of her *and .she never appeared0 and evading it in 2carlett AD5ara fashion: + *onDt think a o(t that today, +Dll think a o(t it to)orro*. 1fter an (nconsciona le delay of al)ost t*o years, + did 7 88viii 7 *hat + had to do, )ade the necessary c(ts and (n)ade, + fear, a n() er of friendships. + reveal s(ch e) arrassing facts less in a confessional spirit than as a historical footnote to one econo)ic pro le) of ook )aking *ith *hich + had no previo(s e8perience. 2everal colleag(es have tried to reass(re )e that the ook *ill e etter shorter than longer .*ho *as it that said, J+f + had )ore ti)e + *o(ld *rite lessJK0, and + a) prepared to elieve this- in spite of the constraints + feel that + )(st elieve it. ;evertheless, + feel no constraint *hatever in elieving that this (ne8pectedly prolific o(tpo(ring of a(to iography, flo*ing as it does fro) a gro(p of acade)ic sociologists for *ho) the first?person sing(lar represents a radical depart(re fro) their nor)al )odes of disco(rse, *ill help readers of sociology to see ehind its so)eti)es for)ida le te8ts not a(thors, scholars, researchers, or professors, (t persons, perhaps not (nlike the)selves. 717

%A T I4 A$A.EMI$ MEN
7!7

$ha/ter One4 I-agining the ea*

.ennis 3rong 1s one gro*s older, one is al*ays s(rprisedHand so)eti)es depressedHto reali@e the tr(th of Jin )y eginning is )y endJ and Jin )y end is )y eginning.J ,. 2. =liot *as, of co(rse, thinking of personal identity in its deepest and f(llest sense, (t his *ords also apply to J)erelyJ intellect(al eginnings and ends, the )ore so *hen reading, *riting, and thinking have fro) a fairly early age een central to oneDs self?definition. + decided )ore or less conscio(sly that + *anted to eco)e an Jintellect(alJ at a )o)ent of a r(pt and (n*elco)e transition in )y life several )onths efore )y si8teenth irthday. 1fter living t*o years in :eneva, 2*it@erland, *here )y father *as Canadian delegate to the 9eag(e of ;ations, )y parents sent )e to oard at a pro)inent preparatory school in ,oronto. ,he school *as not altogether strange to )e, for + had een a oarder in its 3(nior division the year efore *e )oved to =(rope after living in 4ashington, &.C., for )ost of )y early life. Until no* + had al*ays identified )yself entirely, indeed overeagerly, *ith )y peers and had in fact een itterly (nhappy over the previo(s )ove to =(rope.

,*ice )y parents had dragged )e, in a s(lky and s(llen )ood, across the 1tlantic. ,his ti)e + *as not only older (t, feeling that )y =(ropean so3o(rn had )ade )e )ore refined and cos)opolitan than )y school)ates, + resisted )aking yet another read3(st)ent to an environ)ent + had not chosen. 4e ret(rned in the s())er of 19!9, and the co)ing of the *ar re)oved all possi ility of )y going ack to 2*it@erland. +t lessened )y anger at )y parents, (t it )ade )e, if anything, )ore inclined to 7B7 ideali@e )y years at school in :eneva and )ore deter)ined than ever not to eco)e a hearty, provincial, prep?school philistine. 2ince + laid clai) to a personal relation to =(rope, *here the great events of the *ar *ere (nfolding, + decided that + o(ght to e )ore f(lly infor)ed a o(t the). 2o + started to follo* the *orld ne*s and tacked )aps of the attlefronts fro) the 2(nday -ew 6ork Times J4eek in 'evie*J section on the *all of )y dor)itory roo), *hich )y school)ates regarded as a pretentio(s affectation. + o(ght )y first Jserio(sJ ook, 0allen 1astions , y a British ne*spaper correspondent in Central =(rope, to learn a o(t the events preceding the *ar, especially the M(nich crisis, *hich had the year efore i)pinged on even o(r self?centered adolescent concerns at school in :eneva. ,he a(thor, :. =. '. :edye, passionately deno(nced the appease)ent of 5itler and *rote favora ly of Jsocialis).J ,he leading ,oronto ookstoreHBritnellDs, incredi ly still there and looking )(ch the sa)e )ore than forty years laterHcarried other British 9eft Book Cl( p( lications- + o(ght a fe* and *as G(ickly converted y a Cohn 2trachey pa)phlet entitled Why 6ou Shoul 1e a Socialist . +n the ne8t year + read ooks, )any of the) British Pelicans that still sit on )y shelf y 2trachey, 5. :. 4ells, :eorge Bernard 2ha*, :. &. 5. Cole, and 5arold 9aski on socialis), politics, and *orld affairs. + also e8changed long, nostalgic letters *ith )y closest :eneva friend, the late 2t(art 2ch(l erg, son of pioneer 5olly*ood )ovie )agnate B. P. 2ch(l erg and yo(nger rother of the novelist B(dd 2ch(l erg, *ho later *as for a long ti)e the prod(cer of the ;BC J,odayJ sho*. + *as asto(nded y his opposition to 1)erican entrance into the *ar, for at school *e had all declai)ed against the *ickedness of 5itler. + *rote a letter to Life )aga@ine deno(ncing the 1)erican isolationistsH)y first appearance in printHand 2t(art *rote a letter disagreeing *ith )e. 5is opinions, as + egan to grasp, reflected those of the Co))(nist party, to *hich he had een e8posed thro(gh his rother, *ho had een a leading fig(re a)ong the 5olly*ood Co))(nists of the 19!0s. 2t(art had al*ays een the older, do)inant fig(re in o(r friendship, so + *avered in the direction of his vie*s. + o(ght and read +nternational P( lishersD editions of the shorter *ritings of Mar8, =ngels, and 9enin, as *ell as )apital , )anaging to plo(gh thro(gh at least the first .and )ost diffic(ltN0 chapters. ,he *ar )aps on )y *all *ere replaced y c(t?o(t pict(res of Mar8, 9enin, and ,rotsky, tho(gh so)e vag(e, int(itive *isdo) kept )e fro) incl(ding 2talin a)ong the). 7F7 ;ever one to do things y halves, + offered )y servicesHat the s(ggestion of a teacher *ho clai)ed to e a secret sy)pathi@erHto the Canadian Co))(nist party ne*spaper 3(st efore it and the party itself *ere anned, for Canada *as at *ar and it *as, of co(rse, the period of the 2talin?5itler pact. ,he editor, *ho *as elected a fe* years later to the Antario legislat(re after the 2oviet Union had eco)e o(r ally, asked )e to proofread a h(ge )an(script, so + carried galleys of The Socialist Si#th of the Worl y 5e*lett Cohnson, the J'ed &eanJ of Canter (ry, ack to )y dor) roo). =ven at )y tender age, + fo(nd it hard to elieve that there co(ld possi ly e a land of s(ch )ilk and honey as the

conte)porary 2oviet Union in the deanDs description of it. 2till, + rather cherish the )e)ory of sitting in )y roo) at Upper Canada College, identified y recent Canadian Mar8ist sociologists as the seed ed of the Canadian corporate elite, reading tracts for the soon to e o(tla*ed Co))(nist party. + so)eti)es *onder if + a) perhaps not the only person in the *orld *ho eca)e a Co))(nist sy)pathi@er after the 2talin?5itler pact and *as disill(sioned *ithin a fe* *eeks y the 2oviet invasion of %inland. +n )y case, at least, the ti)e at *hich + eca)e politically conscio(sH*hich al)ost invaria ly )eant adopting left?*ing vie*sH*as (ndo( tedly cr(cial in shaping )y later o(tlook. + egan to read, even s( scri e to, the -ation! the -ew &epublic! and the -ew Statesman! *hich d(ring the t*enty?t*o )onths of the 2oviet?:er)an alliance *ere fir)ly anti?2talinist, printing articles, often y for)er Co))(nists, that *ere highly critical not only of 2talinis) (t even of Mar8is). 1ll these 3o(rnals reverted to pro?2oviet apologetics and at ti)es o(tright fello* traveling after 5itler invaded '(ssia, (t + *as i))(ni@ed forever against the ill(sion that tr(th and virt(e are al*ays to e fo(nd on the left. + also picked (p an occasional copy of the ,rotskyist )onthly, the -ew International! *hich provided cr(cial Janticipatory sociali@ationJ for )y later enco(nter in ;e* <ork *ith for)er or near ,rotskyists associated *ith &*ight MacdonaldDs $olitics! $artisan &eview! )ommentary! and, a it later, +issent . + contin(ed to think of )yself as at least a G(alified Mar8ist and an ardent de)ocratic socialist, generally sy)pathetic to the Canadian Co))on*ealth %ederation, the Canadian party )odeled on the British 9a o(r party, in *hich + *as later active as an (ndergrad(ate. ,he political *eeklies also contained c(lt(ral J ack of the ookJ sections, *hich *ere resol(tely high ro*, dra*ing their revie*ers and a(thors fro) the )ost advanced Bloo)s (ry and :reen*ich Eillage 7"7 circles. 5ere + gleaned an idea of the proper preocc(pations and val(es of the ona fide intellect(al, a la el that, as &aniel Bell has recently sho*n, scarcely predates this cent(ry and has today acG(ired a )(ch looser, vag(er, and do( tless less JelitistJ )eaning than it (sed to have. + took (p s)oking cigarettes, c(ltivated less ple eian tastes in classical )(sic, and pl(nged into )odern literat(re. +n the co(rse of )y t*o years at Upper Canada + read the poetry of =liot, 1(den, 2pender, and Ceffers and the fiction of 5e)ing*ay, %it@gerald, &os Passos, 2tein eck, the early Coyce, 9a*rence, Malra(8, 'o)ains, 2ilone, +sher*ood, 2aroyan, ,ho)as 4olfe, and 'ichard 4right. .+ did not read the great '(ssians or the )ore Jdiffic(ltJ *riters, e8cept for so)e of the poets, (ntil later.0 + decided, as )any did in those days, that + *anted to e a *riter. + *rote a o(t a do@en sketches and short stories, very )(ch in the vein of 4illia) 2aroyan, )ost of the) f(ll of *ide?eyed adolescent ro)anticis) a o(t the *onder and glory of it all. 2everal *ere printed in the school literary )aga@ine and *on )e a pri@e on grad(ation for the est prose fiction. + also *rote political articles, especially in a short?lived school ne*spaper that + edited, e8horting )y conte)poraries to (ild a ne*, )ore 3(st social order after the *ar and li erally G(oting Mar8, 9enin, =(gene E. &e s, Big Bill 5ay*ood, and other left?*ing l()inaries. + first enco(ntered sociology in E. %. CalvertonDs 19!# Modern 9i rary anthology. Calverton *as hardly a sociologist or even an acade)ic, (t an independent, Jpre)at(reJ anti?2talinist Mar8ist *ho incl(ded selections y, a)ong others, 9ao?t@e, 1(g(stine, Machiavelli, 9ocke, &ar*in, 9enin, 5itler, M(ssolini, Ma8 =ast)an, and 2idney 5ook as *ell as s(ch (na) ig(o(s sociologists as 2pencer, &(rkhei), 4e er, and Cooley. 4hen 'o ert Bierstedt revised the ook )ore than t*enty years later, he dropped )any of the original choices, co)plaining that E. %. CalvertonDs JpredilectionsJ *ere JMar8ianJ and that he incl(ded too )(ch Jsocial philosophy.J 1cc(rate eno(gh, (t it occ(rs to )e that )y o*n sense

of sociology )ay have een per)anently for)edHor, if yo( like, defor)edH y CalvertonDs co)prehensiveness. + *o(ld love to have possessed the *it and self?confidence, or perhaps the ch(t@pah, that led &aniel Bell as a fledgling grad(ate st(dent to descri e hi)self as a Jspecialist in generali@ationsJ .tho(gh &an says he spoke J*itho(t *it or ironyJ0. + *as, in any case, voted y )y grad(ating class at Upper Canada the )e) er J*ith the )ost opinions on the )ost s( 3ects.J 1ltho(gh + acG(ired strong later interests, *orld politics and interna? 7#7 tional relations, ideological politics centering on the left and Mar8is), and literat(re have so)eho* st( ornly re)ained )y edrock intellect(al concerns, perhaps helping to e8plain *hy + have never een a le to e) race f(lly the identity of sociologist. Aften eno(gh + have tried to set aside and resist the clai)s of the first t*oHnever, never, never those of the thirdN Politics *as a kind of fa)ily heritage Ho vio(sly so in the case of international relations eca(se )y father *as a diplo)at and + lived for t*o years at an i)pressiona le age in :eneva on the eve of the )ost terri le *ar in history. + tho(ght of )y radicalis) as a re ellion against )y fa)ily, Upper Canada College, and )y class. B(t + gre* (p in 4ashington, &.C., and later spent )(ch ti)e there visiting )y parents, *ho lived in 4ashington for a total of eighteen years in three separate periods fro) the 19$0s to the 19F0s. + lived )ore riefly in Atta*a (t reg(larly visited )y parents and )y sister there and vacationed at a fa)ily s())er cottage near y for )ore than thirty years. 4ashington and Atta*a are notorio(sly one?ind(stry to*ns do)inated y the (siness of govern)ent and politics. + hardly needed to e instr(cted a o(t the significance of the state, sole)nly declared to e Jrelatively a(tono)o(sJ y recent sociologists, having spent so )(ch of )y yo(th in capital cities as *ell as in the :eneva of the ill?fated 9eag(e of ;ations, *here conflicts a)ong states loo)ed so large. + canDt re)e) er ever even conte)plating going to any (niversity other than the University of ,oronto, tho(gh this )ay e only eca(se *ith the *ar on, )y choices *ere inevita ly li)ited to Canada. My parents *ere oth children of *ell?kno*n ,oronto professors. My )otherDs father, a classicist, had )arried the da(ghter of the second president of the (niversity and had hi)self served as acting president and as principal of its largest college .the University of ,oronto is a federation of p( licly s(pported fac(lties and several s)all ch(rch?related colleges0. My fatherDs father had virt(ally created Canadian history as a serio(s field of scholarship, had fo(nded the &epart)ent of 5istory, and had *ritten the te8t ooks on British and Canadian history (sed for )any years in the Antario high schools. My father had ta(ght history at the (niversity efore 3oining the ne*ly created Canadian foreign service. + did )ake a point of separating )yself fro) )y Upper Canada College class)ates y entering the large nondeno)inational college, a third of *hose st(dents *ere Ce*ish. + had already acG(ired a kind of philose)itic o(tlook, for in :eneva )ost of )y friends had een 1)erican Ce*s fro) ;e* <ork or :er)an Ce*s on the first leg of per)anent )igration fro) ;a@i :er)any. B(t there 767 *as an a*f(l lot of anti?2e)itis), at least of the genteel variety, in ,oronto at that ti)e. &(ring )y fresh)an year + st() led in )y o*n reading on vario(s )ystical ideas, chiefly in the *ritings of 1ldo(s 5(8ley and 5enry Miller, and t(rned to philosophy in search of ans*ersHto pop(lari@ed acco(nts y C. =. M. Coad and even 4ill &(rant, 2chopenha(er, the essays of 4illia) Ca)es and Bertrand '(ssell, and so)e *ritings of Bergson, &e*ey, and 4hitehead. 1ll of this reading knocked )e for a loop eca(se + *anted to think of )yself as a hardheaded, atheistic scientific

)aterialist. + didnDt kno* *hat *as happening to )e and tho(ght + )ight e having so)e kind of )ystical e8perience or that + had een (nl(cky eno(gh to hit on the (lti)ate secret, hidden fro), or s(ppressed y, others, that nothing had any )eaning. + a led incoherently to a fe* people, incl(ding teachers and )y father, and o tained a psychiatristDs certificate that + *as s(ffering a nervo(s reakdo*n so as not to fl(nk o(t. +n spite of doing little or no st(dying for )y co(rses, + *rote and passed all )y e8a)s, achieving respecta le grades. + reali@e no* that + *as (ndergoing an ac(te an8iety attack. ,he discovery of so )(ch that + didnDt kno* and co(ldnDt (nderstand, of so )any ooks that + hadnDt read, over*hel)ed )e. + had never een any good at sports- + *as not very s(ccessf(l *ith *o)en, (s(ally vainly p(rs(ing pop(lar, good? looking girls a it older than )e- and + had t(rned )y ack on *anting to e Jone of the oysJ in a passive, confor)ing spirit. My sense of personal *orth depended totally on )y intellect(ality. + tho(ght that + *as nothing if + co(ld not so(nd like the s(persophisticated characters in 5(8leyDs novels, or like Calle@ and Cerphanion, the Parisian st(dents of C(les 'o)ainsDs endless JMen of :ood 4illJ series of novels .(tterly forgotten, it see)s, today0. Pathetic and 3(venile, as + even half kne*, (t it *as a long ti)e efore + f(lly recovered fro) this e8perience, *hich often rec(rred in )ilder for)s for years after*ard, (s(ally at the eginning of the ne* acade)ic year, and *as the )ain ca(se of the *riting lock that + s(ffered in grad(ate school and for so)e ti)e after. ,he est st(dents at ,oronto enrolled in the honors progra), reG(iring higher grades and an additional year of st(dy to earn the degree. ,he progra) *as designed as the opposite of 5arvardDs general? ed(cation c(rric(l(), providing three years of fairly intensive speciali@ed st(dy in a partic(lar field. + *as te)pted y a philosophy and =nglish literat(re co) ination, (t feared it after )y J reakdo*n.J 4hy did + choose sociologyK Partly for no etter reason than that )y first girlfriend had 797 chosen it, (t also eca(se it see)ed relevant to )y socialist eliefs and, the stat(s of sociology eing a lo*ly one, *e *ere reG(ired to take co(rses in political science, econo)ics, and philosophy as *ell as others chosen fro) an array that incl(ded history, psychology, and anthropology. My choice of sociology *as also a re ellion against the fa)ily association *ith history. 2everal oneti)e colleag(es of )y father and grandfather even so(ght )e o(t to try to diss(ade )e fro) *asting )y ti)e on s(ch an (nso(nd, ne*fangled, and disrep(ta le pse(dodiscipline. &espite a s)all teaching staff, sociology *as a pop(lar honors s( 3ect, partly eca(se an (ndergrad(ate degree in it entitled one to credit for a f(ll yearDs *ork to*ard a degree in social *ork. ,his advantage attracted )any *o)en, *ho in )y year o(tn() ered the fo(r )ales y )ore than three to one. Ane of (s *as an older )an *ho had already eg(n a career as a social *orker, (t the other t*o and + eca)e close friends- *ith the addition of a fe* *o)en, incl(ding several fro) the psychology progra), *ith *hich *e shared )any co(rses, *e for)ed a kind of n(cle(s of serio(s and interested st(dents. +n )y senior year *e *ere 3oined y a short, artic(late yo(ng )an na)ed =rving :off)an. + had )et hi) on a s())er 3o for the govern)ent in Atta*a- on learning that he planned to res()e his interr(pted st(dies y co)ing to the University of ,oronto to o tain the re)aining degree credits he needed, + (rged hi) to try sociology. .+t )ay *ell e the only thing + a) re)e) ered for in f(t(re histories of sociologyN0 :off)an stories are legion a)ong those *ho kne* hi) at all *ell, altho(gh )ine go ack farther than 3(st a o(t anyone elseDs. + shall confine )yself to a fe* recollections a o(t his intellect(al o(tlook. ,he *idespread notion that =rving *as an inspired naOf, a novelist )anG(I *ith (n(s(al po*ers of social o servation, is (tterly *rong. 5e already had an ac(te and far?ranging theoretical )ind *hen + )et

hi). 5e *as )(ch )ore intellect(ally advanced than the rest of (s- + re)e) er hi) re (king (s for reading te8t ooks and pop(lari@ations instead of tackling the originals. Ance he defended %re(dDs e)phasis on the ody and the priority of infant e8perience against the )ore congenial neo?%re(dian c(lt(ralists *e all favored. 5is later antipathy to psychoanalysis is *ell kno*n, (t he created in )e the first s)all t*inge of do( t as to *hether there *as not perhaps )ore tr(th and prof(ndity in the vision of the fo(nder than in all the =rich %ro))s, >aren 5orneys, and :ordon 1llports *ho *ere so ready to revise hi). =rving had st(died philosophy and had act(ally read in f(ll 4hiteheadDs $rocess an &eality . 5e arg(ed in 4hiteheadian lang(age that reality sho(ld e con? 7 10 7 ceived Jalong the lines on *hich it is nat(rally artic(lated,J a r(le he o vio(sly follo*ed in his later *ork. 1ll of (s, incl(ding =rving, *ere )ost attracted y the c(lt(ral anthropology that strongly shaped the sociology *e *ere ta(ght. +ts chief p(rveyor *as the senior sociologist, C. 4. M. 5art, an 1(stralian anthropologist *ho had een a st(dent of 1. '. 'adcliffe?Bro*n. 2o)e of (s also took anthropology co(rses fro) 'eo %ort(ne, Margaret MeadDs second h(s and, and in o(r senior year fro) a yo(ng anthropologist o(t of Chicago *ith *ho) *e )i8ed a good deal socially. B(t 5art *as the )ost inspiring of teachers and (ndo( tedly deserved )a3or credit for the s(rprising n() er of ,oronto st(dents fro) this period *ho *ent on to eco)e professional sociologists or anthropologists. 5e *as a large, sat(rnine )an, rese) ling depictions of 2i)on 9egree. 5e had a rep(tation for eing so)ething of a repro ate- it *as r()ored that he had een anned for dr(nken ra*ling fro) several local taverns. ,his rep(tation, in con3(nction *ith his *itty )ockery of conventional pieties in the classroo), led the Catholic college to for id their st(dents fro) st(dying sociology, and another deno)inational college to disco(rage theirs. 5art *as a convinced f(nctionalist. 5e gave (s a year?long co(rse .all ,oronto co(rses ran for oth se)esters, *ith an e8a) at the end of the year0 on &(rkhei), especially Le Suici e! sections of *hich + translated since it *as not yet availa le in =nglish. + )issed the theory co(rse offered y 2. &. Clark, the other senior sociologist and later the dean of Canadian sociology, eca(se he *as on leave one year, (t + first learned of the i)portance of Ma8 4e er in his co(rse on the develop)ent of Canada, in *hich he disc(ssed religio(s )ove)ents. 4e tho(ght of Clark as a historian rather than a sociologist, and (nlike )ore recent st(dents *e *ere not very interested in Canada, *horing, rather, after (niversal generali@ations. +n )any *ays Clark *as ahead of his ti)eHnot, as *e tho(ght, ehind itHin his historicist conception of the ate)porality of f(nctionalist co))(nity st(dies. B(t he failed to enchant (s *ith ne* vistas like those apparently opened (p y f(nctionalis) and the st(dy of c(lt(re and personality. +n co))on *ith others at this ti)e, )y sense of the potentialities of sociology *as strongly a*akened y =rich %ro))Ds %scape from 0ree om! *hich tried to synthesi@e three of )y o*n )a3or interests: an interpretation of fascis) and the rise of 5itler, a version of psychoanalysis that *as c(lt(rally relevant, and left?*ing political sy)pathies. Both 5art and Clark introd(ced (s to ,alcott ParsonsDs Structure of Social Action! and Parsons hi)self visited (s for several p( lic lect(res. 7 11 7 + re)e) er :off)an and )e inf(riating o(r class)ates y asking hi) G(estions that gave hi) the i)pression that all present had read and (nderstood his ook as thoro(ghly as *e had, *ith the res(lt

that his later re)arks *ere over the heads of )ost of the a(dience. 'o ert Merton also ca)e and gave (s his fa)o(s disc(ssion of )anifest and latent f(nctions. + *as enthralled y his clarity and rigor after the rather f(@@y, organicist anthropological f(nctionalis) to *hich + had een e8posed and decided then and there to do grad(ate *ork at Col() ia instead of follo*ing the (s(al path of Canadian st(dents to Chicago. ,o e s(re, + *as also e8cited y ;e* <ork, *here + had visited :eneva school friends several years efore, and looked for*ard to the prospect of finding congenial literary and anti? 2talinist left political circles there. +n )y senior year + read :eorge Ar*ell and 1rth(r >oestler .incl(ding +arkness at -oon and his essay collection The 6ogi an the )ommissar 0 and discovered $artisan &eview . + *as f(lly a*are that the political vie*s + for)ed fro) these so(rces *ere far fro) pop(lar in the (niversity co))(nity. +t *as the last year of the *ar, and + co(ld not kno* that in the passionate de ate a)ong intellect(als over co))(nis) and the 2oviet Union that lay 3(st ahead, the side + had chosen *o(ld e confir)ed y *orld events efore the end of the decade and *as already attracting the )ost a le and independent *riters and thinkers. B(t the g(est speaker at )y grad(ating class anG(et *as a 2oviet =) assy official resplendent in a 'ed 1r)y (nifor). .9ess than a year later he *as e8pelled fro) the co(ntry *hen it *as revealed that he *as the coordinator of 2oviet espionage in Canada. %ifteen years later the sa)e )an eca)e the first 2oviet a) assador to C( a after 1nastas MikoyanDs fa)o(s visit had sec(red %idel CastroDs align)ent *ith the 2oviet loc.0 + *as a*are of the efforts of the Co))(nists to penetrate the CC%, incl(ding the st(dent CC% cl( of *hich + *as president, and of their insistent de)ands for a ne* pop(lar front. ,hey *ere fir)ly resisted on gro(nds of principle y &avid 9e*is, the CC% national secretary, later leader of the ;e* &e)ocratic Party, its s(ccessor party, and a for)er 'hodes scholar *ho) + kne* and respected. 4hen they failed, Co))(nist candidates ran in several ,oronto federal and provincial constit(encies, in *hich + ca)paigned ard(o(sly for the CC%. ,*o of )y teachers *ho *ere 1)ericans took )e aside and sole)nly *arned )e to e s(re in ;e* <ork to sh(n the JprofascistJ follo*ers of ,rotsky and the ;or)an ,ho)as socialists. + silently resolved to do 3(st the opposite and in d(e co(rse acted accordingly. MertonDs lect(res did not disappoint )e, (t )y first year at Col()? 7 1$ 7 ia .19BF/B"0 *as fr(strating. + fo(nd that + already kne* )ore sociology than )ost of )y fello* st(dents and, needing less ti)e to st(dy, *as eager to e8plore the ;e* <ork scene (t co(ld find no co)panions to 3oin )e. + retained a tendency to co(rt (nattaina le *o)en. 1lso, )ost of the st(dents still adhered to the old pro?2oviet progressivis) and *ere shocked at the idea that the 2oviet Union *as as totalitarian as ;a@i :er)any and that 2oviet do)ination *as a tragedy for the nations of =astern =(rope. <ears efore, *hen + had first aspired to e an intellect(al, + had een )(ch i)pressed y the declaration of a character in 1ndrI Malra(8Ds "an,s /ope that the *ay to J)ake the est of oneDs lifeJ *as J y converting as *ide a range of e8perience as possi le into conscio(s tho(ght.J .2till a pretty good definition of the intellect(alDs vocation, + think.0 + *as ac(tely conscio(s of the narro*ness of )y o*n e8perience and strongly regretted .+ still do0 not serving overseas in the *ar. 2o + 3()ped at the chance to *ork as a te)porary sea)an on a ship o(t of Montreal carrying a United ;ations relief cargo to =(rope. + en3oyed a proletarian?style Mediterranean cr(ise, stood the graveyard *atch fro) )idnight to fo(r 1.M., and ca(ght at least a gli)pse of the (nderside of post*ar =(rope *hen *e docked for long stays in Eenice and ,rieste. ,*o s())ers later + repeated the e8perience, this ti)e to the Baltic, docking at :dynia, 5a) (rg, 'otterda), and 1nt*erp. + *as a le to arrange to leave the ship and spent )ost of the s())er in Paris, *ith shorter visits to :eneva, 9ondon, and A8ford. +t t(rned o(t,

alas, to e si8teen years efore + again set foot in =(rope, so these s())ers *ere )(ch val(ed. + also cherish the )e)ory of having *orked and lived at close G(artersHand played, on visits ashore in port H*ith a lively gro(p of )en fro) a *orking?class ackgro(nd G(ite different fro) )y o*n. + have the i)pression that s(ch an e8perience is less co))on a)ong yo(ng people today than it *as in )y generation. Back in ;e* <ork, + fell in *ith a gro(p of yo(ng literary ohe)ians in :reen*ich Eillage. ,hey *ere considera ly )ore high ro* and self?conscio(sly intellect(al than the Beats *ho eca)e fa)o(s a fe* years later. =ssentially, they *ere a kind of 3(nior a(8iliary to the $artisan &eview , to*ard *hich, tho(gh they *ere occasional contri (tors, their attit(de *as highly a) ivalent. + *as )(ch infl(enced y this circle for nearly a decade. ,hey *ere scornf(l of acade)ic life and partic(larly conte)pt(o(s of sociology, *hich did not strengthen )y o*n far fro) ro (st self?confidence. + felt g(ilty for lacking the nerve to e)(late the) y (rning )y ridges to an acade)ic career, altho(gh + *as also 7 1! 7 sensi ly restrained y the (nsta le, Luftmensch traits + sensed in several of the gro(p *ho) + kne* est. ,hanks to ;athan :la@er, a fello* Col() ia grad(ate st(dent, + egan to revie* ooks for the old Menshevik organ, the -ew Lea er , and for )ommentary , of *hich ;at *as a 3(nior editor and to *hich several of )y literary friends *ere also contri (tors. My first t*o p( lished articles, on fa)ily sociology and on de)ography, event(ally appeared in the J2t(dy of ManJ section created y ;at, *ho *as hi)self its )ost rilliant contri (tor. + *rote reg(larly for )ommentary for )ore than t*enty years (ntil the early 19#0s, *hen its editor, ;or)an Podhoret@, t(rned the 3o(rnal in an increasingly strident and )onolithic antileft direction, and + s*itched to +issent as )y )a3or place of p( lication. 1t Col() ia + *as inevita ly dra*n to C. 4right Mills, *ho *as a link et*een the sociology fac(lty and the larger ;e* <ork intellect(al *orld. 5is conception of sociology *as )ore to )y taste than that favored y )ost of the Col() ia depart)ent in this period of stren(o(s discipline (ilding. ,en years later his Sociological Imagination *as a ook + *o(ld dearly love to have *ritten )yselfHcertainly )y favorite of MillsDs *orks, )ost of *hich + co))ented on in print at the ti)e of their appearance, appla(ding their vigor and scope *hile critici@ing the rhetorical radicalis) that later )ade Mills a fo(nder and hero of the ;e* 9eft. 1s +rving 9o(is 5oro*it@ has correctly stressed in his iography, there *as )ore to Mills than his politics. 5is later *ork s(ffered, + think, fro) his r(pt(re *ith the ;e* <ork intellect(als and, )ore specifically, *ith his Col() ia colleag(es Merton, 'ichard 5ofstadter, and 9ionel ,rilling .as reported y 5oro*it@0. + co)pleted )y co(rse *ork and passed )y *ritten and oral co)prehensives *ithin t*o years (t avoided *riting any papers *ith the single e8ception of a long one, for Mills, on (rea(cracy in the novels of %ran@ >afka. + spent another t*o years in ;e* <ork teaching part?ti)e at ;e* <ork University and fiddling *ith several a ortive dissertation pro3ects. ,hen + got )arried and took )y first f(ll?ti)e teaching 3o at Princeton (t *as let go after a year. ,he e8perience *as repeated the ne8t year at the ;e*ark ranch of '(tgers University. ,he pay *as lo* and the teaching ho(rs long y todayDs standards. ,he )ain reason + lost oth 3o s *as the shrinking enroll)ent ca(sed y the s)all college?age cohorts orn in the *orst years of the &epression, (t )y confidence *as shaken, and + still had not even settled on a dissertation topic. Partly to appease )y parentsD an8ieties over )y career vacillations, partly to sho* the) that + *as capa le on their o*n ter)s, + t*ice took

7 1B 7 the e8a)inations for the Canadian foreign service and *as one of the do@en or so o(t of several h(ndred candidates *ho G(alified on oth occasions. B(t at the point of decision + dre* ack fro) the only serio(s alternative to an acade)ic career that + have ever conte)plated. + *as, ho*ever, )(ch )ore infl(enced d(ring those years than + then cared to ad)it y the *orld of )y father. 5e *as appointed the first Canadian a) assador to the United 2tates and served for all (t the opening eighteen )onths of the ,r()an ad)inistration, re)aining in 4ashington for s(ch a long ti)e eca(se old friends going ack to the 19$0s *ere no* top 2tate &epart)ent people, )ost nota ly &ean 1cheson, the secretary of state. + visited )y parents often, not only eca(se the l(8(rio(s co)forts of the e) assy *ere *elco)e after dra grad(ate?st(dent living conditions, (t also to get the feel of official 4ashington and en3oy at least a *or)Ds?eye vie* of history in the )aking. ,he s(ccession of international crises and )a3or decisions in the si8 years fro) the ,r()an &octrine to the >orean peace settle)ent is s(rely (nparalleled in 1)erican peaceti)e history. Canada, )ore than ever efore or since, *as involved in nearly all of the), and )y father, al*ays a tre)endo(sly hard *orker, *ore hi)self o(t. 5e died in his si8tieth year only seven )onths after finally leaving 4ashington. +n addition to *hat + had learned at second hand, + had chances to hear 1cheson and other leading fig(resHa)ong the) 9ester Pearson .often0, Aliver %ranks, %eli8 %rankf(rter, 5( ert 5()phrey, and Christian 5erterHdisc(ss infor)ally *orld .and also do)estic0 events. ,he decisions of those years *ere i)provised (nder intense press(res, as is tr(e, to e s(re, of )ost political decisions. 1cheson in 19"9 entitled his )e)oirs $resent at the )reation , (t t*enty years earlier neither he nor anyone else co(ld have i)agined that they *ere laying the fo(ndations of an 1)erican foreign policy that is still in effect after nearly forty years. + learned eno(gh to know that the attacks of the JnationalistJ 'ep( lican right *ere )ostly nonsense, as *ere the charges of 1)erican i)perialis) still heard at the ti)e in )y o*n li eral?left )ilie( and revived in the 19"0s y the revisionist historians of the cold *ar. 'ealis) a o(t the cold *ar and foreign policy in general has perhaps )ore than anything else isolated )e fro) the conventional pieties of acade)ic li eralis). + had one year of syste)atic ed(cation in the field of international relations. 1fter losing )y second teaching 3o , the opport(nity ca)e thro(gh )y father to *ork as a research assistant to :eorge %. >ennan on pro le)s of 1)erican foreign policy at the +nstit(te for 1dvanced 7 1F 7 2t(dy in Princeton. %e*, if any, grad(ate progra)s co(ld possi ly have )atched this e8perience. Most i)portant, >ennan tried o(t his o*n developing ideas on his s)all staff. C. 'o ert Appenhei)er, then director of the instit(te, and several top Princeton professors often participated in o(r gro(p disc(ssions. 2everal 2tate &epart)ent officials and foreign diplo)ats visited (s, as did +saiah Berlin and 5ans Morgentha(. +t *as an (nforgetta le year. >ennan (sed to say that diplo)ats differed fro) their fello* citi@ens eca(se their careers reG(ired the) to kno* sin. 1 slight e8aggeration, perhaps, (t one recalls that Machiavelli *as one of the first professional diplo)ats. +n any case, fail(re to (nderstand the )ost ele)entary realities of relations a)ong sovereign states is characteristic of 1)ericans, 1)erican li erals, and 1)erican acade)icsHin descending order of generality (t ascending order of inco)prehension, or so it often see)s to )e. 2ociologists are pro a ly the *orst offenders, altho(gh 'ay)ond 1ron *as an o(tstanding non? 1)erican e8ception. B(t despite the fact that 1ron *as 4e erDs heir on this as on other )atters, his *ritings on international relations are not )(ch honored, or even read, y 1)erican sociologists. 2peak to a li eral acade)ic a o(t national interests, a o(t the role of )ilitary force, or a o(t necessary

official relations *ith right?*ing a(thoritarian govern)ents and the response *ill e fro*ns and pained looks follo*ed y a arrage of trendy clichIs and a ringing declaration of principle )orally conde)ning the *hole *retched (siness. 2ince Eietna) a lofty and self?righteo(s isolationis) has once again after half a cent(ry eco)e the nor) for )any, if not )ost, 1)erican li erals. My *ork for >ennan ended *hen President ,r()an (ne8pectedly appointed hi) a) assador to the 2oviet Union. 2even years after having entered grad(ate school, + fo(nd )yself (ne)ployed, *ith a record of having een fired fro)Hor, as Bo Bierstedt *o(ld prefer to say, non?reappointed toHt*o acade)ic 3o s, still *ith no dissertation even (nder *ay, and r()ored to have left the field y *orking for >ennan. ,he ti)e had co)e to fish or c(t ait on the dissertation. >ennan had hired )e to *ork on pop(lation pro le)s, altho(gh + had )erely ta(ght one (ndergrad(ate co(rse on the s( 3ect *itho(t ever having for)ally st(died de)ography. B(t + had learned G(ite a it and had overco)e )y lock y *riting reports for >ennan, one of *hich + had revised for p( lication in )ommentary . >ingsley &avis had recently 3oined the Col() ia fac(lty, and several friends *ere *riting dissertations in de)ography (nder his direction. &avis gave )e *elco)e enco(rage)ent, 7 1" 7 and, *ith so)e financial help fro) )y father and a little part?ti)e teaching, + *as a le to spend )ost of the ne8t t*o years co)pleting the first draft of a dissertation in de)ography. 4ith revisions yet to )ake, + ret(rned to )y old (ndergrad(ate depart)ent at the University of ,oronto for a year of research on Canadian voting patterns. + *as )oving into political sociology as a research field, (t + also )anaged to *rite a short introd(ctory ook on the st(dy of pop(lation .*hich has gone thro(gh si8 editions and is still in print0. ,he ne8t year + 3oined the reg(lar teaching staff. + *as happy in ,oronto, s(rro(nded y old friends, (t )y *ife, a ;e* <orker to the one, *as not. 2o after t*o years + rel(ctantly ret(rned to the 2tates, accepting a position at Bro*n University, *here in ti)e + *as granted ten(re. 1ltho(gh + *as past thirty, the five years at Bro*n thro(gh the G(iet late 19F0s *ere for )e years of inc( ation. + eca)e a father. My )a3or ideas and areas of interest *ithin sociology crystalli@ed. Bro*n *as developing a grad(ate progra) in de)ography, (t )any fac(lty )e) ers in the progra) kne* so little else that + ended (p teaching road (ndergrad(ate co(rses in theory and social organi@ation, *ith the res(lt that + ta(ght, tho(ght, and *rote )yselfHthe three have for )e al*ays een closely connectedHright o(t of de)ography. + retain, ho*ever, )(ch respect for that crafts)anlike discipline- a field *hose asic s( 3ect )atter is nat(ral G(antities, it never offended )y sensi ilities y artificial G(antification or y forcing h()an reality into the )ode of *hat Mills called Ja stracted e)piricis).J 1t Bro*n + (ried )yself in the gro*ing literat(re on the 5oloca(st to the point *here + so)eti)es not only tho(ght it the )ost significant thing that had ever happened (t the only significant thing. + also read %re(d )ore *idely and deeply, partly to acco))odate st(dents disappointed y a ehavioristic psychology depart)ent and a G(antitative sociology depart)ent. ,he article for *hich + a) est kno*n to sociologists, J,he Aversociali@ed Conception of Man in Modern 2ociology,J *as conceived and *ritten at this ti)e. + *as po*erf(lly affected y the (topian %re(dian *ritings of 5er ert Marc(se and, especially, ;or)an A. Bro*n so)e years in advance of the rise of the co(nterc(lt(re of the 19"0s to *hich their vision contri (ted. ,heir infl(ence on )e *as not only intellect(al, for it played a part in the ending of )y first )arriage *hen + fell in love *ith a *o)an to *ho) + have no* een happily )arried for nearly t*enty years. ,he crisis in )y personal life took )e ack to ;e* <ork as a )e) er

7 1# 7 of the grad(ate fac(lty of the ;e* 2chool for 2ocial 'esearch. + eca)e editor of the ;e* 2choolDs social?science 3o(rnal and learned )(ch fro) having as colleag(es the e8iled :er)an scholars *ho *ere still *ell represented on the fac(lty in the early 19"0s. B(t financial pro le)s, aggravated y ali)ony and child?s(pport o ligations, ind(ced )e to )ove in 19"! to ;e* <ork University, *here + have re)ained ever since e8cept for short visiting and s())er?session stints at vario(s places, incl(ding interesting ones at the University of California at Berkeley, the University of ;evada?'eno, ,rinity College in Connectic(t, and A8ford. A(r depart)ent at ;<U has since the t(r)oil of the late 19"0s een e8traordinarily sta le and har)onio(s- tr(ly collegial relations a)ong people of *idely varying interests and ackgro(nds have prevailed there to an (n(s(al degree. 1ltho(gh + live in Princeton, + have eco)e, + s(ppose, a f(ll?fledged ;e* <ork intellect(al, even serving on the editorial oards of +issent and $artisan &eview . Af co(rse, ;e* <ork intellect(al life is not *hat it once *asH *hat isKHand + often *ryly re)e) er :oetheDs advice to e caref(l of *hat yo( *ish for in yo(r yo(th eca(se yo( *ill get it in )iddle age. MillsDs definition of the sociological i)agination as the (nderstanding of Jthe intersection of history and iography *ithin societyJ has al*ays appealed to )e, tho(gh not, as for Mills, eca(se it )akes possi le the redefinition of Jprivate tro( lesJ as Jp( lic iss(es,J there y providing a rationale for political action. 4ith age + have eco)e not only )ore anti?ideological (t )ore antitheoretical in general, and it no* see)s to )e that historical kno*ledge is not 3(st necessary (t often s(fficient to ans*er )any of o(r )ost (rgent G(estions. + re)e) er )y father arg(ing that sociology sho(ld only e a grad(ate s( 3ect st(died after the acG(isition of road historical kno*ledge. ,hat *as also 2orokinDs vie* *hen he *as invited to head the first sociology depart)ent at 5arvard, (t he did not get his *ay. 5o*ever, + a) not prepared to capit(late co)pletely to the shades of )y father and those historians *ho long ago tried to diss(ade )e fro) st(dying sociology, for history as a discipline has since then enor)o(sly *idened and deepened its concerns. ,o a considera le e8tent this e8pansion has een the res(lt of enrich)ent y ideas, )ethods, and even s( 3ect )attersHstratification, c(lt(ral mentalit8s , the fa)ily, de)ographic trendsHtaken over fro) sociology and anthropology. + *as one of the first people to revie* at length Philippe 1riIsDs )enturies of )hil hoo - + s(ggested that eca(se it deals *ith the lives of o(r o*n ancestors, archaic and distorted echoes of *hich still s(rro(nd (s, social history of 7 16 7 its kind conveys )ore s(ccessf(lly to the reader than anthropological reports on pri)itive peoples oth Jthe strangeness of ti)e and change in the life of )an and societyJ and, in 1riIsDs o*n *ords, Jthe tre)or of life that he can feel in his o*n e8istence.J B(t forty years ago *e *ere right to e e8cited y the s( 3ects sociologists st(died. 1nd this *as a )ore i)portant so(rce of its appeal than the chi)era of creating a social science )odeled on the nat(ral sciences that played so large a role in sociologyDs drive for disciplinary respecta ility. J1s *e gro* older the *orld eco)es stranger, the pattern )ore co)plicated.J ,. 2. =liot *as the poet of )y generation, and so)e of his lines have eco)e so )(ch a part of )e that + scarcely kno* *hen + a) G(oting. ,here is the strangeness of the sheer pastness of the past: anything o(t of the 19!0s is for )e athed in a special light, a distant glo* fro) the lost co(ntry of childhood. ;ot only is there the f(rther strangeness of reali@ing that oneDs )e)ories have eco)e history, or the a*areness of Ja lifeti)e (rning in every )o)ent,J (t + find )yself reaching ack efore )y o*n life to find

contin(ity in Jnot the lifeti)e of one )an only / B(t of old stones that cannot e deciphered.J 5ere, too, history and iography intersect. JPeople are al*ays sho(ting they *ant to create a etter f(t(re,J *rites Milan >(ndera in The 1ook of Laughter an 0orgetting . J+tDs not tr(e. ,he f(t(re is an apathetic void of no interest to anyone. ,he past is f(ll, eager to irritate (s, provoke and ins(lt, te)pt (s to destroy or repaint it. ,he only reason people *ant to e )asters of the f(t(re is to change the past.J Un? 1)erican, that, (t so e it. 4hat + have co)e to val(e )ost in a sociologist is not theoretical reach, logical rigor, e)pirical e8actit(de, or )oral passion (t a palpa le sense of reality. +t is not a (nitary trait, and it is )ore easily pointed to than descri ed. My old class)ate =rving :off)an had it, *hich is *hy his *ork *ill live. B(t it is not li)ited to acco(nts of )icrointeraction or everyday life. 'ay)ond 1ron had it too. Af the JclassicalJ sociologists, it *as pree)inently possessed y Ma8 4e er. 4hen + first read 4e er as a grad(ate st(dent in the then ne* :erth?Mills translations, )y response *as the sa)e as that of =rnst ,opitsch: J+n the )idst of this t*ilight at)osphere of insidio(s intellect(al dishonesty, the *ork of Ma8 4e er shed a flood of cold hard light. 1nyone *ho has once een th(nderstr(ck y contact *ith hi) can never see the *orld in the sa)e light again.J +f one lives long eno(gh, one sees historyHthe seG(ence of events, not the discipline that st(dies the) Hdisaggregate )any things that 7 19 7 once see)ed indissol( ly connected. 1t least that is tr(e of life in the present cent(ry. 5ere are a fe* e8a)ples, fairly o vio(s ones no do( t. +n contrast to forty or fifty years ago, protest against technological change and )oderni@ation co)es today fro) intellect(als on the left rather than the right, altho(gh this )ay e f(rther evidence that the left?right distinction itself is eco)ing o solete. 4ho can elieve any longer that the eli)ination of Eictorian se8(al repressions )akes people )ore selfless, loving, and less acG(isitiveK ,he association et*een )odernist c(lt(ral tastes and political radicalis), virt(ally the hall)ark of an intellect(al *hen + JdecidedJ to eco)e one, clearly no longer holds. ,o (nderstand the *orld, one needs a feeling for the pec(liarity and fragility of the present historical )o)ent to avoid the fallacy of oth eternali@ing the present and e8aggerating its novelty. ;o a stract theoretical )odel identifying relevant varia les, nor the caref(l e)pirical charting of trends, can )ake (p for the a sence of s(ch a sense of the present. 1 keen a*areness of the partic(larity of the historical )o)ent, its precise location along the )oving contin(() of political and c(lt(ral events, *as one of the )ost characteristic feat(res of the ;e* <ork intellect(als *hen + enco(ntered the) in the 19B0s. 2o)eti)es the striving for this a*areness see)ed la ored, even l(dicro(s. + re)e) er an intense, opinionated friend co)plaining after a *o)an had resisted his overt(res that J*o)en are taking the period adly.J + tho(ght this *as a pretty classy *ay of easing the pain of se8(al re3ection, altho(gh even in those (nenlightened days its (na ashed )ale cha(vinis) see)ed a it ra*. B(t this highly charged sense of the historical )o)ent *as not 3(st a y? prod(ct of co))it)ent to Mar8is), for it reflected the tr(ly apocalyptic events of the first half of the cent(ry. ,he the)e of ceaseless change afflicting all of (s *ith *hat has een called f(t(re shock has een rather overdone in recent decades. + so)eti)es like to arg(e that nothing really i)portant has happened in the *orld since a o(t 19F0Hnothing, that is, at all co)para le to t*o *orld *ars, the '(ssian 'evol(tion, the :reat &epression, the rise of fascis), the 2talinist terror, the 5oloca(st, the irth of ne* and po*erf(l non?4estern nations, the invention of n(clear *eapons, and the eginnings of the cold *ar *ith the 2oviet Union. 1 provocative e8aggeration at est, at *orst a half?tr(th. &espite the ever?changing s(rface, *e still live in a *orld that ass()ed its present shape in the first half of the cent(ry. 1ll epochsHor generationsH)ay, as 'anke said, e eG(al in the sight of :od, (t not all of

the) are eG(ally conseG(ential in history. +)portant as a sense of reality is to a sociologist, he or she is also 7 $0 7 s( 3ect to stringent additional intellect(al reG(ire)ents. %or literat(re, ho*ever, the co))(nication of a sense of reality thro(gh lang(age is its very essence. + )ean a sense of reality eyond the *ords on the page, the fashiona le notions of str(ct(ralists and deconstr(ctionists to the contrary not*ithstanding. Beca(se )y intellect(al generation had Jliterary sensi ility,J *e had no need to develop the kinds of arcane and a stract theories of the pri)acy of the si)ple and concrete that have een so pro)inent in sociology since the antipositivist revolts of the 19"0s. + have never een to &( lin. + have so)eti)es een te)pted to take one of those to(rs on or a o(t C(ne 1" to *alk the streets that 9eopold Bloo) *alked, peer at the faLade of ;() er 10 =ccles 2treet, go o(t to the headland slope *here Molly said yes, visit the Martello ,o*er, and perhaps even s*i) in the snotgreen sea. B(t + donDt really need s(ch a trip, for + can i)agine *ell eno(gh standing on the ridge over the 9iffey *here it flo*s into the har or and listening to the *ater )(r)(r, J1nd itDs old and old itDs sad and old itDs said and *eary + go ack to yo(, )y cold father, )y cold and )ad father, )y cold )ad feary father, till the near sight of the )ere si@e of hi), the )oyles and )oyles of it, )oananoaning, )akes )e seasilt saltsick and + r(sh, )y only, into yo(r ar)s.J + *as once in northern Mississippi for little )ore than an ho(r *hen driving east across the co(ntry alone. +t *as Can(ary- + *as slo*ed (p in Me)phis y school (ses delivering children to their ho)es, and *hen + crossed the state line a pale, late?afternoon s(n shone on light sno*. B(t everything looked as it sho(ld, and the air *as f(ll of voicesH2artoris voices and 2nopes voices, the voices of +ke Mc1slin and 9(cas Bea(cha)p, of 1ddie B(ndren and 'osa ColdfieldH (t )ost of all doo)ed Co)pson voicesHBen3y saying, or rather re)e) ering since he co(ld not speak, JCaddy s)elled like treesJ- Mrs. Co)pson *hining, J+t canDt e si)ply to flo(t and h(rt )e. 4hoever :od is, he *o(ld not per)it that. +D) a ladyJ- P(entin insisting, J+ donDt hate the 2o(th . . . I on,t hate it he tho(ght, panting in the cold air, the iron ;e* =ngland dark- I on,t! I on,t7 + donDt hate itN I on,t hate it7 J Clearest of all *as the voice of &ilsey, *alking ho)e fro) the ;egro ch(rch on =aster )orning of 19$6, tears rolling do*n her face, saying to her e) arrassed da(ghter, J+Dve seed de first en de last. + seed de eginnin, and no* + sees de endin.J 1s + approached the ne8t state line, + *ondered ho* long + *o(ld have to live there efore the voices *o(ld fade and it *o(ld eco)e for )e so)ething )ore than %a(lkner co(ntry. B(t the voices are not heard only in Mississippi. 1 fe* years ago a plaG(e *as set in 7 $1 7 the *all of one of the ridges over the Charles et*een Ca) ridge and Boston co))e)orating the site *here on C(ne $, 1910, P(entin Co)pson co))itted s(icide y dro*ning hi)self in the river. B(t s(ch an event never happened- P(entin Co)pson never e8isted, he is nothing (t *ords on a page, the prod(ct of one )anDs fancy. ,he reality of the i)agination and, inversely, the po*er to i)agine the real lie at the root of all s(ccessf(l creations of the )ind. 7 $$ 7

$ha/ter Two4 Beco-ing an Acade-ic Man

.avid ies-an

I
My shift fro) la* to an acade)ic career in the social sciences, and sociology in partic(lar, is perple8ing to so)e people- it is a p(@@le especially to )y la* colleag(es, *ho regard their occ(pation as vastly s(perior to eing a professor in a s(pposedly JsoftJ field teaching )ere (ndergrad(ates. 2o)e also have een e*ildered y )y ending (p in a sociology depart)ent *itho(t passage thro(gh the ordinarily reG(isite Ph.&. progra). ,hat + eca)e an acade)ic, tho(gh, is not so s(rprising to those *ho kno* that )y father, an e8ceptionally learned )an, had een clinical professor of )edicine and, later, of the history of )edicine at the University of Pennsylvania- and that )y )other had led her class at Bryn Ma*r College and had *on a =(ropean %ello*ship at a ti)e *hen it *as still rare for *o)en to go to college. Unlike )any children of acade)ic and intellect(al parents, + *as not openly re ellio(s, either at ho)e or at school. ;evertheless, the pict(re of a yo(ng )an follo*ing a parental ent *o(ld e a )istaken one. +n fact, )y fatherDs e8a)ple and the internali@ed verdict + accepted fro) )y )other *ere perhaps the principal o stacles + overca)e in eco)ing an acade)ic )an. 1nd as )y story *ill sho*, + follo*ed a rather fort(ito(s, @ig@agging path. My father *as orn in :er)any. 5is *ido*ed )other ro(ght hi) as a oy to Ports)o(th, Ahio, *here he *orked in an (ncleDs store thro(gh his high?school years and then *ent to the University of Pennsyl? + thank the follo*ing colleag(es for their tho(ghtf(l reading of early and late drafts: &aniel Bell, 'einhard Bendi8, Bennett Berger, Ca)es 2. Cole)an, 'o ert :orha) &avis, 9e*is &e8ter, Co %ree)an, Martha Mac9eish %(ller, 5er ert C. :ans, 5o*ard :ardner, ;athan :la@er, :erald :rant, 4endy :ris*old, Coseph :(sfield, :eorge 5o)ans, 1lic3a +*anska, 2teven >line erg, Michael Macco y, =d*ard C. Mc&onagh, Bar ara ;orfleet, Charles 5. Page, =velyn ,ho)pson 'ies)an, Michael 2ch(dson, 4. 'ichard 2cott, Eerne 2tadt)an, Cennings 4agoner, %. Cha)pion 4ard, M(rray 4a8, 2teven 4eiland, 'o ert 2. 4eiss, and Milton <inger. + ackno*ledge financial s(pport fro) &o(glass Car)ichaelDs grant to the Pro3ect on ,echnology, 4ork, and Character. 7 $! 7 vania to st(dy )edicine, grad(ating in 169$. 5e had al)ost no )oney and lived *ith e8tre)e fr(gality, as he contin(ed to do o(t of dislike for ostentation *hen he *on recognition as a diagnostician in internal )edicine. +n 1906, at age forty?t*o, he )arried =leanor %leisher, an elegant l(estocking, like hi)self of :er)an Ce*ish ackgro(nd, of a fa)ily esta lished in Philadelphia for three generations. 5e had a gift for clinical o servation and i))ense conscientio(sness. +n )edical ed(cation he eca)e an ad)ired teacher of interns and residents- he s(pported the )ore clinical foc(s of Pennsylvania as against the research preocc(pations of Cohns 5opkins and 5arvard. 5e *as sy)pathetic to the ed(cation of *o)en as physicians and took an early interest in ne* for)s of psychiatry. 5is concern *ith the societal aspects of )edical care *as evident in his last ook, "e icine in "o ern Society .19!90, *ritten at a ti)e *hen + *as old eno(gh to help *ith editing and co))entary. My father *orked tirelessly. 5e *o(ld co)e for the s())er to o(r cottage in ;ortheast 5ar or, Maine, (t to )y )otherDs dis)ay *o(ld at ti)es interr(pt his vacation to look after an ill patient in the city.

5e did not ring his )edical pro le)s ho)e *ith hi), even d(ring the )any years *hen his cons(lting office *as on the gro(nd floor of o(r fo(r?story ro*nstone on 2pr(ce 2treet .at the ti)e kno*n as PhysiciansD 'o*0, near 'ittenho(se 2G(are. 4hen eing driven in his car, he *o(ld scri le notes on the yello* pad he had al*ays *ith hi), so)eti)es for a clinical paper or conference, so)eti)es for an essay s(ch as J+rish Clinicians of the =ighteenth Cent(ry.J My father *as a i liophile, and he had an a)ate(r interest in astrono)y. C(ltivated Philadelphians en3oyed his co)pany at the %ranklin +nn 2ociety. Accasionally he *o(ld entertain )edical )en fro) here or a road at o(r ho(se- + re)e) er o(r 2cottish )aid saying to )y )other d(ring one s(ch dinner that she sho(ld p(t on a *aitressDs (nifor) so she co(ld listen to the splendid conversationN B(t at the fa)ily dinner ta le, save on rare e8pansive occasions, )y fatherDs presence *as )ore for idding than inviting. %astidio(s in )anners, he *as critical of )ine. Moreover, if so)ething ca)e (p in conversation, + *o(ld e sent for the encyclopedia to look (p precise )eanings or references, *hich + felt as a chore rather than an opport(nity. 4hen he and )y )other *ere learning +talian to e a le to read &ante in the original .already at ho)e in 9atin, :reek, %rench, and his native :er)an0, or st(dying the theory of relativity, + *as avidly *atching PhiladelphiaDs t*o last?place ase all tea)s, the Phillies and the 1Ds, and read? 7 $B 7 ing detective stories. B(t + also read so)e a(thors *ho *ere o(tside the =(rope?centered or it of )y parentsHal)ost everything y Mark ,*ain, sharing his deeply sardonic pessi)istic side and not then p(t off y the r(tality of A )onnecticut 6ankee in 'ing Arthur,s )ourt . + read Cack 9ondon and ad)ired '(dyard >ipling. ;ot s(rprisingly, )y parents loved the opera and the '(ssian allet, as did )y yo(nger rother .*ho follo*ed )y father into )edicine and then disappointed hi) y eco)ing a s(rgeon0 and also )y )(sical yo(nger sister, (t + did not. 5o*ever, + did reg(larly attend the %riday afternoon Philadelphia 2y)phony Archestra concerts. 1t one of those concerts a dra)atic event occ(rred, of the sort no longer likely *hen the patrons lack self?confidence and are afraid of appearing shocked. 9eopold 2toko*ski played a sy)phony y a co)poser of *ho) + had not heard, =dgard EarQse- )e) ers of the a(dience started to sho(t in opposition, and a great )any *alked o(t. + fo(nd it thrilling. +t *as the first )odern )(sic + had heard, and + *ent on to look for )oreHa rare aesthetic area *here )y )other had not anticipated )e. Ane s())er )y rother, Cohn Penrose 'ies)an, *ho *as attending Bedales 2chool in =ngland, 3oined )e in :reno le for a icycle trip do*n the 'hRne valley to Marseilles and then *est to Carcassonne. Cohn kne* the gro(nd plans of the :othic and 'o)anesG(e cathedrals, *hereas only the 'o)an r(ins had at that ti)e )(ch interest for )e- indeed, for a ti)e + actively disliked :othic architect(re. Aften + *o(ld talk *ith )(se() g(ards or se8tons in the cathedrals. ,hat + lacked the aesthetic tastes considered i)portant in )y fa)ily *as pro a ly less salient for )e than )y inco)petence at the co)petitive sports val(ed at school. Anly *hen + ca)e to college co(ld + find people as avid as + and yet of a o(t )y )ediocre speed- + discovered sG(ash and *ent on playing tennis, occasionally *ith 'adcliffe JgirlsJ .*ho) )ost of )y class)ates affected to scorn0. My father did things easily and deftly, *hether )astering s( 3ects or dealing *ith people- he *as critical of )e for )y a*k*ardness, *hile he took for granted the fact that + did *ell at school acade)ically. +n contrast to )y fatherDs distance, )y )other sa* her older son as so)eone *ho shared her o*n style of intellect(ality and *hat she also sa* as its li)itations. %or her, intellect(ality *itho(t creativity *as sterile. Anly the creative *ere Jfirst?rateJ- she *as not, and y direct i)plication + too

*as not- hence + ca)e to share the harsh 3(dg)ent she passed on herself.S1T ,here *ere so)e *o)en in )y )otherDs day *ho hoped to p(rs(e 7 $F 7 oth )arriage and a career. More co))on *as the acceptance of the verdict of M. Carey ,ho)as, president of Bryn Ma*r, that Jo(r fail(res only )arry.J &espite the enco(rage)ent of her teachers, )y )other resigned herself after college to *ait for callers fro) the s)all covey of eligi le )en, one of *ho), a Philadelphia physician fifteen years her elder, had )ade a shy (t persistent presence felt. My )other and her friends had discovered the e8cite)ent of ooks and ideas in college, and a fe* of these *o)en did go on to p(rs(e careers. B(t )y )otherDs fa)ily had een very traditional, fearing that *hen she *as a*arded the =(ropean %ello*ship to st(dy in =(rope, it *o(ld lead to spinsterhood, and did not enco(rage her. 2he herself *as too self?)istr(stf(l to e) ark on s(ch an independent co(rse. 2he *as indisp(ta ly an intellect(al and later astonished )y roo))ates and other friends, *ho envied )e for having a )other *ith *ho) they co(ld talk a o(t %re(d and Pro(st, &. 5. 9a*rence and %a(lkner. %or her, the only people *ho really co(nted in the *orld *ere the first?rate, the creative artists *ho) she early recogni@ed and a fe* innovative scientists of s(ch originality that they co(ld e incl(ded in her pantheon. Correspondingly, in her ro)antic vie* the rest of *orth*hile h()an activity served art as a kind of infrastr(ct(re or, as she *o(ld have p(t it, *as )erely second?rate. 2tricken in the 19$0s *ith ParkinsonDs disease and later confined to a *heelchair, she co(ld still lose herself in enth(sias) for BachDs B?)inor Mass and BeethovenDs late G(artets, and she co(ld en3oy the seascapes of ;ortheast 5ar or and ad)ire %lorentine and %rench +)pressionist paintingHthe latter in the e8traordinary art collection of her and )y fatherDs friend, the acer ic collector and critic 1l ert C. Barnes. Most of the ti)e her attit(de to*ard life *as relentlessly (nill(sioned. 2he hardly needed As*ald 2penglerDs +ecline of the West! of *hich she *as an early reader, to elieve in his prognosisshe had already a sor ed the vie*s of 5enry and Brooks 1da)s. B(t she added to those a partic(lar c(rse, one *hich, pondering it in retrospect, )ay have served as a partial rationali@ation for the fail(re she felt at not p(rs(ing the acade)ic career to*ard *hich the a*ard of the =(ropean %ello*ship had pointed her. &escended fro) :er)an Ce*s on oth sides, *hose (sinesses .silk, yarn, and anking0 *ere no* in the hands of those she called '(ssian Ce*s, she concl(ded that :er)an Ce*s *ere a partic(larly doo)ed lot, too inhi ited and (niventive to co)pete *ith the ra) (nctio(s, if cr(de, ne* i))igration. My parents *ere agnostic rationalists *itho(t religion. Being Ce*ish 7 $" 7 *as not a the)e disc(ssed at ho)e or else*here. +t *as certainly no asset to e Ce*ish, (t neither did it )ake itself felt as a lia ility. %or )e a sense of Ce*s as in so)e respects different entered )y conscio(sness )ost strongly *hen + *ent to 5arvard 9a* 2chool. %or seven years at 4illia) Penn Charter 2chool in Philadelphia + attended %riends Meeting every %o(rth &ay .4ednesday0. + had a devo(t :er)an Catholic governess to *ho) + *as close. My )other arranged for a novelist friend of hers, 2hirley 4atkins, to read the Bi le *ith the three 'ies)an children and the fo(r children of )y )otherDs 4ellesley?ed(cated sister. 1ltho(gh a fe* of )y parentsD acG(aintances *ere o servant 2ephardic Ce*s, pro(d of their colonial 1)erican heritageHfo(nders later, in opposition to Uionis), of the 1)erican Co(ncil for C(dais)H)y si lings and + had no fa)iliarity *ith C(dais) at all. My )otherDs rother had )arried a 4hite '(ssian of the lesser no ility, an Arthodo8 Catholic. + )arried a

Unitarian and eca)e one- )y rother )arried a n(rse he )et *hile serving as a doctor for the :renfell Mission in ;e*fo(ndland and 3oined the Congregational ch(rch to *hich she elongs- )y sister, still agnostic, )arried a 2panish Catholic.

II
My )other tho(ght + *as too yo(ng to attend 5arvard College i))ediately after 4illia) Penn Charter 2chool and s(ggested =8eterHperhaps to e follo*ed y 1ntioch College- she ad)ired 1rth(r Morgan, *ho had revived 1ntioch. + *anted to go on an ed(cational cr(ise aro(nd the *orld. 4e co)pro)ised, and )y )other fo(nd a school near ,(cson, the no* def(nct =vans 2chool. +t *as a dis)al year. My principal pleas(re and escape ca)e fro) horse ack trips in the )o(ntains every *eekend. 1 fe* of the st(dents *ere se)idelinG(ents *ho had een thro*n o(t of schools like 2aint Pa(lDs, altho(gh + fo(nd in Cohn 5ein@ ++ a good friend- he and + edited the h()or )aga@ine, *here *e (sed o(r sardonic energies against the lackl(ster )asters and the largely indolent st(dents. ,he =nglish head)aster, &r. =vans, ta(ght 9atin, (t *itho(t the slightest interest in it. 1t 5arvard College + soon fo(nd )yself for the first ti)e in a place *here + *anted to e. + actively *ent o(t for activities- + co)peted t*ice for acceptance onto the staff of the st(dent ne*spaper, the )rimson! and, s(cceeding on the second try, )ade it )y Jcl( J for the ne8t years. ,he )rimson not only legiti)ated )y roa)ing c(riosities concerning 5arvard University (t also foc(sed )y energies, and the severe criticis)s *e )ade of one another as *riters and editors in the 7 $# 7 JCo))ent BookJ engendered a kind of co)petitive ca)araderie and, at est, crafts)anship. Mistakenly + tho(ght )y parents sensi le *hen they enco(raged )e to st(dy s( 3ects at 5arvard that co(ld only e p(rs(ed in an acade)ic setting, and that )eant the nat(ral sciences, for one co(ld al*ays read ooks. ,h(s + )a3ored in ioche)ical sciences, )aking clear to c(rio(s friends on the )rimson! )ost of *ho) )a3ored in =nglish or another discipline of the h()anities and had no heavy la oratory *ork, that the last thing + *o(ld ever e *as a pre)ed. ;either did the idea occ(r to )e that + *o(ld ever eco)e a professor. ,he science teaching + e8perienced, incl(ding that of Ca)es B. Conant, *as ro(tine (ntil in )y senior year + enco(ntered 9a*rence C. 5endersonDs )agnificent co(rse, foc(sed on the physiology of lood. B(t + did en3oy reading history, and as a sopho)ore + petitioned 1rth(r 2chlesinger, 2r., for per)ission to take his co(rse on 1)erican social history, open to 3(niors and seniors. +t *as a disappoint)ent, for altho(gh 2chlesinger *as a fine person and an ad)ired )entor of grad(ate st(dents, he *as a poor lect(rer and did not see) to )e to e a penetrating scholar. ,he follo*ing year + had a piece of good fort(ne in the visit of Charles >ingsley 4e ster fro) the University of 1 eryst*yth in 4ales *ho gave a co(rse in British diplo)atic history in the era of Castlereagh and Canning. 4e ster had (rro*ed *ith ingen(ity and thoro(ghness in the archival )aterials, and it *as engrossing to e a le to learn so)ething in s(ch fine?grained detail, incl(ding the British origins of the Monroe &octrineHa relevant concern for )e in the light of )y already esta lished )isgivings concerning Manifest &estiny. + en3oyed a fe* conversations *ith 4e ster in his roo)s in the Continental 5otel. + had JdiscoveredJ 4e ster, and + *andered a o(t in the h()anities, so)eti)es riefly a(diting co(rses in literat(re favored y )y friends. + shared their ad)iration for Cohn 9ivingston 9o*es (t not their enth(sias) for :eorge 9y)an >ittredgeDs co(rse on 2hakespeare, *hich in )y vie* *as philosophical pedantry not )ade )ore palata le y his caref(lly c(ltivated eccentricities. +n )y senior year, ho*ever, + had etter l(ck and perhaps etter 3(dg)ent. 2ince + *as *riting an

honors thesis .on a theoretical topic in ioche)istry + have forgotten0, + *as per)itted to red(ce )y co(rse load to t*o rather than the standard fo(r co(rses. +n addition to 5endersonDs co(rse, *hich entranced )e .as did his ook, The 0itness of the %nvironment 0, + opted for +rving Ba ittDs co(rse on ro)anticis). Ba ittDs personality *as not appealing to )e, (t + fo(nd his o(tlook racing and attractive.S$T .Most st(dents *ere (ninvolved *ith Ba ittDs 7 $6 7 3(dg)ents. 5e displayed his er(dition, and there *as a st(dentsD etting pool on the n() er of na)es he *o(ld drop each day- + sy)pathi@ed *ith Ba itt in the face of the philistinesN0 + *rote a long essay on an e8travagantly a) itio(s topic, J,he =d(cational ,heories of :oethe and 'o(ssea(.J + did not read )(ch secondary literat(re, and + pondered 9mile and other apposite *ritings of 'o(ssea( as *ell as :oetheDs )onversations with %ckermann . + appreciated 'o(ssea(Ds originality, (t not his vision. 4ell efore + enco(ntered +rving Ba itt, + had gained a keen sense for the fragility of civili@ation. =ight years old *hen the United 2tates entered 4orld 4ar +, *hich led to the intern)ent of )y governessDs fiancI, a :er)an )erchant sea)an, + *as a*are of the stor) of hatred for Jthe 5(nsJ- frankf(rters eca)e hot dogs- schools stopped teaching :er)an. +n the 19$0s + read a o(t the propaganda ca)paigns that helped ring the United 2tates into the *ar on the side of the =ntente, *hereas + concl(ded that had the United 2tates so(ght to i)pose a peace in 191#, the :er)ans *o(ld certainly have een *illing, and the %rench )ight have een forced, to accept a settle)ent. My sense of the volatility of p( lic opinion in a de)ocracy and )y )isgivings concerning nationalis), in the United 2tates and a)ong other potential co) atants, have een fairly constant in )y o(tlook to this day.

III
+ cannot recall ho* it *as that + eca)e a )e) er of the 9i eral Cl( , (t it *as not o(t of an interest in politics. My involve)ent *ith the cl( had to do *ith ed(cation, *hich *as one of the interests + did share *ith )y parents, especially )y )other, *hose interest in Bryn Ma*r College *as lifelong and *ho had an ad)iration for, and so)e acG(aintance *ith, Cohn &e*ey. 1s chair)an of the 9i eral Cl( speakers co))ittee d(ring )y sopho)ore year, + invited so)e vent(reso)e college presidents to speak to o(r little gro(p. ,he )ost )e)ora le *as 1le8ander Meikle3ohn, *hose o(ster as president of 1)herst College had ca(sed a sensation and *ho had then fo(nded the =8peri)ental College of the University of 4isconsin. Clarence Cook 9ittle, the refor)?)inded president of the University of Michigan, ca)e to speak- so did 5a)ilton 5olt, *ho had p(t 'ollins College on the )ap. .5olt is ad)ira ly sketched y Cohn 1ndre* 'ice, *ho left 'ollins to fo(nd Black Mo(ntain College, in I )ame Out of the %ighteenth )entury! as *ell as in Martin &( er)anDs fine ook, 1lack "ountain: An %#ploration in )ommunity .0 7 $9 7 ,hro(gh )y o*n interest and the defa(lt of other reporters and editors, + *as a le to )ake ed(cation at 5arvard )y eat on the )rimson .)y fello* editors, nota ly Pa(l M. 2*ee@y, *ho easily eat )e o(t for the presidency, prided the)selves on their lively sports coverage0. + JdiscoveredJ 5enry 1. M(rray and his Psychological Clinic, devoting a f(ll page to a story a o(t his *orkHan (ne8pected visi ility he regarded *ith a )i8t(re of pleas(re and (nease. + gained a scoop on the iron l(ng that &r. Philip &rinker, a friend of )y father, developed at the 5arvard Medical 2chool. + pro*led the la* school,

enco(ntering, not for the last ti)e, its p(gnacio(s, spirited dean, 'oscoe Po(nd. + vent(red to the (siness school, then as later terra incognita to the %ac(lty of 1rts and 2ciences. + *rote an occasional col()n, J,he 2t(dent Eaga ond,J a o(t co(rses that see)ed partic(larly interesting. 1s a )rimson assistant )anaging editor the )ost diffic(lt ti)es ca)e d(ring reading period, *hen .(nlike in the present l(sh days0 there *ere hardly any advertise)ents and + had the responsi ility for filling *hat see)ed like acres of print, incl(ding *riting editorials .a fe* of the) attacking the 'eserve AfficersD ,raining Corps and the anti?:er)an )ilitaris) of the *ar )e)orial )(rals in the 4idener 9i rary0. + *as an an8io(s perfectionist, and in slack ne*s ti)es + *o(ld *onder *hether + *o(ld e the first editor in fifty years to end the night *itho(t a )rimson in press. + preferred to *ork on stories *ith a long lead ti)e. My greatest e8cite)ent ca)e in colla oration *ith Ben3a)in 4est %ra@ier +++, *ho had een a Penn Charter class)ate (ntil sopho)ore year, *hen he had gone to 2t. Pa(lDs 2chool and fro) there to 5arvard. 5e had co)e onto the )rimson as a photographer. Both of (s *ere architect(re (ffs, and Ben, a concentrator in architect(ral sciences, *as to go on to spend his life restoring old 5(dson 'iver valley ho(ses. 4e discovered the incipient 5arvard 5o(se Plan of President 9o*ell. 4here =liot 5o(se no* stands *as a gas station. 4e asked the )anager *hen his lease *as (p, and )ade si)ilar inG(iries else*here in the area along the Charles 'iver. ,hen *e *ent to the offices of Coolidge, 2hepley, B(llfinch, and 1 ott, the 5arvard architects, *hose per)anent hold on the (niversity had not yet een )oderated, and there sa* )ock?(ps of the act(al (ildings. 4e learned fro) President 1. 9a*rence 9o*ell hi)self that land asse) ly *as not yet co)plete, and *ithheld the story, e8ercising 3o(rnalistic restraint in the interest of 5arvard. 4hen it *as per)issi le to reak the story, + had developed an entire iss(e of the )rimson for a fall 2at(rday .for *hich the favorite 3o(rnalistic assign)ent *as the <ale ga)e0. + not only descri ed the 5o(se Plan 7 !0 7 in detail, *ith its ackgro(nd in a 5arvard 2t(dent Co(ncil report of 19$" as *ell as the 5arkness gift, (t also *holeheartedly s(pported the Plan. 1)ong )y friends + *as alone in this 3(dg)ent. Me) ers of %inal Cl( s .5arvardDs e8cl(sive cl( s for (pperclass)en0, *hose )ode of life 9o*ell intended to dist(r , *ere of co(rse opposed. 2o *ere others *ho had anticipated spending their senior year in the <ardHon s(ch )atters of tradition st(dents then, as no*, *ere conservative. =ven so, the t*o 5o(ses that opened in the fall of )y senior year *ere overs( scri ed. My roo))ate, 1le8ander 9ang)(ir .later one of the first persons to go directly fro) )edical school into p( lic health0, and + *ere delighted to e selected for &(nster 5o(se and to find o(rselves in a corner roo) overlooking the Charles. %or (s, living in &(nster 5o(se *ell ill(strated 9o*ellDs hope of close contact et*een t(tors and (ndergrad(ates.S!T

IV
9iving in a 5o(se dra)atically changed the G(ality of life for )e. Before )y senior year, other than the historians + have )entioned, + had )et no fac(lty )e) ers in the social sciences. Crane Brinton, the historian .later to *rite The Anatomy of &evolution! a ook + ad)ired0, and 2ey)o(r 5arris, the econo)ist .*ith *ho) + *as later to *ork, along *ith Mc:eorge B(ndy, on a plan for a national self? liG(idating st(dent loan ank0, *ere t(tors in the 5o(se, as *as Carl Coachi) %riedrich of the :overn)ent &epart)ent. .+ )et Pitiri) 2orokin only once, *hen + invited hi) to address a 5o(se colloG(i()- + still recall his opening co))ent that he *as ed(cating his son to shoot straight even efore he ta(ght hi) to think straightN0 =ntertained y t(tors, 9ang)(ir and + *o(ld in t(rn give tea

parties for the), for fello* st(dents, and for yo(ng *o)en fro) Boston and occasionally 'adcliffe. 4hat *as tr(ly decisive for )e *as )eeting %riedrich, a nonresident t(tor *ho had co)e to 5arvard as part of a s)all gro(p of :er)an e8change st(dents in the )id?19$0s- he had not intended to stay, (t at so)e point Professor 1rth(r 5olco) e invited hi) into the &epart)ent of :overn)ent as an instr(ctor. %riedrich *as pri)arily responsi le for )y eco)ing an acade)ic )an. 5e had taken his doctorate at 5eidel erg *ith 1lfred 4e er. 1t &(nster 5o(se he G(ickly had aro(nd hi) a circle of so)e of the )ost intelligent st(dents. 5e *as energetic and a) itio(s, of sang(ine disposition, tho(gh capa le of anger and conte)pt- he *as a vigoro(s cello player. 5e *as at ho)e in %rench as *ell as 7 !1 7 general =(ropean art history .he later p( lished The Age of the 1aro:ue 0. 5e *ent on to a disting(ished career in scholarship and p( lic affairs in the United 2tates and in post/4orld 4ar ++ :er)any. +n d(e co(rse + eca)e one of his closest disciples. 4hen + had eco)e a st(dent at 5arvard 9a* 2chool, *e o(ght a r(ndo*n far) together near Brattle oro, Eer)ont. 5e introd(ced )e to the =(ropean social sciences and to so)e 1)erican *riters s(ch as ,horstein Ee len. 4hat *as decisive for )e, as + reali@e in retrospect, *as that %riedrich *as a )agnetic and c(ltivated person, *ho not only *as fond of )e (t also respected )e as a potential intellect(al colleag(e. 5ad + lived in the <ard *ith )ost of )y class, + *o(ld not have had this opport(nity for easy intellect(al co))erce *ith fac(lty )e) ers and *o(ld have een less likely to enco(nter Ca)es 1gee, then a 3(nior, a ha(nted and engaging person, *ho *as also in &(nster 5o(se. My interest in the 5o(ses provided a fe* opport(nities for conversation *ith President 9o*ell. .+ G(i8otically so(ght to interest hi) in having 4alter :ropi(s design one or another of the ne* 5o(ses.0 + *as startled and fo(nd it clarifying to have 9o*ell dis)iss )y ad)iration for 5enry 1da)s y saying that he *as a *hiner, f(ll of self?pity. 9o*ell *anted 5arvard, and partic(larly its la* school, to t(rn o(t to(gh? )inded leaders, potential states)en, and also leaders of the arHnot aesthetes.

V
B(t )y reasons for going to 5arvard 9a* 2chool had nothing to do *ith s(ch a) itions. 9ike )any people, partic(larly d(ring )y last t*o years, + had fo(nd a ho)e in Ca) ridge and Boston )ore agreea le than )y o*n ho)e had een in Philadelphia. =ven if + had tho(ght + had the capacity for the life of a scholar, + rese) led )y friends in not regarding o(r professors as leading lives *e *o(ld *ant to follo*. 2ince 5arvard of that ti)e had no r(les for ten(re, so)e of )y teachers had een fr(strated failed scholars, instr(ctors in )id?life teaching affl(ent, (ninvolved yo(ngsters. 4hen in &(nster 5o(se and else*here + )et )ore interesting and sophisticated fac(lty )e) ers, + did not envisage the) as )odels for )yself. + had several class)ates *ho *ere planning to enter Ph.&. progra)s, (t they *ere not people *ith *hose interests + co(ld identify. Ane had an interest in forestry, *orked for the 5arvard %orest, and event(ally got a Ph.&. in agric(lt(ral econo)ics. 1nother, )y school and college friend and class)ate 4illia) 1ydelotte, got a Ph.&. in history and *as one of 7 !$ 7 the pioneers in clio)etrics. .5e is the son of %rank 1ydelotte, *ho had as president developed the honors progra) at 2*arth)ore College and *ho had i)pressed )e as an al)ost ideal?typical 'hodes 2cholar in his strength of p(rpose, his athletic pro*essH*hen + kne* hi), at tennisHand his personal

heartiness.0 + so(ght and did not get a 'hodes 2cholarship )yself .so)ething + have not regretted since + dislike A8ford co))on roo)/style ga)es)anship0. 5o*ever, a lot of )y friends, and indeed a o(t a h(ndred of )y class)ates, *ere going on to 5arvard 9a* 2chool. + recogni@ed that intellect(ally + *o(ld pro a ly find <ale 9a* 2chool a )ore engaging locale. <ale already had a rep(tation for innovation and an effort to introd(ce the social sciences, chiefly econo)ics. B(t since )y pri)ary p(rpose *as to stay p(t, 5arvard 9a* 2chool *as the o vio(s choice. 2taying p(t, )oreover, had the great advantage of allo*ing )e to contin(e )y association *ith the )agnetic %riedrich. By )y choice of roo))ates + took care to )ini)i@e *hat )any of (s *ho *ent fro) the a)ia le a)ate(ris) of the college to the fierce co)petitiveness of the la* school e8perienced as c(lt(re shock. 5aving )et 1le8ander Meikle3ohnDs son &onald, *ho *as co)ing to 5arvard as a grad(ate st(dent in philosophy, + arranged to roo) *ith hi). 1nother roo))ate *as to e Ca)es 5enry 'o*e, Cr., a char)ing and ostentatio(sly indolent literary )an, *hose father *as a 3(dge in B(tte, Montana- efore co)ing to 5arvard College he had spent a year at the Ces(it University of 2anta Clara and astonished his class)ates y arriving fro) B(tte *ith all the aplo) of one to the )anor orn. 'o*e *ent on to eco)e Aliver 4endell 5ol)esDs last la* clerk, an early energi@er of the ;e* &eal, and one of %ranklin &. 'ooseveltDs Janony)o(s assistants.J 4e lived at the Brattle +nn, along *ith several other lively *o(ld? e philosophers. + tried again *hat + had already done, *hich *as to )ake so)ething of 1lfred ;orth 4hiteheadDs lect(res. + co(ld not get interested in his disc(ssion of PlatoDs Timaeus and PlatoDs i)agery of the planets- the pleas(re + had in the occasional 4hitehead teas + attended co(ld not e )atched in the lect(re roo). +n fact, )y philosopher friends )ade )e feel st(pid- they see)ed to play intellect(al Ping?Pong, trading arg()ents ack and forth, and this e8perience *as one of the reinforce)ents + had of )y parentsD 3(dg)ent on )e. Philosophy see)ed central to intellect(al life. Anly later did + discover philosophersHseveral of the) =(ropean? orn *o)en .2(@anne 9anger and 5annah 1rendt0H*hose *ork + co(ld appreciate. 7 !! 7 More interesting for )e than the philosophers *as =lton Mayo, *ho also lived in the Brattle +nn, *here he and +, *hen *e *ere having dinner together, *ere occasionally 3oined y 9a*rence C. 5enderson. + *as fascinated y MayoDs *ork in the %atig(e 9a oratory of the 5arvard B(siness 2chool, and it *as thro(gh hi), as + recall, that + learned a o(t 9loyd 4arnerDs research then (nder *ay in *hat eca)e the <ankee City series of anthropological st(dies of ;e* (ryport. Mayo took an interest in *hat he regarded as )y naOvetI a o(t the *orld and *hat he sa* as )y o sessiveness. 5e told )e a o(t Pierre CanetDs psychology oth to interest )e and to help )e. MayoDs co) ination of physiological and social? psychological concerns *as as re)ote fro) la* school as + co(ld have *ished. Moreover, + felt that there *as so)ething )ysterio(s a o(t Mayo.SBT

VI
,he at)osphere at the la* school *as rapacio(s, in contrast *ith the gentle)anlyHand, in the eyes of 9o*ell and others, too leis(relyHspirit + had e8perienced in the college. %earf(l of failing on the one hand, and desperately eager to )ake the la* revie* on the other, st(dents for)ed into st(dy gro(ps, (nderlined their notes, and read and reread their cases. Eirt(ally all case ooks at that ti)e *ere prepared y the professors the)selves and *ere (nannotated selections of appellate opinions, fro) *hose o iter dicta *e *ere s(pposed to e8tract the holdingHa fig(re?and?gro(nd e8ercise )any of (s G(ickly learned. + en3oyed the cases for their details, tho(gh these *ere of co(rse filtered thro(gh *hat

the 3(dges regarded as i)portant. B(t *hat the la* school *as a o(t *as teaching one, as the phrase *ent, to think like a la*yer. ,his adage pri)arily )eant giving (p senti)entality and naive notions of 3(stice. + co(ld appreciate, against the clai)s of distri (tive 3(stice, the need for precedents and sta ility. +t *as periodically )y co))on sense that *as offended, as for e8a)ple y so)e interpretations of the intricate r(les of evidence, especially the hearsay r(le, *hich freG(ently e8cl(ded evidence that *as clearly relevant eca(se the so(rce co(ld not e cross?e8a)ined in co(rt. 1lso )y co))on sense . (t not that of anyone else + ca)e across then or have co)e across since0 *as offended y the %ifth 1)end)ent, for + did not think the de)ocracies that had no s(ch prohi ition against self?incri)ination *ere )ore oppressive or (n3(st than the United 2tates, and + tho(ght the a)end)ent an overreaction to the fervent propa? 7 !B 7 ganda of the 1)erican 'evol(tion that so(ght to portray the relatively )ild British r(le as archaically tyrannical. 4hen legal r(les led to *hat *ere clearly (nto*ard o(tco)es, the legal syste) *as (pheld y )ost of )y professors and (lti)ately y fello* st(dents on the gro(nd that allo*ing each side its day in co(rt and its opport(nities for arg()ent *o(ld in the )ain lead to the discovery of the relevant facts, *ith the de ate a)ong opposing co(nsel event(ating in their correct interpretation. + fo(nd this de atersD o(tlook inadeG(ate. B(t + *as even less attracted to iconoclastic ,ho)as 'eed Po*ell, *ho ta(ght constit(tional la* in *hat *as already kno*n as the <ale realist styleHan easy cynicis) that sa* 3(dges )anip(lating precedents to arrive at decisions satisfying to their egos, their interests, or their *hi)s- for Po*ell and his follo*ers, it *as eno(gh to de (nk the la*. + ad)ired and ca)e to kno* t*o of )y first?year professors *ho *ere dra)atically different fro) one another. Calvert Magr(der, Cr., *as an al)ost (niversally pop(lar, c(ltivated, nonco) ative Marylander *ho ta(ght torts and later eca)e an e)inent federal appeals co(rt 3(dge. ,he other, Ca)es 1ngell Mc9a(ghlin, ta(ght property la*- related to presidents of oth the University of Michigan and <ale, he flo(ted co(rtesy and convention. 5e so)eti)es frightened st(dents, like Professor >ingsfield in The $aper )hase; )ore often he offended the). Mischievo(s as *ell as sharing the then prevalent Bostonian sno ery to*ard +rish Catholics, he *ore an orange tie on 2t. PatrickDs &ay and later changed his na)e fro) Mc9a(ghlin to Mac9achlan. 1s the acade)ic year dre* to a close, 'o*e *as convinced that he *o(ld fl(nk o(t, as allegedly a third of the st(dents did. 5e had read %rench novels, spent )(ch ti)e at 2)ith College, slept late, and far )ore than + ref(sed to ad3(st his 5arvard College style to 5arvard 9a* 2chool ro(tine. + decided that + *o(ld *ork hard in )y second year in the hope of )aking the la* revie*, and the *ay to do that *as to have a roo))ate *ho *as deeply involved in his legal st(dies. + fo(nd s(ch a person in &onald %ield, *ho had een on the )rimson and ca)e fro) a legal fa)ily. 4e )oved into the la* school dor)itory. + 3oined 9incolnDs +nn, a se)iref(ge for the )ore socially accepta le la* st(dents, *here so)e fac(lty *ere also )e) ers and *here conversation at l(nch *as generally shop talk. My sheltered yo(th gave )e a desire to see ho* people lived (nder different conditions, an interest that had led )e the previo(s s())er to the 2oviet Union- it *as one )otive for its of settle)ent ho(se *ork + did as an (ndergrad(ate (nder the a(spices of Phillips Brooks 5o(se, 7 !F 7 5arvard CollegeDs social?service center. +t *as thro(gh that center that + *as taken on as an (npaid J*opJ for a s())er *ith a :renfell Mission station at ;orth*est 'iver in 9a rador.SFT ,here +

received a ca le telling )e that + )(st ret(rn at once to Ca) ridge to take (p )y d(ties on the la* revie*, d(ties that egan several *eeks efore the start of the fall ter). + *as incred(lo(s. 1fter an all too long and ha@ardo(s sailing cr(ise do*n the coast to 5alifa8, + left )y three fello* sailors to ring the oat to Boston *hile + took the train so as not to e f(rther delayed. + discovered that + not only *as on the la* revie* (t also had led )y class.

VII
Ci) 'o*e ret(rned, having done a little etter than 3(st scrape y, his ingen(ity and literary gifts co)ing to his aid. + regretted )y decision to leave o(r Brattle +nn residence, and after a year *ith &onald %ield ret(rned there oth for )y third year of la* school and for the fo(rth, postgrad(ate year to *hich those *ho had een anointed as 9o(is BrandeisDs prospective la* clerks *ere entitled. + en3oyed the *ork of the la* revie*. =ven )ore than the )rimson! the la* revie* *as a di(rnal affair. %e* of the editors *orried a o(t their la* school classes. +t *as heady to e a le to edit oneDs o*n professors, or professors fro) else*hereH+ re)e) er editing an article y the )an + )ost ad)ired in the la*, Col() iaDs >arl 9le*ellyn. + sho(ld add concerning editing that it has helped )e as a *riter to have edited the *ork of others as *ell as to have een edited y the stringent standards of the la* revie*. 2o)eti)es these see)ed silly standards, as *hen even a i lical prover *as said to reG(ire a citation. + *as elected legislation editor, a position that took )e o(t of the area of case la* and into legislative drafts)anship and p( lic policy. + took part, *ith fello* editors, in an assess)ent of the constit(tionality of the early ;e* &eal legislation, )y assign)ent eing 2ection #a of the 4agner 1ct, *hose constit(tionality + defended and *hose vag(e lang(age *as sei@ed on y Cohn 9. 9e*is and his cadres of organi@ers to enco(rage *orkers to 3oin (nions- the act *as (lti)ately s(stained y the 2(pre)e Co(rt. 1 fe* of (s de ated the )erits of 9egal 'ealis), then in vog(e at <ale 9a* 2chool, *hich see)ed to )e to e si)ple)inded red(ctionis). B(t the )ode of analysis of )any of the 5arvard 9a* fac(lty *as not vastly s(perior, tho(gh it *as )ore attractive eca(se it did not seek to shock. +t ass()ed that the task of 3(dges, *ithin the li)its of 7 !" 7 precedent, *as to alance interests. &ecisions *ere ad)ired that appeared appropriately to have alanced interests of contending parties and the larger gro(ps they )ight e tho(ght to represent. %or e8a)ple, decisions, even y the )ost strained reasoning, that fo(nd large corporations lia le in s(its for negligence and ignored the negligence of the pres()a ly i)pec(nio(s plaintiff *ere generally 3(stified eca(se they spread the risk of accidents, even tho(gh they did so in hapha@ard, nonact(arial *ays that *ere of enor)o(s enefit to the litigating ar and so)eti)es prod(ced a *indfall for the plaintiff. 9a* professors )ade no acco)panying investigation into the real interests- ass()ptions *ere )ade of a generally li eral sort as to *hat *as in *hose interest, and the G(estion *as happily left at that. +n fairness + sho(ld add that )any of the la* professors *ere )en of e8ceptional integrity, fair? )indedness, and dedication as teachers and as the scholarly ho(se?keepers of the la*. 5alf a do@en eca)e good friends d(ring )y la* school years. %eli8 %rankf(rter, to )y s(rprise a pedantic teacher, *as a freG(ent, lively host, G(ick to e8plode in o(trage at local or national in3(stice, corr(ption, or st(pidity, happy to introd(ce the yo(ng )en he sponsored to each other and, *here appropriate, to people in po*er.

VIII
1ntitr(st la* as Mac9achlan ta(ght it *as an e8ception, involving so)e (nderstanding of econo)ics and of ind(strial organi@ation and co) ination. +n )y third year + had a one?ter) co(rse *ith 'alph Baker, an older )an *ho had co)e fro) the 5arvard B(siness 2chool. 5e devoted the entire co(rse to a single (tility rate case involving the (tilityDs financial str(ct(re. + en3oyed that co(rse )ore than any. .+ reali@e, *riting these reflections, that *hat + see) to have en3oyed *as getting thoro(ghly into so)ething reasona ly co)plicated, *hether British diplo)atic history or the intricacies of (tility rate reg(lation in a partic(lar instance.0 Most )aterials read in la* school *ere appellate co(rt opinions. ,ho(gh )aking the la* revie* spared )e fro) having to care a great deal a o(t )y co(rses and, eyond the necessary )ini)() to re)ain on the la* revie*, )y grades, + never eca)e reconciled to the general at)osphere of the place. 4e *ere ta(ght to the point of red(ndancy ho* to deal *ith case la*, ho* to )ake and, pres()a ly, *in an arg()ent. 2o)e of )y friends and teachers *ere re)arka ly intelligent- hardly any *ere reflective or had an interest in ideas eyond ga)es)anship. + con? 7 !# 7 cl(ded that t*o years of la* st(dy *as s(fficient .*ith )(ch to e said for a clinically oriented progra) *hose ti)e?cons()ing *ork *ith clients co(ld occ(py a f(ll year or )ore0. + sho*ed )y oredo) *ith )(ch of the progra), )ore than perhaps + intended y *riting one of )y third?year e8a)inations in rhy)ed verse.

I5
More i)portant than la* school *as )y gro*ing closeness to %riedrich, *ho *as a reflective person *ith interesting ideas and serio(s interests. 5e had originally looked for*ard to a career that *o(ld ridge 5eidel erg and 5arvard, )(ch as 5arold 9aski had linked =ngland and the United 2tates in his transatlantic forays. B(t *hen 5itler ca)e to po*er, %riedrich, *ho had feared that prospect, decided to eco)e an 1)erican citi@en. 1nd *hat etter *ay to eco)e 1)erican than to (y a far)K +n the depths of the &epression, Eer)ont far)s *ere cheap. Many had een p(rchased *ith %ederal 9and Bank )ortgages at very lo* interest. + had inherited so)e )oney fro) )y grand)other and + p(t it into a far) %riedrich and + o(ght 3ointly. +n )y last la* school years *e *o(ld go (p *eekends, staying at a to(rist ho)e and spending o(r ti)e clearing r(sh and *orking on the far)ho(se itself, a si@a le place that had een t(rned into a granary. 1nd of co(rse *e *o(ld talk endlessly. ,hro(gh hi) + )et :aetano 2alve)ini, a ref(gee fro) M(ssoliniDs +taly, and =(gen 'osenstock?5(essy, a fascinating :er)an ref(gee, and )any others. .%riedrich and + *ere to *ork later on a pro3ect he fo(nded and + directed for retraining ref(gee la*yers and 3(rists.0 %riedrich enco(raged the B(sch fa)ily and '(dolf 2erkin, also ref(gees fro) :er)any, to relocate in Marl oro, near Brattle oro. 4e oth en3oyed )eeting Eer)onters, *hether gentle)en far)ers or herds)en, co(nty agents or ankers. +n The -ew 1elief in the )ommon "an .19B$0 %riedrich e8pressed a faith in the capacity of ordinary 1)ericans for self?govern)ent. ,hat faith gre* in part o(t of o(r e8perience *ith the 1gric(lt(ral =8tension 2ervice and *ith self?reliant, co)petent dairy far)ers in ;e* =ngland- it left o(t of acco(nt the slovenly far)ers *hose arns *e visited, looking for co*s to p(rchase. 4e *ere in agree)ent in o(r opposition to ple iscites and to proportional representation, *ere ad)irers of representative constit(tional govern)ent, and *ere a*are of virt(es in the federal syste)s of oth 1(stralia and the United 2tates. %riedrich had *ide acade)ic interests, having *ritten a ook on

7 !6 7 1lth(si(s and having i))ersed hi)self in 'o)an la*, early =(ropean history, and political philosophy. ,he st(dy of p( lic opinion *as so)ething of a side interest for hi), (t it *as already close to )y interests in conte)porary events and history. + learned fro) hi) to do *hat + still do today, *hich is to look at the letter col()ns of a ne*spaper or 3o(rnal as a *ay of getting a sense of opposing vie*s. 9ater he *as to ring Charles 2iep)ann over fro) the British Broadcasting Corporation, *here he had een director of research, to introd(ce the st(dy of )ass co))(nications for the first ti)e at 5arvard.S"T Before )e, every person *ho had preceded the Brandeis clerkship y a postgrad(ate year at 5arvard 9a* 2chool had received a doctorate in la*. 5o*ever, + had offended &ean 'oscoe Po(nd y arranging for >arl 9le*ellyn to co)e (p fro) Col() ia for a talk illed as J4hatDs 4rong *ith the 5arvard 9a* 2choolKJ and y asking )y fac(lty friend Uechariah Chafee, Cr. .*ho still s(ffered, despite his national distinction as a civil li ertarian, fro) not having )ade la* revie*0, to talk in re (ttal. Po(nd first for ade (s the (se of a la* school classroo) (t then relented. B(t he *as also fe(ding *ith %rankf(rter, and the co) ination of ani)osities led hi) to change the r(les, so that the doctorate in la* co(ld no longer e given to anyone *ho ca)e to the reG(isite year i))ediately after la* school. ,o )e it did not )atter at all- the doctorate *as (sef(l to those planning to teach, especially in the nonelite la* schools, or to any hoping for an acade)ic career o(tside a la* school. B(t since + had at the ti)e no s(ch aspirations, + did not contest the deanDs r(ling. + did so)ething else, ho*ever, *hich )y friends considered reckless. %rankf(rter had for)ed a strong dislike of %riedrich. 5e s(spected this lond ,e(ton of eing a secret sy)pathi@er of the ;a@is, and in addition + think he *as 3ealo(s of %riedrichDs infl(ence over )e. ,he person designated as the Brandeis clerk (s(ally *orked *ith %rankf(rter on a thesis. B(t + intended to *ork *ith %riedrich- + held )y gro(nd, and %rankf(rter, to his credit, said that tho(gh he distr(sted %riedrich, + co(ld *ork *ith hi) if that *as )y preference d(ring this post?la* school year.

5
My year *ith Brandeis at the 2(pre)e Co(rt did little to t(rn )e to*ard an acade)ic career and did even less for )y self?estee). + did not think + served the 3(stice *ell. + *orked only to try to i)prove, 7 !9 7 *hich + co(ld rarely do, the opinions he had drafted- he had already arrived at his 3(dg)ents. ,he JBrandeis riefJ had een developed y hi) as an advocate, introd(cing evidence fro) the social sciences to s(stain the reasona leness and hence the constit(tionality of legislation. ,he very first case + *orked on dispelled any ill(sion that Brandeis hi)self *o(ld e infl(enced y e)pirical data *hen in p(rs(it of the larger goal of creating precedents for federal 3(dicial restraint. +t *as the JAregon erry o8J case .$acific States 1o# an 1asket )ompany v. White 0, in *hich Brandeis (pheld for a (nani)o(s co(rt an Aregon stat(te concerning the shape and si@e of erry o8es. 1ssigned to *rite the opinion, Brandeis *anted to esta lish that the la* fell (nder the stateDs po*er to protect the p( lic interest and *elfare. 5e sent )e o(t to discover the act(al reasons for the la*. + soon fo(nd at the &epart)ent of 1gric(lt(re and the +nterstate Co))erce Co))ission that the la* *as designed to keep o(t erry o8es )an(fact(red fro) red*oods in California .red*oods do not gro* in Aregon0- the la* res(lted in o8es less eG(ipped for stacking in freight cars. ,o )e, the la* *as an interference *ith interstate co))erce. Brandeis tho(ght in ter)s of a long?ter) strategy in *hich he *ished to red(ce centrali@ed po*er, incl(ding the po*er of the federal co(rts to declare state legislation (nconstit(tional.

+n his (ilding lock of precedents he ignored the real story in order to (phold the stateDs a(thority, even tho(gh in principle he favored free trade and opposed )onopolies. Ather cases + *orked on, s(ch as the fa)o(s case (pholding the ,ennessee Ealley 1(thority indirectly y denying the plaintiffs standing to s(e .Ashwan er v. Tennessee 5alley Authority 0, involved only li rary *ork and not *hat *as for )e )ore e8hilarating detective *ork and field*ork. + shared a ho(se in :eorgeto*n *ith a gro(p of ;e* &eal la*yers, incl(ding 'o*e. Ane of )y ho(se)ates *as ,ho)as 5. =liot, several years )y senior at college and la* school, *ho helped draft and pilot the 2ocial 2ec(rity legislation thro(gh the Congress. Ather yo(ng )en fro) Col() ia, <ale, and 5arvard *ere e8ercising si)ilar responsi ilities. ,he risk self?ass(rance of )any of the yo(ng ;e* &eal la*yers str(ck )e as a*eso)e in so)e cases (t as disagreea le in others. + had already concl(ded that 5arvard 9a* 2chool and other national la* schools c(ltivated a elief that o(tside of a patent, ad)iralty, or antitr(st case, there *as nothing one co(ld not get (p in a pretrial t*o *eeks. +f + lacked the self?confidence of others aro(nd )e, + *as gro*ing in confidence that + )ight e a le to (nderstand events. %or e8a)ple, )y early 3(dg)ent that even (ne)ployed 1)ericans in the years of 7 B0 7 the &epression *ere asically conservative and *o(ld not eco)e converts to socialis), let alone co))(nis), *as eing orne o(t day y day. + sy)pathi@ed *ith the strong 2o(thern 1grarian streak in Brandeis, his distr(st of centrali@ed po*er, and his hope to (se the states for s)all?scale, incre)ental e8peri)ents. 5o*ever, + lacked the cr(sading spirit of Brandeis and )any of his devotees.S#T 4hen + told Brandeis that + *anted to ret(rn to Boston, he so(ght to diss(ade )e, saying + had eno(gh privilege and eno(gh ed(cation- he advised instead that + go to ,(pelo, Mississippi, and *ork there for the ,E1 and help develop 1ppalachia. + re3ected his advice .as + had also re3ected his harsh 3(dg)ents against the =nglish, ased on the restriction of i))igration to Palestine, and against the :er)ans, rather than si)ply the ;a@is0. Many nota le la*yers and la* professors had preceded )e as BrandeisDs clerk, and + co)pared )yself (nfavora ly to the) in ter)s of ho* + had served the 3(stice- (t as several Brandeis iographers have s(ggested, + also did not share the e8alted vie* of Brandeis )ost of the) held. + *as offered a position *ith the 2ec(rities and =8change Co))ission (t instead said to the la*yer *ho had hoped to recr(it )e that + *anted his help to get a 3o *ith a s)all Boston la* fir), *here + co(ld learn )y *ay in the la*. 5e fo(nd )e s(ch a 3o *ith 9yne, 4ood*orth, and =varts, a fir) that defended Metropolitan 9ife and Cohn 5ancock in ins(rance cases and handled corporate reorgani@ations.

5I
BrandeisDs la* clerks *ere for idden to )arry. + had eco)e engaged the previo(s s())er to =velyn 5astings ,ho)pson. =velynDs father *as a professor at the Massach(setts +nstit(te of ,echnology- her )other of an old Bostonian fa)ily. =velyn follo*ed her )other to 4insor 2chool, a girlsD school of high acade)ic as *ell as social selectivity, and on grad(ation *on the ;ora 2altonstall 2cholarship given y the 4insor 2chool to st(dy for a year in Paris. An her ret(rn she *ent to Bryn Ma*r, *here she )a3ored in =nglish, edited the Lantern! the collegeDs literary )aga@ine, and directed and acted in plays. 4hen thro(gh a Boston class)ate of hers + )et her at a dance at Bryn Ma*r in the spring of )y last year at la* school, + asked her *hat she planned to do on grad(ation- she replied that she *anted to p(t on :reek plays and act in the). ,hat s())er + looked her (p in the co(rse of a sailing cr(ise )y rother had organi@ed *hen *e stopped off at o(r parentsD

7 B1 7 ho)e in ;ortheast 5ar or. 2he *as acting in a s())er theater co)pany in Bar 5ar or. ,hat fall + pers(aded =velyn to co)e to 4ashington, *here she fo(nd a position as an editor of the cons()er affairs )aga@ine p( lished y the &epart)ent of 1gric(lt(re. 2he had given (p her drea) of *orking in :reek dra)a and instead decided to t(rn to *riting criticis) and short stories. .5aving done a great deal of editing in college, her gifts as a critic and editor have een of the greatest enefit to )y o*n tho(ght and *riting.0 4e *ere )arried in Boston the ne8t s())er, in C(ly 19!". + orro*ed a car fro) a for)er la* professor, 'alph Baker, and *e took a trip o(t *est to 2eattle .this *as efore interstate high*ays0, traversing so)e dro(ght?ravaged and depressed areas in the far) states, as *ell as so)e )agnificent co(ntry. +n the fall + egan to *ork *ith 9yne, 4ood*orth, and =varts. 4hat + *as looking for *as an apprenticeship. + have already indicated that + regarded )y legal ed(cation as too ookish and ins(fficiently clinical. 9yne, 4ood*orth, and =varts handled )ore litigation than )ost corporate fir)s. 5ad + *orked in 4ashingtonHor, indeed, for the ,E1H+ *o(ld have had as a yo(ng la*yer large responsi ilities and a decent starting salary- in a private la* fir) + *as only an ad3(nct at one h(ndred dollars a )onth, helping prepare trial riefs. B(t *ith a s)all private inco)e + co(ld afford to do it. ,he fe* appellate cases + handled, involving relatively s)all a)o(nts, did not give )e a high opinion of the 3(dges. +n one case a )an *as receiving disa ility enefits (nder an ins(rance policy for Jtotal and per)anent disa ility.J ,he ins(rance co)pany had photographs of hi) actively playing tennis and golf in %lorida, and on the asis of his recovery *e appealed fro) a 3(dg)ent against the co)pany. ,he 3(dge asked )e, J5o* per)anent is a per)anent *aveKJ and *ent on to s(pport the plaintiffDs ca(se. + fo(nd )(ch of the *ork of a trial la*yer at once fr(strating and stren(o(s. +t *as fr(strating eca(se + spent so )(ch ti)e *aiting for a case to e called. +t *as e8ha(sting d(ring a trial to e al*ays on the G(i vive, at a ti)e efore discovery proceedings li)ited the s(rprises one )ight enco(nter- and *hen the co(rtroo) day *as done, + *as (sy preparing for the ne8t day as *ell as trying to keep (p *ith the reg(lar flo* of office *ork. <et there *as )(ch novelty and hence interest in the act(al trials, often in o(tlying to*ns like 2ale) or P(incy, in co(rtroo)s far re)oved fro) the elevated disco(rse and the sole)n and cere)onial G(ality of the United 2tates 2(pre)e Co(rt. ,he fir)Ds trial la*yers, partic(larly a Mr. M(rphy, for *ho) + largely 7 B$ 7 *orked and *ho) + liked, possessed a kind of co) ative idealis), a G(i8otic elief in 3(stice, leading the) to prefer fighting to settling cases of fra(d(lent clai)s against Cohn 5ancock or Metropolitan 9ife. By contrast, )ost of the large Boston fir)s settled s(ch cases since the cost of defending the) *as )ore than the policy *as *orth and the defense seldo) *on. +n a typical case a )an *o(ld e told y his doctor that he had pericarditis- he *o(ld then *ith a @ealo(s or perhaps corr(pt ins(rance agent take o(t a policy *ith Metropolitan 9ife or Cohn 5ancock for his *ifeDs enefit- shortly thereafter he *o(ld die of heart disease. 2ince he had said he *as in good health in his application and the a(topsy sho*ed other*ise, the ins(rance co)pany *o(ld ref(se to pay and s(it *o(ld e ro(ght. +n his s())ation to the 3(ry, co(nsel for the plaintiff *o(ld read the Metropolitan 9ifeDs illion?dollar alance sheet and ask *hy the co)pany *as (n*illing to help o(t the *ido*. +t *as a rare tri()ph for honest policyholders *hen s(its ased on egregio(s fra(d *ere not s(ccessf(l. %ra(d often *as a etted at the trial y )edical e8perts, s(ch as a 5arvard Medical 2chool specialist *ho testified that

)yocarditis *as no *orse than a ad cold. 1t that ti)e, and later *hen + *orked in the ;e* <ork Co(nty district attorneyDs office, + co(ld o serve the po*er of de)agogic oratory on the part of solo la*yers virt(ally (nrestrained y the r(les of evidence + had learned in la* school or anticipated in trial riefs. Conscientio(s (t easily s*ayed 3(ries had not yet een Jed(catedJ to a*ard )(lti)illion?dollar da)ages in accident, )alpractice, and, G(ite recently, li el cases, (t they *ere )oving in that direction (nder the t(telage of a ar that ,ocG(eville had seen as a possi le so(rce of aristocratic restraint in a de)ocracy. + gli)psed high tragedy and lo* co)edy in so)e of the trials. My s(periors i)pressed )e *ith the ast(teness of their trial tactics, and + learned fro) the) that the r(les of evidence + had st(died in la* school *ere of little help in predicting the tactics of the plaintiffsD la*yers or the capricio(sness of the 3(dges. ,he office *ork generally *as of greater intellect(al interest, for e8a)ple, grasping the details involved in the reorgani@ation of the +nternational Paper and Po*er Co)pany. Most of )y evenings *ere free. + had ti)e to attend sessions of a se)inar %riedrich *as giving and to keep in to(ch *ith the right grad(ate st(dents he *as gathering aro(nd hi), as *ell as *ith friends on the la* school fac(lty. =velyn and + also had ti)e to )ake ne* friends in Boston, and *e eca)e partic(larly close to Mark &e4olfe 5o*e, Cr., a for)er la* clerk for Aliver 4endell 5ol)es then also practicing in Boston, and to his actress *ife Molly 5o*e, fro) the 7 B! 7 1 ey ,heatre in &( lin, *ho lived near (s on Beacon 5ill. ,his friendship t(rned o(t to )ake easier )y decision on the ne8t step in )y career.

5II
By the l(ck that see)s to have co)e )y *ay at cr(cial ti)es, the year in *hich + started *ork in Boston, 19!", )arked the eginning of a ne* ad)inistration at the la* school of the then private University of B(ffalo. +t had een a locally oriented school r(n y practitioners. 2a)(el Capen, president of the (niversity, *anted to create a f(ll?ti)e, scholarly, national school. 5e t(rned to %rancis 2hea, a 5arvard 9a* 2chool grad(ate and for)er ;e* &eal ad)inistrator in P(erto 'ico. &ean 2hea, a %rankf(rter protIgI, had recr(ited 9o(is Caffe, *ho had preceded )e as BrandeisDs la* clerk, and =rnest Bro*n, *ho had clerked for a federal appeals co(rt 3(dge- thro(gh %rankf(rterDs reco))endation 5o*e and + *ere invited to 3oin the gro(p the follo*ing year. 4e enco(raged one another to accept. 4hen + told )y friends on the 5arvard 9a* fac(lty that + *as planning to go to B(ffalo, several of the) *arned )e that + *o(ld r(in )y career and added that if + *anted to teach la*, they *o(ld try to find so)ething for )e at 5arvard 9a* 2chool. .,hey *ere *rong a o(t the careers of all fo(r of (s- the other threeHCaffe, Bro*n, and 5o*eH eca)e professors at 5arvard 9a* 2chool after 4orld 4ar ++.0 ,he fact that B(ffalo *as in no fashion a )a3or la* school )ade it )ore attractive to )e eca(se + *o(ld not e eginning )y teaching in the highly co)petitive at)osphere of a national la* school. Moreover, for =velyn and )e the city of B(ffalo had its o*n appeal. 4e *ere a*are of o(r having een o(nded y the northeastern JprovinceJ of the co(ntry, interr(pted y transatlantic e8perience. B(ffaloDs pri)arily ind(strial character, *ith its large, not yet )o ile Polish pop(lation, the *hole city heavily Catholic, invited o(r restless c(riosity.

5III
,he la* school *as in an old to*n ho(se in do*nto*n B(ffalo, and the )ain ca)p(s *as so)e distance a*ay. ,he principal interest of )y 5arvard?trained colleag(es *as in the great s( 3ects )ade central y the ;e* &eal, constit(tional la* and the ne*ly e8panded fields of la or la* and ad)inistrative la*. ,he recr(iting or it of the school did 7 BB 7 not change *ith the replace)ent of )ost of the practitioner fac(lty y ne* f(ll?ti)e fac(lty. ,he st(dents ca)e fro) near y and *ere )ostly the first generation in their fa)ilies to attend college. 2o)e *ere disoriented y the high aspirations of the ne* fac(lty, *hich co(ld not e )atched y o(r infl(ence in getting 3o s in the ;e* &eal agencies for even o(r a lest st(dents in co)petition *ith the grad(ates of the )a3or la* schools. + *as assigned t*o of the five first?year co(rses, cri)inal la* .*hich + had not taken in la* school0 and property, and *as glad to teach the staple s( 3ects to the entering st(dents. + *o(ld have preferred a chance to teach torts, for + had eg(n to develop an interest in the st(dy of li el and slander, in the earing of litigation over defa)ation on iss(es of p( lic opinion and civil li erties. 5o*ever, torts *as in the hands of Philip 5alpern, later a 3(dge, a capa le B(ffalo practitioner *ho fitted in *ell *ith the ne*ly recr(ited fac(lty. ,eaching the property co(rse, + (sed in addition to a standard case ook the advance sheets of the )ost recent ;e* <ork 2tate co(rt opinions. 4hen + had ta(ght *hat + elieved to e the la* in ;e* <ork 2tate, + co(ld riefly spec(late concerning peopleDs attach)ents to possessionsHto *hat e8tent attach)ents to certain sorts of o 3ects co(ld e tho(ght of as Jnat(ralJ and other sorts as c(sto)ary and partic(lar. ,his interest led indirectly to )y first it of e)pirical research, JPossession and the 9a* of %inders.JS6T ,raditionally the la* is finders, keepers, (nless the o*ner is kno*n. + s(rveyed the policies of p( lic? transit syste)s and depart)ent stores, as *ell as the practices of people the)selves *hen they find so)ething in a p( lic place- )any do t(rn it in to the lost?and?fo(nd depart)ent of a transit depot or store. ,hey )ight, of co(rse, elieve they have a right to reclai) it if the o*ner does not, (t fe* see) to act *ith this )otive in )ind. + did not cond(ct a s(rvey of the general pop(lation (t )ade s(fficient inG(iries to indicate that )ost people ass()ed that if they fo(nd so)ething that had plainly een lost in, say, a store or a s( *ay, they sho(ld t(rn it in to the lost?and?fo(nd depart)ent. ,he traditional case la* did not s(pport *hat *as, in fact, co))on and desira le practice. + reali@ed that + greatly en3oyed teaching, al*ays seeking to discover *hat )y st(dents )ight e learning, in contrast *ith *hat + tho(ght + *as presenting. + also took the )ore diffic(lt and chancy road of eliciting disc(ssion rather than calling on certain st(dents to state a case and then on other st(dents to say *hat *as *rong *ith the e8position (ntil + had elicited the JcorrectJ response. 2ince a class ased on disc(ssion cannot e in the lect(rerDs control (t depends on the st(dentsD )otiva? 7 BF 7 tion, preparation, and *illingness .tho(gh not o) astic eagerness0 to vol(nteer, + fo(nd then, as in all )y teaching, that the disc(ssion )ethod often )iscarried, leaving oth st(dents and instr(ctor disappointed. + had to prepare G(estions that + hoped )ight provoke disc(ssion, an effort that for )e has never een free of an8iety. %oc(sed as + *as on *hat see)ed reG(isite for the st(dents, there co(ld e only the )ost peripheral connection, if any, et*een )y research and )y teaching. ,he prospect that + )ight so)e day teach in a setting *here there *as less separation et*een )y agenda for research, gro*ing o(t of )y intellect(al interests, and *hat + *as teaching did not occ(r to )e.S9T

+ *as t*enty?seven *hen *e *ent to B(ffalo, *hich did prove to e an interesting city. + soon eca)e a )e) er of the oard of the %oreign Policy 1ssociation, gave a lect(re to the 1)alga)ated Clothing 4orkers, and egan )y first teaching of social science at evening classes of the <4C1. + fo(nd friends at the (niversity, nota ly %rit@ Machl(p, an evocative ref(gee econo)ist- 4alter C(rt Behrendt, the city planner- and others in sociology, political science, history, and =nglish. =velyn and + )et )(sicians, painters, and a poet, 'e(el &enney, *ho) + *as later to recr(it as a colleag(e at the University of Chicago. A(r efforts to e8plore the city did not e8tend to the Polish neigh orhoods, *hich see)ed to e isolated even fro) the other traditional 'o)an Catholic gro(ps. 1t a o(t this ti)e + egan an (northodo8 psychoanalysis *ith =rich %ro)). + did so not eca(se + tho(ght + needed itH+ didH (t to please )y )other, *ho *anted to e a le to talk *ith )e d(ring the ti)e she *as an analysand of >aren 5orney, *ho had reco))ended %ro)) to her for )e. >aren 5orney had said of )e that + *as a rather resigned person, and this str(ck )e as perceptive. An alternate *eekends and *hen feasi le, + *o(ld take the train or fly to ;e* <ork and have t*o t*o?ho(r *eekend sessions *ith %ro)) efore ret(rning y train to e s(re not to )iss )y Monday class. 4hen + *ent to see %ro)) for the first ti)e at his apart)ent on ;e* <orkDs 4est 2ide, + noticed a large shelf of the collected *orks of Mar8 and =ngels. + ass()ed that a Mar8ist or 9eninist *o(ld seek to propagandi@e )e. 4hen + had gone to the 2oviet Union in the s())er of 19!1 *ith an +nto(rist gro(p, so)e of *ho) *ere then in la* school or grad(ate school or starting careers in 3o(rnalis), there *ere fello* travelers a)ong the) *ho ideali@ed *hatever *e *ere sho*n in the 2oviet Union and derogated the United 2tates. + had little (se for either side of that seesa*.S10T 1ltho(gh several people + had kno*n in college, for e8a)ple Pa(l 2*ee@y, had later eco)e Mar8ists, and several of the 7 B" 7 ;e* &eal la*yers + had )et in 4ashington, nota ly 1lger 5iss, had t(rned o(t to e Co))(nists or close to the Co))(nist party, none of )y friends *as even so )(ch as a fello* traveler, and )any of )y la* school friends, incl(ding Chafee and 5o*e, *ere vigilant civil li ertarians. + had gotten this far in life *ith virt(ally no e8pos(re to scholarly Mar8ists. %ro)) a)(sedly reass(red )e that he had no intention of converting )e to Mar8is). 5o*ever, *e often talked as if he *ere )y teacher rather than )y analyst. 4e disc(ssed the st(dy of society and the *ork on social character that he had done *ith =rnst 2chachtel, *ho) + also )et and ad)ired, *hen %ro)) *as part of the %rankf(rt gro(p. 9ater, + *as to attend se)inars in ;e* <ork for analysts in training, given y oth %ro)) and 5arry 2tack 2(llivan at the 4illia) 1lanson 4hite +nstit(te, and lect(res y 2chachtel and %ro)) at the ;e* 2chool. 4hile + resisted the efforts of )y )other, *ith *ho) + stayed at her ;e* <ork apart)ent, to dra* )e into intrapsychic inG(iries, + *as happy to talk *ith her concerning the larger social?psychological iss(es raised y oth 5orney and %ro)). %ro)), *ho had, like %riedrich, a Ph.&. fro) 5eidel erg, *as *idely read in history and iography. 9ike %riedrich also, he greatly assisted )e in gaining confidence as *ell as enlarging the scope of )y interest in the social sciences. 1ltho(gh he did not accept )y criticis) that his vie* of the United 2tates and especially its )iddle classes *as too )onolithically and stereotypically negative, he did accept )y criticis) of his =nglish prose and once enco(raged )e to redraft a chapter of "an for /imself; he tho(ght )y version perhaps i)proved, )ore n(anced, (t characteristically decided to *rite Jfor hi)self.J +f one recalls that )y parents *ere %rancophile and +talophile in c(lt(re and 1nglophile in )anner, then )y interest in conte)porary :er)anHthat is, 4ei)arHc(lt(re *as a *ay of finding )y o*n direction as distinct fro) theirsHa direction facilitated not only y %riedrich and %ro)) (t also y the )any

ref(gees + )et thro(gh oth those )en and thro(gh )y o*n concerns.S11T

5IV
Beco)ing a professor in a la* school is not the sa)e thing as eco)ing a professor in an acade)ic discipline.S1$T Co)peting directly *ith the profession, la* schools pay higher salaries and give instant or virt(al ten(re to attract and retain yo(ng recr(its. ,he la* professors (nder 7 B# 7 *ho) + st(died at 5arvard 9a* 2chool *ere categori@ers of the la*, organi@ing decisions for the p(rposes of teaching and, so)eti)es in proposed (nifor) codes, for the enefit of the profession and the co(ntry. Af co(rse the )a3or la* schools ho(sed researchers .as 5arvard did 2heldon and =leanor :l(eck to st(dy 3(venile cri)e0 and a handf(l of scholars *ho ta(ght legal history, 3(rispr(dence, and so)eti)es 'o)an la* or conte)porary foreign la*. 1t B(ffalo, in contrast *ith s(ch recondite *ork, + ta(ght a third?year se)inar on the ordinances of the city of B(ffalo. 1nd + did *hat la* professors do, *hich is to Jkeep (pJ *ith develop)ents in the la* y reading the advance sheets, that is, ski))ing thro(gh recent decisions in the areas of )y teaching or research. B(t this harvest *as not no(rishing to )e (nless + *as on the trail of a specific topic, s(ch as the st(dies of defa)ation in co)parative perspective to *hich + *ill co)e in a )o)ent. ;onla*yers often have read the opinions of so)e of the virt(osos of literat(re and the la*, s(ch as Aliver 4endell 5ol)es, Cr., Ben3a)in Cardo@o, 9earned 5and, or 9o(is Brandeis. B(t )ost 3(dges are 3o(rney)en *ho cri fro) the riefs of co(nsel, do not e)ploy an ann(al crop of 5arvard, Col() ia, Michigan, or <ale clerks, and provide the case )aterials y *hich the professors in the )a3or national la* schools, *ho are righter and etter ed(cated, can develop their not al*ays endearing classroo) sharpness. +n co)parison *ith the e8cite)ent + fo(nd in reading +emocracy in America or The $rotestant %thic an the Spirit of )apitalism! the reg(lar gr(el of the la* appeared thin. + co(ld teach it in a s(fficiently evocative *ay to relatively (nsophisticated st(dents *ho had to face the ar e8a)ination and the practice of la*. + shared )any interests *ith )y B(ffalo 9a* 2chool colleag(es. B(t + differed fro) the) and fro) the other la* professors + ca)e to kno* in several significant respects. + have )entioned )y elief that the %ifth 1)end)ent *as a har)f(l archais). .+ had a si)ilar vie* of several others.0 + *as opposed to the (se of the %irst 1)end)ent in *hat + tho(ght to e a vigilante *ay to oppose aid to parochial and other ch(rch?related schools. 1ltho(gh + cared a o(t intellect(al freedo) .as )y later *ritings attest0, that did not )ake )e an a(to)atic s(pporter of the agenda of the 1)erican Civil 9i erties Union. Mark 5o*e *as offended y )y skepticis) and, as a stoic, disapproved of )y psychoanalysis. My colleag(es and )any other la* professors fo(nd their involve)ent in ;e* &eal refor)s and the corresponding legal G(estions re3(venating, (t neither for pedagogic nor research p(rposes did + see s(periority in the ne* s( 3ects. + p( lished an article, J:overn)ent 7 B6 7 2ervice and the 1)erican Constit(tion,J that developed so)e of the *ork + had done *ith %riedrich. S1!T + *rote another article on a topic still ger)aneHthe G(estion of legislative restriction on the freedo) of 1)ericans to travel a road and fight in foreign ar)ies, as so)e 1)ericans *ere doing at that ti)e in s(pport of the 9oyalists in 2pain.S1BT + *rote essay revie*s of ooks s(ch as Atto >irchhei)erDs $unishment an Social Structure and =d*in Mi)sDs off eat "a4ority of the $eople . 1fter the intense *ork of learning to teach three co(rses, + cast a o(t for a research topic that )ight

relate )y interests in p( lic opinion to the la*. &efa)ation, tho(gh in all co(ntries a tort or civil *rong and in so)e still considered a cri)e, *as not a )a3or interest of professors of torts. 4hat + *anted to (nderstand in co)parative perspective *as the)es in the scattered 1)erican case la* concerning defa)ation, that is, li el .*ritten0 and slander .oral0. ,he cases and co))ents on the) indicated that in the United 2tates not only politicians (t also ordinary folk *ere s(pposed to e a le to take it and, if need e, dish it o(t. 2(ccessf(l li el s(its *ere (nco))on. By contrast, in =ngland, 1(stria, 1rgentina, and else*here slander and li el *ere dee)ed e8tre)ely serio(s in oth cri)inal and civil proceedings. 4hat did all this i)ply concerning 1)erican p( lic opinion and attit(des to*ard individ(al privacy, p( licity, and the pressK +n an earlier day in o(r history did different attit(des prevail, *hen so)eone )ight iss(e a challenge to a d(elHat least against a social eG(al, perhaps especially in the 2o(thHin response to regarding hi)self as having een defa)edK 1long *ith %riedrich + had done so)e *ork for the Co(ncil for &e)ocracy, a gro(p co) ating fascist tendencies in the United 2tates and 5itler and M(ssolini a road. + *ondered *hether the Ce*s, as a defa)ed gro(p, )ight ring s(its for li el, and + o served the (se of li el s(its y fascists to inti)idate their critics in the pressH)(ch as 1riel 2haron, the for)er +sraeli defense )inister, recently atte)pted to do vis?M?vis Time )aga@ine, and :eneral 4illia) 4est)oreland, no fascist (t s(pported y the radical right, vis?M?vis CB2. + recr(ited one of the ref(gee la*yers + had )et, 9(cie >rassa, as a research assistant and e) arked on a co)parative st(dy event(ally p( lished in 19B$ as J&e)ocracy and &efa)ation.JS1FT +n that *ork, and in a long essay, JCivil 9i erties in a Period of ,ransition,J + )ade (se of cases as a social historian *o(ld, as cl(es to the te)per of a co(ntry, region, or epoch. An the asis of s(ch partially e)pirical gro(nding, + *as prepared to spec(late concerning the p( lic policy that )ight per)it freedo) of opinion *hile e8ploring ho* the inti)idation 7 B9 7 of opinion thro(gh defa)ation, as *ell as s(its for defa)ation, )ight e prevented. + did not then, and do not no*, elieve that + fo(nd a Jsol(tionJ to these again ve8ing pro le)s, (t at least + did not approach the) on the asis of flat 1)erican conte)poraneity.S1"T 1)ong the la* professors + kne*, there *as intense foc(s on the 2(pre)e Co(rt as it egan to (phold, rather than interdict, ;e* &eal legislation. ,he social?psychological and cross?c(lt(ral the)es that interested )e rarely had i))ediate foc(s in p( lic policy thro(gh la*. 1 handf(l of la* professors, s(ch as 4illard 5(rst, *ho ta(ght legal history at the University of 4isconsin, and a cl(ster of the lively )en at Col() ia 9a* 2chool co(ld respond to )y interest in the significance of defa)ation in an a)ia ly tolerant *ay )ore characteristic of colleag(eship a)ong la* professors than of that a)ong co)para ly a) itio(s fac(lty )e) ers in arts and sciences. ,he people fro) *ho) + *as learning, ho*ever, *ere pri)arily not in the la* (t in the social sciences. 'o ert and 5elen 9yndDs "i letown had attracted )e d(ring )y st(dent days, and + *as delighted to )eet the) in ;e* <ork and to egin to e8change ideas *ith the). + think it *as thro(gh the) that + )et Pa(l 9a@arsfeld and then Marie Cahoda. + also )et %ran@ ;e()ann, a ref(gee political scientist and analyst of ;a@is). +n 19B0 + applied for a :(ggenhei) %ello*ship to devote f(ll ti)e to this research- (t + chose instead to accept a visiting fello*ship for 19B1/B$ at Col() ia 9a* 2chool, *hich provided an office and potential (niversity*ide colleag(eship. ;e* <ork also had the advantage of allo*ing )ore freG(ent analytic *ork and intellect(al co)panionship *ith =rich %ro)). Af the people =velyn and + )et in ;e* <ork, 9ionel and &iana ,rilling *ere partic(larly i)portant. Many of their interests overlapped *ith o(rs. ,hey introd(ced (s to their circles at Col() ia and to editors and *riters for $artisan &eview . 4e )et other *riters, artists, and intellect(als thro(gh

&orothy ;or)an, fo(nder and coeditor of Twice a 6ear! a 3o(rnal devoted to the arts and civil li erties *here an article of =velynDs had een p( lished. 4e )et 2elden 'od)an, *ith *ho) + played tennis, )ostly (ns(ccessf(lly- he edited the irreverent 3o(rnal )ommon Sense! *hich s(pported the isolationists .as did )y co(sin %red 'odell, one of the 9egal 'ealists at <ale0, fearing that 1)ericaDs involve)ent in the *ar )ight irretrieva ly destroy the co(ntryDs li erties. 2o)e of )y colleag(es at Col() ia 9a* 2chool .>arl 9le*ellyn, 5er ert 4echsler, Pa(l 5ays, and 4alter :ellhorn0 had road intellect(al and c(lt(ral interests in and eyond the la*. + )et '(th Benedict 7 F0 7 and 3oined the ever?e8panding circles aro(nd Margaret Mead.S1#T %ro)) and 5elen 9ynd *ere teaching at 2arah 9a*rence, *here a n() er of J;e* <ork intellect(alsJ ta(ght part?ti)e. %riedrich had co(nseled )e to p(rs(e a Ph.&. in govern)ent. ,he financial constraints of a *ife and three children aside, + never ca)e to the point of serio(sly considering the idea. Moreover, as + got )ore deeply i))ersed in sociological G(estions and preferred to start *ith e)pirical data, the concerns *ith political theory of %riedrich and his disciples egan to see) a it a stract to )e. +n other *ords, + *as in search of a )ode of *ork )ore e)piricalHethnographic, evenHthan govern)ent as it *as then eing ta(ght co(ld provide. +f 'o ert and 5elen 9ynd had given )e an opport(nity to take part in a co))(nity st(dy, + think + *o(ld have *elco)ed the chance. +nnovative la* deans at the University of 4isconsin, Ahio 2tate University, and the University of Aregon offered )e 3oint positions in la* and political science. 5o*ever, since )y pri)ary ase *o(ld still have een in a la* school *hile coping *ith a ne* intellect(al challenge, + hesitated to co))it )yself and *as inclined to ret(rn to B(ffalo. 2oon, *ith 1)erican entry into the *ar, the B(ffalo 9a* 2chool prepared to close, and the G(estion of ret(rning there *as rendered )oot. + tho(ght it likely that despite having three children, + *o(ld have to enter )ilitary service. .+ also had so)e inclination to do so, and (ns(ccessf(lly so(ght co))issions, kno*ing eno(gh fro) others to fear the ordeals of asic training.0S16T ,hen y chance a 5arvard 9a* 2chool friend and class)ate, 4hit)an >napp, offered )e a position as dep(ty assistant district attorney of ;e* <ork Co(nty, *orking in the 1ppeals B(rea( (nder 2tanley %(ld, legendary for his er(dition and his scr(p(lo(sness. +t see)ed like an interesting te)porary 3o at that (nsettling ti)e, and *ishing to re)ain in ;e* <ork, + took it.

5V
My *ork *as to read the records and *rite the riefs on appeal. ,ho)as &e*ey had een the district attorney and had prosec(ted a n() er of racketeers on evidence gained fro) *iretapping. 1 fe* *ere convicted, and + *as one of a gro(p *riting the appellate riefs in an effort to s(stain the convictions. ,he trial la*yers for the defense in cri)inal cases *ere )ostly histrionic, o 3ecting to practically everything presented y the prosec(tor and then seeking to find fla*s for appeal. ,he e8travagantly per)issive state lo*er?co(rt 3(dges allo*ed the de? 7 F1 7 fense to try to ro* eat often rel(ctant prosec(tion *itnesses and ehave in *ays that *o(ld e considered (nprofessional in federal co(rt. By a tacit agree)ent et*een party osses and the ar associations, the elected 3(dges, incl(ding those holding l(crative pro ate 3(dgeships, *ere slotted in the lo*er co(rts on the asis of patronage, *hereas the Co(rt of 1ppeal, the co(rt of last resort in ;e* <ork 2tate, tho(gh also elected, *as allo*ed to eco)e respecta le and even disting(ished- it had een

Ben3a)in Cardo@oDs ase and later *as %(ldDs. ,he latter *as a perfectionist and insisted that *e overprepare o(r riefs, no do( t oring the 3(dgesD clerks *ho had to read the) since if a case fro) ;e* Uealand *as in any *ay apposite, *e *o(ld e s(re to cite itNS19T ,he e8perience gave )e a sense of the appeal of 4all 2treet and other )etropolitan la* fir)s *hose predo)inantly corporate clients can afford .and are so)eti)es constrained y0 the )ost caref(lly researched advice that ho(rly illing can (y.

5VI
+ co(ld have stayed in the 1ppeals B(rea(, (t after a fe* )onths + had pretty *ell e8ha(sted the variety of cases and had )any ti)es rehearsed *ork not terri ly different fro) that of the la* revie* or clerkship in doing )etic(lo(s research and then *riting a rief. 4hen the United 2tates entered the *ar, %riedrich (ndertook to direct the Civil 1ffairs 2chool at 5arvard to train ad)inistrators for a f(t(re occ(pation of :er)any- no one do( ted that the ;a@is *o(ld in d(e co(rse e defeated. %riedrich asked )e to take part, (t + declined. My kno*ledge of :er)any *as sli), and + G(estioned )y co)petence to e of help in s(ch a school. 1s an alternative, + had the idea of seeking a co))ission in so)e ranch of the ar)ed forces *here + )ight learn so)ething a o(t (siness. ,he services t(rned do*n )y application since + lacked (siness e8perience, and plenty of la*yers *ere already availa le. Casting a o(t for opport(nities, + *as introd(ced y a friend to Ca)es 4e , treas(rer of the 2perry :ryoscope Co)pany .later head of the ;ational 1erona(tics and 2pace 1d)inistration0, *ho asked )e to eco)e his assistant. 5e *anted to assign )e to la or relations, (t + pointed o(t that as a professor + *o(ld e regarded as friendly to la or and *o(ld hence possi ly e given (nd(e tr(st y the United 1(to 4orkers local. + preferred to *ork on pro le)s not directly involving personnel. My e8pectation *as that *ith so)e e8perience at 2perry, if + then *ere drafted, + 7 F$ 7 co(ld sec(re a co))ission *here + *o(ld hope to e (sef(l and also to learn so)ething a o(t organi@ational and (siness pro le)s. 2ince + *as not drafted (t ended (p as contract ter)ination director after 4e left .to eco)e a co) at flier0, + act(ally fo(nd )yself dealing directly *ith the )ilitary for t*o and a half intense years. 2perry *as a s)all engineering fir) of one tho(sand e)ployees that had e8ploded to thirty?three tho(sand as a *ar contractor. ,he senior officers of the operating co)pany *ere pri)arily engineers, patriotic and of high integrity. B(t *ith the enor)o(s e8pansion )(ch *as o(t of their control. 2loppiness and *aste occ(rred in the )an(fact(ring process. =8tra)(rally + confronted the fa)iliar story of interservice rivalry. +ntra)(rally so)e of )y o*n effort *as spent )aking clear to 3(nior )anagers and *orkers on the shop floor .*ho tho(ght that they *ere protecting 2perry against its naive and idealistic top officials0 that the co)pany co(ld only lose, in rep(tation as *ell as thro(gh negotiation of profits later if )aterials *ere seG(estered .this *as not done for private gain0 or contracts ter)inated *ith )ore than the considera le delays + had already e8plained to the )ilitary.S$0T + fo(nd several capa le people .chief a)ong the) =li@a eth >lintr(p, a rilliant la*yer trained at the University of 4isconsin0 to help )e )ake the G(ick 3(dg)ents on the asis of li)ited infor)ation that the tasks reG(ired. ,he deficit of co)petent people, and changes in proc(re)ent as e)phasis shifted fro) the =(ropean to the Pacific theater, added to )y responsi ilities.S$1T + had to learn )y *ay si)(ltaneo(sly a)ong the )ilitary services .*here + ran into the )ost diffic(lty *ith the shore ;avy0 and a)ong the prod(ction control people and acco(ntants in the co)panyDs

Brooklyn and 9ong +sland plants- + had no direct dealings *ith the h(ndreds of s( contractors *hose contracts had to e canceled *hen 2perryDs pri)e contracts *ere ter)inated. + *orked hard (nder great press(re, *ith a kind of st( orn rationality. ;egotiating a )od(s vivendi for settling 2perryDs clai)s to recover for canceled contracts raised strategic and practical G(estions (t not ones of intellect(al s( stance- hence it s(rprised )e that + *as so intensely involved. +t *as, as + *o(ld re)ind )yself, pri)arily only )oney .and occasionally )atIriel0 that *as involved, not peopleDs fatesHand the )oney itself, as already )entioned, *as not 2perryDs to keep (t *as s( 3ect to renegotiation. 2o)eti)es an8io(s, so)eti)es e8hilarated, and often oth at once, + persevered in a *ay that + regarded as responsi le oth to the co)pany and, in a )icrocos), to the rational cond(ct of the *ar. + had co)e to vie* the *ar as necessary, tho(gh after )any hesita? 7 F! 7 tions and *itho(t elieving .like the interventionists0 that the end of the *ar *o(ld e *holly enign or .like )y friends a)ong the isolationists0 that 1)erica *o(ld eco)e fascist. +n ter)s of the *ay the *ar *as fo(ght, )y sy)pathies *ere *ith positions &*ight Macdonald took in $olitics: + opposed the )ass air raids on :er)an and Capanese cities, *hich 2perryDs prod(cts *ere helping )ake less inacc(rate. 1t the ti)e and since, + regarded the dropping of the ato)ic o) on 5iroshi)a and, far )ore, on ;agasaki as the (se of )eans *holly disproportionate, certainly vis?M?vis Capan, *hich co(ld not directly threaten the United 2tates. Moreover, + elieved that the de)and for Unconditional 2(rrender *as *rong in principle and prag)atically, )aking it diffic(lt for the e)peror .al*ays threatened y )ilitary fanatics0 to negotiate a s(rrender that *o(ld keep hi) in place.S$$T

5VII
4ith the *ar clearly ending, + had to consider *hat + *o(ld do ne8t. +n 19BF 5elen 9ynd and =sther 'a(schen (sh, t*o pro)inent leaders of 2arah 9a*rence College, asked )e if + *o(ld consider eco)ing its president. 2hortly thereafter, the then president of 'eed College approached )e *ith a si)ilar proposal. My interest in *o)enDs colleges, eginning, of co(rse, *ith Bryn Ma*r, had co) ined *ith an interest in ed(cational innovation and led )e to visit Bennington College *hile + *as at 5arvard- hence the attraction of the offer fro) 2arah 9a*rence. + had great respect for a fe* coed(cational colleges, nota ly for 'eed. + have noted )y ad)iration for presidents *hose approach *as e8peri)entalHfor %rank 1ydelotte of 2*arth)ore College, and for *hat President 9o*ell *as seeking *ith the 5o(se Plan and other refor)s at 5arvard College. 1cade)ic ad)inistration is, ho*ever, still ad)inistration, and + had learned at 2perry that it did not f(lly engage )e. More i)portant, + recogni@ed that + lacked so)e of the G(alities + kne* to e essential in a college president. S$!T 1cade)ic ad)inistration *o(ld de)and of )e tireless energy al)ost certainly *itho(t the s())er respites in Eer)ont *orking on o(r dairy far). Moreover, + lack the eG(a le, sang(ine te)per that an ad)inistrator, and especially a college president, needs. + can rarely ass(age irritation and i)patience *ith *it and good h()or.S$BT + co(ld not i)agine ass()ing the responsi ility of leadership in the se)iparticipatory )ilie( of an e8peri)ental college, so + declined these possi ilities. ,here *as so)e talk that + )ight e invited to 3oin the <ale 9a* 7 FB 7 2chool fac(lty. B(t y this ti)e + *as thoro(ghly converted a*ay fro) an engage)ent *ith the la* that *as never *holehearted. 4hat + )ost *anted *as colleag(eshipHcolleag(eship in teaching in a

setting *here + co(ld ed(cate )yself )ore f(lly in the social sciences and, if possi le, colleag(eship in researchHso)ething the individ(alis) of la* school professors, co)para le to that of professors in the h()anities, did not provide. 1t this point + had re)arka ly good fort(ne. + had gathered so)e of )y *ork on p( lic opinion and civil li erties together in a )onograph, JCivil 9i erties in a Period of ,ransition,J *hich + had contri (ted to an ann(al series edited y %riedrich and =d*ard Mason and *hich *as also availa le independently.S$FT +n the third?year social?science co(rse in the College of the University of Chicago =d*ard 2hils had gotten the staff to assign )y essay. 4hen he discovered that the a(thor *as still alive, (nlike those of the social?science classics read in the co(rse, he *ent to the ad)inistration of the College and proposed that + e recr(ited to the staff. 'e( en %rodin, assistant dean of the College, had een editor in chief of the *niversity of )hicago Law &eview and had edited an article of )ine in that capacity- he lent his s(pport to 2hils. + *ent o(t to the (niversity to )eet 2hils and the other )e) ers of the staff of the co(rse. + eagerly accepted the invitation to co)e as visiting assistant professor, confident that this opport(nity *as right and, had + tho(ght it possi le, the one + *o(ld have looked for. + arrived in Can(ary 19B", alone, since no ho(sing for )y fa)ily *as availa le .o(r far) in Eer)ont ca)e in handy as a ase d(ring ti)es of relocation0. +n )y first several )onths e)ergency reg(lations forced hotel tenants to find a different location every five days or so- this an8iety of *here + *o(ld spend the night added to all )y pedagogical ones.S$"T 1ltho(gh + had spent the previo(s s())er i))ersed in )y o*n crash co(rse in sociology, eginning, as + recall *ith Co)te and then so)e &(rkhei), + had inadeG(ate preparation for the co(rse in *hich + *o(ld e teaching. + had t*o different reading lists to )aster si)(ltaneo(sly, one for the co(rse that had eg(n reg(larly in the fall ter), and another for an accelerated co(rse for veterans *ho arrived on ca)p(s *hen + did, in the *inter. 2hils *as *elco)ing as a sponsor and learned as a )entor. 2o in a different *ay *as Milton 2inger, *ho had a Ph.&. in philosophy and *as eginning to reed(cate hi)self as an anthropologist. A(r staff and o(r coverage incl(ded political science and history. Ane )e) er, :erhard Meyer, a :er)an ref(gee, *as steeped in 4e er and :er)an philosophical tho(ght. %a)iliar *ith psychoanalysis, 2inger shared an 7 FF 7 interest in Jc(lt(re and personality.JS$#T =cono)ics *as represented on the staff y 1 ra) 5arris, *ith so)e reading and lect(res fro) %rank >night- econo)ic history *as the province of 2ylvia ,hr(pp. 4e )et reg(larly for disc(ssion of readings and assign)ents of the t*o lect(res a *eek, *hich *e took t(rns delivering, and *ere responsi le for the separate sections, ranging fro) ten to thirty?five st(dents *ith *ho) *e disc(ssed readings t*ice *eekly. ,he three?co(rse social?science seG(ence at Chicago see)ed to )e e8travagantly a) itio(s then, and even )ore so in retrospect. 4hile e8peri)ental psychology lay at the o(ndary *ith the nat(ral sciences, Piaget and psychoanalysis, and especially its c(lt(ral fo(ndations and i)pact, *ere on the social science side- + gave fo(r s(ccessive lect(res on %re(d in his c(lt(ral conte8t.S$6T + learned a great deal fro) lect(res given in t(rn y )y colleag(es. + fo(nd pleas(re in teaching (ndergrad(ates in the collegeDs reG(ired c(rric(l(), for every st(dent *as reading the sa)e ooks, attending the sa)e lect(res, and eco)ing engaged, if erratically and so)eti)es even over@ealo(sly, *ith a c(rric(l() that invited efforts at coherence.S$9T + soon egan to a(dit the grad(ate co(rses of =verett C. 5(ghes, *ho personally as *ell as professionally eca)e )y closest colleag(e.S!0T + profited partic(larly fro) 5(ghesDs co(rse on field )ethods. 9loyd 4arner, *hose *ork + had kno*n and ad)ired earlier, *as a )e) er of the 2ociology &epart)ent also, and *e *ere soon involved in disc(ssions concerning ne* directions in co))(nity st(dies. 5aving co)e *ith an interest in p( lic opinion, + *as gratef(l for the

presence of the ;ational Apinion 'esearch Center and its director, Clyde 5art.S!1T 1t Chicago, )ore than any*here else, there *as great overlap of intellect(al and acade)ic interests, no(rished y the fact that the (niversity is relatively s)all, not only in co)parison *ith the )a3or state (niversity ca)p(ses, (t also *ith its e)inent private =ast Coast co)petitors or 2tanford. Moreover, at that ti)e virt(ally everyone on the fac(lty lived in the 5yde Park and 4oodla*n areas, *ithin easy *alking and icycling distance fro) the (niversity. 2ty)ied fro) infl(encing the acade)ic depart)ents in the grad(ate school, 'o ert Maynard 5(tchins, the (niversityDs )averick president, enco(raged the creation of interdisciplinary co))ittees in social tho(ght, h()an develop)ent, co))(nications, and planningH the latter t*o short?lived- and the )ilie( allo*ed for relatively fl(id gro(ping and regro(ping a)ong sang(ine, energetic scholars.S!$T M(ch of the social?science progra) in the College consisted of *hat 7 F" 7 had een defined as :reat Books and hence *as co)pati le *ith 5(tchinsDs distaste for *hat he regarded as )erely e)pirical and transient. <et the third?year social?science co(rse, d( ed for short 2oc !, as *ell as the first? and second?year co(rses .2oc 1 and 2oc $0, differed fro) a si)ilar integrated progra) at 2t. CohnDs College, 1nnapolis, Maryland, in incl(ding conte)porary social, political, and 3(ridical pro le)sHother*ise, so)ething as conte)porary as )y essay JCivil 9i erties in a Period of ,ransitionJ co(ld not have een )ade a reG(ired reading.S!!T My o*n attit(de to*ard 5(tchins *as one of ad)iration tinct(red *ith a) ivalence. + elieved then, and still elieve, that he added greatly to the diversity and potential intensity of 1)erican higher ed(cation. ChicagoDs *illingness to recr(it st(dents after the tenth and eleventh grades of high school still see)s to )e *orth p(rs(ing, *hile recogni@ing its ha@ards.S!BT + ad)ired the effort of the College (nder 5(tchins to gro(p disciplines into )ore co)prehensive divisions and the ref(sal to allo* st(dent cons()eris) to dictate the c(rric(l().S!FT ConseG(ently, + s(pported 5(tchins against his acade)ic ene)ies in the grad(ate divisions and his political ene)ies else*here. 5is characteristic arrogance of the right la*yer, co(pled *ith *it and char), )ade hi) an effective de ater. Ane arg()ent *here he carried the day *as a case of overreachingHhis insistence that the College progra) e self?s(fficient and sealed off fro) electives in the grad(ate divisions. 4hen + ca)e to the College, st(dents had the option of taking t*o co(rses in one or another of the grad(ate divisions, *hich therefore retained the hope that they )ight acG(ire Ph.&. candidates *ho had eco)e attached to a partic(lar specialty as (ndergrad(ates. +n his grand )anner 5(tchins despised specialists. 4hen he, along *ith those + ca)e to refer to as the JCollege patriots,J added co(rses in history and philosophy to the College c(rric(l(), th(s closing off apert(res for electives, + opposed the decision as a )istakeHas indeed it t(rned o(t to e since the li)ited capital of good*ill the College had a)ong the grad(ate divisions pretty )(ch evaporated at this point. + also elieved that st(dents sho(ld e e8posed to specialists as *ell as generalists as part of their general ed(cationHa 3(dg)ent that 5(tchins and his devotees easily dis)issed. 1nother iss(e *here *e differed concerned )y *ish to increase the proportion of e)pirical *ork in the seG(ence in the social sciences. 5(tchins considered s(ch *ork trivial and ephe)eral. 2oc $, tho(gh also dra*ing on the classics .%re(d, &(rkhei), Ee len, Mar8, and ,ocG(eville0, incl(ded )aterials *ith so)e e)pirical s( stance, for e8? 7 F# 7 a)ple, PiagetDs "oral 2u gment of the )hil and :(nnar MyrdalDs then recent American +ilemma. + decided to shift fro) 2oc ! to 2oc $ and pers(aded Milton 2inger and :erhart Meyer to )ake the )ove

along *ith )e. Milton 2inger *as cr(cial in accepting the leadership of the e8panded staff of 2oc $ and in retaining the readth of intellect(al hori@ons that infor)ed the develop)ent of the co(rse. Milton 2inger eca)e the chair)an of 2oc $ in 19B"/B# and assigned to )e the task of revising the co(rse in cooperation *ith the other people teaching in it.S!"T 1)ong the), one of the )ost i)portant, *ho left his )ark on 2oc $, *as &aniel Bell. Eersed in the *ork of the great =(ropean theoristsH Mar8, %re(d, 4e er, and &(rkhei)Hhe also s(pported )y effort to incl(de (nprocessed data that st(dents and their )entors co(ld interpret .for e8a)ple, (nprocessed field notes fro) co))(nity st(dies, or life histories, or the intervie*s gathered in a p( lic?opinion s(rvey0. 'o ert 'edfield, thoro(ghly interdisciplinary in spirit, eca)e a part?ti)e lect(rer in the co(rse. Both 2oc $ and 2oc ! differed fro) 2oc 1 and other College co(rses in the alance et*een disc(ssion sections and for)al lect(res in Mandel 5all to the entire class. 2o)e co(rses had three section )eetings and one lect(re a *eek. + fo(nd the section )eetings so intense that t*o a *eek see)ed 3(st a o(t right. 1nd the n() er of lect(res *e had )ade it possi le for specialists on the staff to e8hi it their er(dition to their colleag(es as *ell as to st(dents- if they so)eti)es spoke over the heads of )any st(dents, then the section leaders co(ld help interpret *hat *as said in later section )eetings.S!#T ,he Chicago G(arter syste) had advantages for fac(lty )e) ers. ,here *as al*ays a certain st(dent attrition y the *inter G(arter, so that it *as possi le to teach .and do oneDs stint of lect(res0 d(ring the fall G(arter and take the *inter and spring G(arters off *itho(t i)posing an e8cessive (rden on the staff. Correspondingly, after teaching in the fall G(arter in 19B", + *as granted the ne8t t*o G(arters off to *ork on developing 2oc $ into *hat already e8isted of a co(rse that *o(ld e ter)ed JC(lt(re and Personality,J altho(gh still (nder the r( ric J2oc $.JS!6T ,he reading, cons(ltation, and disc(ssion involved in la(nching the revised 2oc $ gave )e a splendid opport(nity for learning as a teacher so)e of the things + *o(ld have learned had + een a grad(ate st(dent in sociology at the University of Chicago at a ti)e *hen the line et*een sociology and anthropology .(nited at the grad(ate level (ntil the 19B0s0 *as not sharply dra*n. 7 F6 7

5VIII
,he intense de)ands of learning and teaching, of c(rric(l() develop)ent and negotiation, of staff recr(it)ent, and of service on the interdisciplinary co))ittees all prevented )e fro) e) arking on research of )y o*n. By the nat(re of the interdisciplinary c(rric(l() in the College, only a part of )y research interests and disciplinary ties co(ld e e) raced e8cept y accident or at the periphery. %or e8a)ple, )y interest in s(rvey research and in the s(rvey intervie* co(ld only e ro(ght vicario(sly into the classroo). +n )y fe* spare )o)ents + *rote several articles that *ere e8tended essay revie*s or dra*n fro) addresses + *as invited to )ake. Anly in occasional *ork *ith doctoral st(dents *ho had research interests congr(ent *ith )ine *as + a le to co) ine research interests *ith )y co))it)ent to teaching. + do not recall *hen + )et 5arold &. 9ass*ell, (t + kno* + read his *ork *ith e8cite)ent long efore going to Chicago- he *as the principal 1)erican? orn political scientist *ho in the 19$0s *as (sing a psychoanalytic approach to politics. + *ent to hear hi) lect(re in do*nto*n Chicago so)e )onths after )y arrival, and *hen the lect(re *as over, he s(ggested that *e go across Michigan 1ven(e to the 1rt +nstit(te. ,here he proceeded to delight )e y his detailed and discri)inating kno*ledge of painting. +n person, )ore than in print, he *as fascinating.S!9T 9ass*ell *as then a professor at <ale 9a* 2chool. +n 19B# the interdisciplinary Co))ittee on ;ational Policy at <ale, co)posed a)ong

others of 9ass*ell and his la* school colleag(e =(gene E. 'osto* .*ho) + had )et *hen + *as a la* professor as *ell as at their s())er place not far fro) (s in Eer)ont0 invited )e to co)e to <ale to do research on so)e aspect of national policy. ,here *as no definite assign)ent of *hat + *as to investigate, (t previo(s *ork had een in econo)ics, and there *as so)e talk that + *o(ld foc(s on p( lic opinion and )ass co))(nications. B(t + *as to e free to proceed as + likedHan a*eso)e prospect, (t one + sa* as an opport(nity. 5o*ever, )ore i))ediately tro( ling *as *hether + co(ld sei@e this occasion *hen + co(ld give Chicago little advance notice. + did not have ten(re and *as *arned that a reG(est for leave *o(ld )ake )e see) flighty, even disloyal to 5(tchinsDs ai)s. B(t *hen + )ade clear that + *o(ld teach the fall G(arter, and do so for t*o s(ccessive years, the arrange)ent *ent thro(gh *ith the s(pport of Milton 2inger and &ean %. Cha)pion 4ard. +n his essay in this vol()e ;athan :la@er gives at once an ac(te and 7 F9 7 genero(s acco(nt of o(r colla oration on *hat eca)e The Lonely )row and 0aces in the )row . + had not )et :la@er (t had een reading his J2t(dy of ManJ col()ns in )ommentary! *ith their cogent analysis of sociological *ork. + kne* he had a connection of so)e sort *ith the Col() ia B(rea( of 1pplied 2ocial 'esearch, and having ad)ired its director, Pa(l 9a@arsfeld, since his days r(nning the Affice of 'adio 'esearch in ;e*ark and then Princeton, that *as a connection fro) *hich + tho(ght + co(ld learn. 4hen + asked :la@er to 3oin )e in this research pro3ect, at first he *as in do( t, (t in the end he agreed to co)e part?ti)e- :la@erDs part?ti)e, ho*ever, is *orth )ore than ti)e?and?a?half for )ost peopleN 4e egan y e8a)ining intervie*s concerning political iss(es at the eastern office of the ;ational Apinion 'esearch Center. 4e *ere str(ck y the opinion?proneness of the respondents: that there *ere so fe* responses of JdonDt kno*J and that so )any people had opinions on )atters G(ite re)ote fro) the) and often o(tside the or it of even vicario(s e8perience. 1)ericans appeared to feel entitled to have opinions and al)ost e) arrassed not to have any. My o*n contin(ing sense of the fragility of a de)ocratic society helped lead :la@er and )e to look at political apathy, incl(ding nonvoting, as not necessarily a ad thing- on the contrary, a *holly civic, )o ili@ed pop(lation, e8pressing itself y referenda and si)ilar direct )eas(res, can e a risky depart(re fro) representative govern)ent. :la@er had een *orking on the intervie*s done for C. 4right Mills that later *ent into White )ollar! and *e st(died those intervie*s and )ade ro(gh efforts to code the) according to a dichoto)y *e first ter)ed conscience irecte and other irecte .SB0T ,hen *e started to do intervie*s o(rselves, orro*ing *hat *e tho(ght )ight e pro3ective G(estions here and there, adding o(r o*n, and then *orking painstakingly to interpret the ans*ers as a gestalt in the )ode ill(strated in 0aces in the )row . 'e(el &enney contri (ted )aterials on pop(lar c(lt(re. ,he effort to (nderstand social character dre* especially on the %ro))?2chachtel st(dy of :er)an *orkers. :la@er and + oth profited fro) a se)inar the <ale anthropologists *ere cond(cting to see *hether or not c(lt(re and personality theorists, s(ch as 'alph 9inton, *ho chaired the se)inar, and =rich %ro)), *ho ca)e (p fro) ;e* <ork to participate, co(ld interpret a c(lt(re on the asis of ethnographic acco(nts of the ,r(k +slands presented pri)arily y :eorge M(rdock and 4ard :oodeno(gh. 'osto* and 9ass*ell arranged for )e to have a pleasant office on the 7 "0 7 top floor of the <ale 9a* 2chool (ilding, (t + had virt(ally no contact *ith the school. ,he <ale

co))ittee that sponsored the *ork kept pressing )e to )ake a report on it to <aleDs social scientists, (t kno*ing the tentativeness of o(r ideas, + *as rel(ctant to do so. + recall that )y a(dience, *hen + finally had to present )aterial, *as generally critical, *ith the econo)ist Ma8 Millikan eing rather harshHhe had een, and re)ained after*ard, personally friendly. =cono)ists (nderstanda ly dis)issed o(r ideas as lacking in scientific rigor and pro ative val(e- so)e sociologists said *e *ere si)ply translating into ne* ter)inology fa)iliar concepts of ge)einschaft and gesellschaft. More derisively and i)posingly, Coseph 2ch()peter, *ho) + greatly ad)ired, ridic(led )y notions *hen + spoke at 5arvard, declaring that + *as trying to p(ll a heavy historical load *ith an o8cart. +n the &epart)ent of 2ocial 'elations, M. Bre*ster 2)ith, Clyde >l(ckhohn, and ,alcott Parsons *ere interested and s(pportive. My rather li)ited <ale colleag(eship ca)e fro) Cohn &ollard and other psychologists *ith anthropological connections and interests, fro) political scientists, and fro) historiansH<ale at that ti)e had no sociologists to speak of. +n the second preface to The Lonely )row ! *ritten in 19"6/"9 for the <ale paper ack edition, + )ake clear ho* spec(lative and tentative an essay the *ork *as intended to e. %riedrich had read it in )an(script and said that it *as a diffic(lt ook, *hich he *o(ld (se *ith grad(ate st(dents, (t it *as too s( tle to assign to (ndergrad(ates. 4e never anticipated the kinds of adolescent sophistication that *o(ld lead )any to read the ook *hile in high school. Moreover, since the the)es of the ook *ere confined to certain sectors of 1)erican life, *e did not anticipate the follo*ing it contin(es to have. 1ltho(gh attacks on )e y revie*ers and essayists have never een partic(larly agreea le, attacks on the theses of the ook itself, even *hen astringent, discovered fe* lac(nae that :la@er and + had not already sensed. 4e sa* the ook as a contri (tion to an ongoing disc(ssion shifting a*ay fro) national character to the character of partic(lar strata at a partic(lar periodHa less a) itio(s, (t also perhaps )ore f(gitive, foc(s than the nation as a *hole.

5I5
+n the fall of 19B9 + ret(rned to )y position in the College at the University of Chicago, s(pple)ented y )e) ership on three grad(ate co))ittees. Ane, *hich lasted only a short ti)e, *as the Co))ittee on 7 "1 7 Co))(nications, *hich Bernard Berelson directed. + had already een a participant in the 1)erican 1ssociation for P( lic Apinion 'esearch and a contri (tor to its 3o(rnal, $ublic Opinion <uarterly; *hat + especially en3oyed in 11PA' *as the incl(sion of nonacade)icsH)e) ers of the professional s(rvey organi@ations, on *hose *ork + dre* for (nderstanding and for secondary analysis, and )arket researchers, *ho in )y perhaps too vivid i)agination generally kno* )ore a o(t 1)ericans in o(r J)arket seg)entationJ than do sociologists. + had infor)al ties *ith the Co))ittee on Planning, fro) *hich + had recr(ited Martin Meyerson to teach in the College and then, *ith his *ife Margy Meyerson, one of =verett 5(ghesDs st(dents, to *ork on a s)all co))(nity st(dy in Eer)ont, *hich is riefly reported in 0aces in the )row . %ro) that co))ittee + also recr(ited 2ta(ghton 9ynd, *ho helped )e analy@e the so(rces of ,horstein Ee lenDs econo)ic concepts for a s)all ook + had agreed to *rite on Ee len.SB1T &(ring )y apprenticeship )y )ost i)portant grad(ate involve)ent *as )y )e) ership in the Co))ittee on 5()an &evelop)ent, *hich incl(ded 9loyd 4arner, =verett 5(ghes, 'o ert 5avigh(rst, 1llison &avis, Bernice ;e(garten, and 4illia) 5enry.SB$T Plans *ere ad() rated to find a ne* locale for a co))(nity st(dy, and + proposed that *e look for a )(ch larger co))(nity than the

s)all and provincial +llinois to*n vario(sly kno*n as Conesville and =l)to*nHa co))(nity + defined as )anagea le in that one co(ld gather forty infl(entials in a roo) and they co(ld pretty )(ch decide *hat *as to e done. + recogni@ed that no co))(nity *as typical, not :ranville 5icksDs Js)all to*nJ nor 9loyd 4arnerDs ;e* (ryport .<ankee City, later rest(died y 2tephan ,hernstro)0, nor the 9yndsD Middleto*n .later rest(died y ,heodore Caplo* and associates0. ;evertheless, after + had riefly visited 2pringfield, +llinois, *e concl(ded that *ith its one )ain Jind(stryJ of state govern)ent, it *o(ld not e a good locale, and 'acine, 4isconsin, also *ith a single )a3or ind(stry, did not appear inviting either. 1t that ti)e 5o)er 4ads*orth, then director of the >ansas City, Misso(ri, 1ssociation of ,r(sts and %o(ndations, one of )any organi@ations of pooled local charities, had set (p Co))(nity 2t(dies, +nc., to do social research in >ansas City. 5avigh(rst, 5(ghes, 4arner, and + considered >ansas City and connection *ith Co))(nity 2t(dies as a practica le possi ility. 4ith the aid of the energetic 5o)er 4ads*orth .for)erly a Pitts (rgh social *orker and e8ec(tive and no* for )any years doing si)ilar *ork in Cleveland0 it *as possi le to )eet interested local elites *ho appeared to e the )oving forces of the city.SB!T 7 "$ 7 1fter + ta(ght the fall ter) in Chicago in 19F1, =velyn and + )oved to >ansas City, *here + *as hoping to learn ho* to cond(ct a co))(nity st(dy *ith Martin 9oe and fo(r grad(ate st(dents in sociology .one of the), 4arren Peterson, *as *orking on a dissertation of great interest to )e a o(t >ansas City school teachers0. + *as a resident researcher fro) the s(pervising Co))ittee on 5()an &evelop)ent G(artet, and 9oe *as the director. ,he co))(nity st(dy *as fra)ed aro(nd gerontological G(estions, (t + *anted to go eyond those and also eyond the G(estions of social class that preocc(pied 9oe and 'ichard Cole)an, one of 9loyd 4arnerDs st(dents and his later colla orator.SBBT %or e8a)ple, + *as interested in the religio(s life of this predo)inantly Protestant co))(nity .so different fro) over*hel)ingly Catholic B(ffalo0 (t *as (ns(ccessf(l in pers(ading 9oe and the others to spend their 2(nday )ornings visiting ch(rches .discreetly of co(rse0 to (nderstand, for e8a)ple, the difference in lit(rgical practices, 2(nday school, and ser)ons a)ong the three Ch(rches of Christ, one of *hich in an (pper )iddle?class neigh orhood had een (ilt y %rank 9loyd 4right. +n the hope of sti)(lating the gro(p of colleag(es, + )ade field notes of o servations and intervie*s and circ(lated *hat + loosely ter)ed Jnotes on this and thatJ- (t neither Martin 9oe nor the grad(ate st(dents reciprocated )y efforts, and + fo(nd that + co(ld neither lead nor follo* a pro3ect that for a ti)e flo(ndered.SBFT + had een )ade a pro te) )e) er of the &epart)ent of 2ociology, chaired y the genial and reflective =rnst Mannhei), at the University of >ansas City, then a private instit(tion, and gave a co(rse of evening lect(res on sociology. + also contin(ed a )ode of ad hoc inG(iry into the varieties of higher ed(cation that *as to develop into )y o*n specialty in co))(nity st(dies, na)ely, the co))(nity of colleges and (niversities. + accepted invitations to speak at those types of acade)ic instit(tions *ith *hich + *as (nfa)iliar, and if the Mid*est 2ociological 2ociety *as holding its ann(al )eeting at +ndiana University, + *o(ld try to go a day ahead or stay a day after its concl(sion to )eet people at that splendid instit(tion and learn )ore a o(t its ecological niche in the state .for e8a)ple, its relationship *ith P(rd(e0, in the region, and in the co(ntry. + accepted invitations to visit sociologists at the University of >ansas, >ansas 2tate University, and the University of Misso(ri at Col() ia .*here + riefly e8plored the li)ited legacies Ee len had left d(ring his ti)e there0- in >ansas City + )et Ces(its teaching at 'ockh(rst College, and ed(cators e8peri)enting *ith a )od(lar progra) at Park College- + had earlier een interested in 2tephens College, also in Col() ia, Misso(ri, as an

7 "! 7 aspect of a contin(ing concern for *o)enDs ed(cation and the role of *o)enDs colleges in that ed(cation. ,hese visits *ere e8ploratory, not syste)atic, (t forer(nners of later dedication to a kind of acade)ic ethnography p(rs(ed in rief o(ts of field*ork of the sort 'ay 'ist once characteri@ed as lit@krieg ethnography.SB"T +n 19FB =verett 5(ghes, as chair)an of the &epart)ent of 2ociology and *ith s(pport fro) Morton :rod@ins, then dean of the &ivision of the 2ocial 2ciences, pers(aded the depart)ent to allo* )e to 3oin it on a split appoint)ent *ith the College. 5o*ever, there *as dissent fro) the de)ographers, nota ly fro) Philip 5a(ser. 5e insisted that + not e given the title professor of sociology (t retain the one + already had as professor of the social sciences, and in the end that arrange)ent *as agreed on. B(t the en)ity *as a pro le) for grad(ate st(dents *ho *orked *ith 5(ghes and *ith )e, as *ell as for nonten(red colleag(es, partic(larly ;elson %oote and 1nsel) 2tra(ss, *ith *ho) + shared research pro3ects and to *ho) + *as personally and professionally close. Unrealistically, if (nderstanda ly, translating acid(lo(s co))ents y fac(lty )e) ers into act(al proscriptions of *hat *o(ld pass )(ster, so)e a le grad(ate st(dents feared to *rite a dissertation *itho(t ta les in it. %ears increased *hen 5a(ser, after a ro(gh political ca)paign, *as elected to the chair)anship in place of 5(ghes. + so)eti)es had the dis)al e8perience of having as a doctoral candidate so)eone *ho had een a spirited (ndergrad(ate and *atching that person eco)e )ore ti)id and less original as ti)e *ent y. Mean*hile, + had een engaged in cooperation *ith 5(ghes in recr(iting )e) ers of a gro(p *ho called the)selves the <o(ng ,(rks at the B(rea( of 1pplied 2ocial 'esearch, of *ho) a )odest and percipient acco(nt appears in Ca)es Cole)anDs contri (tion to this vol()e. Cole)an hi)self ca)e- *e had ad3oining offices in the 2ocial 2cience 'esearch B(ilding, *hich is so constr(cted that secretaries do not act as (ffers. =verett 5(ghes *as on the other side of )e, and co))(nication *as freG(ent a)ong (s. + recall )y e8cite)ent in looking thro(gh high?school year ooks *ith Cole)an and pondering the reasons *hy in so)e schools an overlapping gro(p of st(dents not only occ(pied the elected offices (t also edited the year ook, played in the and, served as cheerleaders, and so on, *hereas in other schools there *as )ore of a division of la or. =lih( >at@ ca)e, and + ro(ght in 'olf Meyersohn to e research director of the Center for the 2t(dy of 9eis(re, *hich + esta lished *ith %ord %o(ndation s(pport in 19FF. >at@, Meyersohn, and + offered se)inars 7 "B 7 on )ass co))(nication, a)ong other things co)paring acade)ic *ith 3o(rnalistic ethics in intervie*ing. 5(ghes and + traveled to Ca) ridge and *ere s(ccessf(l in pers(ading Peter and 1lice 'ossi to co)e to Chicago- they had for)erly *orked at the B(rea( of 1pplied 2ocial 'esearch. ;one of these people had ten(re, and if the liveliness facilitated y their arrival *as to e )aintained, and the co) ativeness of the depart)ent contained, 5(ghes and + agreed that there needed to e a ne*, hence not previo(sly involved, chair)an. 4e *ent to ;e* <ork to see if *e co(ld pers(ade 9eonard Cottrell, Cr., then at the '(ssell 2age %o(ndation, to accept a position, if one co(ld e *orked o(t, at Chicago, *here *e had the strong s(pport of the dean of the 2ocial 2cience &ivision. 5e declined. 4e )ade other overt(res, *hich of co(rse had to e to persons of s(ch distinction that there *o(ld e no G(estion as to their acade)ic legiti)acy. ;one *orked o(t. Conc(rrently, in the *ake of 5(tchinsDs depart(re, less a(tono)y *as eing granted to the College. +n the s())er of 19FB, + ta(ght sociology in the &epart)ent of 2ocial 'elations at 5arvardDs 2())er 2chool. ,hat fall Mc:eorge B(ndy, the dean of the fac(lty of 1rts and 2ciences at 5arvard, *ho) + had )et and ad)ired, asked )e *hether he co(ld stop over to see )e in Chicago as he *o(ld e on his

*ay to 4isconsin- + responded that if he *ere co)ing *ith any tho(ght of pers(ading )e to leave Chicago for 5arvard, he sho(ld not stop y, and he did not. ,he intellect(al e8cite)ent of the University of Chicago o(t*eighed the price it see)ed to e8act in ter)s of co) ative personal and professional relations. 2everal years later, ho*ever, the alance egan to tilt against Chicago, and + G(ietly egan thinking a o(t finding a )ore eG(a le place. ,he California +nstit(te of ,echnology *as one place + considered. Cal ,ech possessed a le fac(lty in econo)ics, history, anthropology, and psychology. + *o(ld have een happy to teach right (ndergrad(ates *ho )ight e *illing fro) ti)e to ti)e to rela8 narro* definitions of *hat is scientific and e8a)ine social life *ith disciplined s( 3ectivity. 2tanford *as another possi ility. 5o*ever, *hen in 19F# B(ndy again approached )e, he pers(aded )e to co)e to a ne*ly created chair *here )y principal responsi ility *o(ld e to (ndergrad(ates. +t *as an additional attraction that + *o(ld e affiliated *ith the &epart)ent of 2ocial 'elations. =ven so, + fo(nd it very hard to leave the University of Chicago, to*ard *hich + had developed intense instit(tional loyalty, al)ost a kind of patriotis). +t *as a *rench to leave colleag(es *ith *ho) + had *orked in teaching and in research, and the )any friends 7 "F 7 =velyn and + had )ade and *ho (rged )e to stay. 1t 5arvard + G(ickly )anaged to develop an interdisciplinary cadre to 3oin )e in teaching a large co(rse, J1)erican Character and 2ocial 2tr(ct(re,J in the :eneral =d(cation progra).SB#T 'ather than ret(rning to &(nster 5o(se, + took part in shaping P(incy 5o(se, *hich opened in 19F9, a year after )y arrival at 5arvard, and *hich, *ith 5enry >issinger, 5. 2t(art 5(ghes, and others as associates, eca)e the )ost politically engaged of the 5o(ses. Ane of the ironies of )y shift of locale has een to o serve that the University of Chicago s(rvived the st(dent?fac(lty protests of the late 19"0s and early 19#0s, and also )ore recent controversies over iss(es of race and gender, *ith its (ndergrad(ate c(rric(l() (ni)paired, its acade)ic serio(sness (nG(estioned. By )oving to 5arvard + did not escape depart)ental controversyN 5o*ever, the s)all n() er of grad(ate st(dents *ith *ho) + have *orked and *ith *ho), happily, + contin(e to *ork, tho(gh e)erit(s, have not een at risk. +n 19#", + eca)e in addition a )e) er of the fac(lty of the :rad(ate 2chool of =d(cation. 2o)e of the )ost )at(re and interesting grad(ate st(dents *ith *ho) + have *orked have co)e fro) that school.

$ha/ter Three4 $o*u-bia in the '(6)s

,a-es !. $o*e-an

Introduction
4hen at the age of t*enty?five + left a 3o as a che)ist at =ast)an >odak in 'ochester, ;e* <ork, and took on a ne* life, the transfor)ation *as nearly co)plete. =8cept for )y *ife .and other kin, *ho lived far a*ay in the Mid*est and 2o(th0 + shed all prior associations. ,he resociali@ation + (nder*ent at Col() ia University fro) 19F1 to 19FF *as intense- after that resociali@ation, + *as a different person, *ith different goals, headed in a different direction.

+t co(ld e p(t differently- )y life can e divided into t*o parts: efore + first entered %ayer*eather 5all .the (ilding in *hich sociology is ho(sed at Col() ia0, and after %ayer*eather. + co(ld, then, *rite a o(t efore %ayer*eather to give a sense of ho* the first t*enty?five years led )e there. B(t *hat *ent on in %ayer*eather 5all and vicinity d(ring this fo(r?year period is of )ore general interest, for d(ring those years Col() iaDs i)portance for sociology *as at its peak. ,h(s, to *rite a o(t the) is to do )ore than give a vie* of the resociali@ation that shaped )y direction as a sociologist. +t is to tell so)ething a o(t an i)portant part of the history of the discipline at Col() ia in the early 19F0s. 'ecogni@ing this, + *ill concentrate in this essay on that fo(r?year period, *hich generated the orientations + had *hen + left Col() ia. + *ill approach this e8a)ination y a stracting, s(ccessively, five kinds of infor)ation fro) the concrete reality that *as sociology at Col() ia 7 #" 7 fro) 19F1 to 19FF. ,he first three are necessary to (nderstand *hat *as going on at Col() ia in sociology. ,he fo(rth and fifth give additional infor)ation relevant to )y o*n develop)ent. 1. + *ill try to descri e the social syste) of sociology at Col() ia, the loci of po*er and a(thority, the distri (tion of attention, the stat(s syste), and the allocation of re*ards. $. 1nalytically distinct fro) the social syste) are the personalities of certain Col() ia professors, in partic(lar Pa(l 9a@arsfeld and 'o ert >. Merton. 4hile )(ch can e (nderstood a o(t sociology at Col() ia y kno*ing the social str(ct(re, )ore is revealed y learning so)ething a o(t the )od(s operandi of its t*o principal fig(res, 9a@arsfeld and Merton. !. B(t there *as si)(ltaneo(sly a content to sociology at Col() ia. ,o descri e it constit(tes a kind of history of ideas or sociology of kno*ledge to give an (nderstanding of the relations, not et*een persons, (t et*een ideas. +t is this content, this interplay of ideas, that had special i)portance in shaping )y .and othersD0 *ork in s( seG(ent years. B. Certain of the ideas c(rrent in the Col() ia sociology depart)ent in the early 19F0s *ere especially i)portant for )e- to (nderstand )y intellect(al develop)ent at Col() ia reG(ires kno*ing so)ething a o(t the). F. %inally, + *ill try to descri e )y o*n tra3ectory thro(gh the social syste) of Col() ia, entering as a neophyte and leaving as a professional sociologist. ,o proceed in this *ay rather than )ore anecdotally and (nsyste)atically )ay res(lt in so)e red(ndancy and )ay even e less interesting. B(t + *o(ld not atte)pt s(ch an enterprise *itho(t taking it as a sociological challenge, a challenge to descri e and analy@e the f(nctioning of a social syste).

The !ocia* !yste- of $o*u-bia !ocio*ogy7 '(6'866

+n C(ne 19F1 + arrived at the steps of %ayer*eather 5all to enroll in a co(rse on the professions given y =verett C. 5(ghes, a s())er visitor fro) the University of Chicago, and one on political sociology given y 2ey)o(r Martin 9ipset, a Col() ia grad(ate ne*ly ret(rned as an assis? 7 ## 7 tant professor. ,hose co(rses, )y first in sociology, egan to give )e a sense of *hat the discipline *as a o(t. B(t it *as not (ntil fall that + got a sense of the social syste) of sociology at Col() ia, for it *as then that the depart)ent e)erged fro) its s())er hi ernation. ,o a ne* st(dent the social syste)

of sociology at Col() ia first appeared to e a planetary syste) *ith 'o ert >. Merton as the shining s(n aro(nd *hich all revolved. ,he )ost intellect(al of the grad(ate st(dents fro) the hotho(se that is ;e* <ork City .*ho co(ld randish G(otes fro) o sc(re a(thors *hose very na)es *ere (nkno*n to )e, a che)ical engineer fro) the provinces0 thronged to Merton, cro*ding each lect(re and hanging on each *ord. + follo*ed at a respectf(l distance, entranced and ena)ored. Anly slo*ly it eca)e apparent that so)eone else *as i)portant as *ell, Pa(l 9a@arsfeld, *hose do)ain *as not a lect(re roo) in %ayer*eather (t the B(rea( of 1pplied 2ocial 'esearch. M(ch later it eca)e evident that the syste) *as in fact governed y a tri()virate. 'o ert 2. 9ynd *as the hidden )e) er. 'o ert Mac+ver, a )a3or fig(re in the discipline, (t y then retired, contin(ed to have an office in the &epart)ent of :overn)ent (t played no role in a sociology st(dentDs life. ,here *ere a n() er of others, (t in the pec(liar social syste) of Col() ia sociology they see)ed to )atter little, or )attered only to those *ho the)selves see)ed to )atter little: C. 4right Mills in the college, 4illia) :oode in general st(dies, ,heodore 1 el, 4illia) Casey .*ith his o*n rand of social theory, shared y no one else0, >ingsley &avis, Bernhard 2tern, and the yo(ng assistant professors, 9ipset and 5er ert 5y)an. ,he list )ay e as startling to others as it is to )e as + read over it, for it incl(des not only persons *hose i)portance to the discipline has s( seG(ently eco)e great .:oode, 9ipset, and 5y)an0, (t also so)e *hose i)portance even at the ti)e *as great .C. 4right Mills and >ingsley &avis0. ,he a(thority of each )e) er of this tri()virate gained legiti)acy fro) a different so(rce. MertonDs a(thority gained its legiti)acy first fro) the st(dents, thro(gh the e8traordinary attraction of his lect(res, and secondarily fro) the strength of his position in the discipline, *hich *as recogni@ed y the (niversity ad)inistration. 9a@arsfeldDs arose also fro) st(dents, (t not pri)arily thro(gh his teaching in for)al co(rses. +t arose, rather, fro) the G(antity of e)pirical research he generated and his leadership of the B(rea( of 1pplied 2ocial 'esearch, *hich provided an instit(tional ase for the research. B(t that ase itself had only ten(o(s acceptance y the (niversity. 2(ch applied research as )arket research and co))(nications research for radio net*orks, 7 #6 7 )aga@ine p( lishers, and other (siness fir)s *as an (pstart activity *ith *hich traditional Col() ia ad)inistrators *ere (neasy. Merton, y accepting, participating in, and sharing the governance of the (rea(, *as, it see)ed, 9a@arsfeldDs protector, a shield against the (niversity ad)inistration. 9yndDs r()ored po*er *as, fro) the st(dentsD point of vie*, the strangest of all eca(se he held al)ost no interest for st(dents and *as not active in research. .+ heard of his i)portance only indirectly, fro) 9ipset, *ho *as still close to grad(ate st(dents in age and not far re)oved in stat(s.0 +t see)ed, according to st(dentsD second?hand infor)ation, to res(lt entirely fro) the deference paid y Merton and 9a@arsfeld to his vie*s, th(s deriving in the end fro) the ases of legiti)acy that gave the) their a(thority. .+ attended a fe* lect(res in a co(rse of his one se)ester, (t these *ere hortatory, )ore closely related to the style of the )id*estern evangelists that *ere part of his ackgro(nd Sand )ineT than to that of a professor engaged in a search for kno*ledge. 5e preached his partic(lar rand of ho)egro*n leftis) and had fe* st(dent converts.0 +t is relevant, in descri ing the concentration of po*er in this social syste), to note the n() ers of grad(ate st(dents. +f *e had een fe*er in n() er, there )ight have een less concentration. B(t in )y year a o(t one h(ndred grad(ate st(dents *ere ad)itted. 4e *ere still part of the *ar?generated acklog, slo*ly )aking o(r *ay thro(gh the ed(cational syste). +ndeed, for )y first se)ester or so at Col() ia + still had so)e :+ ill enefits re)aining. .,he ne8t year the inco)ing class *as li)ited to

fifty, and + congrat(lated )yself on having entered *hen + did since + )ight not have )ade it after the li)itation *as i)posed. + had applied also to Michigan and 5arvard (t *as accepted only at Col() ia.0 Certainly )atters )(st have een )ore co)ple8 than this si)ple pict(re + have presented. >ingsley &avis .*ho left for Berkeley *hile + *as at Col() ia0 had a s)aller po*er ase thro(gh a large 1ir %orce contract *hich e)ployed so)e st(dents interested in de)ography. B(t his attractiveness *as li)ited to the s)all set of de)ographically inclined st(dents and *as not spread thro(gho(t the st(dent ody, as *as that of Merton and 9a@arsfeld. 5e *as o(tside the closed tripartite str(ct(re of po*er. .+ took a co(rse on the fa)ily fro) &avis (t *as (nnerved y *hat + sa* as his l(nt )anner. %or e8a)ple, in a draft of a ter) paper + (sed the gro*th in year?to?year variation in s(icide rates to o tain a )eas(re of the increasing interdependence Sor co))on depen? 7 #9 7 dence on the sa)e eventsT of apparently independent decisions of individ(als. B(t + *as afraid of a possi ly ca(stic response to s(ch a vent(reso)e paper and instead s( )itted another, none)pirical paper, on *hich + received the co))ent, J1 great deal of logic?chopping.J0 ,o a st(dent co)ing into Col() ia, then, there *ere really only t*o persons at the ape8, t*o persons *hose attention one )(st try to get, t*o persons *hose 3(dg)ents )attered a ove allHMerton and 9a@arsfeld. ,his concentration of attention *as intensified y another fact as *ell: to the grad(ate st(dent, there *as no discipline of sociology o(tside Col() ia. +nstead *e sa* a self?confidence, a looking in*ard co(pled *ith inattention to the o(tside. ,here *as a sociological literat(re of so)e i)portance, a literat(re to *hich Merton especially directed o(r attention, (t e8cept for the *ork of ,alcott Parsons, *hich Merton ad)itted to it, that literat(re *as all *ritten y =(ropeans no longer alive. ,he effective a sence of a discipline *est of the 5(dson 'iver *as )ost strongly e)phasi@ed y the a sence of interest in reading or p( lishing in the 3o(rnals. :rad(ate st(dents *ere not enco(raged to read the professional 3o(rnals- no self?respecting grad(ate st(dent at Col() ia entertained the tho(ght of 3o(rnal p( lication as a goal. ,o (s, 9a@arsfeld and Merton had no s(ch interests .no )atter that they did p( lish in the 3o(rnals0- the *orld of sociology *as confined to Col() ia. :rad(ate st(dents follo*ed s(it, *ith no interest other than having a paper read y Merton or 9a@arsfeld. Ance that had occ(rred, there *as little interest in having it read y others. ,he interest of grad(ate st(dents in gaining the attention of Merton and 9a@arsfeld *as strengthened y the i) alance in the s(pply of, and de)and for, their attention. 1ppoint)ents to see either d(ring his office ho(rs *ere )ade *eeks in advance. ,he line o(tside MertonDs door offered rec(rrent testi)ony to this i) alance. By contrast, a st(dent co(ld see and talk to other fac(lty, if not at *ill, at least *ith far less diffic(lty. ,his s)all social syste), *ith its a (ndance of eager and i)patient grad(ate st(dents, its periphery of yo(ng and also?ran fac(lty, and the concentration of attention on the t*o )a3or fig(res in the depart)ent, had so)e special characteristics. Ane of the) *as the concentration of grad(ate?st(dent prestige in only a fe* st(dents. +n )y second year, at the B(rea(Ds Christ)as party, so)eone pointed o(t Ma(rice 2tein, a fig(re *ho) + kne* only y rep(tationHat the top of the heap a year earlierH *ho had ret(rned to ask in his grad(ate?st(dent glory. + stood in a*e at the fringes and *atched as he received ho)age. 7 60 7

B(t rep(tations *ere (nsta le and co(ld rise or fall G(ickly on the asis of one piece of *ork liked or disliked y Merton or 9a@arsfeld. 5anan 2elvin, in a cohort ahead of )e, and the reader of )y paper in MertonDs lect(re co(rse the first se)ester, *as one of the fe* favored y oth 9a@arsfeld and Merton and had an especially high rep(tation. B(t once, *hen he prod(ced so)ething 9a@arsfeld or Merton fo(nd *anting, his rep(tation pl())eted, and his l(stre disappeared for a ti)e- he *as never co)pletely to regain his lofty position. 1nd there *ere those *ho, tho(gh potentially very good, never ca(ght the attention of either 9a@arsfeld or Merton and re)ained a)ong the )ass of grad(ate st(dents *ho *o(ld have to )ake their rep(tations, if at all, after they left Col() ia. 2t(dents *ho *orked *ith fac(lty other than Merton and 9a@arsfeld *ere less neglected, (t their rep(tations never soared .nor pl())eted0 as did those of Merton and 9a@arsfeld favorites. Martin ,ro* is a good e8a)ple. 5e and + *orked together *ith 9ipset intensively in analy@ing the data of the +,U .+nternational ,ypographical Union0 st(dy, and he largely )anaged the pro3ect. 5e *as a co(rse assistant for Mills as *ell. B(t he never *orked closely *ith Merton or 9a@arsfeld. =ven tho(gh as the *nion +emocracy )an(script progressed, it egan to have an internal rep(tation as so)ething of interest, ,ro* never gained the rep(tational heights *hile in grad(ate school. 5is rep(tation ca)e only later. 9a@arsfeld once asked )e a o(t ,ro* as *e *ere riding in a ta8i, near the end of )y Col() ia period, after a frenetic )eeting characteristic of his style. 5e kne* )e and )y *ork, and kne* 9ipset and his *ork, (t *ondered a o(t ,ro*, *hose years at Col() ia had failed to give 9a@arsfeld any sense of his a ilities. ,here *as another pheno)enon as *ell. 1 n() er of sociologists *ith high stat(s in the syste) *ere neither grad(ate st(dents nor fac(lty (t *ere ro(ght y 9a@arsfeld, Merton, or &avis to *ork on one of the pro3ects. ,hey incl(ded 'enee %o8, 5er ert Men@el, ;atalie 'ogoff, 2a)(el Bloo), and &(ncan 9(ce. %or so)e of these yo(ng social scientists the postdoctoral years at Col() ia played a central role in their careers. &(ring )y stay at Col() ia the social str(ct(re *as (ndergoing a kind of change. =arlier 9a@arsfeldDs st(dents and MertonDs st(dents had een )ore distinct and separate. Many of 9a@arsfeldDs, trained in a(dience and )arket research thro(gh his pro3ects at the B(rea(, had never *ritten dissertations and *ere e)ployed in the e)ergent )arket research ind(stry in ;e* <ork- fe* entered acade)ic sociology. ,he 7 61 7 stellar grad(ates had een st(dents of Merton or 9ynd. ,hey *ere prod(cts of the pre*ar intellect(al fer)ent that *as largely Ce*ish, largely fro) ;e* <ork high schools and City College. ,hey had constit(ted the first post*ar cohorts at Col() ia- they incl(ded 9ipset, Philip 2el@nick, &aniel Bell, 9e*is Coser and 'ose Coser, 2(@anne >eller, and Peter Bla(. Ma(rice 2tein, *ho left Col() ia as + arrived, *as a re)nant of those cohorts. ,here *ere r()ors of others, s(ch as 2ey)o(r %iddleH )ysterio(s, *ith an (n o(nded rep(tation (t so)e incapacitating fla*. .5e ca)e in the night, it *as said, to practice his )agic in a co(rse in general st(dies.0 Peter 'ossi *as of that cro*d, (t he *as a 9a@arsfeld st(dent and reflected the eginnings of 9a@arsfeldDs )ove to*ard acade)ic respecta ility. ,he s(cceeding cohorts, )ine incl(ded, lacked the rich ideological, historical, and intellect(al pre?grad(ate?school ackgro(nd possessed y those *ho had gro*n (p in ;e* <ork high schools in the late thirties. 5anan 2elvin, *ho *as )y age (t ca)e to Col() ia efore )e, *as one of the earliest 9a@arsfeld?Merton st(dents, a coeditor of a reader in (rea(cracy *ith Merton (t *riting his dissertation (nder 9a@arsfeld. Patricia >endall *as another. 4hat *as happening a o(t the ti)e + arrived at Col() ia *as a )erging of t*o strea)s of activity that

had een rather distinct. 9a@arsfeld *as eco)ing )ore acade)ic, Merton *as eco)ing )ore G(antitatively e)pirical. ,he B(rea( provided the conte8t and the facilities for MertonDs shift, and its increasing acceptance y Col() ia .it )oved (pto*n to Col() ia, at 11#th 2treet, shortly efore )y arrival0 provided the setting for 9a@arsfeldDs. &(ring )y stay the B(rea( eca)e increasingly i)portant to sociology at Col() ia. ,here 9a@arsfeld egan the Behavioral Models Pro3ect *ith an Affice of ;aval 'esearch grant, ro(ght &(ncan 9(ce fro) the Massach(setts +nstit(te of ,echnology, enticed ,heodore 1nderson and 5o*ard 'aiffa fro) the &epart)ent of Mathe)atical 2tatistics at Col() ia .9(ce and 'aiffaDs 3ames an +ecisions *as orn in this pro3ect0. 4ith the pro3ect they initiated an activity less sti)(lating, less frenetic, less innovative, (t )ore like that of an acade)ic research instit(te than the pick(p pro3ects in a(dience research that had (ilt the (rea(. Merton egan the e8tensive and prestigio(s )edical?school pro3ect *ith :eorge 'eader, Patricia >endall, and 'enee %o8. >ingsley &avis had his 1ir %orce pro3ect in )ethodological research. 2e)inars involving grad(ate st(dents and postdoctoral research associates *ere created aro(nd s(ch pro3ects as the )edical?school pro3ect. +n all these *ays the B(rea( *as eco)ing respecta le. 7 6$ 7 M(ch of this change took place shortly efore + arrived. B(t the B(rea(Ds i)portance to sociology at Col() ia contin(ed to gro* d(ring )y stay. ,hat gro*th can perhaps est e ill(strated y a develop)ent that, tho(gh it *as te)porary and depended on partic(lar persons, e8e)plified the change. +t *as the for)ation of *hat 9a@arsfeld and Merton called JCharlie :lockDs <o(ng ,(rksJ and *hat the )e) ers the)selves called Jthe traditions gro(p.J 1ro(nd 19F! 9a@arsfeld t(rned over directorship of the B(rea( to Charles :lock and eca)e less active in B(rea( affairs. :lock *as not a dyna)ic fig(re, (t there *ere a n() er of restless people, all involved in one *ay or another in B(rea( pro3ects. + *as *orking *ith 9ipset and ,ro* on the +,U pro3ect and occasionally on one or )ore of 9a@arsfeldDs pro3ects- =lih( >at@ *as *orking on the &ecat(r st(dy .*hich prod(ced $ersonal Influence 0, 5er ert Men@el on concepts and indices, 9ee 4iggins on 9a@arsfeldDs panel pro3ect, Philip =nnis on a pop(lar?)(sic pro3ect, and 'olf Meyerson on research in pop(lar c(lt(re. 9a@arsfeld had pl(cked 4illia) McPhee fro) a local polling organi@ation in &enver to *ork *ith hi) and Bernard Berelson on the =l)ira st(dy .*hich prod(ced 5oting 0. 4e all needed research pro3ects to s(pport (s, and *itho(t 9a@arsfeld to generate the s)all?)arket research and )ass?co))(nications pro3ects on *hich earlier cohorts of grad(ate st(dents had thrived, *e set o(t on o(r o*n, *ith McPhee as the pop(lar leader and instigator. 4e held a *eekly se)inar, circ(lated )e)os to one another a o(t potential pro3ects in )ass c(lt(re, (ses and gratifications of the )ass )edia, conte8t(al analysis, and )ethodological iss(es in panel st(dies. 4e sa* o(rselves not as *orking in the esta lished traditions of B(rea( st(dies (t as starting ne* traditions. &espite o(r declarations of independence .+ once *rote a first draft of a )anifesto for the gro(p, and McPhee *rote a progra))atic paper on research in )ass dyna)ics0, 9a@arsfeld fo(nd this enterprise interesting, and once or t*ice he attended the se)inar as an o server. 5is and MertonDs interest in it, and the attention of others that that interest generated, increased for (s the i)portance of o(r enterprise. 4e gained the confidence of o(r o*n ideas, the sense that *e *ere initiators, sociologists inventing the f(t(re of sociology. %or (s, there *as no sociology east of Morningside &rive nor *est of Broad*ay- and the 9a@arsfeld?Merton do)ain et*een these li)its *as sho*ing signs of aging. 4e sa* o(rselves as s(ccessors *ith o(r o*n ideas .even tho(gh gro(nded in theirs0.

7 6! 7

The %ower of Two %ersona*ities

,ho(gh it *as not G(ite proper to take MertonDs co(rse in theory as a eginning grad(ate st(dent, + )anaged to do so in the fall of )y first year. + fo(nd )yself in a class of st(dents fro) earlier cohortsthe classroo) *as co)pletely f(ll, *ith st(dents so)eti)es sitting on the *indo*sills. Merton *o(ld enter and egin a kind of rhapsody. 1ll *ere entranced. 1 fe* dared occasionally to ask G(estions. + did not. 4hat did Merton doK %or all of (s, he revealed a vision of sociology as a challenge to the intellect. 5e *orked in detail thro(gh &(rkhei)Ds Suici e! sho*ing the e8cite)ent of the pro le) and the )ethodical *ay &(rkhei) set a o(t e8a)ining it. 5e de)onstrated ho* &(rkhei) (sed the aggregate data that *ere availa le to e8a)ine deep G(estions a o(t the psychic state of )e) ers of a social syste)HG(estions that co(ld only e ans*ered concl(sively y disaggregated data (t *ere t(rned this *ay and that (ntil &(rkhei) had eno(gh kinds of data to )ake fir) inferences a o(t the psychological states ind(ced y social str(ct(re. MertonDs lect(res *ere *idely kno*n. ;onsociologists fro) other parts of the city *o(ld steal into the roo) 3(st to listen. 2t(dents, on )eeting sociologists fro) other (niversities *ho kne* hi) only thro(gh his *ritings, *o(ld s)ile condescendingly, ar)ed *ith the secret kno*ledge that ca)e only thro(gh presence at the lect(res the)selves. ,he *ord to descri e his effect is one *hose )eaning he ta(ght (s, charisma! (t that *ord is so loosely (sed that it fails to convey a sense of the al)ost electrical charge that pervaded those lect(res. Merton *as e8cited y the p( lication in the fall of 19F1 of ,alcott ParsonsDs Social System! *hich he sa* as the theoretical g(ide to the f(t(re of sociology. B(t *hen he set (s to reading it, he de)anded that *e locate in the te8t every e)pirical generali@ation, every proposition, and every definition. +n the end the enterpriseHfor )e, at leastHdefeated the original goal, for + fo(nd definition after definition, *ith fe* e)pirical generali@ations and fe* propositions that co(ld e tested and confir)ed or disconfir)ed. Merton, y his de)ands that *e analy@e the te8t sentence y sentence, sho*ed )e that Parsons had designed a set of categories, a classification sche)e, that )ight or )ight not e (sef(l (t co(ld hardly e tested. 1 part of MertonDs i)pact lay in oth the personal and professional distance he )aintained and in the (nreacha le goal of sociological tr(th 7 6B 7 he held o(t. 5e rooked no co)pro)ise- his standards de)anded perfection in *hat *e did. 1 fe* of (s for)ed a st(dy gro(p to discover together the precise )eanings *e f() led for alone. 5e visited (s once, and *e *ere in a*e, taking every co))ent as a co))and fro) a ove. 4e read, over and over, his essays in Social Theory an Social Structure . Merton held o(t to (s a vision of a sociology that co(ld (nderstand society. ,hat (nderstanding, of *hich only the arest o(tlines had een discovered, lay in the f(t(re, and if *e persevered, *e )ight e part of that f(t(re. 5e capt(red (s for sociology, even those *ho had co)e to sociology )erely to e 3o(rney)en. 5e sho*ed (s that sociology co(ld e Hindeed, *asHan intellect(al challenge. 4e *ere affected y his singleness of p(rpose and his dedication to that challenge. B(t it *as i)portant not to get too close. 2o)e *ho atte)pted to *ork *ith Merton fo(nd the)selves paraly@ed y the incisiveness of his )ind. Ane st(dent reported in fr(stration that in *riting a thesis for

Merton, he felt a presence contin(o(sly perched on his sho(lder, *atching every sentence p(t do*n on paper, ready to po(nce on the slightest fa(lt. + *as not, d(ring )y ti)e at Col() ia, i))o ili@ed y this penetrating intelligence. +n )y third or fo(rth year + *as a co(rse assistant for hi) .not in the large theory co(rse (t in another0, taking notes on his lect(res, typing the) (p, and disc(ssing the) *ith hi) occasionally over l(nch at the fac(lty cl( . An those occasions + contin(ed to feel the a*e of those first days, (t he *as perhaps )ore gentle *ith )e, sensing )y v(lnera ility. Ance, as an o(tgro*th of 9a@arsfeldDs pro3ect on concepts and indices in the social sciences, + *orked on a paper for hi) on the concept of social isolation and its (se y social theorists. ,he paper *as never co)pleted in final for), and re)ained a learning e8ercise. Unlike 9a@arsfeldDs pro3ects, for *hich a prod(ct *as (rgently needed to fill a specific niche, so)eti)es for a client, papers for Merton *ere finished for their o*n sake, or to co)plete a thesis, and the goal co(ld stretch o(t into the indefinite f(t(re. M(ch later, after + had left Col() ia, + did feel the f(ll thr(st of MertonDs critical intelligence. 5e and 'o ert ;is et *ere gathering )aterials for )ontemporary Social $roblems! and had asked )e to *rite a chapter on co))(nity disorgani@ation. ,o gain the necessary state of )ind to organi@e and develop the str(ct(re of the chapter, + *ent to the 2t. Ca)es 5otel at Mo(nt Eernon 2G(are in Balti)ore .+ *as teaching at Cohns 5opkins at the ti)e0 and isolated )yself fro) the *orld for fo(r days *hile + *restled *ith the pro le) and finally devel? 7 6F 7 oped an o(tline for the chapter. 4hen + finally co)pleted it so)e *eeks later and felt satisfied *ith the res(lt, + sent it to Merton and ;is et for editorial co))ents and critiG(e. ,he single?spaced, )any? paged criticis) + soon received fro) Merton devastated )eHnot )erely eca(se of the depth of his criticis) (t also eca(se, agreeing *ith )ost of it, + felt that )y shallo*ness of tho(ght and *eakness of doc()entation lay *holly e8posed. + *as asha)ed of the )an(script, angry at )yself, angry at Merton. + *as (na le to to(ch the )an(script, a le only to *rite ;is et .certainly not Merton0 that + had to resign the task, that there *as o vio(sly nothing + co(ld do to the )an(script to )ake it accepta le. B(t thro(gh n(rt(rance, reass(rance, and (rging, ;is et ind(ced )e to go ack to the )an(script, deal *ith the criticis)s as est + co(ld, and send hi) the res(lt. + did so, and the chapter eca)e part of the ook. My first i)pression, that fall of 19F1, that Merton *as the center of Col() iaDs sociological (niverse *as appro8i)ately correct, tho(gh + *as to )odify that i)pression later. +t *as Merton *ho defined sociology as a challenge *orthy of the intellect, a p(rs(it at least eG(al to any other in the (niversity. 5e created the intellect(al tension that energi@ed st(dents in p(rs(it of the chalice of sociology. 9a@arsfeld, ho*ever, *as no less i)portant. + had originally applied to Col() ia eca(se of so)eone there na)ed 9a@arsfeld or 9ass*ellH+ *as not s(re *hichH*hose *ork + had read in a co(rse in social psychology + *as taking in evening school. .+ had never taken a co(rse in sociology and had never heard of Merton.0 +n the spring of 19F$, )y second se)ester at Col() ia, Pa(l 9a@arsfeld accosted )e for the first ti)e. + had een in a )ethods co(rse of his, *hich *as (neventf(l. ,he pro le) he raised *ith )e *as that there *as a iophysicist fro) the University of Chicago, ;icolas 'ashevsky, *ho) he had invited to give a lect(re in a series on )athe)atical sociology the year efore, and no*, for the ook 9a@arsfeld *as atte)pting to p(t together fro) the lect(re series, 'ashevsky had *ritten (p his lect(res, in 9a@arsfeldDs opinion (nintelligi ly. 5e had asked 1llen Birn a(), a Ph.&. st(dent in statistics, to *rite an intelligi le e8position of 'ashevsky (t did not like *hat Birn a() had done. Co(ld + give it a try over the s())erK 4e talked, he o(tlined *hat he

*anted, and for the first ti)e ever in the ed(cational syste) + felt that so)eone had given )e a responsi le task to do. 4e )et t*ice d(ring the s())erHonce at a typical 9a@arsfeld reakfast )eeting in a hotel *here he riefly alighted on his ret(rn fro) =(ropeHand + delivered the prod(ct he *anted at the end of the s()? 7 6" 7 )er. 9a@arsfeldDs pro3ect *as no* co)pleteH'ashevsky *as e8posited, and he co(ld send the ook to the p( lisher. ,he incident is characteristic in one *ay especially: 9a@arsfeld did not si)ply accept the paper of this disting(ished )athe)atical iophysicist. +t *as (nintelligi le to hi), and he *anted each of the papers in that ook .*hich eca)e "athematical Thinking in the Social Sciences 0 to teach hi) so)ething. Until it did so, he *as not *illing to p( lish 'ashevskyDs lect(res. +ndeed, in )any respects one co(ld characteri@e part of Col() ia at the ti)eHcertainly in )athe)atical sociology and to a considera le e8tent in 9a@arsfeldDs other areas of interestHas a collection of people he had gathered aro(nd hi)self for the p(rpose of teaching hi). 5is appetite for learningHand th(s for peopleH*as insatia le. 5e ro(ght the econo)ist 4illia) Ba()ol fro) Princeton to a se)inar to teach hi) ho* differential eG(ations co(ld e adapted to st(dy the dyna)ics of G(alitative attri (tesHand then re)ained (nsatisfied. 5e ro(ght the philosopher :(stave Berg)an fro) the Mid*est to 5anover, ;e* 5a)pshire, to teach hi) a o(t intervening varia les and then so pestered hi) *ith insistent G(estions that Berg)an, a ro(nd little )an, ended (p rolling on the floor, flailing *ith ar)s and legs in helpless fr(stration. 5e ro(ght 5arold >elly, Cohn ,hi a(t, and 9eon %estinger to 5anover to teach hi) a o(t ho* 9e*inian and other social psychologies constr(cted concepts. 5e ro(ght 4illia) Eickrey fro) the other side of the Col() ia ca)p(s to teach hi) ho* econo)ists treat the concept of (tility. 5e listened intently to his st(dentsH9ee 4iggins, 1llen Barton, =lih( >at@, 5anan 2elvin, 4illia) McPheeH*henever he tho(ght he co(ld learn fro) the). 5e invaded the statistics depart)ent and got ,heodore 1nderson to teach hi) a o(t Markov chains. 5e ro(ght &(ncan 9(ce and :erald ,ho)pson to *ork on )athe)atical pro le)s he co(ld not solve. 5e ro(ght Merrill %lood fro) 'and and, (na*ed y %loodDs previo(s disting(ished *ork, i))ediately fo(nd %lood (ninteresting. ,he attention of those in 9a@arsfeldDs or it, (nconcerned a o(t the o(tside sociological *orld, *as directed to pro le)s. =ach *as concerned only *ith convincing 9a@arsfeld that he had solved one of the pro le)s that 9a@arsfeld had set. =ach of (s after *e left .and + *rite no* only of those *ho did, for so)e fo(nd it e8ceedingly diffic(lt to reak a*ay fro) the attractive forces that the co) ination of Merton and 9a@arsfeld constit(ted, and so)e *ere instit(tionally affi8ed to Col() ia0 enco(ntered *hat see)ed at first a strange and far less e8citing *orld o(tside. 4e fo(nd no one in the ne* environ)ent *ho cared 7 6# 7 as 9a@arsfeld did. +f there *as a sociological co))(nity o(t there, it see)ed a distant and i)personal one. ;o one see)ed as interested as he in solving pro le)s, and certainly no one *as as interested in the pro le)s that anyone else )ight solve. &espite all this, )any of (s aro(nd 9a@arsfeld felt e8tre)e fr(stration eca(se at ti)es the pro le)s the)selves appeared sp(rio(s or (ni)portant. 9a@arsfeld *as not satisfied to see his protIgIs and colleag(es solve pro le)s that others o(tside considered i)portant (t *as only satisfied *hen a pro le) he considered i)portant *as solvedHand solved in a *ay that )ade sense to hi).

,o*ard the end of )y ti)e at Col() ia, in 19FB, + e8perienced this insistence. 9a@arsfeld sho*ed )e a sheaf of e8tended G(otations fro) vario(s G(alitative st(dies, )ostly co))(nity st(dies, )any fro) the Chicago school of 'o ert =. Park, s(ch as 1lack "etropolis and The 3ol )oast an the Slum , and so)e fro) an anthropological tradition. ,hese G(otations *ere e8a)ples of *hat 9a@arsfeld called glo al indicatorsHindicators of so)e concept or property of the co))(nity or the neigh orhood that co(ld not e derived fro) individ(als y aggregation. ,hey had een gathered y )e) ers of a se)inar that he and Patricia >endall had led, and he *anted so)eho* to syste)ati@e the), to create a trans)issi le )ethod o(t of *hat had een art. 9a@arsfeld had a contin(ing interest in s(ch glo al indicators, an interest that he descri es in J;otes on the 5istory of Concept %or)ation,J one of the essays that appeared in his <ualitative Analysis .19#$0. +t *as this interest that led hi) to ind(ce colleag(es and st(dents to e8a)ine *ork they *o(ld never other*ise have looked at. %or e8a)ple, *ith this sheaf of glo al indicators he directed )e to read s(ch diverse a(thors as 4ilhel) &ilthey .on the characteri@ation of a c(lt(ral syste)0, 5arold :(et@ko* .on properties of a gro(p0, and Meyer 2hapiro .on the (se of art to characteri@e the style of a period0. +n this case, as in )any others, 9a@arsfeld sa* the person he p(t to *ork .and + *as not the first *ith this pro le)0 as an e8tension of hi)self. 4hen the *ork + did failed to reflect his ideas, he arg(ed *ith )e at length over it. 5e co(ld not e pers(aded that the *ay + had done it *as right- he did not *ant to see it p( lished as + had conceived it, and + *o(ld not change )y vie*s. .+ sa* his distinctions as too )echanical, lacking in s( stance- he sa* )ine as lind to the )ethodological differences.0 2o he *ent ahead and *ith 5er ert Men@el developed his o*n ideas f(rther and p( lished the) in a paper that later eca)e *ell kno*n. +, so)e years later, p( lished )y long paper separately. ,his 7 66 7 e8a)ple co(ld e d(plicated, *ith )inor variations, y )any of 9a@arsfeldDs st(dents. Before + arrived at Col() ia, the J&ecat(r st(dyJ *as one on *hich C. 4right Mills, as *ell as others, had een tried y 9a@arsfeld and fo(nd *anting. =lih( >at@ *as set to *ork on it and it ended s(ccessf(lly, as $ersonal Influence . ,he e8tent of this invasion of self that 9a@arsfeld practiced *as so great that )any of those *ho had *orked )ost closely *ith hi) .or, )ore properly p(t, *ho) he had p(rs(ed and capt(red0 re)ained per)anently hostile or a) ivalent. %or several years after the glo al?indicator affair + )yself *as angry. 1nd *hen in 19#6, t*o years after his death, + gave a *ar) and appreciative acco(nt of 9a@arsfeldDs *ork, several people *ho had een close to hi) )entioned ho* s(rprised they *ere that + co(ld give s(ch a positive and (na) ivalent acco(nt of this predatory )an. <et so)e of those sa)e people *ere ereft *hen they left Col() ia and *ere free of hi). 9a@arsfeldDs d(al concern *ith people and *ith pro le)s led to (nlikely co) inations, so)e of *hich fo(ndered *hile others, perhaps eG(ally (nlikely at the o(tset, flo(rished. 4hen he set C. 4right Mills to *ork on the pro le) of personal infl(ence in &ecat(r, +llinois, this did not last long. Ar *hen he egan to *ork *ith pollster 9o( 5arris on a st(dy of college fac(lty, this a orted. .9a@arsfeld co)pleted the st(dy *ith 4agner ,hielens as The Aca emic "in .0 5is *ork *ith Martin 9ipset on a revie* of political ehavior *as so)e*hat )ore prod(ctive (t rather short?lived. ;o one *o(ld have predicted that he and =rnest ;agel *o(ld )anage a s(ccessf(l series of se)inars in )athe)atical sociology, or that he and &avid 'ies)an *o(ld co)e as close together as they didHeven so, re)aining at ar)Ds lengthHin the st(dy of college fac(lties. 1nd *ho co(ld have g(essed that his association *ith Merton *o(ld flo*er and eco)e so i)portantK ,hat *as 9a@arsfeldDs personal style: he co(ld not stand to have a right person, *ho) he respected, *hether colleag(e or st(dent, in the vicinity yet not *orking on pro le)s he sa* as significant. 5e (sed his o*n ti)e, flattery, and attention- he (sed

)oney, he (sed s())ers in 5anover, ;e* 5a)pshire, he (sed pro3ects at the B(rea(- he (sed all the ind(ce)ents at his co))and to dra* others into his or it. ,his *as not charis)a, *hich co(ld properly descri e the attraction to Merton. +t *as )ore nearly a )atter of p(rs(it. ,o ring this a o(t *as costly to 9a@arsfeld. ,he tactics did not allo* a post(re of kno*ing )ore than he did. ,o engage the efforts of others on a pro le), he had to declare his o*n defeat. B(t that he *as *illing to do. %or hi), getting the pro le) solved *as )ost i)portant .or 7 69 7 perhaps getting another to *ork on his pro le) *as )ost i)portant0- the fact that another )ight e the one to solve the pro le) *as a sacrifice he *as *illing to )ake. ,his (nass()ing aspect of 9a@arsfeld co) ined *ith another attri (te to )ake hi) a perfect co)ple)ent to s( stantive sociologists. %or 9a@arsfeld had a diffic(lt ti)e (nderstanding sociological theory. +n so)e of his *riting .the est sa)pling can e fo(nd in <ualitative Analysis 0 he e8hi its his long?standing concern to (nderstand action and his rich sense of the history of the theory of action. B(t s( stance that *as )ore sociological ca)e slo*ly to hi). ,he s(ccess of the Merton?9a@arsfeld se)inars *as this pec(liar co)ple)entarity oth in s( stance and in personality. Merton kne* *hat 4e er and others had *ritten a o(t (rea(cracy, for e8a)ple. 5e kne* the theory. 9a@arsfeld )ost e8plicitly did not kno*, and he asked G(estions. +n part 9a@arsfeld asked eca(se he si)ply did not (nderstand the s( stance. B(t in part he asked the) eca(se his desire for an ans*er o(t*eighed any concern he )ight have had a o(t eing regarded as sociologically naive. +n other cases the interaction *as so)e*hat )odified. Merton *o(ld lay o(t a s( stantive sociological analysis he hi)self had carried o(t, and then 9a@arsfeld *o(ld pose the sa)e or si)ilar G(estions. +n at least one case, having finally felt that he (nderstood *hat the theorist )eant, he atte)pted this (nderstanding thro(gh for)ali@ation, in a 3oint paper *ith Merton. ,his acco(nt of the personalities of Merton and 9a@arsfeld does not do 3(stice to the co) ination of the t*o and the i)pact of this co) ination on each of the) and on those at Col() ia. ,he difference in their personalities and the po*er of their personalities co(ld have prod(ced a standoff or an (nending conflict. B(t each respected *hat the other co(ld do, each deferred to the other in the otherDs real) of e8pertise, and perhaps each even yearned so)e*hat to have the otherDs talents. 4hatever the co)ple8 character of this relation, its strength is *hat gave Col() ia sociology its strength over the long period eginning in the 19B0s and e8tending to the 19#0s. ;ot s(rprisingly, its strength is *hat created s(ch a vac(() in sociology at Col() ia, a vac(() felt eyond the li)its of that (niversity once the co) ination *as gone. 1s has often een pointed o(t, at the sa)e ti)e 5arvard had a co(nterpart to Pa(l 9a@arsfeld in 2a)(el 2to(ffer, and to 'o ert Merton in ,alcott Parsons. B(t there *as never the 3oining of activities nor the 3oining of ideas et*een Parsons and 2to(ffer that occ(rred et*een Merton and 9a@arsfeld. 7 90 7

The $ontent of !ocio*ogy at $o*u-bia

+n the early 19F0s sociology *as (ndergoing a change, and Col() ia *as on the forefront of that change. .+ *rite this fro) the perspective of the present, not fro) )y perspective as a grad(ate st(dent at the ti)e. ,hen, the Col() ia sociology of 19F1 *as all + kne* as sociology.0 ,he *atershed at

Col() ia ca)e *ith the decline of 9ynd and the arrival of 9a@arsfeld. .+t is perhaps ironic that 9ynd ro(ght 9a@arsfeld to Col() ia and then *atched *ith so)e disfavor the transfor)ation of the discipline that 9a@arsfeld helped ring a o(t.0 Before this *atershed, the (nit for )ost e)pirical research in 1)erican sociology had een a co))(nity or an organi@ation. ,he 9yndsD st(dy of Middleto*n is an e8a)ple, as are Col() ia Ph.&. dissertations of a slightly earlier period, s(ch as Philip 2el@nickDs T.5.A. an the 3rass &oots , Martin 9ipsetDs Agrarian Socialism . 1t the University of Chicago, 4. 9loyd 4arnerDs <ankee City series and 1. B. 5ollingsheadDs %lmtown,s 6outh *ere st(dies that, altho(gh they (sed the ne* )ethods of sa)ple s(rveys, foc(sed on the stratification syste) of a given co))(nity and th(s contin(ed the Chicago schoolDs foc(s on co))(nities or neigh orhoods as the (nits of analysis. B(t the fo(r vol()es in the American Sol ier series y 2a)(el 2to(fferDs gro(p d(ring 4orld 4ar ++ provided a strong sti)(l(s for change to a sociology ased on sa)ple s(rveys *ith the individ(al as the (nit of analysis and individ(al ehavior as the pheno)enon (nder e8a)ination. ,hat sti)(l(s *as a)plified y the i))ensely infl(ential )ontinuities in Social &esearch: The American Sol ier , edited y Merton and 9a@arsfeld. ,he Merton and >itt essay on reference gro(ps and the 9a@arsfeld and >endall essay on )ethods of ela oration in s(rvey analysis, *hich covered oth the s( stantive and )ethodological flanks of the ne* individ(alist )ove)ent in sociology, *ere the centerpieces of that vol()e. 9a@arsfeldDs *ork in radio research, and )ass?co))(nications research )ore generally, *as a )a3or force for this ne* individ(alist direction at Col() ia. ,he appoint)ent at Col() ia of 5er ert 5y)an, a social psychologist *ho had done *ork on reference gro(ps, *as another indicator of the change. =ven the research that *as close to traditional sociological concerns egan to take the sa)e for). 9a@arsfeldDs voting st(dies, MertonDs st(dy of the >ate 2)ith *ar ond appeal ."ass $ersuasion 0, and >at@ and 9a@arsfeldDs $ersonal Influence all took individ(al 7 91 7 ehavior or attit(des as the dependent varia les to e e8plained- all *ere concerned *ith varying individ(al responses to a )ass sti)(l(s. Ather *ork at Col() ia atte)pted to co) ine the ne* )ethods of G(antitative s(rvey analysis *ith st(dies of pro le)s that involved the ehavior of a social (nitHa co))(nity or an organi@ation. ,his *ork *as in part d(e to MertonDs infl(ence al*ays p(lling 9a@arsfeld to*ard sociological G(estions and in part d(e to the fact that the Jco))(nity?st(dyJ period of sociological research had not co)pletely passed. =ven the t*o voting st(dies, prec(rsors of national voting st(dies, *ere set in t*o co))(nities, =l)ira, ;e* <ork, and 2and(sky, Ahio, *ith the str(ct(red intervie*s s(pple)ented y additional data on co))(nity organi@ations and the social relationships of the respondents. ,hese atte)pts, reflecting a tension et*een the old pro le) and the ne* )ethods, )et *ith varia le s(ccess, tho(gh none *as co)pletely s(ccessf(l. +n the voting st(dies the co))(nity data never ca)e together *ith the intervie* data, and the pro le)s st(died re)ained those of individ(al voting ehavior. +n $ersonal Influence , set in &ecat(r, +llinois, sno* all sa)pling led to greater s(ccess and to the concept of the t*o?step flo* of co))(nication. +n MertonDs )edical?school pro3ect, G(estionnaire data fro) *hole cohorts of )edical st(dents, rather than fro) sa)ples, )ade possi le the st(dy of conte8t(al infl(ences on ehavior, and the (se of t*o )edical schools rather than one allo*ed the st(dy of school? level effects, tho(gh again on individ(al ehavior. +n the +,U st(dy 9ipsetDs foc(s on s( stantive pro le)s of de)ocratic theory at the syste) level led to an analysis that kept the ehavior of the syste) at the forefront, (t *itho(t f(lly integrating pro le)s and )ethods. +n all these *ays sociology at Col() ia in the 19F0s contained a si@ea le co)ponent of social psychology. +n a large and steadily

increasing fraction of the e)pirical research done at Col() ia d(ring the period, individ(al ehavior *as the pheno)enon (nder st(dy, not the ehavior of a social syste) or any part of it eyond the individ(al. <et in large part this e)phasis )erely reflected the increasing individ(alis) of society. +n the 19B0s 5ollingshead had e8a)ined social stratification y st(dying =l)to*nDs yo(th, sho*ing that the social position of the parent *as trans)itted to the child y *ay of the school. +n the 19F0s it no longer see)ed sensi le to st(dy generational trans)ission of social stratification y st(dying =l)to*nsyo(ng people *ere changing their socila positions, not *ithin the stratification syste)s of these to*ns, (t o(tside the) y leaving their ho)eto*ns. ,h(s it 7 9$ 7 eca)e nat(ral to st(dy the individ(als rather than the to*ns. 2ociology at Col() ia reflected that change and helped develop the )ethods and redefine the pro le)s of sociology in s(ch a *ay as to )ake the acade)ic st(dy of society congr(ent *ith ne* social reality. M(ch of *hat is today regarded as the )ainstrea) of sociology constit(tes the f(rther develop)ent of that paradig). Path analysis as a logical e8tension of the ideas of ela oration in the 9a@arsfeld?>endall paper, stat(s attain)ent research *ith nationally representative sa)ples as the replace)ent for the <ankee City and =l)to*n co))(nity st(dies, and national election st(dies as the replace)ent for co))(nity? ased sa)ples all s(ggest the e8tent of change of the discipline as it )irrors changes in society. ,he change that *as occ(ring in the 19F0s at Col() ia can e descri ed in another *ay. 1s the discipline e) raced G(antitative )ethods to st(dy 1)ericaDs changing social str(ct(re, it retained the a ility to st(dy the effects of social str(ct(re on individ(al ehavior .in part thro(gh )ethods of conte8t(al and relational analysis that *ere eing fashioned at Col() ia0. B(t it lost the capacity to reconstit(teHstill G(antitativelyHfro) individ(al actions the ehavior of the social syste) co)posed of those individ(als. 4hat can e done disc(rsively, in descri ing ho* the interplay of actions y individ(als leads to syste)?level o(tco)es .say, in co))(nity decision )aking or organi@ational ehavior or in the election of a president0, re)ains largely eyond o(r G(antitative grasp. ,his (neven develop)ent of G(antitative )ethods has led to a concentration of G(antitative e)pirical research on deter)inants of individ(al ehavior, a shift fro) pro le)s that occ(pied the discipline efore the *atershed + have descri ed.

The I-/act of These Ideas on Me

Beca(se + ca)e to Col() ia *ith al)ost no ackgro(nd in any social science, the fra)e of reference i)posed y sociology at Col() ia *as the only fra)e + had. + reflected, oth in the )ethodological skills + developed and in the s( stantive pro le)s + sa* as i)portant, the then c(rrent Col() ia definition of sociology. B(t )y develop)ent as a sociologist reflected )ore specifically the confl(ence of three strea)s of activity: the activities of 9a@arsfeld, the activities of Merton, and the activities of 9ipset. %ro) Merton ca)e not only the vision of sociology as a calling (t also a foc(s on sociological deter)inants of individ(al ehavior, follo*ing in the pattern of &(rkhei), on *hose analysis of 7 9! 7 social deter)inants of s(icide .not The +ivision of Labor or The %lementary 0orms of &eligious Life! oth of *hich had )ore a syste)ic, less individ(al, foc(s0 Merton lavished attention in his lect(res on theory.

4hether it *as MertonDs o*n orientation, the individ(alist direction of sociology at Col() ia, or a positivist orientation + carried over fro) the physical sciences, )id*ay thro(gh grad(ate school + concl(ded that &(rkhei) *as engaged in one kind of endeavor and 4e er in an altogether different one, and that + *o(ld choose &(rkhei)Ds path. + sa* that path as the st(dy of the force of social str(ct(re and social organi@ation on the individ(als e) edded in that str(ct(re. 4e er + tho(ght of as engaged in the other side: the st(dy of conseG(ences of individ(alsD val(es, and the actions follo*ing fro) the), for social organi@ation. Parsons + sa* as trying to reali@e a 4e erian progra) of theory constr(ction and research, and altho(gh + felt it )ight have een done etter y another, part of ParsonsDs pro le) see)ed to lie in the 4e erian starting point. + have s( seG(ently changed )y orientation to*ard social theory to one )ore consistent *ith the 4e erian progra) y taking p(rposive action as a starting point for social organi@ation rather than social str(ct(re as a starting point for individ(al action. ,his pro le), *hich can e descri ed as the )icro?to?)acro pro le), *as not *hat + took a*ay *ith )e fro) Col() ia. ,he &(rkhei)ian orientation *as far )ore co)pati le *ith the G(antitative )ethods and the )athe)atical sociology + *as learning there. My orientation to*ard )athe)atical sociology ca)e fro) 9a@arsfeld via three channels, in addition to the 9a@arsfeld?;agel se)inar and the evening (niversity se)inar on )athe)atics in the social sciences. %irst *as the pro3ect he gave )e of translating 'ashevskyDs )athe)atical iology for a sociological a(dience. 1ltho(gh this *ork .p( lished in "athematical Thinking in the Social Sciences 0 had little, if any, significance for the discipline, it *as i)portant for )y develop)ent. 'ashevsky *as a )athe)atical iophysicist *ho had t(rned to sociological pro le)s and had developed )odels of vario(s social processes. 4hat *as i)portant for )e a o(t 'ashevskyDs *ork *as *hat *as i)portant later in ;agelDs orientation and in so)e of the )athe)atical )odels *e st(died in the 9a@arsfeld?;agel se)inar: it *as )athe)atics dedicated to )irroring social processes . +t *as not 3(st a co)pilation of statistical indices nor a static representation of str(ct(re .as *as 9a@arsfeldDs latent str(ct(re analysis, a develop)ent that e8cited 9a? 7 9B 7 @arsfeld (t left )e cold0. +n this it *as co)pati le *ith the applications of )athe)atics + kne* fro) physics and physical che)istry and reinforced )y elief that this )irroring of social processes *as the )ost profita le application of )athe)atics in sociology. ,he orientation + fo(nd in 'ashevsky, ;agel, and )(ch of 5er ert 2i)onDs *ork .*hich infl(enced )e *hile + *as still in grad(ate school0 is not one + have seen a)ong (sers of )athe)atics in sociology *hose ackgro(nd is in )athe)atics or statistics rather than the physical sciences or engineering. ;or did + find it in 9a@arsfeld, *hose preocc(pation *as *ith latent str(ct(re analysis and inde8 constr(ction. ,he second channel *as the Behavioral Models Pro3ect, for *hich + contracted to do a revie* and e8position of )athe)atics as applied to the st(dy of s)all gro(ps. +n that *ork + learned a o(t syste)s of nonlinear differential eG(ations, eginning *ith 2i)onDs )odeling of 5o)ansDs propositions a o(t s)all?gro(p processes, and then discovering 1. C. 9otkaDs *ork and EolterraDs eG(ations for predator? prey )odelsHagain a reinforce)ent of the process orientation + had fo(nd in 'ashevsky. + also st(ffed )y head f(ll of the *ork on rando) and nonrando) nets y 'ashevskyDs colleag(es .1natol 'apoport and others0 at Chicago, *hich + applied to, and )odified for, social net*orks. ,his *ork, ho*ever .*hich has recently een rediscovered y sociologists engaged in the st(dy of social net*orks0, attracted )e far less than process )odeling. ,he third channel *as 9a@arsfeldDs Panel Pro3ect, designed to develop )ethods for the analysis of panel

data. ,he pro le) of panel analysis that 9a@arsfeld posed *as one + leaped on eca(se it *as hospita le to a )odel of a process- (t his o*n sol(tion to that pro le) involved inde8 constr(ction rather than constr(ction of s(ch a process )odel. +t *as the str(ggle to find a sol(tion to this pro le) that led .*ith the aid of a s(ggestion fro) 'ichard 2avage the year after + left Col() ia0 to the contin(o(s?ti)e stochastic process )odels that for) the core .chapters B/1!0 of )y Intro uction to "athematical Sociology .19"B0 and to s( seG(ent *ork in the sa)e direction, as represented )ost recently in Longitu inal +ata Analysis .19610. ,he co)pati ility of this direction of )odeling *ith the s( stantive pro le)s s(rro(nding )ass co))(nications and )ass ehavior is not accidental, for those *ere the pro le)s occ(pying 9a@arsfeld as he for)(lated the pro le)s of panel analysis. ,ho(gh 9ipset *as less i)portant to the social syste) of Col() ia sociology than 9a@arsfeld or Merton, he *as no less i)portant than they to )y develop)ent as a sociologist. ,hro(gh a series of fort(nate 7 9F 7 accidents + ca)e in 19F$ to e the third )e) er .*ith 9ipset and ,ro*0 of the +,U research tea). 9ipset had started to plan the research as early as 19B9, and it egan as an organi@ed research pro3ect in 19F1. 4hat *as of central i)portance a o(t the +,U st(dy *as the fact that it foc(sed on a s( stantive )acrosocial pro le) in political sociology .the social ases of political de)ocracy0 that had a rich history in sociological theory. <et the research (sed G(antitative data ased on the ne* sa)ple s(rvey techniG(es to st(dy the pro le). Macrosocial pro le)s and sa)ple s(rvey techniG(es (s(ally do not )i8 *ell in social research. 5o* *as 9ipset a le to ring a o(t a s(ccessf(l )i8K ,he ans*er, + elieve, lies in the do)inance of the pro le) over the data, a do)inance (ttressed oth y the rich store of kno*ledge that 9ipset had a o(t the printersD (nion and y the f(nd of social and political theory earing on the pro le) that he had at his fingertips. 1nd as *nion +emocracy doc()ents, the s(rvey of ;e* <ork printers *as only one of a n() er of data so(rces, so)e of *hich .s(ch as literat(re a o(t printing (nions and infor)ant intervie*s *ith printers0 9ipset had a)assed efore the s(rvey pro3ect and so)e of *hich .s(ch as o servation of (nion )eetings and chapel )eetings, records of voting y locals in international elections, *ritten )aterial a o(t (nion political iss(es gleaned fro) (nion p( lications0 *ere o tained d(ring the pro3ect itself. 1ltho(gh G(antitative analyses of the s(rvey data can e fo(nd thro(gho(t the ook and indeed are central to the st(dy, it *as the framework of i eas from social theory that generated the analyses. ,hose ideas *ere, of co(rse, )odified y the res(lts of the data analysis. %or e8a)ple, 9ipset egan *ith an idea of the i)portance of the occ(pational co))(nity for political participation in the (nion- (t only in the analysis of the s(rvey data did *e discover the i)portance of certain for)al cl( s *ithin the (nion for providing an organi@ed ase of opposition to the inc() ents. ,h(s the initial ideas *ere richly developed, ela orated, and )odified y the data. B(t the )ain point is that the fra)e*ork of ideas *as set y the )acrosocial theory- the data analyses *ere forced to cope *ith those ideas, often partially testing a hypothesi@ed )acrosocial relation y testing the one or )ore i)plied )icro?level processes necessary to generate it. ,his data analysis, )oving et*een theory s(ch as that of the )ass?society theorists and data that only indirectly ore on the theory, *as far )ore i)portant to the develop)ent of )y data analysis skills than *ere any co(rses in research )ethods. +t also led to orientations different fro) those + *o(ld have developed in s(ch co(rses. Ane of these *as a 7 9" 7

lo* level of interest in statistical inference .an orientation characteristic of Col() ia sociology as a *hole0. ,he co)ple8ity of the linkage et*een, on the one hand, s(rvey analysis involving relations et*een attri (tes of individ(als and, on the other, the str(ct(re of )acro?level relations they *ere designed to test )ade a pri)a facie case for ignoring standard tests and (sing other criteria to aid in dra*ing inferences a o(t the social ases of political de)ocracy. P(ite apart fro) these theoretical and )ethodological aspects, + fo(nd the +,U st(dy appealing eca(se it *as consistent *ith, and reinforced )y interest in, political pl(ralis), the social so(rces of political diversity, and the str(ct(ral ases for opposition to an inc() ent a(thority. +t *as partly these ideas that led to the proposal for a st(dy of high schools that + tried to get f(nded *hen + *as at the B(rea( in early 19FF and finally p(rs(ed at the University of Chicago in 19F# .p( lished in 19"1 as The A olescent Society 0. ,reating the social syste) of adolescents in a high school as a partially closed social syste), + *anted to st(dy the effects of )onolithic and pl(ralistic stat(s syste)s on the ehavior of adolescents, and to st(dy the so(rces of these variations in stat(s syste)s. .,he proposal is incl(ded in an appendi8 in The A olescent Society .0 ,he theoretical ai)s of the st(dy *ere never reali@ed- The A olescent Society *as *ritten largely for a lay a(dience and ed(cation professionals, *ith the theoretical *ork deferred to a later p( lication that never )ateriali@ed. ,he contrast of The A olescent Society! in *hich the theoretical ai)s did not do)inate the data analysis, *ith *nion +emocracy! in *hich they did, is instr(ctive, sho*ing the ease *ith *hich the constraints of s(rvey analysis can co)e to distort the original goals of the research. Besides Merton, 9a@arsfeld, and 9ipset, others *ere also i)portant to the develop)ent of )y ideas. Ane *as =rnest ;agel, oth in his co(rses .logic, and the philosophy of science0 that + a(dited and in the se)inar *ith 9a@arsfeld. 5er ert 5y)an, re)arka ly ingenio(s in (sing s(rvey data to test social psychological ideas, *as another. Athers incl(ded statisticians, partic(larly 5o*ard 'aiffa and ,heodore 1nderson. 2till another *as a visitor, 5arold Pfa(t@, *ho late in )y Col() ia career introd(ced )e to so)e of the sociological classics + *o(ld other*ise have )issed, incl(ding 1da) 2)ithDs Theory of "oral Sentiments! an e8traordinary set of ideas a o(t the self and society. .+ had already een entranced y :. 5. MeadDs ideas, (t + fo(nd 2)ith even )ore co)pelling.0 P(ite apart fro) fac(lty, the set of fello* st(dents and research associates at the B(rea( *as of considera le i)portance to each of (s. +t 7 9# 7 *as, for e8a)ple, in the traditions gro(p se)inars that the ideas a o(t infor)al social str(ct(re and .as McPhee p(t it0 the dyna)ics of )asses egan to e)erge, ideas that strongly infl(enced )y )ommunity )onflict! the st(dy that 5er Men@el, =lih( >at@, and + did ."e ical Innovation 0 on diff(sion of a ne* dr(g thro(gh the )edical co))(nity, a paper on relational analysis that descri ed *ays of capt(ring the effects of infor)al social str(ct(re *ith s(rvey?type data, and other )ethodological innovations, s(ch as sno* all sa)pling. ,hese and others *ere the ideas that e)erged fo(r or five years do*nstrea) fro) the *atershed that s( stit(ted )ass co))(nication and social psychology for co))(nity st(dies and social str(ct(re at Col() ia. ,his orientation to*ard the st(dy of ehavior in loosely str(ct(red social syste)s is not all of sociology- (t it *as an i)portant direction, and one that e)erged not only fro) the co) ination of inp(ts *e had received fro) the fac(lty and the research at Col() ia (t also fro) the f(rther develop)ent of those ideas thro(gh o(r interaction. ,his intellect(al direction, *hich + had *hen + left Col() ia, has not, of co(rse, re)ained (nchanged over the years. +t has taken at least one a r(pt t(rn, along *ith other, )ore )inor ones. ,hat, ho*ever, is another story, for *hich there is no space here.

My Traverse through $o*u-bia

+ ca)e to Col() ia resolving to give the ed(cational syste) one last chance. +t had failed, + felt, thro(gh high school and the several colleges + had attended. My teachers had een engaged in trans)itting infor)ation, (t none .e8cept for t*o at P(rd(e0 had een interested in )e, in *hat + )ight do *ith the infor)ation they had i)parted. %ro) nearly the eginning at Col() ia + felt a difference. + sensed that so)e fac(lty )e) ers had a personal .that is, selfish0 interest in so)e of their st(dents. ,hey see)ed to e interested in those st(dents in a *ay + had never felt since the ninth grade: their interest see)ed tinged *ith the interest that parents have in their children. +f asked to e8plain that no*, + *o(ld say it is eca(se, as children do for parents, grad(ate st(dents help ring professors closer to i))ortality, e8tending their infl(ence eyond their o*n life span. +n the then large sociology depart)ent at Col() ia this interest *as in conflict *ith another, the fac(ltyDs desire to protect itself fro) grad(ate?st(dent de)ands, so that for )any of )y fello* st(dents grad(ate school did not have this specialHperhaps essentialHG(ality. %or )e, fro) nearly the eginning, it did. 7 96 7 + )oved into an apart)ent at 111th 2treet and Broad*ay and sold )y 19B# Chevrolet to a co(ple of P(erto 'icans, hoping they *o(ld not notice an o)ino(s so(nd in the differential. + entered Col() ia still a naive oy fro) 2even Mile, Ahio, and 5erndon, >ent(cky, *ith training as a che)ical engineer and *ork e8perience as a che)ist. + *as not, ho*ever, in great a*e of sociology. + had read eno(gh y that ti)e to have discovered that the density of ideas *as not co)para le to that in a ook on physical che)istry. + *anted to progress rapidly, to skip ackgro(nd co(rses and proceed *ith the )ore advanced ones. 1s for statistics, + had had no co(rses (t had read P(inn Mc;e)arDs statistical te8t over the s())er so that + co(ld enter the reg(lar co(rse on sociological statistics *itho(t preli)inaries. B(t + decided after the first session to opt o(t of the co(rse and take )y statistics along *ith the statistics st(dents in the )athe)atical statistics depart)ent. .+t *as the first of several co(rses + took in that depart)ent. My )athe)atical ackgro(nd fro) che)ical engineering *as strong eno(gh to ena le )e to take co(rses in statistics that )y sociology colleag(es co(ld not.0 1s + have already indicated, MertonDs theory co(rse *as riveting, a conversion e8perience for those of (s eager for conversion. B(t )y interest in co(rse*ork *as largely confined to MertonDs co(rse and to the )athe)atical statistics co(rses. + did learn so)ething a o(t )ethods fro) 5er ert 5y)an and Charles 4rightDs research )ethods seG(ence. B(t *ith rare e8ceptions + have never fo(nd lect(re co(rses partic(larly appealing as a )edi() for learning. =rnest ;agelDs co(rse in philosophy of science, *hich + sat in on, (nregistered, *as one s(ch e8ception. ,he class al*ays contin(ed for ten or t*enty )in(tes after its ti)e *ith a gro(p of st(dents cl(stered aro(nd hi), asking G(estions and arg(ing points. + stood on the periphery, ver ally inadeG(ate and (ns(re of )yself, listening to the interchange and *anting to interr(pt (t re)aining )(te. 2e)inars *ere another )atter altogether. 2o)e of the se)inars *ere r(n y t*o fac(lty )e) ers, and the interchange *as far )ore instr(ctive than the lect(res. +n se)inars *e *ere ind(ced to perfor), to *rite and present papers, to sho* *hat *e co(ld do. ,he 9a@arsfeld?Merton se)inar in (rea(cracy had oth these co)ponents, as did the 9a@arsfeld?;agel se)inar in )athe)atical sociology. + sat in on a n() er of co(rses and se)inars o(tside the depart)ent, sti)(lated y the e8traordinary range of intellect(al activity. Ane *as 1 ra) >ardinerDs se)inar, *hich + attended *hile + *as reading his

7 99 7 $sychological 0rontiers of Society; a second *as :reen ergDs co(rse on ling(istics- and a third *as :eorge 2tiglerDs co(rse in )icroecono)ics. +n an infor)al co(rse on operations research + fo(nd an interesting )i8t(re of statistics, )athe)atics, and an engineerDs approach to pro le) solving. 1nd + took a co(rse in ind(strial engineering fro) 1l ert '( enstein in *hich *e engaged in a kind of sociology of for)al organi@ations *ith an e)phasis on patterns of co))(nication. 2o )(ch for co(rse*ork. +n )y second se)ester + learned that 9ipset and ,ro* *ere looking for intervie*ers for the +,U pro3ect, *hich *as 3(st going into the field. + applied for a 3o intervie*ing printers and *as hired. + learned ;e* <ork this *ay, riding the s( *ays to the Worl (Telegram! the Sun! the Times! the /eral Tribune! the +aily -ews! the 3o shops, and printersD ho)es in P(eens, Brooklyn, and the Bron8. + also learned intervie*ing. 4hen the officials of the (nion *ere to e intervie*ed, ,ro* kept Coseph :reen l() and )e on, and the three of (s did those intervie*s. ,hen + helped in sending o(t )ail G(estionnaires to get panel data on ;e* <ork printersD voting preferences in the international (nion election. ,hat s())er 9ipset *ent to teach at the %ree University in Berlin, and ,ro* *ent to help C. 4right Mills (ild a ca in on an island in one of the :reat 9akes. ,he data *ere in, and they left )e alone *ith it. 1t the end of the s())er + had *ritten (p an analysis that + co(ld sho* to the). 9ipset read it, then asked )e if + *o(ld like to e a coa(thor of the ook they *ere *riting on the +,U. + said yes. ,h(s egan an enor)o(sly prod(ctive and instr(ctive e8perience. 4e talked, *rote, tore each othersD drafts apart and re*rote the). 9ipset provided the intellect(al fra)e*ork and ackgro(nd for the st(dy in the first chapters, and fro) there *e shaped the analysis in e8tended disc(ssions. ,ro* and + spent ho(rs on the co(nter?sorters in the %ayer*eather ase)ent, pored over cross?ta (lations together and separately, and in o(r e8tended arg()ents over data analysis, *e ta(ght each other. ,here *ere no long lines of st(dents to c(rtail o(r interaction *ith 9ipset. ;or *as it all data analysis. 4e reread Michels, *e read and arg(ed over Mannhei), the )ass?society theorists, 2cheler, =)il 9ederer, 5annah 1rendt, and 2el@nickDs The Organi.ational Weapon . + have coa(thored ooks, (t the interaction d(ring the acade)ic years 19F$/F! and 19F!/FB *as (nlike any other. +n the fall of 19F! 9a@arsfeld asked )e if + *o(ld *ork, for pay, on the panel pro3ect. + had to decide et*een that and contin(ing *ork *itho(t pay on the +,U pro3ect. + had a t(ition fello*ship and co(ld 7 100 7 )anage *itho(t the e8tra )oney, so + said no and stayed *ith 9ipset and ,ro*. 9a@arsfeld had three large pro3ects, the Behavioral Models Pro3ect, the Panel Pro3ect, and the Concepts and +ndices Pro3ect. +n all three + *as involved *ith 9a@arsfeld (t never *as e)ployed y hi). %ollo*ing the pattern of the 'ashevsky paper, he paid )e for prod(cts, not ho(rs. Ane )ight say + *orked as an independent contractor. +t )ay have een this distance that )ade )e less itter at 9a@arsfeld than those *ho had een closer. + stayed on the periphery of the Behavioral Models Pro3ect, never e)ployed y it (t attending se)inars and, in the end, *riting a report for the pro3ect on )athe)atical )odels of s)all gro(ps. %or the Concepts and +ndices Pro3ect + *rote papers analy@ing econo)istsD (se of concepts and analy@ing econo)ic indices .learning along the *ay )ore econo)ics0, and gained ad)ission to the s())er se)inar at &art)o(th on concepts and indices. + *as greatly interested in )ethods of panel analysis and *rote a paper atte)pting to e8tend those )ethods .*hich led so)e years later to )y Intro uction to "athematical Sociology 0. ,hat paper got )e into another &art)o(th s())er se)inar, on )ethods of panel analysis. ,hese s())er se)inars *ere e8traordinarily i)portant to )y sociali@ation in sociology, for + *atched social scientists in action,

de ating points, arg(ing )ethods, developing ideas. + egan to see )yself on the sa)e plane, e)erging as a professional a)ong professionals. 1fter t*o and a half years at Col() ia + had reached an ape8 of stat(s, prestige, and deference that + have never approached in )y s( seG(ent career. + then took )y oral G(alifying e8a)ination for ad)ission to Ph.&. candidacy. + had prepared for the e8a) over the s())er and had a rich and *ell? organi@ed set of ideas and infor)ation a o(t social theory and theorists. + re)e) er the first G(estion of the e8a)ination, a statistical G(estion asked y 5o*ard 'aiffa, *hich + (ngled )isera ly. + re)e) er nothing else e8cept that *hen it *as over after t*o ho(rs, + kne* + had failed. + *aited o(tside the e8a)ination roo)- 9ipset s())ari@ed the e8a)ination *hen he ca)e o(t and said to )e, J+f *e all had not kno*n efore the e8a) that yo( *o(ld pass, yo( *o(ld have failed.J ,he others *ere eG(ally gri)?faced as they left the e8a)ination roo). + tr(dged disconsolately do*n 1)sterda) 1ven(e to*ard )y 1$!rd 2treet apart)ent (t *as hailed y sho(ts fro) 2idney Morgen esser and others fro) an office *indo* across 1)sterda), a B(rea( office + shared *ith Morgen esser, *ith *ho) + *as *orking on 9a@arsfeldDs Concepts and +ndices Pro3ect. My friends had prepared a party in cele ration of )y passing )y orals, (t + had decided to skip it. ,hey *o(ld 7 101 7 not let )e go ho)e, tho(gh, despite )y agony. 2o + *ent to the party and shared )y tro( les *ith )y friends. 2oon the )e) ers of )y e8a)ination co))ittee, incl(ding Merton, ca)e over to *ish )e *ell and have a drink in *hat *as a )(ted, (t relieved, cele ration. ,he incident *as, + a) s(re, not forgotten .and )ay have een responsi le for )y not getting the 3o teaching 9ee 4igginsDs statistics co(rse a year and a half later0, (t it *as p(t aside and perhaps attri (ted to )y general oral ineptit(de. + *ent on to other thingsHthe +,U analysis, )y s)all?gro(p )onograph for the Behavioral Models Pro3ect, and )y paper on properties of gro(ps for the Concepts and +ndices Pro3ect. + finished )y dissertation in the fall of 19FB and s( )itted it in &ece) er. ,he defense *as in Can(ary. B(t )atters *ere not so si)ple. 2t(dents did not finish so G(ickly at Col() ia. Certainly if + had done )y dissertation (nder Merton, + *o(ld not have finished then. ;o )ore likely *o(ld have een a G(ick co)pletion (nder 9a@arsfeld. =ven (nder 9ipset alone, )atters *o(ld not have een so si)ple. B(t in the spring of 19FB, + )et *ith Merton, and he asked )e a o(t )y dissertation plans. + said + didnDt kno*- + had none. 5e asked *hy not the +,U st(dyK &id + have chapters that *ere largely )y o*n and for)ed a coherent *holeK + said + tho(ght they did. 2o, ar)ed *ith this proposal fro) Merton, + *ent to 9ipset and reported the disc(ssion. 5e agreed to the dissertation. 5e )ight have done so any*ay, or he )ight not haveHfor he *as a yo(ng assistant professor, and the +,U st(dy *as his first )a3or *ork after his o*n dissertation. ,hen a grad(ate st(dent proposes to carve a dissertation o(t of a portion of it. =ven tho(gh + *as the principal a(thor of the chapters + proposed to (se, and even tho(gh )any of the ideas in the) *ere )ine, they nevertheless had res(lted fro) long disc(ssions a)ong the three of (s and e8tended critiG(es fro) ,ro* and 9ipset. Beca(se they *ere intended fro) the start as potential chapters of the ook rather than as chapters of )y dissertation, 9ipset gave the) far )ore attention than dissertation chapters ordinarily receive. ,he *aters of Col() ia *ere diffic(lt to navigate, at least *ith any speed. +t helped to have a sponsor interested in oneDs *ell? eing. B(t it helped )ore to have t*o. 2till )ore did it help to have three. 9a@arsfeld *as )y )entor, (t + did not do )y dissertation (nder hi) and *as not eholden to hi). 9ipset *as the fac(lty )e) er (nder *ho) + *orked )ost contin(o(sly, (t the str(ct(re of Col() ia de)anded that he e attentive to MertonDs or 9a@arfeldDs *ishes. Merton *as less close than either of

the others to )e (t *as ready and a le to serve as )y protector. 7 10$ 7 + finished )y dissertation G(ickly in the fall of 19FB, )aking the necessary )odifications to for) dissertation chapters fro) *hat had een ook chapters and adding one analytical chapter for good )eas(re. B(t + needed *ork that fall to s(pport )yself. + *as finished *ith the depart)ent, and it *as finished *ith )e. ,he B(rea( *o(ld e, if anything *as to e, )y ho)e for the acade)ic year 19FB/ FF. Charles :lock resc(ed )e y offering a )onograph on co))(nity conflicts fro) the ,*entieth Cent(ry %(nd, a task so)eone else had otched. + *orked on that pro3ect, prod(cing )ommunity )onflict! *hich the f(nd did not like very )(ch (t nevertheless *as p( lished y Cere)iah >aplanDs %ree Press. .Af everything + have *ritten, this s)all, a*k*ardly p( lished )onograph has pro a ly sold the greatest n() er of copies.0 +n the *inter, in part as an o(tgro*th of the traditions se)inar, a dr(g co)pany, Pfi@er, gave a grant to st(dy the *ay doctors introd(ce ne* dr(gs into their practices. ,hat pro3ect occ(pied )e d(ring the spring .tho(gh + *rote )ost of )y portion of the report d(ring one tense, and intense, *eek in *hich )y *ife and + *ere for other reasons not speaking0. Mean*hile, it *as not clear *hat + *o(ld do the ne8t year. + had no 3o offers. 5er ert 2i)on at Carnegie ,ech had offered )e a 3o the previo(s year, (t 9a@arsfeld had ind(ced )e to re)ain at Col() ia. ;o* there *as nothing. 9ee 4iggins *as to e gone .at the Center for 1dvanced 2t(dy in the Behavioral 2ciencesHits second year0, and + hoped to teach his statistics co(rse, a part?ti)e 3o that *o(ld e eno(gh for s(pport. ,he depart)ent, ho*ever, decided + *as not a s(fficiently a le teacher. My ti)e at Col() ia *as approaching an end. Ane day + stopped to see 9ipset to disc(ss details of the *nion +emocracy )an(script, and he introd(ced )e to his ne* research assistant, +))an(el 4allerstein. 5e *as a right, energetic, and self?confident )e) er of a ne* cohort of grad(ate st(dents. ,hro(gh his eyes + sa* )yself no longer as a )e) er of the elite a)ong grad(ate st(dents (t as a for)er grad(ate st(dent, o(tside that syste), in li) o, Ma(rice 2tein of 19FF. My destination for the ne8t year *as still (nclear. + *as preparing )yself for another year at the B(rea(, *ith hopes of getting f(nding for )y ne* pro3ect, a st(dy of adolescents in high schools. ,hen, at the eginning of the s())er, + received an invitation fro) the Center for 1dvanced 2t(dy .occasioned y the last?)in(te defection of a )ore deserving scholar (t also d(e in part to 9a@arsfeldDs and MertonDs infl(ence0. 9ate that s())er + set off for California *ith a t*o?*eek stop along the *ay at Carnegie ,ech in Pitts (rgh, at 5er 2i)onDs 7 10! 7 invitation. .My *ife and son had left earlier, stopping to visit her fa)ily in +ndiana.0 + packed the station *agon *ith all )y elongings and stayed overnight at Philip =nnisDs apart)ent on ;inety?si8th 2treet. ,he ne8t )orning + fo(nd )y car pl(ndered- the clothes + had left in the front seat *ere gone. + didnDt )(ch care. + *as a 3o(rney)an sociologist, off to Pitts (rgh and to the Center. 7 10B 7

$ha/ter #our4 My Life and !oft Ti-es

,ose/h 0usfie*d ,here is a to(ch of ch(t@pah in a(to iography, an arrogance that )y life is a )atter of s(ch significance as to )erit the readerDs attention. My na)e )ay e kno*n in se)inars (t it is hardly kno*n in ho(seholds. ,he self?analysis i)plied reG(ires )e to find so)e 3(stification in a )ore (niversal rationale. + find it in :erth and MillsDs vie* of social psychology as the confl(ence of history and iography. 1n even )ore (sef(l salve to )y sensi ilities has een s(pplied y 1lvin :o(ldner, *ho *rote that the perception of sociologists co)es fro) t*o so(rces. Ane is e)pirical st(dies and theori@ingHthe role realities that the sociologist presents to the reader and freely ackno*ledges. ,he other, and often the )ore deter)inative, is the Jpersonal realitiesJ that the sociologist derives fro) his or her e8periences. ,hese are seldo) ackno*ledged and are often half hidden fro) the *riter as *ell. My a(to iography is a for) of stock taking. +t is also an e8ercise in finding the so(rces of the personal ass()ptions that have for)ed the te)pera)ent, the feelings, and the )ythic and e8perienced ases fro) *hich theory, research, and conviction often spring. ;o life e8ists apart fro) history, fro) a ti)e and a place. 2o too an a(to iography that did not reflect the person Jof this ti)e, of that placeJ *o(ld )islead and )isdirect. +t is in this a)alga) of person, place, and idea that + find )y direction. >enneth B(rke, *hose *ork has had a great infl(ence on )e, *rites of h()an eings as eing Jrotten *ith perfection.J + (nderstand hi) to )ean the proclivity of people to invent typologies and then p(sh 7 10F 7 the) to their e8tre)esHfor e8a)ple, for a sociologist to over?sociologi@e h()an action, for a Mar8ist to find capitalis) every*here, or for a Parsonian to see only syste). 4riting an a(to iography ind(ces that kind of perfection. +t )(st lend a narrative G(ality to the events of a life, as if they had direction, p(rpose, and goal rather than eing the res(lt of accident, i)p(lse, and drift. + have to e a*are of *ho + a) no* *hen *riting a o(t *ho + *as then. 9et )e )ake that disco(nt at the eginning and set it aside, other*ise + )ight stop *riting at this )o)ent. + *rite fro) a ga@e o of ti)e, looking ack*ard at )y life and discovering the present as f(t(re seen fro) the past. 1t si8ty?five + a) an aging sociologist living at the edge of 1)erica. Me8ico is a half ho(r a*ay, and the Pacific Acean is do*n the street. +t see)s a fit location fro) *hich to *rite this )(sing acco(nt of a life that is pro a ly d(plicated in the acco(nts of )any sociologists of )y age.

0rowing u/ in the '(9)s

9ike )any others of )y generation, + ca)e into acade)ic life in a period of an e8panding syste) of higher ed(cation in a prospero(s econo)y. :ro*ing (p in Chicago in the 19!0s + *o(ld not have e8pected that kind of f(t(re. +n retrospect three facts of )y childhood see) for)ative: Chicago, the :reat &epression, and eing Ce*ish in the 19!0s. ,he city of Chicago had, in the Prohi ition and 1l Capone years, gained an international rep(tation as a center of the (nder*orld, the place 2and (rg had called the Jcity of the ig sho(lders.J 1nd so it see)ed to )eHa place of contin(ing danger, *here *alking the streets *as a daily advent(re, and every stranger posed a threat. +t *as also a city of sharp ethnic lines, oth territorial and social. ,he first G(estion a o(t anyone, of any age, *as, 4hat is heKH)eaning, 4hat is his nationalityK ,his

perception of the city *as repeated in the University of ChicagoDs (r an st(dies. Anly later did + learn that ChicagoDs rigid ethnic o(ndaries pro a ly represented an e8tre)e a)ong 1)erican cities. ,hey e8tended to aspects of ed(cation as *ell. &(ring )y (ndergrad(ate days + eca)e friendly *ith a fello* st(dent, :eorge &e Eos .no* professor of anthropology at the University of California, Berkeley0. 4e *ere astonished to learn that *e had een living for several years on opposite sides of a narro* street. 5e had gone to a Catholic 7 10" 7 parochial school, and + to p( lic school, and *e had not even een a*are of each other. ,he &epression *as )ore than a end in the (siness cycle. +t *as a cataclys)ic destr(ction of elief in the special providence of 1)erica and a long period of deep an8iety and fr(stration. Many of (s *ho *ent thro(gh it contin(e to feel that the str(ct(re of solid instit(tions is a facade, al*ays lia le to s(dden and (ne8pected tre)ors that (nder)ine the fo(ndation. 1 ove all, gro*ing (p Ce*ish in the 19!0s *as )ore than a )atter of *hat yo( *ere- it *as the definitive state)ent of yo(r place in history. ,he local ethnic conflicts kept anti?2e)itis) alive (t they *ere al*ays disco(nted, the disappearing reenact)ent of old?co(ntry relationships in a ne* environ)ent. +n )y neigh orhood on the &ay of 1tone)ent, Polish?1)erican yo(th *o(ld thro* stones at the *indo*s of the synagog(e and sho(t anti?2e)itic slogans- Ce*ish yo(th *o(ld do the sa)e (t o)it the slogans. .+ have said often that + *as eaten (p y Polish hoods eca(se + *as Ce*ish and y Ce*ish hoods 3(st for the f(n of it.0 ,he deeply serio(s happenings *ere overseas, in :er)any. ,hey colored o(r politics, o(r daily talk, and o(r sense of the sec(rity of eing 1)erican. ,he eginnings of *hat later eca)e the 5oloca(st p(shed )e and )any other Ce*s rapidly into oth the Uionist )ove)ent and the left in politics in the late 19!0s. 5ere too + learned the vagaries of tr(st in the sta ility of )ove)ents and organi@ations. + had een active in an effort to develop a ranch of the 1)erican 2t(dent Union in )y high school. ,he (nion *as then an organi@ation atte)pting to gain econo)ic enefits for yo(th and college st(dents. +t *as also co))itted to developing an anti?5itler foreign policy and a conscio(sness of *hat *as happening (nder fascis). + had invited the national secretary to a for)ational )eeting. Bet*een his acceptance and the )eeting the 2oviet Union had signed a nonaggression pact *ith :er)any, and the (nion line changed to an attack on the *ar? )ongering capitalist co(ntries. + learned early that ideologies and political organi@ations are fickle lovers. + s(ppose that in looking ack and perfecting )y narrative + co(ld say that all those e8periences create the a(ra of a *orld in *hich violence and discontin(ity *ere palpa le possi ilities. ,hey s(ggest a *orld in *hich r(les are roken as )(ch, if not )ore, than follo*ed. + do not think that *as )y personal feeling a o(t )y o*n life, (t it )ay *ell have shaped )y sense of history as (npredicta le and (n)eas(ra le. 7 10# 7

The 3ar "ears

,he attack on Pearl 5ar or *as one of those )o)ents *hen yo( reali@e that history and iography )eet. 9ike )ost )en in )y generation, + *as a soldier in 4orld 4ar ++. +n one *ay the *ar *as not a t(rning point for )e. + *as an (ndergrad(ate at the University of Chicago *hen + entered the 1r)y in 1pril 19B!. + *as discharged on Can(ary 1B, 19B" .a day of li eration + still cele rate0, and ret(rned

three days later to the University of Chicago. B(t the e8perience of *ar and soldiering had a profo(nd i)pact on ho* + vie*ed life. 1fter al)ost forty years + still see the present historical period as the post*ar *orld. Perhaps )y second day in the 1r)y *as a sy) ol of *hat *as to co)e. 1 sergeant lined (p the ra* recr(its and asked all those *ith so)e college ed(cation to fall o(t and *alk across the yard picking (p cigarette (tts. J;o*,J he said to all the others, J+ *ant the rest of yo( ignora)(ses to *atch these college kids and see ho* itDs done.J + did learn respect for ra* intelligence that c(ts across class and ed(cation. %or a ookish and ti)id Ce* fro) lo*er )iddle?class Chicago to live *ith Ca3(ns fro) r(ral 9o(isiana *as an introd(ction to the si)ilarities a)ong 1)ericans and a)ong h()an eings that are not often as evident as the diversities. + also learned the difference et*een front and ack that disting(ishes the sophisticate fro) the naive. + learned that the pio(s assistant to the chaplain, *ho spoke so fervently a o(t the s*eetness of his oss and a o(t ho* )(ch he )issed his *ife, *as a (sy *horeho(nd *ho hated the *o)an he *as forced to )arry after he got her pregnant. + learned that he sa* the chaplain as a naive )an *ho co(ld e played for gain y feigning a religio(s co))it)ent. B(t + also learned that )en *ho affect co*ardice can act heroically, that people fro) *ho) yo( e8pect hostility can e helpf(l, and that tho(gh people can e *orse than they see), they are also so)eti)es etter. 4hat + *as discovering, + think, *as the appearance of a h()an G(ality o(tside the history and sociology that see) so often to e the constraining and shaping )atter of o(r e8istence. Anly later, in reflection, can it co)e to o(r conscio(sness in for)s s(ch as &ennis 4rongDs J,he Aversociali@ed Conception of Man.J ,he *ar helped create a certain indifference in )e to ideologies and political progra)s that, e8cept for the civil?rights )ove)ent of the 19"0s, has re)ained a part of )y political G(iescence. ,*o events stick 7 106 7 in )y )e)ory. Ane is like a classic )ovie scene: the first ti)e + had to go thro(gh the pockets and *allet of a dead :er)an soldier to identify hi), + fo(nd a pict(re of his *ife and child. +t )ade )e recogni@e that *ars are fo(ght against h()an eings, not against a stractions that can e hated. 1 second event )ade )e vividly reali@e the strange )i8 of good and evil that affects history. +n the closing days of the =(ropean *ar the :er)ans had thro*n old )en and yo(ng oys into the front. 1fter the s(rrender so)e )e) ers of the 2ch(t@staffel, or 22 .the elite )ilitary (nit of the ;a@i party0 contin(ed to fight- so)e disg(ised the)selves as )e) ers of the 4ehr)acht .the reg(lar :er)an ar)y0. 4o(nded :er)an prisoners *ere sent to o(r co)pany, a )edical (nit attached to an infantry division, one level closer to the front than a M125 .)o ile ar)y s(rgical hospital0. Beca(se of )y one year of college %rench, )y s)attering of <iddish, and )y sliver of :er)an, + had, )ira ile dict(, eco)e the co)pany interpreter. 1 :er)an soldier *as ro(ght in *ho clai)ed to e in the 4ehr)acht. Beca(se he *as in his late t*enties + *as skeptical and s(spected he *as an 22 )an in disg(ise. 5e spoke good =nglish and said that he had sat o(t the *ar as a theology st(dent (t in the final days had een drafted .a story he later s( stantiated0. + asked hi) if he had een in the 22 .2ch(t@staffel0, for )e and )ost 1)ericans the e) odi)ent of evil. J;o,J he replied, in an ans*er still *ith )e. J+ *as not so idealistic.J ,he *ar *as the s(pre)e instance of 4illia) Ca)esDs description of e8perience as Ja ig, (@@ing, loo)ing conf(sion.J %or a soldier it *as the e8perience of eing a pa*n in a chess ga)e *hose strategy and direction he co(ld never )ake o(t. +t egan to see) to (s, ho*ever, that the chess players *ere in the sa)e fi8- they co(ld no )ore control the ga)e than co(ld *e. =vents *ere, as so often they

are in politics and life, in co))and. ,he tragedy *as the a sence of tr(e ideological or political content in the average soldierDs co))it)ent to the *arHon oth sides, as =d*ard 2hils and Morris Cano*it@Ds *ork on the 4ehr)acht later displayed. ,ho(gh 2ey)o(r Martin 9ipset is pro a ly correct that 4orld 4ar ++ *as the only pop(lar *ar the United 2tates ever fo(ght, the soldiers + kne* (nderstood little a o(t ;a@is) and had no )ore than a vag(e devotion to patriotis) and d(ty. +, of co(rse, *as different. 1s a Ce* + had a strong feeling a o(t the *ar, tho(gh it too *as al)ost lost in the )i8 of h()an eings, death, destr(ction, and anarchy + enco(ntered. ,hat sense of fate, of the (nkno*n, (ncontrolla le forces s(rro(nding (s, has never really left )e. ,he root elief of the 7 109 7 scientific endeavor, that the *orld is oth kno*a le and )allea le, has contin(ed to see) to )e a s(pre)e del(sion.

The University of $hicago

My decision to enter the University of Chicago on grad(ating fro) high school in 19B1 *as one of those t(rning points in )y life *hen there *as a fork in the road, and + took the right road. ,hat + did so still see)s )ysterio(s to )e. &(ring )y senior year in a Chicago high school + tho(ght a great deal a o(t going to college. +t )eant that + *o(ld e the first in )y entire e8tended fa)ily to go to a f(ll? ti)e, fo(r?year college. ;either of )y t*o older rothers co(ld afford that. 2cholarships *ere rare in 1)erican higher ed(cation, altho(gh the University of Chicago *as (niG(e in granting scholarships to high?school grad(ates thro(gh co)petitive e8a)inations. .+ tried, (t failed, to get one.0 + lacked the )oney for anything (t a free ed(cation *here + co(ld live at ho)e and co))(te. + had a scholarship to a s)all college in +o*a and to a fo(r?year J*orking?classJ college in Chicago. B(t + had set )y heart on the University of Chicago, *hich + had visited as a high?school de ater the year efore. Both )y (ncles, *ho) + depended on for advice, ca(tioned pr(dence. :o to a 3(nior college for t*o years, they said, or to 'oosevelt College .later University0, and transfer to the (niversity later- save so)e )oney no*. +t *as so(nd advice, and + kne* it. +n )y senior year + read a collection of addresses y 'o ert Maynard 5(tchins, then president of the University of Chicago and a )a3or fig(re in higher ed(cation. + *as i)pressed y the oldness and philosophical t(rn those papers displayed. ,hro*ing ca(tion and )y (nclesD advice in the ashcan, + decided to enter the University of Chicago. + had een *orking a o(t thirty ho(rs a *eek d(ring the school year and )ore than f(ll?ti)e in s())ers and had saved one h(ndred dollars, eno(gh to cover one?third of )y ann(al t(ition. + contin(ed to *ork fifteen to t*enty ho(rs a *eek at the sa)e s(per)arket as clerk and stock handler *hile going to college. 4ith that inco)e, as *ell as loans and scholarships, + *as a le to co)plete )y first t*o years. My sense that this *as a for)ative decision *ell )ade )(st e te)pered, ho*ever, y a*areness of the co))on predilection to read history ack*ard and find the oak tree in the acorn. A. 5enry has a story, or stories, in *hich the hero finds hi)self at a crossroad and takes one of the fo(r possi le directions. ,he narrator follo*s hi) thro(gh 7 110 7 each of the fo(r choices and y each, thro(gh different e8periences, he arrives at the sa)e place. My fello* grad(ate st(dent and later colleag(e Bernard %ar er .no* professor of sociology at 1ri@ona 2tate University and a leading fig(re in fa)ily st(dies0 took another road: he did his (ndergrad(ate

*ork at the Chicago college + re3ected and has since had a career very si)ilar to )y o*n. B(t )y (ndergrad(ate years nonetheless proved to e highly significant. + entered the College of the University of Chicago in 2epte) er 19B1. ,hree )onths later the United 2tates *as at *ar. + lived at ho)e and co))(ted a o(t three ho(rs a day to and fro) ca)p(s. ,ho(gh + had friends at the (niversity, + contin(ed to find )y social life a)ong high?school friends in )y neigh orhood, and )y *ork as a s(per)arket cashier took )e to still another part of the city. &espite this frag)entation and the clear recognition that + *o(ld e a soldier in the near f(t(re, that period *as perhaps a)ong the richest intellect(al ti)es + have kno*n. ,he (niversity *as the focal point of )y e8istence, and altho(gh + *as very )(ch a*are of the *ar, it *as possi le to lead a cloistered life in *hich >ant and Mar8 and Cohn &e*ey and 2hakespeare *ere as )(ch co)panions as they have een to others at other ti)es and places. +n several co(rses, + read all the assigned as *ell as the optional readings listed in the sylla i. 1s a co))(ter not eng(lfed y st(dent nor)s, + learned only fro) a st(dy gro(p for the final e8a)inations that s(ch dedication *as neither e8pected nor accepted. + had eco)e a :&C'Hgodda)n c(rve raiser. + regret not eing a le to convey the e8cite)ent of )y fresh)an year and the intensity and e8( erance of intellect(al discovery. ,he University of Chicago see)ed charged *ith an electric c(rrent that )ade every G(estion a )atter of analysis and arg()ent, in *hich the intellect(al e8change see)ed to )e to e as keen as possi le. 4e all felt o(rselves to e a)ong the s)artest and the rightest. 9ater )any colleag(es of )ine *o(ld speak disappointedly of their (ndergrad(ate days, and + have felt very privileged to feel other*ise. + recall the intellect(al rapt(re )ost vividly in an arg()ent *ith a friend .no* professor of )athe)atics at P(rd(e0 after the final e8a)ination in the fresh)an social?science co(rse. 'et(rning ho)e on the Chicago elevated train, *e G(arreled a o(t the correct ans*er to an econo)ics G(estion. 4e *ere so carried a*ay y o(r de ate that *e p(lled do*n the *indo* shade and dre* s(pply?and?de)and c(rves. ,hose years *ere definitive in esta lishing in )e a love for disinterested intellect(al play, still the est so(rce, + think, of *hat *e (sed to call scholarship and today call research. 7 111 7 + learned so)e other val(a le lessons. Ane *as that yo( donDt have to e Ce*ish. &eep in )y vie* of life *as the (nstated pre)ise of s(pre)e confidence in the capacity of poor Ce*s to overco)e intellect(al o stacles. Being lean and h(ngry as *ell as one of the people that had prod(ced the Ald ,esta)ent, the ,al)(d, and thinkers s(ch as =instein, %re(d, and Mar8, *hat co(ldnDt + doK + soon eca)e friendly *ith a gro(p of fello* st(dents *ho *ere :reek?1)ericans, and + learned that poor :reeks *ere also s)art. + then learned that there *ere rich Ce*s *ho *ere s)art and, again, that there *ere poor :entiles and, to )y a)a@e)ent, even rich :entiles *ho *ere s)art. Many, if not )ost, of those st(dents *ere s)arter than +. + discovered the painf(l tr(ths that leis(re is )ore val(a le to scholarship than h(nger and that poverty does not reed either character or intellect.

0raduate Education and Inte**ectua* Tension

,hree days after leaving the 1r)y + ret(rned to st(dent life, co)pleting )y college ed(cation in the first three?)onth G(arter, al)ost as if the *ar had een only an inter)ission. + *as t*enty?t*o and felt that ti)e *as r(nning o(t. My ai), developed in )y sopho)ore year, *as to take a )asterDs degree in econo)ics and a la* degree and then to eco)e *hat *as kno*n as a ;e* &eal la*yer, *orking in govern)ent. By 19B" the years of st(dy the plan involved see)ed too long to *ait efore eginning Jlife,J and + decided to enter the University of Chicago 9a* 2chool.

+n 19B" the la* school st(dents *ere largely veterans of the *ar. 4e *ere )ostly an8io(s to find a life o(tside of history, to concentrate on career, )arriage, and fa)ilyHthe private aspects of o(r lives. 4e felt that *e had to )ake (p for years lost in the *ar and had no ti)e for the play of the )ind. ,he )ood of the ca)p(s, co)pared to that of )y fresh)an year, *as si)ilarly privati@ed, tho(gh it retained the intellect(al intensity + had kno*n. ,he at)osphere *as distinctly apolitical. 1ltho(gh there *ere great de ates and intraorgani@ational str(ggles over the role of Co))(nists in veterans organi@ations, the )erits of ,. 2. =liot or ,ho)as 1G(inas co(ld aro(se )ore interest than co(ld the co)ing elections. 1fter three years in the 1r)y, the st(dy of la* *as a replenishing change. ,he daily preparation and possi le recitation .)(ch like Professor >ingsfieldDs classes in the )ovie The $aper )hase 0 )eant a rigid ro(tine of disciplined st(dy. <et despite that ro(tine and the standard 7 11$ 7 c(rric(l(), the la* also possessed an intellect(al, philosophical side that the fac(lty helped e)erge fro) the pages of appellate co(rt opinions. +n discovering this side + *as fort(nate to have t*o e8cellent teachersH=d*ard 5irsch 9evi .later chancellor of the (niversity and still later attorney general of the United 2tates (nder :erald %ord0, *ho ta(ght 3(rispr(dence, and Malcol) 2harp, *hose co(rse on contracts *as one of the s(pre)e ed(cational e8periences of )y life. 2harp )ade his st(dents see la* as a )eeting place of psychology, econo)ics, sociology, ethics, and history, (t that it *as still 9a*. +t had its o*n character as *ell. B(t )y (ndergrad(ate ed(cation *as only co)pleted for)ally. An )y ret(rn to ca)p(s, )y for)er college instr(ctor in social science, Milton 2inger .no* professor e)erit(s of anthropology (t then a recent Ph.&. in philosophy0, had asked )e to teach the sopho)ore social?science co(rse for ad(lts in the (niversity e8tension division. College instr(ction after the *ar *as a sellerDs )arket, and + *as fort(nate for an opport(nity that today *o(ld go to an advanced grad(ate st(dent. ,eaching that co(rse egan to a*aken in )e the intellect(al concerns that co(ld e ind(lged only on the periphery of legal c(rric(la, s)(ggled in y so)e scholarly teachers. 4hit)an *rote that he *as si))ering and si))ering (ntil =)erson ro(ght hi) to a oil. ,eaching in the College did that for )e. 1t the eginning of the follo*ing acade)ic year + *as asked to eco)e a teaching assistant in the 2ocial 2ciences $ co(rse in the College. +t has eco)e a historic co(rse, and the years + *as associated *ith it have eco)e legend. .+ts fortieth anniversary *as cele rated in 196B *ith a sy)posi() at the University of Chicago.0 ,he teaching staff, a o(t seventeen people, )et each *eek to disc(ss the )aterials for lect(re and disc(ssion sessions. ,hese )eetings *ere less conferences a o(t pedagogy than se)inars a o(t )any scholarly )atters, se)inars )arked y intense de ate and rancor, pyrotechnical displays of ego and er(dition, and great flashes of insight, *it, and critical analysis. ,he )e) ers of that staff have since fo(nd their )erited niches in the acade)ic pantheonH &aniel Bell, 9e*is Coser, 'ose Coser, Morton :rod@ins, 1 ra) 5arris, 'osalie 5ankey .4a80, Martin Meyerson, C. 4right Mills, Ben3a)in ;elson, Phillip 'ieff, &avid 'ies)an, Milton 2inger, 2ylvia ,hr(pp, and M(rray 4a8. ,ho(gh the intensity of staff )eetings *as a*eso)e to a ti)id and (ns(re assistant, they *ere nevertheless intellect(al advent(res that )ade la* school see) confining. +n the first G(arter of the co(rse *e 7 11! 7 read %re(dDs )ivili.ation an Its +iscontents , &(rkhei)Ds +ivision of Labor , and 4e erDs $rotestant

%thic an the Spirit of )apitalism , as *ell as *orks y Mar8 and Ee len. +t *as )y first )eeting *ith &(rkhei) or 4e er. 4e erDs c(lt(ral analysis of the rise of capitalis) *as the )ost captivating ook in social science that + had ever enco(ntered, and it changed the *ay + vie*ed history and society. ,hat year + also took a se)inar on the sociology of la*, *hich *as ta(ght in the la* school y Ma8 'heinstein. 4e (sed as asic )aterial 4e erDs Law in %conomy an Society , *hich 'heinstein and =d*ard 2hils had 3(st translated. ,hese e8periences )ade )e restless *ith a legal ed(cation that *as eco)ing ro(tine and constraining. .=go co)pels )e to say that + *as a good la* st(dent- + even )ade the la* revie*.0 + decided to contin(e )y ed(cation in so)e other area. ,here is an i)age in )y )ind of a disc(ssion a o(t )y f(t(re that took place (nder a tree on a G(adrangle o(tside the la* school *ith Milton 2inger and Ben3a)in ;elson. ;elson felt that the Co))ittee on 2ocial ,ho(ght, one of several innovative interdisciplinary co))ittees for)ed (nder 5(tchins, *as the logical place for )e, (t 2inger felt that it *as an (n*ise choiceHa degree *itho(t a )arket. 1t one point + felt as if :od and the devil *ere de ating the disposition of )y eternal so(l. 4hatever the )erits of the de ate, this ti)e + chose pr(dence and entered the &epart)ent of 2ociology. + led a so)e*hat schi@oid e8istence, et*een teaching in the College and eing a grad(ate st(dent in sociology. + have *ritten at length else*here a o(t the val(e of the tension prod(ced y those t*o contrasting )odels . road intellect(al e8ploration and narro* disciplined research0 of *hat doing social science sho(ld e. ,hey *ere diverging pay)asters, (t + a) convinced that the p(sh and p(ll of each against the other has contri (ted to )y thinking in later years. ,he College and the grad(ate depart)ents had co)pletely separate fac(lties. ,he College fac(lty *as 3(nior in age and rank, *ith fe*er Ph.&.Ds and conte)pt(o(s of the speciali@ation and narro*ness of the depart)ents. +ts )odels of social science *ere those )a3or *orks that had co)e to e regarded as classicsHthose of Mar8, %re(d, Mannhei), 4e er, 2ch()peter. ,hese *orks gave readers a *ay of placing the)selves in the historical strea) of their ti)es. ,hey *ere J igJ *ith significance and *ide in scope. ,hey provided the adge of the c(lt(red, ed(cated person- they for)ed a ase for *hat the classicist Ca)es 'edfield calls the o 3ective of a li eral?arts ed(cationHthe capacity for Jgood talk.J 7 11B 7 ,o )e the &epart)ent of 2ociology see)ed a d(ll, narro* place in contrast to the intellect(al e8cite)ent of the College. +ts )odel of achieve)ent *as fo(nd in the fa)o(s Chicago series of o servational st(dies, s(ch as 5arvey Uor a(ghDs 3ol )oast an the Slum , 4alter 'ecklessDs Ta#i +ance /all , and the then recently p( lished Street()orner Society y 4. %. 4hyte. 1chieve)ent )eant co)pleting a Ph.&. dissertation in i)itation of the )odel. +t )eant eco)ing a crafts)an, a sociologist. +t see)ed narro* and insignificant, a sop to the necessity of an acade)ic degree for entry into acade)ic life. Anly later, in *orking on )y thesis, did + co)e to appreciate the val(e of the craft and the necessity and 3oy of narro*ness. Anly later did + co)e to recogni@e the val(e to scholarship of the tension et*een these t*o different conceptions of social science.

0raduate "ears
+ entered the &epart)ent of 2ociology at the University of Chicago in 19B# and received )y degree in 19FB, at the age of thirty?one. ,ho(gh + left in 19F0 to take a fac(lty position at 5o art and 4illia) 2)ith Colleges, + ret(rned to Chicago every s())er to teach in the College. + look on those years as i)portant intellect(ally (t even )ore i)portant as the so(rce of friendships that have contin(ed thro(gho(t )y life and have een of great significance to )y scholarship as *ell. 1s had een the case in la* school, the sociology st(dents *ere )ostly veterans of the *ar, older than

had een typical of grad(ate st(dents and eginning to )arry and have children. Unlike la* school, ho*ever, in the sociology depart)ent there *as a greater sense of intellect(al and social play. 4e lived in the 5yde Park area near the (niversity. :rad(ate?st(dent life *as a ro(nd of parties, st(dy, and endlessly fla) oyant talk. ,he fac(lty and classes *ere its acco)pani)ent as *ell as its catalyst, (t the talk *as *here the action *as. ;o*, forty years later, it eco)es ro)antici@ed in nostalgia, (t it has long appeared to )e as a period in life that + *ished co(ld have gone on longer and that + have often *ished co(ld ret(rn. 2trangely, it *as a period *itho(t )(ch concern for the f(t(re. 4e did not yet sense the e8pansion that *as co)ing in higher ed(cation and in the econo)y. 9ike devo(t sectarians *e felt that so)eho* :od or the econo)y or the (niversities *o(ld provide. 9iving on the :+ ill of rights and an instr(ctorDs salary, *e scri)ped (t felt far fro) dro*ning. 2ince *e *ere all in the sa)e oat, the genteel poverty of grad(ate? 7 11F 7 st(dent e8istence *as no deficiency, and the :+ ill kept (s afloat. %or )yself, *hatever the f(t(re held, it *o(ld not e the *orld of )y father. 1 )eat c(tter, he had een (ffeted y (siness cycles and the indignities of living on the edge of a stat(sless poverty. + *as especially dra*n to the lect(res of 5er ert Bl()er. 5e *as perhaps the )ost theoretical and critical )e) er of the fac(lty. 5is criticis) of )ost sociological )ethods, ho*ever, )ade it diffic(lt to think of a thesis that co(ld )eet his e8acting standards. %ro) Bl()er and the reading in :. 5. Mead + developed an interest in social psychology and chose self?conceptions as the s( 3ect of )y )asterDs thesis. 1s *as the case *ith Ph.&. dissertations, the e8pectation *as that the st(dent *o(ld co)plete an e)pirical research pro3ect and not an e8ercise in theory or even history. 1fter a co(rse on the life history *ith =rnest B(rgess + decided to st(dy the self?conceptions of the aged a)ong three generations of the sa)e fa)ilies. My reasoning *as that if people develop ne* self?conceptions fro) the vie*s of those aro(nd the), then the elderly *o(ld have a self?concept )ore like that of the yo(ng than *o(ld the )iddle?aged. B(rgess served as chair)an of )y thesis co))ittee- 1l ert 'eiss, then an instr(ctor, *as also a )e) er. ,he pro3ect *as not e8actly a fiasco, (t + learned fro) it the s( tleties of self? concept and the diffic(lties and li)its of intervie* G(estionnaires. My original intention of developing the topic for a Ph.&. dissertation *as discarded. &espite )y e8pos(re to Bl()er and )y anno(nced vie* of )yself as a sy) olic interactionist, )y o*n early politics and )y *ork in the College and the co(rses *ith 5(ghes and 4arner had kept )y vag(ely str(ct(ral and Mar8ian ass()ptions alive. 4hen + left the University of Chicago in 19F0, + had not yet fo(nd a dissertation topic. Bl()erDs *ork on collective ehavior and social )ove)ents had interested )e, and + had een str(ck y an acco(nt of the 4o)enDs 4inter Cr(sades of 16#!/#B in Park and B(rgessDs introd(ctory sociology te8t. 2ocial?)ove)ent theory *as do)inated y the )odel of the nat(ral history. 4e erDs *riting on the ro(tini@ation of charis)a and MichelsDs on the iron la* of oligarchy had only recently een translated. ,he transfor)ation of theories a o(t collective ehavior and social )ove)ents *as in the air. B(t there is )ore to the choice of a topic than the logic of theory. + *as already interested in the te)perance )ove)ent, and *hen + egan to read )ore, + discovered things + had not kno*n and that *ere hard to e8plain. ,his sense of ano)aly see)s to )e the seed of good research. 7 11" 7

1ns*ering a G(estion or solving a p(@@le is still the )odel of *hat + a) a o(t in )y *orkHthat is, *hen + )ost like *hat + a) doing. 1s + read a o(t the te)perance )ove)ent in 1)erica, + enco(ntered agrarian radicalis) for the first ti)e and *as asto(nded. + had al*ays tho(ght of political radicalis) as so)ething associated *ith an (r an *orking class, and its ideology as ro(ght to the United 2tates y =(ropean i))igrants. + tho(ght that native and r(ral 1)erica *as conservative and that the te)perance )ove)ent and Prohi ition *ere the progra)s of that conservatis). ,he discrepancy *as a so(rce of *onder. +n the lang(age of the 19"0s, it J le* )y )ind,J and + *anted to kno* ho* the )ove)ent had changed fro) its eginnings to *hat + ass()ed *as its present conservatis). ,he effects of organi@ation see)ed to )e to e a cl(e. ,he final title of )y dissertation *as J,he 4o)anDs Christian ,e)perance Union: Change and Contin(ity in an Argani@ed +nterest :ro(p.J 5o* did + get fro) there to Symbolic )rusa e: Status $olitics an the American Temperance "ovement= + co)pleted the dissertation in 19FB- the ook *as first p( lished in 19"!. + co(ld reco(nt the theoretical and practical e8planations for the transfor)ation, (t one ele)ent *o(ld e )issing. + had fallen in love *ith the s( 3ect. +ntervie*ing the )e) ers of the 4o)enDs Christian ,e)perance Union, or 4C,U, gathering and analy@ing 4C,U 3o(rnals and convention reports over seventy?five years of its history, and doing ackgro(nd reading in secondary so(rces, + had eco)e fascinated y the history of the )ove)ent. ,here *ere good theoretical and practical 3(stifications for st(dying it, (t they *o(ld )ask the 3oy and e8cite)ent of kno*ing a great deal a o(t a s( 3ect, of trying to )ake sense o(t of *hat + kne*, and of eco)ing an e8pert on so)ething that interested )e and, thro(gh )y *ork, *o(ld co)e to interest others. +n recent years historians have gone *ell eyond )e in the st(dy of te)perance. + get )(ch satisfaction seeing ho* )y *ork has eco)e oth a sti)(lant to those st(dies and the foil against *hich )ost )(st )eas(re their *ork and their arg()ents. +n *riting Symbolic )rusa e , + *as eginning to e *ary of theory as a so(rce of scholarship, to search for ano)alies, and, a ove all, to see *hat Ee len called idle c(riosity as a vital and pri@ed part of eing a scholar.

The Estab*ishing "ears

%ro) 19F0 to 19FF + ta(ght sociology and social sciences at 5o art and 4illia) 2)ith Colleges in :eneva, ;e* <ork. &(ring that period + *as 7 11# 7 the only sociologist in a college of a o(t eight h(ndred st(dents. .Pierre Bessaignet, no* at the University of ;ice, *as the sole anthropologist in a t*o?person depart)ent.0 5o art and 4illia) 2)ith *as an old =piscopalian college. 1fter the *ar it had e8panded fro) fo(r h(ndred st(dents and *as *idening its appeal fro) its original deno)inational ase. +t provided a good intellect(al cli)ate *ith a co))it)ent to integrated social?sciences and h()anities co(rses, )odeled so)e*hat after the College co(rses at the University of Chicago. ,he fac(lty incl(ded a n() er of e8cellent scholars, )any of *ho) later disting(ished the)selves else*here. + had gone to 5o art and 4illia) 2)ith *ith so)e dread. Chinese entry into the >orean 4ar had ca(sed panic a)ong yo(ng instr(ctors in the College at Chicago. ,he reinstit(tion of an e8panded draft see)ed i))inent. +nstr(ctors *ere *arned they )ight not e rehired for the ne8t year. +thiel Pool visited friends at Chicago and told the) he *as also recr(iting for 5o art and 4illia) 2)ith, *here he had ta(ght efore going to M+,, *here he spent the rest of his life. + applied, )ade a visit, and *as hired largely on the strength of )y e8perience in the College. 5o art and 4illia) 2)ith proved to e a needed, pleasant, and f(lfilling e8perience. %or one thing, +

learned a o(t sociology. Being the only sociologist on the ca)p(s, + ta(ght the ga)(t of co(rses fro) G(antitative )ethods to )arriage and fa)ily to p( lic opinion. ,hro(gh that e8perience + *as (p on the corp(s of sociology for )any years to co)e. + gre* (p at 5o art and 4illia) 2)ith. +t *as )y first enco(nter *ith a *orld of )anners and tradition and a sense of esta lished and sec(re a(thority. 4ith the e8ception of )y 1r)y e8perience, it *as the first ti)e that + had lived in a gentile environ)ent. 1t t*enty?seven + had lived )y civilian life )ostly in one or another (r an Ce*ish enclave. ;either the la* school nor the sociology depart)ent at the University of Chicago had afforded a change. 2o)e *it has perceptively descri ed the University of Chicago in those days, and perhaps no* as *ell, as a place *here Protestant professors ta(ght Ce*ish st(dents Catholic philosophy. 5o art and 4illia) 2)ith )aintained, and perhaps still )aintains, that )i8 of ed(cation and character training that colleges have provided in )any societies. +t *as this ed(cational approach that the University of Chicago .in 5(tchinsDs speeches as *ell as in ca)p(s lore0 so openly despised as anti? intellect(al. 1s a yo(ng assistant professor, +, along *ith )y *ife, *as pressed to chaperon fraternity parties, as the college g(idelines de)anded. ,he r(les, )anners, and poise of the st(dents and 7 116 7 the for)ality of dress contrasted starkly *ith the free and easy openness of the University of Chicago. ,here *e had e8perienced a policy of treating all st(dents as ad(lts and esche*ing the parental concerns of other ca)p(ses in the late 19B0s. My *ife still talks a o(t her s(rprise at the controls e8ercised y 5o art and 4illia) 2)ith and their contin(ity *ith the fa)ily life of )any st(dents. Chaperoning a dance one evening, she e8pressed a)a@e)ent at the r(le reG(iring *o)en to e in the dor)itory y 11 P.M., and )idnight on 2at(rday. J2(rely,J she said to one yo(ng *o)an, Jyo( donDt have to e ho)e y )idnight in yo(r o*n fa)ilyKJ ,he st(dent replied that indeed she had- at ho)e the c(rfe* *as 11 P.M. even on 2at(rday. %or )y *ife, *ho *as the only child of '(ssian?Ce*ish socialists and had gro*n (p in the 2ocialist 4ork)anDs Circle and had gone to college at the University of Chicago, this *as a strange *orld indeed. 9ike )any 1)erican colleges and (niversities, 5o art and 4illia) 2)ith had not only e8panded considera ly after 4orld 4ar ++ (t *as also in the process of a sor ing ne* st(dents into *hat *as an old and traditional instit(tion. ,he fe* Ce*s on the fac(lty *ere tokens in a ne* era, evidence of the tolerance and good*ill of an old Protestant instit(tion. 4e *ere also e8otic and th(s so(ght after in a so)e*hat analogo(s fashion to the *ay lacks are today or to the *ay 5annah 1rendt has descri ed &israeliDs (se of his Ce*ish origin as an ad)ission ticket to British high society. B(t + ca)e to ad)ire a gen(ine tolerance and attraction that resonated *ith a ;e* =ngland tradition of fair play and civil li erties, c(tting across political divisions of conservative, li eral, and radical. 4riting this sketch of )y life, + ca)e also to appreciate another facet of )y e8perience in (pstate ;e* <ork that is o(nd (p in its past. 1n i)age of %rankie Merson re)ains *ith )e. 2he *as professor of political science at >e(ka College, a s)all *o)enDs college on >e(ka 9ake in (pstate ;e* <ork. >e(ka College had a *ork?st(dy c(rric(l() long efore 1ntioch College and *as a Methodist school *ith a strong fe)inist )ission. +t *as a vestige of the nineteenth cent(ry still e8isting in the t*entieth? cent(ry *orld of post*ar 1)erica. Professor Merson *as the leading )e) er of the >e(ka 4C,U, and she *as one of )y intervie* respondents. 2he had een a s(ffragette efore 19$0 and had een active in opposing the presidential candidacy of the Catholic and J*etJ 1l 2)ith. 2he had first co)e to )y attention thro(gh a letter in the :eneva, ;e* <ork, ne*spaper protesting the e8ec(tion of the 'osen ergs. 2(ch a strange )i8t(re (t not so strange in this piece of

7 119 7 1)erica that had een the scene of )any social )ove)ents and that one historian had called the (rnt? over district.

The I**inois "ears

5o art *as a part of the history of 1)erican colleges in its )ove)ent o(t fro) the circle of deno)ination into a *ider *orld of 1)erican diversity. ,he fac(lty )irrored that polarity et*een cos)opolitan and local *ith *hich 1lvin :o(ldner, (sing 'o ert >. MertonDs ter)s, descri ed the loyalties and so(rces of aspiration of 1)erican college teachers. + had )ade (se of )y 5o art and 4illia) 2)ith years to *rite )y doctoral dissertation. + had eg(n to feel co)forta le in the s)all? college at)osphere, and that co)fort )ade )e (nco)forta le. 1 colleag(e in another depart)ent e8plained *hy he left 5o art and 4illia) 2)ith. Anly a fe* years older than +, he *as introd(ced at an al()ni )eeting as Jkindly old Professor Bartlett.J + too egan to sense the ivy gro*ing aro(nd )e and felt that if + stayed t*o or three )ore years + *o(ld lose the drive and sti)(l(s that had co)e fro) a (niversity environ)ent. + *o(ld egin to feel co)forta ly at ho)e and start a senting )yself fro) national )eetings for fear of )eeting those *ho had een )y fello* grad(ate st(dents and *ho had lived (p to their early pro)ise of scholarship. + *rote to 5er ert Bl()er, and he reco))ended )e to the University of +llinois. + re)ained there fro) 19FF to 19"9. ,hose *ere years of i))ense e8pansion in 1)erican higher ed(cation. ,he evol(tion of )y o*n career paralleled the evol(tion of higher ed(cation in general, fro) instit(tions catering to a s)all )inority of the 1)erican elite to )ass instit(tions that a sor ed the 1)erican )iddle class. +n that process ed(cation eca)e perceived as the sine G(a non to )o ility and the decent )aintenance of already esta lished fa)ily positions. +n this respect the University of +llinois *as ca(ght on the sa)e escalator as 5o art and 4illia) 2)ith, tho(gh at a different level. +t had een a state (niversity *hose net*orks, oth socially and occ(pationally, prepared st(dents to ret(rn ho)e to eco)e the professionals of their local co))(nities. 1s s(ch it did not, e8cept in foot all, co)pete *ith other (niversities, even the University of Chicago. ,hey *ere in different intellect(al and ed(cational leag(es. +n the 19F0s it *as changing and had an eye on greater prestige in acade)ia. +n the post*ar *orld the large and co)paratively *ealthy state (niversities *ere intent on )oving (p. ,hey eca)e national (niversi? 7 1$0 7 ties as 1)erica *as itself eco)ing a )ore national society. +t *as necessary for st(dents to leave the local co))(nity, and even the Mid*est, in search of 3o s and fa)ily. ,he aspirations of ad)inistration and fac(lty *ere )aking even fraternity?sorority life and athletics s( servient to the acade)ic aspirations of the fac(lty. 4hat &avid 'ies)an and Christopher Cencks later called the acade)ic revol(tion *as in f(ll s*ing. +t *as a period of e8pansion and sec(rity. %or the 3(nior fac(lty )e) er in sociology it *as a sellerDs )arket. ;ot )(ch in the *ay of p( lication *as needed to gain ten(re. 2ociology *as still a ne* field, and *ith ne* (niversities springing (p and old ones gro*ing, ne* depart)ents *ere eing for)ed and old ones e8panded. +f a sociologist )issed ten(re at one school, there *as another good 3o on the hori@on. ,he *elfare state *as co)ing of age, and people *ere needed in *hat + call the tro( led personDs ind(stries, s(ch as cri)inology, social *ork, and clinical psychology. 1ll this )eant that

college ed(cation *as in- st(dents *ere plentif(l, and ed(cation *as tr(sted to provide the necessary training. ,he e8pansion of higher ed(cation *as also sold as a *ay of co)peting *ith '(ssian science and engineering. 2cholars co(ld ride in on the tails of the post?2p(tnik rockets. ,he +llinois years *ere ones of scholarship, teaching, and gro*th in fa)ily and friendships. ,he years at 5o art and 4illia) 2)ith had een the years of the cold *arDs eginnings, the McCarthy hearings, the 'osen erg and the 5iss cases, and the first =isenho*er?2tevenson election. ,he +llinois years *ere the years of the civil?rights )ove)ent. Provocative, dist(r ing, and fla) oyant as they *ere, it *as not (ntil 19"6 that the st(dent )ove)ents of the 19"0s eca)e central to life on )ost 1)erican ca)p(ses. =ven the Eietna) 4ar does not, in )y )e)ory, override the i)portance and the e)otional s(rge of the civil?rights )ove)ent. +t set a tone and provided a )odel that opened the 19"0s and gave it its )otif. +n the early 19"0s + felt that + *as in a r(t. + had een in school, in one for) or another, since 19B". ,he *orld *as changing in profo(nd *ays as ne* nations ca)e into eing, so)eti)es each *eek. + *as not even s(re that + *anted to contin(e in acade)ic life. 4ith a sa atical d(e )e, + tho(ght of travel and decided to get o(t of 4estern civili@ation and see life in a developing and ne* nation. + chose +ndia eca(se + co(ld teach and o serve *itho(t learning a ne* lang(age. + )eant )y year on a %(l right fello*ship to e an interl(de. +n so)e respects it *as, (t only in so)e. 7 1$1 7

India7 '(:;8<'
+ a) *riting this section the day follo*ing the assassination of +ndira :andhi, and +ndia is (ne8pectedly and (n(s(ally pro)inent in the attention of the 1)erican p( lic. +n 19"$, *hen + first visited +ndia, it *as a land al)ost invisi le to 1)ericans- it still is. + have een there fo(r ti)es no*, for visits ranging fro) si8 *eeks to nine )onths. + have ta(ght for at least one ter) at three +ndian (niversities and have lect(red at )any others. + have lived for periods fro) t*o *eeks to five )onths in several )a3or citiesH&elhi, Patna, Bangalore, Calc(tta. ,ho(gh + have done so)e research and *riting in connection *ith +ndia, it has een peripheral to )ost of )y *ork. 1nd tho(gh so)e of )y scholarship has een concerned *ith pro le)s of national develop)ent, that too has een a )inor the)e. Most of )y st(dies have een located in the United 2tates. <et )y e8perience in +ndia has had a )a3or personal and intellect(al i)pact on )e. + first ca)e to +ndia ar)ed *ith the concepts of 1)erican social science. ,hese, follo*ing a line fro) &(rkhei) thro(gh Parsons, *ere co(ched in the disco(rse of )oderni@ation *ith its clear )ove)ent fro) co))(nity to society, tradition to )odernity, caste to class. +ndia defied the efforts to e seen thro(gh s(ch pris)s. 1n aphoris) + learned later, *hen living in Capan, p(ts the )atter *ell. +n +ndia no one tr(sts the instit(tions to *ork eca(se they kno* that socially organi@ed life is fragile and *ill disintegrate. Ane acts to protect oneself and oneDs interests eca(se social instit(tions cannot e tr(sted to s(stain the)selves. +n Capan, there is the sa)e sense of the fragility of social life (t there is also the elief that if everyone *orks at it and helps s(stain one anotherDs roles, the social organi@ation can e (pheld. 1)ericans are not *orried a o(t social organi@ation eing destroyed eca(se they kno* that it *ill e replaced y a etter one. ,he c(lt(re shock that ca)e fro) living in a provincial city in +ndia *as )ore than the (s(al e8perience of people going fro) one co(ntry to another. 4hat accent(ated it *as the sense of ill(sion, that *hatever *as tr(e today, or tr(e at the level of p( lic r(les, or tr(e of one region, *as not necessarily a good g(ide to *hat )ight happen in the i))ediate setting. ,he intellect(al shock *as the reali@ation that the concepts + had learned ore little relation to the o servations + )ade. Co))(nity

and society, tradition and )odernity, caste and class, and de)ocracy and a(tocracy *ere so far fro) ideal types that it *as ill(sory to (se the) as contrasts in any)ore than a literary, all(sive sense. +ndia *as so 7 1$$ 7 ig, so diverse, and had een a civili@ation so long that it h() led the cas(al visitor *ho e8pected a transfor)ation to the 1)erican ideal *ithin a decade. B(t +ndia did so)ething else. +t )ade )e skeptical of )(ch that + had learned in sociology and hence restored so)e freshness to )y thinking. + fo(nd that econo)ic )an *as not dead, that parado8 *as every*here .the caste syste) adapted *ell to the egalitarianis) of political de)ocracy0, and that tolerance of diversity *as not a )ark of 4estern )odernity, nor *ere 4esterni@ation and traditional +ndia as inco)pati le as + had elieved. +ndia *as e8oticHstartlingly different and even frighteningly its o*n c(lt(re. +t co(ld not e (nderstood or e8plained *ith the concepts in )y ag. B(t if that *as so for +ndia, + reali@ed ho* )(ch it *as also the case for 1)erica *henever + stopped to look *itho(t the linders of theory. ,hat skepticis) to*ard concept(ali@ation has not left )e. 9ater periods of living in +ndia, Capan, and =ngland have s( stantiated it. Pitiri) 2orokin once *rote that pro a ly the last thing a fish reali@es is the fact that it lives in *ater. Anly *hen taken o(t, gasping on the each, does it recogni@e *ater. 9ike )(ch of *hat + a) *riting a o(t, the sense of oneDs c(lt(re as a tangi le conte8t for)ing the necessary asis for (nderstanding is less a series of prova le, logical ideas than a series of felt, elieved, and acted?on ass()ptions. A(r tacit kno*ledge sits on that edrock. +t is less ideology than )yth.

$a*ifornia
2o)eti)es, half?facetio(sly, + say that + have lived in si8 c(lt(resHgeneral 1)erican, Ce*ish? 1)erican lo*er )iddle?class, +ndian, Capanese, British, and so(thern Californian. Bet*een 19"F and 19"6 + *as three ti)es offered positions in so(thern California at ca)p(ses of the University of California, incl(ding )y present one at UC 2an &iego. =ach ti)e + *as te)pted, and each ti)e + dre* ack, in part o(t of a nat(ral ti)idity a o(t dist(r ing a co)forta le life in Cha)paign?Ur ana. B(t + also felt g(ilt and fear. ,he g(ilt ca)e fro) having een a )id*esterner )ost of )y life. ,he Mid*est is a section of 1)erican society that has a strong vie* of itself as having een passed over in 1)erican c(lt(re. ;either in cli)ate nor in gla)o(r can it co)pete against the clai)s of the =ast to c(lt(ral s(periority or the attractions of the 4est and 2o(th in *eather. +n the 19"0s it *as clearly in decline econo)ically as *ell. 1ny )ove to a place of s(ch fla) oyant hedonis? 7 1$! 7 tic char)s as s(nshine and year?ro(nd ikinis carried a stig)a of desertion. ,here *as also the fear that s(ch char)s *o(ld re)ove the press to *ork. ,his fear see)s to )e to have een co)po(nded y a elief that acade)ic *ork *as like other occ(pationsHnot play (t *ork, a )eans to an end, and that it reG(ired a *hip rather than a steering *heel to keep (s scholars at o(r Jtasks.J People in Cha)paign?Ur ana *o(ld often praise the to*n y saying that since there *as nothing )(ch else to distract yo(, acade)ics got a lot of *ork done, and created close friendships eca(se socia ility *as so necessary. 4hen the University of California at 2an &iego again offered )e the chance to start a sociology

depart)ent in 19"#, + accepted. + felt dra*n y the cli)ate and scenic ea(ty, as *ell as the opport(nity to create a ne* depart)ent after )y o*n vision. +t *o(ld e a depart)ent that roke *ith the conventional G(antitative ent of )odern sociology and e)phasi@ed the central i)portance of o servation and data collection. B(t the offer also held o(t the opport(nity to egin a ne* intellect(al life. + *as gro*ing a*are of the great revisionist strea)s of philosophical and ling(istic tho(ght in =(rope and the United 2tates that *ere t(rning the acade)ic *orld (pside do*n. ;oa) Cho)sky had lect(red at +llinois in the late 19"0s, and it )ade )e a*are of the revol(tion in tho(ght co)ing fro) ling(istics. 4hile in Capan + had read Cla(de 9Ivi?2tra(ssDs The Savage "in . An )y ret(rn to the United 2tates in Can(ary 19"6 + first heard of ethno)ethodology and read 5arold :arfinkelDs Stu ies in %thnometho ology and Cack &. &o(glasDs The Social "eaning of Suici e . ,hese *orks displayed originality and yet also contin(ity *ith the J)essagesJ of sy) olic interactionists and social anthropologists that + had a sor ed at Chicago *ith Bl()er, 5(ghes, and 4arner. ,hey *ere all skeptical of the direction of )ainstrea) sociology to*ard a scientific )odel that s( stit(ted instr()ents for a close relationship to s( 3ect )atter. + had years of reading dissertations at +llinois in *hich sophisticated instr()ents and statistical analyses *ere applied to poor data, of coping *ith a stract concepts that ca)e et*een the investigator and the )atter eing investigatedHto say nothing of the poor reader. 1nother, G(ite s( sidiary p(sh *as that + hoped y )oving to di)inish the heavy load of *hat + called Jpaper*ork.J +t *as not only the co))ittee )eetings of depart)ent and (niversity that ca(sed )e ang(ish (t also the rec(rring )o(nd of correspondence, incl(ding )an(scripts to read, colleag(esD *ork to eval(ate, and 3o(rnal articles to 7 1$B 7 referee. 1l*ays )y desk see)ed overlayed y re)inders of letters to ans*er, these to read, and conferences to prepare for. ,hey *ere contin(ing goads to )y sense of responsi ility and collegial d(ty. 1t UC 2an &iego + hopedHin vain, it provedHto )anage these responsi ilities etter and to keep clear the center of )y sociological lifeHteaching, o serving, and *riting.

On and Off the 3agon

,he g(ilt and fear that tro( led )e in deciding to )ove to California *ere dissolved in the task of (ilding a ne* depart)ent and a ne* ca)p(s. ,hey *ere )(ltiplied y the stress and stor) of the st(dent )ove)ents of the late 19"0s and early 19#0s at UC 2an &iego. 1ny idea that + had traded the h(rly? (rly of +llinois for the laid? ack life of the 4est Coast *as *ashed a*ay G(ickly. ,hese past fifteen years have een (sy ones in all respects, professionally and other*ise. Symbolic )rusa e *as p( lished in 19"!, and + t(rned a*ay fro) alcohol and alcohol control as a s( 3ect. + *rote a o(t +ndia and develop)ent. 4ith &avid 'ies)an and Uelda :a)son, + did an o servational st(dy of higher ed(cation. + cond(cted research in Capan and the United 2tates *ith >enDichi ,o)inaga of ,okyo University. + *rote on social )ove)ents and prod(ced a s)all ook on the concept of co))(nity. B(t in 19#1 2an &iego Co(nty asked )e to st(dy sentencing and plea argaining in the case of drinking?driving offenders, and + *as ack in the field of alcohol st(dies. %or the past t*elve years, *hile + have contin(ed to do other *ork, )y foc(s has een the st(dy of alcoholHalcohol and la*, alcohol and kno*ledge, alcoholis) and social )ove)ents, alcohol and the *elfare state, alcohol control and class conflicts. A(t of it has co)e the *ork of *hich + a) pro(dest, The )ulture of $ublic $roblems: +rinking(+riving an the Symbolic Or er . B(t + have een involved in a variety of other activities, incl(ding conferences and papers, revie* of research and the

develop)ent of policy at the federal and co(nty levels, and st(dies and o servations at the local level. ,hese activities have led )e to a(diences and arenas other than acade)ic or sociological. + like to say that alcohol has kept )e honest. + )ean y this state)ent that st(dying alcohol control has kept )e in contin(o(s to(ch *ith the nonacade)ic *orld. + also )ean that st(dy of a restricted ody of )aterials acts as a rake to )y disposition to*ard spec(lative isolation that lacks s( stantive e8istence. + see )yself as a person *ho likes to develop 7 1$F 7 ideas and e8planations, essentially a spinner of tales. + need the ite of depth and co)ple8ity that a policy?oriented field of parado8ical and pop(larly accepted )atters can provide. 1lcohol has een a field thro(gh *hich + have een a le to think thro(gh a variety of intellect(al iss(es, to (ncover alternative and diverse *ays of looking at *hat others take for granted, as + have tried to do for drinking?driving. +t has also given )e an arena for ringing a diversity of perspectives and fields to ear. + *o(ld descri e The )ulture of $ublic $roblems as a st(dy in the sociologies of science, kno*ledge, and la*. +t dra*s on historical, literary, anthropological, and philosophical perspectives as *ell as field o servations. +t is this G(ality of developing ideas on the gro(nds of a deep (nderstanding of a narro* s*ath that + find partic(larly appealing and f(n. +t co)es close to resolving the tension et*een the analytical generality and the e)pirical partic(larity that is, for )e, the )ost (sef(l and also the )ost diffic(lt for) of sociological scholarship. Aver the years )y distaste for a stract theory, for the gloss on gloss on gloss that fills so )any sociological shelves, has increased. + have great respect for scholarship that has res(lted fro) i))ersion into the detailed o servation and st(dy of s( stantive )atter. +f one thinks of sociology as a generali@ing and scientific discipline, and history as )ore partic(laristic and h()anistic, + have eco)e dra*n to*ard the historical pole a)ong sociologists. 1s part of this transfor)ation, )y felt ass()ptions a o(t the fragility of social organi@ation and the ill(sory character of )(ch p( lic presentation has deepened. My earlier title for The )ulture of $ublic $roblems *as The Illusions of Authority . + *anted y that title to e)phasi@e oth the li)ited character of a(thority in )odern society and the ill(sory G(ality of )(ch that passes for kno*ledge and conventional *isdo) in the topic of drinking?driving and in the general p( lic and professional (nderstandings of Jthe alcohol pro le).J + find the st(ff of )ost p( lic disc(ssion, thro(gh the )edia or the political arenas, to e the )aintenance of a facade, a theater of events rather than a reference point for (nderstanding actions. + a) *riting this section on an election day. + *ill vote, (t + have no great conviction a o(t the i)portance of the choices. ;ot only a) + skeptical a o(t the ass()ed relation et*een political rhetoric and political acts, (t + a) also eG(ally skeptical a o(t the e8tent of govern)ental a ility to affect social instit(tions, international relationships, or the day?to?day ehavior of citi@ens in )ore than a peripheral )anner. + feel a little like the *o)an + heard a o(t *ho, *hen infor)ed that 'onald 'eagan slept thro(gh Ca inet )eetings, said, J&espite that fact, + still *onDt vote for hi).J 7 1$" 7

The Now and #uture "ears

4riting this a(to iography co)es at a ti)e of t(rning points for )e. + a) no* *ell into )y si8ties and thinking serio(sly of retiring. %or the ne8t fe* years + *ill e engaged in a ne* intellect(al t(rnH

to*ard literary criticis), the history of ideas, and vis(al i)ageryHtho(gh in the st(dy of social )ove)ents. B(t for so)e ti)e + have een (pset, fr(strated, and angered y the (syness of )y life. ,he )o(nd of Jpaper*orkJ that dist(r ed )e *hen + left the University of +llinois has gro*n into a )o(ntain of )atters that cannot e ignored *itho(t grave detri)ent to others and to )y vie* of )yself as a responsi le person. + *ork part of )ost evenings and *eekends. + have less ti)e no* for )y painting than five years ago, altho(gh it has co)e to )ean )ore to )e. + have less ti)e to read the )ystery stories, novels, and iographies that + love. =ven )y teaching and *riting s(ffer fro) things half done. + have al*ays een attracted y the 5ind( vie* of life as ideally a series of ashramas , or transfor)ations over the life cycle, fro) the )aterial to the spirit(al, fro) fa)ily to self, fro) the profane to the holy, and fro) se8(ality to celi acy .that one + never fo(nd attractive0. ,he tho(ght of eing o(tside the s*irl of instit(tional life is appealing to )e. ,he idea of a life *itho(t a sched(le of places to e at set ti)es, *itho(t g(ilt for responsi ilities not f(lfilled or deadlines not )et, and *itho(t the need to )an(fact(re opinions see)s an attractive (topia. + hear )y *ifeDs do( ting refrain that + *ill e grossly (nhappy *hen the phone calls stop, the letters and reG(ests no longer appear, and no ody kno*s )y na)e. Perhaps. 4e live in a ti)e *hen to e yo(ng is the aspiration of the aged. 4e )(st do *hat *e can to keep o(rselves yo(ng- to contin(e to e *hat *e have een. 2o says pop(lar *isdo), (t + do not feel it. 9et )e proclai) )y right, even )y desire, to e old. + *ish for the hedonis) of the aged, the chance to sh(n responsi ility and pr(dence. 9et )e live *ith only one deadline in front of )e.

Afterword
+ )ight have ended this sketch at this point, (t in the act of *riting, )y i)age of )yself and )y ti)es has (ndergone a transfor)ation. + )ight have let stand the pict(re of a self?satisfied scholar, pro(d in his achieve)ents, co)forta le in his life, eager to e8pand his en3oy)ents. B(t this 7 1$# 7 e8ercise in internal reflection has (ne8pectedly sharpened a lingering disG(iet. My generation of acade)ics has een a privileged one. Perhaps that sense of having een privileged has ca(sed )y restiveness. + a) str(ck y the self?ind(lgent tone of )y acco(nt. My generation of scholars has had the l(8(ry of a sor ing *ork and p( lic respect. 1t the sa)e ti)e acade)ic life has provided (s *ith )(ch discretionary ti)e and s(pported plentif(l travel all over the *orld. %or so)e ti)e no* it has given )e )ore than a co)forta le inco)e. ,eaching has een easy and en3oya le for )e, tho(gh less so in recent years. + *atched the television reports of the last presidential election *ith an Aly)pian coolness to*ard the *hole process. 2keptic that + a), + co(ld not share the significance that others gave to it. ,he differences et*een parties and candidates *ere to )e a dra)ati@ation, a sy) olic action *itho(t )(ch relation to events efore or after. ,he s(pposed changes )ade y this or that ad)inistration appear to )e overstated y friends and foes alike. ,he area in *hich govern)ent can act see)s to )e G(ite li)ited. ,he rhetorical o) ast of the participants, even for tactical p(rposes, is )ore ins(lting to )y intelligence than + can stand. ;or can + share the radical conde)nation of the process: it too is grossly si)plified and (n eara ly doctrinal. 4here does that leave )eK + can identify *ith no one. 1fter the elections + a) neither happy nor sad. My only connection to the) is that of the voye(r. + a) not a part of )y co))(nity, of the people

aro(nd )eHdisconnected (t not angered, not even alienated. 5ave + eco)e Ca)(sDs 2trangerK ,he election is a )icrocos), a )etaphor that serves to locate a feeling. + have een a*are of it, at the p( lic level, as a part of the intellect(al and scholarly c(lt(re of o(r ti)e. B(t the other level, the level of personal restlessness, has een s( )erged. ,hat feeling of eing (nconnected co)es to )y a*areness )ore pointedly and poignantly as + *rite this a(to iography. +t has see)ed to )e for so)e ti)e that the intellect(al and scholarly *orld of analysis and critical post(re has )oved (s f(rther and f(rther fro) the co))(nities of o(r ti)e and place. +t )akes it diffic(lt for (s to lend o(rselves to the )issions, @eal, and e)otional sensi ilities *ith *hich others engage their *orlds. 4hen people o(tside )y scholarly circles heatedly disc(ss p( lic pro le)s, + find + eco)e the nay sayer. + a) the skeptic *ho destroys the ass()ptions on *hich oth sides of the arg()ent ase their conflict. 9ike a trained de ater, + can al*ays find 7 1$6 7 so)ething to e said for and against each side and can end (p, as + recently titled a paper a o(t the scholar of social pro le)s, JBeing on the 2ide.J ,he description is as applica le to others as to )yself. My *ork in alcohol st(dies is a piece of that *hich characteri@es the inner circle of serio(s scholars in the field. +t is perhaps ca(ght again y a title of a lect(re + gave in ;e* Me8ico a year agoHJ,he Case for the &rinking &river.J 4e scholars are the critics of the lay people and professionals *ho *ork thinking they are )aking the *orld a etter place. 4e (nderc(t the) *ith o(r skepticis) and o(r kno*ledge. ,hat acade)ic pride in, and love of, rational criticis) to *hich + a) clearly and f(lly co))itted is at the sa)e ti)e a disdain to*ard those *ho do not, or cannot, share it. +n his history of 1)erican (niversities, The %mergence of the American *niversity , 9a(rence Eeysey *rites of the nineteenth? cent(ry (niversity as having offered the professor a haven so)e*here et*een a (siness career and e8ileHneither )onastery nor co(nting ho(se. ,hat very a) ig(ity of loyalties, Eeysey arg(es, )ade an acade)ic post(re to*ard the society possi le. 4e have in )y generation tried to retain that G(ality of )onastic retreat *hile reaping the re*ards of the co(nting ho(se. My sense a o(t the disconnectedness of acade)ic life *o(ld not e so disG(ieting *ere it not for the other plane, the )ore personal one of e)otion and feeling to*ard other people. ,here is a lack of selflessness in this acco(nt of )y life, a lack that + find in )ost of )y colleag(es. + a) a)a@ed at people *ho perfor) acts of generosity and kindness that over*hel) )e *ith their self?sacrifice. ,hese are people *ho devote days of a (sy life to help in hospitals, *ho adopt handicapped children, *ho give a*ay si@a le s()s of )oney to aid a needy fa)ily, *ho leave their societies to *ork a)ong the people in poor co(ntries, and *ho )inister to the sick. ,hey give of the)selvesHtheir ti)e, their inco)e, their loveHnot for ca(ses (t for specific persons and in specific sit(ations. 2elflessness is also a *ay of giving e)otionally, of eing attached to persons. 4e acade)ics (se o(r intellect(ality to hide o(rselves fro) each other. +t c(ts off the e)otions of sy)pathetic feeling that )ight generate ties and co))it)ents et*een persons rather than et*een colleag(es. +t gives o(r life and even o(r *ork a vision of a *orld of roles (t not of persons. ,o e s(re, + can display a record of p( lic service on this oard or that and charity to vario(s ca(ses. B(t + do not give ti)e, and + do not give of )y e)otional self. + have co)e to ad)ire those *hose *ork )oves the) to do so)e?

7 1$9 7 thing for others rather than to or a o(t others. My *ife is a social *orker .a profession )ost sociologists look at *ith a)(se)ent and a) ig(ity0 in a childrenDs hospital. 4atching her, the doctors, the n(rses, and the vol(nteers *ork *ith cancer patients and their fa)ilies )akes )e sense an acco)plish)ent that + envy. ,he (niversities are the)selves a party to this pervading intellect(al coolness. 2till a)ong the )ore decent instit(tions in this society, they have co)e to pri@e to(ghness in the str(ggle to raise the prod(ctivity .a *ord no* co))on in acade)ic circles0 of the organi@ation in the G(est for prestige. ,he ;ielsen?like ratings that infest present?day ca)p(s ad)inistration co)e to e the sy) ols of s(ccessf(l ste*ardship. 4e eco)e ever )ore s(spicio(s of decent )otives of kindness and personal attach)ent lest h()an *ar)th interfere *ith organi@ational glory. +t is life lived at this )icrolevel, at the level called communities! that + )iss in )y acco(nt. 'ereading it, + fo(nd )yself appalled at its self?ind(lgence. +n the very choice of ho* + *o(ld organi@e this a(to iography + co(ld not ai) to to(ch the reader, to give of )yself. 5ere too + had to hide ehind the )ask of roleHthe role of sociological analyst. <et every*here in the *orld + have een, in every class, c(lt(re, and co(ntry, + have learned that the ele)ents that )ove and a sor o(r lives are those asic ele)ents of h()an contactHo(r children, o(r parents, o(r fa)ilies, o(r friendships, o(r co))(nities, and o(r *ork. Birth, death, love, hate, l(st, greedHthey are the places in o(rselves *here *e connect *ith others. 2(ch retrospection does not lead )e to retract the sense of satisfaction + have *ith )y life and )y *ork. Anly + *onder, like the character in that A. 5enry story, *hat *o(ld it have )eant to have chosen another road, to e *riting another a(to iographyK 7 1!1 7

%A T II4 .OIN0 IT T1EI O3N 3A"

7 1!! 7

$ha/ter #ive4 The $roo=ed Lines of 0od

Andrew M. 0ree*ey My life is not (niG(e in that + a) or think + a) )arginal. My i)pression, on the asis of a nonrando) sa)ple of colleag(es, is that virt(ally all sociologists think of the)selves as )arginalHa pheno)enon that o(ght to e interesting to any psychiatrists speciali@ing in treating sociologists. ;or is )y sociological career (n(s(al in that + a) st(dying the pheno)enon y *hich )y )arginality has e)erged: the latter stages of the acc(lt(ration process of the Catholic i))igrant gro(p. 9ots of (s sociologists do that, tho(gh *e do not al*ays ad)it it.

+f there is anything at all distinctive a o(t )y sociological efforts, it is that + *rite novels a o(t that *hich + have st(died sociologically. Moreover, the novels egan as a test of a hypothesis in the sociology of religion: religion is f(nda)entally a )atter of e8periences, i)ages, and stories, not of the acceptance of doctrinal propositions or the perfor)ance of rit(al devotions or the honoring of ethical nor)s. >enneth 9. Pre*itt, for)erly director of the ;ational Apinion 'esearch Center and no* president of the 2ocial 2cience 'esearch Co(ncil, s())ed it (p *ith his (s(al flair for the epigra) *hen he told )e, J+D) not going to read any )ore of yo(r )onographs- all yo(r sociology is in the fiction, *hich is far )ore palata le.J +n May 19FB + *as ordained a Catholic priest, so)ething + had *anted to e since second grade, and + *as sent t*o )onths later to one of the first college?ed(cated Catholic parishes on the fringes of the city of Chicago. ,he theory in *hich *e *ere trained in the se)inary .if + can dignify *ith that ter) the ass()ptions aro(nd *hich the se)inary 7 1!B 7 e8perience *as str(ct(red0 i)plied that it *as the role of the priest and the ch(rch to protect the religio(s faith of the (ned(cated Catholic i))igrant *orking class. Until 19!0, or even 19B0, s(ch a theory )ight have een valid. +n the prosperity after the end of 4orld 4ar ++ the earlier Catholic i))igrant gro(ps .e.g., +rish0 regained the eginnings of affl(ence they had lost in the :reat &epression, and the later i))igrant gro(ps .Poles and +talians0, enefiting fro) the :+ ill .apparently the only gro(ps in the society to enefit disproportionately fro) that legislation0, also str(ggled to the orders of the (pper )iddle class. ,he i))igrant era for 1)erican Catholicis) *as over, tho(gh of co(rse Catholic 5ispanic i))igrants *o(ld contin(e, and still contin(e, to keep alive the tradition. .5o* relevant the 5ispanic i))igrants are to the instit(tional ch(rch )ay e 3(dged fro) the fact that the 1rchdiocese of 9os 1ngeles does not co(nt the )ore than one )illion local 5ispanic Catholics a)ong its )e) ers.0 ,he e) o(rgeoise)ent of the children, grandchildren, and great?grandchildren of the i))igrants *as *ell (nder *ay. +n the years et*een the end of the *ar and )y ordination s*ar)s of %rench clerical Jreligio(s sociologistsJ descended on Chicago and anno(nced confidently, so)eti)es after only a *eek or t*o in the city, that *ith the reak(p of the old national .foreign lang(age/speaking0 parishes and the )ove)ent of the offspring of the i))igrants into the s( (r s and into the )iddle class, 1)erican Catholicis) *o(ld e8perience the sa)e decline in religio(s o servance that affected Catholicis) on the =(ropean continent. %or the Jreligio(s sociologistsJ it *as not a )atter that reG(ired e)pirical evidence. +t *as so)ething o vio(s, inevita le, and fated. 5o*ever, at Christ the >ing Parish in the Beverly 5ills district of Chicago, in the late 19F0s, the e)pirical evidence over*hel)ingly disconfir)ed the %rench hypothesis. ,he ne* (pper )iddle?class Catholicis) *as, if anything, )ore devo(t, )ore intense, and )ore eager than the Catholicis) of the old neigh orhoods. + *as fascinated y *hat + *as *itnessing, and *ell a*are that nothing + had learned in the se)inary *o(ld eG(ip )e to (nderstand these college?ed(cated CatholicsHespecially the yo(ng people. ,he pastor did not tr(st )e *ith the older laity of the parish, of *ho) he *as very 3ealo(s, and he assigned )e to *ork *ith the yo(th, do( tless fig(ring that + co(ld do less har) there than any*here else, especially eca(se he did not )ind losing the) to )e. 2o + egan to devo(r the sociology ooks, pop and serio(s, concerned *ith social class, the affl(ent society, and the e)ergence of )iddle?class 7 1!F 7

s( (r s. Ane of the *riters *ho )ost infl(enced )e at that ti)e *as &avid 'ies)an, *ho years later eca)e a close friend. Ci) Carey, then a grad(ate st(dent at the University of Chicago and no* a professor at the University of +llinois at Chicago Circle, pers(aded )e to co)e over to the University of Chicago .an ho(r?and?t*enty?)in(te streetcar rideHyo(ng priests *ere not per)itted to o*n a(to)o iles in those daysHand several c(lt(ral eons a*ay fro) Beverly0 to )eet *ith Professor =verett C. 5(ghes. 5(ghes listened eagerly to )y description of Christ the >ing Parish and then pleaded *ith )e to keep a record of )y e8periences. J=verything,J he said, Jhas happened in and thro(gh the Catholic ch(rch, and as it eco)es the ch(rch of the 1)erican )iddle class, everything is likely to happen to it and in it again.J 1ltho(gh 5(ghes did not reali@e it, he had 3(st prophesied the 2econd Eatican Co(ncil. + egan to *rite )e)os to )yself on the i)plications for the Catholic ch(rch of this s(dden and dra)atic (p*ard )o ility of its laity, a )ove)ent that, )ore than a G(arter of a cent(ry later, the leadership of the instit(tional ch(rch has yet to f(lly co)prehend. &onald ,hor)an, a Catholic editor, heard )e give a lect(re on the s( 3ect and asked )e to *rite an article for a Catholic )aga@ine. Phillip 2harper, the senior editor of the Catholic p( lishing fir) 2heed and 4ard, read the article and asked )e to *rite a ook. ,h(s, *ith )ore co(rage than co))on sense, + violated the ecclesiastical ta oo against priests, partic(larly yo(ng priests, setting *ord on paper and p( lished )y first ook, The )hurch in the Suburbs , in 19F6 at the infantile age, for a Catholic priest, of t*enty?nine. ,he ne8t year 1lfred :regory Meyer ca)e to Chicago as arch ishop, having een *arned y priests in Mil*a(kee that one of the first things he sho(ld do in Chicago *as to silence )e, not necessarily eca(se of *hat + had said (t rather eca(se + had the a(dacity to say it, or say anything. ,o this de)and Meyer had replied characteristically, J;o, + *onDt do that. +t *o(ldnDt e fair. + val(e *hat he does. + *ill enco(rage hi).J =nco(rage )e he did, and in the s())er of 19"0 he agreed to send )e to grad(ate school in sociology at the University of Chicago *hile + contin(ed as a f(ll?ti)e assistant pastor at Christ the >ing .to the chagrin and dis)ay of the pastor, *ho, eing an o edient priest co)e *hat )ay, nonetheless *ent along *ith the cardinalDs *ishes0. ,here co(ld not have een a etter ti)e to appear on the ca)p(s of the University of Chicago if one *ere a Catholic priest. Cohn %. >ennedy *as r(nning for the presidency, Cohn VV+++ *as pope, and the 2econd Eatican Co(ncil had een convened: the *inds of change *ere in the air. Meyer asked 7 1!" 7 )e *hether + co(ld stay in the parish and st(dy at a local Catholic (niversity, s(ch as 9oyola. + *as delighted to stay in the parish, intracta le pastor or no, eca(se Christ the >ing *as and is )y first love as a priest. + responded, J9oyola or the University of Chicago.J JAh, yes, thatDs right,J Meyer said. JChicago is closer, isnDt itKJ 1nd th(s the long ta oo against diocesan priests fro) Chicago attending the University of Chicago *as s)ashed in the na)e of geographical convenienceN +f + had gone to 9oyola + s(spect + )ight still e a grad(ate st(dent there. B(t Phillip 5a(ser at the University of Chicago accepted )e on the spot, and in the final *eek of 2epte) er, d(ring the fierce >ennedy?;i8on presidential ca)paign, + egan )y *ork as a grad(ate st(dent in sociology, destined, + tho(ght, to e a sociologist in service of the archdiocese and the ch(rch. My first co(rse, open to oth (ndergrad(ates and grad(ates, *as in social psychology ta(ght y Ca)es 1. &avis and =lih( >at@ at 6:!0 in the )orning to so)e h(ndred st(dents. + *as (tterly at sea: si8 years o(t of the se)inary, no e8perience of a sec(lar (niversity, or indeed of any (niversity, *earing a 'o)an collar, and da(nted y

the apparent rilliance of the G(estions of the yo(nger st(dents *ith *ho) + *as s(rro(nded. 5o* co(ld + possi ly s(rvive, + *ondered, in s(ch rilliant co)petitionK ,he )idter) e8a)ination reG(ired that *e analy@e 2hakespeareDs &omeo an 2uliet in ter)s of the social psychology *e had learned in the class. + took %riar 9a*rence as )y principal concern and e8plained in considera le detail ho* he acted as a Jdissonance red(cerJ in the story. .+ tho(ght + (nderstood *hat Ci) and =lih( *ere saying- it *as the st(dents *ho scared )e.0 4hen the tests ca)e ack, + noticed *ith enor)o(s relief that + had received an 1. ,hey are easy )arkers aro(nd here, + tho(ght. ,hen Ci) &avis p(t the distri (tion of grades on the lack oard: there *ere si8 1Ds. 1h ha, + tho(ght, this place isnDt going to e so ad after all. 1fter the class Ci) offered )e a 3o at the ;ational Apinion 'esearch Center. ,he diocese *as paying for )y grad(ate ed(cation, and as + already had a 3o , + declined. 1 fe* )onths later, (rged on y 5arrison 4hite to finish )y *ork as G(ickly as possi le, + *andered over to ;A'C .in those days ho(sed in a rick t*o?flat on 4oodla*n 1ven(e0 and asked &avis if he had any data fro) *hich + )ight *rite a dissertation. 5e did. ,here *as a st(dy in process of the career decisions of the C(ne 19"1 college grad(ates: *o(ld + e interested in analy@ing the i)pact of religion on their career choiceK +n C(ne 19"1 + fo(nd )yself at 7 1!# 7 a tiny desk in the J (llpenJ of ;A'C research assistants and started to *ork on )y dissertation. ,*enty?fo(r years later )y Jte)poraryJ and (npaid eginning at ;A'C contin(es. 4hen + asked Bill McMan(s, then s(perintendent of schools in the 1rchdiocese of Chicago and no* ishop of %ort 4ayne and 2o(th Bend, +ndiana, if there *as anything in *hich he tho(ght + sho(ld e partic(larly interested in the pro3ect, he said, J%ind o(t, for the love of heaven, *hy o(r kids donDt go to grad(ate schoolNJ 1t that ti)e there *as great concern a)ong Catholics a o(t the fail(res of J1)erican Catholic intellect(alis).J A(r yo(ng people, *e *ere told, *ere very s(ccessf(l in the (siness *orld perhaps, (t they *ere not eco)ing scientists or scholars. ,hey *ere not p(rs(ing arts and science acade)ic careers or grad(ate?school ed(cation in preparation for s(ch careers. ;one of the a(thors *ho *rote on the s( 3ectHMonsignor Cohn ,racy =llis, Professor ,ho)as AD&ea, and Professor Cohn &onovanHsee)ed to think that it *as (nrealistic to e8pect i))igrants *ho had een peasant far)ers to i))ediately eco)e scholars and scientists. +ndeed the i))igration factor *as rarely, if ever, all(ded to in their ooks. + e8pected to find confir)ation of their hypotheses (t also tho(ght that a)ong the yo(ng people *hose fa)ilies had een in the United 2tates for several generations + *o(ld o serve a tendency to go on to grad(ate school and p(rs(e acade)ic careers. Ane 2at(rday )orning that s())er + stopped y ;A'C to collect the o(tp(t fro) o(r pro3ectDs +BM 101 co(nter?sorter .it act(ally printed ra* freG(encies0. + did not even have to glance at the n() ers on the sheet to reali@e that all the hypotheses e8plaining the lo*er grad(ate?school attendance of Catholics had collapsed: Ci) &avis had *ritten across the top of the paper, J+t looks like ;otre &a)e eats 2o(thern Methodist this yearNJ 4hatever had een tr(e in the past *as no longer the case. Catholics *ere indeed going to grad(ate school, and they *ere deciding on acade)ic careers. + learned a lot fro) that e8perience: 1. ;ever tr(st a road assertion that is not acked y e)pirical evidence. $. ;ever e8pect cocktail?party li erals to a andon their conventional *isdo) )erely eca(se yo( have e)pirical evidence to the contrary. !. ;ever e8pect anti?Catholicis) to yield easily to e)pirical evidence.

7 1!6 7 %or over t*enty years + fo(ght this attle, first *ith :erhard 9enski and Ca)es ,rent and then *ith a host of other people, incl(ding Uena Bla(. + think + have finally *on the arg()ent, tho(gh )ommonweal , a Catholic )aga@ine and one of )y )ost itter ene)ies, never really had the grace to ad)it + *as right and they *ere *rong: there is no inco)pati ility et*een Catholicis)Heven and especially Catholic school attendanceHand an acade)ic career, acade)ic prod(ctivity, acade)ic e8cellence, and acade)ic e)inence. %oolishly (ncertain a o(t ho* )(ch ti)e Meyer *o(ld give )e to p(rs(e )y grad(ate *ork, + raced thro(gh the progra) at reakneck speed, holding *hat + still think )ay e the record for o taining a doctorate fro) scratch at the University of ChicagoHt*enty )onths. Pete 'ossi, the director of ;A'C, invited )e to stay at ;A'C for t*o )ore years to *ork on a pro3ected st(dy of the effects of Catholic ed(cation, *hich *o(ld e the first national?sa)ple st(dy of 1)erican Catholics. .9ater + learned that 'ossi had atte)pted to o tain for )e an appoint)ent as an assistant professor in the sociology depart)ent of the (niversity. 5e a andoned the atte)pt eca(se of strong opposition. J+ *o(ld no )ore per)it that )an in o(r depart)ent,J a disting(ished de)ographer said, Jthan + *o(ld a card?carrying Co))(nist, and for the sa)e reason.J + do not think the )an has changed his )ind.0 Meyer at that ti)e *as (sy *ith the 2econd Eatican Co(ncil and *as not yet prepared to have )e )ove into his ho(se and teach hi) social science over the s(pper ta le, so he *elco)ed 'ossiDs idea and *rote a letter appointing )e to ;A'C, a canonical appoint)ent + still technically hold. +n 19"F, *hen Meyer died at the age of si8ty?t*o and Cohn Cody ca)e to Chicago as arch ishop, + s(ddenly fo(nd )yself a )arginal o(tcast. 1rch ishop Cody had no need for a sociologist, or indeed anyone else, to advise hi), and he itterly resented )e for gaining attention in the ne*spapers and not depending on hi) for salary. .1t the eginning of the parochial?school st(dy 'ossi insisted that + had to e paid so they co(ld collect overhead fro) )y salary. 4hen + offered to give the )oney to the diocese, Meyer said, JAh no, %ather. + have eno(gh responsi ilities *orrying a o(t the )oney of the archdiocese. <o( sho(ld *orry a o(t the )oney yo( *ere paid.J0 4hen + ro(ght the galley sheets of The % ucation of )atholic Americans to Cody, y then a cardinal, he *as totally (ninterested in the). 4ho had sent )e to grad(ate schoolK 4ho had given )e per)ission to *riteK 4ho censored )y ooksK 5o* )(ch )oney did + )akeK &id + still hear confessionsK &id + reali@e that people said + *rote too )(chK 7 1!9 7 ,he sa)e sort of people *ho had pleaded *ith Meyer to silence )e had also pleaded *ith Cody. Meyer dis)issed their envy- Cody accepted it. + *as no* an o(tsider in the diocese and the ch(rch, not eca(se anything had changed in )e, (t eca(se + had a different arch ishop. + *o(ld later find o(t that )ost priests also resented so)eone *ith G(ality professional training in the social sciences, for s(ch training violated the r(les of a)ate(ris) and )ediocrityHthe notion that any priest can do anythingHat the core of clerical c(lt(re. Morris Cano*it@Ds 3oke that + *as the co)pany sociologist of the Catholic ch(rch co(ld not have een )ore inacc(rate. ,he Catholic ch(rch, as far as )y arch ishop and )ost of )y fello* priests *ere concerned, did not *ant or need or approve of a co)pany sociologist. ;ot only *ere )y professional skills (seless, (t they *ere in fact dangero(s as *ellHnot eca(se sociology *as (nder s(spicion (t eca(se a priest on the staff of the University of Chicago *ith an independent inco)e *as y definition s(spicio(s in a clerical c(lt(re *here the re*ard str(ct(re is e8tre)ely li)ited.

,h(s )y te)porary assign)ent at ;A'C eca)e per)anent, and )y drea) of eing a priest? sociologist in service of the ch(rch proved to e an ill(sion. + eca)e, *illy?nilly, a professional sociological scholar. +n the t*enty years since the fatef(l )eeting *ith Cardinal Cody + have had three )ain sociological interests. %irst, the fo(r st(dies )y colleag(es and + have done of Catholic ed(cation have provided solid ti)e?series data on changes in the 1)erican Catholic ch(rch and the 1)erican Catholic pop(lation in the years since the 2econd Eatican Co(ncil. 2econd, in the seventies, principally *orking *ith 4illia) McCready and inspired y &aniel Patrick Moynihan and ;athan :la@erDs 1eyon the "elting $ot , + la(nched the first series of e)pirical st(dies of the s(rvival of diverse ethnic s( c(lt(res in the United 2tates. ,hird, thro(gh the years + have tried to refor)(late so)e of the )a3or G(estions in the sociology of religion, (sing the theoretical perspective originating in the *ork of Clifford :eert@ on religion as a c(lt(ral syste). My *ork in this area egan *ith a st(dy f(nded y the 5enry 9(ce %o(ndation in 19#$- it contin(ed *ith a pro3ect f(nded y the >nights of Col() (s in 19#9 and finally *ith research f(nded fro) the illgotten royalties on )y novels in the 1960s. ,hro(gh this research + have fashioned a ne* theory of the sociology of religion, doing )ost of the *ork on that theoryH*hich + think is )y principal contri (tion to sociologyHafter + 3oined the fac(lty of the University of 1ri@ona in 19#9. +n the process + have also done research on the sociology of the 7 1B0 7 co(ntry cl( , the sociology of the paranor)al .)ystical and psychic e8periences0, and the sociology of papal elections. Ane need only look over that list of interests and add to it the fact that + a), as one of )y opponents at the University of Chicago re)arked, Jnothing (t a lo(d)o(thed +rish priestJ .to *hich + replied, J1nd )ay they carve it on )y gravestoneNJ0 to (nderstand *hy )y life has een colorf(l and interesting, filled *ith conflict and controversy and doo)ed al)ost fro) the eginning to )arginality. 2)all *onder that in )y native Chicago neither the ch(rch nor the (niversity *anted )e, or *ants )e. 4orse l(ck for the), says +. + think )y colleag(es and + have esta lished the acade)ic e8cellence of Catholic schools, their i)portance to the *ork of the ch(rch .partic(larly in ti)es of great religio(s change0, and their enor)o(s i)pact on )inority st(dents and disadvantaged st(dents of every sort. 1)erican Catholicis), + have een a le to doc()ent, has s(rvived the tra()as of the postHEatican Co(ncil era re)arka ly *ell. +n 19"0, 1F percent of those *ho *ere orn Catholic *ere no longer Catholics. By the )iddle 1960s that proportion had risen only to 16 percent. +n the early 19"0s appro8i)ately "6 percent of Catholics attended ch(rch *eekly. Beginning in 19"9Hthe year after the encyclical on irth control Hch(rch attendance fell precipito(sly, to F0 percent y 19#F. .Protestant ch(rch attendance has re)ained (nchanged in the United 2tates since the late 19!0s: B0 percent of Protestants attend every *eek.0 ,his decline stopped in 19#F as a r(ptly as it had started, and it see)s to have een the res(lt not of the Eatican Co(ncil (t of anger at ecclesiastical a(thority eca(se of the irth control encyclical. 1)erican Catholics, on the contrary, see) to have enth(siastically *elco)ed the changes of the 2econd Eatican Co(ncil. ,he )ost nota le res(lt of the co(ncil is that 1)erican Catholics no* stay in the ch(rch on their o*n ter)s, )aking their o*n r(les and follo*ing their o*n 3(dg)ent as to *hen they *ill listen to their leadership. ,h(s, they re3ect the official teaching on irth control, pre)arital se8, a ortion, and other related )atters, altho(gh they oppose ho)ose8(ality, e8tra)arital se8, and a ortion on de)and, in a o(t the sa)e proportions as do *hite 1)erican Protestants. 2till they *ere nota ly affected y the letter of the 1)erican ishops on n(clear *eapons in 196!. Before the letter !$

percent of 1)ericans, Protestants and Catholics alike, tho(ght that too )(ch )oney *as eing spent on ar)a)ents. 1 year later, after the pastoral letter, the proportion of Catholics thinking that too )(ch 7 1B1 7 )oney *as spent on ar)s rose to FB percent. ,his finding is a classic e8a)ple of *hat has co)e to e called do?it?yo(rself Catholicis). +f Catholics happen to think that so)ething the ch(rch leadership says is correct, then they enth(siastically accept it. +f they happen to think that the leadership does not kno* *hat it is talking a o(t, then they rather easily and cheerf(lly re3ect it. ,ho(gh the ch(rch did not pay for o(r research, and despite the fact that Catholic revie*ers have ro(tinely patroni@ed it, there is little reason to do( t that there is )ore data on Catholics in the United 2tates than on Catholics any*here else in the *orld and that since no one has een a le to ref(te or even disp(te the ;A'C st(dies on Catholics and Catholic schools, they have eco)e accepted as valid social kno*ledge in the United 2tates. ,he Catholic leadership has never een a le to forgive )e for proving that the Catholic laity re3ected the irth control decision .tho(gh 1rch ishop Bernardin, efore he eca)e the arch ishop of Chicago, told )e off the record that he co(ld not sleep at night eca(se of *hat Jthat godda)ned encyclical is doing in )y dioceseJ0. 1nd at the University of Chicago )y fello* sociologists dis)issed this *ork as (ninteresting and (ni)portant and hence not *orth considering *hen the iss(e *as *hether + elonged as a f(ll?fledged )e) er of the (niversity co))(nity. ,here is no point in this essay in rehearsing the story of )y conflicts *ith the sociology depart)ent of the University of Chicago in any great detail. Briefly, in the late 19"0s and early 19#0s a n() er of other (nits in the (niversity had reco))ended )e for a reg(lar fac(lty appoint)ent. .+ had een a professor *ith ten(re at the University of +llinois at Chicago for t*o years and resigned to res()e f(ll? ti)e *ork at ;A'C eca(se + felt so )(ch )ore co)forta le there.0 +n each case certain )e) ers of the sociology depart)ent intrig(ed against the appoint)ent at higher levels of the ad)inistration and defeated it. +t is, as any reader of this essay kno*s, easier in the acade)y to prevent so)ething than to acco)plish it. + *as convinced then, and a) convinced no*, that the reason for the opposition had nothing to do *ith the G(ality or G(antity of )y *ork (t *ith the fact that + *as a Catholic priest. + acc(se the responsi le people of anti?Catholic igotry, and + acc(se the (niversity ad)inistration of co*ardly caving in to s(ch igotry. Moreover, + acc(se )yself of gross st(pidity for getting into the conflict in the first place. + sho(ld have een intelligent eno(gh to stay o(t of it, kno*ing that there *as no *ay to *in. +ncidentally, )y f(nding a chair at the University of Chicago in Catho? 7 1B$ 7 lic st(dies fro) the royalty inco)e on )y novels *as not an atte)pt to get even *ith the (niversity. 1s + said at the ti)e the chair *as anno(nced, )y only intention *as to provide so)e kind of scholarly ridge et*een the acade)y and the ch(rch. +f one *anted to do that in the city of Chicago, o vio(sly the University of Chicago *as the place to do it. + )(st say that the (niversityDs reaction to )y f(nding the chair *as sing(larly graceless. ,hey accepted the )oney all right, r(dely and ch(rlishly, tho(gh they did not, like Cardinal Bernardin *hen he accepted a parallel grant to the se)inary at M(ndelein, act as tho(gh they *ere doing )e a great favor. Ance yo( are on the )argins, yo( stay there. +n o(r research on ethnicity, )y colleag(es and + esta lished that ethnic s( c(lt(res, distinctive styles of fa)ily ehavior, religio(s elief, political activity, attit(des to*ard death, and especially drinking ehavior persist fro) generation to generation despite ed(cation, the n() er of generations in

1)erica, the collapse of ethnic neigh orhoods, and even ethnic inter)arriage. .Ane +rish parent is eno(gh to g(arantee the s(rvival of the +rish drinking s( c(lt(re, for e8a)ple.0 2o)e people, )ost nota ly Arlando Patterson, have tho(ght there *as so)ething cha(vinistic and fascist a o(t st(dying *hite ethnics . (t not, oddly eno(gh, lack or Ce*ish ethnics0. 2cholarly research on ethnic diversity in the United 2tates is no* solidly esta lished. ,he paradig)s that McCready and + developed re)ain (nto(ched. Patterson )ay think it is so)eho* (ncivili@ed or irrational to e concerned a o(t ethnic diversity, (t those scholars and practitioners dealing *ith alcohol (se and a (se are far )ore realistic. ,here are distinctive drinking s( c(lt(res *ith enor)o(s d(ra ility that are passed on fro) generation to generation po*erf(lly and (nself?conscio(sly. <o( do not have to think of yo(rself as +rish or participate in +rish ethnic c(sto)s or keep an +rish tricolor in yo(r office to a sor the +rish drinking s( c(lt(re, the +rish political s( c(lt(re, the +rish fa)ily str(ct(re, or the +rish religio(s val(e syste) .a )i8t(re of fatalis) and hope0. +n the process of st(dying ethnic s( c(lt(res *e also esta lished that the 1)erican Catholic gro(ps had ca(ght (p *ith, and indeed in so)e cases passed, other gro(ps in the society in inco)e, ed(cation, and occ(pation. ,he +rish, for e8a)ple, are no* the est ed(cated, the )ost affl(ent, and the )ost occ(pationally s(ccessf(l of the gentile ethnic gro(ps in 1)erica, and the +talians are not far ehind the). ,his finding, like )y other findings a o(t Catholics and the intellect(al life, the re3ection of the irth control encyclical, the acceptance of the 2econd 7 1B! 7 Eatican Co(ncil, the persistence of ethnic diversity, and the prevalence of incidents of psychic and )ystical e8periences in the United 2tates .a o(t a third of 1)ericans have had intense ecstatic e8periences of the sort descri ed y 4illia) Ca)es, and these e8periences correlate positively *ith psychological *ell? eing- a o(t t*o?thirds of 1)ericans have had so)e kind of psychic e8perience0 are *idely (naccepted eca(se they are profo(ndly (naccepta le, either in the ch(rch or the acade)y or oth. + started grad(ate school in 19"0 elieving, G(ite irrationally, that the Catholic ch(rch as an instit(tion had a )onopoly on oth envy and dog)atis). + no* reali@e that tho(gh envy is *orse in the ch(rch than it is in the professoriat, it is still pretty ad in the professoriat, and that dog)atis), strong in the ch(rch, is eG(ally po*erf(l in the acade)y. B(t the )ost i)portant *ork, at least for )y o*n life, that + have done as a sociologist has een on the religio(s i)agination. ,his *ork has infl(enced )y personal religio(s ehavior, )y philosophical and theological reflections, and )y t(rning to poetry and fiction, there y adding to roles + already had as priest, 3o(rnalist, and sociologist another )ore controversial and e8tre)ely en3oya le role as storyteller. ,he sociology of religion is one of the ack*ater s( disciplines in great part eca(se religion has so little po*er as a predictor varia le. +t is accepta le to st(dy religion as a dependent varia le: ho* )any people go to ch(rch, ho* )any people elieve in life after death, ho* )any people elieve the Bi le is divinely inspired, and so on. B(t having o tained that infor)ation, the (nderstanding of other social attit(des, instit(tions, and ehaviors is not nota ly enhanced. ,h(s, in the )id?1960s analysis + have done of )aterial in the ;A'CDs :eneral 2ocial 2(rvey correlating t*elve social and political dependent varia les .incl(ding attit(des to*ard govern)ent help for the poor, the death penalty, racial 3(stice, and n(clear ar)a)ent0 sho*s that neither ch(rch attendance, nor intensity of religio(s affiliation, nor freG(ency of prayer, nor confidence in religio(s leadership correlate *ith political and social attit(des and ehaviors. ,he fo(nders of sociology, W)ile &(rkhei) and Ma8 4e er, *ere interested in religion. 'eligion is also so)ething in *hich )ost 1)ericans, if not )ost sociologists, are involved, (t it does not see) to e of )(ch sociological (se.

Moreover, + have *ondered thro(gh the years *hether the reason for its lack of (sef(lness is that )ost sociologists of religion have een interested in the so?called sec(lari@ation hypothesisHthat is to say, in de)onstrating that religion is no longer i)portant and that religio(s 7 1BB 7 involve)ent is declining. +n a ook called *nsecular "an .19#$0 + co(ld find no s(pport for the sec(lari@ation hypothesis, and in &eligious )hange in America .19690, a ook on religio(s social indicators p( lished y 5arvard University Press, + again co(ld find no evidence for sec(lari@ation. 2ociologists have chosen as their (nits of )eas(re)ent the kinds of religo(s ehavior .s(ch as ch(rch attendance0 that )ight e e8pected to decline or fl(ct(ate over ti)e. ,ho(gh )any sociologists of religion *o(ld pro a ly accept so)e for) of Clifford :eert@Ds definition of religion as a c(lt(re syste), val(e syste), )eaning syste), and set of sy) ols that provide (lti)ate e8planations of *hat life is a o(t and patterns of ehavior for living, they have rarely tried to )eas(re s(ch sy) ol syste)s in their research. Might it not e, + have asked )yself, that if *e co(ld get adeG(ate )eas(res of religion as a c(lt(re syste), as a syste) of sy) ols of (lti)ate )eaning, *e *o(ld have a )ore po*erf(l predictor varia le and *in )ore respecta ility for religion as a sociological pheno)enonK 4hile + *as analy@ing the data fro) )y 19#$ 5enry 9(ce %o(ndation st(dy, + *as also recasting )y o*n paradig)s for religion, (nder the infl(ence of the theological *ritings of &avid ,racy and Cohn 2hea, and *orking o(t this refor)(lation in a ook called The "ary "yth! in *hich + approached the Catholic devotion to Mary, the )other of Ces(s, fro) a sociological perspective. +t *as clear to )e that MaryDs f(nction in Catholic Christianity had al*ays een to represent the *o)anliness of :od, the life? giving, n(rt(ring, tender affection of :od. A(r theologians never G(ite said as )(ch, (t there *as little do( t that the poetry, art, and )(sic of Mary *ere designed to (se her as a sacra)ent .)anifestation0 of :odDs *o)anly love. Many )edieval Catholic theologians .)ost nota ly 2aint Bernard and 2aint 1nsel)0, )ystics, and spirit(al *riters *ere at ease *ith the i)age of :od as )other .even a n(rsing )other0. ,his ease see)ed to )e to e clearly linked to devotion to Mary. 9ater, in o(r st(dy of yo(ng ad(lts for the >nights of Col() (s, *e discovered that despite neglect fro) an ec()enically )inded clerical elite the Mary i)age *as strong, po*erf(l, and enign a)ong yo(ng CatholicsHcorrelating *ell, for e8a)ple, *ith se8(al f(lfill)ent in )arriage and, as *as not s(rprising y no*, *ith the i)age of :od as )other. %ro) these e8ercises in reflection and restr(ct(ring + developed a theory of the sociology of religion .artic(lated in &eligion: A Secular Theory 0 that sa* religion as the res(lt of e8periences of hope? rene*al. ,hese e8periences are encoded in i)ages that provide a te)plate for 7 1BF 7 life and hence are sy) ols, shared *ith others thro(gh stories, especially stories told in a storytelling co))(nity .ch(rch0 of persons *ho share the sa)e repertoire of i)ages. +nfl(enced in this theory for)ation y 2hea and ,racy, y :eert@, Parsons, and 4e er, and y Mircea =liade, '(dolph Atto, and 4illia) Ca)es, + decided that religion *as f(nda)entally and pri)arily an e8ercise of the creative i)agination, the preconscio(s, the poetic fac(lty, the creative int(ition, the agent intellectHcall it *hat yo( *ill. A vio(sly, since *e are reflecting creat(res, it is necessary to reflect on religion and artic(late it propositionally, philosophically, theologically, and catechetically- (t s(ch intellect(al reflection, ho*ever essential, eco)es arid and irrelevant *hen it is divorced fro) an a*areness that the origins and ra* po*er of religion lie in another di)ension of the personality.

,hat concl(sion *as not partic(larly accepta le to )ost of )y Catholic priest colleag(es. +t certainly co(ld not e re3ected as heretical, especially since + insisted that + *as approaching religion p(rely fro) the sociological perspective and saying nothing a o(t theological tr(th. B(t if it *as not heretical, neither *as it relevant, and in the years after the 2econd Eatican Co(ncil )any Catholic clerics, especially the )ore infl(ential ones, had pretty )(ch a andoned religion in the sense + *as (sing it and s( stit(ted for it social activis). + had no o 3ection to social activis), (t + tho(ght of it as a conseG(ence of religion and not as a s( stit(te for it, as a res(lt of religio(s faith instead of as a res(lt of loss of nerve a o(t the possi ility of religio(s faith. %or s(ch clergy nothing *orth*hile co(ld have happened in the history of Catholicis) efore 19"! and nothing co(ld e )ore irrelevant, and hence (seless, than to talk a o(t the religio(s i)agination. + had eco)e an offense to the), not )erely eca(se + *as dra*ing a professorDs salary and had professional skills .thro(gh *hich + fo(nd that the laity *ere very critical of the G(ality of 2(nday preaching0- + *as no* a pariah all over again eca(se + *as talking nonsense. Af *hat possi le (se, as a Ces(it *o(ld ask in a ook revie* in the 1960s, can the i)age of a MadonnaDs s)ile have in an era *hen the ch(rch has to e concerned a o(t s(ch life iss(es as a ortion or n(clear *arfareK + co(ld de)onstrate easily that those *ho *ere likely to have an i)age of :od as )other *ere )ore concerned a o(t n(clear *ar than those *ho did not have s(ch an i)age- (t for this partic(lar Ces(it, as for )ost priests, + fear, e)pirical evidence )attered not in the slightest. 1t the ti)e + *as developing this theory, + *as infl(enced strongly y a )a3or intellect(al reakthro(gh in social researchHthe interactive 7 1B" 7 data analysis techniG(es developed y )y friend ;or)an ;ie in the 2tatistical Package for the 2ocial 2ciences .Conversational Progra): 2C220 package. 1naly@ing data *ith 2C22 *as like *riting poetry: yo( co(ld eco)e locked in an affective relationship *ith the data and follo* h(nches and int(itions *ith ease. More i)portant than the speed of 2C22 *as the instant t(rnaro(nd that ena led the creative int(ition to *ork in the analytic process. 'ossi and &avis had ta(ght )e that the p(rpose of data analysis *as to tell a story. 4ith 2C22 the sa)e creative di)ensions of the personality (sed in *riting fiction *ere (nleashed in the str(ggle to find patterns of )eaning in the data. =ver since + had read Michael Polanyi in grad(ate school, + *as convinced that the distinction et*een art and science *as deceptive and irrelevant. &ata analysis *as as )(ch a craft as a science. 4ith 2C22 the craft co(ld eco)e art. %iction and data analysis are oth )odes of storytelling, *ith a eginning, a )iddle, and an end, *ith plot, conflict, and resol(tion. 1naly@ing data prepared )e to *rite fiction- *riting fiction )ade )e a )ore skilled data analyst. 1s a res(lt of )y sociological reflection on :eert@, )y theological reflection on ,racy and 2hea, )y *ork on The "ary "yth! and )y preparation to *rite &eligion: A Secular Theory! + ca)e to t*o i)plicit, even preconscio(s, concl(sions. ,he first *as that + *anted to concentrate on )y research on the religio(s i)agination- the second *as that + *as going to try )y hand at *riting fiction. 1 lot of folks *ere talking a o(t religion as story, (t virt(ally no one *as *riting religio(s stories. +f the theories *ere right, ho*ever, stories *ere the est *ay to co))(nicate a o(t religion, and the novel .and the screenplay0 *ere the f(nctional eG(ivalents of the stained?glass *indo* in o(r era. +n Can(ary 19#9, *ith one novel, The "agic )up! a o(t to e p( lished .and disappear0, + 3oined the fac(lty of the University of 1ri@ona, and free fro) the (rden of having to raise f(nds for o(r ethnic research center at ;A'C .*here + contin(ed to spend one se)ester a year0, + had ti)e to reflect on the iss(e of the religio(s i)agination. 4ith the s(ccess of )y novels, eginning *ith The )ar inal Sins! + had f(nds

fro) royalties to p(t into research on this s( 3ect. +n a c(rio(s circle, )y reflection on the religio(s i)agination led to novel *riting, and the novel *riting in t(rn f(nded research on the religio(s i)agination. ,h(s far all of )y novels have een sit(ated in Chicago a)ong the +rish Catholics of the co))(nity, contin(ing, + like to think, the *ork that Ca)es ,. %arrell left off in his final ook, The +eath of -ora &yan .*hich rings %arrell/&anny AD;eill/=d 'yan to the )id?19B0s0. ,he 7 1B# 7 novels, as + have said repeatedly, are theological tales, stories of :odHco)edies of grace foc(sing especially on the *o)anly tenderness of :od. 1s Professor +ngrid 2hafer has s(ggested in her research on )y novels, each of the), in one *ay or another, is like The "agic )up! a story of a G(est for a holy grail, for the *o)anly affection of :od as revealed thro(gh h()an lovers. ,hey are also, ho*ever, portraits of the Chicago +rish in transition fro) the (pper *orking class and lo*er )iddle class into the (pper )iddle and lo*er (pper class, and of the t(r (lence and tra()as, the e8cite)ents, the disappoint)ents, the enth(sias)s, and the despairs of that transition, partic(larly since the 2econd Eatican Co(ncil. 5ence >en Pr(ittDs dict() that all )y sociology is in )y fiction. +n three different *ays, then, )y sociology has shaped )y fiction. ,he conte8t is the sa)e as the conte8t for )y st(dy of 1)erican Catholis). ,he s( 3ect )atter is the res(lt of )y reflection and *ork on the religio(s i)aginationHthe *o)anliness of :od. 1nd the i)p(lse, finally, to set a o(t storytelling gre* o(t of )y sociological theori@ing a o(t the nat(re of religion. C(rio(slyHor perhaps not so c(rio(slyH*hereas )y colleag(es in the priesthood have een f(rio(s at )e for *riting novels and even )ore f(rio(s at )e for s(cceeding at it, )y colleag(es in sociology have see)ed to e a)(sed and even rather pro(d that one of theirs is a le to tell stories and at the sa)e ti)e contin(e to teach and do research on sociological iss(es. ,hey are even prepared to elieve *hat )y clerical colleag(es *ill never elieve, that it *as )y *ork in the sociology of religion that ind(ced )e to *rite stories of :od. + started o(t life *anting to e a priest. + contin(ed )y life in the priesthood *anting to e a sociologist to serve the ch(rch. + discovered the ch(rch did not need or *ant a sociologist and eca)e a professional sociologist *ho *as also a priest. ,hen )y sociology pers(aded )e that the est *ay + co(ld e a priest *as y *riting theological novels set in the sa)e conte8t and a o(t the sa)e s( 3ects as )y sociological research. ,ho(gh this pilgri)age has scarcely *on )e any acceptance in the priesthood or fro) )y o*n archdiocese, it has nonetheless )ade )e a )ore effective priest for the vast n() er of readers .half of *ho) do not go to ch(rch reg(larly0 *ho no* constit(te )y parish and )y congregation. 1s Pete 'ossi *o(ld have said, there are )any ironies in the fire. +n March 196B, the night efore cele rating the p( lication of )y )ost pop(lar novel, Lor of the +ance! and )y thirtieth anniversary in 7 1B6 7 the priesthood, a f(nctionary fro) Cardinal BernardinDs office ca)e to visit )e. +f + *anted to e accepted ack into the diocese .+ *as of co(rse a priest in good standing, (t he )eant ackno*ledged as part of the diocese and not treated as a pariah *ho it is pretended does not e8ist0, + *o(ld have to do p( lic penance for all the har) ca(sed y )y novels. + protested that the research + had done on the readers of )y novels indicated that they *ere y no )eans har)f(l. ,he f(nctionary dis)issed the research. ,he pro le) *as not people *ho read )y novels and enefited fro) the), he said- the

pro le) *as the Jsi)ple ordinary faithf(lJ *ho had not read the) (t *ere shocked that + *rote the). .,he Jsi)ple ordinary laityJ are hard to find in any of the e)pirical research data (t are a (sef(l pro3ection of the fears, an8ieties, and *orries of ecclesiastical (rea(crats.0 +f + apologi@ed to the) and pro)ised the) + *o(ld e sensitive to their needs in the f(t(re, then + *o(ld e *elco)ed ack into the diocese and treated *ith honor, respect, and affection. J<o( have to cra*l a little it, 1ndy,J he said. 1s )ight *ell e i)agined, + t(rned hi) do*n flat. 2ince they had not read )y ooks, *hat earthly reason *as there to think they *o(ld read )y apology eitherK Besides, + *as not going to a andon )illions of people *ho, if the research evidence *as to e elieved, fo(nd religio(s enefit in )y ooks, to placate a fe* people *ho had *ritten nasty letters to the cardinal. + have een asked repeatedly *hether + really think that Coseph Bernardin e8pected )e to s(cc() to s(ch ridic(lo(s ter)s. Af co(rse not. + think he kne* f(ll *ell + *o(ld not accept his ter)s, (t he sent the) to )e so that he *o(ld e a le to say to other ishops, the Eatican, the pron(ncio, and the co)plaining priests and laity, + tried to reason *ith 1ndy and he *o(ldnDt listen. ,he a ility to give s(ch a response *as *hat Bernardin *as really seeking. +n fact, + think he *o(ld have een appalled if + had accepted his ter)s eca(se then he *o(ld have had no idea *hat to do *ith )e. +s this a co*ardDs *ay o(t, or only an ecclesiastical diplo)atDsK 'eaders *ill have to 3(dge for the)selves. ,he appoint)ent to the University of 1ri@ona *as a co)plete s(rprise to )e. + had often said that there *ere only fo(r schools in the co(ntry that co(ld l(re )e a*ay fro) Chicago: the City University of ;e* <ork, 5arvard, 2tanford, and 1ri@onaHCU;< eca(se of its disting(ished chairs, 5arvard eca(se it is pro a ly the est (niversity in the *orld, and 2tanford and 1ri@ona eca(se + loved the areas and eca(se they oth had eco)e disting(ished (niversities. 5o*ever, *hen Philip 5a))ond, the chair)an of 1ri@onaDs recr(iting co))ittee, and 2tanley 7 1B9 7 9ie erson, the head of the sociology depart)ent, approached )e, + did not think they *ere serio(s. ,he tra()as in Chicago, oth at the (niversity and in the archdiocese, had thro(gh the years s(fficiently eroded )y self?estee) so that + did not think that a disting(ished depart)ent like 1ri@onaDs co(ld e interested in )e. Moreover, + had heard that they *ere looking at three people for the vacant professorship and ass()ed, again + s(ppose as a res(lt of )y e8perience *ith sociologists at Chicago, that + *as third on the list. B(t a trip to 1ri@ona in Can(ary *as al*ays a pleasant e8perience, so + fle* to ,(cson and fro) the )e) ers of the depart)ent discovered that 2tan 9ie erson had een an ally thro(gh all )y University of Chicago tro( les, and *e ate dinner at =l Charro resta(rant, *hich )ay e the est Me8ican/1)erican resta(rant in all the *orld. ,here *as indeed an offer. 9ie erson and Pa(l 'osen latt, then dean of arts and sciences at 1ri@ona .and one of the est deans in 1)erica0, *ere a*are that )y Chicago roots and )y connection *ith the ;A'C *o(ld )ake it diffic(lt for )e to )ove to ,(cson, so d(ring =aster *eek in 19#6, *hen + *as taking )y ann(al *eek off in 2cottsdale, 9ie erson called and proposed that *e *ork o(t an offer on the phone. J;o *ay,J + told hi). J+D) an +rish Catholic ethnic fro) Chicago. <o( and Pa(l are Ce*ish ethnics fro) Brooklyn. +D) going to co)e do*n and *eDre going to have tea and coffee and s*eet rolls, *eDre going to *ork it all o(t and then shake hands.J 2o *e did, and + )oved to 1ri@ona for half the year and ret(rned to the classroo). ,here + fo(nd to )y astonish)ent that + *as not )erely a respected sociologist (t, as far as the 1ri@ona sociology depart)ent *as concerned, a s(perstar. + a) not prepared to place )yself in that category, (t having een treated like a pariah for a long, long ti)e, + *as perfectly prepared to accept the acclai) and attention, if not the title. Moreover, )y ne* colleag(es, especially 'ichard C(rtis, 1l ert Bergesen, and Michael 5o(t, )ade )e feel that ho*ever )arginal + )ay e else*here, + a) not in fact a )arginal sociologist.

1dding the classroo) e8perience in ,(cson and the res(lts of the >nights of Col() (s st(dy of yo(ng ad(lts to )y previo(s reflections on the religio(s i)agination, + *as finally ready to test )y theories serio(sly against the e)pirical evidence. + devoted so)e of the )oney fro) )y first si@a le royalty check to paying for G(estions on the religio(s i)agination in the ;A'C :eneral 2ocial 2(rvey. 1fter one year + *as a le to refine the G(estions so that a si)ple, easy to ad)inister, fo(r?ite) scale .fo(r forced choices on a seven?point range: :od is %ather?Mother, C(dge?9over, Master?2po(se, or >ing? %riend0 finally provided an effective )eas(re of the religio(s i)agination, *hich corre? 7 1F0 7 lated significantly *ith political attit(des and ehaviors, even *hen other )eas(res *ere (sed to take into acco(nt the political, econo)ic, social, religio(s, and life?style li eralis). People *ho scored high on )eas(res of :od as )other, lover, spo(se, and friend, for e8a)ple, *ere 1F percentage points )ore likely to vote against 'onald 'eagan in the presidential elections of 1960 and 196B. <o(r story of :od, in other *ords, is a paradig) of the story of yo(r life. My ne8t sche)e *as to try to do research on the readers of )y novels to learn *hether the stories did affect their religio(s i)aginations. + also hoped to gather evidence to ref(te the clai) inside the Catholic co))(nity that the stories *ere pornographic and trashy, a threat to the ch(rch and the priesthood. Af the readers of Ascent into /ell! "6 percent said that the ook enhanced their respect for the priesthood eca(se it revealed the h()anity of the priest, *hereas only " percent said that it lo*ered their respect for the priesthood .the story *as a o(t a )an *ho left the priesthood to )arry a n(n *ho) he had i)pregnated0- only 11 percent tho(ght that the novels *ere trashy or stea)y, *hereas 60 percent tho(ght the se8(al scenes *ere handled *ith delicacy and taste. ,here also e)erged fro) this research .narcissis) egins at ho)e, as 2tan 9ie erson *o(ld have saidN0 the o servation that the attraction of the ooks for readers see)ed to e ased on the intersection of three factors: the ooks )ade the) think serio(sly a o(t religio(s G(estions- they helped the) to (nderstand :odDs love- and they i)proved their (nderstanding of the relationship et*een religion and se8. ,herefore, + *ondered, co(ld reading one of )y novels have an effect on the religio(s i)agination of s(ch readers. +n fact, in five of eight indicators there *ere statistically significant differences indicating greater likelihood of thinking of :od as )other, lover, spo(se, or friend a)ong readers *ho said the ooks helped the) to (nderstand the relationship et*een religion and se8 and appreciate :odDs love for the). A vio(sly, there *ere t*o possi le e8planations: one, the novel did indeed affect the religio(s i)agination of readers- and t*o, those *ho had religio(s i)aginations pict(ring a )ore inti)ate relationship *ith :od *ere )ore likely after reading )y ooks to say that they (nderstood :odDs love etter and also co)prehended etter the relationship et*een religion and se8. =ither res(lt *as satisfactory to )e fro) the vie*point oth of a sociological theorist and of a priest storyteller. %inally, did the )(ch p( lici@ed se8(al interl(des in the novels .*hich Cardinal Bernardin hi)self had ad)itted to )e *ere ta)e co)pared to )ost )odern novels0 have an effect on the linkage et*een the 7 1F1 7 story and the religio(s i)aginationK ,he correlation et*een, on the one hand, greater (nderstanding of :odDs love and of religion and se8 and, on the other, gracio(s i)ages of :od *as specified in )y final analytic e8ercise as e8isting entirely a)ong those respondents *ho said they fo(nd the se8(al interl(des in the ooks co)pelling or sensitive. %ar fro) eing a scandal to the si)ple faithf(l, as )y fello* priest contended, or trashy and stea)y, as so)e of the hostile sec(lar critics .)ostly alienated

Catholics0 averred, the novels, incl(ding the se8(al episodes in the), *ere 3(st *hat + intended the) to eHstories of grace appealing to the religio(s i)agination of the readers and helping the) to (nderstand etter the relationship et*een religion and se8 and the depths of :odDs love. Based on the research, and on the tho(sands of letters + have received, + a) confident that + have never done anything )ore priestly in )y life than *rite those novels, *hich is precisely *hat )y sociological theory has led )e, *ith fingers crossed, to anticipate. 4hat ne8tK More of the sa)e, :od 2he eing *illing. + intend to contin(e to teach sociology and do sociological research, as *ell as to *rite stories and perhaps, again :od 2he eing *illing, screenplays. 1nd of co(rse + contin(e to e a priest, *anted y the ecclesiastical instit(tion or not. Mark 5arris, in a cover profile of )e for the -ew 6ork Times "aga.ine! concl(des y saying that after reading the letters + have received fro) readers, he does indeed elieve that + a) a priest and a parish priest. J5is parish,J he *rites, Jis in his )ail o8.J 1s )y friend fro) ;e* <ork, Ci) Miller, p(t it on the phone the other night, J,hose so?and?sos at Chicago did yo( a favor. +f they hadnDt kicked yo( aro(nd, yo( never *o(ld e *riting novels and yo( never *o(ld have the )oney to f(nd yo(r o*n research or their chair.J 5e )eant the so?and?sos at the (niversity, (t the sa)e thing co(ld e said of the so?and?sos in the archdiocese. :od, a %rench prover tells (s, dra*s straight *ith crooked lines. +t is not a proposition that ad)its of e)pirical verification. .:od th(s far has not een at ho)e to persistent ;A'C intervie*ers.0 1t this stage in )y career, as a priest *ho is also a sociologist, 3o(rnalist, and storyteller, + a) no longer of any )ind to G(estion the crooked lines of :od. 7 1F$ 7

$ha/ter !i+4 Loo=ing for the Interstices

Bennett M. Berger +n the spring of 196$ + *as invited to give a talk at the University of California, 9os 1ngeles. 4hen + asked .as + often do on s(ch occasions0, 4hy )eK + *as told that the st(dents there *ere c(rio(s a o(t ho* + had s(rvived, flo(rished, and even prospered as a sociologist doing .in that old phrase0 )y o*n thing, relatively (nconstrained y any one of the several schools of tho(ght that co)pete for do)inance in conte)porary sociology. 2o + egan to think a o(t that. 2(rprisingly, the thinking t(rned a(to iographicalHin the sense that C. 4right Mills )eant *hen he spoke of the intersections of iography and history shaping the co(rse of lives. + say Js(rprisinglyJ eca(se the do)inant nor)s of sociological practice disco(rage a(to iographical thinking. +n sociology, a(to iography is (s(ally regarded as risky, e) arrassing, and tasteless for all sorts of fa)iliar reasons .narcissis), s( 3ectivity, and so on0. 4e sociologists are ta(ght to flee fro) the first? person sing(lar, oth for )ethodological reasons and as good scientific )anners: J1rt is +- science is *e,J says Cla(de Bernard. <et, oddly, it is also a tr(is) of the sociology of kno*ledge, as *ell as ele)entary sociology, that ideas are e8istentially ased. +t see)s, therefore, to e so(nd sociological practiceHeven good acade)ic )annersHto try to p(t oneDs a(diences in an opti)ally skeptical fra)e of )ind y giving the) all the evidence one can )(ster to istrust the ideas one is a o(t to convey, instead of .or in addition to0 laying o(t in advance all the )ethodological reasons they sho(ld e predisposed to tr(st the enignity of oneDs pr(dence, rigor, alance, integrity, and scholarly scr(p(?

7 1F! 7 lo(sness. 4ith respect to the choice and for)(lation of theoretical G(estions, + see giving all the evidence one can )(ster as a concept(al .or prehypothetical0 appro8i)ation of the e)piricistDs in3(nction that hypotheses e falsifia le. Please regard the a ove as a it of ideological spade*ork in defense of a(to iography. B(t there are other, )ore fa)iliar its of ideology in its ehalf. =ven the conventional *isdo) no* asserts that kno*ing so)ething a o(t *ho a speaker .or *riter0 is conte8t(ali@es a disco(rse or a te8t and hence adds to it di)ensions of )eaning other*ise o sc(re or hidden. 1 printed page, for e8a)ple, (s(ally tells readers only *hat its a(thor thinks he or she *ants the) to kno*, (nless they are skilled at reading et*een the lines, *hich (s(ally takes years of e8perience. Aral delivery adds di)ensions of )eaning, so)e of the) (nintentional, thro(gh the physical presence of the speaker and his or her accent, intonation, and ody lang(age. 1(to iography adds a different di)ension y eG(ipping readers to )ake inferences fro), and interpret, *hat a *riter says- and it i)plicitly invites the) to do so in a *ay that perhaps disco(nts *hat the *riter says in ter)s of *hat the readers have learned a o(t *ho he or she is. ;evertheless, even the )ost candid a(to iographer pro3ects distorted i)ages, (s(ally providing only selective infor)ation chosen to ind(ce readers to )ake the inferences and interpretations he or she *ants the) to )ake. +t is indeed a risky (siness. 2till, + find it s(rprising that social scientists *ho chatter on a stractly a o(t the i)portance of conte8t .or *ho in fact do take the tro( le to specify o 3ective conte8ts0 do not )ore freG(ently provide their a(diences *ith specific a(to iographical data, there y ena ling (s to )ake )ore intelligent conte8t(al inferencesHas if *e *ere all st(pid eno(gh not to )ake those inferences in any case. + *ill practice *hat + preach and provide yo( *ith so)e data. + *as orn in Brooklyn and raised in the Bron8, in an i))igrant Ce*ish fa)ily lo* eno(gh in the lo*er )iddle class that its respecta ility *as far fro) sec(re. 1ct(ally, *e )(st have een pretty poor. + can re)e) er the electricity eing t(rned off in o(r apart)ent for nonpay)ent of ills, and + recall going to the grocery store *hen + *as a o(t ten and paying for )y corn flakes *ith &epression relief sta)ps and feeling h()iliated y the e8perience. +t *as not one of those Ce*ish fa)ilies rich in ,al)(dic tradition and tee)ing *ith ,evyes or 4ork)enDs Circle intellect(als. 1ltho(gh )y )other, orn here, )anaged to get herself an 1)erican high school ed(cation, )y fatherDs ed(cation ended efore he *as t*elve, *hen he ca)e to this co(ntry. + donDt think he ever had a 7 1FB 7 friend of his o*nHthat is, so)eone *ho *as not the h(s and of one of )y )otherDs friends. 5e *as a very pri)itive )an, interested only in )oney eca(se he never had eno(gh of it, and *as rec(rrently ins(lted and h()iliated y those *ho had )ore. + o served so)e of these h()iliations d(ring a fe* of )y teenage s())ers *hen + *o(ld help hi) carry so)e of the sa)ples of f(r tri))ings for *o)enDs coats fro) his e)ployerDs factory in the f(r district of Manhattan to the gar)ent center ten locks north *here he *o(ld try to sell the) to coat )an(fact(rers. 5e liked to (se ig *ords .(s(ally )isprono(nced0 *here little ones *o(ld do, and he partic(larly ad)ired people *ho had reached Jthe pinochle of s(ccess.J My sister?in?la* once said to )e, in a*e rather than *ith )alice, Jyo( kno*, Bennett, yo(r father has no redee)ing virt(es.J ,here *ere al)ost no ooks in o(r ho)e. Ane of the fe* + re)e) er *as a 4inston dictionary *ith several th() ?ta ed appendices fro) *hich + )e)ori@ed s(ch things as the t*enty largest cities in the United 2tates, the capitals of all the then forty?eight states, and the t*enty longest rivers in the

*orld. My rothers and + *ere typed early. My older rother *as the s)art one, + *as the sensitive one, and )y yo(nger rother *as the practical one *ith a good head for (siness. My older rother *as in fact s)art eno(gh to grad(ate fro) high school efore he *as thirteen, (t + *as the first )e) er of )y fa)ily to get thro(gh collegeHaltho(gh no one *o(ld have predicted it fro) )y adolescence. My reading *as li)ited to s(ch ooks as ,he 5ardy Boys series and The )ircus )omes to Town! (ntil + *as aro(nd seventeen. + *as arely a C st(dent in high school, perhaps in part eca(se + st(ttered adly and rather than having to face the terror and h()iliation of reciting in class, + freG(ently feigned ignorance. + did not egin to deal s(ccessf(lly *ith the st(ttering (ntil + *as into )y t*enties, had left the parental ho(sehold, and had a reg(lar se8 life. +n the fil) version of One 0lew over the )uckoo,s -est there is a fragile yo(ng st(tterer a)ong the in)ates of the )ental hospital *ho spends a night in ed *ith a *o)an sG(irreled into the hospital e8actly for that p(rpose. +n the )orning he e)erges fro) the roo) ea)ing, and altho(gh the point *as not telegraphed in any of the fa)iliar 5olly*ood *ays, + anticipated, *hen he opened his )o(th to speak, that he *o(ld not st(tter. + do not )ean to s(ggest it *as a terri le adolescence- it *as not. + had lots of friends, and + al)ost al*ays had a good?looking girlfriend. + *as a good dancer, and a fine athlete, often elected captain of )y tea)s. ,he s())er + *as fifteen + hit a ninth?inning inside?the?park ho)e r(n, 7 1FF 7 *ith the ases loaded, in front of )ay e a h(ndred people, incl(ding )y )other, father, and girlfriend. 2t(dents of yo(th c(lt(re kno* that things like that are far )ore i)portant to a kid than doing *ell in school. ;ear the end of 4orld 4ar ++, at eighteen, + *as a private in the Marine Corps stationed on the island of :(a). 4hen the fighting *as over )y co)pany co))ander assigned )e to ad)inister an official ;avy li rary that had 3(st arrived y ship fro) 2an %rancisco in several enor)o(s *ooden crates, *hich + can re)e) er (npacking *ith a cro* ar. .+ do not kno* *hy + *as so assigned- it co(ld not have een )y intelligence: this Ce*ish oy end(red the sha)e of scoring higher on the Marine CorpsD )echanical?aptit(de test than on its general?intelligence test.0 ,hey gave )e a rectang(lar fra)e (ilding *ith do( le screen doors and shelves along the *alls, and + spent )(ch of the ne8t year as a li rarian. ,here *as not )(ch patronage at that 3(ngle li rary, and + had nothing to do (t sit there day after day, *eek after *eek, and read ooks, + *ho had hardly read any efore. + read voracio(sly, *itho(t taste or syste), anything that for any reason got )y attentionHclassics, recent fiction, plays, history, c(rrent affairs. &oors leading o(t of the provinciality of )y e8perience egan to open, and that started )e drea)ing a o(t getting ed(cated *hen + eca)e a civilian again. Ane )ore thing a o(t that tropical li rary: they assigned )e an associate, a lack Marine fro) 5arle) .*e *ere oth ;e* <orkers a)ong the rednecks0 *ho *as a tr()pet player, and efore long *e organi@ed a and .+ *as a pop singerHit is co))on kno*ledge that st(tterers do not st(tter *hen they sing0 that played in officersD cl( s all over the island. My first political e8perience ca)e the s())er efore + *ent into the Marine Corps, *hen + got a 3o as a singing (s oy at a resort hotel in the orscht elt o*ned y the grand)other of )y girlfriend. 1 o(t t*o *eeks into the s())er )y fello* (s oys delegated )e to ask the old lady for a s)all raise in o(r *ages. 2he fired )e on the spot, calling )e a co))(nist and, *orse than that, a traitor to her and her grandda(ghter. +t had a happy ending, tho(gh, eca(se + hitchhiked into the near y Catskill )o(ntain to*n *here s)all theatrical agents fro) ;e* <ork )oved their offices in the s())er, a(ditioned for a 3o as a singer at a etter hotel, and got the 3o . + )ade )ore )oney and + did not have to (s ta les. My real introd(ction to politics ca)e *hen + started 5(nter College in the spring se)ester of 19B#. 1

ca)p(s pol ca)e (p to )e one day in the cafeteria and asked if + *o(ld like to e on the st(dent co(ncil. 7 1F" 7 2(re, + said. ;e8t thing + kne* + *as on their slate, and *itho(t lifting a finger + *as elected. + tho(ght it *as f(n, so in the fall + ran for reelection, this ti)e ca)paigning hard. + lost y a fairly *ide )argin. + s(pposed + *as a radical eca(se )ost of )y friends *ere, altho(gh at that ti)e + *as not certain *hat that )eant. 2o)e in )y peer gro(p *ere rep(ted to e J)e) ers of the partyJ- (t )y closest friends regarded the) as )ostly silly doctrinaires, and therefore + did tooHespecially *hen, after a literally sopho)oric disc(ssion of love, one of the) told )e he kne* he *as in love *hen he )et a girl he J*anted to (ck the syste) *ith.J + *as reading a lot to co)pensate for the neglects of )y athletic adolescence and to catch (p *ith )y friends, )ost of *ho), it see)ed to )e, had een intellect(als at least since p( erty. + deno(nced )y college president as a c(lt(red anti?2e)ite .+ still think he *as: in one of his ooks he had said that it *as not diffic(lt for hi) to (nderstand *hy, for aesthetic reasons, a gentile *o(ld not *ant to )arry one of the Jda(ghters of 2arahJ0 and participated in 5enry 4allaceDs ca)paign for president in 19B6, o livio(s to charges that it *as do)inated y co))(nists. + *as still only vag(ely cogni@ant of the differences et*een 2talinists and other parts of the left- + *o(ld have een )ore *orldly had )y literacy co)e only t*o or three years earlier. My girlfriends contri (ted a lot to )y ed(cation. ,hey *ere al*ays =nglish )a3ors .+ *as in political science0, highly literary *o)en *ho tended to )other )e, seeing in )e a dia)ond in the ro(gh *ho co(ld profit fro) the n(rt(rance of their greater sophistication. + egan to read poetry, and in )y senior year + p( lished )y first real article, on 4. 5. 1(den, in the college literary )aga@ine. ,he s())er after )y 3(nior year in college + hitchhiked fro) ;e* <ork to Berkeley to see a childhood friend .keeping a 3o(rnal as + *ent0. Berkeley *as ea(tif(l and s())er?cool, and + had no *ish to see a goodlier place. 2o + ca)e ack to eco)e a grad(ate st(dent, kno*ing a sol(tely nothing of *hat the University of California had to offer. +t *as as far fro) the Bron8 and fro) ho)e as + co(ld get, and + had the instinct to sense that if + stayed, + *o(ld e s(cked into the vorte8 of the fa)ily, not yet having the strength or vision to kno* *hat + *anted and hence ill eG(ipped to resist *hat )y parents *anted for )e. Besides, + liked going to school, and + had eco)e reasona ly good at it. 2ince there *as nothing else + *anted to do, + tho(ght + *o(ld stick *ith it, altho(gh + do not re)e) er considering an acade)ic career then. + tho(ght + *as interested in st(dying political ehavior, (t at that ti)e 7 1F# 7 BerkeleyDs rather traditional political?science depart)ent did not teach political ehavior, and an adviser there sent )e to the &epart)ent of 2ociology and 2ocial +nstit(tions, as the sociology depart)ent *as then called. + sort of gre* (p *ith the Berkeley sociology depart)ent. .2o)e years ago *hen a )aga@ine editor asked )e for one of those rief ios that acco)pany an article + said that + *as orn and raised in ;e* <ork City (t gre* (p in California, to *hich + re)ained gratef(l.0 4hen + arrived, the depart)ent had )ay e a half?do@en sociologists, (t they incl(ded 'einhard Bendi8 and 'o ert ;is et, *ho enco(raged )e and fro) *ho) + learned a lot. &(ring the years + *as a grad(ate st(dent there the fac(lty added Phillip 2el@nick, 5er ert Bl()er, 2ey)o(r Martin 9ipset, >ingsley &avis, 9eo 9o*enthal, 4illia) >ornha(ser, ;athan :la@er, 9e*is %e(er, and, in )y last year, yo(ng =rving

:off)an and ;eil 2)elser. Athers 3oined, too, and + co(ld have l(nch *ith these g(ys or drop in and chat *itho(t having to )ake an appoint)ent three *eeks in advance. %or )any of the) their e)inence *as still ahead, so + *as not inti)idated y their not yet for)ida le na)es. ,here *ere several schools of tho(ght, and a little it of several of the) r( ed off on )y eclecticis). &(ring the si8 or seven years + *as a grad(ate st(dent at Berkeley, the (niversity co))anded only a part of )y attention. ,he rest of it *ent to the de)i)onde of 2an %rancisco and the ay area that ca)e to e kno*n as the J eat generation,J thro(gh *hich + got to kno* people like :ary 2nyder, 1llen :ins erg, Mike McCl(re, and the late Ma8 2cherr, fo(nder, editor, and p( lisher of the 1erkeley 1arb . + *as a )arginal part of that cro*d, *ith one foot in the acade)y and one in ohe)ia. ,he se8(al anarchy of )y ohe)ian life scared )e, + think, and in 19F" + got )arried .pro a ly to escape fro) se80- in 19F6 + got a Ph.&., and after a year of lect(ring at Berkeley + *ent off to )y first real 3o , an assistant professorship at the University of +llinois, Ur ana, *here + spent fo(r happy and prod(ctive years learning the professor (siness. B(t perhaps the happiest stroke of )y contin(ing historical l(ck .the li rary on :(a), falling in *ith intellect(als at college, falling into Berkeley sociology at the start of its rise to e)inenceHthat Millsian intersection of iography and history0 *as that + entered the 3o )arket at a very good ti)e- even )ediocre Ph.&.Ds *ere getting good 3o s. +n retrospect it see)s an (ni)agina le lessing that + never s(ffered a single day of assistant?professor an8iety. My senior colleag(es at Ur? 7 1F6 7 ana and the grad(ate st(dents there G(ickly )ade it plain that they *ere glad to have this yo(ng t(rk fro) the ne*ly e)inent Berkeley depart)ent. My first ook *as *ell received- + p( lished so)e articles and revie* essays, and after three years at Ur ana + *as pro)oted to ten(re *itho(t even kno*ing that + *as eing considered for it. 4hen + think of the rec(rrent rit(al h()iliations to *hich assistant professors are no* periodically s( 3ected in the syste) of fac(lty revie* at the University of California, + *onder *hy any intellect(al of independent )ind *o(ld seek an acade)ic career- it is hard for )e to i)agine anyone getting thro(gh it *itho(t lasting *o(nds, deep itterness, and a taste for revenge. &espite the s(ccessf(l years at the University of +llinois, *hen the opport(nity ca)e to go ack to northern California + gra ed it. + eca)e chair)an of the gro*ing sociology depart)ent at the University of California, &avis, 3(st as the free?speech )ove)ent and the st(dent revol(tion *ere eginning do*n the road at Berkeley. B(t + *as already in )y )id?thirties y then, a )arried )an *ith t*o s)all da(ghters and lots of gro*n?(p responsi ilities. +n the privacy of )y )ind, tho(gh, + *as still the perennial st(dent, the perpet(al kid, so)eone *ho had hardly done anything (t go to school as a )arginal o(tsider. 2(ddenly at &avis + *as a oy i)poster, recr(iting fac(lty, playing the politics of %,=s .f(ll?ti)e eG(ivalents0, conferring *ith deans on *eighty )atters of )edical schools and la* schools, sitting on i)portant co))ittees 3(dging the inco)petence of research instit(te directors old eno(gh to e )y father. %e* sociologists have anything good to say a o(t chairing a depart)ent, (t for )e it *as an i)portant gro*ing?(p e8perience to e in ad)inistration, )anaging an acade)ic (nit and earing responsi ility for its operation and *elfare. 4ell, there are several pagesD *orth of a(to iographical its. 4hat is it they contri (te to a conte8t(al (nderstanding of )y *ork and the *ay + go a o(t itK 5ere is *hat + )ake of the): the fact that )y fa)ily *as poor and ;e* <ork/provincial gave )e )y persistent identification *ith have?nots and )y distr(st and disco)fort *ith )en of po*er. B(t the h()iliation + re)e) er at the grocery store s(ggests + had aspirations to*ard )iddle?class respecta ility. ,hat *as )y )otherDs infl(ence, + think.

2he *as the only *o)an of her generation in o(r e8tended kin gro(p *ho spoke =nglish *itho(t a <iddish accent. ,hat, along *ith the fact that she *rote a fine =nglish script, gave her high prestige in o(r e8tended fa)ily, *hich co)pensated so)e*hat for the 7 1F9 7 fact that her h(s and *as never a le to s(pport her in the style she tho(ght she deserved. 2he repeatedly *o(ld advise )e to e ca(tio(s and discreet for the sake of )y f(t(re, to *ait (ntil + *as somebo y efore + opened )y )o(th too *ide or too lo(d. ,he st(ttering, of co(rse, *as a contin(ally painf(l e) arrass)ent, and it *as pro a ly the eginning of )y feelings of isolation and )arginality. B(t it also gave )e val(a le early e8perience in coping *ith isolation and acco))odating to it. Moreover, it )ade )e hypersensitive to the rhyth)s of lang(age. ,o evade locking + had to rehearse silently and caref(lly *hat + *anted to say, choosing *ords and rhyth)ic str(ct(res that ena led )e to get thro(gh a sentence *itho(t facing a crisis. ,o this day, *hen proofreading a )an(script ack fro) a typist, + can i))ediately detect even the )ost )inor error .for e8a)ple, a )isplaced co))a0 eca(se the rhyth)s are not right. ,hat + *as *ell coordinated and good at sports had, + think, t*o i)portant conseG(ences. +t gave )e confidence in )y ody, in )y physical presence, *hich + consider val(a le. =ven )ore i)portant, it gave )e a sense of co)petence that is hard to fake. An the field and in the ga)e, athletic co)petition is ea(tif(l and )oving eca(se it provides one of the too fe* )odels *here the criteria of perfor)ance are clearly central to the tasks at hand. +t s(rely contrasts *ith intellect(al life in that respect, and + think it helped give )e )y critical eye for sociological perfor)ance. + also learned a good it a o(t 3a@@ phrasing fro) )y friend the lack tr()pet player in the Marine Corps, and + think those rhyth)s are in )y prose. +nstead of (sing an o(tline, + hear chord progressions *hen + a) *riting *ell, as if + *ere soloing *ith rhyth) s(pport. 2inging in p( lic also gave )e a sense of perfor)ance and so)e e8perience in overco)ing fear. ,hat + al)ost certainly *o(ld never have gone to college had it not een for that li rary in the 3(ngle )ade )e sensitive to historical accident and skeptical of the deter)inis)s clai)ed for )acrohistorical varia les (nless + co(ld see the *ay they operated in relatively inti)ate, close?(p interaction. My e8perience in ca)p(s politics gave )e a sense for the discrepancy et*een effort and re*ard and ins(lated )e to so)e e8tent against the pieties of the Protestant ethic and the (nfelt clichIs of political speechHeven political speech + agreed *ithH*hich are ina(thentic because they are political, that is, (ttered to *in appla(se or other approval rather than co))(nicate tr(th or feeling. .1l)ost all speech is to so)e e8tent political, of co(rse, the present instance not e8cepted.0 7 1"0 7 ,he fact that + had a very late literacy )ade )e feel that + had a lot of catching (p to do. %or )any years )y peers al*ays see)ed s)arter, etter ed(cated, )ore sophisticated than + *as. ,hat + had to fake a lot (nder those conditions to )aintain )y face )ade )e sensitive to the *ays in *hich other people faked a lot to )aintain theirs. + still feel )ore co)forta le G(estioning the a(thority of a(thors and lect(rers than + do a(thoring and lect(ring )yself. 4o)en have een very i)portant in )y life, and + have learned a great deal fro) the). + *as part of a class of si8 h(ndred )en fresh fro) 4orld 4ar ++ to enter a previo(sly all?*o)enDs college *ith eight tho(sand fe)ale st(dents and a heavily fe)ale fac(lty. +n a sense + e8perienced eing a )e) er of a se8(al )inority. 2o)e of the fe)ale fac(lty *ere hostile to (s on the gro(nds that opport(nities for

fe)ale acade)ics depended on the e8istence of *o)enDs colleges, *hich o(r presence threatened. + had )y first sociology co(rse fro) a *o)an- its s( 3ect *as )ainly *o)en as a )inority gro(p. ,he *o)en st(dents, tho(gh, *ere happy to receive (s )en, t*o to fo(r years older than they, attle? scarred and *orldly?*ise. + egan to have a re*arding se8 life. ,hat + *as athletic, intelligent, and eager, (t (nlettered, (nsophisticated, and Jro(gh,J *as looked on, + think, as ro)antic, even se8y, and + think that + *as deeply strengthened, in o sc(re *ays + still do not f(lly (nderstand, to discover that attractive *o)en freG(ently see)ed to prefer )e to other )en *ho) + regarded as far )ore attractive than + *as. + )ention these )atters for t*o reasons. %irst, *hen fe)inis) ca)e on strong aro(nd 19#0, it *as not a ne* e8perience for )e- + had een significantly e8posed to it )ore than t*enty years earlier. 2econd, )y favora le predisposition to fe)inis) *as strengthened y )y gratit(de to *o)en not only for having played an i)portant part in )y ed(cation (t also for having provided )e *ith a good it of sec(rity and ego s(pport at a ti)e *hen + needed oth, to co)pensate for )y a)ate(rishness at intellect(al life and help overco)e the st(ttering. 1t Berkeley + finally got the ed(cation + *as seeking. B(t (nlike )any grad(ate st(dents, + *as never any odyDs oy or protIgI. 'einhard Bendi8 *as )y )ain )entor, and + learned )(ch fro) hi), (t (nlike )any of his other st(dents + *as never his research assistant, and + did not *ork in his stylehence + never had to get (sed to deferring to hi). + learned a lot fro) Phil 2el@nick too, (t he thre* )e o(t of his class once for sassing hi), and + *as not rehired as an assistant on one of his research pro3ects after spending a year *ith it, doing )y (s(al carping. Bill >ornha(ser helped )e *ith )y dissertation, (t *e tangled over 7 1"1 7 )atters of for). Bill *as a very for)al assistant professor in the fifties .event(ally li erated y the si8ties0 and + had to go over his head to 'einhard to get approval for )y (sing the first?person sing(lar. My dissertation itself did not arise o(t of the interests of any of the sociology fac(lty. +t *as another historical accident. + *as looking for a 3o , and a (siness ad)inistration professor *ith a grant to st(dy the %ord Motor Co)pany *as looking for a sociology grad(ate st(dent to st(dy the fa)ilies of its *orkers. + got help fro) )y co))ittee *ith G(estionnaires and criticis) of drafts of chapters, and financial s(pport fro) the +nstit(te of +nd(strial 'elations, (t + had al)ost no direct s(pervision in the research. + had to find the pro le) y )yself, and the conception and e8ec(tion of Working()lass Suburb *ere largely )y o*n. + do not )ean to s(ggest that + *as a deli erately recalcitrant or re ellio(s st(dent, vain a o(t )y JindependenceJ fro) infl(ences. + *as no )ore re ellio(s than the average anti?Parsonian in the fifties, and that *as the )ode at Berkeley then. Besides, + *as in fact dependent on all sorts of things, like the good*ill of )y teachers, assistantships, and .failing those0 little 3o s in ookstores on ,elegraph 1ven(e and a(diting co(rses for a co))ercial note?taking fir), *hich helped )e learn to *rite concisely .as *ell as pick (p a little econo)ics and psychology0 *hile p(tting read on )y ta le. + *as consistently a) ivalent, *ith no )ilie( to *hich + *ished to co))it )yself *holly. 1fter a ti)e + developed defenses against seeing that lack of thoro(gh co))it)ent as a vice or fla* .*hich ar)ed )e against those *ho later, in the si8ties, contin(ally (rged Jco))it)entJ as if it *ere so)e (na) ig(o(sly transcendent virt(e0. ,here *as a lot a o(t sociology that *as intellect(ally ti)id and cr(shingly oring, (t + st(ck *ith it- there *as a lot a o(t ohe)ia + did not like, (t + st(ck *ith that too- there *as a lot a o(t ;e* <ork intellect(al life + *anted to distance )yself fro), (t *hen invitations ca)e to *rite for )ommentary! +issent! The $ublic Interest! The -ation , and the -ew 6ork Times , the tho(sands of )iles et*een the) and )e )ade it see) safe to do for a *hile. 1nd there *as a lot a o(t )arriage + did not like, (t + *as a scr(p(lo(sly d(tif(l h(s and for *hat see)ed like a

)illenni(). +n fact, + actively so(ght discrepant, even contradictory, reference gro(ps, event(ally needing the contradictory reinforce)ents to co(nter or ne(trali@e the clai)s that gro(ps .occ(pation gro(ps, fa)ilies, ethnic gro(ps, political parties, friendship net*orks0 increasingly )ake on oneDs loyalty and identity. +t *as not the individ(alis) of isolation or detach)ent + so(ght- conservative theories of )ass society had per? 7 1"$ 7 s(aded )e early that the (naffiliated person *as not an individ(al (t a cipher, all the )ore v(lnera le to )anip(lation y centrali@ed po*er. 4hat + looked for *as so)ething closer to :eorg 2i))elDs conception of the individ(al, *ho e8ists at the intersection of his or her gro(p affiliations and .so)ething 2i))el did not e)phasi@e0 at a historically located iographical intersection. ,he st(ttering, + think, *as the eginning of )y search for the interstices. Being a Ce* in the Marine Corps helped too- + had )y first taste of anti?2e)itis) there. My late literacy )ade )e feel like an i)poster a)ong intellect(als for a long ti)e, *hich perhaps helps acco(nt for )y greater respect for physical and sens(al grace than intellect(al sophistication. ,hat + had een a 3a@@ and pop singer and an athlete .and en3oyed oth0 )ade )e )arginal to those of )y colleag(es *ho *o(ld have tho(ght it G(aint in an acade)ic. B(t having een an athlete and a singer also gave )e )y fir) connection to, and taste for, pop(lar c(lt(re and developed )y ear for clichI: *hen *atching television and ad )ovies + can often anticipate dialog(e, annoying )y fa)ily and friends y reciting a line efore the character on the screen does. ,he )arginality and the historical o(t?of?3ointness contin(ed. + *as an occasionally noisy radical in the silent, conservative fifties, (t y the ti)e the si8ties rolled aro(nd + *as already a s(ccessf(l yo(ng acade)ic, too old to e a st(dent radical (t too yo(ng to e av(nc(lar .*hich str(ck )e thenHand still doesHas ad taste0. By 19"F + *ore orange 3eans, egan to let )y hair gro* long, and helped design the first .so far as + kno*0 psychedelic poster to recr(it grad(ate st(dents to a (niversity depart)ent. B(t + *as also *riting pr(dent and circ()spect essays. ,he chancellor at &avis called )e his hippie sociologistHand pro)oted )e to f(ll professor. ,here *as so)ething (nsavory in that. By the )id?19#0s, *hen the ;e* 9eft had factioned a*ay its co))(nal solidarity, *hen the co(nterc(lt(re had declined into open and honest therapies, *hen )enDs ar ers had eco)e hairdressers, and *hen al)ost every ody agreed that the co(ntry *as taking a sharp t(rn to the right, + *as rereading Mar8, discovering the neo?Mar8ists, and trying to find *hat *as interesting in ethno)ethodology and e serio(sly theoretical a o(t the e)pirical st(dy of c(lt(re and ideas. + egan to conceive c(lt(re as a kind of co))(nica le disease, carried on the acks of live odies as they staggered thro(gh ti)eHa disease + co(ld not egin to (nderstand (nless + co(ld identify the gro(ps of s(fferers that carried partic(lar strains of it. +n retrospect, + think that )y *ork has freG(ently defined itself 7 1"! 7 against the do)inant *isdo) in )y reference gro(ps of intellect(als at partic(lar ti)es, th(s reflecting )y sense of )arginality to the) or, )ore acc(rately, )y tendency to alternate et*een approach and *ithdra*al, involve)ent and detach)ent. +n the fifties, *hen intellect(als *ere inveighing against the po*er of s( (r ia to transfor) its residents into )indless confor)ists, + sho*ed that a(to)o ile asse) ly line *orkers liked s( (r an living and that it did not change the) )(ch, altho(gh, like )y

peers, I did not like s( (r ia. +n the si8ties, *hen there *as a lot of concern *ith yo(th c(lt(re and the solidarity of generations, + tried to sho* that s( c(lt(res and co(nterc(lt(res *ere only ten(o(sly connected *ith chronological age, a varia le *hose i)pact *as often confo(nded y )ore po*erf(l str(ct(ral factors like ethnicity and class. + tried too to sho* that the concept of generations had a largely elite referent and that the rhetoric of generations *as an ideological device deploya le in the str(ggle to capt(re Jthe spirit of the age.J +n the seventies, *hen the conventional *isdo) had it that the co(nterc(lt(re *as dead, and co))(nes passI, + spent several years, on and off, doing field research to discover ho* the co(nterc(lt(re s(rvived in r(ral co))(nes y adapting its ideology to the circ()stances in *hich it had to live, th(s )aintaining the long adversary tradition for yet another generation to inherit. ,hro(gho(t, )y tendency to*ard involve)ent is represented y )y attraction to topics of c(rrent c(lt(ral interest- (t )y tendency to*ard detach)ent is apparent in )y al*ays eing less interested in the events or facts the)selves .a o(t s( (r an living- a o(t yo(th, age, and cohort solidarity- a o(t co))(nes and co(nterc(lt(res0 than in the ideas espo(sed a o(t the) and the c(lt(ral a) ience in *hich the espo(sers )oved. ;o* that + have provided a selective ans*er to so)e of the relations et*een )y life and )y *ork, + *ant to t(rn right aro(nd and *arn yo( to take nothing of *hat + have said at face val(e. Please do not )is(nderstand )e- + have not told yo( any lies, at least not intentionally. B(t the acco(nt has een severely selective. + have not told yo(, for e8a)ple, that along *ith the )arginality goes a certain alienation, to *hich + a) no* fairly *ell acco))odated. 2till, + regret that e8pressions of rit(al solidarity e) arrass )e and that + can hardly ever feel like a f(ll participant in the). + a) not a good cond(ctor of cere)onies, *hich )eans that + a) not good at do)estic life. + think + *o(ld find it easier to e the head of a large corporation than the head of a fa)ily. ,he facts are all tr(e- the events reco(nted are not fictio(s. B(t + have also i)p(ted val(es and )eanings to those facts and events, and in doing 7 1"B 7 so + have done a 3o of ideological *ork, *hich is .far )ore often than not0 adaptive or gro(p?serving for collectivities and self?congrat(latory for individ(als. ;ot *itho(t so)e 3(stice yo( co(ld regard these pages as an effort at pers(asionHeven sed(ction. My colleag(e and friend Coe :(sfield )ight call it a rhetoric, a dra)a in *hich + have cast )yself as Mr. ;ice :(y, *ho raised hi)self (p y his o*n ootstraps (t never lost his identification *ith the (nderdog- the intellect(al *hose ho)e r(ns proved he *as no sissy- the fancy *riter and talker still overco)pensating for that st(tter- the for)er ladiesD )an *ho affects gratit(de (t is really oasting. ,he )odest late starter *ho had to h(rry to catch (p *ith, and pass, those *ho egan *ith greater advantages is really gloating- the va(nted )arginality or alternating in?and?o(tness is really no )ore than a sly and cynical g(tlessness. 1nd despite )y )otherDs voice still at )y sho(lder co(nseling pr(dence, )y disdain for the re*ard syste) that has so *ell re*arded )e co(ld t(rn o(t to e si)ple ingratit(de or a )ore co)ple8 a) itio(sness and pride that reaches eyond the acade)ic re*ard syste) to a still )ore prestigio(s transcendence: h( ris. By taking the role of the other, in this case a hostile other, + a) trying to sho* that the a(to iographical data + (se in order to do self?congrat(latory ideological *ork co(ld *ell e (sed y a hostile ideological *orker to c(t )e (p. ,hat is as it sho(ld e. 7 1"F 7

$ha/ter !even4 3or=ing in Other #ie*ds

.ean Mac$anne** -o one knows yet who will inhabit this shell >of in ustrial capitalism? in the future: whether at the en of its pro igious evelopment there will be new prophets or a vigorous renaissance of all thoughts an i eals or whether finally! if none of this occurs! mechanism will pro uce only petrification hi en un er a kin of an#ious importance. Accor ing to this hypothesis! the pre iction will become a reality for the last men of this particular evelopment of culture. Specialists without spirit! libertines without heart! this nothingness imagines itself to be elevate to a level of humanity never before attaine . HMa8 4e er, :esa))elte 1(fsat@ @(r 4issenschaftlehre +t has een )ore than ten years since + left the sociology fac(lty at ,e)ple University for a research and teaching appoint)ent at the University of California, &avis, College of 1gric(lt(re. + sho(ld e co(nted a)ong the lost generation of sociologists in the 19#0s *ho *ork )ainly o(tside of the discipline. 9ike the )an *itho(t a co(ntry, + so)eti)es feel nostalgia for )y old intellect(al ha(nts. B(t there are other separations in )y life deeper and )ore pro le)atic than this one. 2patial and instit(tional frag)entation is a fact of )odern e8istence. ,he only G(estion is ho* *e handle it. &o *e yield to the de)ands of this last Jdevelop)ent of c(lt(reJ y narro*ing o(r tho(ghts and feelings to fit in to the frag)ents that are called (siness, govern)ent, ed(cation, and the likeK Ar do *e atte)pt, so)eho*, to change things, to create ne* arrange)ents that can e inha ited y *hole h()an eingsK + *as orn in Aly)pia, 4ashington, in 19B0, the son of =arle 5. MacCannell and 5elen %rances Meski)en MacCannell. My father and 7 1"" 7 )other *ere too yo(ng at the ti)e of )y irth .t*enty?t*o and nineteen years old0 to have eg(n their careers. ,hey *o(ld oth event(ally finish college, attend grad(ate school, earn Ph.&. degrees, and eco)e professors, )y father going into sociology efore )e. B(t )y irth and the irth of )y rothers intervened, follo*ed y 4orld 4ar ++ and a divorce, so that in the act(al progression of events )y fatherDs first fac(lty appoint)ent preceded )ine y only ten years, and )ine preceded )y )otherDs y t*o. :iven the fact that )y )other, )y father, and )y *ife are all (niversity professors, one )ight ass()e that + gre* (p in intellect(al and ookish s(rro(ndings. ;othing *o(ld e f(rther fro) the tr(th. + *as orn of t*o opposing 1)erican types and )arried yet another, and )y entire life has een an e8ercise in synthesi@ing contradictions. My fatherDs fa)ily is ;e* =ngland <ankee, M+,?ed(cated, originally Boston? ased professionals. My )otherDs fa)ily is )ilitant *orking?class, e8pioneer, Aklaho)a oil field oiler)akers and ro(ghnecks, &epression )igrants fro) the d(st o*l to the Pacific ;orth*est. My *ifeDs fa)ily is (r an .Chicago and ;e* <ork0 =(ropean ethnicHCe*ish and +talian entreprene(rs and professionals. ,he only )a3or 1)erican e8periences not in )y ackgro(nd, or that of )y children, are far)ing and oppression ased on skin color, t*o topics that, interestingly, are a)ong )y c(rrent research concerns. My father *as drafted into the infantry in the late stages of 4orld 4ar ++ and re)ained *ith the

occ(pational forces in +taly after the *ar, staying there (ntil 19B9. + lived *ith )y )other and t*o rothers in enlisted )enDs ase ho(sing at %ort 9e*is, 4ashington. My rothers and + *ere sent for visits, often long ones, *ith )y (ncles, a(nts, and grandparents. My s())ers *ere spent *ith )y paternal great?grand)other, =)ily 1)elia 5(ghes MacCannell. 2he *as thin, passionate, sharp?*itted, sharp?tong(ed, and very old. 2he )ade a ha it of saying that + *as her favorite a)ong all her children, grandchildren, and great?grandchildren, a stance that provoked other )e) ers of )y fatherDs fa)ily. 5er favoritis) did not lead her to spoil )e. An the contrary, she corrected each of )y errors of gra))ar and etiG(ette on the spot and insisted that + read alo(d at least an ho(r every evening and )aintain reg(lar ha its of eating, sleeping, and dressing. =8cept for an early edition of *ncle Tom,s )abin , *hich + still o*n, she left )e nothing )aterial, (t she prepared )y heart to give and take (nG(alified love fro) another person. ,he val(e of this gift is incalc(la le since the alternative is )adness. + also spent )any days and *eekends *ith )y )aternal grand? 7 1"# 7 )other, %rances Meski)en, *ho *as the only )e) er of )y fa)ily on oth sides to o*n an a(to)o ile d(ring the *ar and the i))ediate post*ar years. 2he *as the driver. My grand)a %ran *as also the first *o)an *elder to enter the ship? (ilding ind(stry in 4orld 4ar ++. 2he is feat(red in a ne*s doc()entary fro) that era that still plays occasionally as filler on late?night television. 2he provided inspiration for a pop(lar song, J'osie the 'iveter,J and later *as the s( 3ect of an oral?history pro3ect in the 4o)enDs 2t(dies Progra) at the University of 4ashington. 2he *as left?handed, as + a), so it fell to her to teach )e to *rite in c(rsive. 2he *as also a p( lished poet, and she gave )e a )an(script )e)oir, *ritten in a clear and h()oro(s style, in 196$ not long efore she died. + do not recall ever thinking like a child. My tho(ght processes, as far ack as + can re)e) er, *ere s( stantially the sa)e as they are today. ,his is a condition + share *ith )y *ife, C(liet %lo*er MacCannell: *e oth feel a o(t seventeen years old. + recall )y grandfather, 'oss Meski)en, a to(gh, left?leaning (nion )an, giving )e )y first lesson in critical theory *hen + *as nine. 4e *ere *alking together in do*nto*n ,aco)a *hen the air raid alert sirens *ere tested, as they *ere then once a *eek at noon. J4hatDs thatKJ + sho(ted. J+tDs the ato)ic attack siren test,J he ans*ered, or so)ething to that effect. .+ re)e) er the *ord atomic and that he prono(nced siren Jsigh?reen .J0 J4hy do *e need it no* that the *ar is overKJ + asked. J2o the people *ho )ake sirens *ill have a )arket for their prod(ct,J *as his instant reply. ,here is no G(estion in )y )ind that this childhood incident infl(enced the *ay + approached the n(clear G(estion in )y article JBalti)ore in the Morning 1fter.J My (ncle and co(sins on )y )otherDs side to this day direct the cre*s that lift the high?voltage ca les onto the to*ers at the points *here the electrical grid crosses the :reat &ivide. ,hey repair the da)age to sa*)ills that res(lts *hen a t*enty?foot lade leaves its shaft at high speed and c(ts its *ay thro(gh the other )achinery. My rother 4illia) is a pioneer ho)esteader and frontier ne*spaper editor in 1laska, *here he *ent to *ork as a dyna)iter. Brother Cohn is an 1ir %orce syste)s analyst and *eather)an (t also a gifted (ilder. Af all the nephe*s and grandchildren, )y )aternal relatives ref(sed to teach )e their skills eca(se they insisted that + sho(ld never have to *ork *ith )y hands. B(t thro(gh the) + ca)e to regard *riting as a for) of

7 1"6 7 handi*ork, and + *ent *ith the) to their 3o s often eno(gh as a child that, in spite of their efforts to shield )e, + later discovered that + a) a good pipe fitter and )etal *orker. My )otherDs people did actively teach )e never to cross a (nion picket line and, y e8a)ple, instilled in )e an attit(de of fierce independence fro) a(thority. + do not elieve that any of the) ever stayed on a *ork site )ore than five )in(tes after for)ing the opinion that they *ere not receiving a fair *age, a fair hearing, or proper respect. :ro*ing (p in this setting, + developed an attit(de to*ard technology that re)ains *ith )e even today: + feel + )(st kno* e8actly ho* everything *orks. Pro a ly no other G(irk of )y )ind has led )e to )ake so )any )istakes. + have taken apart the car (retors of every a(to)o ile + have ever o*ned .incl(ding t*o e8otic =nglish sports cars0 and have not, in every case, een a le to fit the) ack together again. .+ have only een a little l(ckier *ith 2*iss *atches, ignition syste)s, valve trains, hydra(lic door openers, and s( )ersi le ilge p()ps.0 Ane night as a grad(ate st(dent at Cornell + *as *orking alone at t*o or three oDclock in the )orning in the data processing la *hen the eG(ip)ent roke do*n in the )iddle of a calc(lation. + *as i)patient to see the res(lts, so *itho(t hesitation + fo(nd tools and dis)antled the old +BM 101 acco(nting )achine that had failed. 1 o(t an ho(r later, *hen da*n roke, + *as s(rro(nded y s( asse) lies, relays, n(ts, *ires, and )achine scre*s. + had not fo(nd the pro le), and in )y e8ha(stion + had lost all sense of ho* to p(t the st(ff ack together eyond a cr(de, right?he)isphere gestalt not (nlike science?fiction J)achineyness.J 1fter agoni@ing over so)e )oral and econo)ic choices for a fe* )in(tes, + reasse) led it as est + co(ld and h(ng a sign on it saying AU, A% A'&='. +t only took the repair person a o(t an ho(r to fi8 it *hen the la opened in the )orning, (t he co)plained )ore than once a o(t that person *ho last had serviced the eG(ip)ent. 4hereas + *as a le to a sor the val(es and co)petencies of )y )aternal relatives only partially, )y )other positively re3ected the), i)agining acade)ic life to e opposed to the life of a oiler)aker, not an e8tension of it. 4hen + *as yo(nger, + tho(ght her position *as in error- + still do, (t + a) softer in )y criticis) no*. +t co(ld not have een easy for a little girl, *ho desired nothing )ore than to e fe)inine, to gro* (p in the Aklaho)a oil fields in a fa)ily of )en, *ith a )other *ho ca)e ho)e at night *earing filthy overalls and carrying a )etal l(nch o8 in one hand and her *elding hood in the other. 2o)eho*, in this rag ag of defiant 1)ericana, + learned to read 7 1"9 7 efore + *ent to school and G(ickly developed advanced taste in reading. 4hen + *as eight or nine, + read All <uiet on the Western 0ront and, soon after, an =nglish translation of Les "is8rables . + do not recall *ho gave )e these ooks or *hy. An finishing All <uiet , + resolved never to go to *ar and to resist and oppose it *ith all )y )ight thro(gho(t )y life. My ship? (ilding grand)other tried to diss(ade )e fro) )y radical stand, (t :randpa 'oss and )y paternal grand)other, 1lice MacCannell, s(pported )y position. My pacifist convictions stayed *ith )e (ntil Eietna), *hen + decided that ar)ed str(ggle can e 3(stified if it is necessary to sec(re self?deter)ination and thro* off the yoke of oppression. ,h(s )y *ork in the anti*ar )ove)ent coincided precisely *ith )y first acceptance of *ar. + never changed )y )ind a o(t Les "is8rables . ,he fig(re of +nspector Cavert atte)pting to elevate his (rea(cratic heartlessness even a ove the events of the %rench 'evol(tion still

*orries and ha(nts )e. +n 19B9 )y father ret(rned fro) +taly and entered the University of 4ashington as an (ndergrad(ate. 4e )oved fro) )ilitary ase ho(sing to p( lic ho(sing and s( sisted *itho(t s(pple)entary inco)e on the living allot)ent provided to st(dents y the :+ illHX1$0 a )onth. A(r poverty, and the poverty of the other people living in the pro3ect, *as a*f(l, and + )ade a silent vo* never to go to college, as + 3(dged the cost in h()an s(ffering to e too great. 1t the (niversity )y father proved to e a gifted )athe)atician, carrying a do( le )a3or in )athe)atics?statistics and sociology thro(gh the )asterDs degrees, event(ally doing a de)ographically oriented Ph.&. in sociology (nder the direction of Calvin 2ch)id in 19F6. 4e *ere so poor that a research assistantship in the pop(lation la oratory ro(ght relief. My )other *as a le to enroll, taking her (ndergrad(ate degree in Jintegrated st(dies,J *ith e)phasis on =nglish. 4e all *orked at diverse part?ti)e 3o s. By the ti)e + *as fo(rteen + *as doing the s())er gardening and *inter f(rnace stoking for a far?fl(ng net*ork of )iddle?class ho(seholds in the north end of 2eattle. + started o(t *orking y the ho(r (ntil )y client and + co(ld deter)ine ho* )(ch a partic(lar service ordinarily cost. ,hen + c(t the cost y 10 percent and s*itched to a piece rate so that + co(ld *ork t*ice as fast and al)ost do( le )y earnings. + (ilt a syste) of reg(lar after?school appoint)ents on *eekly and )onthly sched(les and *as soon earning )ore than fifty dollars a *eek, *hich *as )ore than )y fatherDs assistantship paid. +n 19F$ + spent )y first h(ndred dollars on an =nglish light*eight icycle *ith gears. + *as one of only t*o kids in 2eattle *ith s(ch a )achine for 7 1#0 7 a o(t a year- the other *as a Capanese paper oy na)ed 1rt, kno*n to )e only eca(se of his ike. + vividly recall a conversation *ith )y father fro) this period. 4e *ere disc(ssing )y social?st(dies class, in partic(lar the (nit on social conditions in (r an sl()s. My father co(ld tell fro) )y co))ents that + *as thinking of these sl()s as so)ething G(ite re)ote, li)ited to =ast Coast cities, perhaps. J2tep o(tside for a )in(te,J he said, and + follo*ed hi). 5e gest(red at o(r neigh orhood. J<o( so(nded as if yo( did not kno* a o(t the sl(). ,his is the sl().J By the ti)e + *as t*elve + had een introd(ced to 2t(art &odd, '. =. 9. %airs, :eorge 9(nd erg, Atto 9arsen, ;or)an 5ayner, and the other pillars of the old University of 4ashington sociology depart)ent. +n early spring of 19F1 or 19F$ )y fa)ily *as invited to visit *ith 9(nd erg at his s())er ho)e on 4hid y +sland in P(get 2o(nd. +t *as d(ring this visit that + received )y first concrete lesson in sociological concept for)ation. ,he ho(se had een sealed (p for the *inter, and 9(nd erg asked )e to help hi) pry off a stor) sh(tter. 1s the sh(tter ca)e free, *e (ncovered fifteen or t*enty lady (gs, *hich scra) led together rather than r(nning in all directions *hen they *ere dist(r ed. 9(nd erg co))ented, J5)), + did not kno* the) to e a socially organi@ed species.J Af co(rse, (ntil then + had not tho(ght of ani)als, insects, or h()ans as possessing social organi@ation. B(t there *as a clarity of connection of concept and o servation in the event that fi8ed social organi@ation in )y )ind fro) that )o)ent for*ard. 1lready + *as a*are of 9(nd ergDs rep(tation as a leading social scientist, for there *as a paper ack copy of his )an Science Save *s= on )y fatherDs ookshelf. +n those days it *as the only paper ack he had, e8cept for several y Margaret Mead. + tho(ght that any professor *hose *ords *ere elieved to e so i)portant as to have een )ade availa le to a )ass a(dience )(st e a geni(s, a serio(s ideolog(e, or oth. 5ence + *as *ell pri)ed to learn a first sociological principle fro) hi). +n the early 19F0s the fa)ilies of the grad(ate st(dents and fac(lty in the sociology depart)ent got together once a year for f(n at the 1lpha >appa &elta picnic. + re)e) er especially *ell playing

ase all *ith Clarence 2chrag. 5e *as an e8cellent hitter in spite of having a *ooden hand carved in the shape of a real hand and covered *ith a skin?toned leather glove. Bo y %airs told )e that 2chrag *as the professor of cri)e and that his hand had een shot off in a prison reak *hile he *as doing research. + do not kno* if %airs had his facts right, (t it *as the sort of thing that )ade sociology interesting. .+ had occasion to think of 7 1#1 7 2chragDs hand t*enty years later *hen + *as doing research in 5ol)es erg Prison in Philadelphia.0 Bo y %aris *as one year ahead of )e in the sa)e 3(nior high school. 2o)eone )(st have told hi) that he sho(ld act friendly to*ard )e eca(se he so(ght )e o(t and introd(ced hi)self to )e in the )ost sing(lar *ay on the playgro(nd at recess. 5e *alked (p, placed hi)self sG(arely in front of )e at a o(t five paces, and flatly anno(nced, JMy na)e is 'o ert =. 9ee %aris the ,hird, )y father is the chair of the finest sociology depart)ent in the *orld, and + a) a geni(s.J Addly eno(gh, this state)ent did have the effect of p(tting )e at east *ith hi), altho(gh it ca(sed )e, for a )o)ent, to do( t )y o*n fatherDs good sense. 4hen + reported this *eird incident to )y father, his response *as, J+tDs all tr(e.J + *as never close friends *ith the yo(ngest %aris, (t + *o(ld often acco)pany hi) ho)e, or )ost of the *ay ho)e, and *arn hi) a o(t traffic as he had the dangero(s affectation of reading ooks *hile riding his icycle. 2o)e years later *e *ere together again riefly at Cornell University as lect(rers. 5is appoint)ent *as in )athe)atics, + elieve. C(st efore he ca)e to Cornell + )et his fa)o(s father for coffee at the )eetings of the 1)erican 2ociological 1ssociation in Montreal, at his fatherDs reG(est. ,he older %aris told )e that + *as a sensi le person and that + sho(ld check on Bo y occasionally after he arrived. 5e riefly dated o(r .C(liet %lo*erDs and )y0 dear friend 9eslie B(rlinga)e, *ho is no* a professor of history at %ranklin and Marshall College, (t no ro)antic interest developed, and that *as the last + heard of hi). + *as al*ays se8(ally precocio(s and lascivio(s, and fro) age fo(rteen on + regarded every dayDs passage (ntil + Jdid itJ as a horrendo(s *aste. + *as so enor)o(sly fr(strated that *hen it finally did happen, at si8teen, + act(ally lost )y virginity t*ice in G(ick s(ccession. ,he first ti)e + tho(ght + did it, + narro*ly )issed. .+t *as in the dark on r(gged terrainHho* is a oy to kno*K0 ,he girl, a year older (t as ine8perienced as +, never let on (ntil, on the occasion of o(r JsecondJ ti)e, + l(rted o(t, J5ey, it didnDt really happen last ti)e.J J+ kno*,J she said. J<o( *ere so happy + didnDt have the heart to tell yo(.J + co(ld not then, nor can + no*, say *hich of the t*o ti)es *as etter. My girlfriend had a clear opinion on the )atter, ho*ever. 4hile + *as in high school, + deter)ined a sol(tely that + *o(ld not go to college and that + *o(ld )ake a career as a (ilder and driver of racing cars. 1s *ith all )y desires, + co))itted )yself totally and a sol(tely to this goal. + *orked for several dealerships in and near 2eattle that had active racing progra)s, at first *itho(t pay. + eca)e a 7 1#$ 7 good race strategist and *as G(ick, especially in the rain, in s)all?displace)ent )odified sports carsH 9ot(s 11, Porsche 2pyder, %iat 1 arth Uagato, 1. C. Bristol. An finishing high school + planned to go to =(rope and apprentice )yself to a )a3or racing organi@ation. ,hen, in 19F#, )y father took his first fac(lty position at 2an &iego 2tate University .then only a college0 and insisted that + 3oin the fa)ily in so(thern California. ,he )ove thre* )e into a dangero(s )ental depression, fro) *hich + have the patient friendship of the great )o(ntaineer =d*ard &o(glas .JB(dJ0 Bernard to thank for p(lling )e o(t. + arely finished high school and ran ack to 2eattle.

+n late s())er of 19F6 a sociology conference *as held in 2eattle. My father ca)e to the )eetings and visited )e at 2cott 9arson Motors, *here + *as *orking. 5e told )e + sho(ld go to college. + agreed for a perverse reason. + had G(ite forgotten that + *as in possession of a strong intellect, and + felt it *o(ld e easy for )e to prove to hi) that + *o(ld fail. + tricked )yself into thinking that if + )ade a good? faith effort in college, + co(ld fl(nk o(t gracef(lly at the end of a se)ester, ret(rn to )y racing, and not e othered again after that. + fig(red the entire episode *o(ld e over in a o(t si8 )onths and *o(ld cost ne8t to nothingHt(ition in the California 2tate College syste) then *as thirty?fo(r dollars a se)ester, and ooks ran a o(t t*enty?five dollars, a s)all invest)ent for a life of peace and prosperity in the a(to)o ile (siness. Af co(rse, that ill?conceived decision cost )e a life of relative deprivation and t(r)oil, and the entire episode is not over yet. + earned high grades in college, )(ch higher than in high school, and learned to en3oy taking )ental risks ased on int(ition: for e8a)ple, + predicted %idel CastroDs event(al victory on an essay e8a) in a political science co(rse ta(ght y a conservative professor. ,*o years later + transferred to Berkeley, and t*o years after that *ent on to grad(ate school at Cornell, s(pporting the effort *ith a patch*ork of part?ti)e 3o s, fello*ships, and assistantships. ,he part + loved )ost a o(t )y college co(rse*ork *as the ooks + did not (nderstand. + e8perienced a sens(al thrill on first t(rning the pages of Bronisla* Malino*skiDs Argonauts and )y statistics te8t ook, kno*ing that + did not (nderstand *hat they )eant (t *as going to find o(t. + still feel the sa)e e8cite)ent today *hen + find an especially dense passage y Cla(de 9Ivi?2tra(ss, ;oa) Cho)sky, CacG(es &errida, 'enI ,ho), or Charles Peirce. .+ also love to read a(thors like &ar*in, Marcel Ma(ss, :eorg 2i))el, and Mikhail Bakhtin *ho can represent co)ple8 ideas in clear and si)ple? 7 1#! 7 see)ing lang(age and, in fact, ase )y o*n approach to *riting )ore on this second principle than on Jpleas(re of the te8t.J0 + st(died anthropology instead of sociology at first only eca(se + tho(ght it (nsee)ly to take co(rses *ith )y fatherDs depart)ental colleag(es. 4hen + transferred to the University of California, Berkeley .Bo y %arisDs earlier assess)ent not*ithstanding0, + had a choice et*een *hat *ere then regarded as the finest sociology depart)ent and the finest anthropology depart)ent any*here. + stayed *ith anthropology for the achelorDs degree for t*o reasons: %irst, it *as richer than sociology eca(se it foc(sed on c(lt(re as *ell as social organi@ation and *as international in practice as *ell as theory, and second, it *as technically )ore sociological than sociologyHthat is, it had not accepted psychological e8planations of social pheno)ena to the e8tent that sociology had. %rank 4. <o(ng, *ho ta(ght riefly at 2an &iego 2tate efore )oving to the University of Pitts (rgh and event(ally to Cornell, )ade )e read &(rkhei)Ds &ules of Sociological "etho ! and + took the) co)pletely to heart as only a sopho)ore can. 4hen + read, J=VP91+; 1 2AC+19 %1C, 4+,5 1;A,5=' 2AC+19 %1C,,J + co(ld act(ally feel an old *orldvie* deflate and sense a ne* direction for tho(ght and eliefs. 1fter s(ch a )anifestation, + tho(ght, it *as only a )atter of ti)e efore *e *o(ld clean (p the last vestiges of psychological )ystification and associated political eliefs in o(rgeois individ(alis). ,hat *as eca(se + had not yet learned %re(dDs concept of resistance . ,he (ndergrad(ate avant?garde on the 4est Coast in the years 19F6/"0 *as in a f(ll?throttle skid. 4e *o(ld cro*d into old cars and speed (p the coast or deep into Me8ico on a *hi). ,he eat )ove)ent *as at its crest, and it e)po*ered )any of (s *ho *ere poor (t s)art to )ove in *ider circles and into positions of leadership a)ong o(r peers, positions for)erly occ(pied y c(lt(rally )iddle?class, C(nior 1chiever types. 4e held o(rselves intellect(ally acco(nta le for )(ch )ore than *as asked in the fra)e*ork of instit(tionali@ed ed(cation. +f Mar8, %re(d, and 2artre *ere not ta(ght in the

classroo)s, that )ade Mar8, %re(d, and 2artre all the )ore i)portant to (s. 4e got o(r tr(e ed(cation, *e tho(ght, o(t of the old CodyDs Books *hen it *as still located on the north side of the Berkeley ca)p(s and %red Cody still ran the register, ordered the ooks, kne* (s all y na)e, and hired (s to do inventory *hen *e did not have eno(gh to eat. My good friend and roo))ate in 2an &iego, and later on in Berkeley, *here *e *ent together, *as 'onnie 4ilson, a perpet(ally Jret(rningJ st(dent ten years )y senior. 4ilson had een a child?prodigy 7 1#B 7 classical pianist and *as a o(t to egin his professional career on the concert stage *hen he *as drafted into the >orean 4ar. 5e ref(sed co) at, so he *as given the 3o of stringing co))(nication *ire to the front lines. + elieve the e8perience of seeing )en shot and flopping aro(nd in their death agony did so)ething to this sensitive so(l. +n any event, he had an a*f(l ti)e concentrating on his st(dies and, of co(rse, he ref(sed a sol(tely to to(ch a piano. +t *as characteristic of the ironical G(ality of his life that he event(ally played Carnegie 5all in ;e* <ork, (t as the dr())er for the rock gro(p Coy of Cooking. 4hen + left 2an &iego for Berkeley in the s())er of 19"0, + *as not alone. 1n entire intelligentsia departed in a s*ar) that incl(ded 4ilson, ,onia 1)inoff, 9inda Bro*n, &avid Cra*ford . rother of artist 'ichard Cra*ford0, Cohn :eyer .entering grad(ate school0, :il erto 9eal, :ordon Madison .no* an attorney in 2an &iego, + have een told0, :ordon Mc9(re, and others. Most of this gro(p *as (na le to )eet the rigoro(s Berkeley entrance reG(ire)ents for transfer st(dents. ,o the est of )y kno*ledge, of those a)ong (s *ho *ere ad)itted, only 1)inoff, Bro*n, and + co)pleted Berkeley achelorDs degrees. +n the s())er of 19"1 ,onia 1)inoff and + *ere )arried at a 3(dgeDs ho)e in Aakland in defiance of (nderstanda le o 3ections raised y her parents. B(t *e *ere te)pera)entally inco)pati le, so *e separated fo(rteen )onths later and divorced soon after that efore leaving for different =astern grad(ate schools. 1t Berkeley + *as friends *ith )(sician Peter Berg and Mike 'oss)an, an event(al free speech )ove)ent leader *ho *as already sho*ing pro)ise as a fine *riter and political analyst. 'oss)an and + talked a great deal a o(t the co)ing revol(tion on ca)p(s and in the larger society, and o(t of sheer silliness *e *ent o*ling at least once a *eek. + earned )y living then as )anager of the ne* Berkeley 2t(dent Union (ilding, and in that capacity + )et 2enator Barry :old*ater, Pete 2eeger, 1ldo(s 5(8ley, 2onny Mc:ee, &ean '(sk, 2oviet cos)ona(t <(ri :agarin, chair designer Charles =a)es, and )any other interesting people. + also *as the first to a(thori@e setting (p ta les in the st(dent (nion for leftist st(dent gro(ps to distri (te their infor)ation alongside the Marine Corps recr(iting ta les. + arrived at Berkeley the *eek 1lfred >roe er died. ,he ne*s ca)e *ithin ho(rs after + first *alked thro(gh the ne* >roe er 5all thinking *hat an honor it *as for a professor to have an office (ilding na)ed for hi). =ven tho(gh + loved to take the c(lt(re area co(rses in the Berkeley anthropology depart)ent, the c(rric(l() *as )ainly stiff and 7 1#F 7 theoretical, so + s(pple)ented it *ith co(rse*ork in physics and art. Many years later, in 19#", ;elson :ra (rn *o(ld invite )e to co)e and give a colloG(i() efore the Berkeley anthropology depart)ent, and + ad)it to entering >roe er 5all on that second occasion *ith e8actly the sa)e feeling of an8io(s anticipation as on the first. + also sat in the introd(ctory sociology co(rse that *as ta(ght y =rving :off)an and 5er ert Bl()er. ,here *ere a o(t seven h(ndred st(dents enrolled in the co(rse, *hich

)et in the a(ditori() of 4heeler 5all. Ane day :off)an *as lect(ring on the essential asy))etry of face?to?face interaction, and he s())ed (p y saying that there are no occasions in *hich the interactants have eG(al stat(s *ithin the fra)e*ork of the interaction. + spontaneo(sly called o(t fro) near the ack of the hall, J4hat a o(t an introd(ctory handshake et*een stat(s eG(alsKJ :off)an stepped fro) ehind the lectern and peered thro(gh the gloo) of the h(ge a(ditori(): J4ho said thatKJ + raised )y hand and half stood (p: J+ did.J J<o(Dd etter see )e after class,J he snapped and *ent ack to lect(ring. 1fter class he asked )e to *alk *ith hi) in the direction of 2ather :ate. 1s *e *alked along, *e had an interesting arg()ent to *hich + contri (ted not a *ord. :off)an said, J<o(Dre right.J ,hen he pa(sed and see)ed to e thinking hard a o(t so)ething. J;o,J he co(ntered, Jyo(Dre *rong.J Pa(se. J;o, yo(Dre right.J 1fter several s(ch reversals he gave )e an intense look of self?satisfaction and even so)e disdain and declared finally, J;o. <o( are *rong.J ,hen he t(rned and *alked a*ay *itho(t another *ord. 4e )et face?to?face again three years later on Christ)as afternoon at his sa atical residence in Ca) ridge, Massach(setts. 5e gave no indication then of recalling o(r first enco(nter. + *ent to the &epart)ent of '(ral 2ociology at Cornell eca(se it offered a strong applied and international progra). >ennedy *as president, and there *ere so)e indications in that rief )o)ent et*een the C( an )issile crisis and the Eietna) 4ar that the United 2tates )ight develop sensi le relations *ith the ,hird 4orld. + tho(ght there *o(ld e a shift in sociological theory and practice that *o(ld lead to the develop)ent of a ne* kind of sociology, tr(ly international in scope, providing approaches to the pro le)s of poverty, e8ploitation, oppression, and false conscio(sness. + then tho(ght that sociologists sho(ld e *orking in partnership *ith ,hird 4orld nations, as *ell as *ith )arginal peoples in o(r o*n society, to create a research and intellect(al ase for leadership that *o(ld e ne(tral to*ard oth 4estern capitalis) and 2oviet Mar8is). + *as disg(sted *ith the 2oviet Union and the 7 1#" 7 United 2tates for )anip(lating ,hird 4orld peoples into positions of dependency and disadvantage, (sing force *here there is resistance to inti)idate the nonalignedHin the &o)inican 'ep( lic, Bay of Pigs. + *as disappointed in anthropology for its retreat fro) these pro le)s, *hich developed in regions that incl(ded its traditional field sites. 1nd + *as eG(ally disappointed in )ainstrea) sociology depart)ents for contin(ing to foc(s pri)arily on the 4estern (r an?ind(strial proletariat, a class that *as a o(t to e s(perseded y an (nprecedented increase in the level of e8ploitation of ,hird 4orld la or. + co(ld not (nderstand ho* these social?science disciplines co(ld fail to (se the e8cellent tools they the)selves had invented .especially de)ography and ethnography0 to analy@e the shifting ase of their o*n do)ains. 1s + applied to grad(ate school, + *as concerned that the social and econo)ic theories + had st(died *ere not strong eno(gh to e8plain *hat *as happening in the *orld. + *o(ld event(ally read *ith fascination 'oland BarthesDs description of the colonial 1frican soldier sal(ting the %rench flag in JMyth ,odayJ and see in these early str(ct(ralist te8ts the o(tlines of a ne* sociology. B(t str(ct(ralis) had not yet developed Jconscio(sness?for?itself,J and tho(gh + *as ready for it, + *as also (na*are of it. 1fter ,alcott Parsons tried it, + eca)e convinced that no individ(al acting alone co(ld co)plete the theoretical synthesis necessary to recenter sociology on the general conditions of social e8istence as they had evolved since 16"#. B(t + tho(ght that each st(dent of society sho(ld atte)pt to initiate this recentering in o(r selection of research topics and approaches. %or )y part + *anted to find a progra) *here + co(ld st(dy )ove)ents of national li eration, ethnic solidarity, r(ral poverty, and the adaptations of 4estern instit(tions as *e atte)pt to e8tend o(r glo al do)inance eyond o(r

historical )o)ent. + *as not disappointed in )y choice of r(ral sociology. Cornell has a s(perior organi@ation for its grad(ate ed(cation. 1s Ph.&. st(dents *e )a3ored in one field and carried t*o )inors, e8ternal to the )a3or, *hich *ere potentially )a3or fields in their o*n right. %or e8a)ple, a Ph.&. candidate in sociology )ight )inor in history and econo)ics. + )a3ored in r(ral sociology and )inored in research )ethods and anthropology. ,he co)prehensive e8a)s *ere given y a co))ittee of the st(dentDs choosing co)posed of )e) ers of the grad(ate fac(lty fro) the )a3or and )inor fields. ,hese e8a)s *ere, y policy, not restricted to )aterial covered in co(rses or reading lists. 4e had to go into the e8a)s ready for anything the co))ittee )ight ask (s, so the preparation for the e8a) *as an introd(ction to a(thentic scholarship. 7 1## 7 =ven tho(gh there *ere no reG(ire)ents e8cept passing the entrance, co)prehensive, and thesis e8a)s, all grad(ate st(dents took certain co(rses as a )atter of peer tradition. 4e all took 'o in 4illia)sDs social?theory se)inar this *ay. 4e read ParsonsDs The Social System alo(d in class, line y line, *ith interpretations follo*ing every second or third sentence. %rank <o(ng .)y teacher at 2an &iego0 gave the co(rse on theories of develop)ent in University of Chicago style: 4hat is the central thesis of this ookK 4hat is its theoretical orientationK +n addition to doing co(rse*ork in )y )a3or and )inor fields, + ranged *idely, taking se)inars in the history and philosophy of science, civil engineering, archeology, ind(strial and la or relations, and literary criticis). + )ade friends on the fac(lty and *ith other grad(ate st(dents- )any of the), incl(ding 5enry :(erlac and =d*ard Morris, re)ained a)ong )y dearest friends for life. C(liet %lo*er entered the grad(ate progra) in co)parative literat(re at the eginning of )y second year. 4e had )any friends in co))on, incl(ding Barry 1lpher, &onald Bro*n, 'o ert Ma8*ell, and Phillip 2ilver)an in anthropology, Bar ara 2irota in =nglish, 1lan ;agel in co)parative literat(re, 9eslie B(rlinga)e in history, and %rances &ahl erg in sociology. + *as po*erf(lly attracted to C(liet, oth physically and for her evident )ental a ilities and fla*less character. 4e i))ediately egan o(r colla oration, *hich contin(es to this day. + *orked *ith her on a poe) y Eictor 5(go- she *orked *ith )e on the calc(lation of a ta( rank?order correlation coefficient fro) >endallDs original paper. J+f it is *ritten even partially in *ords,J she said, J*e can (nderstand it y reading.J + *as to(ched y s(ch co(rage and innocence and proposed )arriage. 4e *ere )arried in 9a3as, P(erto 'ico, on C(ly $F, 19"F, and fro) that )o)ent + have loved her and o(r children as )(ch as life itself. + a) not happy J)aking choices,J a loc(tion that is a code for fitting h()an life into (rea(cratic and other instit(tional for)s rather than vice versa. + tho(ght there sho(ld never have to e a choice et*een, for e8a)ple, science and h()anis), C(lietDs st(dies and )y o*n, p(re and applied sociology, or career and children. +nstead of either@or , + al*ays *anted both@an , not as a )atter of indecision or greed (t as a )atter of co))it)ent to *holeness and (nderstanding. 2o after the original decision, the one all 1)erican )ales )(st )ake et*een sports and scholarship, + ref(sed )ost other choices in )y life, and + ad)it that this ref(sal has led today to so)e odd acco))odations: airplane co))(ting, X!00?a?)onth telephone ills, inti)acy y appoint)ent, too )(ch high?speed 7 1#6 7 driving, a life )y colleag(e Pa(l Craig has la eled a )asterpiece of organi@ation. B(t y ref(sing the either@or , + have een a le to contin(e to have f(n, so)eti)es in e8cess. + have not al*ays een a le to Jstay in line,J ho*ever, and + a) afraid that + so)eti)es irritate those *ho do.

1t a o(t the )idpoint of )y grad(ate st(dies at Cornell there *as a closed conference at Cohns 5opkins University, J,he 9ang(ages of Criticis) and the 2ciences of Man: ,he 2tr(ct(ralist Controversy.J +t *as attended y 'oland Barthes, CacG(es 9acan, CacG(es &errida, Pa(l de Man, and )any others. + do not think it possi le to overesti)ate the i)portance of this )eeting even, or especially, for those of (s *ho *ere not invited. + *as attracted to str(ct(ralis) eca(se it proffered a totali@ing co)prehension of social life that )atched )y o*n personal predispositions. ,he str(ct(ral e8plication of inary oppositions, as est e8e)plified in 'o)an Cako sonDs ling(istics or Cla(de 9Ivi? 2tra(ssDs st(dy of )yth, potentially lifts sociology o(t of its co)plicito(s relationship *ith conventional )orality and esta lished social for)s. By transcending and descri ing the oppositions that give order and )eaning to lang(age and life, str(ct(ralis) *as )ore than a *ay of doing social science. ,he str(ct(ral enterprise paralleled the (rgent need to reconstr(ct the integrity of the h()an self fro) the frag)ents of )odern e8perience, not y looking ack*ard or y assertion, as *as occ(rring in the real)s of religion and politics, (t y caref(l scholarship and analysis. + *o(ld event(ally find in the se)iotic idea of the sign an original synthesis of fact! i ea , and interpretation , the ele)ent fro) *hich all of social life is constr(cted. ,his idea of the sign *o(ld resolve for )e so)e of the antino)ies of )odern sociology: the division et*een )acro and )icro st(dies, G(alitative and G(antitative )ethods, theory and application. B(t y the ti)e that happened, + had already left the field. ,he idea for a ook on st(dying to(ris) ca)e to )e a o(t half*ay thro(gh )y grad(ate st(dies *hen + *as in so(th*estern P(erto 'ico doing research on far) str(ct(re in so)e poor villages. + co(ld not help *ondering, 4hat is the )ain for) of ;orth?2o(th interaction, and *hat is really happening here of potential long?range i)portanceK My attention *o(ld vacillate et*een the i)poverished far)ers in )y sa)ple and the glittering high?rise resort hotels on the eaches. My int(ition *as strong that so)e of the secrets of glo al interc(lt(ral relations and change lay locked (p in a hidden connection et*een peasant agric(lt(re and )odern )ass to(ris). 4hen + ret(rned to Cornell, + proposed a st(dy of ,hird 4orld to(ris) as a dissertation topic, (t )y co))it? 7 1#9 7 tee re3ected it as too c() erso)e. 2o, follo*ing )y (s(al perverse practice *hen confronted *ith denial, + ca)e (p *ith a second proposal, as (n*ieldy as the first, to do a co)parative str(ct(ral analysis of social conditions in forty?eight states. + co)pleted the data gathering, analysis, and *riting in less than a year and *on the &issertation 1*ard of the 1)erican '(ral 2ociological 2ociety. C(liet and :off)an *ere angry *ith )e for co)pro)ising on the dissertation topic. + *as corresponding *ith :off)an, and *e )et *hen *e co(ld. 5e told )e over l(nch in a cafI near the University of Pennsylvania, J1ny idiot can do an e)pirical dissertation. Back at Chicago, if *e had so)eone *ho co(ld do an e)pirical dissertation in less than a year, *e *o(ldnDt let the) do it. 4e )ade the) do ethnography and left the e)pirical st(ff to the people *ho *ere act(ally challenged y it.J + did not share :off)anDs opinion that ethnography al*ays and inevita ly reG(ires )ore rigor than research involving tests of hypotheses, nor did + arg(e the point *ith hi). + think he *as secretly pleased that + co(ld do regression analysis. 2oon after )y dissertation defense C(liet and + left for =(rope. + *as as e8cited to see Paris as anyone since 4alter Ben3a)in, and + felt i))ediately at ho)e there. + *rote a postcard to )y friends at Cornell: J+t is a great place to live (t + *o(ld not *ant to visit here.J +n the United 2tates + had real diffic(lty e8plaining )y interest in r(ral sociology, often enco(ntering vir(lent anti?intellect(al stereotyping (nfort(nately even a)ong )y )ost intellect(al acG(aintances. J'(ral sociologyH*hat do yo( do, co(nt co*sK 5a ha.J ;ot so a)ong the %rench. My first Parisian ca driver said, J'(ral

sociologyHformi able . ,oday there is nothing )ore e8citing or i)portant than trying to (nderstand the ,hird 4orld.J My senti)ent e8actly. C(liet st(died *ith &errida at the Wcole ;or)ale 2(pIrie(re, and + attended 9Ivi?2tra(ssDs class on )yth at the College de %rance in the afternoons after )y %rench lessons at the 1lliance %ranLaise in the )ornings. 9Ivi?2tra(ssDs lect(res often e8ceeded )y li)ited grasp of the lang(age, (t )y diffic(lties *ere s)all co)pared to those of the l(e?clad scholars fro) the PeopleDs 'ep( lic of China *ho sat to )y right in the sa)e ro*. +t *as in these co(rses, fro) 9Ivi?2tra(ss and &errida, that *e heard of se)iotics for the first ti)e as a living science, that is, as so)ething other than a c(riosity of intellect(al history that pops (p every three h(ndred years. +ronically, it *as the %rench philosopher &errida *ho introd(ced (s to the *ritings of the 1)erican philosopher Charles Peirce, initiating o(r se)iotic st(dies in earnest. 7 160 7 4e left %rance at the end of the *inter G(arter and st(died riefly in U(rich, (t *e hastily ret(rned to Paris for the occ(pation of the 2or onne and the events of May 19"6. + can still give precise instr(ctions on ho*, in the heat of fighting, to transfor) a street arricade fro) a defensive position into a serio(s offensive *eapon. 2o)e itters*eet i)ages fro) that revol(tionary )o)ent .like the *all graffiti, J)y alienation stops *here yo(r alienation eginsJ0 re)ain fi8ed in )ind. ,he fac(lty delighted the asse) led revol(tionary st(dents *hen, after ho(rs of planning for the occ(pation of virt(ally every )a3or instit(tion in Paris fro) the stock e8change to the opera, the professors stood (p and *earily anno(nced that they *o(ld occ(py their o*n offices. 4hen the %rench govern)ent Jforces of orderJ finally got the (pper hand in the fighting and egan their clean(p, C(liet and + )ade the grand to(r of st(dent?*orker revol(tions in Berlin, Bologna, and +stan (l. 4e tried to get into C@echoslovakia and :reece, *here the )ost interesting fights *ere taking place, (t *e *ere denied entry. 4e *ere, ho*ever, *elco)ed as nonaligned 1)erican st(dent hitchhikers in <(goslavia as *ell as in B(lgaria, *here *e *ere provided friendly transit thro(gh so)e r(ral areas y a t*enty?vehicle convoy of the 2oviet ar)y. + thoro(ghly en3oyed )y rides *ith B(lgarian tr(ck drivers, *ho *ere a le to give clear e8planations of the difference et*een =astern =(ropean socialis) and 4estern capitalis), at least fro) their perspective. <es, they o*ned their o*n tr(cks and carried loads for hire, esta lishing their o*n rates and ro(tes. ,heir tr(cks cost the) a o(t five years of *ages at a reg(lar, (nskilled 3o , and they had to pay in cash. Us(ally they lived at ho)e *ith their )others for a o(t seven years *hile saving )ost of their *ages to (y a tr(ck. +n short, as near as + co(ld fig(re it, the )ain difference et*een socialis) and capitalis), fro) the standpoint of a B(lgarian tr(ck driver, *as that (nder socialis) )others *ere (sed as a s( stit(te for ank credit. + told the) that the sa)e *as tr(e for the (nderclasses in the United 2tates. 1ccording to an agree)ent *orked o(t in advance, *e ret(rned fro) =(rope in the s())er of 19"6 to )y first postdoctoral acade)ic appoint)ent. + *as senior research associate at the Cornell Center for +nternational 2t(dies and lect(rer in r(ral sociology at a salary of t*elve tho(sand dollars a year. Under the direction of 4illia) %oote 4hyte, 4illia) %riedland, %rank <o(ng, and &o(glas 1shford .in the govern)ent depart)ent0 + started the Macrosocial 1cco(nting Pro3ect at Cornell, a data ank and )ethodology for )eas(ring social conditions at the co))(nity level in ,hird 4orld co(ntries. 7 161 7

+n the spring of 19"9 the lack st(dents at Cornell ar)ed the)selves and occ(pied the st(dent (nion (ilding, iss(ing a series of de)ands for the esta lish)ent of an 1fro?1)erican st(dies progra). ,he ad)inistration yielded to )any of the de)ands, (t the fac(lty ref(sed to ratify the agree)ent et*een the lack st(dents and the ad)inistration. +))ediately, virt(ally the entire st(dent ody sided *ith the lack st(dents and occ(pied several key ca)p(s (ildings, closed the (niversity, and threatened to (rn it do*n (nless the original agree)ent *as ratified y the fac(lty. 1ltho(gh + *as no)inally on the staff, )y senti)ents *ere on the side of the st(dents, and C(liet and + *ere *ith a o(t eight tho(sand inf(riated de)onstrators in the gy)nasi() at the )o)ent of the deadline *hen Professor 'o ert 1sher of the anthropology depart)ent entered the hall and asked for Ja fe* )ore ho(rs.J 5e told (s that he had een *ith the fac(lty and that they *ere )eeting contin(o(sly and *ere a o(t to co)e to a decision he tho(ght *o(ld e agreea le to the lack st(dents and their s(pporters. + kne* 1sher eca(se he had een on )y grad(ate co))ittee, (t fe* others did. 5e did not introd(ce hi)self, and he spoke for only a o(t one )in(te- (t his sincerity *as evident, and there is no do( t in )y )ind that in that )in(te he prevented the certain torching of Cornell University. + do not kno* if 1sher *as acting on ehalf of his colleag(es or on his o*n. =ither *ay, it took enor)o(s co(rage to do *hat he did. + *as still J(nder thirtyJ and very restless. C(liet *as finishing her Ph.&. +t *as highly (nlikely that *e co(ld oth find appropriate positions at Cornell, and no one sho(ld have to co))(te to or fro) +thaca, ;e* <ork. 4e agreed that if C(liet co(ld find a fac(lty position in Boston or Philadelphia, + *o(ld G(it Cornell and follo*, even *itho(t prospects. A(r reasoning *as that she co(ld egin her career, and + co(ld *rite The Tourist! and that + )ight p(rs(e postdoctoral st(dies in Boston *ith ;oa) Cho)sky or in Philadelphia, )y first choice, *ith =rving :off)an. 1nd that is 3(st the *ay it *orked o(t. 1l)ost. C(liet *as appointed assistant professor of %rench at 5averford College, on the Philadelphia )ain line. 2o at the end of one year + G(it Cornell, and *e )oved. %ro) )y t*elfth year on, the )onth of 1(g(st 19"9 has een the only ti)e + *as ever (ne)ployed. + have G(it several ti)es and desired nothing )ore than to e (ne)ployed, (t have never een so honored. +t also happens that d(ring the )onth of )y (ne)ploy)ent, *hile doing nothing, + )ade a o(t five tho(sand dollars, a s() that is diffic(lt for )e to d(plicate even in todayDs inflated c(rrency. An 2epte) er 7 16$ 7 ! or B, + *alked into the ,e)ple University sociology depart)ent asking to teach a section of the introd(ctory co(rse for pocket )oney- + *as offered, on the spot, an assistant professorship. 4hen in a so)e*hat e*ildered state + accepted, + *as told that the (niversity o*ed )e t*o )onths ack pay since technically + *as hired as of C(ly 1. ,his *indfall, co) ined *ith si8 *eeks of severance pay fro) Cornell .one )onth earned vacation pl(s t*o *eeks of (n(sed sick leave0, )ade a goodly s(). =8perience has convinced )e that the reason + have little )oney is eca(se + *ork so hard, and if + *as only s)art eno(gh to stop *orking again, + *o(ld s(rely e rich. ,he richest people + have )et do not *ork, and the poorest landless agric(lt(ral la orers are the hardest *orkers + kno*. 1t ,e)ple + event(ally took over the reG(ired co(rses in grad(ate theory .classical and )odern0 fro) 'oscoe 5inkle, *ho *as a o(t to ret(rn to Ahio 2tate University. + ta(ght these co(rses (sing close? reading )ethods + learned in literat(re se)inars at Cornell. ,he st(dents read theoretical te8ts y &(rkhei), 2i))el, Mar8, Mead, and so on, (s(ally fo(r a se)ester, as *ell as selected secondary co))ents, revie*s, and e8tended analyses of the original te8ts. ,heir assign)ent for each of the original thinkers *as to sho* e8actly ho* a partic(lar secondary co))ent .of their o*n choosing0 *as in error in its eval(ation or appraisal of the original te8t, (sing that te8t as evidence. ,he assign)ent

*orked at several levels, fro) si)ple )isreadings and errors in acco(nting for facts to total fail(re on the part of the critic to (nderstand the original theory. ,he st(dents in all cases (sed this assign)ent to find the li)its of their o*n critical a ilities, learned asic theory see)ingly y accident, covered )(ch of the secondary literat(re, and developed considera le self?confidence in the process. ,he se)inar often had )ore than fifty grad(ate st(dents in it, dra*n fro) all the social?science disciplines and professional schools on ca)p(s. 2everal st(dents egan or finished their Ph.&. *ork *ith )e at ,e)ple and *ent on to eco)e professors: :race Chao 1yang, =d*ard 1r)strong, Canet Connolly, :lenn Caco s, Patrick ;olan, and &e orah 2chiffrin. +n the early 19#0s + ta(ght a se)inar in ethno)ethodology and se)iotics, the first s(ch co(rse given any*here, + elieve. An arrival in Philadelphia + took :off)anDs se)inar in social organi@ation at Penn, as planned, sitting in the co(rse *ith )y friend 'o ert Ma8*ell, also a postdoctoral st(dent. +n addition, + *as hired y Pa(l 5are to *ork as senior research associate in the 5averford College Center for Peace 'esearch, *here + helped *rite training )an(als for 7 16! 7 de)onstration )arshalls and *rote )y )onograph A +ramaturgical Analysis of ABC $rotest +emonstrations . 1ll this )ay so(nd like a fast and s)ooth eginning, (t it *as not. + *as very fond of several of )y 3(nior colleag(es at ,e)ple, incl(ding Mark 5(tter, Margaret Uahn, Patrick 9(ck, 'ichard C(liani, and >enneth 'eichstein, (t + noticed right a*ay that it *as the less lika le ones *ho *ere eing advanced in the depart)ent. 4here did + fit into this syste), + *ondered. ,hen, as soon as C(lietDs depart)ental chair)an at 5averford heard that + *as to e e)ployed, he fired her, effective at the end of her first year, co))enting to )e, J,hat is si)ply too )(ch )oney for a yo(ng co(ple to have,J and J+ hear there )ay e so)ething part?ti)e for her at Beaver College.J My reaction *as irrational fro) an econo)ic standpoint, (t it satisfied )y passions: + resigned )y ,e)ple appoint)ent, also effective at the end of the first year. + still had not een a le to egin *riting The Tourist! and + had not yet developed a taste for dealing *ith the (rea(crats, *eightless li erals, and s)all?ti)e real?estate spec(lators *ho also happen to e fac(lty )e) ers and ad)inistrators in 1)erican (niversities. 9ooking for*ard to freedo) fro) instit(tional t*addle, *e decided it *as a great ti)e to have a a y. 2o *e finished *hat *e tho(ght *as o(r first and last year as professors, )ethodically saving one of o(r paychecks each )onth, o(ght tickets on the 22 0rance and )oved to Paris. ,he *ar in Eietna) see)ed as tho(gh it *o(ld never end, and *e *anted o(r a y to have an option for non/United 2tates citi@enship. 4e *ere also concerned that *e *ere a)ong the J(nindicted coconspiratorsJ in the 5arris (rg trial of the Berrigan rothers. ,he United 2tates govern)ent had indicted the Berrigans and several other friends of o(rs for having Jconspired to kidnap 5enry >issinger.J Paris *as the only place, *e tho(ght, to e (ne)ployed and pregnant, inclined to*ard r(ral sociology and se)iotics, and possi ly f(gitives. =verything *orked o(t as *e had planned, e8cept the (ne)ployed part. A(r son &aniel got his %rench citi@enship in the 1)erican 5ospital in Paris. + finished the first draft of The Tourist and gave speeches on g(errilla strategy at anti*ar teach?ins. B(t i))ediately on )y arrival + *as contacted y the 1)erican College to teach their sociology co(rses. ,heir reg(lar professor had s(ddenly fallen ill. + accepted. 4hen the U.2. and 2o(th Eietna)ese ar)ies attacked the 5o Chi Minh ,rail and failed to stop the so(th*ard flo* of s(pplies, + kne* the *ar *o(ld soon end. + also kne* that the United 2tates govern)ent *o(ld take revenge on the (niversities y initiating an acade)ic repres?

7 16B 7 sion that *o(ld last at least a decade or (ntil the coalition that had for)ed et*een intellect(als, 4estern social scientists, ,hird 4orld peoples, and )arginal do)estic gro(ps *as roken. + felt directly and personally threatened and *anted desperately to ret(rn to the United 2tates. + *anted a position in a strong, research?oriented agric(lt(ral (niversity *here + )ight )onitor, (p close, efforts to destroy recently hard?*on kno*ledge a o(t social and c(lt(ral develop)ent. + *as even a le to i)agine in advance the precise for) that the repression *o(ld take, na)ely, the redefinition of develop)ent in entirely (siness, econo)ic, and technical ter)s, leaving o(t any serio(s consideration of c(lt(re or social conscio(sness e8cept as constraints to e overco)e. B(t at that )o)ent there *ere no s(ch acade)ic positions to e fo(nd, certainly not for the generation of 19"6. +n fact, there *ere no 3o s, period. ,hen *ith (ncannily acc(rate ti)ing ca)e a letter fro) Cack E. B(erkle, chair)an of the sociology depart)ent at ,e)ple. ,he letter e8plained that he and the dean had event(ally decided to ref(se to accept )y resignation, that they had e8tended to )e a one?year leave of a sence *itho(t pay, and that they *ere e8pecting )e to ret(rn and res()e teaching the theory co(rses in 2epte) er. ,here is so)ething str(ct(rally pec(liar a o(t (niversities that )akes traditional lines of a(thority so)ething of a 3oke, and people *ho seek po*er *ithin (niversities are often either del(ded careerists or really serio(s political conservatives. B(t it has een )y good fort(ne to serve (nder several depart)ent chairpersons and acade)ic ad)inistrators *ho are also e8cellent and insightf(l, al eit lo*?key, h()an eings. Alaf 9arsen at Cornell, Cack B(erkle at ,e)ple, and Arville ,ho)pson at &avis are a)ong the est. + *as, and a), gen(inely gratef(l for B(erkleDs help at that cr(cial )o)ent. 4e ret(rned to Philadelphia as reG(ested. ,he ne8t fo(r years *ere characteri@ed y the (s(al acade)ic co) ination of instit(tional s(ccess and personal poverty. + sent o(t )y first papers for p( lication on )y o*n: an e)pirical analysis of the ca(ses of poverty . ased on )y dissertation0 and a se)iotically infor)ed ethnographic report on an aspect of face?to?face interaction. %conomic +evelopment an )ultural )hange sent ack the (s(al petty and indecisive G(asi?acceptance, (t ,ho)as 1. 2e eok, editor in chief of Semiotica! *as (neG(ivocal in his positive response. 5e )ade )e *ant to p( lish and had an i)portant effect on the for) and direction of )y *riting that e8tends to this day. 4ith fine teaching eval(ations and acceptances co)ing in fro) American 2ournal of Sociology! /uman Organi.ation! 7 16F 7 and else*here, the ann(al rene*al notes on )y assistant professorDs contract y the senior fac(lty *ere al*ays (nani)o(s. 1t the sa)e ti)e *e *ere so poor that *e co(ld not afford to (y lankets for o(r ed or stay in hotels at professional )eetings. My field notes *ere stacked in card oard o8es aro(nd o(r apart)ent. 4e s(rvived y )y )oonlighting at '(tgers against the e8pressed *ill of )y dean at ,e)ple and y contract research at 5ol)es (rg Prison. ,he 9a* =nforce)ent 1ssistance 1gency *anted to kno* *hy the in)ates had sta ed the *arden and assistant *arden to death *ith sharpened scre*drivers. ,he in)ates readily ad)itted their cri)e and said it *as for political reasons and to dra)ati@e their sit(ation. Marge Uahn, Bo >leiner, and + convinced the 9=11 that an ethnographic report on living conditions )ight provide a )ore detailed (nderstanding of the pro le). 2o for a year, once or t*ice a *eek, + *ent (nprotected into the prison pop(lation, incl(ding )(rderers and rapists, to feed )y fa)ily. My sit(ation *as precisely that of all of the g(ards and )ost of the professional cri)inals in lock(p: 4e all faced do*n each other to get a living. 1ct(ally, + *as safer on )y o*n than

if + had en3oyed the protection of the g(ard. ,he c(stodial staff hated )y presence, so + had to depend entirely on )y friends a)ong the in)ates, *hich is the first thing oth prisoners and ethnographers )(st learn in order to have a chance at s(rvival. +n the co(rse of )y life + have driven across the United 2tates fro) coast to coast a total of fo(rteen ti)es, often taking a o(t a )onth to )ake the trip, staying on ack roads. Ance, tho(gh, + drove fro) 2an %rancisco to +thaca, ;e* <ork, in three days, (nassisted. Most of those trips *ere )ade d(ring the s())ers in the gas crisis years, 19#1 to 19#F. 1s soon as school *as o(t in the spring, *e *o(ld load o(r car f(ll of ooks, field data, and notes, drive to C(lietDs fa)ily ho)e in the 2an %rancisco Bay area, stay for the s())er, and drive ack to Philadelphia at the end of 1(g(st, so)eti)es stopping at the national sociology )eetings on the *ay. + egan )aking o servations for )y c(rrent pro3ect on J1)erican MythologiesJ d(ring those ann(al )igrations. + a) 3(st no* old eno(gh to kno* *hat a slo* *orker + really a), that a pro3ect (s(ally takes )e a o(t ten years fro) start to finish. + did )ost of )y *riting in those years in C(lietDs parentsD garage on a ta le et*een the *ashing )achine and the ironing oard. C(lietDs )other, Patricia %lo*er, *as an e8traordinary h()an eing *ith ac(te insight into character, a gift she freely shared, getting herself into tro( le *ith those a)ong (s nicely sociali@ed to overlook all the little positive and negative details of tho(ght and ehavior. B(t + al*ays looked 7 16" 7 for*ard to )y conversations *ith her, and + )iss the) no*. 2he *as )y est friend. ,he t*o traits + ad)ire )ost are not often fo(nd together in the sa)e person: critical insight that c(ts to the heart, and love and acceptance of everything that is h()an. Patricia %lo*er had oth those G(alities in as great a )eas(re as + have *itnessed in anyone, altho(gh :off)an *as a close second. + pretend to no e8pertise *hen it co)es to raising children. + fashioned a fe* cr(de principles at the eginning, foc(sing )ainly on lang(age, and held to the). 4e read to o(r children for at least an ho(r every night starting fro) *hen they *ere only a fe* )onths old. .1nd they still read, eg to read, for at least an ho(r every night, (s(ally )(ch longer.0 + also )ade it )y (n*avering practice to disc(ss and e8plain everything *ith the) fro) the )o)ent of their irth, e8actly as if they *ere an ad(lt co)panion, even tho(gh that practice occasionally dre* concerned stares fro) strangers in p( lic places. 1nd fro) the first (tterance, *e never let a )ispron(nciation or gra))atical error go (ncorrected. +nterestingly, lang(age is not so)ething a very yo(ng child takes personally, and this )odel of precision and early ad(lt co)petency e8tended itself easily and nat(rally into every other area of )y childrenDs lives .e8cept, of co(rse, sports0. ,oday, at ages eleven and fo(rteen, Cason and &aniel are )y traveling co)panions of first choice and )y favorite conversation partners, as *ell as critical colleag(es and the est a(dience aro(nd for a a*dy 3oke .and the est tellers0. ,hey have honored )e *ith (nforced respect, *hich far e8ceeds reasona le e8pectation, and fro) the )o)ent of their conception have given )e nothing (t the greatest pleas(re. +n 19#! and 19#B :off)an *as sending )y co)pleted )an(script of The Tourist aro(nd to his contacts to help )e find a p( lisher. + elieve his effort *as gen(ine, (t he si)ply had no l(ck. Ar, his contacts *ere en3oying re3ecting )y )an(script, so)ething they )ight have *anted to do to :off)an hi)self (t *ere afraid. 1fter a year he gave it ack to )e, saying he *as sorry (t + *as on )y o*n. + got contract offers, incl(ding s( stantial cash advances, y ret(rn )ail fro) oth 2chocken Books and the Cohns 5opkins University Press. The Tourist re)ains in print to this day, selling as *ell no* as in its first year, (t only recently have sociologists eg(n to read it. +n the first fe* years it see)s to have een read )ainly y architects, artists, and anthropologists, and it )ade )any ne* friends for )e in

those fields. + *as especially l(cky to have )et the great critic of )odern architect(re, &onald 1ppleyard, thro(gh The Tourist and to have )any interesting and thor? 7 16# 7 o(ghly en3oya le conversations *ith hi) efore his (nti)ely death in the early 1960s. +n the )id?19#0s sociology see)ed to e falling apart, )entally and physically. ,he University of Pennsylvania t(rned off the electricity at the Center for Ur an =thnography. + *orried that if :off)an, 4illia) 9a ov, and &el 5y)es co(ld not keep their *orkshop open, *ho co(ldK My closest ally a)ong the senior fac(lty at ,e)ple, Br(ce Mayhe*, resigned. Ane night Pa(l 5are dropped y. 'ecently divorced, he had a %rench friend *ith hi) and *as as right?eyed as a kid. 5e told )e he *as leaving for 2o(th 1frica to head the sociology depart)ent at a (niversity there. 5e took fro) his 3acket pocket an associate professorDs contract and a one?*ay ticket to Cohannes (rg, *hich he said *ere )ine. 1ll + had to do *as sign the). + said so)ething i)polite like J<o( f(cking )aniacH*hat do + *ant to go to 2o(th 1frica forKJ 5are *as dignified. JBeca(se the *ar is over here. Beca(se *e need yo(. Beca(se 2o(th 1frica is *here the ne8t great revol(tion in h()an relations is going to take place. Beca(se it is yo(r chance to help )ake history.J + did not even glance at C(liet as + handed Pa(l ack his offer. My second son, Cason, *as soon to e orn, and + )ade one of those Jchoices.J 1s it happened, that *as )y last chance to have a career in sociology. %or several years )y friend +sao %(3i)oto and a fe* others had een str(ggling *ith so)e s(ccess on the 4est Coast to ring h()an val(es into agric(lt(ral research at the University of California, &avis, and to esta lish a foc(s on food as *ell as co))odities, on *orkers as *ell as )achines, and on the needs of fa)ily far)ers and r(ral ethnic gro(ps as *ell as )a3or agri (siness corporations. Ane day in 19#B %(3i)oto called )e (p. JCo(ld yo( co)e o(t and lend a handKJ + have al*ays regarded +sao %(3i)oto as one of 1)ericaDs living national treas(res. JCertainly,J + said. 4hen + arrived, + fo(nd the &epart)ent of 1pplied Behavioral 2ciences (nder Arville ,ho)pson to e a str(ct(ralistDs drea). +t had a disting(ished design gro(p .no* a separate depart)ent0, a )(se() of ,hird 4orld art, and s( progra)s in 1sian 1)erican and ;ative 1)erican st(dies, as *ell as the co))(nity develop)ent gro(p, of *hich %(3i)oto and + *ere part. &avis *o(ld event(ally t(rn o(t to e an ideal setting for C(liet and )e to *rite The Time of the Sign! a series of critical and theoretical essays designed for the social sciences and the h()anities (t *itho(t any specific disciplinary fra)e*ork. 1pplied ehavioral sciences *as e8plicitly interdisciplinary, even antidisciplinary, in its original concep? 7 166 7 tion, and none of the discipline? ased h()anities or social?science depart)ents had s(fficient force or desire to co?opt o(r little se)iotic revol(tion. 4e *anted to sho* that )inds can e8ist o(tside of instit(tional categories and that )any i)portant G(estions in the social sciences and the h()anities are not eing asked fro) *ithin the disciplines. +n fact, a ne* life and career spr(ng forth fro) The Time of the Sign! as *ell as a ne* net*ork of friends, incl(ding ,ho)as and Cean 2e eok, Cohn &eely and Brooke 4illia)s, Pa(l Bo(issac, Paolo %a ri, U) erto =co, Conathan C(ller and Cynthia Chase, ;ancy 1r)strong and 9eonard ,ennenha(s, 9o(is Marin, ,ony 4ilden, C(lia Palacios and &aniel Pedrero, 2(san B(ck Morss, and )any others. +n 196F + *as elected United 2tates representative to the +nternational 2e)iotic 2t(dies 1ssociation. C(liet *as called into a ten(re position in co)parative literat(re and =nglish at the University of California, +rvine, *here she teaches conte)porary critical

theory, so)ething that *as si)ply not possi le at &avis. .5er tho(sand?)ile?a?*eek co))(te act(ally ro(ght enor)o(s relief fro) the al)ost co)plete fail(re of her &avis colleag(es to (nderstand her *ork.0 4e are co?e8ec(tive editors of the American 2ournal of Semiotics . 2eparated geographically *e contin(e to colla orate. +ronically, after a ten?year hiat(s, The Time of the Sign has eg(n to esta lish a link ack to sociology, )aking ne* friends for (s in that field, incl(ding Bennetta C(les?'osette, 1lain Cohen, %red &avis, and 5arold :arfinkel. .Af co(rse, there *ere so)e friends in sociology *ho re)ained constant thro(gho(t, nota ly =rving :off)an and Bennett Berger.0 &(ring )ost of this decade of intense se)iotic activity that has carried (s to )any interesting parts of the *orld, + have served as chair)an of grad(ate st(dies in co))(nity develop)ent at &avis. +n this capacity + have honestly tried to create so)e ne* instit(tional arrange)ents for *hole h()an eings. +n its original conception, at &avis, co))(nity develop)ent )eant research on )aterial conditions and class relations, *ork, ind(stry and agric(lt(re, and the effect of all of these on co))(nity life. +t )eant co))(nication and (nderstanding .and fail(res of (nderstanding0 et*een ethnic gro(ps at the co))(nity level. +t )eant (nderstanding lang(age, art, architect(re, )(sic, ga)es, cere)ony, and rit(al, all that )akes co))(nity life interesting, even possi le. %inally, it )eant advanced critical eval(ation of larger social iss(es, n(clear technology and politics, gender relations, the environ)ent, poverty, and ineG(ality. +n short, the progra) *as originally designed aro(nd the prod(ction of kno*ledge that e)po*ers people to create their o*n collective des? 7 169 7 tiny. 1fter *e *ere a le to recr(it Marc Pilis(k fro) Berkeley, *e had so)e of the est fac(lty availa le for these p(rposes. + *rote 9Ivi?2tra(ss a o(t the pro)ise of the &epart)ent of 1pplied Behavioral 2ciences at &avis shortly after )y arrival in 19#". 5e *rote ack saying that he *as fascinated and he *o(ld certainly visit if he ever left %rance. M(ch to )y s(rprise, he act(ally did visit in the *inter of 196F to receive an i)portant honor fro) the (niversity. 4e had a eer in the &avis fac(lty cl( . + told hi) a o(t the design gro(p, the )(se(), +ndian art, st(dies of the str(ct(re of agric(lt(re, ethnic gro(ps, critical theory, and se)iotics. 4hat a o(t the)K ,he original pieces contin(e to e8ist, + e8plained, (t, after the fashion of all instit(tional Jprogress,J not together, not as a str(ct(ral totality. 9Ivi?2tra(ss raised one eye ro* and looked do*n at the ta le. 7 190 7

$ha/ter Eight4 #ro- !ocia*is- to !ocio*ogy

Nathan 0*a2er 1 yo(ng scholar, &o(glas 4e , has een at *ork for a fe* years on a ook he proposes to title 0rom Socialism to Sociology . + hope he does not )ind )e appropriating it for this )e)oir, for + a) one of thoseH*e see) to e legionH*ho has follo*ed that tra3ectory. ,here are different variants of those of (s *ho have )anaged the passage. + a) te)pted to constr(ct one of those fo(rfold ta les eloved of sociologists *ith the hori@ontal a8is reading Jstrong or *eak final co))it)entJ and the vertical reading Jstrong or *eak initial co))it)ent.J ,he (pper left?hand o8 holds those *ho *ere solidly

socialist and ended (p solid sociologists. ,hree other possi ilities e8ist, incl(ding the lo*er right?hand o8 containing those *hose co))it)ent to socialis) *as not as fir) as it )ight have eenHand *hose co))it)ent to sociology is not as fir) as it )ight e. &espite 2aint Pa(lDs in3(nction against those *ho lo* neither hot nor cold, + feel + a) est placed in that lo*er right?hand o8. ,his is not to say + have no co))it)ents, (t they *ere not to socialis) then, nor to socialis) no*. +t is tr(e that efore college, d(ring college, and after college + tho(ght of )yself as a socialist. B(t y 19B# + *as no longer *riting articles in *hich, directly or indirectly, + indicated s(ch an affiliation. My transition fro) socialis) to sociology occ(rred rapidly. My fo(rfold ta le does not incl(de all cr(cial possi ilities: there *ere those *ho *ere socialists efore eco)ing sociologists and re)ained socialists after eco)ing sociologists. B(t in the )id? and late 19B0s there 7 191 7 *as so)ething a o(t sociologyHfor those of (s *ho *ere socialists and *ere eco)ing sociologistsH that (nder)ined faith. Certainly, the kind of sociologist + eca)e *as affected y the kind of socialist + *as. + *as a socialist not y conversion (t y descent. My father al*ays voted for ;or)an ,ho)as for president. + recallH it )(st have een the 19!" election, *hen )any ;e* <ork socialists and social de)ocrats *ere voting for %ranklin &. 'oosevelt, on the ne* 1)erican 9a or party ticket, designed for s(ch as theyH eco)ing a*are on election day that )y father, a G(iet )an *ho did not try to convert anyone to anything, had voted for ;or)an ,ho)as. 5is children of voting age had voted for 'oosevelt and the others nat(rally s(pported 'oosevelt. .5e had seven children, and + *as the yo(ngest.0 B(t the ter) socialist by escent in ;e* <ork City in the 19!0s reG(ires f(rther definition: + *as *hat *o(ld e called today a social de)ocrat. 1gain, it *as a )atter of descent. My father, tho(gh )ild, *as strongly antico))(nist. 5e *as a )e) er of the +nternational 9adies :ar)ent 4orkers Union and, after the fierce attle over control of the (nion in the 19$0s, co))(nists had as ad a rep(tation a)ong +9:4U )e) ers as a)ong )iddle 1)ericans. 5ad he een a )e) er of the %(r 4orkers Union, )y politics y descent *o(ld very likely have een co))(nist. Undo( tedly other parts of )y early political and c(lt(ral )ake(p )(st also e ascri ed to fa)ily infl(ences. My father *as an o servant Ce*, (t he read the 0orwar ! not the "orning 2ournal! and did not like those *ho )ade too )(ch of their orthodo8y. 5e e8pected his children to go to synagog(e, as he did. 2ince he did not ase his e8pectation on intellect(al or theological gro(nds, there *as no *ay of disp(ting hi) on those gro(nds, had *e een of a )ind to. ,o hi) it *as si)ply *hat *as done, *itho(t e8planation or 3(stification. 5is )ildness e8tended to Uionis): o(rs *as not a Uionist ho(sehold, (t neither *as it anti?Uionist. 5e *as content to send his children to a 5e re* school that ta(ght 5e re* and displayed a )ap of Palestine, the Ce*ish national flag, and the Ce*ish ;ational %(nd collection o8. 5e did not especially seek o(t a <iddishist school, tho(gh that *as the lang(age he and )y )other (sed at ho)e and, + a) s(re, at *ork. + cannot recall hi) ever speaking =nglish, tho(gh + think he co(ld. +n the clothing shops in *hich he *orked, *hile there )ight e +talian and other *orkers, there *ere al*ays eno(gh Ce*ish *orkers, and Ce*ish fore)en and o*ners, to )ake <iddish a shop tong(e. + do re)e) er )y )other speaking 7 19$ 7 so)e =nglish, ho*ever: + *o(ld go shopping *ith her, and not all the trades)en *ere Ce*s. + s(spect that Ce*ish eclecticis) *as co))on in ;e* <ork *hen + *as gro*ing (p: socialist, (t not

too socialist- Arthodo8, (t not too Arthodo8- friendly to Palestine, (t not a Uionist- <iddish?speaking, (t not a <iddishist. + *as a*areH*ho co(ld not eKHof those *ho *ere )ore intense a o(t so)e part of this )i8 and of those *ho *ere co))(nists. =ven in )y fatherDs lan smanshaft! a cl( or organi@ation of people *ho ca)e fro) the sa)e to*n or village in =astern =(rope, there *as at least one reader of the Ce*ish co))(nist daily 0reiheit . A(r fa)ily c(lt(re re3ected the e8tre)esHan intense co))it)ent to co))(nis), Arthodo8y, freethinking, anarchis), <iddish. Af all the Ce*ish variants of the day, the one for *hich + think )y father had the )ost respect *as <o(ng +sraelHthe J)odernJ Arthodo8 yo(th organi@ation that s(pported the creation of a Ce*ish state. + speak of )y father, not )y )other, tho(gh she *as y far the )ore vivid personality. 2he did not have strong vie*s a o(t anything o(tside the real) of proper personal and fa)ilial ehavior. ,here she co(ld e a terror. B(t *hen it ca)e to all those variants of Ce*ish religion, politics, and c(lt(re into *hich the Ce*ish pop(lation of ;e* <ork had splintered, she had no strong vie*s e8cept that, like )y father, she opposed all e8cess and e8tre)is). +n ed(cation, once again + think *e *ere placed *ith that very large gro(p, not *ritten a o(t )(ch in )e)oirs and histories, in *hich the passion for ed(cation *as )(ted. ,his )eant *e *o(ld get )ore ed(cation than o(r +talian neigh ors, (t *e *ere not e8pected to go to college. My fatherDs for)al ed(cation *as li)ited to a fe* years of religio(s school in Poland- he read <iddish and the 5e re* prayer ook. Both )y parents *rote long letters in <iddish to those they left ehind in Poland. 4e kne* there *ere Ce*ish parents *ho *ere indifferent to ed(cation and sho*ed their indifference y insisting that their children go to *ork, in the fa)ily store, or as errand oys, or doing *hatever they co(ld to ring in so)e cash. Poor as *e *ere, there *as no press(re to *ork *hile *e *ere going to school. 1nd + s(spect )y older rothers and sisters si)ply follo*ed the nor) for Ce*ish i))igrant and second?generation children of their ages. My oldest rother *ent to *ork at t*elve or therea o(tsH (t at that ti)e grad(ation fro) high school *as far fro) (niversal. ,he ne8t t*o children, )y older sisters, *ent to high school and took the co))ercial co(rse. ,he ne8t rother *as the 7 19! 7 first to go to a reg(lar high school- )y parents, thinking of o(r needs, insisted to his distress that he attend a trade school. :rad(ating d(ring the &epression, he never *orked at his trade. ,he three yo(ngest children all egan collegeH)y rother finished .and *ent eyond0, and )y sister left after a fe* years to go to *ork. + a) eno(gh of a sociologist to kno* that the fact that + *as not p(t (nder any press(re to *ork or contri (te to fa)ily e8penses *as si)ply eca(se + *as the yo(ngest. + sho*ed no sign of eing the rightest- indeed, so)e evidence indicates that + *as not. B(t + *as a le to p(rs(e )y ed(cation *herever it *o(ld take )e. + do not recall )y parents ever )aking a s(ggestion as to *hat + sho(ld eco)e or do. My ne8t oldest rother, the only other si ling *ho grad(ated fro) college, *as )y J)anager,J noting that + did *ell at school and fig(ring o(t *hat *o(ld e est for )e. + liked dra*ing. +n another fa)ily so)eone )ight have s(ggested that + p(rs(e a career ased on that. B(t y the ti)e + entered high school, it see)ed clearH*hy, + do not kno*H+ *o(ld do so)ething *ith *ords, not in )ath, science, or the arts. ,he fact is role )odels *ere in scarce s(pply. + recall there *as so)eone on o(r lock *ho had eco)e a high?school teacher. 5e *as the o 3ect of (niversal ad)iration, as it *as kno*n to e very hard for Ce*s to eco)e high?school teachers. +t *as elieved they co(ld not pass the oral e8a)ination eca(se of their Ce*ish accent. B(t eno(gh did: there *ere G(ite a fe* Ce*ish teachers in )y high school, Ca)es Monroe, *hich *e *ere told *as the largest in the *orldHsi8teen tho(sand st(dents. Most of the) attended Janne8es,J high?school classes in ele)entary?school and 3(nior high?school (ildings, and even *hen *e got to the )ain (ildings, *e

attended only a half?session, )orning or afternoon. Classes *ere large, and it *as not possi le for teachers to pay )(ch attention to (s. 4e see)ed often .perhaps )ore co))only in ele)entary school and 3(nior high school0 to e arranged y si@e, the s)allest in the front and the largest, (nfairly, do( ling (p in the ack seats. B(t the ed(cation )(st have een so(nd. %or one thing, the c(rric(l() *as dictated y the reG(ire)ents for entry into the city colleges, City, 5(nter, Brooklyn, and P(eens: three years of one lang(age, t*o of another, fo(r years of =nglish, t*o and a half years of )ath, and si)ilar a)o(nts of history and science. Ane did have electives: )ost of )y class)ates added physics or trigono)etry to their t*o or three years of )ath and science. +n )y senior year + took the co(rse that )ade the deepest i)pression on )e, fo(rth?year %rench, and fo(nd )yself in a 7 19B 7 s)all class in *hich the first assign)ent *as to read eighty pages of a detective story. .+ had never efore een asked to read )ore than three pages of %rench.0 +t certainly did *onders for )y facility in reading, if nothing else. ,he first gli))er of *hat *as to end (p as a career in sociology *as neither an e8ceptional c(riosity a o(t the social *orld nor a ent arising fro) fa)ily c(lt(re. 'ather, + reali@ed that one sho(ld p(rs(e oneDs est chances, and since + *as not partic(larly good at )ath and science, and no one drea)ed of a career in the arts, it had to e *ords. B(t *hat to do *ith *ords *as not clear. + entered City College in %e r(ary 19B0 .City in those days had t*o entering and grad(ating classes a year, keyed to the ;e* <ork City p( lic?school calendar0 and )a3ored in history. + liked history and had a good )e)ory. B(t )y acade)ic life soon had to contend *ith another interest. + *as pers(aded y a fello* st(dent to attend a )eeting of 1v(kah, the st(dent Uionist organi@ation. + *as not a Uionist (t *as *illing to hear *hat there *as to e said for Uionis). +t *as an accident that had a strong i)pact on the rest of )y life. ,he speaker *as 2ey)o(r Mel)an, a recent grad(ate of City College *ho had 3(st spent a year in Palestine and *as reporting on his e8periences. 5ad 1v(kah een si)ply a Ce*ish organi@ation, + do( t that it *o(ld have )ade )(ch i)pact on )e. B(t these *ere socialist Uionists. 4hat is )ore, they *ere intellectual socialist Uionists and looked do*n on nonintellect(al socialist Uionists. Mel)an *as a charis)atic fig(re. .,he a(thor of )any ooks, he is no* a professor of ind(strial engineering at Col() ia University. 1t the ti)e there *as no hint of *hat he )ight eco)eHas *as tr(e of )ost of (s.0 4hat led )e to speak to hi) after his lect(re + do not kno*. B(t soon + *as on the staff of Avukah Stu ent Action .the organi@ationDs national ne*spaper0 and had eco)e a Uionistindeed, efore that *as settled, + *as na)ed editor. ;o loyalty oaths *ere reG(ired to eco)e a )e) er of 1v(kah. 4e had a three?point progra), presented in doc()ents portento(sly titled Jtheses,J and in theoretical pa)phlets. ,he organi@ation )ay have een Uionist (t the c(lt(re *as in )ost *ays left sectarian. 4e *ere generally allied on ca)p(s iss(es *ith the anti?2talinist leftHthe socialists and the ,rotskyites. ,he three points of o(r progra) *ere to (ild a Jnon?)inority Ce*ish center in Palestine,J to fight fascis), and to foster a de)ocratic 1)erican Ce*ish co))(nity. ,his progra) represented a so)e*hat off?center Uionis). ,he ter) non(minority *as )eant to leave roo) 7 19F 7 for a inational state of Ce*s and 1ra s. +n those days *e elieved it possi le for the t*o nations to

share po*er, *ith neither eing in the )inority in a political or c(lt(ral sense. A(r notion *as that if oth nations *ere g(aranteed eG(al political rights, the 1ra )a3ority of Palestine *o(ld allo* (nrestricted Ce*ish i))igration. 1t a ti)e *hen Ce*s *ere eing h(nted do*n y the ;a@is, *hen the doors of the United 2tates and other 4estern co(ntries *ere closed to Ce*ish ref(gees, and *hen Palestine itself had een closed to Ce*ish i))igration y the British, (nrestricted i))igration *as the )ini)al de)and of every Uionist gro(p, even one as eccentric as o(rs. +n retrospect, o(r vie*s *ere naive. 1v(kah *as a s*itching point on the road fro) socialis) to sociology. 1t first it e)phasi@ed the socialis), of *hich + kne* little (ntil + eca)e involved. B(t 1v(kah, follo*ing the pattern of other left sectarian organi@ations, had Jst(dy gro(ps,J in *hich *e read not only Uionist classics (t also socialist classics. B(kharinDs /istorical "aterialism *as partic(larly favored y so)e of o(r elders. B(t *e *ere not 9eninists. ,ho(gh left, and critical of social de)ocrats, the radical leaders of 1v(kah *ho tried to infl(ence (s *ere .'osa0 9(8e) (rgianHrevol(tionary, (t against a directing central party and for ed(cation of the *orking )asses. +t *as a very congenial ent. ,he only iss(es that called for action *ere Uionist ones- for the rest, ed(cation *as s(fficient. ,he doctrine hardly )attered, + a) convinced. +t is al)ost e) arrassing to say *e elieved in revol(tion. ,he only *ay to relieve the e) arrass)ent is to confess that *e really did not. 4hat act(ally )attered to (s *as not o(r doctrines (t the people *e )et and the things *e read. %or e8a)ple, *e read $artisan &eview and The -ew International , in *hich 2idney 5ook, Ca)es B(rnha), and &*ight Macdonald then *rote. 4e often invited Macdonald to o(r s())er ca)ps, devoted to intensive Jed(cation.J 5e had started the 3o(rnal $olitics - so)e )e) ers of o(r gro(p attended the early )eetings and so)e *rote for it. My predecessors at Avukah Stu ent Action had een Chester 'apkin, then eginning a career as a ho(sing econo)ist that *o(ld lead hi) to Col() ia and Princeton, and 5arold Arlans, *ho st(died anthropology at <ale *hile *orking in an insane asyl() as a conscientio(s o 3ector d(ring 4orld 4ar ++ .he *rote rilliantly on the 3oint e8perience for $olitics 0. 1lfred C. >ahn, one of the three .very )odestly paid0 officers of 1v(kah, *as to eco)e a leading social *orker and analyst of social policy- another, Meir 'a an, *as to eco)e, after so)e years in Palestine and +srael, a professor of psy? 7 19" 7 chology at 2arah 9a*rence. +t *o(ld e i)possi le to list all the )e) ers of 1v(kah *ho eca)e professors. ;o one e8pected that they *o(ld eco)e professors efore the *ar. 1s editor of Avukah Stu ent Action one of )y d(tiesHas Chester 'apkin e8plainedH*as to liven (p the pages *ith pict(res and cartoons, and + co(ld find the) free at the -ew Lea er y (rro*ing thro(gh a pile of c(ts they received fro) (nions and other so(rces. ,here + )et &aniel Bell. 1n infor)al se)inar took place every %riday afternoon at the -ew Lea er office. + did not participate directly (t listened as + looked for so)ething *e co(ld (se in Avukah Stu ent Action . 2ey)o(r Martin 9ipset, *ith *ho) for a *hile + took the s( *ay to college, 3oined 1v(kah riefly. 5e told )e a o(t the gifted and learned ne* Mar8ist ref(gee, 9e*is Coser. ,h(s a second effect of 1v(kah *as to introd(ce )e to the ;e* <ork intellect(al )ilie(. + *ill not e8aggerate )y )odest position: + *ent to )ore )eetings than + can re)e) er on *hat is living and *hat is dead in Mar8is), and + heard Philip 2el@nick, then )oving steadily to*ard sociology, speak rilliantly. C(st *hat he said + no longer recall. 1 third effect, as the na)es Bell, 2el@nick, and 9ipset s(ggest, *as to )ake sociology a possi ilityH not as a 3o .*ho drea)ed of any 3o e8cept a clerkship *ith the govern)entK0 (t as a role definition.

+ recall + a andoned history for econo)ics, econo)ics for p( lic ad)inistration, p( lic ad)inistration for sociology, and grad(ated in Can(ary 19BB *ith a degree in sociology. ,he inner core of 1v(kah elieved in social science as the hand)aiden of socialis) and revol(tion. +n o(r little st(dy gro(ps *e learned a o(t =rich %ro))Ds %scape from 0ree om and a o(t the interesting )i8 of the t*o scientific approaches, as *e then tho(ght of the), of psychoanalysis and Mar8is) eing developed y the %rankf(rt school, so)e of *hose )e) ers had 3(st arrived in the United 2tates. 9ater, *hen Ma8 5orkhei)er *as lect(ring at Col() ia, *e all *ent religio(sly. 1fter one or t*o lect(res, he t(rned over the co(rse to 9eo 9o*enthal. 4e *ere all deeply i)pressed y 9o*enthalDs range of learning. 4e read articles fro) the old Deitschrift fEr So.ialforschung , aided y o(r :er)an?reading )e) ers .yo(ng ref(gees0, and fro) Stu ies in Social Science an $hilosophy . 4e learned a o(t 5orkhei)er, 9o*enthal, 5er ert Marc(se, ,heodor 1dorno, and 4alter Ben3a)in efore they eca)e the o 3ects of serio(s st(dy, tho(gh *e did not learn )(ch a o(t the)Hthat )ay have een o(r failing. 5aving kno*n the) in their early years in 1)erica .of co(rse, not 4alter Ben3a)in- he, alas, 7 19# 7 never )ade it to the United 2tates0 colors o(r reading a o(t the %rankf(rt school no*, *hen they have eco)e legendary fig(res. +t *as clear )y ent to*ard social science o*ed )ore to nonacade)ic infl(ences than to City College. + did not get to sociology (ntil )y third or fo(rth year. ,ho(gh the sociology depart)ent had so)e a le people, it did not infl(ence )e greatly. + re)e) er other co(rses, in philosophy and psychology, etter. ,hese *ere the areas of strength at City College then, (t + fo(nd that o(t too late. + did learn one thing in the sociology depart)ent of City College, tho(gh. + learned a o(t co))(nity st(dies and *as fascinated y it. + *rote an honors paper on 1)erican co))(nity st(dies, and *itho(t ever having een to Chicago, + *as converted to the Chicago style of ethnographic sociology. + kne* very little a o(t it, (t + kne* it *as the kind of sociology + liked est. By 19B$, thro(gh Uelig 5arris, one of the older people connected *ith 1v(kah and a gifted theoretical ling(ist, + had an opport(nity to 3oin a s)all *arti)e gro(p at the University of Pennsylvania *ho *ere trained (nder 5arris in *hat *as then called descriptive ling(istics. 4e *ere to speciali@e in vario(s 1frican lang(ages and prepare teaching )aterials in case *e *ere called on to teach the) to soldiers. 1t that ti)e + *as in )y third )a3or at City College .p( lic ad)inistration0 *ith the vag(e tho(ght it *o(ld help )e get a govern)ent 3o . + leaped at the chance to *ork *ith 5arris, and on so)ething for *hich + *o(ld e paid .)odestly0. 5arris elieved that the only really diffic(lt s( 3ects *ere )athe)atics and theoretical physics and that anyone co(ld learn ling(istics and lang(ages, in short order. 5e gave )e t*o ooks, =d*ard 2apirDs Language and 9eonard Bloo)fieldDs Language , and a fe* theoretical articles, and said, J'eally, thatDs all there is. <o( *onDt have to spend )(ch ti)e on it Slearning ling(isticsT.J 5is *as the arrogance of a s(pre)ely gifted )ind. +n ti)e + *as to e part of a tea) teaching Bengali- another tea) ta(ght Moroccan 1ra ic. My o*n lang(age, 2*ahili, *as never called on. ,he fact that + *as assigned 2*ahili indicated either that the 1)erican )ilitary *as then very pessi)istic .it is spoken in ,an@ania and (nderstood in the s(rro(nding co(ntries0 or that 5arris *as partic(larly interested in it. Mean*hile + took co(rses in anthropology *ith 1. +rving 5allo*ell and *orked on a )asterDs thesis on 2*ahili. +n the spring of 19BB + received a )asterDs degree fro) the University of Pennsylvania and a fello*ship to st(dy there for a doctorate in anthropology. 5allo*ell took )e aside and said it *as not a sensi le thing

7 196 7 to do- there *o(ld e no 3o s. .4hether he also tho(ght, and said, that there *o(ld e no 3o s for Ce*s, + do not recall- + had the i)pression later that that is one of the things he )(st have )eant, (t + )ay e *rong.0 + regret taking his advice. + reali@ed ling(istics *as not for )e, (t + fo(nd social anthropology very appealing. 1nd so + ret(rned to ;e* <ork to look for a 3o . Ane of the people one sa* in those days *hen one *as looking for a 3o *as &aniel Bell. 5e told )e that Ma8 5orkhei)er had een hired y the 1)erican Ce*ish Co))ittee to do st(dies on anti?2e)itis) and *as looking for an assistant. 5e tried )e o(t, and + eca)e his reader of 1)erican social?science literat(re. By the ti)e he reali@ed that *as not *hat he *anted, + had fo(nd a 3o at another ranch of the 1)erican Ce*ish Co))ittee, the )ontemporary 2ewish &ecor , then eing edited, s(rprisingly, y Cle)ent :reen erg, the art critic of $artisan &eview . 5e appreciated )y )odest connections *ith the intellect(al left .after all, + had *ritten for $olitics 0 and the fact that + )(st have learned so)ething a o(t C(dais) and Ce*ish life and politics *hile + *as in 1v(kah. + kne* less than he had hoped, (t )ore than he hi)self kne*. ,he f(t(re of the )ontemporary 2ewish &ecor *as then eing revie*ed y a co))ittee headed y 9ionel ,rilling, *ho) + did not kno*, and as a res(lt of their proposals it *as transfor)ed into )ommentary , (nder the editorship of =lliot Cohen, not long after + 3oined the staff. + *as t*enty?t*o, + had a 3o , (t + do not kno* *hat to call the Jocc(pationJ of a staff )e) er of the ne* )ommentary of 19BF. + did not call )yself a 3o(rnalist eca(se + did not go o(t on stories, e8cept perhaps to cover a speech. Cohen, a*are of )y interest in sociology, s(ggested + *rite a col()n on the social sciences titled J,he 2t(dy of Man.J Ane reason it s(ited a Ce*ish )aga@ine *as that so )(ch of the research of the ti)e dealt *ith anti?2e)itis), incipient fascist tendencies, and national characterH *hy *ere the :er)ans that *ay, or the Capanese, or the '(ssiansK Ar, for that )atter, the 1)ericansK 1ll this interested )e enor)o(sly, and the col()n played a role for a *hile in the early post*ar period in ringing the *ork of the social sciences, in partic(lar sociology infl(enced y social psychology, to an a(dience that *o(ld not have kno*n it. 2i)(ltaneo(sly + *as taking co(rses at Col() ia to*ard a Ph.&. in sociology, (t )y ti)e hori@on *as e8tended indeed. +n those days one co(ld *ork to*ard a Ph.&. as a part?ti)e st(dent, taking )ost of oneDs co(rses at night. 'o ert Merton and Pa(l 9a@arsfeld ta(ght at night or in the late afternoon. ,he classes *ere large. + do not kno* ho* )any 7 199 7 of those taking co(rses really intended to eco)e, or did eco)e, sociologists. + received no s(pport, (t co(rses cost so)ething like X1$.F0 a credit. ,he ;e* 2chool, *here a gala8y of :er)an ref(gees *as teaching, *as 3(st as cheap. 2ince o(r friends often acted as ticket takers, *e co(ld sneak in and hear =rich %ro)) and Meyer 2hapiro free. 5ad + kno*n of the), + *o(ld have tried to listen to 1lfred 2ch(t@, 1l ert 2alo)on, and 9eo 2tra(ss, all of *ho) + heard later (t in individ(al lect(res rather than co(rses. + *o(ld not (nderesti)ate the ed(cation + received in sociology at Col() ia University- the ed(cation + received at )ommentary *as, ho*ever, deeper and *ider. 1t Col() ia those t*o re)arka le sociologists, Merton and 9a@arsfeld, *ere presenting an e8citing pict(re of the possi ilities of sociology as a science. MertonDs lect(res rilliantly ill()inated the nat(re of sociological thinking and sociological analysis- 9a@arsfeldDs *ere eG(ally rilliant in de)onstrating ho* the )ost s( tle points of theoretical analysis co(ld e tested thro(gh the analysis of G(antitative data. C. 4right Mills lect(red at that ti)e in the college rather than in the grad(ate sociology depart)ent. B(t everyone *ent to hear

hi), and, fro) his o*n perspective, he also de)onstrated the possi ilities of a science of sociology. 1 fe* of (s *orked *ith hi) 2at(rday )ornings at the old caverno(s G(arters of the B(rea( of 1pplied 2ocial 'esearch on %ifty?ninth 2treet .*here the ;e* <ork City Convention Center no* stands0. A(r task *as to e8tract fro) long intervie*s, done y a previo(s class for the *ork that (lti)ately eca)e White )ollar , evidence in G(antitative for) for a large state)ent a o(t *hat *as happening to society. Certainly + *as as taken y these possi ilities as anyone. %or a *hile + *as enth(siastic for sociology as a science. B(t y 19B9 + had eco)e do( tf(l. +n that year + p( lished a long essay in )ommentary , JD,he 1)erican 2oldierD as 2cience,J reflecting those do( ts. Man, + *rote, *as part of history, not nat(re, and the (nifor)ities *e )ight discover, *hatever their interest and i)portance for a given ti)e, place, and iss(e, co(ld never achieve the generali@ing po*er of theory, hypothesis, and la* in the nat(ral sciences. The American Sol ier , a short series of ooks on *hich so)e of the leading sociologists of the ti)e *orked, )ade the greatest clai) to esta lishing sociology as a social science or at least p(tting it on the road to eco)ing one. + arg(ed that it *as si)ply no )ore than a st(dy of the 1)erican soldier in 4orld 4ar ++: the generali@ations that flo*ed fro) it and )ight e (sed in other settings *ere *eak and thin, and the infinite variety of sit(ations in *hich )en 7 $00 7 *ere fo(nd in history ens(red that res(lt. 4hat *e learned *o(ld inevita ly e o(nd y ti)e and place. My efforts at generali@ation after that point *ere caref(lly restricted and narro*: sit(ation, facts, and data *ere cr(cial for deter)ining *hat *as in fact tr(e, and any large state)ents a o(t society, c(lt(re, personality, capitalis), ind(strialis), social control, and so on + )et *ith skepticis). +t al*ays see)ed to )e that *hatever the large generali@ation, one *o(ld al*ays have to co))ent, J+t all depends.J 4as it the co(nterpoint of )ommentary vers(s Col() ia sociology that led to this res(ltK Eery likely. + spent )ost of )y ti)e at the )aga@ine, and only one day or so a *eek at Col() ia. )ommentary *as then one of the est schools one co(ld attend .as is pro a ly tr(e for all intellect(al )aga@ines0. ,here *as =lliot Cohen, once a rilliant st(dent of =nglish at <ale and a re)arka ly creative editor of the "enorah 2ournal , an e8cellent Ce*ish )aga@ine in the 19$0s and 19!0s. 5e *as a radical in the early 19!0s, part of that gro(p of ;e* <ork intellect(als *ho fo(nded $artisan &eview and have since eco)e the s( 3ects of )e)oirs and research. ,he staff *as )(ch yo(nger, e8cept for Cle)ent :reen erg, still an editor of $artisan &eview and eco)ing a )a3or fig(re *ho e8plained and pro)oted the *ork of the then yo(ng ;e* <ork school of painters. +n his do( le life .one ass()ed )ommentary provided hi) *ith the asic living that neither $artisan &eview nor his art revie*s in The -ation co(ld0 he represented good =nglish style and a partic(lar e)pathy .tho(gh + a) not s(re that is the right *ord to apply to his cr(sty personality0 for the intellect(al :er)an ref(gees he had strongly favored d(ring his ten(re at the )ontemporary 2ewish &ecor . + learned )ore fro) the yo(nger )e) ers of the staff, and the partic(lar vie* of )an and society that + have presented o*ed the )ost to +rving >ristol. >ristol had co)e o(t of the sa)e radical gro(p that had once incl(ded Phil 2el@nick and Marty 9ipset, (t he had, *itho(t any apparent g(r(, a andoned socialis) and radicalis) and *as reading =(ropean philosophers and theologians. 5e ro(ght to o(r environ)ent a concrete, practical interest in politics and 3o(rnalis). Ather )e) ers of the ongoing shifting se)inar that )ommentary *as in those days incl(ded 'o ert 4arsho*, a cele rated critic *ho died yo(ng, Martin :reen erg, Cle)entDs yo(nger rother, and of co(rse the )any a(thors *ho dropped in and talked. ,he press(re *as re)arka ly lo*. ,here see)ed to e ti)e for *ork on the )aga@ine, attendance at Col() ia co(rses, )y o*n *riting, and even chess ga)es eginning at l(nch that so)eti)es lasted

7 $01 7 thro(gh a good part of the afternoon. ,he concrete ed(cation received at a )aga@ine of high standards addressed to the general reader )ade (s intolerant of nonsense or, even if it *as not nonsense, anything that co(ld not e )ade clear. ,his attit(de *as in so)e *ays a help to )e as a sociologistH*e have a good deal of nonsense in o(r discipline .*hat acade)ic discipline does notK0. B(t it perhaps also led to an (n*illingness to penetrate o sc(rity. Considering ho* )(ch of *hat is, and has een, i)portant in sociology is (ndo( tedly o sc(re, this (n*illingness )ay have een a handicap to )e. +n 19B" + *ent to the ann(al )eeting of the 1)erican 2ociological 1ssociation in Chicago to *rite a col()n on it for )ommentary . ,here + sa* &an Bell, *ho had recently 3oined the staff of the social? science s(rvey co(rse at the University of Chicago, and + *as taken *ith the idea of 3oining it )yself. + *as deeply i)pressed *ith the solid gro(nding in sociological classics the co(rse gave. +t is hard to reali@e that at the ti)e the )a3or *orks of 4e er and &(rkhei) *ere not translated or in print in =nglish, and special editions had to e prepared for these co(rses. ;ot long after, &avid 'ies)an passed thro(gh ;e* <ork. 1s a )e) er of the staff of the social?science co(rse he *as in a position to report ack on )y s(ita ility. + did not go the University of Chicago: instead + took a leave fro) )ommentary and *orked *ith &avid 'ies)an on the pro3ect that eca)e The Lonely )row and 0aces in the )row . By the ti)e The Lonely )row *as p( lished in 19F0, it *as clear to )e that in addition to eing a social co))entator, an editor, and an e8pert on 1)erican Ce*s, + *as also a sociologist. +t is tr(e that )y attendance at Col() ia *as erratic. 2o)e years + took no co(rses- others, + ret(rned to co(rse*ork *ith g(sto. 4hether + *o(ld ever get the doctorate *as neither clear nor i)portant to )e. +n 19FF, at the invitation of &aniel Boorstin, + gave the 4algreen lect(res on 1)erican C(dais) at the University of Chicago. American 2u aism! ased on those lect(res, *as p( lished the ne8t year in his series on the history of 1)erican civili@ation. +t )ight have served as )y Ph.&. dissertation, (t in a fit of ravado + decided + did not *ant to adapt it. By that ti)e + had left )ommentary and *as *orking as an editor at 1nchor Books. 1nchor Books *as the rainchild of a recent grad(ate of Col() ia, Cason =pstein, an editor *ho had *anted to start an 1)erican series of serio(s paper acks )odeled on the British Peng(in series. +n 19FF all 1)erican paper ack series *ere for the )ass )arket. +t *as =psteinDs idea that there *as or *as going to e a )arket for paper ack ooks in colleges. 1)ong the first of the ooks he *anted to p( lish 7 $0$ 7 *as The Lonely )row . +t *as, ho*ever, too long for his series, *hich reG(ired ooks short eno(gh to keep prices do*n. +t fell on )e to c(t The Lonely )row y a o(t a G(arter, a task + approached not only *ith an eye to red(cing si@e (t also to so)e )odest restr(ct(ring for clarity. + do feel the res(ltant *ork *as easier to read, and it *as that a ridged edition that *as read y a )illion 1)erican st(dents .sales reached that fig(re y the early 19#0s0. + have een associated *ith &avid 'ies)an since, and for so)e years as a colla orator, for follo*ing The Lonely )row *e p( lished 0aces in the )row . 1ll along *e prod(ced 3oint articles sociological and political, incl(ding J,he +ntellect(als and the &iscontented Classes,J *hich first appeared in $artisan &eview and then in The -ew &a ical &ight .19FF0, edited y &aniel Bell. ,his ook *as a collection of essays in response to McCarthyis), on *hich *e held a so)e*hat )iddle position o*ing to o(r sense that intellect(als co(ld not e entirely appla(ded for their distance fro) the e8perience and feelings of )iddle 1)erica. ,he articleHand The Lonely )row Hde)onstrated &avid 'ies)anDs

re)arka le a ility to (nderstand general c(rrents in 1)erican c(lt(re even *itho(t spending )(ch ti)e e8periencing the) directly. 5e can fro) a fe* frag)ents i)agine the restHand )ost of the ti)e get it right. ,he nat(re of o(r colla oration, as of all colla orations, *as distinctive. 4hen *e first )et, + *as still e8cited over learning so)ething a o(t ho* to analy@e G(alitative G(estionnaires *ith C. 4right Mills, and 'ies)an tho(ght of )e as possi ly ringing the then ne*er techniG(es of social science to his intended st(dy of apathy, the origin of The Lonely )row . 1nd indeed, *e did *ork *ith G(estionnaires of vario(s selected gro(ps and occasionally individ(als either selected or fo(nd accidentally .)any are in 0aces in the )row 0. 4e also tried to develop *ays of e8tracting )eaning fro) the). B(t )y role changed as *e *orked together. +nfl(enced y the scienti@ing tendency of social science in those distant days, + tried to p(t 'ies)anDs ideas, *hich *ere al*ays intensely concrete, into so)e )ore general str(ct(re. 5e *o(ld take )y are, thin )an(scripts and e8pand and e) roider the), filling the) *ith evocative details. ,hese details often fo(ght *ith the str(ct(re, and that clash is *hat )any readers of The Lonely )row felt. Colla oration *ith 'ies)an at <ale *as an e8perience of living and *orking together, e8changing )an(scripts for revision, e8pansion, and clarification .'ies)an doing )ost of the ela oration, + atte)pting to introd(ce order0. + elieve, fro) conversations *ith Christopher Cencks, 7 $0! 7 a later colla orator, that he too tried to ring order to the richness and variety of 'ies)anDs insights. ,hat often )eant sacrificing a fe* of the). 2o )any tho(ghts and o servations in so )any directions *as not )y style: )y *ork alone is rather )ore are and, + )(st confess, less original. Colla orating *ith 'ies)an involved )ore than scholarly *ork: for hi), as for )e, analysis and action .at least so)e kinds of action0 *ere never far apart. 4hile *e *orked on The Lonely )row ! +srael *as eing orn. 'ies)an opposed a Ce*ish state, as did 5annah 1rendt and his )entor =rich %ro)), and as + did, fro) )y o*n perspective. 5e eca)e involved in efforts to divert the steady )arch to the creation of s(ch a state. + participated to so)e e8tent in those efforts. +n retrospect, ho*ever, + elieve the opposition did not f(lly grasp the po*er of the de)ands y the t*o ethnic gro(ps, Ce*s and 1ra s, for separate and independent states regardless of the costsHinternal disorder and poverty in )any 1ra states, eternal conflict for +srael. + elieve no* that there *as no alternative to statehood- 'ies)anDs thinking has not proceeded in that direction. An the danger of n(clear *arfare *e shared the sa)e vie*, and this *as one of the principal concerns of the Co))ittees of Correspondence, *hich 'ies)an helped organi@e in the late 19F0s and *hich + served for a *hile as editor of its ne*sletter. 'ies)anDs path *as fro) li eralis) to sociology, rather than socialis) to sociology- he *as never a socialist. B(t he retained, as + did, a sense of sociology as )ore than a scientific discipline divorced fro) a life involved in political and social iss(es. 2ociology is still for )any socialists and sociologists the p(rs(it of politics thro(gh acade)ic )eans, tho(gh it is today a far different politics, p(rs(ed *ith different )eans. 1s a res(lt of )y *ork in a ridging The Lonely )row ! Cason =pstein asked )e to 3oin hi) at 1nchor Books, and + left )ommentary . My years at 1nchor also served as an ed(cation: in an instit(tion in *hich there *ere al)ost no Ce*s .the first ti)e in )y life + *as in s(ch an environ)ent0- in the strange divorce et*een co))ercial p( lishing and *hat + conceived of as the intellect(al life, a divorce that it fell on Cason =pstein to overco)e- in the incredi ly dyna)ic G(ality of 1)erican (siness. %or no sooner had the first do@en paper acks co)e o(t at 1nchor than *e already had co)petitorsH)any of the). Unlike (s, Peng(in had had a clear r(n of so)e years eca(se no one had tho(ght to challenge it.

%or so)e reason + did not think of )yself as so)eone *ho *o(ld 7 $0B 7 re)ain in )aga@ine p( lishing *hen at )ommentary! nor as so)eone *ho *o(ld re)ain in ook p( lishing *hen at 1nchor. ,he option of sociology *as al*ays availa le, and (ndo( tedly so)ething in )y te)pera)ent kept p(shing )e to*ard acade)ic life. +n 19F# + 3oined the staff of the Co))(nis) in 1)erican 9ife pro3ect, f(nded y the %(nd for the 'ep( lic .itself f(nded y the %ord %o(ndation0, to *rite a ook on the G(estion of *ho eca)e co))(nists in the United 2tates. Marty 9ipset *as originally s(pposed to do the ook (t decided not to and s(ggested + do it. +t looked like a good idea, and + left 1nchor. + tho(ght that topic *o(ld fit the ill for a Ph.&. dissertation in sociology and s( )itted the p( lished ook, The Social 1asis of American )ommunism! to Col() ia University in 19"$ to co)plete the reG(ire)ents for the degree. By that ti)e + had already ta(ght as a visitor at the University of California, Berkeley, at Bennington College, and at 2)ith College. + felt like a )edieval 3o(rney)an, going fro) place to place *ith )y tattered co(rse o(tlines. B(t + had )ore or less defined )y role as a sociologist. + ta(ght race relations, or the sociology of ethnic gro(ps, as *ell as (r an sociologyH+ *as, or felt )yself to e, an heir to the University of Chicago tradition. + filled o(t )y sched(le *ith other co(rsesHsocial change, nonG(antitative research )ethods, and a variety of other topics. 1t Bennington + ta(ght a co(rse on *o)en in developing societies. Aver the years + tho(ght of a n() er of pro3ects in ethnicity or (r anis) and finally ended (p doing a st(dy of the ethnic gro(ps of ;e* <ork City- this pro3ect eca)e 1eyon the "elting $ot .19"!0. 1eyon the "elting $ot *as )y second )a3or effort in colla oration, (t in this one + took the lead. +t *as not to e the end of )y *ork *ith &aniel P. Moynihan, for after*ard *e considered, partic(larly after + relocated at 5arvard in the late 19"0s, cond(cting conferences and p( lishing )(ltia(thor vol()es on ethnicity as an international pheno)enon. Ane s(ch vol()e *as p( lished, %thnicity .19#F0. + helped organi@e another conference on international di)ensions of ethnicity and social policy, *hich has res(lted in another ook, edited *ith >en <o(ng, %thnic $luralism an $ublic $olicy .196!0. My original intention in 1eyon the "elting $ot *as to recr(it a n() er of persons *ho had e8perience as )e) ers of an ethnic gro(p and kne* it fro) the inside to participate in a 3oint *ork + had o(tlined. =ach section *as intended to fit into an overall thesis a o(t the character and )eaning of ethnicity in ;e* <ork and, y i)plication, in 1)erican society. 1t the ti)e ethnicity *as not a hot topic, and it *as hard to find people + 7 $0F 7 respected *ho *ere *illing to colla orate *ithin the fra)e*ork + had designed. Moynihan *as then at 2yrac(se University, after serving *ith :overnor 1verell 5arri)an. 5e had already *ritten *idely noted articles in The &eporter! then edited y +rving >ristol, partic(larly on the epide)ic of sla(ghter on the high*ays, *hich )ade hi) an a(thority on a(to)o ile safety long efore 'alph ;ader. >ristol s(ggested Moynihan: it *as clear on the asis of early )eetings he co(ld do 3(st a o(t any *ork, incl(ding an essay on the +rish of ;e* <ork, that *as responsive to the fra)e*ork + had set o(t. +n the end he *as the only person + recr(ited for 1eyon the "elting $ot . 4orking *ith Moynihan *as entirely different fro) *orking *ith 'ies)an: MoynihanDs prose is so elegant that + hesitate to to(ch it. A(r colla orations have consisted of )y *riting *hat + have to say, and he *riting *hat he has to say- then + knit the t*o together at the sea)s. A(r styles are very

different, and often *e are saying so)e*hat different things, (t the )ethod has see)ed to *ork, as in the long introd(ction to the second edition of 1eyon the "elting $ot and the introd(ction to %thnicity . &aniel Bell played a key role in the origins of 1eyon the "elting $ot! eca(se he s(ggested )e to his friend Ca)es 4echsler of the -ew 6ork $ost! *ho *as considering doing a series of articles on the ethnic gro(ps of ;e* <ork. ,he ;e* <ork Post %o(ndation p(t (p so)e )oneyHa very )odest s(). ,he fo(ndation didnDt like the first install)ents and c(t off )y f(nding, an action that )ay not have een legal. 4hether the ;e* <ork Post %o(ndation *as a f(nding agency or a )eans of getting p( lisha le copy for the -ew 6ork $ost *as not clear to )e. +t also insisted, despite having *ithdra*n s(pport, on sharing royalties. %ro) its financial point of vie* the grant *as one of the )ost prod(ctive it ever )ade. + *as not s(re *hat + *o(ld do after 1eyon the "elting $ot . %ro) an acade)ic 3o(rney)an spending a year teaching at one instit(tion after another + had eco)e a *andering se)iacade)ic grants)an, collecting s)all grants to *rite one ook after another. Ane possi ility that attracted )e strongly *as to eco)e an e8pert on Capan. &(ring )y year in Berkeley, 19"1/"$, + had eco)e captivated y the Arient. ,ho(gh China *as closed, Capan *as a possi ility. + perhaps co(ld learn Capanese and *rite a o(t the one non?4estern society that *as eco)ing 4esterni@ed in so)e key respects .s(ch as achieving technological co)petence0. + *o(ld go to Capan, altho(gh to do *hat esides learning Capanese *as not clear to )e. + *o(ld tell )y acade)ic friends 3(st to needle the)- and *itho(t a definite pro3ectHe8cept self?i)prove)entNH+ *o(ld go on )y 7 $0" 7 o*n )oney .+ had so)e savings0 rather than ask a fo(ndation for a grant. My acade)ic friends *ere shocked and prevailed on )e not to do s(ch a silly thing. Ane day *hen leaving 'ando) 5o(se, *here + *as cons(lting for Cason =psteinHthe p( lishing fir) *as then located in the *onderf(l ro*nstone Eillard 5o(ses that no* for) a foreco(rt for the 5el)sley PalaceH+ decided to visit the %ord %o(ndation across %ifty?first 2treet. &oak Barnett *as then *orking there. + told hi) that + *anted to go to Capan, and he asked )e to *rite hi) a letter e8plaining *hat + planned to st(dy. + did so, saying + *anted to learn a o(t ,okyo y living in ,okyo, the *ay + had learned a o(t ;e* <ork y living in ;e* <ork. 5o* glorio(sly free and easy *ere the fo(ndations in 19"1N + *as given a s( stantial grant and first?class airfare *itho(t having to tro( le anyone for letters of reco))endation, at a ti)e *hen + held no acade)ic position in the United 2tates, and *itho(t having to arrange any acade)ic affiliation in Capan. My Capanese e8perience *as too )i8ed to e s())ari@ed easily. 1fter hard *ork + discovered that + *o(ld not, at thirty?nine or *ith )y native talents, get very far in learning Capanese in the year + had availa le- instead, + decided to learn a o(t ,okyo. + had so)e contacts and egan *riting a o(t the city. + *as a le to p( lish articles, *hich + think still e8press a rather fresh sense of *hat )akes cities *ork, in the 2apan Times and in the Capanese periodical )huo 'oron . B(t it *as clear + *o(ld never eco)e an e8pert on Capan. + ret(rned to the United 2tates after one year *ith the strong feeling that + *anted to devote )y attention to a co(ntry + co(ld kno* *ell, as against one + co(ld never kno* *ell, and get involved *ith so)ething practical and (sef(l to )ankind. 4ashington, &.C., *as then the seat of a *onderf(lly opti)istic ad)inistration- Moynihan arranged for )e to see a n() er of people, and since + no* fancied )yself an (r an e8pert, + ended (p in an (ndefined position in the 5o(sing and 5o)e %inance 1gency .*hich later eca)e the &epart)ent of 5o(sing and Ur an &evelop)ent0, then headed y the econo)ist 'o ert 4eaver. +t *as certainly one of the )ost e8citing years of )y life. ,he Peace Corps had started- )a3or progra)s *ere eing la(nched in the cities, *ith )oney fro) the %ord %o(ndation and the federal govern)ent, to deal *ith 3(venile delinG(ency specifically and *ith poverty

generally- the 4ar on Poverty *as eing designed- and the )odel cities progra) *o(ld soon e (nder *ay. 2ince )y 3o *as poorly defined, + got involved in everything. B(t efore the end of )y first year 9e*is %e(er, then teaching a h(ge .three to fo(r h(ndred st(dents0 social science integrated co(rse at the University of California, 7 $0# 7 Berkeley, and finding it diffic(lt to recr(it fello* teachers in that period of a)ple s(pport for acade)ics, asked )e to eco)e a per)anent )e) er of the co(rse staff. + had )et %e(er originally thro(gh +rving >ristol, *hose teacher he had een at City College. 1nd so in 19"!, at the age of forty, + eca)e a sociologist y appoint)ent and profession as *ell as thro(gh the content of )y *ork, and + have re)ained one ever since. 4hat kind of sociologistK 1s a sociologist + have een )ore interested in specific iss(es than in the discipline of sociology itself, )ore in e)pirical s( 3ect )atter than in theory, )ore in s( stance than in )ethodology. ,he iss(es, s( 3ects, and s( stance have een dra*n )ostly fro) )y e8perience. + *rote a o(t Ce*s eca(se + kne* so)ething a o(t the) and *orked on a Ce*ish )aga@ine. + *rote a o(t 1)erican co))(nists eca(se having een a radical + had so)e e8perience of co))(nis) and felt + co(ld (nderstand *hy people eco)e co))(nists. + *rote a o(t st(dent radicalis) in the 19"0s and 19#0s for si)ilar reasonsHand had so p( lished &emembering the Answers .19#00. + *rote a o(t cities eca(se + had al*ays lived in ;e* <ork .tho(gh y 19"! + co(ld reckon a year in Berkeley, a year in ,okyo, and a year in 4ashington0 and felt + kne* a o(t the)- and + *rote a o(t p( lic policy eca(se after )y year in 4ashington and )y s( seG(ent involve)ent in vario(s co))ittees dealing *ith p( lic policy + tho(ght + (nderstood that s( 3ect. + *o(ld not have dared on )y o*n to tackle s(ch a topic as the 1)erican character, as &avid 'ies)an dealt *ith in The Lonely )row ; (t the one aspect of anthropology that tr(ly interested )e *as the ne* c(lt(re and personality school of '(th Benedict, Margaret Mead, :eoffrey :orer, and others, and + felt f(lly co))itted to applying it to the United 2tates. 5o* to apply it is another pro le): the c(lt(re?and?personality orientation has fo(ndered on )ethodological iss(es, in part, (t also eca(se general confidence in social psychology and psychoanalysis has een deeply shaken. C(lt(re and personality are the only topics on *hich + have *orked that + have never f(lly a andoned. 1 ook is often a hostage to the f(t(re. =ven if one desires to get a*ay fro) a s( 3ect, the invest)ent of ti)e and energy and co))it)ents to speak or *rite on the s( 3ect lead, in the a sence of a strong *ill, to reengage)ent *ith it. My involve)ent in ethnicity and race led into involve)ent in the policy iss(es they raised: and so Affirmative +iscrimination .19#F0 and %thnic +ilemmas! AFCBGAFHI .196!0. ,ho(gh + have not *ritten a ook directly on (r an iss(es, + have *ritten )any articlesHand in the 1)erican conte8t there 7 $06 7 is no *ay of )aking a sharp distinction et*een (r an sociology and the sociology of race and ethnicity. &ealing *ith race, ethnicity, and (r an iss(es, + *as inevita ly dra*n into social policy, and )(ch of )y *riting for the past fifteen years has dealt *ith iss(es in that field. Clearly )y e8perience has circ()scri ed the areas on *hich + feel + can *rite *ith any sense of confidence, and rarely does an article, essay, or ook revie* of )ine go eyond these o(nds. + regret this narro*ness. B(t *ith no ase in either large theory or a generally applica le )ethodology, + do not feel + can deal effectively *ith a topic + cannot approach, at least in so)e )eas(re, thro(gh e8perience

Hif not directly, then y analogy. Plainly + a) only in part a sociologist. + have also een an editor, for Avukah Stu ent Action , the )ontemporary 2ewish &ecor ! )ommentary , and The $ublic Interest and at 1nchor Books and 'ando) 5o(se. ,he role of early connections is evident in )y c(rrent editorial role *ith The $ublic Interest , fo(nded y +rving >ristol and &aniel Bell *hile + *as living in Berkeley. My s(cceeding Bell as coeditor reflected not only )y o*n shift to policy concernsHa shift + date fro) the late 19F0s and early 19"0s (t *hich *as evident eforeH (t also the shift of others, s(ch as >ristol and Bell. Beca(se + *as, on the one hand, an editor, interpreter, and translatorHnot, + think, a pop(lari@erH thro(gh )y editorial roles and, on the other, interested in policy, sociology, *hich in its conte)porary for) has esche*ed policy advice, *as not f(lly congenial. ,h(s *hile + *as a )e) er of the sociology depart)ent at the University of California, )y )ain 3o *as the interpretive one of presenting the social sciences to non/social?science )a3ors, and + c(ltivated connections *ith the &epart)ent of City Planning and the 2chool of 2ocial 4ork. 1s a )e) er of the sociology depart)ent at 5arvard )y )ain 3o is in the :rad(ate 2chool of =d(cationH*hich is also so)ething of a school of p( lic policy and social iss(es. ,hese )i8ed roles are in part a res(lt of the )i8ed career + have follo*ed and conseG(ently of the opport(nities that *ere offered to )e- (t they are in larger part a )atter of taste. ,he skepticis) a o(t the sociological theory that + first e8pressed as early as 19B9 has not een )odified y the history of sociology since then. B(t sociology, + elieve, *as the only acade)ic discipline that )ight have acco))odated )e and people like )e. %or a long ti)e it *as necessary to e8plain that sociology *as not social *ork and not socialis). B(t for so)e of (s *ho *ere involved *ith socialis), and *ho *o(ld never a andon concern *ith the practical iss(es of society that 7 $09 7 social *ork represented, sociology offered a spacio(s ho)e. +t *as not necessary to vo* fealty to any theory or )ethodology. 4ith so)e key iss(es in the *orld, an involve)ent in *hich one a ided y the nor)al canons of scholarshipHread the literat(re, footnoted the facts, and e8a)ined the validity of oneDs ideas the est one co(ldH*as all that sociology de)anded, at least of those *ho, thro(gh accidents of history, selected it as the discipline *ithin *hich they *o(ld *ork. + hope that at the )argin it *ill contin(e to offer this opport(nity. 7 $11 7

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7 $1! 7

$ha/ter Nine4 An Un*i=e*y !tory

,ohn 0agnon ;a)ing the *ays in *hich the events of an individ(alDs life have infl(enced his or her *orks is necessarily a tricksterDs task. +t reG(ires a decision that, first, there is so)e *ork separate fro) the events of the life and, second, that the order of effect is fro) life to *ork. 5o* )(ch )ore interesting it )ight e if one asked ho* *riting a certain article affected the *ay the a(thor reared children or loved friends. =ven as + s( )it to the (s(al a(to iographical pretense that early life affects later life, that non*ork life affects the content of the *ork, + s( )it to the reader that *e are conflating t*o te)porary representations, the representation of a life and the representation of a ody of *orks. ;either the events nor the *orks *ill e in this ne* representation *hat they *ere *hen e8perienced or prod(ced. ,his version *ill e f(ll of denied a sences and ill(sory presences, of voices strangled and ventriloG(is) practiced- it *ill add (p to tr(ths and fancies )asG(erading as each other. ,his creation of a pla(si le past )(st s( )it to at least t*o kinds of de)ands of the present, first to the conte)porary selves that *ill recollect the past, and second to the present?day fashions of )aking a(to iographical sense. 4hen + think a o(t )y o*n past it see)s to e a doc(dra)a .perhaps a fic()entary, a doction, a faction0 that + re?create, not G(ite on a daily asis (t often eno(gh, to prod(ce a se) lance of a(thorship for a(diences of different *eights and valences. ,here are, of co(rse, certain epiphanies, episodes that *hen ela orated and condensed can e co)forta ly told to nearly everyone, incl(ding )y self. B(t even these rit(al professions provide 7 $1B 7 only a fragile link et*een )y recollections and the listing of *orks in )y c(rric(l() vitae. =ven *hen + reread in a c(rrent c.v. the s)all n() er of *orks attri (ted solely to :agnon, + have no certain )e)ory of having een the a(thor of those te8ts. 5o* )(ch )ore s(spect are the )a3ority of citations listed as J . . . and :agnon,J J:agnon and . . . ,J or J . . . , . . . , and :agnon.J 2o)eti)es + recall the conte8ts in *hich + *rote or talked, and the colleag(es *ho *rote or talked *ith )e, (t the ideas and the te8t into *hich they *ere )ade are strange to )e. 1ltho(gh + a) *illing to take credit and salary for that portion of JitJ or Jthe)J that others elieve + have done, the portion + elieve + have done is so)e*hat different fro) the instit(tional esti)ates. 4hatever )y transient clai)s to auctoritas )ight have een, it is a sense of detach)ent that no* do)inates. + so)eti)es *ish detach)ent *o(ld eco)e indifference, (t one )(st eat. 9ately + have, *ith so)e perverse co)fort, eg(n to think of )y life as an e8tended e8a)ple of to(ris). + no longer *ish to e a s(ccessf(l native or even a virt(o(s traveler. + like etter the fig(re *ith ca)era that has 3(st stepped do*n fro) the (s to pa(se for a fe* )o)ents in front of everyday faLades cro*ded *ith to(r g(ides, confectionery sellers, and postcard and so(venir ha*kers, *hose speeches and gest(res and silences *ill only e frag)entarily (nderstood. My itinerary egins *ith conception. + traveled, *hile in the *o) , fro) a &epression?gripped )ining to*n in 1ri@ona to e orn in a dying )ill to*n in Massach(setts. My )other *as forty?three, (t + *as spared visi le irth defects. 2he *as a devo(t 'o)an Catholic for her entire life and ca)e fro) hard*orking and te)perate +rish stock. 2he *ent to *ork in the raid shops *hen she *as t*elve. Mary =))a M(rphy *as )arried at age thirty to a %rench Canadian in a to*n *here the Can(cks *ere

eginning to fall elo* the a) itio(s Port(g(ese in the ethnic )orality play. My father had r(n a*ay fro) ho)e .and the cotton )ills0 *hen he *as fifteen and had ret(rned a decade later, an atheist and a 4o ly, after ho oing and hard?rock )ining in Montana, 1laska, Colorado, and 1ri@onaHor at least so the fa)ily legend *ent. + think + can attest to the )ining, the atheis), and the anarchis), (t not to the places. +n this divided ho(se )y )other forced a decision a o(t )y fate. + *as to e her child, a child of the ch(rch, a child of +rish respecta ility, a printer or a post office *orkerHno atheis), no anarchis), no *orking in the )ines. My father honored the argain, tho(gh as + gre* older he 7 $1F 7 offered )e a ook or t*o that cast do( t on the )orality of the ro er arons and the )ining ind(stry. 2ecretly he )ay have een relieved y not having to ear the responsi ility for )y fate, (t he never let on. By the ti)e + *as fo(r *e *ere )oving again, first to a Civilian Conservation Corps ca)p in Eer)ont and then, at the otto) of the &epression, ack across the co(ntry to Bis ee, 1ri@ona, the place of )y conception. :ood ye to respecta le poverty- hello, raggedy?ass poor. My )other changed )y irthday to get )e into school ahead of )y class- + tho(ght + *as orn on Col() (s &ay for at least another five years. Co)ic ooks, %lash :ordon, &i ers of the $urple Sage! the :rand Ale Apry on the radio, Life )aga@ine, heat lightning in the sky, arren ochre hillsides, )ining slag heaps, p(lled teeth, car sickness, eyeglasses, first co))(nion, stations of the cross, night)ares. My sister *ent a*ay to n(rseDs training at 5otel &ie( in =l Paso- *e took a (s to visit her *hen she grad(ated, and + sa* The Wi.ar of O. . My )other and + *ent to ch(rch- + skipped catechis), *as afraid of the n(ns and :od, lied at confession, and played alone. My father read ooks and )ade speeches, and they ran (s o(t of to*n. 4e looked like Akies, and at the <()a crossing into California the state police treated (s like Akies. ,hey said they *ere looking for prohi ited fr(it and vegeta les that )ight e hiding the prec(rsors of the dreaded Mediterranean fr(it fly. 2o )y father took the )attress off the roof of the Model 1 and e)ptied o(t all of the o8es and pillo*cases and s(itcases onto the gro(nd. ,he cops fingered the cotton dresses and the deni) *ork clothes and the *orn edding, (t did not find *hat they *ere looking for. 4elco)e to the :arden of =den. 9ong Beach d(ring 4orld 4ar ++ was paradise. ,he three of (s lived in a one?roo), *ood?sided, canvas?roofed, ar)y?style tent for t*o years and shared a one?roo) apart)ent after that. My parents slept on a M(rphy ed, and + slept on the co(ch. + do not re)e) er a pri)al scene. ,here *as an antiaircraft attery stationed in front of the apart)ent (ilding, et*een the oard*alk and the each, (ntil 19B!. ,he night sky d(ring the lacko(t *as dist(r ingly f(ll of stars. + learned ho* distant they *ere, and + *as dist(r ed in a different *ay. + started school *earing short pants and *as reg(larly chased ho)e y redheaded Ci))y AD'eilly, *hose father had ta(ght hi) ho* to o8. My father said + had to fight )y o*n attles, so + took to sk(lking ho)e y ack alleys. My )other o(ght )e long pants, (t that did not )ake )e rave. + liked a girl in the fifth grade and traded her )ayonnaise?on? *hite? read sand*iches for ra* fish, (t she *as sent to a concentration ca)p in 19B$. 7 $1" 7 +n the center of to*n *as one of 1ndre* CarnegieDs li raries. By the )iddle of the *ar + had read )y *ay tho(gh the childrenDs section and *as pro)oted (pstairs to the ad(lt ooks. + read *itho(t direction or discri)ination- + *as voracio(s, a canni al of other lives. 2ea stories, advent(res, historical

novelsH+ read 1eau 3este and Apartment in Athens and A 0arewell to Arms *itho(t raising )y eyes fro) the contin(o(s te8t. + tho(ght "oby +ick *as a ook a o(t *hales and did not (nderstand *hat the scarlet letter stood for. Ca)es Michener, =dna %er er, >athleen 4insor, ,ho)as B. Costain, %rank <er y, Coseph Conrad, and >n(t 5a)s(n had scri led 3(st for )e. ,he li rary *as a daily stop- it *as safer than the alleys, and on each ookshelf there *ere places to hide. Books, partic(larly ooks that *ere not tr(e, eca)e .and re)ain0 the )ost i)portant so(rce of kno*ledge in )y life. =verything that has happened to )e since then first eca)e kno*n to )e thro(gh the scri) of te8t. + learned a o(t tong(e kissing *hen reading 0orever Amber .a ook they nearly did not let )e take o(t0 and a o(t the thrill of looking (p a girlDs skirt fro) Stu s Lonigan! a thrill + acG(ired *itho(t kno*ing *hat + *as s(pposed to e looking at. + ca(ght the disease of science fiction *hile skipping catechis) lessons for confir)ation. ,here *as a (sed?)aga@ine shop in a (ngalo* do*n the street fro) the private ho)e in *hich the priest )et *ith those of (s *ho did not go to parochial school. + egan reading Worl War One Air Aces (t G(ickly s*itched to Astoun ing Science 0iction and Ama.ing Stories . + spent lovely, g(ilty 2at(rday )ornings leafing thro(gh the p(lp pages, disappearing into the f(t(re *hile *orrying *hether )y )other *o(ld find o(t that + did not kno* the 3(stifications for the third co))and)ent. ,he )(sty s)ell of decaying paper on shelves still evokes )editative G(iet in )e. 1s )y dependence on te8t gre*, the grip of the ch(rch *eakened. +t *as too de)anding, too frightening, too sing(lar. + *as (na le to treat religio(s pra8is *ith the reG(isite alance of indifference and attach)ent, to vie* sinning and eing forgiven as part of a cycle of cas(al poll(tion and easy p(rity. + took it all too serio(sly. ,he version of Catholic theology preached y the +rish pri)itives fro) the p(lpit of 2aint 1nthonyDs offered no co)fort, only terror. 1fter a series of )inor crises, visits to the Ces(its, and the like, )y spirit left, (t )y ody contin(ed to go to )ass *ith )y )other (ntil + left ho)e. J,here is no :od,J + said to Carlfred Broderick as *e *alked ho)e fro) Ben3a)in %ranklin C(nior 5igh 2chool one s(nny spring afternoon. + think + )ade so)e atte)pt at e8plaining *hy, and + think he *as shocked. + *as 7 $1# 7 fo(rteen. + *ent to ch(rch (ntil + *as seventeen- + *orried a it a o(t taking the *afer in )y )o(th *itho(t going to confession, (t that passed. 4hen + got to the University of Chicago, + read A $ortrait of the Artist as a 6oung "an and discovered a )ore co(rageo(s ancestor. My father died in the spring of )y apostasy. 1 )an in a green )ackintosh ca)e to the door at a o(t fo(r?thirty in the afternoon and asked *here )y )other *as. 5e *as the designated )essenger, pro a ly having een given the nasty 3o eca(se he lived near y: ,hey donDt have a phone, Charley, so yo(Dll have to do it. 1ny*ay itDs on yo(r *ay ho)e. + told hi) that )y )other *as at *ork. 4e stood at the open door. 4hen *o(ld she e ho)eK + *as not s(re. 4e sh(ffled a o(t for a )o)ent or t*o. ,hen he told )e that )y father had died that day at *ork. 5e said he *as sorry to have to ring the )essage, especially sorry to have to deliver it to a kid, (t he co(ldnDt *ait aro(nd eca(se he had to get ho)e to his fa)ily and, *ell, he *as sorry. + called the shipyard on a pay phone, hoping there had een a )istake, (t they told )e no )istake had een )ade. My )other ca)e ack an ho(r later, and + told her 3(st like that. 2he shrieked JAh )y :odJ and i))ediately ran a*ay to e co)forted y a neigh or *o)an. + have al*ays *ondered *hy she did not do( t, even for an instant, the tr(th of *hat + said, and *hy she did not pa(se to co)fort )e. My fatherDs death settled the covert str(ggle over )y religio(s, occ(pational, and political fateHno atheis), no )ines, no anarchy. 9ong after )y father died, )y )other said to )e that she *as glad that

she had o(tlived hi) eca(se he *as already thinking of ret(rning to the )ines. +ndeed, he had taken so)e of their tiny savings to (y part of a gold )ine *ith an old co)rade fro) the +nd(strial 4orkers of the 4orld. 2he had resc(ed the savings, and she tho(ght she had resc(ed )e. 1t the sa)e ti)e his death *as the )ost distal ca(se of )y attending the University of Chicago. My )other faced the choice of *hether *e sho(ld contin(e to live in California or ret(rn to %all 'iver, Massach(setts, *here her re)aining fa)ily still lived. 4e 3o(rneyed north via 2an %rancisco and 2pokane and then east thro(gh Chicago and ;e* <ork to %all 'iver. ,hese *ere the closing )o)ents of the age of the train. ,he s())er of 19B" *as for )e a great n()ino(s ti)e, a preserve of frag)ents only one of *hich is relevant to this tale. An o(r *ay ack fro) ;e* <ork to California *e had an e8tended stay in Chicago *hen the :olden 2tate 9i)ited *as delayed ten ho(rs. ,he day *as f(ll of to(ristic possi ilities ready to e sei@ed. %irst *e took a l(8(rio(s 7 $16 7 sho*er in the *hite?tiled athroo)s of Union 2tation, s()pt(o(s *ith soap, hot *ater, and fl(ffy to*els, and then stepped o(tside to the :rey 9ine to(r (ses *aiting in the 1(g(st s(n. 2hall it e the north side of the city or the so(th sideK ,he (s to the so(th side left first. 4e happily looked o(t the *indo*s at train stations, lack folks .*ho then lived in lack elts0, ch(rches, and parks and then headed do*n the Mid*ay Plaisance .oh 4orldDs %air na)esN0 to*ard 9ake Michigan. A(r (s slo*ly rolled et*een 5arper 9i rary on the left .J,he cro*ns on one to*er and the ishopsD hats on the other sy) oli@e the separation of ch(rch and state,J said the to(r g(ide0, B(rton and C(dson dor)itories on the right. 1gain on the left *e passed 'ockefeller Chapel, +da ;oyes 5all, and the 9a oratory 2choolHfake late?:othic stage sets. ,ho(gh (nlikely, it eing the end of s())er, perhaps 4illia) Ag (rn and =rnest B(rgess, and even 9o(is 4irth and =verett 5(ghes, )ay have een thinking sociological tho(ghts in their depart)ent offices at 11$" =ast 2i8tieth 2treet at the very )o)ent *e rode past. B(t these *ere not na)es and tho(ghts that + *o(ld have con3(red. Perhaps it *as the reverential tone of the to(r g(ide, the hot sho*er, the freedo) of eing on the road again, going ack to =den, that )ade )e say G(ite *itho(t pre)editationHindeed, ho* co(ld a poor fatherless child have )editated s(ch a thingKHJ+D) going to go to that (niversity.J My )other held her tong(e (t tho(ght .as she told )e later *hen + *as testing )y recollection of this story0, 4ho the hakes Sheck T does he think he isK +t is fort(nate for o(r contin(ing affections over the ne8t fo(r decades that she never let on *hether she had fo(nd o(t. + do not kno*, (t perhaps if *e had taken the north?side to(r first rather than second, + )ight have responded *ith eG(al passion to &ePa(l, 9oyola, or ;orth*estern or pledged )yself to eco)ing a BahaDi. My desire to go to the University of Chicago re)ained only a *ish that + invoked to defend )yself *hen + *as confronted y those *ho kne* they *ere going to 'eed, Berkeley, 2tanford, U2C, UC91, or even 5arvard. + secretly tho(ght that + *o(ld go to 9ong Beach City College. 1ct(ally, + did not plan to go to college at all eca(se + did not kno* the )echanics of going. Af co(rse + had read novels in *hich people *ent to college, (t they never said anything a o(t ho* to *rite for catalog(es or ho* to co)pose a convincing *hy?+?*ant?to?go?to?yo(r?college?)ore?than?anything?else?in?the?*orld essay. + had never kno*n anyone *ho had gone to college. ,hat state)ent is not literally tr(e- + had kno*n )any schoolteachers, (t it never occ(rred to )e that they had een licensed to teach *hat they ta(ght y attending college. A(r i)pov? 7 $19 7

erish)ent oth in )oney and, )ore i)portant, in )iddle?class craft )ade all colleges, incl(ding the University of Chicago, see) as far a*ay as the )oon. + *as, ho*ever, resc(ed y a kindly )an na)ed Aakes, later registrar of the University of Chicago, *ho ca)e to 9ong Beach Polytechnic 5igh 2chool on a recr(iting visit. 5e told )e ho* to apply to the (niversity and )ay even have arranged to send )e the application. 4itho(t that visit + *o(ld have gone to 9ong Beach City College. +t perple8es )e in retrospect *hy s(ch a )an *as *andering aro(nd the United 2tates in 19B9 to recr(it interested yo(th to the (niversity .that is ho* *e learned to call it, not the University of Chicago, or Chicago, 3(st the (niversity0. 5ad the (niversity p(t hi) on a train and ai)ed hi) *estK 4as he already in California for other reasonsK +t all see)ed nat(ral to )e at the ti)e. 4as this not *hat all (niversities didK M(ch later + *as told .perhaps falsely0 that these recr(iting efforts *ere part of an atte)pt to increase the national representation in the College. ,his + ass()e to e a code phrase for not having all of the (ndergrad(ate st(dentsHe8cept the disappearing e8?:+sH e yo(ng Ce*s fro) Chicago and ;e* <ork. + *onder so)eti)es *ho *as left o(t *hen + *as let in. + *ent to the College of the University of Chicago as an innocent. + had not (nderstood the plan of the (niversityDs president, 'o ert Maynard 5(tchins .*ho no* re)e) ers the 5(tchins planK0, nor that + *as to e s( 3ected to a *eek of e8a)inations to JplaceJ )e in the co(rse of st(dy that *o(ld )ake )e a li erally ed(cated )an. + recall eing given a short story y 5enry Ca)es and a paper on the theory of raids, oth of *hich + *as to read and on *hich + *as to e e8a)ined in a fe* days. + did not (nderstand either one. %ro) these e8a)inations + learned that it *o(ld take )e t*o years to get a slightly tainted B.1. .,r(e degrees take fo(r years- ti)e on task is ed(cation.0 + *as pro(d of getting the B.1. in t*o years (ntil + reali@ed that + *as e8actly *here + sho(ld have een- the first t*o years of the College *ere )eant for those *ho entered it after t*o years of high school. 2o )(ch for precocity. ,here *as a second set of reG(ired e8a)inationsHthe first co)plete physical + had ever een given. %ro) these e8a)inations + learned that + *as defined epide)iologically as a *anderer. 1s a conseG(ence of having lived fo(r years in Massach(setts, one year in Eer)ont, five years in 1ri@ona, and seven years in California, *ith asides to ;e* <ork, )y diseases co(ld not have local origins. + rather liked the ne* la el- it see)ed a it )ore pro)ising than saying *e )oved eca(se *e *ere 7 $$0 7 too poor to stay. + *as also told )y teeth *ere in ad shape, *hich *as attri (ted to s*eets (t *hich + la)ed on the *elfare dentist *ho) + avoided eca(se he did not (se novocaine. ,hese *ere only the first of a long series of )is(nderstandings et*een the (niversity and )e, )is(nderstandings often of )y )aking, to *hich the (niversity re)ained genero(sly indifferent (ntil they eca)e a (rea(cratic irritant. >indly deans then resolved the) in )y favor eca(se they tho(ght + had pro)ise, (t of s(ch )is(nderstandings and forgivenesses are disorderly careers )ade. My first ter) in the College *as e8G(isite. + can still recall the sylla i and + still reread )any of the assigned te8ts. + )et (p *ith c(lt(re and personality thro(gh %re(d, &(rkhei), :(nnar Myrdal, 1llison &avis, and Cohn &ollard. + cannot say that they )ade )(ch sense to )e on first reading, nor did a career in sociology s(ddenly see) a sensi le option *hen + listened to &avid 'ies)an and Philip 'ieff. More appealing to )y tastes *ere *orks y ,h(cydides, Milton, %orster, Coyce, 1(sten, &ostoyevski, and 5(8leyH*orks of fancy that called for response )ore than analysis. %ro) there on, it *as )ostly do*nhill- + *as not in any *ay prepared to grasp and order the opport(nity offered y the College and the (niversity to )ake learning into a career. + did not kno* ho*, and so each idea ca)e to )e as s*eetly and individ(ally as a flo*er, and on occasion + *o(ld gro(p a (nch of ideas into a o(G(et. +t *as good to kno*, (t kno*ing for *hat el(ded )e.

+t took )e five years to finish the t*o?year progra) of co(rses for the achelorDs degree, (t not eca(se + *as idle. +n retrospect + see)ed to have een frightf(lly (sy, (t )y life *as evasive and tangential rather than centered in the acade)y. + cannot re)e) er any deep intellect(al e8perience *ith the fac(lty in that entire periodHe8cept *ith =d*ard Bastian, *ho re)ained kind even as + st() led thro(gh a fine history preceptorial that he ta(ght. 5e s(ggested + *rite a o(t the Bloo)s (ry gro(p and read 1natole %rance. 5e told )e so)ething + treas(red as a co)pli)entHthat + had een orn old in the so(l. &(ring those five years + attended )any classes, often at the introd(ctory grad(ate level, (t act(ally + *as taking co(rses in 5arper 9i rary, )iddle?class practice, the city of Chicago, and Ce*ishness. My first 3o in Chicago *as shelving ooks in the stacks of 5arper 9i rary. 2helve one, ro*se t*o. ,he G(iet ho(rs *hen + *orked a)ong the P; and PP shelves *ere rather etter than the doldr()s of the 5s, tho(gh there *ere )any pleas(res in the &Cs and :;s. ,he eginnings of )iddle?class craftiness and good )anners + learned fro) yo(ng *o)en, partic(? 7 $$1 7 larly t*o, *hose fa)ilies ehaved *ith an (nco))on generosity to*ard a yo(ng )an *ho desperately *anted to please, did not kno* ho* to please, and hated hi)self for trying to e pleasing. B(t it *as the )e) rane et*een the (niversity and the city that offered the )ost vivid possi ilities. +t *as a stage for the )ost ro)antic, ohe)ian pretenses: drinking at the 5igh 5at or Ci))yDs- listening to 3a@@ at the Cadillac and Cro*n Propeller lo(nges on 2i8ty?third 2treet, at the Beehive on %ifty?fifth 2treet, or at the 2(therland 9o(nge on 2o(th Park*ay- and listening to folk )(sic on %olk*ays record la el, the local <o(ng PeopleDs 2ocialist 9eag(e singers, or at Big Bill and MooreDs. + *ent to the )ovies *itho(t let(p. ,here see)ed to e pro3ectors r(nning in every rectang(lar roo) of the (niversity as *ell as triple feat(res at the >en and the >i) on 2i8ty?third 2treet. 1nd there *as *ork that + did for pay on asse) ly lines and in )achine shops, ice plants, and packing ho(ses. ,he *ork kept re)inding )e of *hat + did not *ant to e, (t + still did not kno* *hat + *anted to e. 1nd it *as the *ork that paid the rent. +f the University of Chicago had ref(sed so)e Ce*ish applicant to accept )e, a goy, it had, in an indirect sense, failed. %or + *as far )ore v(lnera le to *hat appeared to )e to e the coherent c(lt(ral clai)s of sec(lar, cos)opolitan for)s of Ce*ishness than theories of ethnoreligio(s origins )ight have predicted. +n early adolescence + *as already .if invisi ly0 detached fro) the religio(s feelings that are the core of 1)ericani@ed +rish Catholicis), e8cept perhaps the terrors of da)nation. By the ti)e + *as fifteen even those fears ca)e in infreG(ent s(rges, and finally they *ere replaced y an appreciation of the r(te indifference of the physical *orld .nat(re signifying e)ptiness rather than an occasion for a*e0 and the tho(ghtf(l cr(elties of h()ankind. + *as also detached fro) )y *orking?class *orld of inter)ittent poverty and intellect(al )indlessness. 1s a so)e*hat co*ardly and physically inept yo(th, the conventional *orking?class hierarchies of strength and se8(al e8ploitation *ere o(tside )y a ilities even *hen they *ere relevant. 1t the sa)e ti)e + had no interest at all in C(dais), only in *hat + took to e a co))on )arginality and a co))on interest in the ook. Being ookish took )e to the (niversity, and it *as there that + first )et a large n() er of people *ho *ere ookish eyond )y drea)s. ,hey *ere nearly all Ce*s, part of that post*ar release of Ce*s into the )ainstrea) of life in the United 2tates as the intensity of anti?2e)itis) in acade)ic life egan to fall. +t *as not that these yo(ng people *ere all intellect(als, indeed )ost *ere cli) ers in the (rea(cracies and the

7 $$$ 7 professions or )ere careerists of the ook. 5o*ever, they see)ed to val(e, perhaps only for that )o)ent and in that conte8t, perhaps only for p(rposes of gossip and elonging, the only activities at *hich + had talent. 5ad there een a place for socially )o ile infidels at the (niversities of Cairo or Baghdad in the great ages of +sla)ic life, + *o(ld have eco)e a near?1ra . + *as (na*are of Ce*s in any deep *ay efore that ti)e. + did not even kno* the (niversal Christian fact that the Ce*s had killed Ces(s. + )ay have )issed that point since + often daydrea)ed d(ring )ass. =ven r()ors of the *hirl*ind had passed )e y in )y provincial =den, tho(gh the death )arch at Bataan and 4ake +sland *ere incl(ded in the attractions at the United 1rtists )ovie ho(se. + )ay have fallen in love in the s())er of 19B9 *ith a girl a o(t *ho) it *as said that she, a Ce*, had s(rvived in :er)an?occ(pied Poland y pretending to e a Christian. + a) not s(re any)ore *hether + *as in love or even *hether + sho(ld elieve the story, (t + like re)e) ering that she looked like +ngrid Berg)an. + a) carried ack y this )editation f(rther into )y adolescence, to a ti)e *hen + did not (nderstand *hy ;athan ,(cker co(ld not play on 2at(rday. 5e *o(ld disappear a ove his fatherDs tailor shop, *here on every other day of the *eek sailors fro) the ;avy *o(ld co)e to e fitted for their dress l(es and (y their co) at ri ons. +t *as the first stage of the rit(al of Jgetting l(ed, scre*ed, and tattooed.J 1fter )y father died, ;athanDs father took (s fishing in the 2ierra ;evada )o(ntains, *here + did not catch a fish in a *hole *eek. +t *as the only e8tended ti)e + ever spent *ith ;athanDs father. + never learned his first na)e, (t it *as of co(rse a different ti)e, and + *o(ld not have called hi) y it in any case. &(ring the period + kne* ;athan he )(st have een ar )it@vahed, (t + *as not a*are of that event even as a cere)ony, nor *as + a*are that h(ndreds of tho(sands of children o(r sa)e age *ere eing )(rdered in =(rope. ;athan and + G(arreled violently on the hand all co(rt *hen *e *ere fifteen- he hit )e *ith the all three ti)es, + tho(ght deli erately. + thre* the all at hi) and hit hi), the only Ce* + ever physically attacked, (t + did not kno* then that he *as a Ce*. ,hat G(arrel see)ed to end o(r friendship. 2till + do not think that *e *o(ld have een friends )(ch longer, for he *as not very ookish. +t is o(t of the (niversity conte8t of Ce*ishness that + )arried a Ce*ish *o)an . y parentage, not religio(s training0 and had t*o Ce*ish children .so identified y Mosaic, ;(re) (rg, and 2oviet la*s0. + *orry 7 $$! 7 a o(t the), as + do a o(t )y close friends, nearly all of *ho) are Ce*ish and nonreligio(s. + do not think the era of pogro)s and holoca(st is over. ,hat *orry, the circle of people + love, and ookishness co)prise )y Ce*ishness. +n this pec(liar (nion of Eenn diagra)s are represented the i))ediacy of terror and love and the distance fo(nd in the te8t and the li rary. 4hat then to do or feel a o(t Uionist coloni@ation, land e8propriation, orthodo8 theocracy, Menache) Begin and the 2tern gang, the 4est Bank, 2hatila and 2a raK Perhaps )y Ce*ishness has nothing to do *ith those )atters, (t only perhaps. ,he *orld fashioned y history does not allo* )e to choose )y connections. Uionist coloni@ation ca)e after pogro)s, +srael after holoca(stHone ent*ined in the other, as the Palestinian diaspora is another t*ist in the rope after the esta lish)ent of +srael. ,here is no place to stand at ease, happily convinced of the rightness of oneDs stand in the )idst of co)peting in3(stice and )isery. + entered the grad(ate progra) in sociology at Chicago largely as the res(lt of fail(re, drift, and )isadvent(re. My vag(e occ(pational drea)s in high school had een of the hard sciences, (t an inept perfor)ance in calc(l(s and a certain penchant for te8t deflected )e fro) that path. Medicine *as o(t early, a sort of nonchoice. +t *as )y first enco(nter *ith the (ngloved reality principle at the

(niversity: P'=M=& 1&E+2=': C:: P1: C:: P1: C:: P1: &o yo( have all 1Ds in the sciencesK ;o. +s yo(r father a doctorK ;o. 5o* )(ch )oney do yo( haveK ;one. %orget it.

Psychology *as eli)inated y t*o short intervie*s on a hot 1(g(st day in 19F$. + s(spected that the first great love affair of )y life *as ending and hoped that if + co(ld )ake an honest )an of )yself, she )ight think )ore positively of o(r sharing the f(t(re together. 2o + tried to get so)e vocational co(nseling as + slithered do*n the occ(pational aspiration scale. +t is diffic(lt to co))(nicate the f(sing of heat and s)ell of an 1(g(st day in the Chicago of the 19F0s. ,he sky *as leached )ilky *hite- the edges of real (ildings G(ivered in the heat, *hereas the edge et*een shado* and light *as hard- the asphalt s(cked at the soles of shoes. ,he *ind lo*ing fro) the *est *as thick *ith )(tant )olec(les. +t carried the taint fro) the packing ho(ses and 7 $$B 7 tanneries and the heavy )etals and co)ple8 organic *aste fro) the vents of factories. ,he ena)el finishes aked off the cars as they spe*ed lead, car on, and s(lf(r o(t of their e8ha(sts. %(t(re cancers *ere in every reath. +n ack of the University of Chicago Press (ilding *ere so)e leftover 4orld 4ar ++ arracks, one of *hich ho(sed rats and rat psychologists. An the second floor + fo(nd one of the healthiest )en + had even seen. 5e *as sitting G(ite co)posed at his desk, his ro* not even da)p, his shirt neatly pressed, his nose (noffended y the e8traordinary stench of the place. 2tretching a*ay fro) (s do*n the length of the arracks *ere *hat see)ed to e h(ndreds of 2kinner o8es in *hich rats *ere sG(eaking, p(shing levers, eating re*ards, and shitting thro(gh the grills into trays. ,he tho(sands of little clicks of the lever *ere eing recorded y inked needles on endless loops of graph paper. ,here *ere a co(ple of ani)al tenders in *hite coats *ho see)ed to e constantly engaged in filling the token dispensers *ith tiny pellets of food and *heeling o(t gar age pails f(ll of tiny pellets of shit. ,he )an told )e that the f(t(re of psychology *as no* to e fo(nd in the intersect of physiology and learning, and he proposed a c(rric(l() that so(nded s(spicio(sly like the pre)ed progra) e8cept that yo( did not get the golden handshake *hen yo( *ere done. 5e asked if + )inded *hether he ate l(nch *hile *e talked. 4hen + voiced no o 3ectionHindeed + enco(raged hi)Hhe took o(t a acon, lett(ce, and to)ato sand*ich on *hite read thickly s)eared *ith )ayonnaise. =ach ti)e he it into it, a little )ayonnaise p(lsed (p each of the grooves et*een his *hite, perfect front teeth. + thanked hi) for his ti)e and olted into the s(nlight. My second appoint)ent *as in a G(asi?Eictorian (ilding across %ifty?eighth 2treet fro) the arracks *here they kept the clinical psychologists. + cli) ed (p fo(r creaky flights of stairs (ntil + reached a elfry office. ,he office *as distinctly cooler and di))er than the o(tside, and a s)all, dark )an looked (p fro) *hat he *as reading to ask )e *hat + *anted. + said + tho(ght + )ight *ant to eco)e a psychologist. &id + (nderstand that )any people eca)e psychologists only to solve their personal pro le)sK + kne* eno(gh %re(d to nod appreciatively at this insight. &id + not think that it )ight e est to seek therapy, to set the )ental record straight, so to speak, efore )aking an occ(pational

choice of this kindK + said that his idea had )erit and thanked hi) and left. My s(spicion that )y lover )ight e planning to leave )e for so)eone *ith etter chances in life see)ed sadly reason? 7 $$F 7 a le as + *aited for the (s to take )e to Continental Can for the afternoon shift. + drifted aro(nd the (niversity trying to avoid the fact that + had not passed the lang(age co(rse reG(ired for the B.1. +t *as also tr(e that if + had passed the e8a) + *o(ld have had to give (p a s)all scholarship that the (niversity provided )e and *o(ld have had to decide *hat to do *hen + gre* (p. 2o + sa)pled the grad(ate social sciences: a little anthropology, a disastro(s sociology co(rse fro) =verett 5(ghes, ind(strial relations, the history of trade (nions, psychology, econo)ic planning. %inally so)eone discovered that tho(gh + *as still officially a st(dent in the College, + had taken no co(rses in the College for a n() er of years and + *as )aking no progress to*ard the degree. + *as for idden to register for f(rther co(rses. + *as still passing as a proletarian at the aircraft engine division of %ord Motor Co)pany, and that 3o paid the rent. + *as no* also ready to )arry, (t *e had agreed to do so only if + finally received a degree. Proletarians )ay e ro)antic, (t only if they have the pro)ise of eco)ing for)er proletarians. + passed the co(rse, received a degree, and )arriedHthe alternative *as the fantasy of learning to play fla)enco g(itar in a ar in Pal)a, Ma3orca. ,he )eaning of the past does indeed co)e to )eet one fro) the f(t(re. + then egan sliding do*n the acade)ic f(nnel to*ard a grad(ate degree in sociology. + had already sa)pled the early?19F0s Chicago depart)entH5(ghes, 1nsel) 2tra(ss, 5orton, Philip 5a(ser, and the yo(ng Atis &(dley &(ncanHand then + took co(rses fro) the hy rid Col() ia?Chicago depart)entH Ci) Cole)an, Peter Bla(, Peter 'ossi, =lih( >at@, and .tho(gh they did not have the right ancestry, they did have the correct attit(de0 :ood)an, %red 2trod eck, and Ci) &avis. ,hese *ere (sy years since y then + *as *orking f(ll?ti)e at the Cook Co(nty Cail for the professor?sheriff Coseph 9oh)an. +n a fit of senti)entality + even took co(rses fro) Clifford 2ha* .does anyone re)e) er The 2ackroller= 0. ,here is no *ay neatly to s())ari@e these years. + learned a great deal of sociology since + faithf(lly *ent to classes and did assign)ents. B(t no partic(lar idea and certainly no intellect(al post(re of these teachers eca)e )ine. 1s + reread this passage it see)s arrogant, (t it is not )eant to e. ,hese scholars *ere interested in training people in the profession .and good training it *as0, and *hatever other )ental passions they had *ere hidden ehind their e8traordinary craft. + never )et any of the) o(tside of the classroo), nor co(ld + call any of the) a friend. ,he fact that they spoke and + listened )ade the) see) )(ch older than +, tho(gh they *ere not. + did not kno* *ell any of )y 7 $$" 7 conte)poraries in grad(ate school, tho(gh + can trot o(t the na)es of the fairly large n() er *ho have eco)e fa)o(s in the *ays sociologists eco)e fa)o(s. + kne* Philips C(tright *ell for a ti)e .o(r first )arriages took place on consec(tive days0, and + kne* Bill 2i)on etter than )ost- *e helped each other at e8a) ti)e and in statistics (t had no sense of a shared fate. + do not kno* *hat + learned fro) *orking at the co(nty 3ail. + *as only t*enty?three *hen + started and in ti)e *as third or fo(rth in ad)inistrative a(thority. 4hen tear gas *as fired to G(ell a dist(r ance, + *as so)eti)es fifth or si8th, as 4arden Cohnson, Captain Mako*ski, and an +talian lie(tenant took priority in those circ()stances. + grasp for phrases that offer a gli)pse of that place that *as the center of )y e)otional life for three and a half yearsHso)eti)es it *as iffo? ongo J5ill 2treet Bl(esJ *ith real lood, so)eti)es a tragico)edy in the cloacal regions- it *as al*ays the heart

of darkness. 1nd it *as also a 3o . ,he only re)nants of those years are a s(rdist fa les and the love + recollect having for a )an na)ed 5ans Mattick. 5e *as the assistant *arden of the prison *hen + arrived, and *hat + learned fro) hi) are those analities of spirit a o(t *hich one is asha)ed to speak in these )odern ti)es. My first *ife tho(ght + loved hi) )ore than + loved her. + protested against that vie* at the ti)e partially eca(se if it *ere tr(e it see)ed to e a etrayal of o(r )arriage vo*s and partially eca(se she insisted on la eling it latent ho)ose8(ality .psychiatric social *ork has its char)s0. + a) no* pers(aded she *as right on the love co(nt, tho(gh + prefer, even no* *hen s(ch attach)ents are )ore genero(sly regarded, the rhetoric of friendship. 1s a res(lt of helping to )anage this ranch of the lo*er intestine of (r an life, + had, y indecision, evolved into so)eone *ho *as elieved to kno* so)ething a o(t dr(gs, delinG(ency, cri)e, and prisons and *ho had passed the Ph.&. co)prehensive e8a)inations. My career at the +nstit(te for 2e8 'esearch egan *ith a visit fro) 4ardell Po)eroy, one of the coa(thors of the original >insey reports. 5e *as looking for so)eone trained in the social sciences *ho *as kno*ledgea le a o(t *orking?class and cri)inal pop(lations .the lo*er social level, +2' people called the)0 and co)forta le *ith the topic. >insey had een dead for t*o years, and the c(rrent tea) *as co)pleting the intervie*ing, data analysis, and *riting for the p( lication of a )a3or vol()e on se8 offenders. + *as )ore than a little a) ivalent a o(t the prospect of se8 research .a o(t *hich + had read only the selection on se8(al ehavior and social class in )lass! Status an $ower , edited y 'einhard 7 $$# 7 Bendi8 and 2ey)o(r Martin 9ipset, 19F!0, and + *as a o(t as rela8ed a o(t the topic as any other (p*ardly )o ile for)er +rish Catholic )ale. My o*n se8(al life *as as (ninspired as it co(ld e .+ later discovered the hollo*ness of se8(al inspiration0, and *hatever se8(al history + had acc()(lated *as largely fro) individ(al or 3oint follies. + *as losing )y 3o at the 3ail eca(se of an +llinois la* that for ade co(nty sheriffs to s(cceed the)selves in office, the 3(stification of *hich *as that if yo( co(ld not enrich yo(rself in a single fo(r?year ter) at the p( lic tro(gh, yo( did not deserve a second opport(nity. ;o one else *as offering )e a 3o at the ti)e, and to ret(rn to the (niversity *o(ld have )ade )e a degraded st(dent again. My *ife *anted to have a child, and there *as al*ays the rent. + kne* no )ore a o(t the >insey reports than Time )aga@ine *as *illing to tell. 1ct(ally, the first ti)e + heard of the) *as in 19B9 *hen + *ent o(t *ith the )ale troop *ho h(ng aro(nd on the oard*alk in front of o(r apart)ent (ilding. 4e visited a ho)ose8(al )an *ho lived in a flat in 2eal Beach. 5e gave (s eer and and told (s a o(t o(r )a))alian ho)ose8(al heritage and that, according to >insey, one )an in three had had se8 *ith )en. My co)patriots had done so)e h(stling, (t + did not fig(re that o(t for nearly a decade. + had also heard >insey give a p( lic lect(re in Chicago 3(st efore his death, (t + do not recall *hat he said- it )(st have een so)ething a o(t the conflict et*een c(lt(re, the la*, and o(r )a))alian heritage. ,he first years of )y career in se8 research *ere pastoral. Bloo)ington, +ndiana, *here the instit(te *as located, had pec(liar po*ers of place, for it *as a *orld *itho(t any distractions fro) the professional or the do)estic. +n those early years + learned a great deal a o(t se8 in vario(s species, *atched fil)s of vario(s species doing se8(al things, *andered thro(gh the collections of erotica, even learned ho* to intervie* in the correct >insey fashion .for a description of this arcane skill see the section on intervie*ing in Se#ual 1ehavior in the /uman "ale 0. +t has occ(rred to )e that if + o(tlive all of )y colleag(es of that period + )ay e the last person on earth to possess that kno*ledge in practice. + *ill e a living artifact *aiting to e tapped for a )arginal dissertation on the history of )ethod. 1s + learned )ore a o(t se8, + drifted a*ay fro) sociology, tho(gh 1lfred 9indes)ith, 1l ert

Cohen, and 2heldon 2tryker served as )y disciplinary anchors as *ell as )y friends. &aily life *as f(ll of research and la*ns and a ies and fac(lty dinners and grant applications and cocktail parties and local gossip and )ortgages and s*ing sets and 3o(rnal articles and ackyard ar ec(es and r()ors of tiny infideli? 7 $$6 7 ties. ,he co)forting ro(nds of yo(ng?fac(lty lives *orked the)selves o(t against the shaping p(rposes of (niversity rhyth)s. 4e *ere allo*ed to e tho(ghtless eca(se it had all een so *ell tho(ght o(t efore. 4hen + arrived at the +nstit(te for 2e8 'esearch it *as dying in the G(iet *ay )ost instit(tions die, y reenacting its old ro(tines. +ndeed, the res(lt of )y first years there *as a ook that *as the end of a tradition, the last of the great statistical life history st(dies of the varieties of se8 offenders. Se# Offen ers is of so)e (se, even tho(gh it s(ffers fro) pro le)s of sa)pling and analysis and, )ost devastatingly, fro) concept(al li)itations. B(t for )e it *as a pro3ect *ith direction, a )o)ent() that p(lled )e along. 4hatever )y do( ts a o(t the >insey traditionHthe fictive nat(re of the se8(al life history, its a straction fro) individ(al e8perience, the transfor)ation of pleas(re into o(tlet, the fictions of the )a))alian traditionHthey *ere )inor *hen *eighted against the force of ongoing involve)ent. ,his is not a denial of )y active participation in >insey *ork, only an atte)pt to place it at the intersection of three historical processes: the prod(ction of social?science te8ts, the prod(ction of a career, and, no*, the prod(ction of a consideration of the sa)e te8ts and career. +n the spring of 19"B 4illia) 2i)on drove thro(gh Bloo)ington as he traveled fro) 2o(thern +llinois University, *here he *as teaching, to a CA%A .Congress of %ederated Argani@ations0 )eeting, a civil? rights )ove)ent training progra) at Mia)i University in Ahio. + *as not in Bloo)ington then, (t he stopped again *hen he ret(rned *est. 4e had seen each other a fe* ti)es *hile he *as still in Chicago, (t only at the 1)erican 2ociological 1ssociation )eetings after he *ent to 2o(thern +llinois. 4e had largely lost to(ch. %or a variety of reasons he *as on the 3o )arket, and for a variety of different reasons the instit(te *as looking for a ne* staff )e) er. +t *as a propitio(s pit stop, not least eca(se a local resta(rant offered (s the c(rio(s delicacy Jchocolate pie in season.J ,he instit(te *as still *inding do*n. Clyde Martin .one of the first of >inseyDs colla orators0 had left in 19"0- 4ardell Po)eroy *as thinking of leaving and finally left to go into private practice as a therapist in ;e* <ork City in the )id?19"0s. ,he f(ll?ti)e research staff *o(ld soon e do*n to t*o. =veryone *as e8traordinarily active, (t )ost of the *ork *as in the service of the collectivity and the past. ,he >insey ethos *as to s( ordinate the individ(al to the goals of the collective .(s(ally identified *ith >inseyDs0. %or e8a)ple, (ntil after 4illia) 2i)on and + left, no individ(al researcher received royalties for ooks or 7 $$9 7 honoraria for speeches- all those )oneys *ere contri (ted to the instit(teDs o*n f(nds. ,he vol()e on se8 offenders *as a collective pro3ect conceived in the >insey era- it rested on intervie*s collected efore 19"0, and the analysis and *riting of that ook do)inated o(r efforts (ntil 19"!. 'esearch s(pport for the instit(tion at that ti)e *as a grant to transfer all of the original case histories .so)e seventeen tho(sand intervie*s0 to p(nch cards. ,his coding operation reG(ired eli)inating even the slightest chance of identifying s( 3ects fro) the intervie* sched(les as *ell as deciphering the arcane )anner in *hich the intervie*s *ere originally coded. =ven *ith a cre* of a do@en coders the process

took so)e three years to co)plete. ,he activities of the instit(teDs li rary and archive (lked large in everyoneDs lives- ne* )aterials *ere constantly eing added to the collection, and older )aterials needed catalog(ing and preservation. 1t the sa)e ti)e there *as a constant strea) of nota les visiting +ndiana University *ho *ished to see the collections of erotica and e taken for a to(r. ,he to(r (s(ally egan *ith the )ysteries of the intervie* sched(le .Jall ite)s are )e)ori@ed y the intervie*erJ0 and the fact that the key to connecting the na)e file and the intervie*s the)selves *as kno*n only y )e)ory to senior )e) ers of the staff .Jthey never travel on the sa)e plane lest the code e lost foreverJ0. ,he to(r g(ide then opened selected green ca inets containing erotic e8a)ples of Per(vian (rial pots, Capanese nets(ke, and Chinese prints. ,he to(r ended *ith slightly de)orali@ed to(rists looking at the spines of erotic ooks in the li rary. ,his *as the second ti)e + had een a to(r g(ide- the first *as at the co(nty 3ail, *here *e took citi@ensD gro(ps and vario(s nota les .5enry %onda *hen he appeared in Twelve Angry "en , ;elson 1lgren after he had *ritten The "an with a 3ol en Arm , a to(gh?looking general in the shah of +ranDs ar)y0 aro(nd the prison to ed(cate the) a o(t the need for prison refor). J+n this instit(tion,J *e *o(ld tell the), J*e have city, state, and federal prisoners, )en and *o)en, ad(lts and 3(veniles- *e have a daily co(nt of a o(t t*o tho(sand prisoners in a (ilding designed for thirteen h(ndred- all of the cells are si8 feet y fo(r feet y nine feet, designed s)all to hold only one person, tho(gh *e no* have t*o people in )ore than half the cells in the instit(tion- *e t(rn over t*enty tho(sand prisoners a year- "0 percent of the prisoners here have een sentenced, and sentences range fro) one day to five years- *e have thirteen )en sentenced to dieHnote the electric chair on yo(r left.J +n addition to the collective effort d(ring this period, + *rote a n()? 7 $!0 7 er of (ne8ceptional articles on se8 offenders, victi)s of se8 offenses, and se8 and aging, pri)arily fro) archival data. + *as co))itted to )aking the archives and li rary accessi le to o(tside scholars since these represented enor)o(s invest)ents of ti)e and energy that *ere virt(ally (n(sed. ,he pro le) *as to reach the arriers to the archives for o(tsiders, arriers that *ere created *hen the instit(te *as in its initial phase of develop)ent. Can anyone today e8perience directly *hat it )(st have een like for >insey to *ander thro(gh a 19B0s and 19F0s se8(al (nder*orld collecting eroticaK ,o elieve, and then to *rite, that )ast(r ation, ho)ose8(ality, and oral se8 *ere no cri)eK +t *as a *orld in *hich the n(dist )aga@ine, the striptease, and the stag night *ere the o(ter li)its of the erotic. +t *as C. =dgar 5ooverDs *orld of the se8 )oron and se8 pervert and of the Boy 2co(t )an(alDs theory of )ast(r ation. +t *as a *orld in *hich se8 research *as an acade)ic offense. + *as an adolescent in that *orld. Beginning *ith these to(rs and *ith a certain a)o(nt of recr(iting a)ong friends a n() er of o(tside scholars *orked on pro le)s presented y the archivesHaltho(gh + needed to pers(ade )y colleag(es to )ake the archives availa le. A(t of these efforts ca)e 2teven Marc(sDs The Other 5ictorians as *ell as Morse Peckha)Ds Art an $ornography .pro a ly the est theoretical treat)ent of erotica to date0. + helped so)e grad(ate st(dents do dissertations in a variety of areas, especially in literat(re and folklore. ,hese efforts pleased )e since they contin(ed )y connection to literat(re and the arts, if only fro) an (ndergro(nd perspective. 1nd they allo*ed )e to contin(e to acG(ire a varied s(pply of (nconnected facts. + vie* the) as having generally een a good thing, prod(cing so)e of the fe* te8ts that give evidence of the pec(liarities of )y intellect(al practice. Bill 2i)onDs arrival in C(ne 19"F t(rned the foc(s of activity at the instit(te fro) in*ard to o(t*ard, fro) the archives and the past to ne* research and the disciplines .sociology, anthropology, etc.0. + do

not think that this shift *o(ld have happened *itho(t his co)ing to +ndiana, at least not as dra)atically. 5e *as less respectf(l of the past than + *as, etter oriented to*ard concept(ali@ing pro le)s in *ays that *ere of interest to sociology. %ro) his e8perience at the ;ational Apinion 'esearch Center he kne* ho* to do s(rvey research. 4e shared an interest in the *ork of >enneth B(rke and the softer side of the sy) olic interactionist tradition .e)phasis on symbolic 0 and a certain o(tsider stat(s at Chicago, partic(larly as the sociology depart)ent gre* )ore professional. 7 $!1 7 4e colla orated daily fro) C(ne 19"F to C(ne 19"6 and contin(ed to *ork together, tho(gh *ith decreasing intensity, (ntil 1(g(st 19#$. +n the last )onths of 19"F *e *rote three grant applicationsH one too )any to have done the) all *ell. + recollect so)e division of la or in the eginning: Bill s(pplied )ore of the disciplinary orientation, and + kne* the s( stance of the research area. 1s *e colla orated f(rther, that difference gre* less, and the alance and *eight in contri (tion changed fro) pro3ect to pro3ect, paper to paperHindeed, fro) one period to another. =ach of the research pro3ects *as an atte)pt to ring the field of se8(ality (nder the control of a sociological orientation. ,he novelty of *hat *e did then *as to lay a sociological clai) to an aspect of social life that see)ed deter)ined y iology or psychology, (t a clai) that differed fro) >ingsley &avisDs )echanical f(nctionalis). ,he st(dy of so?called nor)al psychose8(al develop)ent in college st(dents egan *ith =rik =rikson and the crisis of the late 19"0s a)ong yo(th (t finally t(rned into the ideas a o(t the social elicitation and )aintenance of se8(al cond(ct that infor) the opening chapter of Se#ual )on uct . ,he research pro3ect on gay )en .called ho)ose8(als in those days0 egan *ith a distr(st of etiological theories and a vision of se8(al lives as deter)ined y social factors. +n the phrase homose#ual banker o(r concern *as *ith banker as )(ch as *ith homose#ual . 2i)ilarly, in o(r tiny st(dy of les ians *e *ere interested in the effects of gender on se8(ality. +deas a o(t scripting see) to e )ost visi le in o(r early *riting a o(t pornography (t gre* slo*ly to have a )ore central place in o(r thinking, replacing =rving :off)anDs dra)at(rgy *ith B(rkeDs sy) olic action. +n those three years the core of )y and Bill 2i)onDs 3oint *ork *as effectively co)pleted: t*o edited ooks, a large n() er of papers and presentations, and the vol()e Se#ual )on uct! even tho(gh it *as not p( lished (ntil 19#!. +t al*ays strikes )e as strange that all of this *ork *as co)pleted in a period that also contained so )(ch political and personal chaos. ,he anti*ar )ove)ent on ca)p(s *as gro*ing in intensity .+ re)e) er hearing st(dents sho(ting J;apal)NJ at 2ecretary of 2tate &ean '(sk as he defended President CohnsonDs policy in Eietna)0. 1t +ndiana the tension over iss(es of racis) .then called discri)ination and pre3(dice0 *as chronic: in 19F9 the ar ers in the st(dent (nion (ilding *o(ld not c(t the hair of lack st(dents- in 19"6 lack st(dents threatened to lock the r(nning of the 9ittle %ive 5(ndred icycle race, spring raison dDetre of the fraternities and sororities. 1llen 7 $!$ 7 :ins erg and Peter Arlovsky ca)e to ca)p(s and read poetry, to the pleas(re of the st(dents and the o(trage of the governor, *ho declared, J;o )ore cocks(ckers on ca)p(s.J ,he %(gs, a ;e* <ork rock gro(p co)posed of so)e serio(s intellect(als, stood o(tside the office (ilding that ho(sed the +nstit(te for 2e8 'esearch and sang a hy)n to the )e)ory of 1lfred >insey *hile atte)pting to levitate the str(ct(re itself. + *as not personally ready even for this )odest s(ccess. + do not think that + had planned any speeches

a o(t ho* + had een done in y the )indless e)piricists, th(s e8plaining a*ay )y lack of prod(ctivity, (t + s(rely *as not ready to e a cheerf(l )e) er of the profession. &(ring this period )y personal life eca)e increasingly incoherent as the disordering opport(nities presented y )y life co(rse *ere f(lfilled and fo(nd (nsatisfying. +n a pec(liar *ay as )y desire for professional s(ccess had increased, and indeed s(ch s(ccess had gro*n )ore likely, )y conte)pt for the anality of )y o*n desires flo*ered as *ell. 1s the %(gsDs song *ent, J9ove is not eno(gh, f(cking is not eno(gh, nothing is eno(gh.J By the spring of 19"# it *as clear that the effort to p(ll the instit(te o(t of its in*ard?looking post(re had split the organi@ation. By the fall of that year it *as also clear that Bill 2i)on and + *o(ld e on the 3o )arket and that the pro3ects *e had started *o(ld have to e reallocated. 4e took *ith (s the college yo(th st(dy, for *hich the field *ork had een co)pleted, and left ehind the st(dy of the ho)ose8(al co))(nity that *as nearly co)pleted in Chicago. +n C(ne 19"6 Bill left for the +nstit(te for C(venile 'esearch in Chicago, and + *ent to the 2tate University of ;e* <ork, 2tony Brook, as a lect(rer in sociology. 9ect(rerK + have forgotten to )ention that d(ring the nine years that elapsed et*een )y leaving Chicago and )y going to 2tony Brook + had not finished )y dissertation. 4hy notK 1s the years *ent y and )ild s(ccesses acc()(lated, the st(dent role eca)e si)ply too p(nishing to reass()e. + co(ld not face dealing *ith the fac(lty at Chicago, even tho(gh they *ere (nfailingly nice in )y sporadic atte)pts at finding a dissertation topic. C(st *alking on ca)p(s + co(ld feel )y +P falling. +t *as that )ost paraly@ing of afflictions: + had avoided a h(rdle eca(se + *as afraid to fail- + then eca)e so conte)pt(o(s of the h(rdle and the h(rdle holders that it *as i)possi le for )e to 3()p. ,his t*enty?year gap et*een entering the University of Chicago and getting the Ph.&. )ade )e e8pert on *hy grad(ate st(dents sho(ld hang aro(nd and finish their degrees at all costs, (t it also )ade )e (ncritical of those 7 $!! 7 *ho do not. + a) convinced as *ell that a disordered career s(ch as )ine *as possi le only in the era in *hich it occ(rred. ,here is no* less forgiveness in the profession than there once *as. Perhaps the G(estion )ight e, +s a disordered career etter than none at allK + finished the dissertation after eing at 2tony Brook for one year. >indly circ()stances and Morris Cano*it@ allo*ed )e to *rite a si)ple, (t accepta le, five?varia le, 160?page s(rvey research doc()ent. ;ot G(ite &(rkhei), (t even at )y advanced age the co))ittee, co)posed of )e) ers of the third &epart)ent of 2ociology at the University of Chicago + had attended, did not e8pect a classic. %or the ne8t fo(r years Bill 2i)on and + contin(ed to colla orate, (t at a greater intellect(al distance and less effectively. =ach of (s *ere ca(ght in the daily circ()stances of o(r lives, and o(r attention foc(sed on the de)ands of the instit(tions in *hich *e *orked. 4e co)pleted a n() er of papers fro) the st(dy of college yo(th, *rote (p o(r research on *orking?class yo(ng people, and finished a n() er of pro3ects together, (t the ro(tine of colla oration *as gone. 2till, it had een a re)arka le r(n. +ts intellect(al, professional, and e)otional infl(ence on )y life + still feel directly and indirectly. 4e talk a o(t colla orating again, no* and then, and have even done so, in a set of fo(r papers on scripting that are a s( stantial advance over the earlier *ork. +t is not possi le for )e to separate *hat is )ine fro) *hat is his. =ven asking *ho a(thored *hat ca(ses )e pain that + *ant to avoid. + tend to look a*ay, think of other things. Perhaps this e8perience is ehind )y deep distr(st of the idea of auctoritas and a(thorship. =ven *riting a o(t the ti)e *hen *e *orked together see)s invasive of his right to tell his version of the sa)e events, in his o*n voice. 9et )e evade artic(lating )y affection for hi) lest it reG(ire a false reciprocity fro) hi). ,o*ard the end of this period + )ade a n() er of )issteps. + eca)e a dean and *orked on pro3ects in

regional and environ)ental planning. ;either 3o ca)e to )(ch. ,he deaning gave )e a higher salary. ;o p( lications res(lted fro) the environ)ental *ork, (t there *ere later enefits. +n 19#$/#! + *as an overseas fello* at Ch(rchill College, Ca) ridge, s(pported y a ;ational +nstit(te of Mental 5ealth postdoctoral fello*ship. +t *as a good year for )e, (t not for )y children, *ho *ent to =nglish schools, or for )y first *ife, *ho left her 3o to co)e to =(rope. 1fter *e ret(rned to the United 2tates, + *ent ack to the sociology depart)ent to teach. + *orked *ith t*o psychologists at 2tony Brook on psychophysiological correlates of se8(al response. + learned so)e 7 $!B 7 psychology, (t )y sense *as that they got )ore o(t of it than + did. + separated fro) )y *ife in 19#F, and *e got divorced in 19#9. 1lso in 19#F + started to do so)e *ork in si)(lation and ga)ing, and that has no* eco)e a serio(s area of st(dy for )e. My kids gre* (p. + got older. + no* live *ith )y est friend, and + have t*o )ore Ce*ish children. + spent 19#6 to 1960 at the 2chool of =d(cation at 5arvard and the year 196!/6B teaching at the University of =sse8. + reside in Princeton. 4hy so cryptic a o(t this recent period and so l(sh a o(t the distant pastK + think eca(se the ti)e since 19#! has een (sy (t indecisive. +t has no recollective pla(si ility: the participants are still alive- the events are only events, not yet stories- even )y te8ts of this ti)e have no center. 4hen + think a o(t this period + have a strong sense of evasion and drift, (t it is too soon for it to e adeG(ately revised and protectively 3(dged. 4ill + do anything else interestingK +t *o(ld e pretty to think so. 7 $!F 7

$ha/ter Ten4 Learning and Living

.ona*d . $ressey My forty years as a fac(lty )e) er have een spiced *ith delightf(l ho(rs of teaching and research in cri)inology, *hich is the st(dy of the process of )aking la*s, reaking la*s, and reacting to the reaking of la*s. Aver the years do@ens of people have asked ho* + got into the professorial *orld and, )ore specifically, into )y sociological speciality. + have repeatedly asserted that everything happened y accident. %e* have accepted )y assertions, and so)e have advanced theories of their o*n. 1nthropologists, psychologists, and especially sociologists have spec(lated alo(d a o(t events in )y childhood that )(st have deter)ined )y choice of careers. 2o)e of the sociologists, elieving that + a) an offspring of one of the t*o Pa(l Cresseys, co(sins *ho each )ade a )ark in sociology d(ring the 19!0s, decided that + si)ply follo*ed in the footsteps of )y father, as 'o ert =. 9. %aris did. ;ot so. 4hile attending the ann(al )eetings of the 1)erican 2ociological 1ssociation so)e years ago, + listened G(ietly *hile Pa(l %. Cressey told )e that all the Cresseys are descended fro) a single indent(red servant *ho ca)e to 1)erica in colonial ti)es. 4hen he finished, + told hi) that )y paternal grandfather *as a poor Minnesota far)er *ho had een a poor =nglish far)er efore he e)igrated. %riends and acG(aintances *ith a psychoanalytic ent, kno*ing that + have roken ne* gro(nd in a

co(ple of areas of cri)inology, have drooled in delight on learning that *hen + *as a oy )y )aternal grandfather, &(rkee Prentiss, *as )y idol and that in the 1690s he and 7 $!" 7 )y grand)other left Eer)ont to stake a clai) for land in 2o(th &akota. 1s teenaged ne*ly*eds the pioneers lived for t*o years in a h(t they (ilt fro) virgin prairie sod. ,hen, close to starvation, they *elco)ed a letter fro) )y grandfatherDs grand)other ack in Milton, Eer)ont. 2he said she had a Jfat pig and t*o sacks of flo(rJ and that they *ere *elco)e to spend the *inter *ith her. My )other *as orn the follo*ing s())er, in 1696. 2he *as soon (ndled (p and )oved to a ;orth &akota far) *here )y grandfather *as the hired )an and )y grand)other the hired Jgirl.J ,hose sa)e %re(dian friends, a*are of )y to(gh?g(y de)eanor, also have linked )y interest in cri)e and cri)inals to the occ(pations )y grandfather held. ,hese incl(de, in chronological order, saloon keeper, g(n store o*ner, and s)all?to*n police chief. 2i)ilarly, deep %re(dian significance has een attri (ted to the fact that + parted co)pany *ith )y father *hen + *as a o(t fo(rteen, shortly after he had een 3ailed in connection *ith a hit?and?r(n accident for driving *hile dr(nk. Beca(se + have long een convinced that %re(dian psychology is ased on a )isconception a o(t the nat(re of personality, + have no )ore confidence in s(ch e8planations than + have in the analyses )ade y people *ho erroneo(sly elieved )e to e the son .so)eti)es co(sin or rother0 of one of the fa)o(s Cresseys. More f(n, and th(s )ore accepta le to )e, have een diagnoses of *hat )y real cri)inological o 3ectives have een, co(pled *ith ar)chair spec(lations a o(t *hich of )y childhood e8periences set )e on the path to s(ch *ork. %or e8a)ple, (ndergrad(ates over the years have discerned that one of )y cri)inological goals, s( sidiary to the scientific one, has een to red(ce the a)o(nt of pain and s(ffering in the *orld. ,hen, reasoning ack*ard, so)e have g(essed that )y childhood )(st have een a painf(l one. ,here is a s)attering of tr(th in these assertions. + do( t their significance, ho*ever, principally eca(se + cannot convince )yself that pain necessarily precedes h()anitarianis). An the contrary, it see)s to )e that ad(lts *hose childhoods *ere painf(l are )ore likely than others to take pain and s(ffering as the nat(ral lot of h()ankind. ,he )ost tho(ghtf(l diagnosis and spec(lation of this type *as )ade y 2cott :reer *hen he *as a grad(ate st(dent and + *as an assistant professor at the University of California, 9os 1ngeles, in the 19F0s. 2cott, a poet and philosopher as *ell as a sociologist, decided that all sociological *ork is a(to iographical. +n coffee sessions and at eer (sts he told fascinated a(diences of grad(ate st(dents and 3(nior fa? 7 $!# 7 c(lty )e) ers *hat each senior depart)ental fac(lty )e) er *as really doing professionally, and then he JrevealedJ ho* that *ork *as 3(st an (nfolding of the personDs life e8periences. 2o)e of his analyses *ere not flattering, so + *ill not recall the) here. B(t )ore than once he also told )e, and others, that + act(ally *as dedicating )y professional life to identifying the nat(re of honesty. 2pec(lations a o(t childhood )oral and ethical conflicts follo*ed as a )atter of co(rse. ,here is an ele)ent of tr(th in these assertions too. Unlike %re(dian spec(lations, they do not rest on hog?*ild ass()ptions a o(t )ysterio(s, (nconscio(s )otivations. 2till, + never have taken the) to heart. +t is tr(e that )y early sociological *ork, especially that on e) e@@le)ent, sho*ed concern for the nat(re of honesty. + *as convinced, and re)ain convinced, that )ost cri)inals perceive their dishonesty as so)ething other than dishonesty, perhaps even as honor, d(ty, or an accepta le )eans of

social control. B(t + never have een a le to find any significant perceptions of this kind a)ong )y early childhood friends. Moreover, + have long kno*n that + learned to disting(ish sharply et*een honesty and dishonesty at a very early age. %ro) shortly after + *as orn, in 1919, (ntil 3(st after )y thirteenth irthday )y father )anned the circ(it panel s*itches at the 5oot 9ake electric po*er plant, located a o(t three )iles fro) %erg(s %alls, a s)all to*n in north*estern Minnesota. A(r fa)ily *as not rich, (t *e *ere not poor either. 1t Christ)as + al*ays asked for a toy, a ne* *agon or sled, a g(itar, or a g(n and (s(ally got (nder*ear, socks, and a ne* 3acket or pair of overalls. + lived *ith )y older rother, yo(nger sister, and parents in a co)pany ho(se high on a cliff overlooking the generating plant. =8cept for the &(nlap fa)ily there *ere no neigh ors *ithin a )ile. ,he seven &(nlap kids, all (t one of the) older than +, lived 3(st do*n the hill. ,heir father *as plant s(perintendent. 2o)e portion of this (nch of ten Cressey and &(nlap kids played together every day. 4e *ent to the sa)e Pres yterian ch(rch on 2(ndays. 4hen school *as in session the five of (s *ho *ere of grade? school age (s(ally *alked together do*n the narro* river valley leading to to*n and to the Cefferson 2chool, a o(t t*o )iles a*ay. 1s *e tr(dged along the dirt road on a crisp fall day near the eginning of )y first year in school, + sho*ed the gang a ne* pencil )y )other had o(ght the previo(s day and *hich + *as carrying like a 3e*el in the patent leather ook ag sl(ng over )y sho(lder. 2o)eone asked a o(t the price. My rother reported that the pencil had cost a penny and then ragged that )y )other had o(ght five of the). 4ells 7 $!6 7 &(nlap, *ho at age nine or ten *as the oldest )e) er of the gro(p .+ *as the yo(ngest0, responded, J2hit, + can get the) five for a steal.J 4e giggled, snorted, and roared. + tell the story to s(ggest that + kne* the difference et*een honesty and dishonesty, or at least et*een stealing and not stealing, at the early age of si8. Moreover, + never stole very )(ch. 2o far as + kno*, neither did 4ells or any other )e) er of o(r (nch. + have never een arrested. ,he honesty iss(e ca)e (p a fe* other ti)es d(ring )y for)ative years. +n every case + kne* precisely *hat *as honest and *hat *as not. %or e8a)ple, *hen + *as a second?grade st(dent, o(r teacher staged a ook?reading contest. 1t the end of the ter), she said, a pri@e *o(ld e a*arded to the p(pil *ho had read the )ost ooks. ,he nat(re of the pri@e *as a secret. =very %riday afternoon Miss Bratt *o(ld ask (s to report the titles of the ooks *e had read d(ring the *eek. 1s *e na)ed o(r ooks, she )ade notes in a stenographerDs )e)o pad. + *on the pri@e handily. +t *as a ook, and + still have it. +n the co(rse of the contest + had to )ake a G(ick decision a o(t the nat(re of honesty and dishonesty. + had no do( t a o(t the difference. Ane %riday )y list of ooks incl(ded The A ventures of &obin &e 1reast an 1illie 1lue 2ay . Miss Bratt G(eried )e a o(t the title, (t + did not catch her intent. 2he )ade herself clear y asking, J,hatDs t*o ooks, isnDt itKJ + kne* it *as only one ook a o(t t*o fine fello*s, and + also kne* that saying yes *o(ld e dishonest. + looked o(t the *indo*. ,he teacher took )y silence for assent and gave )e credit for t*o ooks. + did not tell )y )other or any of )y friends + had cheated. By the ti)e + *as in the si8th grade and a o(t t*elve years of age, )y sense of *hat is honest and *hat is not had een honed to a sharp edge. 1s *as c(sto)ary in )ost of 1)erica at the ti)e, no prayers *ere said in o(r school. An ,(esday afternoons, ho*ever, classes *ere dis)issed so kids co(ld go to the ch(rch of their choice for ,(esday school, *hich s(pple)ented 2(nday school. %(rther, school

children *ere freG(ently *arned a o(t sin and especially a o(t the sinf(l nat(re of inte)peranceH gl(ttony, s)oking, and drinkingHpro a ly eca(se ;or*egian i))igrants co)prised )ost of the pop(lation of %erg(s %alls. 1t least once each year a 9(theran )inister spoke to Cefferson 2chool classes a o(t the evils of drinking and s)oking. 4e looked for*ard to his visits. 5e egan y placing on the teacherDs desk a s)all o*l of *ater in *hich t*o goldfish cr(ised ack and forth. +n the co(rse of the preacherDs talk, *hich + heard t*o or three ti)es, he al*ays )oved fro) 7 $!9 7 the perils of alcohol to the perils of to acco. 1t the end he lit a cigarette *ith a ig *ooden kitchen )atch, took a p(ff, gagged dra)atically, then le* the s)oke thro(gh a stra* .a real stra*, not a cheap soda?fo(ntain replica0 into the goldfish o*l. 1fter a fe* seconds, so)eti)es given over to f(rio(s stirrings of the *ater *ith a pencil, the goldfish died. 4e called the clergy)an the goldfish killer. &(ring )y si8th year in school the )inister *ent too far. 1fter killing the goldfish, he distri (ted printed for)s for each st(dent to sign. + read )ine. + *as eing asked to pro)ise that + never *o(ld drink or s)oke. ,here *as a sh(ffling of feet and a fl(ttering of paper as st(dents signed the pledges and passed the) to the front of the roo). Anly one st(dent, )e, held o(t. + lifted the hinged top of )y desk a co(ple of inches and inserted the (nsigned pledge. A(r teacher, Miss Betts, sa* )e- + think the preacher did too. ;either said a *ord. ,he heat, + fo(nd o(t, *as to e applied in private. ,he ne8t day Miss Betts cornered )e d(ring recess. 2he had a )(stache, and she spit little droplets *hen she talked. 2he asked if + *ere going to t(rn in the paper + had in )y desk. + replied that + *o(ld give it to her (t that + did not think + *o(ld sign it. + *as not old eno(gh to kno* a o(t those things, + said- )ay e *hen + gre* (p + *o(ld *ant to s)oke or drink. 2he see)ed to accept )y reasoning. 1 fe* days later, also at recess, Miss Betts singled )e o(t again. + *as afraid of her eca(se *hen + *as in the fifth grade .there *as only one teacher for the fifth and si8th grades and one for the third and fo(rth0 she had taken )e to the teachersD lo(nge and hit )e on the otto) *ith a piece of r( er hose. 4hen + had reported to )y )other that + got a licking eca(se + had not heeded the teacherDs *arning to stop talking in the classroo), she had said + deserved it. ;o*, standing at the foot of the schoolho(se steps, Miss Betts asked if + had changed )y )ind a o(t signing and ret(rning the for). + had not. + did not *ant to lie, + said. 2he sighed, and + took that to )ean + *as off the hook. B(t that afternoon a lady fro) the 4o)enDs Christian ,e)perance Union telephoned )y )other 3(st to report, as + (nderstood it, that + had not yet ret(rned the signed pledge. +n the G(estioning that follo*ed, + confessed to )y )other that + *as the only one *ho had not signed the pledge, and + told her *hy. + asked her *hat + sho(ld do. 2he said she *anted to sleep on it. 1s + *as leaving for school the ne8t )orning, she gave )e a fat h(g and then, as tho(gh it *ere an aftertho(ght, advised )e to do *hatever + tho(ght *as right on Jthat pledge thing.J + s(ppose she also called Miss Betts and asked her to lay off. %or *hatever reason there *as no )ore heat. + never signed the pledge. + )ade it. 7 $B0 7 ,he advice )y )other gave on the pledge *as characteristic of her. ,ypically she enco(raged )e to )ake )y o*n decisions. %or e8a)ple, *hen + anno(nced to her that + *anted to attend 2(nday school, she e8plained that if + elected to do so + *o(ld have to go *ay into to*n every 2(nday )orning, rain or shine, and that on so)e 2(ndays + *o(ld have to *alk. 2(nday school *o(ld e f(n, she said, (t it had its costs- + sho(ld not enroll (nless + *as dedicated. + chose to enroll.

2i)ilarly, + once asked )y )other to give )e piano lessons. 2he *as a fair pianist- as a girl she had for a short ti)e acco)panied silent )ovies *ith ro(sing piano t(nes, and she often entertained )e y descri ing *ar scenes *hile she played The Stars an Stripes 0orever . .J;o* the soldiers are )arching to attleJ- J;o* the cannons are roaring and )en are fallingJ- J;o* s(rvivors are li)ping ho)e in their tattered (nifor)s.J0 +n response to )y reG(est for lessons she told )e she *o(ld gladly instr(ct )e (t only if + took piano playing serio(sly- + *o(ld have to practice reg(larly, skipping other things + en3oyed. 2he gave )e a fe* days to think it over. + decided not to take lessons. +t *as a d() decision, (t it *as )ine, and it *as all right *ith her. + e8pect that this training in decision )aking had a great deal to do *ith )y later intolerance of sociological *hiners, procrastinators, and f(@@y thinkers. 1s + said, + a) not a %re(dian. 4hen + drea) a o(t se8 or po*er str(ggles, + do not do it in sy) ols. ,he real st(ff is there. + therefore a) confident that neither )y early a ility to )ake distinctions et*een *hat is honest and *hat is not, nor )y early adoration of )y pioneering and la*?enforcing grandfather, had )(ch to do *ith )y eco)ing a professor, a sociologist, and a cri)inologist. 1 etter hypothesis is that in3(stices + e8perienced as a oy are reflected in )y cri)inological *ritings, so)e of *hich a)o(nt to pleas for a etter G(ality of 3(stice in 1)erica. +f that is the case, it is not eca(se the in3(stices triggered so)e %re(dian )echanis) s(ch as pro3ection, transference, s( li)ation, or re ellion. +nstead, in )y vie*, + si)ply learned early on that so)e people are (nfair and then learned ho* to cope *ith this fact of life. Miss Alson instr(cted the p(pils in )y first?grade class to take their ne* crayons fro) their desks and dra* ro*n kites. 4e o eyed, and she collected o(r pict(res. ,he ne8t )orning she ret(rned all (t one of the dra*ings to their creators. ,he one *ithheld *as )ine. 2he raised it high a ove her head for all the kids to see. J+ asked yo( to dra* a ro*n kite,J she said, J (t hereDs a oy *ho dre* a green one.J 2he dropped the paper on )y desk. 2he see)ed )ad. ,he kids snickered, and + sG(ir)ed. 1t the ti)e + did not kno* + *as color? lind. + kne* 7 $B1 7 only that + *as (n3(stly eing ridic(led eca(se + co(ld not tell green fro) ro*n. + learned t*o things fro) that e8perience. %irst, + sensed i))ediately that + had to )ake (se of the reading skill )y )other had developed in )e efore + started school. + noted that each crayon had its color printed on a *rapper. +f + had only read the *ord brown on the ro*n crayon, + *o(ld have colored the kite correctly. My later kites .and grass, skies, trees, and ani)als0 *ere properly colored eca(se + caref(lly read the na)e of the color on each crayonDs la el efore + got do*n to the 3o of doing art. 4hen a crayon *ore do*n so far that + co(ld not read the na)e of its color, + gave it to )y little sister. .%re(dians sho(ld note that that incident )ay have een the so(rce of )y later resistance to so?called la eling theory.0 2econd, + learned after considera le )editation that + *as treated (n3(stly eca(se Miss Alson had taken )y (nintentional deviance to e deli erate defiance. J+ didnDt do it on p(rpose,J + told the &(nlap kids *hen they e8a)ined )y green dra*ing as *e *alked ho)e fro) school. + gave the pict(re to )y )other (t never told her it *as the *rong color. +n la* school t*enty years later + heard a o(t strict lia ility la*s. Cero)e 5all, one of the giants + had as grad(ate?school )entors, de)onstrated repeatedly that s(ch la*s are grossly (n3(st eca(se (nder the) people are p(nished for ehavior they did not intend. Ane general r(le of 3(stice in o(r society, + s( seG(ently noted, is that only deli erate deviance or negligence sho(ld have pain or s(ffering as its conseG(ence. Conversely, deviance perceived as ste))ing fro) ignorance or so)e other condition eyond the control of the actor sho(ld not e p(nished- it sho(ld e corrected y ed(cation, incl(ding so?called therapy. 2trict lia ility la*s and

proced(res violate that r(le, 3(st as Miss Alson did. 1 si)ilar, (t )ore severe, in3(stice *as done to )e in the second grade. Miss Bratt enco(raged good groo)ing and hygiene. + tho(ght + *as in good shape eca(se )y father conditioned )e to look after *hat he called the e8tre)itiesHto keep )y hair co) ed, )y nails clean, and )y shoes polished. B(t + had had teeth. + had inherited a genetic defect fro) )y grand)other and )other. My teeth, like theirs, had no ena)el and *ere only little ro*n st( s. Miss Bratt did not kno* anything a o(t hereditary defects. &(ring a hygiene session she told the second?graders to look at &onald and see *hat had happened eca(se he did not r(sh his teeth. + sank. + p(t )y hand over )y )o(th as + (s(ally did *hen + s)iled, and as )y )other and grand)other also did. ;o ody 7 $B$ 7 la(ghed. ;o ody G(estioned )e. ,hey 3(st stared. Miss Bratt *ent on to give a lesson on r(shing teeth. + did not tell )y )other a o(t the incident, (t she heard a o(t it fro) the )other of one of )y class)ates. 2he telephoned Miss Bratt and straightened her o(t, (t the call did not (ndo the in3(stice done to )e. + once again learned the hard *ay that (nintentional deviance sho(ld e caref(lly separated fro) deviance d(e to adness or negligence. Besides teaching )e to read and to )ake )y o*n decisions, )y )other ta(ght )e not to hate people. 5er position *as that hate h(rts the hater (t has no affect on the hated. +t *as not (ntil + *as a sociologist that + discerned that she also ta(ght )e that attit(des of hate and forgiveness ste) fro) assess)ents of intentionality. People *ho have e8perienced *hat they consider an in3(stice are likely to hate the person i)posing the pain or s(ffering if they decide that the person acted deli erately. 5o*ever, if the pain and s(ffering is perceived as having een i)posed o(t of ignorance, the offended person is )ore likely to forgive than hate. ,he trick, according to )y )other, is to recogni@e that )ost, if not all, in3(stices are (nintentionally i)posed. Miss Alson *as forgiven y )y )other and )e eca(se she did not kno* + *as color? lind- Miss Bratt, eca(se she did not have all the facts. 5atred ste))ing fro) in3(stices leads to re ellion and even revol(tion. %orgiveness of in3(stices leads to tolerance and so)eti)es to atte)pts to effect personal and social change. + have (s(ally opted for the latter, tho(gh a see)ingly insignificant incident that occ(rred *hen + *as a o(t eight years old ta(ght )e oth that people *ho are poor and ignorant are )ore likely than others to s(ffer in3(stices and that the recipients of in3(stices so)eti)es find it hard to differentiate deli erate fro) accidental oppression. ,hro(gh o(r co(sin *ho lived in to*n )y rother and + got a 3o peddling ills. ,he co(sin *orked for a Mr. Caco son, *ho had contracted *ith the o*ners of the to*nDs t*o )oving?pict(re theaters to distri (te notices of co)ing attractions. =ach 2at(rday he hired three or fo(r kids to do the *ork. ,hey *ere paid fifty cents, a genero(s *age. Moreover, Mr. Caco son *as kind and considerate. 5e drove his Model , %ord o(t to o(r ho(se and picked (s (p, then cha(ffe(red (s to vario(s ro(tes. 4hen a carrier ca)e to a sparsely settled locale, Mr. Caco son *as al*ays there in his car to give hi) a lift et*een ho(ses. Before driving (s ho)e after one 2at(rdayDs *ork, Mr. Caco son treated (s. 5e took (s to ;elsonDs Cafe .rhy)es *ith safe 0 on 4ashing? 7 $B! 7 ton 1ven(e. 4e took seats at the co(nter. + got the stool ne8t to Mr. Caco son, perhaps eca(se + *as the yo(ngest of the fo(r oys *ho had *orked that day. 5e told (s to order *hat *e *anted, (t +

so)eho* sensed that his offer *as not to e taken literally. ;one of (s had ever een in a resta(rant efore. ,here *as a good deal of f() ling, sta))ering, sh(ffling, and re)oving of caps and coats. %inally, )y rother asked the *aitress for a ha) (rger, *hich cost a nickel. ,he rest of (s, of co(rse, follo*ed s(it. Mr. Caco son *aited patiently (ntil all the kidsD orders *ere in. ,hen he asked for a hot roast? eef sand*ich *ith potatoes and gravy, a piece of apple pie, and a c(p of coffee. %orty centsN + s)elled oth trickery and grave in3(stice. + kne* that if he had ordered first + *o(ld have aped hi). + concl(ded that he had not ordered first eca(se he kne* *hat + kne*. 1s + che*ed )y dry ha) (rger *ith )y little ro*n teeth, + f(rther concl(ded that Mr. Caco son *as a ad )an *ho had taken advantage of )e eca(se + *as a d() little kid. 'iding in the ack seat of his car on the *ay ho)e, + changed )y )ind. 1fter all, it *as his treat- )ay e he *as 3(st eing polite *hen he asked (s to order first. + forgave hi). 1 later incident had a different o(tco)e. + clearly attri (ted a gross in3(stice to deli erate, intentional e8ploitation. My father *as an alcoholic. %ollo*ing an arrest for dr(nken driving in 19!$, he lost his 3o at the po*er plant. ,he co)pany ho(se *ent *ith the 3o . By coincidence *e )oved to the (pstairs roo)s of a r(n?do*n ho(se t*o doors do*n the street fro) ;elsonDs Cafe. ,here + enco(ntered a case of deli erately i)posed in3(stice. My father didnDt tell )e a o(t it. 5e )odeled it. ,he :reat &epression *as in f(ll s*ing. My dad co(ld not find a 3o . 4e *ere desperate for food and for rent )oney, *hich ca)e to perhaps ten dollars a )onth. My grandfather once paid the landlord forty dollars for ack rent, (t )y father soon got ehind again. 9ike other desperate )en at the ti)e, he decided to eco)e a door?to?door peddler of soap, cos)etics, ra@or lades, or *hatever. 5e needed )oney to (y so)e stock. 5e kne* + had saved (p X$.F0 fro) the )oney + )ade as a paper oy, and he asked if he co(ld orro* it. + *ent to the little roo) + shared *ith )y rother and slipped the )oney fro) a secret hiding place (nder a pile of li rary ooks. Back in the tiny kitchen + handed hi) the t*o ills and five di)es. 5e cried. Beca(se it *as not the ti)e to talk, he p(t his ar) aro(nd )y sho(lders. ,hen + cried too. ,hat evening + stalked the people on 9incoln 1ven(e as (s(al, trying to get so)eone to (y a ne*spaper. + *alked y the to*nDs pool hall. My dad *as a good straight?pool player, and *hen *e lived in the 7 $BB 7 co(ntry near the po*er plant, he often drove to to*n on 2at(rday afternoons to spend a fe* ho(rs at this sa)e pool parlor. >ids *ere not ad)itted, so + never sa* hi) play. 5e told )e, tho(gh, that he co(ld not play for )oney- if there *as as )(ch as a nickel at stake, his ga)e *o(ld go to pieces. 4hen *e )oved to to*n, his for)er place of recreation eca)e his hango(t. ,hat night + glanced thro(gh the plate?glass *indo* *ith PAA9 painted on it in shaded letters and sa* hi) sitting at the co(nter. 5e *as a fine singer, and he *as at it. 1 cro*d of dead eats *as listening. ,hro(gh the open door + head his nice voice sl(rring the *ords to J,he Ald 2pinning 4heel in the Parlor,J *hich + had heard hi) sing a tho(sand ti)es. 1ltho(gh Prohi ition had not yet een repealed, it see)ed o vio(s that he *as oo@ing it (p *ith )y )oney. 4hen + ca)e ho)e fro) school the ne8t afternoon, he *as sitting on a stool in the kitchen. + ignored hi). + never told hi) *hat + had seen and heard at the pool roo). + do not think he ever o(ght the gadgets he said he *as going to sell door to door. 5e didnDt repay the X$.F0 and indeed never )entioned his de t. ;either did +. My reaction *as to hate, not to forgive. +t did not change *hen + later learned that alcoholics s(pposedly are sick, not evil. Ance *e had )oved to to*n, + had o vio(sly eco)e a poor kidHreal poor. ,here *as no *elfare syste) in those days, and + *ent to *ork delivering the evening "inneapolis 2ournal . 1fter

co)pleting )y ro(te, + sold papers on the street, )ostly to traveling sales)en staying at the 'iver +nn or the >addat@ 5otel. An a good night + got rid of five or si8, at a profit of t*o cents a paper. Before school + delivered the +aily &emin er! a )i)eographed advertising sheet. 2(nday )ornings sa* )e carrying a ton of *hat *e called the f(nny papers in a canvas ag sl(ng over )y sho(lder. 1fter + had delivered )ost of the) + *ent door to door trying to sell the re)ainder at a profit of three cents a paper. + co(ld not stand on a street corner and sell 2(nday papers to people driving ho)e fro) ch(rch eca(se oys *ho *ere igger and to(gher than + Jo*nedJ the only t*o corners *orth *orking. Besides doing all this ne*spaper *ork, + did odd 3o sHshoveling sno*, raking leaves, )o*ing la*ns, p(lling *eeds, *ashing *indo*s. 4hen *e *ere evicted fro) the apart)ent near ;elsonDs Cafe eca(se *e co(ld not pay the rent, *e )oved (pstairs a ove 5ansenDs 5arness 2hop. My parents got divorced, and )y dad eca)e a sG(atter, living o(t y the river in a h(t )ade of packing crates. + visited hi) once. 9ater he )oved to &(l(th, *here he re)arried. + visited hi) once there too. 7 $BF 7 1s soon as )y father )oved o(t, )y )other got a 3o as a )aid, then as a helper at =thelDs Cafe. =thel *as one of her childhood friends. 1t the cafe the t*o of the) did all the cooking, serving, and *ashing (p. +t is o vio(s to )e no* that =thel gave )other the 3o eca(se she kne* *e *ere going h(ngry. Before long o(r food *as )ostly leftovers fro) =thelDs, (t )y rother and + s(pple)ented it *ith a p(rchase no* and then. 1lso, in 19!! or 19!B )y )other *as allotted a ag of flo(r, so)e salt pork, and so)e other groceries y one of the (dding ;e* &eal relief agencies. + *ent to the ase)ent of the post office and loaded the food into an old coaster *agon. ,he )en distri (ting the st(ff see)ed conte)pt(o(s. Ane g(y ref(sed )y plea for help in getting the heavy flo(r sack into the *agon. + felt like a eggar. Most 2(ndays, after + had sold )y papers, + o(ght a G(art of ice crea) and shared it *ith )y sister. Beca(se there *as no refrigerator, *e had to eat it all. Ance or t*ice a *eek + *ent to PetersonDs Meat Market and asked the high?school kid ehind the tall glass co(nter for the cheapest respecta le thing a person co(ld (y at a (tcher shop in those daysHten centsD *orth of ha) (rger. 4hen + entered the store one *inter afternoon, three *o)en and a )an *ere standing in front of the co(nter *aiting for the (tcher to c(t roasts or chops for the). 9a*rence Alson, the kid, stood ha(ghtily ehind the co(nter *ith nothing to do (t sho* off his (tcherDs cap. 1s + stepped to*ard the co(nter, he called o(t, J,en centsD *orth of ha) (rger, + s(ppose.J + fro@e. +n %erg(s %alls in the 19!0s poor people *ere tho(ght of as sinners, la@y neDer?do?*ells *ho *o(ld not p(ll their *eight, as )y e8periences *hile picking (p the govern)ent dole of s(rpl(s flo(r and pork had de)onstrated. &ivorced *o)en and their kids *ere considered )oral lepers. Clearly, AlsonDs G(estion *as designed to let the other c(sto)ers kno* that + *as one of those degenerate dead eats. B(t none of the) looked (p and stared, as + e8pected the cro*d to do. + sh(ffled )y overshoes in the sa*d(st on the floor, got )y ha) (rger, and left. 1s + entered )y sopho)ore year in high school + gave (p 3o(rnalis) and got an evening 3o *orking at 9(nky 9(ndG(istDs Phillips "" service station. 9ooking ack, it *as y far the est 3o + ever had in %erg(s %alls, (t + cannot recall ho* + got it. My associations at the station had a profo(nd i)pact on )y life. ,he proprietor *as a yo(ng )an *hose father, a anker, had set hi) (p in (siness. 1nother yo(ng )an, Cake 2)ith, *orked f(ll?ti)e for hi). + tho(ght of the t*o as old g(ys. %ro) the ankerDs son + learned that it *as i)portant to have class, )eaning

7 $B" 7 that one sho(ld e a snappy dresser, speak *ell, s)oke Chesterfields, e 3(dicio(s, and kno* *ho is *ho in %erg(s %alls. Cake 2)ith gave )e a deep respect for kno*ledge. + eca)e convinced that Cake 2)ith kne* everything. 5e gave )e little lessons on physics, che)istry, and iology and helped )e *ith alge ra. 5e spoke :er)an and kne* a little 9atin. 5e *as forever telling )e a o(t prepositions and split infinitives. =G(ally i)portant, he *as scre*ing the seventh? grade =nglish teacher, *ho) + considered *ealthy eca(se she o*ned a car. + told )y (ddies a o(t Cake, and the gas station soon eca)e a hango(t for )y gang of high?school friends. An one cold *inter afternoon fo(r or five teenaged oys *ere lo(nging aro(nd the station *ith Cake, cracking 3okes and sho*ing off as (s(al. Ane co)plained, as high?school oys *ill, J,hereDs nothing to do in this to*n.J Cake listened G(ietly *hile the rest of (s e8pressed o(r agree)ent, then responded y h(rling an angry G(estion at (s: J4hatDs the ato)ic *eight of leadKJ ;o ody kne*. 5e told )e there *as indeed so)ething to do in %erg(s %allsHgo to the li rary and find the ans*er to his G(estion. 5e kicked all the kids (t )e o(t of the station and said they co(ld not ret(rn (ntil they had the ans*er. + *as e8e)pt eca(se + *as going on d(ty in a half?ho(r, *hen Cake *as d(e to e picked (p y the =nglish teacher. ,he oys, *ith others, ret(rned after Cake had left. ;o one had learned the ato)ic *eight of lead. ,he ne8t afternoon *e asse) led in CakeDs presence. =very oy had the ans*er, $0#.19. Cake then *anted to kno* the *eight of gold, silver, car on, @inc, and even r(theni(). 5e did not care a o(t gases. + regret that neither Cake nor anyone else directed )y reading. 4hile + *as still living in the co(ntry, the *o)an *orking in the childrenDs reading roo) located in the ase)ent of the Carnegie 9i rary got special per)ission for )e to orro* ooks fro) the reg(lar li rary (pstairs, *here children (nder thirteen *ere for idden. + eca)e an e8ception, pro a ly eca(se the childrenDs li rarian gre* *eary of )e. +t *as the sa)e story every 2at(rday )orning: after visiting )y grandparents, *ho lived near the li rary, + l(gged )y heavy G(ota of t*elve ooks to the desk, then asked for help in selecting a do@en ooks for the ne8t *eekDs reading. + *as not asking for g(idance- )y pro le) *as that + had tro( le finding ooks in the childrenDs section that + had not already read. Moving (p to the ad(lt section *as like )oving into paradise. 5o*ever, + no* needed real g(idance (t *as not *ise eno(gh to ask for it. + 7 $B# 7 read rando)ly. + read classics *itho(t kno*ing itH+ selected *hatever looked like a good story. My voracio(s appetite for ooks contin(ed for t*o or three years after *e )oved to to*n, (t + cannot recall that in all that ti)e + read one nonfiction ook, incl(ding iography and history. 5ad Cake 2)ith or so)eone else set )e on a co(rse of reading, + )ight have t(rned o(t to e an intellect(al rather than a scientist. By the ti)e + reached )y senior year in high school + *as )ostly reading )aga@ines s(ch as Liberty! Satur ay %vening $ost! and )olliers, . Being a sophisticated yo(ng )an, *ith class, + also read each iss(e of %s:uire fro) cover to cover. 2hortly after + started p()ping gas at 9(nkyDs, )y )other left =thelDs for a 3o as cook at the City Cafe and Bakery. ,he steady *ork at fo(rteen dollars for a seven?day *eek of ten?ho(r days ena led her to settle (s in the (pstairs roo)s of a s)all, ra)shackle ho(se in a rather classy part of to*n. ,he cafe and akery *ere 3ointly o*ned y a sister and rother, (t the t*o operations *ere independent. Ane afternoon a fe* )onths after )y )other egan *orking for the sister in the kitchen of the resta(rant, + ans*ered the rotherDs ad for a akerDs helper. + got the 3o and *ent to *ork at once. + spent t*o ho(rs cleaning h(ge aking trays and pans efore *alking do*n the street to )y reg(lar 3o at the service

station. My )other *as s(rprised to see )e o(t ack in the akery, or pretended to e. C(st efore *e )oved fro) 5ansenDs 5arness 2hop, )y rother, also y coincidence, had fo(nd a part?ti)e 3o at the Park 'egion Bakery, the co)petitor do*n the street. Ance he learned the trade, he gave (p high school for a series of f(ll?ti)e 3o s as a aker. +n )y o*n akery *ork + grad(ally advanced fro) clean?(p oy to aker. My ho(rly pay did not increase correspondingly, (t + did not co)plain. + *as gratef(l, considering )yself l(cky to have a 3o and to e learning a trade. 4hen school *as in session, + cleaned pans after classes, (sed dishes in the resta(rant for )y noon )eal, and *orked as a akerDs helper on *eekends. ,here *ere only t*o )en to helpH9loyd :reen*ood, *ho *as the o*ner, and +ra Bro*n. An %ridays + started helping the) at )idnight and contin(ed straight thro(gh (ntil late 2at(rday afternoon *hen + finished (p y cleaning the trays and pans. +n those days s)all?to*n akers *orked o(trageo(s ho(rs d(ring the hot Minnesota s())er )onths *hen ho(se*ives did not care to fire (p their ovens. &(ring )y last t*o high?school s())er vacations every night *as )(ch like the school?year %riday nights and 2at(rdays. ,he long ho(rs and the terri le heat fro) the coke?fired ovens did not )ake 7 $B6 7 )e hate )y *ork. An the contrary, + loved it. +n )y eyes + *as one of those pict(re?sho* heroes *ho )eets adversity face to face and stares it do*n. =veryone *ho *o(ld listen heard )e tell ho* hard + *orked. &r(dgery *as honor. An top of that, + *as learning to e a aker. 9loyd or +ra, so)eti)es oth, ta(ght )e a ne* trick al)ost every night. Beca(se there *as little speciali@ation in s(ch a s)all shop, and eca(se + *as a fast learner, 9loyd *as soon telling )e, )y )other, the cafe *aitresses, and akery visitors that + *as a Jgood all?aro(nd )an.J %or a seventeen?year?old ad(lt, that *as heady praise indeed. + had it )ade. + a) the first person on either side of )y fa)ily to grad(ate fro) high school. 2o far as + kno*, not one of )y fo(r grandparents or their rothers and sisters *ent past the eighth grade. My parentsD generation did a little etter, (t + elieve that only t*o of the), )y )other and her sister, got eyond co))on school, as the first eight grades *ere called. My co(sins, like )y sister and rother, dropped o(t after a year or t*o of high school. 2till + did not really elieve in high school. ,he love of kno*ledge + acG(ired fro) Cake 2)ith had nothing to do *ith getting a high?school diplo)a. + attended, and grad(ated, eca(se )y friends did the sa)e. + skipped school at t*o oDclock every afternoon of )y senior year, as a )atter of principle. + grad(ated near the otto) of )y class, *ith less than a C average. + liked science and )ath, and + *orked for CDs in those t*o areas. ,he rest of the s( 3ects did not have any relevance for )e. By design + did not fl(nk any co(rses (t settled for &Ds. My plan *as to *ork in the akery for the rest of )y life, and + did *ork there f(ll?ti)e for t*o years after grad(ating. ,here is contradiction here, for )y attit(des *ere )iddle?class on )ost iss(es. +ndeed, *hen + first read The $rotestant %thic an the Spirit of )apitalism! + tho(ght 4e er *as descri ing )e, )y high?school friends, and their fa)ilies. + desperately *anted to achieve and acG(ire, (t + *as going to f(lfill that a) ition y learning a trade, not y *orking for good high?school grades. Most of )y friends had high aspirations too, (t they sa* acade)ic achieve)ent as the road to s(ccess. Ane close friend *as valedictorian of his class, and t*o others *ere not far ehind. My poverty, tho(gh severe, *as not like that e8perienced y present?day inner?city d*ellers. %erg(s %alls had *hat Ascar 9e*is later na)ed a c(lt(re of poverty, (t + did not participate in it. 1s a teenager + associated pri)arily *ith )iddle?class kids + )et at ch(rch, in Boy 2co(t and 2ea 2co(t activities, and at )eetings of the local chapter of

7 $B9 7 the &e Molays. ,he last t*o so(rces of friends overlapped the first. ,here *ere t*enty?si8 ch(rches for the si8teen h(ndred fa)ilies in %erg(s %alls, and ch(rch )e) ership largely deter)ined social activities. Unless ne8t?door neigh ors *ent to the sa)e ch(rch, they ignored each other. Men *ho *orked together (t attended different ch(rches so)eti)es associated socially, (t even that relationship *as (n(s(al. 2i)ilarly, high?school st(dents had fe* friends fro) ch(rches other than their o*n. +n the cl( s and lodges, s(ch as the >i*anis, =lks, and &e Molays, ch(rch )e) ership had little i)portance- (t they *ere an e8ception. 9ike al)ost every other ch(rch in to*n, )y Pres yterian ch(rch sponsored its o*n Boy 2co(t troop. 1t the age of t*elve, oys *ho had gone to 2(nday school together 3oined ro(tinely. 4hen + *as fifteen + helped so)e of the older oys in o(r troop for) a 2ea 2co(t Jship.J 1ll (t )e *ere )iddle?class kids *hose fathers *ere steadily e)ployed or *ere in (siness for the)selves. ,he JskipperJ *as a yo(ng la*yer *ho *as soon to eco)e )ayor. Ch(rch )e) ers rich eno(gh to o*n sail oats took (s to their lake cottages for *eekends of sailing. &e Molays are )ore or less 3(nior Masons. 1t age fifteen a oy is eligi le for )e) ership if his father or so)e close relative is a Mason. +n )y case the relative *as )y grandfather. 1d)ission *as not a(to)atic, ho*ever. 1 single )e) er co(ld veto an applicant. + *as only a little *orried on the night the gro(p voted in secret on )e. + *as s)art. + had class. + had several good &e Molay friends *ho *ere Pres yterians and one or t*o *ho *ere not. + )ade it. +n &e Molay activities + )et )ostly other 4asps: esides Pres yterians, there *ere =piscopalians, Methodists, and a fe* Baptists. +n fact, it *as a Methodist, one of )y est (ddies, *ho had enco(raged )e to 3oin- his father *as co(nty s(perintendent of schools and a h(nting and fishing co)panion of )y grandfather. ,he religio(s eliefs of the to*nDs fo(r or five Catholic oys and one Ce*ish oy prohi ited the) fro) eco)ing )e) ers. 9(theran ch(rch)en also fro*ned on the organi@ation, th(s disco(raging the great )a3ority of the to*nDs oys fro) 3oining. A(r &e Molay chapter had an ice?hockey tea), and *e reg(larly eat the hell o(t of the poor kids *ho had tea)s in the leag(e. More i)portant, the chapter staged three or fo(r for)al alls each year. ,hese *ere significant social events for teenagers in the to*n. .,he school oard prohi ited high?school dances eca(se dancing, like s)oking and drinking, *as considered o scene.0 =ach &e Molay *as allo*ed to 7 $F0 7 invite t*o or three non)e) er )ale friends and their dates to each dance. 1t these affairs + )et )ost of the sons and da(ghters of the to*nDs elite, no )atter *hat their religio(s affiliation. =ven Catholic and 9(theran oys and girls attended. 2o)e of these non?Pres yterians and non/&e Molays eca)e close friends. Ane eca)e a Cake 2)ith g(y, the na)e given y the high?school iology teacher to each of the oys *ho h(ng o(t at the Phillips "" station. Ane y one, )ost of )y )any friends *ent off to college. ,he t*o years + spent in the akery after high school *ere lonely. + *orked nights, *hen + s(pposed al)ost everyone + kne* *as having f(n. + contin(ed to play ice hockey, and + coached a pee*ee tea). + eca)e an assistant sco(t)aster. + re)ained active in Christian =ndeavor .a ch(rch gro(p0, and on 2(ndays + (shered in ch(rch. + took co(rses that ena led )e to G(alify as a 'ed Cross senior lifeg(ard and, later, a *ater safety instr(ctor. + had s*(), skated, h(nted, fished, canoed, sailed, and ice oated as a oy, (t no* + eca)e passionate

a o(t these sports. + kept )y )e) ership in the &e Molays and, after progressing thro(gh so)e lo*er chairs, *as elected )aster co(ncillor, the top dog. ,hen + )ade the ig ti)e y eing elected 3(nior co(ncillor of all the &e Molays in Minnesota. ,his state*ide election, co) ined *ith the infl(ence of the girl + *as to )arry, set )e on the path to college and event(ally a Ph.&. in sociology. + eca)e good?looking. + *as no* old eno(gh to e fitted *ith f(ll dent(res. + saved (p eno(gh )oney to )ake a do*n pay)ent to*ard the cost of the e8tractions and other dental s(rgery. =very afternoon for a o(t si8 )onths + *alked fro) )y *ork at the akery to the offices of a yo(ng )an 3(st o(t of dental school. 5e spent day after day p(lling o(t pieces of )y ro*n teeth, *hich *ere no* rotten. 4hen that 3o *as done, he devoted his afternoons to taking a ha))er and chisel and knocking pieces of one off )y (pper 3a*, *hich *as defor)ed. ,hen he *ired )y lo*er 3a*, *hich also *as defor)ed, to the (pper one. 1fter each session + *alked ho)e and collapsed. + never failed to get (p and go to *ork at )idnight, ho*ever. + pretended that only the dentist and + kne* a o(t the *ork, tho(gh + disc(ssed it *ith the akers and discerned that )y other friends kne* *hat *as going on. ,o reveal the pain *o(ld have een to sho* *eakness and lack of class. Moreover, + convinced )yself that the *hole thing *as eing done for )edical science, not 3(st for )yself. ,he dentist charged )e practically nothing, saying he *as perfor)ing the *ork as an e8peri)ent. 4ith )y per)ission he took pict(res, *hich he sho*ed at a dental convention and, he said, *ere to e 7 $F1 7 p( lished in a dental 3o(rnal. =vent(ally + got the ne* teeth and ad3(sted to the). Ane of the girls + had dated in high school ca)e ho)e fro) college for spring vacation. + )et her on a street corner. JEery eco)ing,J she said. 2o far as + can recall, that *as the only co))ent anyone ever )ade a o(t *hat for )e *as a transfor)ation. Before long + )et =laine 2)ythe, the girl *ho *as to eco)e )y *ife. 5er father *as an agent for the ;orthern Pacific 'ailroad, and he *as transferred to %erg(s %alls *hen =laine *as a senior in high school. 4e )et at an =aster s(nrise service and soon fell )adly in love. 4e dated steadily all s())er, and *hen she *ent off to Macalester College in the fall, + gave her the agate ring )y )other had given )e *hen + grad(ated fro) high school. .My )other, as practical as she *as *ise, had convinced )e that a JrealJ ring *as a etter invest)ent than a class ring.0 =laine *rote to )e t*o or three ti)es a *eek, and al)ost every letter enco(raged )e to go to college too. 4hen she ca)e ho)e for holidays, *e spent )ost of o(r ti)e *ith other friends ho)e fro) college. 1side fro) )y t*elfth?grade senior =nglish teacher, 'osalie Uien, =laine *as the first person to tell )e + *as too s)art to spend )y life in a akery. + kne* + *as at least as clever as friends *ho *ere no* attending college. ,he evidence *as o vio(s: + had so)ething none of the) hadHa steady 3o that paid good )oney. ,he critical incident that sent )e off to college *as a tiff at the akery. 9loyd, the oss and o*ner, had died, and his yo(nger rother, Ci))y, had replaced hi). Ci))y, like 9loyd, *as a sports)an as *ell as a good and kindly person. 9ike +ra Bro*n, he took )e h(nting and fishing and let )e orro* his car. ;evertheless, + did not have the respect for hi) that + had for 9loyd, perhaps eca(se + elieved that 9loyd *as y far the classier of the t*o. ,he G(arrel *ith Ci))y gre* o(t of )y earlier election as 3(nior co(ncillor for the Minnesota &e Molays. 1 )eeting of state &e Molay officers *as to e held in 2t. Pa(l on a 2at(rday in %e r(ary or March 19!9. 1ltho(gh + kne* very *ell that %riday nights and 2at(rdays *ere the (siest ti)es in the akery, + asked Ci))y for ti)e off. 5e *ithheld his response (ntil o(r *ork *as done, *hen he told )e he had caref(lly considered )y reG(est and that the ans*er *as no. 1ny other day *o(ld e all right, he said, (t there *as 3(st too )(ch *ork to do on %riday nights and 2at(rdays. + le* (p. J+D) going,J +

sho(ted. J1nd if + have to G(it to go, + G(it.J + added, still yelling, that he had taken %riday nights off in the past, that +ra and + had )ade (p for his a sence y *orking harder, and that no* he co(ld do 7 $F$ 7 that for )e. 5e fl(shed *ith *hat + think *as s(rprise and e) arrass)ent rather than anger. + acted on the sp(r of the )o)ent, (t + *as serio(s. + had no idea ho* + *o(ld earn a living if + G(it )y 3o at the akery. 2till, + see)ed to reali@e that not attending the )eeting *as tanta)o(nt to declaring that + *o(ld never leave the aking (siness. =laine had )ade )e *onder if that *as *hat + really *anted. ,he ne8t night Ci))y and + arely spoke to each other. 5e follo*ed )e into the ase)ent dressing roo) after *ork. 1gain he see)ed e) arrassed. 5e told )e he had reconsidered and that + co(ld have the ti)e off after all. 5e ended (p *ith a response to )y earlier tirade. ,he gist of it *as that he, as oss, *as entitled to take a night or day off *henever he *ished (t that + did not have that option. + attended the )eeting. Ci))yDs co))ents a o(t his prerogatives gna*ed at )e. Before ret(rning to *ork on 2(nday night + )ade secret plans to G(it the 3o as soon as possi le. + egan to consider college as an option. &espite )y )iddle?class associates, + had al*ays tho(ght in ter)s of a *orking? class clichI: 9earn a trade- they canDt take that a*ay fro) yo(. J,heyJ *ere the po*erf(l, and + *as one of the )asses. ;o* + sa* )y f(t(re in a related clichI: :et a good ed(cation- they canDt take that a*ay fro) yo(. + decided to go to a to*n that had a college or (niversity as *ell as akeries. ,hat *ay + co(ld *ork nights, get a college ed(cation in the dayti)e, and JtheyJ *o(ld not e a le to deprive )e of it. ,o decide on a )a3or, + *rote to the Minnesota 2tate 9i rary for copies of interest and aptit(de tests. ,he e8a)inations told )e *hat + already kne*, na)ely, that + *as a s)art kid *ho liked )athe)atics and science. + picked che)istry, partly eca(se of the akery connection. 1 flo(r sales)an had once told )e a o(t cereal che)istry, the vocation of people *ho do G(ality?control st(dies for flo(r )ills. + *rote to the Pills (ry Mills in Minneapolis, saying + *anted to e a cereal che)ist and asking *here + sho(ld go to college. .+ have a h(nch that the sal(tation of )y letter *as J&ear Mr. Pills (ry.J0 2oon + received a letter advising )e to attend the University of Minnesota, >ansas 2tate University, or +o*a 2tate University. + did not *ant to go to Minnesota eca(se + had friends there and it see)ed too ig?ti)e for )e. + *rote to >ansas 2tate and +o*a 2tate for catalog(es and literat(re. By coincidence the 0ergus 0alls +aily 2ournal soon carried a story a o(t ho* a >ansas 2tate track star had 3(st roken a *orld record. + decided that >ansas, like Minnesota, *as o(t of )y leag(e. ,hat left +o*a 2tate, in 1)es. 7 $F! 7 +n March + started p(tting )y *ages in the ank. +n C(ne + G(it the akery and took a 3o teaching s*i))ing, ro*ing, and canoeing at a Boy 2co(t ca)p. +n 1(g(st + ret(rned to the akery for a )onth efore setting o(t for 1)es *ith X$F"."0 in )y pocket. Ance there, + fo(nd a cheap attic roo), sto*ed )y *orldly goods in it, and *alked do*n the street looking for a 3o . + fo(nd one *ithin an ho(rH candling eggs in a grocery store. 1 *eek later + also got a part?ti)e 3o in a akery and another as a *aiter for )y evening )eal pl(s tips. 1t +o*a 2tate + *as not at first eligi le for a *ork?st(dy progra) financed y the the ;ational <o(th 1d)inistration .;<10 eca(se )y high?school grades *ere too lo*. B(t at the end of the first G(arter )y college grades )ade )e eligi le for an ;<1 3o at t*enty? five cents an ho(r. + G(it all e8cept the akery 3o and *ent to *ork in the psychology depart)ent, doing correlation coefficients on a hand?operated calc(lating )achine. ,hen + transferred to genetics,

*here + inoc(lated )ice *ith typhoid and also kept ta on )(tant, tipped?*inged drosophila. 1t the end of the first acade)ic year, 19!9/B0, + *ent ho)e *ith )y X$F"."0 still in )y hip pocket. + never do( ted that + co(ld finish college. + kne* )y high?school grades didnDt )ean anything. Under *hat is no* called an open?ad)issions policy +o*a 2tate officials ad)itted anyone *ho had grad(ated fro) high school. Unlike c(rrent open?ad)issions progra)s, ho*ever, the +o*a 2tate c(rric(l() *as to(gh. 5alf the )e) ers of )y fresh)an class did not ret(rn after the Christ)as holidays. ,*o?thirds did not ret(rn for the sopho)ore year. ,he policy *as cr(el (t nevertheless de)ocratic. =very ody got a chance. + )ade it. By the eginning of )y 3(nior year + tho(ght + co(ld *rite. + *as on the staff of the college literary )aga@ine and had p( lished a co(ple of short stories in it. + took a 3o as ghost *riter for 1gric(lt(ral =8tension, giving (p )y akery 3o , )y ;<1 3o , and also the roo)?and? oard 3o + held d(ring )y sopho)ore year as live?in a y?sitter and handy)an for a geology professor and his *ife. 1gric(lt(ral =8tension *as )ade (p of a n() er of divisions, all headG(artered in one old (ilding. + started o(t y helping 'o ert Clark, *ho *as in charge of the +o*a '(ral <o(th &ivision and, + think, had a Ph.&. in r(ral sociology. My principal task *as to edit a )onthly ne*sletter. ,he gi))ick *as that + *rote practically every *ord of every iss(e, incl(ding col()ns *ith vario(s fictitio(s ylines. 4ord of this enterprise got aro(nd the (ilding, and other division heads *ere soon giving )e little *riting assign)ents. + recall s(ch articles as J5o* '(ral <o(th Can Prevent 7 $FB 7 +nflation,J J5o* to Prevent %ire on the %ar),J and J5o* to 'aise 5oney ees.J + )ade seventy?five cents an ho(r, *hich *as three ti)es *hat ;<1 *as paying and five ti)es *hat the akery *as paying. 1cade)ically + soon lost interest in che)istry. + liked theory (t co(ld not stand the la oratory *ork. ,he )i8ing and )eas(ring rese) led aking, so + *as pretty good at it. B(t + no* perceived akery *ork as lacking in class, and that perception )ight have carried over to la oratory che)istry. My acade)ic adviser, a otanist, told )e that if + did not like the la oratory, + sho(ld get o(t of che)istry. +n retrospect that *as ad advice, (t at the ti)e it *as reasona le eca(se, after all, )y declared interest *as in cereal che)istry, a la oratory discipline. %(rther, + had no plans for grad(ate *ork, so + *as destined to e a la oratory *orker even if )y interests shifted to another ranch of che)istry. + changed to a )a3or in geology, (t the sa)e adviser then convinced )e that geologistsD *ork lacked class too. 5e asked )e to look ahead and vis(ali@e )yself at *ork ten years do*n the road. &id + see )yself sitting in a shack on an Aklaho)a prairie *aiting for an oil *ell to co)e inK + did not. + sa* )yself in an office 3o , tho(gh + had never had one. + started looking aro(nd for still another )a3or. ;ear the eginning of )y 3(nior year, as *ell, + )et Bryce 'yan, one of fo(r sociologists attached to the &epart)ent of =cono)ics. .,hat depart)ent, + learned later, *as clearly first?rate- it *as headed y ,heodore 2ch(lt@, *ho *as to e a*arded the ;o el Pri@e for his *ork on h()an capital.0 + *as introd(ced to 'yan y a )(t(al friend, a st(dent, at a coffee session in the st(dent (nion (ilding. M(ch to )y s(rprise he kne* )y na)eHhe said he had read )y stories in the literary )aga@ine. + told hi) + *as no* trying to *rite the :reat 1)erican ;ovel. 5e s(ggested that + )ight e a le to i)prove )y *riting y taking a co(rse in sociology and learning so)ething a o(t social relations. Until then + had scarcely heard of sociology. + enrolled in 2ociology 11 pretty )(ch for la(ghs. ,hree ti)es a *eek 'yan, *ho had 3(st received his Ph.&. fro) 5arvard, lect(red an a(ditori() f(ll of (ndergrad(ates on *hat + later learned *as standard 5arvard sociology: culture! social structure! and function ca)e into )y voca (lary. 1fter lect(res the st(dents roke into s)all gro(ps and )et *ith a teaching assistant for disc(ssion sessions. My ,1 *as

not very good, and the co(rse *as a*f(l as a conseG(ence. 1t )id?ter) all st(dents took a co))on e8a)ination d(ring one of the lect(re periods. + )ade the est score. Better than that, 'yan ca)e to )y ta le at the st(dent (nion and congrat(lated )e. + told hi) that the key to )y 7 $FF 7 s(ccess *as the fact that his lect(res *ere si)ilar to che)istry lect(res, e)phasi@ing onds, links, valences, str(ct(res, and interactions. 5e *as oth pleased and i)pressed, and told )e so. ,here *ere t*o conseG(ences of s(ch positive reinforce)ent. %irst, + eca)e a s)art ass: in s( seG(ent disc(ssion sections + told the ,1 on every possi le occasion that he did not kno* *hat he *as talking a o(t. 2econd, + eca)e addicted to sociology. + changed )y )a3or. +t did not see) like a radical change eca(se to )e sociology *as like very co)ple8 che)istryH (t *itho(t a )athe)atical ase. 9ike Bryce 'yan, C. 1rnold 1nderson, then also an assistant professor at +o*a 2tate, enco(raged )e to keep thinking along those lines. + still do. ;eal :ross, y far the est grad(ate st(dent then in the sociology depart)ent, took )e (nder his *ing and also had considera le infl(ence on )e. 1)ong other things, he enco(raged )e to take co(rses in pro a ility in the )athe)atics depart)ent. My professor *as :eorge 4. 2nedecor, a leader in the develop)ent of statistical )ethods for (se in agric(lt(ral and iological e8peri)ents. + learned chi? sG(are y st(dying litters of pigs and ra its, and analysis of variance and )(ltiple regression y st(dying the yields of )illet fields, apple orchards, and plots of corn. Anly *hen + eca)e an assistant professor did + egin to lose )y interest .and skill0 in statistics. 4hen + s*itched fro) hard science to sociology + fo(nd )yself *ith a lot of free ti)e eca(se there *ere no la oratories. %(rther, )y *ork at 1gric(lt(ral =8tension did not reG(ire the physical energy that akery *ork did. %or the first ti)e in )y college career + had ti)e to read and learn and to have f(n *hile doing so. 1s + ran (pstairs to the third floor of the che)istry (ilding one afternoon, + re)e) ered that *hen + *as a fresh)an + had )any ti)es *earily p(lled )yself (p the sa)e staircase and, )oreover, een a)a@ed to see other st(dents )ore or less skipping (p the stairs. Being tired had een the nor), (t no* + *as oth energetic and e8( erant. College *as no longer 3(st a place to learn ho* to )ake a living. +t is a it corny, (t + a) convinced that Bryce 'yan hooked )e on learning, 3(st as Cake 2)ith had earlier hooked )e on kno*ledge. ,o top that off, + orro*ed fo(r h(ndred dollars fro) +o*a 2tate and )oved into an apart)ent *ith three other seniors, t*o of *ho) also liked to play *ith ideas. ,he third st(dent, a 3o(rnalis) )a3or, often said he *as 3(st interested in reporting the facts- he is no* the )illionaire o*ner of a string of )aga@ines. ,he rest of (s event(ally got Ph.&.DsHone in che)istry, one in psychology, and one in sociology. 7 $F" 7 2oon the )ilitary draft *as instit(ted, to e follo*ed y the attack on Pearl 5ar or and 1)ericaDs entry into 4orld 4ar ++. + *anted to get )y degree efore + *ent to *ar, so + took every sociology co(rse in sight, hoping to eat the draft y grad(ating in March rather than C(ne 19B!. + soon ran o(t of co(rses. ,o o tain the n() er of sociology (nits needed for grad(ation, + took an independent?st(dy co(rse on cri)e and delinG(ency. My recollection is that + chose that s( 3ect eca(se the range of choices *as li)ited y a r(le prohi iting independent?st(dy co(rses on s( 3ects covered in reg(lar co(rses listed in the college catalog(e. My s(pervisor *as :eorge Eon ,(ngelen, a r(ral sociologist. 5e did not kno* any )ore a o(t the sociology of cri)e than + did. 1t the end of the ter) he told )e that )y paper

lacked foc(s and assigned it a B. Beca(se + *as )aking straight 1Ds in )y sociology co(rses, + *as not pleased. B(t Eon ,(ngelen *as right. + still have the paper- it is a*f(l. More i)portant, ho*ever, the independent?st(dy co(rse introd(ced )e to the *ork of =d*in 5. 2(therland, *ho had recently co)pleted his ter) as president of the 1)erican 2ociological 2ociety .no* 1ssociation0. + read The $rofessional Thief and the 19!9 edition of $rinciples of )riminology! *hich contained the first version of 2(therlandDs differential association principle. + )ade it. + grad(ated in March 19B! and *ent to *ar si8 *eeks later. + spent the *aiting period as a f(ll?ti)e research assistant to 'ay =. 4akeley, a *ell?kno*n r(ral sociologist and de)ographer and +o*a 2tateDs )ost pro)inent fac(lty )e) er. + intervie*ed far)ers in connection *ith a st(dy of nonecono)ic factors in agric(lt(ral prod(ction. Previo(s st(dies had deter)ined that rich +o*a far)ers *ere not prod(cting as )(ch *arti)e food as they *ere capa le of prod(cing. +t also had een learned that contrary to standard econo)ic ass()ptions, offering far)ers )ore )oney did not )otivate the) to change their ehavior. My 3o *as to find o(t ho* to get the) to prod(ce )ore. 4akeley arranged intervie*s for )e. + heard hi) telephone a feed store o*ner and tell hi) a o(t )e, J5eDs yo(ng, (t heDs got a good head on hi).J + liked that. Cond(cting this si)ple investigation and *riting (p the res(lts convinced )e that + *as a research sociologist and that sociological research *as oth easy and f(n. Most of the far)ers agreed that they *ere not prod(cing (p to capacity. ,hey said the reason *as that their )achinery had roken do*n and replace)ent parts *ere not availa le. 4hen + s(ggested to so)e that they for) )achinery cooperatives *ith their neigh ors, they deno(nced )e as a co))(nist. +n the report + *rote for 4akeley + 7 $F# 7 nevertheless advocated )ore cooperatives. ,hen + )ade t*o proposals. +t pleases )e to recall that one *as for positive reinforce)ent, one for negative reinforce)ent, tho(gh + did not )eet B. %. 2kinner (ntil + *as a grad(ate st(dent and did not eco)e a ehaviorist (ntil + *as *ell into )y career as a sociologist. Positively, + proposed that a federal agency start giving far)ers )edals for prod(cing. =8ec(tives of *ell?)anaged factories prod(cing *ar goods *ere a*arded = anners .for efficiency 0 to fly fro) co)pany flagpoles. My s(ggestion *as that a si)ilar sy) ol e a*arded to efficient far)ers. .,he the)e of one iss(e of )y 1gric(lt(ral =8tension ne*sletter had een J%ood 4ill 4in the 4ar and 4rite the Peace.J0 ;egatively, + proposed that vigilantes splash yello* paint on the ho(ses of far)ers *ho had deli erately chosen to e slackers. ,*o or three )onths after + gave 4akeley )y report on the pro3ect + *as sitting on )y (nk in an 1r)y 1ir Corps arracks at B(ckley %ield in Colorado. Mail call ro(ght a copy of the Iowa 0arm %conomist . ,here *as no acco)panying letter. P(@@led, + flipped the pages. +n the )iddle of the 3o(rnal *as a glorio(s version of )y first sociology article. 4hat *as )issing *as )y na)e: the report had een edited and then p( lished (nder 4akeleyDs. + did not feel e8ploited, for it had een clear fro) the eginning that )y report *as the ossDs property. + pro(dly sho*ed the )aga@ine to )y fello* soldiers. ,hey *ere so i)pressed that + 3oined the 1)erican 2ociological 2ociety and asked )y )other to for*ard )y copies of the American Sociological &eview to )y vario(s )ilitary addresses. ,he first iss(e arrived *hen + *as attending the 1ir CorpsD =ngineering and Aperations 2chool at Colorado 2tate ,eacherDs College in :reeley- + carried it (nder )y ar) as + *alked fro) class to class, and + )ade s(re that all the instr(ctors sa* it on )y desk. + do( t that the Iowa 0arm %conomist article had any infl(ence in 4ashington. ;evertheless, y the end of the *ar the govern)ent *as a*arding agric(lt(ral = anners to patriotic far)ers. + have een s(spicio(s of neoclassical econo)ic theory ever since.

1fter + had co)pleted )y first year of )ilitary service, )ost of it in +ndia, Congress passed the :+ ill. Bryce 'yan *rote to )e al)ost i))ediately. ,he essence of his )essage *as that the ill )ade it possi le for )e to do grad(ate *ork in sociology and that + o(ght to plan to do so as soon as the *ar *as over. + deeply appreciated his interest, (t the )essage see)ed irrelevant at the ti)e. + *as (sy helping B?$9 aircre*s o) Capan fro) +ndia and China. 1fter the )arines and infantry capt(red the Marianas +slands, )y o(tfit )oved to ,inian and o) ed Capan fro) there. 1nother year 7 $F6 7 *ent y. ,hen a B?$9 sG(adron on o(r island dropped the ato)ic o) . 2(ddenly the *ar *as over. + *as still alive. + had )ade it. &(ring the fo(r )onths )y sG(adron *aited for a ship to take (s ho)e, + necessarily tho(ght a o(t *hat + *as going to do as a civilian. ,*o past events eca)e highly significant. %irst, + recalled Bryce 'yanDs letter enco(raging )e to do grad(ate *ork in sociology (nder the :+ ill. 2econd, + recalled the na)e of =d*in 5. 2(therland fro) the independent?st(dy cri)inology co(rse. +n a short E?)ail letter to 2(therland + said little e8cept that + *o(ld like to do grad(ate *ork *ith hi) at +ndiana. + descri ed )y (ndergrad(ate record and then cheekily asked for a teaching assistantship, saying that + had )arried efore going overseas and that the :+ ill *o(ld not pay eno(gh to s(pport (s. + enclosed no transcripts of grades, no letters of reco))endation, no :rad(ate 'ecord =8a)ination scores. 2(therland fired a note ack to ,inian. 5e said that he *o(ld e delighted to have )e as a grad(ate st(dent, that + had een ad)itted to +ndiana University, that he had reserved a teaching assistantship for )e, and that + co(ld co)e to Bloo)ington and start *ork *henever + got o(t of the 1r)y. +t *as that si)ple. + *as discharged in 2an %rancisco, *here )y *ife *as *orking as a )edical technologist, in &ece) er 19BF. ,hree *eeks later + enrolled in the second?se)ester co(rses at Bloo)ington and started *orking as 2(therlandDs teaching assistant. .9ater + eca)e his research assistant and in that capacity helped hi) *ind (p the research for his ook White )ollar )rime .0 + *as e8tre)ely insec(re, *hich *as (n(s(al for )e. + had done nothing (t gr(nt for three years. 4orse, + did not kno* any sociology. 2(therland, fort(nately, *as the gentlest )an + had ever kno*n. 5e *as very s(pportive, as *ere 1(g(st &e B. 5ollingshead, 1lfred '. 9indes)ith, Cohn M(eller, Mary Bess A*en, and others on the fac(lty. >arl 2ch(essler, then an advanced grad(ate st(dent *ho had ret(rned fro) the *ar to *rite his dissertation, *as the person )ost a*are of )y insec(rity. Besides teaching )e sociological )ethods d(ring long coffee sessions at ,o)Ds :rill, he kept telling )e to rela8, take it easy, and not try to learn everything in t*o *eeks. +n 1pril + fo(nd the confidence and sec(rity + *as lacking. 1t the )eetings of the Mid*estern 2ociological 1ssociation in Col() (s, Ahio, + heard Pa(l 5att read a paper on ho* diffic(lt it *as for a veteran to ad3(st, not to civilian life in general, (t to the host of inco)petent people passing the)selves off as sociologists. =ven tho(gh + did not kno* eno(gh a o(t sociology or sociologists to )ake an 7 $F9 7 intelligent decision a o(t 5attDs attack, + endorsed it *ith enth(sias). ,hen + heard a terri le paper on ho(sing in Cleveland, *hose p(nch line *as J4hy, in )any ho(ses the rats r(n in and o(t freely.J ,he paper changed )y life. +f s(ch crap *as sociology, + concl(ded, then + *as s(rely capa le of eco)ing a co)petent sociologist. + tho(ght + had it )ade. + *as right. + )ade it.

7 $"0 7

$ha/ter E*even4 ef*ections on Acade-ic !uccess and #ai*ure> Ma=ing It7 #orsa=ing It7 esha/ing It
0ary T. Mar+ When I came West with the wagon! I was a young man with e#pectations of something! I on,t know what! I tarpainte my name on a big rock by the "issouri trailsi e. 1ut in time my e#pectations wore away with the weather! like my name ha from that rock! an I learne it was enough to stay alive. H=. 9. &octoro*, Welcome to /ar Times My attit(des to*ard *ork and life *ere shaped y an (n(s(al early career patternHs(ccess eyond )y *ildest e8pectations, follo*ed y (ne8pected fail(re. :iven the for)ative po*er of that e8perience, + *ill restrict )y attention to only one of the )any topics that an article on *ork and life )ight treat: occ(pational s(ccess and fail(re.S1T 1cade)ic *ork is p( licly and correctly vie*ed as having a sacred G(ality involving the p(rs(it and trans)ission of tr(th. B(t it also involves a 3o or career carried o(t in a co)petitive )ilie( *here the (s(al h()an virt(es and vices are never far fro) the s(rface.S$T + *ill try to shed so)e light on this sec(lar side of the profession and to offer so)e practical advice. + first descri e )y e8periences, then disc(ss seven characteristics of s(ccess and so)e practical concl(sions + have dra*n. 1ltho(gh the the)es are (niversal, + have *ritten *ith t*o gro(ps in )ind: persons eginning their career, and those at )id?career sorting it all o(tHthe for)er eca(se + *ish so)eone had told )e these things *hen + *as starting o(t, and the latter eca(se they )ay elieve the). + a) gratef(l to )y *ife, Phyllis 'akita Mar8, *ho has patiently and lovingly helped )e sort o(t these iss(es, and for f(rther critical co))ents and s(ggestions + *ish to thank Cerry 1()ente, C(dith 1(er ach, M(rray &avis, 'osa eth >anter, Cohn McCarthy, ;ancy 'eich)an, Uick '( in, 2(san 2il ey, Barry 2tein, Mike Usee), Cohn Ean Maanen, Ch(ck 4e8ler, and Ci) 4ood. 7 $"1 7

Life $ou*d Be a .rea+n 19#0 there co(ld not have een )any sociologists 3(st three years eyond the Ph.&. *ho *ere as professionally satisfied and opti)istic as + *as. ,he pro)ise of the pop(lar 19F0s rhyth)?and? l(es song J2h oo)J that Jlife co(ld e a drea)J had co)e tr(e. +))igrants, gold )iners, and aspiring actors )ight head 4est, (t as an a) itio(s acade)ic orn on a far) in central California + had headed east to *here + tho(ght the real action *asHCa) ridge, Massach(setts. + had a 3o at 5arvard *ith a higher salary and a longer contract .negotiated (nder threat of deserting to another +vy 9eag(e school0 than the other assistant professors in the &epart)ent of 2ocial 'elations. +

ta(ght only one co(rse and had a )a))oth corner office, *here + *as protected fro) intr(ders y )y o*n secretary in an o(ter office. My ook $rotest an $re4u ice had sold fifteen tho(sand copies and had een translated into Capanese. Eario(s chapters had een reprinted in )ore than t*enty ooks. ,he )a3or ne*spapers, )aga@ines, and radio and television )edia gave good coverage to research + had done on the civil?rights )ove)ent, civil disorders, and co))(nity police patrols. %ro) )y e8perience in presenting papers at the ann(al )eetings of the 1)erican 2ociological 1ssociation + ass()ed that it *as not (n(s(al to receive )ore than 1F0 reG(ests for preprints of a ti)ely paper.S!T 1fter receiving )y Ph.&. fro) the University of California, + had arely settled into Ca) ridge and got over 3et lag in 2epte) er 19"# *hen + received an invitation to 3oin the staff of the ;ational 1dvisory Co))ission on Civil &isorders. Barely a year efore, in eard and sandals, + had een sitting in s)oke?filled cafIs on ,elegraph 1ven(e in Berkeley, listening to folk )(sic and talking a o(t the )achinations of the po*er elite, plotting co(ps and e)oaning the sad role of co?opted 1)erican intellect(als. 1t 5arvard + eca)e a reg(lar on the Boston?4ashington sh(ttle and dressed in a three? piece s(it. + eagerly re3ected ,horea(Ds advice, JBe*are of all enterprises that reG(ire ne* clothes.J +gnoring the sarcas), + chose instead to follo* Bo &ylanDs advice, J:et dressed, get lessed. ,ry to e a s(ccess.J 1 st(dent?p( lished co(rse eval(ation ooklet .The /arvar )onfi(3ui e 0, kno*n for its iting critiG(es, praised )y co(rses: JMar8 ranks a)ong the est lect(rers in the University. . . . +f yo( donDt take the co(rse, at least sit in on so)e of the lect(res.J + *as fort(nate to enco(nter an (n(s(ally right, *ell?read, socially conscio(s gro(p of 7 $"$ 7 grad(ate and (ndergrad(ate st(dents, so)e of *ho) are no* )a3or fig(res in 1)erican sociology. 4e *ere on the sa)e side of the generation gap and shared intellect(al interests, a desire to see research aid social change, and a G(est for professional stat(s. ,raining st(dents and involving the) in research *as deeply f(lfilling. .+t also allo*ed )e to get )ore *ork done.0 + received several prestigio(s fello*ships that ena led )e to take leaves of a sence. My na)e *as added to the list of those (nder consideration to e invited for a year in residence at several think tanks. Cons(ltation and research )oney *as falling into )y lap. CB2?,E needed a cons(ltant for a series on (r an areas. 1BC?,E *anted a co))entator on the >erner Co))ission report. %ncyclope ia 1ritannica *anted an article on riots. ,he Coint Center for Ur an 2t(dies of M+, and 5arvard offered s())er salaries. Unsolicited, f(nding so(rces s(ch as the Ur an +nstit(te and 9a* =nforce)ent 1ssistance 1d)inistration offered )e )oney for research- all they reG(ired fro) )e *as a letter of a fe* pages, and + *o(ld receive a grant. 1t a relatively yo(ng age + *as fort(nate to have the chance to serve on the editorial oards of several )a3or 3o(rnals and *as elected to the Co(ncil of the 1)erican 2ociological 1ssociation, en3oying the co)pany of senior colleag(es old eno(gh to e )y parents and even grandparents. ,he )ail ro(tinely ro(ght inG(iries a o(t positions else*here, along *ith reG(ests to *rite ooks, articles, and revie*s for oth acade)ic and pop(lar p( lications, serve on editorial and other oards, participate in sy)posia, and give lect(res and deliver papers at an array of acade)ic )eetings oth in the United 2tates and a road. ,he invitations re)oved fro) )e the an8iety and risk )any of )y peers e8perienced as they so(ght professional attention. + *as not cond(cting research *ith only a hope that so)eday, so)eho*, the res(lts *o(ld e p( lished. +nstead, + co(ld adopt the )ore cost?effective and safe techniG(e of filling orders on hand. 2ince invitations *ere (s(ally general, + had the freedo) to

*rite on *hatever + *anted. +t see)ed to e a sellerDs )arket. +n one of those nasty social principles *herein the rich got richer, each invited article or presentation triggered ne* invitations in an al)ost geo)etric e8pansion. =ach article *as an invest)ent that earned interest. My pro le) *as not having the goods re3ected (t finding it i)possi le to keep eno(gh in stock. ,he certainty of p( lication pro a ly enco(raged )e to prod(ce )ore than + other*ise )ight have and perhaps to let it go to press earlier. +t also )ay have )eant a freer, )ore interpretive *riting and research style 7 $"! 7 eca(se + did not have to confor) to the e8pectations of an editorial oard or revie*ers co))itted to a narro* notion of sociological research.SBT 2ince estee)ed )e) ers of )y profession *ere offering these invitations, )y self?confidence increased and + ca)e to elieve that + had i)portant things to say. Perhaps a positive la eling effect *as at *ork. + r(shed (p against a (sy *orld of )overs and shakers, elites, and acade)ic gatekeepers. =ditors, reporters, la*yers, and heads of social?research cons(lting fir)s asked )e to dine at e8pensive resta(rants and private cl( s or tendered invitations to cocktail parties. Aften they asked )e for )y opinion or help on topics + kne* nothing a o(t. + negotiated a contract to do a race?relations te8t ook *ith a colleag(e for *hat see)ed in 19#0 to e an (nprecedented s(), far greater than )y ann(al salary. + had l(nch *ith Eice President 5()phrey and dinner *ith several Ca inet secretaries. + attended riefing l(nches and dinners *ith other real and aspiring political leaders. + *as approached y a for)er .or so he clai)ed0 C+1 agent still *orking for the govern)ent (t in so)e other capacity. 5e had read $rotest an $re4u ice and *anted to talk a o(t the st(dent )ove)ent. + eagerly responded to a reG(est to 3oin a gro(p of acade)ics helping 'o ert %. >ennedyDs 19"6 presidential ca)paign and drafted a position paper. ,his o(ntif(l professional harvest spilled over into private life. 4e lived in a (niversity?o*ned apart)ent in the heart of Ca) ridge in a for)er otanical garden. 4e *ere invited to large, so)e*hat for)al dinner parties attended y cele rated 1)erican intellect(als in eighteenth?cent(ry ho)es. A(r son *as the only nonconnected fo(r?year?old accepted into 2hady 9ane, a *onderf(l Ca) ridge school fo(nded y 4illia) Ca)es and Cohn &e*ey. 4e o(ght an e8pensive foreign car and land on MarthaDs Eineyard. Plans for the s())er ho)e *ere dra*n (p. + developed a taste for sherry and even pretended to en3oy playing sG(ash. + had )oved fro) eing an (nkno*n grad(ate st(dent at a state (niversity in the o(t ack to *hat see)ed to e the core of 1)erican acade)ic and political life.SFT :eorge 5o)ans, 1le8 +nkeles, 2ey)o(r Martin 9ipset, ,alcott Parsons, and &avid 'ies)an *ere all do*n the hall*ay fro) )y office. +t *as the sa)e hall*ay that not long efore had een graced y Pitiri) 2orokin, :ordon 1llport, and Clyde >l(ckhohn, located in a (ilding na)ed after still another ill(strio(s predecessor, 4illia) Ca)es. ,he periphery of the >ennedy circle of advisers fro) 5arvard eckoned. Ane of )y )entors, &aniel P. Moynihan, had )oved on to a 3o in the 4hite 5o(se. 7 $"B 7 + *o(ld eagerly ret(rn to )y office .after an afternoon or day a*ay0 in the hope of finding several neatly *ritten pink phone )essages reG(esting that + ret(rn a ;e* <ork or 4ashington call. ,hose little pink notes *ere lifelines, (no tr(sive sy) olic indicators earing evidence of a career in )otion. ,he higher reaches of sociology and perhaps even 1)erican intellect(al life, p( lic service, the )ass

)edia, and a patrician life?style all see)ed to e eckoning. ,his *as heady st(ff for a person *hose highest aspiration a decade efore had een to *rite a )asterDs thesis that *o(ld receive one scholarly citationS"T and *ho kept the follo*ing lines fro) 3a@@? l(es singer Mose 1llison in his top dra*er: + )ade )y entrance on the :reyho(nd (s + donDt intend to ca(se a f(ss +f yo( like )y style, thatDs fine *ith )e B(t if yo( donDt, 3(st let )e e + got so)e kids, + got a *ife +D) 3(st trying to s*ing )y *ay thro(gh life 1s a st(dent of 1)erican society + kne* all a o(t locked )o ility aspirations. B(t )y sit(ation *as the reverse .or so it see)ed d(ring those glorio(s years of ascent0. + had not een denied anything + felt entitled to. +nstead + so)eti)es felt + had received things + did not deserve. +n three short years, fro) 19"# to 19#0, + had already achieved far )ore than + ever intended or e8pected. +n the *ar) glo* of solidarity offered y elites *ho validate each otherDs stat(s thro(gh self?f(lfilling effects, it *as easy to elieve that *hat + *as doing *as i)portant and that )y s(ccess *as )eaningf(l and appropriate and co(ld only increase. ,r(e, + kne* that the chances of so)eone *ho had not received at least one degree fro) 5arvard getting ten(re *ere very sli).S#T B(t + *as too (sy to think )(ch a o(t ten(re in those early years. Besides, there *as al*ays the e8ception, and *asnDt + on the fast track .as the list of achieve)ents + also kept t(cked a*ay in the top dra*er of )y desk indicated0K Clearly sociology offered a great career if yo( had the right st(ff. 4ho kno*s *here it )ight leadKHan endo*ed chair, a deanship, a presidential appoint)ent, honorary degrees, plenary addresses, editorships, )ore foreign translations, directorship of a research center, perhaps a est?selling novel and even a )ovie career. 4as life ever so s*eet for a yo(ng acade)icK Co(ld a s(rfer fro) California disg(ised in acade)ic cloth? 7 $"F 7 ing find happiness in an eastern elite acade)ic settingK &id the rising s(n have to setK My acade)ic kno*ledge of stratification and fashion sho(ld have told )e that the drea) co(ld not last. ,hat reali@ation *as not as s(dden as *hen )y chance for all?city high?school track )edals *as dashed *hen + roke an ankle 3(st efore the ig )eet in the 9os 1ngeles Colise(). ,here *as no single cala)ito(s incident. B(t grad(ally the s*eet s)ell of s(ccess t(rned slightly rancid. 1s traditional achieve)ents eca)e less satisfying and little fail(res acc()(lated, stalag)ites of disill(sion)ent, anger, and conf(sion (ilt (p over several years.S6T 4hat + had naively ass()ed to e the nat(ral order of things t(rned o(t to e (t a passing phase conditioned y historical factors and l(ck.

After the #a**

+n 19#$ so)eone even yo(nger than )e, and *ith .at the ti)e0 a less i)pressive teaching and p( lication record, *as s(ddenly given ten(re in sociology. + had to give (p )y ig office as a res(lt. My ook *ent o(t of print. 1 race?relations reader + edited did not sell *ell eno(gh to reco(p the advance. ,he race?relations te8t *as never *ritten. 1 partially *ritten introd(ctory te8t done *ith several colleag(es, and *hich *as s(pposed to )ake (s co)forta le and even rich, *as re3ected y the p( lisher. 1 n() er of editors + kne* lost or changed 3o s. 1fter )ore than a decade of receiving everything + applied for, a grant application *as re3ected, and then another. ,he 'ep( licans had taken over 4ashington. 4hites *riting a o(t )inority gro(ps and favoring integration ca)e (nder increased

attack fro) seg)ents of the left and the right. 9i eral approaches to social iss(es eca)e less fashiona le. 1dvertise)ents )ade (p an increased proportion of )y )ail. ,he reporters stopped calling. ,he pink phone )essages *ere )ostly fro) the li rary a o(t overd(e ooks and re)inders to ring ho)e a G(art of )ilk and so)e ananas. 4hen )y t*o )ost s(pportive senior colleag(es and )entors left 5arvard for 2tanford, + reali@ed that it *as ti)e to look f(rther afield for *ork. <et y 19#$ the 3o offers had eco)e fe*er. 1 long? pro)ised 3o in the University of California syste) t(rned o(t not to e there *hen + finally *anted it. 1 pro)ised year at the '(ssell 2age %o(ndation s(ddenly fell thro(gh. + had several years left on )y 5arvard contract in 19#!, (t in an anticipatory version of yo(?canDt?fire?)e?+?G(it, + left 5arvard for an associate professorship at M+,. 1l? 7 $"" 7 tho(gh certainly a good )ove in a )arket that *as starting to tighten (p, it *as not the )ove to f(ll professor that + nat(rally ass()ed *o(ld e )y right sho(ld + leave 5arvard. My son )ade so)e great ashtrays in his progressive private school, (t )y *ife and + ca)e to have do( ts a o(t its per)issive learning environ)ent. 9eaving 5arvard )eant giving (p o(r ideal Ca) ridge apart)ent in o(r ideal acade)ic ghetto and )oving to a faceless s( (r *ith afforda le ho(sing and neigh ors *hose politics, life?styles, and landscaping *ere far fro) *hat *e had eco)e acc(sto)ed to. ,he engine lock in o(r foreign car cracked. 1 forest fire (rned o(r land on MarthaDs Eineyard and e8posed its pro8i)ity to the =dgarto*n d()p. 4e sold the land. + no* had to confront ghosts that had lain dor)ant d(ring the past decade of contin(o(s grad(ate school and professional s(ccess. My need for achieve)ent had een *ell served in those early years. + *as a le to leverage the s(ccess + fo(nd against inner de)ons al*ays ready to tell )e that + *as not *orth )(ch. Af co(rse the need to display occ(pational )erit adges is part of the 1)erican achieve)ent ethos. B(t + *as also responding to childhood e8periences *ith a father *ho, *hatever his virt(es, *as diffic(lt to please. 5is o*n needs *ere s(ch that he )ade )e feel very inferior.S9T 1s a res(lt + had a strong need to prove )yself. 2eeking the e8ternal sy) ols of s(ccess *as a *ay to de)onstrate to the *orld and )yself that the inner do( ts + har ored *ere )istaken. 9ike Ma8 4e erDs P(ritans looking for a sign of rede)ption thro(gh their *orldly striving, + looked for evidence of )y co)petence thro(gh co)petitive effortsHin high school thro(gh athletics, speech contests, st(dent govern)ent, and stylish conspic(o(s cons()ption,S10T and later in grad(ate school and eyond y applying for grants and s( )itting papers for p( lication.S11T My e8perience in those early years had s(pported a si)ple, adolescent, ;iet@schean .and pro a ly )ale0 vie* in *hich the *orld co(ld e neatly divided into *inners and losers, leaders and led, those in the inner circle and those o(tside it. Af co(rse, depending on the arena, one )ight e in or o(t. B(t )any of )y yo(thf(l )e)ories revolve aro(nd a desperate need to e in that circle. :ood taste reG(ired not openly ackno*ledging the intensity of the drive or that s*eet, s)(g feeling that s(ccess )ade possi le. B(t the G(iet, invidio(s feelings achieve)ent per)itted *ere terri ly i)portant. ,hro(gh grit, deter)ination, hard *ork, and l(ck + had done a good 3o of sho*ing the *orld *here + stoodHat least (p to the early 19#0s.S1$T 7 $"# 7 ,hen things changed. ,he appropriate tragic )odel *as not the :reek hero destroyed y his o*n

virt(es, (t the Bi lical hero Co ro(ght do*n y rando) e8ternal forces. + *as the sa)e person doing *hat + had al*ays done .and pro a ly even doing it etter0, and yet things *ere not *orking as they had efore. + had 3()ped thro(gh *hat + tho(ght *ere the appropriate (rning hoops, (t the cheers *ere no* )(ffled.S1!T + had *orked very hard to reach the rass ring, (t it *as al*ays 3(st o(t of reach. + had constr(cted a positive self?i)age ased on possessing a nice s(it of clothes, (t they no* *ere in danger of eco)ing o(t)oded and even eing repossessed. + *as s(ddenly v(lnera le in a *ay + had not een efore. 4hat is )ore, the achieve)ents that had given )e so )(ch pleas(re in the past see)ed less f(lfilling on repetition. ;ot even old eno(gh for a real )id?life crisis, + *ent thro(gh a period of reassess)ent and asked all the fa)iliar G(estions: 4hat did it all add (p toK 4as it *orth itK 4hy keep playing the sa)e old ga)e if the connection et*een )erit, hard *ork, and re*ard *as not ass(red or if the re*ard *as not all that great to egin *ithK 4hat *ere )y goalsK 4ho *as +, after losing so)e of the for)al trappings of s(ccessK 4hat *as i)portantK 4as there life after 5arvard and the o(ntif(l harvest of )y first decade in sociologyK My ans*ers *ere hardly original, (t they *orked for )e. + ca)e to ter)s *ith oth *inning and losing and *as etter a le, as >ipling advised, to J)eet *ith ,ri()ph and &isaster and treat these t*o i)posters 3(st the sa)e.J + developed a perspective that )ade oth fail(re and s(ccess easier to (nderstand and accept. 1 part of this perspective is a*areness of a 4oody 1llen parado8 *herein *hen *e do not have *hat *e *ant, *e are (nhappy, (t sho(ld *e get it, it t(rns o(t not to e eno(gh.S1BT

!even $haracteristics of !uccess

4hile s(ccess is nice to have, it is not all it is cracked (p to e: 1. It oes not last. Mark ,*ain said, JAne can live for t*o )onths on a good co)pli)ent.J &epending on oneDs psyche t*o ho(rs or t*o *eeks )ight also apply. B(t as a character in a ;eil 2i)on play o serves, J;othing recedes like s(ccess.J 4ith appalling reg(larity, there is al*ays a later edition of a 3o(rnal or ne*spaper telling so)eone elseDs story. Books go o(t of print and 3o(rnal articles cease to e read. ,he 7 $"6 7 pages rapidly yello* and are forgotten. People ask *hat yo( are doing now . Colleag(es *ho kno* *hat yo( have done retire, and they are replaced y yo(nger persons (na*are of yo(r contri (tions. ,o )ake )atters *orse, (nlike the nat(ral sciences, sociology is not very c()(lative. 4hatever social *heel yo( discover )ay e rediscovered a fe* years later y so)eone at another school or in another discipline (na*are of *hat yo( have done .or at least not ackno*ledging it in a footnote0. ,he 'o)ans *ere *ise to have servants )arch ne8t to victorio(s generals in parades and *hisper in their ears, J%a)e is a passing pheno)enon.J $. 6ou can never be successful enough Jat least in your own eyesK. -o matter how goo you are! there is always someone better. 4hatever yo( did, yo( co(ld al*ays have done it etter and done )ore, or done it earlier. <o( never *ere as i)portant or *ell kno*n as yo( tho(ght yo( *ere. =ven the tr(ly fa)o(s are not e8e)pt.S1FT 4hat is *orse, yo( never really get there. 1s &(rkhei) o served, in a rapidly transfor)ing society yo( can never achieve eno(gh s(ccess. 4hen *hat is at stake is so)ething as open?ended as rep(tation, prod(ctivity, i)pact, or acc()(lation, there is no clear li)it. 4ith each higher level of achieve)ent the definition of s(ccess changes s(ch that it is forever o(t of reach. By contrast, fail(re )ore often see)s li)ited and finite: yo( kno* *hen yo( have hit the *all.

!. The more success you have! the har er it becomes to reach the ne#t level of achievement. 1s one )oves fro) getting accepted to grad(ate school, to getting a Ph.&., to getting a teaching 3o , to getting ten(re and national a*ards and distinction, the co)petition gets stiffer, the n() er of slots declines, and the price of s(ccess increases. 4ith each level of achieve)ent the field is narro*ed. Ance a certain level is reached, there is little variation a)ong participants. =veryone is G(alified and hard*orking, and there are fe*er re*ards. B. There is a iminishing(returns effect. ;ational Basket all 1ssociation star 9arry Bird capt(red it in his co))ent on receiving the Most Eal(a le Player 1*ard a second ti)e: J+tDs f(nny eca(se *hen yo(Dre a kid yo( canDt *ait to get those trophies. <o( get De) ho)e and shine De) (p. ;o* + forget all a o(t De). + got one last year that + left in a friendDs tr(ck for a *hole year efore he re)inded )e of it.JS1"T ,he satisfaction fro) e8ternal re*ards is not as great the second or third ti)e aro(nd, *hether it e delivering or p( lishing a paper, *riting a ook, or getting a grant. Part of the reason )ay e 3(st the di)in(tion of passion that 7 $"9 7 co)es *ith aging. B(t repetition does not have the sa)e kick. ,he sense of c(riosity and e8pectation that acco)panies the initial p(rs(it of re*ards *eakens once they have een achieved. +t has eco)e clear to )e that a )eaningf(l life cannot e constr(cted o(t of repetitively doing things to please an i)personal p( lic. F. Success may have costly an uninten e si e effects Japart from the price initially pai to achieve itK. ,here are the o vio(s dangers of h( ris and taking yo(rself too serio(sly and the otto)less?pit .or perhaps ceilingless?roof0 G(ality of s(ccess. 9ess o vio(s is the parado8 that s(ccess rings less ti)e to do the very thing for *hich yo( are no* eing recogni@ed. +n an acade)ic setting increased achieve)ent is associated *ith increased responsi ility. Being *ell kno*n rings good?citi@enship reG(ests to revie* articles and ooks, *rite letters of reco))endation, and serve on co))ittees. 1ltho(gh s(ch invitations are sy) olic of s(ccess and can e directly or indirectly )arshaled to o tain still )ore s(ccess, they can serio(sly (nder)ine prod(ctivity. 1 virt(e of o sc(rity is greater control over yo(r ti)e and greater privacy. P( lic visi ility )ay ring reG(ests for )ore infor)ation a o(t yo(r research, 3o offers, and speaking, cons(lting, and research invitations. B(t eing G(oted or revie*ed in the print )edia or seen on television )ay also ring appeals fro) 3o seekers, salespersons, and charities and reG(ests for free advice or help on topics yo( kno* little a o(t. 4hen yo(r topic is controversial, as )ine on race, civil disorders, secret police, and s(rveillance tended to e, yo( are also likely to get i@arre )issives incl(ding hate )ail and threats, inco)prehensi le letters fro) very cra@y people, and e esieged y persons seeking to recr(it yo( to propagate strange ideas and sche)es. ". The correlation between ability! or merit! an success is far from perfect. ,his is of co(rse a central sociological )essage. %actors eyond )erit that )ay ear on the distri (tion of re*ards incl(de the )ake(p of the selection co))ittee, *hat it had done the previo(s year, ti)ing, the characteristics of the applicant pool, and intellect(al, ideological, or personal iases. =ven *hen the selection process is fair, re3ections are often )ore a co))ent on the scarcity of re*ards than on the inco)petence of applicants. ,he )a3or factors here are s(rely organi@ational. B(t the str(ct(re and a) ig(ity of re*ard sit(ations also )ake it possi le to )ask the role so)eti)es played y corr(ption. 4ith age and e8perience yo( co)e to feel co)forta le 3(dging, and even so)eti)es do( ting the 3(dges.S1#T ,here are eno(gh G(estiona le

7 $#0 7 cases involving ten(re and pro)otion, the a*arding of grants, and the acceptance of )aterials for p( lication to )ake clear the role of non?achieve)ent criteria in social re*ard. Cynical a*areness of this state of affairs need not )ake yo( thro* in the to*el or eco)e corr(pt, (t it )ay )ean slo*ing do*n, p(tting less e)phasis on o(tco)es, and eco)ing )ore philosophical a o(t fail(re and s(ccess. ,his a*areness can take so)e of the sting o(t of defeat. +t also o(ght to take so)e of the pride o(t of victory.S16T #. There is no reason to e#pect that what you o ne#t will be better! by your own stan ar s! than what you have one in the past or will necessarily bring e:uivalent or greater recognition an rewar . +n grad(ate school and the early professional years this )ay not e tr(e. <o( start *ith little, so each achieve)ent is a )ilestone and )ore re*arding than the last. <et this training effect is short?lived. Career satisfaction in acade)ia and the G(ality and G(antity of prod(ctivity are not linear, in spite of the rhetoric of c(lt(ral opti)is) and )etaphors of gro*th. 1cade)ics are not like professional athletes, )any of *ho) grad(ally peak over a period of three to si8 years and then fall off. %or the )inority of Ph.&.Ds *ho contin(e to do research after receiving their degrees, the average pattern for oth the G(ality of their *ork and the recognition it receives is pro a ly 3agged.S19T ,here )ay e periods of intense creativity and prod(ctivity, follo*ed y periods of reading, p(rs(ing (nrelated interests, or laying the gro(nd for the ne8t period of activity. %allo* periods, if that e the right ter), are nothing to *orry a o(t .at least if yo( have ten(re0. 1s in agric(lt(re, they )ay even e f(nctional.

%ractica* Lessons
,hree road practical lessons follo* fro) these perspectives on s(ccess and fail(re: .10 val(e the process of creating as an end itself- .$0 develop ne* professional goals- .!0 do not )ake yo(r career yo(r life. ,(rning to the first, it is necessary to val(e the process of creating. 4ork has to e f(n and interesting in its o*n right, apart fro) any e8ternal re*ards once it is finished. 5arry Chapin ca(ght this idea *hen he sang: :etting off this dirty (s one thing + (nderstood. +tDs got to e the going not the getting there thatDs good. 7 $#1 7 +n grad(ate school + *as i)pressed y =rich %ro))Ds arg()ent to live life s(ch that yo( did everything as an end in itself and not as a )eans. 1t the ti)e + sa* this directive in ter)s of interpersonal relations. +t never occ(rred to )e that the arg()ent had local occ(pational application. B(t + no* see that once yo( have ten(re, if yo( do not en3oy the research or *riting .apart fro) *hatever payoff the finished prod(ct )ight ring0, then it is not *orth doing. + ca)e to reali@e that + got pleas(re fro) finding partial ans*ers to G(estions + *ondered a o(t, t(rning a clever phrase, ordering a set of ideas, and seeing connections et*een apparently (nrelated pheno)ena. +n a co)petitive *orld of (ncertain and perhaps (nsatisfying re*ard there is )(ch to e said for val(ing the process of prod(ction as an end in itself.S$0T ,he foc(s on process and eco)ing can )ean less concern over the G(antity of *ork prod(ced and fe*er co)parisons to colleag(es. +t can protect against 3(dging yo(rself y so)e G(antitative standard

*herein *hatever yo( do ne8t has to e )ore and etter than *hat yo( did earlier and ring greater re*ards. +f for personal satisfaction *hat )atters is en3oying yo(r *ork, then it does not )(ch )atter ho* )any p( lications that *ork event(ally leads to, or ho* G(ickly, or even in *hich places it gets p( lished. + a) not partic(larly tro( led that so)e of )y *ork )ay never e p( lished, or )ay e p( lished a decade after its co)pletion, or )ay o(nce do*n the prestige hierarchy of 3o(rnals efore finding a resting place. ,his attit(de contrasts )arkedly *ith the rational cost? enefit calc(lation and the intensity and sno ishness a o(t p( lication + felt as a yo(ng acade)ic. 4hat )atters )ost is a sense of engage)ent *ith yo(r *ork and of )ove)ent. + do not deny that the need for social recognition can e congr(ent *ith, and even cond(cive to, the advance)ent of kno*ledge or that there is pleas(re in seeing an article or ook in printHprod(cers need )arkets for validation and feed ack. B(t that is not eno(gh to s(stain research activity, partic(larly after a professional rep(tation is esta lished. 1 second concl(sion involves the need to develop ne* professional goals eca(se of the di)inishing? ret(rns effect and the increasing diffic(lty of cli) ing ever higher. + roadened )y professional and personal goals .descri ed in the ne8t section0. +n the case of the for)er, + e8panded )y intellect(al repertoire. <o( are likely to discover early in yo(r career that yo( G(ickly )aster conte)porary sociological research kno*ledge regarding yo(r topic .or if not, at least get ored *ith it0. Accasionally there *ill e so)e highly infor)ative, (sef(l, or fresh e)pirical findings, concepts, theoretical approaches, or )ethods, (t 7 $#$ 7 not often. 1ltho(gh y and large it is not tr(e that sociology consists of Jfindings of the o vio(s y the devio(sJ .as an 1lison 9(rie character s(ggests0, there is not )(ch ne* (nder the s(n after yo( have een o(t in it for a *hile.S$1T + s(stained intellect(al interest y developing ne* s( stantive areas of interest, t(rning to co)parative research and to other disciplines, investigating ne* so(rces of data and )ethods, and taking (p cons(lting. My initial interest *as in race and ethnic relations, part of a )ore general interest in stratification. Partly as a res(lt of eing a *hite st(dying lacks in an age of lack po*er, (t )ore o(t of the fatig(e + have descri ed, + shifted fro) race?relations research to G(estions co) ining )y interest in race and ethnic iss(es *ith an interest in collective ehavior and, later, deviance and social control. + no* see the latter giving *ay to an interest in G(estions concerning technology and society. 2(ch )oves are grad(al and not very rational. <o( cannot predict yo(r intellect(al tra3ectory y *hat yo( are concerned *ith in grad(ate school. B(t + *o(ld vent(re that (nless yo( change and e8pand, it is easy to get t(rned off to intellect(al inG(iry. Eariety can co)e fro) st(dying in so)e other co(ntry *hat yo( have st(died here. +t is f(n, and there are solid intellect(al gro(nds for doing it. + *ent to +ndia to st(dy race relations. + *ent to %rance and =ngland to st(dy police. + hope to go to 2candinavia to st(dy co)p(ter syste)s. Beyond the ne* intellect(al hori@ons travel presents, it offers a ne* set of colleag(es and ne* odies of literat(re and o(tlets for p( lication. 4hatever kno*ledge )ay e gained, + get a strange pleas(re fro) str(ggling to read the %rench 3o(rnal + receive. Eariety can also co)e fro) learning *hat other disciplines have to say a o(t yo(r topic. Ane conseG(ence of having spent )ore than a decade in a planning depart)ent that is pro le)?centered rather than discipline?centered is a contin(al re)inder of the variety of perspectives, )ethods, and data so(rces needed to (nderstand a pheno)enon. +n this sense discipline? ased professional ed(cation, *ith its ins(lar, self?aggrandi@ing, and often i)perialistic tendencies, does an intellect(al disservice.

1ltho(gh + al*ays start *ith sociological G(estions, they are no longer eno(gh. Aver the years they have een s(pple)ented y a series of G(estions fro) psychology, political science, econo)ics, history, la*, and ethics. 4hat is )ore, for the research that to(ches on p( lic iss(es + have added a road nor)ative G(estion: given *hat + have learned fro) )y research, *here do + stand on a policy iss(e, and *hat *o(ld + 7 $#! 7 reco))endK +n grad(ate school, still reeling fro) the conservatis) of the 19F0s and the thr(st to )ake sociology a science, s(ch iss(es *ere ignored or seen as disrep(ta le. + have also roadened )y definition of data and of *hat + feel co)forta le *orking *ith. %or oth )y M.1. thesis on %ather Co(ghlin and )y Ph.&. dissertation on the civil?rights )ove)ent + (sed standard s(rvey research data. + contin(ed to cond(ct s(rvey research for several years after getting the Ph.&., (t no* rarely do. +nstead, + have )ade increased (se of o servational, historical, and literary )aterials. My ook *n ercover has a historical chapter. +n )y *ork on for)s of interdependence et*een r(le reakers and r(le enforcers + a) analy@ing novels and fil). +n )y *ork on social )ove)ents + a) investigating the role of art and songs in )o ili@ing people. My *ork on electronic s(rveillance )ethods for discovering violations deals directly *ith ethics. ,his roadening + advocate )ay not endear yo( to those *ith highly speciali@ed disciplinary concerns *ho have their hands on the re*ard levers of yo(r profession. B(t it is likely to enhance the G(ality of the intellect(al prod(ct. ,he sense of gro*th and develop)ent it offers feels good and helps keep one fresh. 4hat + have descri ed represents diversification rather than displace)ent. + have e8panded the G(estions + a) concerned *ith, the kinds of evidence + see as data, the places + look for the), and the )ethods + (se. ,he )ove)ent et*een G(estions, data, )ethods, and location has not een linear. +nstead it has, to a degree, een cyclical. + think that characteristic is another key to staying )otivated. +t is easy and f(n to co)e ack to a topic after having een a*ay for a *hile. ;e* )aterials *ill have appeared, and the e8periences yo( have had in the interi) )ay ca(se yo( to see *hat *as once fa)iliar in a ne* *ay. ,here is so)e salvation in )oving ack and forth et*een G(alitative and G(antitative, do)estic and international, conte)porary and historical, asic and applied G(estions and the vario(s social?science disciplines. ,his diversity also )akes it easier to have a fe* irons al*ays in the fire. +f nothing )ore, it gives one a )odest reason to go to *ork: to check o(t the )ail. Beyond statistically i)proving yo(r chances of s(ccess, having s( )itted )(ltiple articles, proposals, and grant applications can serve as a kind of safety net for the i)agination. 4hen a re3ection co)es, yo( have the hope that the other things still o(t *ill )eet *ith a happier fate. Af co(rse, there is the risk of a harder fall if they all end (p eing re3ected. 5o*ever, *ith eno(gh nets and fishing lines o(t, that need never occ(r. ,he f(t(re has an open?ended G(ality 7 $#B 7 that can e *onderf(lly cond(cive to opti)is). + also g(ard against de)orali@ation fro) re3ection y typing o(t t*o letters *henever + s( )it an article. ,he first is to the 3o(rnal to *hich + a) s( )itting the article, and the second .(ndated0 is to the ne8t place + *ill send the article if it is re3ected. + *o(ld not deny, tho(gh, that there is also *isdo) in kno*ing *hen to fold, as *ell as *hen to hold. 1nother professional goal that + actively p(rs(ed for a *hile . (t a) no* a) ivalent a o(t0 involved earning e8tra inco)e thro(gh cons(lting and te8t ook *riting. =arning )oney did not eco)e an

o session, (t + stopped seeing it as necessarily an (n*orthy goal. +t *as *hat + did to earn it, + tho(ght, that )erited )oral eval(ation, not the goal per se. +f )aking all the right acade)ic )oves did not ins(re s(ccess or satisfaction, *hy not (se the sa)e skills and credentials to get richK ,he payoff *as likely to e )ore certain and i))ediate, and the standard reG(ired *as less de)anding. :iven disill(sion)ent and fatig(e *ith acade)ic a)ate(ris), it *as easy to rationali@e spending )ore ti)e playing for pay instead of for honor, footnotes, and the acclai) of adolescents.S$$T 5o*ever, as *ill e noted, this e)phasis is not *itho(t pro le)s if yo( re)ain co))itted to acade)ic val(es. 1 reassess)ent of the o(rgeois life egan *ith )y )ove fro) Berkeley to Ca) ridge. My senior colleag(es *ere living *ell, and *ell eyond their acade)ic salaries. 2pacio(s, elegantly restored historic ho)es *ith cleaning services, travel to e8otic places in the *inter and vacation ho)es in the s())er, ca)p and enriched ed(cation for children, go(r)et foods and foreign sports cars *ere not availa le to persons *ho gave all their royalties to political ca(ses .as + had originally planned to do0 or *ho only did social research gratis on ehalf of ca(ses they elieved in. ,his shift in e)phasis egan sy) olically *ith )y grad(al acceptance of, and event(al elief in, the (sef(lness of an electric can opener. 4e received one as a *edding present in the 19"0s, and it stayed in its (nopened o8 for )any years. %or reasons + cannot clearly recall, at the ti)e it see)ed to epito)i@e all that *as *rong *ith o(r society. Brick?and? oard ook shelves *ere replaced y real ook shelves. 1 ne* sofa eli)inated the need for a draped Me8ican serape to disg(ise the sorry state of the sagging co(ch eneath it. 4e ca)e to vie* paying so)eone to clean the ho(se as salvation rather than e8ploitation. 4hile it *as nice to have the e8tra inco)e, earning o(tside )oney *as not all that great either. +t got oring, and + did not like the feeling of eing a sociologist for sale: have ideas and )ethods, *ill travel. + *as not co)forta le *ith the sales)anship that pleasing and finding clients 7 $#F 7 see)ed to reG(ire. 1fter all, + had chosen an acade)ic life rather than the co))ercial life of )y ancestors precisely to avoid the need to pander to c(sto)ers. ,he press(res to )eet deadlines *ere )(ch greater than in the (niversity. + felt the cons(lting reports + *rote *ere generally (nappreciated and (nread, e8cept for the oversi)plified and *atered?do*n Je8ec(tive s())ariesJ *ith *hich they had to egin. ,here *ere also role conflicts. ,he nor)s of scholarship so)eti)es conflicted *ith the interests of )y e)ployer. ,he s( stit(tion of )arket and political criteria for those of tr(th and intellect(al rigor tro( led )e. +t *as alienating to e told *hat research to do and to have (siness persons and (rea(crats place conditions on intellect(al inG(iry. + did not like the lack of editorial and distri (tional control over *hat *as prod(ced. + enco(ntered ad faith on the part of e)ployers. ,h(s, in an eval(ation of a co))(nity?oriented cri)inal?3(stice pro3ect + pointed o(t ho* innovative and i)portant the progra) *as, *hile also honestly doc()enting pro le)s and *ays of overco)ing the). +)agine )y s(rprise *hen the research doc()ent *as not (sed to i)prove the progra) (t to kill it. +t eca)e clear that the hiring agency vie*ed research as a tool to p(rs(e a co(rse of action that had een decided efore the research *as (ndertaken. +n another e8a)ple a *ell?esta lished cons(lting fir) hired )e to *rite a proposal for a large grant and pro)ised )e a )a3or role in it. ,he grant *as f(nded, altho(gh all + received *as an invitation to serve on the advisory panel of the st(dy. + felt (nco)forta le *ith the press(res and te)ptations to dil(te *ork, c(t corners, treat iss(es s(perficially, and delegate tasks + *as hired to do to )(ch lo*er?paid grad(ate st(dents. ,hese co(ld e

rationali@ed since cons(lting standards *ere generally lo*er than those of acade)ic peer revie*. ,he goal *as to )a8i)i@e inco)e rather than o tain a high level of crafts)anship, *hich in )ost cases *o(ld not have een recogni@ed or appreciated. + e)phasi@ed earning e8tra inco)e for a o(t five years. + )et *ith so)e )odest financial s(ccess and learned so)e things a o(t govern)ent progra)s, te8t ook *riting, and social science as (siness. +t *as a nice reak fro) )y early years (t clearly co(ld not s(stain )e. + grad(ally )oved ack to a predo)inant foc(s on acade)ic *ork and ca(ght a second *ind. + still appreciate the enefits of doing sociology in applied and re)(nerative settings, and + have not given (p s(ch activities entirelyHthey can keep yo( fresh, involved, and infor)ed and e a so(rce of research data and a *ay to infl(ence policy and shape de ate. 7 $#" 7 +t is refreshing to )eet people *ho act(ally do things rather than )erely talk a o(t *hat others do. <et if yo( are fort(nate eno(gh to have a 3o in an acade)ic setting, it see)s foolish not to take advantage of the freedo) for intellect(al inG(iry it offers. ,he third practical concl(sion + reached *as that yo(r career cannot .or sho(ld not0 e yo(r entire life. ;ot only did + G(estion the payoff fro) occ(pational s(ccess eyond a certain point, (t + also sa* the price that e8cessive devotion to a career co(ld e8tract fro) personal and fa)ily life. ,he prospect of eing a narro*, one?di)ensional person *ith a good chance of having fa)ily tro( le and an early heart attack *as (nappealing, even if there had een greater certainty in the hard *ork?s(ccess?happiness connection. +n the initial years after )oving fro) 5arvard to M+, + left several pro3ects (ndone for lack of f(nding and grad(ate st(dents. 1 it *eary and cynical a o(t the single?)inded p(rs(it of acade)ic achieve)ent, + devoted )ore ti)e to highly personal, nonco)petitive activities over *hich + had )ore control. + spent )ore and etter ti)e *ith )y fa)ily, re (ilt a dilapidated Eictorian ho(se, learned to play the g(itar, read novels, kayaked *ild rivers, and *orked on a fa)ily history pro3ect. 4atching J2esa)e 2treetJ *ith a yo(ng co)panion, plastering and painting *alls, scr(tini@ing the 16B0 &etroit cens(s for infor)ation a o(t a great?grandfather, str(ggling *ith an o(t?of?t(ne g(itar, and catching (p on a decadeDs *orth of (nread novels *ere far re)oved fro) the (s(al acade)ic o sessions and co)p(lsions. ,he respite fro) an (nrelenting foc(s on acade)ic *ork gave )e great pleas(re. Concrete activities provided i))ediate re*ards. 1scriptive rather than achieve)ent criteria *ere present. ,here *ere no risks and no concern over *hether distant 3(dges *o(ld find )e *anting. ,hese activities elonged to )e in so)e very asic sense. ,hey co(ld not e taken a*ay or *ithheld y editorial or acade)ic gatekeepers. My fa)ily history, for e8a)ple, *as si)ply *aiting to e discovered. ,he *ork *as intensely personal and involved no deadlines or eval(ations. <et as *ith e8cl(sively playing the )onastic acade)ic ga)e or going co))ercial, foc(sing pri)arily on G(ality of life also has its li)its. +t is not )(ch f(n to paint the sa)e roo) a second ti)e. 2)all children G(ickly eco)e adolescents *ho do not *ant to go on fa)ily o(tings *ith yo(. <o( can trace ack fa)ily history only so far. 1fter five years of spending considera le ti)e on other things, + ret(rned to the conventional acade)ic activities of applying for grants, *riting 3o(rnal articles, and presenting papers. + *as fort(nate to find 7 $## 7

and help develop a road topic involving social control, deception, and technology that has s(stained )e for )ore than a decade. + find iss(es of s(rveillance and society and the revelation and conceal)ent of infor)ation endlessly fascinating. ,he topic has i)plications for social theory and social change. +t is of interest to acade)ic, practitioner, and general a(diences, and + have not had tro( le o taining reso(rces to investigate it. ,hro(gh *orking *ith congressonal co))ittees, federal agencies, p( lic interest gro(ps, and the )edia, the research has also had so)e )odest i)pact on shaping national de ate and on p( lic policy.S$!T B(t + have not p(rs(ed this pro3ect *ith the sa)e single?)indedness or desire for professional s(ccess of the early years. My life has eco)e )ore alanced. ,here are so)e iss(es that + have not resolved. Ane concerns feelings of eing (nder(tili@ed and (nderappreciated,S$BT *hich co)es *ith eing the only acade)ic sociologist in an interdisciplinary depart)ent of (r an st(dies and planning at a technology instit(te.S$FT ,o e s(re, in other *ays )y depart)ent and M+, have offered a s(per ho)e. ,here are advantages to eing left alone in an environ)ent *here no one is like yo(rself. B(t it leaves a vag(e sense of loss.S$"T ,he part of acade)ic life that + have fo(nd )ost satisfying is )entoring and *orking *ith yo(nger colleag(es and st(dents on research. + *o(ld have learned and p( lished )ore and done less self?G(estioning had + had the steady flo* of st(dents and the day?to?day validation and chance to contri (te that large grad(ate sociology progra)s offer. +t does not feel right to offer a ne* class or hold office ho(rs and have fe* or no st(dents appear. 4hat kind of a professor are yo( if no one see)s interested in *hat yo( professK 1nother (nresolved iss(e is *hat to do *ith the anger + still feel to*ard certain persons *ho have treated )e (nfairly or si)ply *o(nded )y pride. ,hese actions *ere in discretionary conte8ts *here *hat + elieve to e the ideological and personal )otives co(ld easily e )asked. An any road scale s(ch events *ere )inor and are no* long gone. +ntellect(ally + kno* that to d*ell on the past is (nprod(ctive and + )ay even e *rong in attri (ting personal and political )oves to so)e of the re3ections, (t the feelings re)ain. 9ife is too short to *aste ti)e on replaying the past, and the evidence indicating (nfairness is rarely (neG(ivocal. B(t in general + have ceased eing so self?reflective. ,he iss(es a o(t *ork, life, and identity that had tro( led )e eca)e less i)portant. + reali@ed + *as ca(ght in the parado8es of achieve)ent and its discontents. + eca)e )ore accepting of dile))as and tensions that had once 7 $#6 7 cons()ed enor)o(s a)o(nts of e)otional energy. +nstead of vie*ing these as pro le)s to e solved and choices to e )ade, + *as etter a le to accept personal and professional contradictions and )(ltiple )otives as the order of things and, in 'o ert MertonDs *ords, to appreciate the Jf(nctional val(e of the tension et*een polarities.JS$#T 2o)eti)es + *o(ld e dra*n to one end of a contin(() and at the other ti)es to its opposite. 2o)eti)es + *o(ld try to co) ine the) in )y *riting or ridge the) in )y political *ork. + also reali@ed that + *anted a n() er of things that co(ld not e had to the f(llest e8tent or necessarily all at the sa)e ti)e. + co)pro)ised and settled for less of any one in order to have so)e of each.S$6T +nstead of *orrying a o(t *hat + JreallyJ *as and *hat + val(ed )ost, + sa* that + *as pro a ly )ore )arginal than )ost people. + ca)e to val(e eing so)ething of an invisi le person and social cha)eleon, a le to fit into, and )ove in and o(t of, different *orlds. ,his G(ality )ay e part of )y intellect(al interest in deception, passing, and infiltration. + a) oth the intensely driven, hard*orking, co)petitive, a) itio(s person .like those + enco(ntered early in )y career0 and the laid? ack ohe)ian s(rfer of )y California days- the intellect(al interested in ideas for their o*n sake and one of the progeny of >arl Mar8 and C. 4right Mills *ho *anted to see

ideas linked to change .perhaps a co))itted spectator, as 'ay)ond 1ron ter)ed it0- the G(antitative and syste)atic sociologist and the 3o(rnalist seeking to descri e in lang(age that people co(ld (nderstand *hat 'o ert Park called the ig story- the scholar and the handy)an- the athletic, river? r(nning, eer?drinking, for)er fraternity )an *ho co(ld ad)it to still having so)e neanderthal?like )acho attit(des and feelings and the righteo(s carrier of a ne* gender )orality- a Ce* *ith :er)an and =astern =(ropean roots and a sec(lar 1)erican at ho)e on oth coasts .and in northern as *ell as so(thern California0- the pin?striped s(iter *ho co(ld easily pass a)ong elites and yet anno(nce *hen the e)peror *as scantily clad or nakedH (t al*ays *ith civility and in the >ingDs =nglish. 1nd, as 9Ivi?2tra(ss notes, sociological inG(iry can e enhanced y the skill of distantiation. 1 cynic )ight s(ggest that the ca(tionary *isdo) + have offered a o(t s(ccess e vie*ed skeptically, as so(r grapes. 1re )y ne* goals 3(st co)pro)ises )ade o(t of necessity or, *ith appropriate professional sociali@ation, is it possi le to start a career *ith the)K +f )y career tra3ectory had contin(ed (p*ard at its original pace, and had there een no fall, *o(ld + still have reached the sa)e concl(sionsKS$9T + certainly *o(ld not have tho(ght as )(ch a o(t these iss(es, and the 7 $#9 7 e)phasis )ight e so)e*hat different. B(t since the fall + descri ed *as te)porary, + a) confident that )y advice is so(nd and represents )ore than the idiosyncracies of )y personal sit(ation. +t is ased on t*o decades of s(ccesses and fail(res, and not only those in the eginning. Unlike the &octoro* character G(oted in the epigraph to this essay, + ca)e =ast rather than 4est as a yo(ng )an, and )y e8pectations did not really *ear a*ay. 5o*ever, they did change, and + *as a le to p(t the) in perspective. 5()an e8istence is do)inated y vast contingent forces that *e ga)ely try to channel and control. ,hat *e so)eti)es s(cceed sho(ld no )ore l(ll (s into thinking *e can contin(ally p(ll it off than sho(ld fail(re lead (s to stop trying. +t *as once said of 4illie ;elson that he *rote songs o(t of love (t *as not a ove accepting the )oney. ;or a) + a ove accepting professional recognition sho(ld it co)e. <et + have eco)e )ore concerned *ith process and learned )ore a o(t ho* to deal *ith o(tco)es, *hatever they are. + have eco)e less tro( led y re3ection and also less thrilled y s(ccess. + have so(ght a )ore alanced life. ,he :reeks gave their Aly)pic cha)pions la(rel *reaths as an ironic re)inder that victory co(ld e hollo*. +n :reek )ythology 1pollo p(rs(es the ny)ph &aphne. 2he flees, and he r(ns after her. 1 horring the tho(ght of )arriage she prays to her father to save her y changing the for) that has so attracted 1pollo. C(st as 1pollo is (pon her she is changed into a la(rel tree. +s it a sign of )odernity and a ca(se of its )alaise that *e offer o(r Aly)pic heroes gold insteadK

$ha/ter Twe*ve4 Beco-ing an Arty !ocio*ogist

Barbara osenb*u9ittle did + kno* that the for) )y adolescent re ellion took in 19F6 oth crystalli@ed and foreshado*ed the the)es that *o(ld do)inate )y sociology and )y life. ,eenagers do strange things in adolescence: so)e overconfor), so)e eco)e e8aggerations of a s(perstar, so)e eco)e foot all players or cheerleaders. + eca)e arty. =very %riday afternoon + *o(ld take the forty?five?)in(te train ride fro) Brooklyn into :reen*ich Eillage in Manhattan, go to the Cafe 'ien@i, order that fo(l?tasting

coffee called espresso *ith the intense hope that so)eday + *o(ld like it, and read translations of Ba(delaire and 'i) a(d. 1fter all, *asnDt + going to )a3or in co)parative literat(re *hen + event(ally *ent to collegeK An )y napkin + *o(ld practice spelling e#istentialism! a *ord + *as 3(st learning. + read novels that *ere deep and )eaningf(l. 1t ho)e + practiced the g(itar and sang folk songs, )e)ori@ing lyrics a o(t social 3(stice and lack l(es. + *rote poetry in the style of 1llen :ins erg. 1nd, of co(rse, there *as 3a@@, the )ost vi rant, ro (st, alive for) of )(sic + had ever heard. + sa* )ovies that )ade )e s(ffer. + (sed the *ord absur a o(t a h(ndred ti)es a day. More a s(rd *as that + *ore lack eatnik clothes and looked like a teenage 3erk. B(t arty and c(lt(red + did in fact eco)e. 9ater on, )y field eca)e the sociology of art and c(lt(re, and + eca)e arty and c(lt(red *ith a vengeance. Beco)ing c(lt(red, for )e, had t*o essential ingredients. %irst, it *as not eno(gh to learn a o(t one field, s(ch as )(sic, read a o(t it, st(dy it, and eco)e one of the cognoscenti- that *o(ld e too si)ple. 'ather, to e c(lt(red )eant eco)ing a generalist, kno*ing all the 7 $6" 7 arts. + had to learn a o(t )(sic, theater, literat(re, fil), poetry, photography, and painting. + *as driven into a kind of hypervigilance in *hich + had to kno* *hat *as going on *here, *ho *as perfor)ing *hat, and *hat the ;e* <ork critics said a o(t it. 'eading ne*spapers, especially the critical revie*s, eca)e )y daily devotional st(dy. ;o day passed *hen + did not s( )it )yself to the process of taste for)ation and aesthetic discri)ination. + had to kno* everything. + had to take co(rses in everything as *ellH)(sic theory, =li@a ethan dra)a and poetry, 1)erican cine)a. ,he c(lt(ral landscape *as there for )e to go le (p and for no other reason. ,he notion of a single )a3or in college see)ed l(dicro(s to )e. 4asnDt everything connected to everything elseK ,he artificial intellect(al o(ndaries of )a3ors or disciplines, + kne*, *ere )erely organi@ational conveniences for the creation of s( divisions for financial allocation and control of personnel. + *as an intellect(al. + *as a generalist. + *as c(lt(red. + e) raced everything that *as ne* and radical. + eca)e a neophile. ,he avant?garde eca)e )y avant?god. %or e8a)ple, it *asnDt eno(gh for )e to like the standard string G(artets, tho(gh )ost enth(siasts felt a s)(g, often secret aesthetic s(periority that disting(ished the) fro) lovers of the sy)phony. ,hey co(ld take 3oy in their selection of the )ost elite for) of co)position as their favorite kind of )(sic. B(t + *as co)pelled to learn to like the 3arring and dissonant so(nds of BartYkDs dark and dist(r ing G(artets. 1nd then BartYk eca)e ins(fficient for )y psychological need to e) race the ne*. + so(ght o(t Berg and 4e ern, 5en@e and 2tockha(sen, Berio and Ba itt, 2( otnik and 'och erg. + st(died their co)positions in the sa)e intense *ay that + *as learning angst?ridden )odern literat(re and the na)es and styles of all the ;e* <ork painters. My sociology is do)inated y the sa)e the)es. + eca)e a generalist devoted to the sociology of kno*ledge, art, and c(lt(re. 4hat other category co(ld e large eno(gh or )ore sang(ine for oneDs needsK +t *as perfectHsociology at its )ost general, enco)passing the entire *orld. B(t the second the)e, e) racing the ne*, also filtered into )y sociology. + felt a need to kno* *hat *as going on at the edge of social tho(ght. + st(died the latest in %rench and British social analysis and eca)e kno*ledgea le in the *ork of 9o(is 1lth(sser and Michel %o(ca(lt. My sociology *as on the edge, too, *hen in 19#0 + chose to st(dy the organi@ational deter)inants of photographic aesthetics, long efore the sociology of art eca)e the relatively legiti)ate field it no* is. Ane day, *hen + felt s(perior eno(gh and s(fficiently protected

7 $6# 7 against )y o*n insec(rity to rela8 a it, + fo(nd )yself crying over the heart?*renching the)es in those da)ned '(ssian sy)phonies )y father played *hen + *as a child. 4as + r(nning a*ay fro) ,chaikovsky all the ti)e, fro) )y o*n senti)entality, )y o*n class ackgro(nd, *here + freG(ently heard the '(ssian sy)phonies, *ith their grand, s*eeping?across?the?steppes?of?'(ssia the)esK My )other *as one of seven children, only t*o of *ho) s(rvived 4orld 4ar ++. 2he got o(t of =(rope in 19$9, avoiding odily har) and pro a le death. 4hen she *as very yo(ng, she lived in a s)all Ce*ish ghetto, a far)ing to*n in r(ral Poland. 9ater, *hen + read Cer@y >osinskiDs The $ainte 1ir ! + *as not horrified y the r(tal ignorance and religio(s s(perstitions of r(ral Polish peasants, *hich + had een told a o(t y )y )other. 1s a child she *orked instead of going to school and hence never learned to read or *rite properly. My father, ho*ever, *as a city oy, *as literate, had a icycle, and *ore shoes. 5e too left Poland efore the *ar, in the 19!0s. ,hey )et in 1)erica, first spoke to each other in Polish, and *ent to night school to learn =nglish and st(dy the Constit(tion. ,he co) ination of Polish, <iddish, and =nglish *as the first ling(istic )(sic + ever heard. 4hen he arrived in the United 2tates, )y father had a )arketa le skill: he co(ld c(t hair. +n 4arsa* he had *orked as a ar er since the age of eleven. 5e too had strange stories to tell, of leeding c(sto)ers *ith leeches and applying heated c(ps to the chest to relieve congestion. 4hen + heard )y parents speak of =(rope, + never sa* in )y )ind any version of the photographs + *o(ld see )any years later Hpict(res of gentle)en in the street, *alking in long lack coats and eards, engaging in the ro(tine *ork of peddling or selling *hile retaining a pio(s de)eanor. 'ather, )y fatherDs stories created visions of dark )edieval to*ns *ith sickly flagellants r(nning to escape the plag(e. B(t *hen he ca)e to the United 2tates, he tho(ght he )ight do so)ething other than ar ering, so he tried ne* 3o s. +t *as the &epression, and *ork *as not easy to get. %or a *hile he *orked in a shoe factory (t lost his 3o *hen he participated in the (nioni@ation of the factory and a s( seG(ent strike. 9eftist sy)pathy *ith *orking people is so)ething + gre* (p *ith- to this day it is in )y ones, as it *as in his. 4hen 1)erican ind(stries egan to prod(ce for the *ar in =(rope, )y father fo(nd *ork in the Brooklyn navy yard as a ship fitter, a 3o he kept (ntil he *as drafted in 19B!. &(ring her first years in 1)erica )y )other did not read or *rite *ell- conseG(ently, she *orked as a live?in ho(sekeeper and later, *hen 7 $66 7 her =nglish i)proved, as a governess. 4hen the fa)ily that e)ployed her *as hit y the &epression and had to fire her, she ne8t fo(nd *ork in a s)all factory shop se*ing (ttons on dresses. 1fter that, she *orked as an alterations sea)stress for a depart)ent store in Brooklyn. My fatherDs )ilitary salary *as the last solid, steady, and predicta le *ages that o(r fa)ily *o(ld see for the ne8t t*enty years. 4hen he ret(rned fro) ar)y service, the ar er?shop partnership he had for)ed dissolved and he *as *itho(t steady *ork for a year. 5e free?lanced as a ar er *hile looking for reg(lar *ork. An orro*ed )oney he o(ght one?fifth of a partnership in a tiny ;e* <orkHstyle l(ncheonette, *here racing for)s, ne*spapers, )aga@ines, co)ics, cigarettes, chocolate egg crea)s, and cherry li)e rickeys *ere sold and fresh sodas )ade fro) syr(p and fi@@ing selt@er strea)ing fro) spigots. + *orked in his store fro) the age of ten. My fatherDs )astery of n() ers al*ays i)pressed )e. 5e co(ld add (p a col()n of n() ers *ritten do*n the side of a ro*n paper ag in no ti)e flat, faster than any other person + kne*. 4e *ere very poor. 4e lived in lo*?inco)e city ho(sing in predo)inantly *hite?ethnic and lack

neigh orhoods. + *ore hand?)e?do*ns e8cept for one skirt and *hite lo(se + *as reG(ired to *ear every ,h(rsday for school asse) ly. ,he )en( in o(r ho(se *as different fro) that in )y friendsD: + tho(ght that the category meat consisted of co* organsHl(ngs, pancreas, heartHand chicken feet. + did not taste steak (ntil + *as ten years old. Being a poor kid in a city ho(sing pro3ect and having i))igrant parents *as no f(n. 4hen )y parents fo(ght, it *as al*ays a o(t )oney. %ro) an early age + kne* + had to earn )oney as G(ickly as possi le, to *ork as soon as + *as a le, and to help )y fa)ily in any *ay + co(ld. 1ny tho(ght of college *as re)oteHit *as not even a *ord + heard *hile gro*ing (p. Being poor )eant *aitingH*aiting in long lines in health depart)ent clinics, *aiting ho(rs to hear a (rea(cratic voice call oneDs n() er on a lo(dspeaker, *aiting for a social *orker or eyeglasses or so)e ody or so)ething. Being poor )eant having oneDs finances investigated constantly, so)eti)es for see)ingly insignificant and ar itrary reasons. +n those days social *orkers *ere not as sensitive to )atters of privacy as they are .or are told to e0 no*. ,hen a civil servantDs pri)ary d(ty *as the assid(o(s detection of cheaters. My fatherDs ta8 for)s *ere e8a)ined every year to see if *e *ere still eligi le for the privilege of living in lo*?inco)e ho(sing pro3ects. 4hen )y parents *anted to )ove fro) one ho(sing pro3ect to another in a etter neigh orhood 7 $69 7 closer to *here )y father *orked, they *ere endlessly interrogated a o(t their finances, having to ad)it ti)e and again in the inG(isitional rit(al that they *ere econo)ic fail(res. 4hen + *as sent to s())er ca)p, )y fa)ilyDs financial records *ere scr(tini@ed caref(lly. 4e *ere poor, yes, (t *ere *e poor eno(gh to G(alify )e for s())er ca)p at a cost of one dollarK <es, *e *ere poor eno(gh. Being the child of i))igrant parents also )eant + felt like an o(tsider, not only eca(se *e *ere poor (t also eca(se )y parents and + *ere different. A(r *ays, ha its, talk, and rhyth)s see)ed strange and i@arre. + lived in an (n?1)erican ho(se, *hich )y yo(ng )ind linked *ith the congressional co))ittee on (n?1)erican activities *hen people egan to associate Ce*s *ith stolen ato)ic secrets, spies, and dangero(s foreigners. ,he first co)parison and difference *as ling(istic: *e *ere other. ,o )y (nschooled ears the lang(age spoken y )y parentsD friends, despite their Brooklyn dra*l, so(nded like the >ingDs =nglish. My parents so(nded like foreigners. My fatherDs l(ncheonette eca)e the loc(s of )y ed(cation. %ro) the co)ic ooks, ne*spapers, and )aga@ines he sold, + learned to read. ,here *as a ar and grill ne8t to )y fatherDs store, and the *aitresses and neigh orhood prostit(tes congregated there and often ca)e into the store. + learned a o(t the race track, horses, violence, protection, personal threats, and kissing fro) the yo(ng hoods *ho h(ng aro(nd there. +n the 19F0s )y parentsD co(sins and distant relatives egan co)ing in droves to the United 2tates. + re)e) er eing introd(ced to vast n() ers of ne* people to *ho) + *as onded y lood (t little else. 2o)e of )y )otherDs relatives *ere Chasidic Ce*s. ,he )en had long hair, and the *o)en *ore *igs over their short?cropped hair. ,hey *ere ani)ated, h())ed to the)selves, and la(ghed a lot, and *hen they s)iled, they sho*ed a )o(thf(l of gold front teeth. ,hey all had tattooed n() ers on their forear)s and so)e, + *o(ld later see, had scars on their odies fro) having een e8peri)ented on y ;a@i physicians. ,hey see)ed to co)e y the h(ndreds: ragpickers, 3(nk )en, dia)ond dealers, *atch repair)en, sales)en. ,hey passed thro(gh )y life ringing the na)es of the dead and stories of the living to )y parents. 'elatives ca)e and *ent: + *o(ld )eet so)eone and ne8t thing + heard, so)e ody had )oved to +srael and another *ent to Montreal, pro a ly to eco)e a character in a Mordechai 'ichler novelH)ay e even &(ddy >ravit@.

4hen + entered high school, + *as placed into an accelerated pro? 7 $90 7 gra) called the 5onors Progra), *hich *as the first ti)e + *as for)ally separated fro) )y neigh orhood friends. + fo(nd )yself a)ong right kids fro) )iddle?class neigh orhoods that the school district also enco)passed. 1ltho(gh )y o*n neigh orhood *as largely *orking?class ethnic and lack, the 5onors Progra) had fe* st(dents fro) these ackgro(nds. %or the first ti)e + )et Protestants *ho *ere not lack, *orking?class ethnics *ho *ere not +talian and *hose fathers *ere not in the gar age (siness, and )iddle?class Ce*s *hose fathers *ere physicians and acco(ntants. ;o G(estion a o(t it: they *ere different, and + felt different fro) the). B(t eing in the 5onors Progra) *as an opening and a separation. My friends took secretarial co(rses- they st(died typing, stenography, and ookkeeping. + took college?preparatory co(rses and hated it. ,he *ork itself *as not diffic(lt (t eing differentiated and separated into for)al progra)s drove a *edge et*een )e and )y friends. + did not *ant to e a secretary- s())er e)ploy)ent in an office d(ring high school ta(ght )e that. 1nd + kne* + did not *ant to e a postal clerk, )y fatherDs a) ition for )e. 5e *anted )e to *ork for steady *ages, have 3o sec(rity, and e e)ployed y the govern)ent. 1nd + really did not *ant to go to college. + kne* + *anted to e arty, and + kne* that college *o(ld ring )e closer to that goal than anything else- so + *ent. 1s + egan to gro* acc(sto)ed to the idea of )yself as a girl *ho *o(ld go to college, + egan to practice talking a o(t things + *as learning in school. 4hen + *o(ld do so or (se a *ord + had recently learned, + *o(ld e acc(sed y )y neigh orhood friends of eing phony and p(tting on airs. 1fter high?school grad(ation )y friends *ent to *ork, and + egan Brooklyn College. ,he *o)en *orked as secretaries or ookkeepers in Manhattan and egan taking (siness co(rses in night school at the college. 4ithin a year or so, so)e dropped o(t of night school, got etter 3o s, )arried, and )oved to P(eens. ,he )en *ent to *ork for their (nclesD constr(ction co)panies and drove tr(cks filled *ith concrete and gar age. + started college i))ediately after high school and *as one of a gro(p of seventy?five kids fro) the ho(sing pro3ects *hose grades *ere good eno(gh to e accepted into day college rather than on pro ationary stat(s into evening classes. 4hen + entered Brooklyn College, + parted co)pany *ith )y neigh orhood friends- (t at the sa)e ti)e + co(ld not relate too *ell to )y ne* fello* st(dents. ,hey looked like they ca)e fro) another planet or tri e, *earing f(nny gold chains *ith 7 $91 7 tote)ic representations called char)s. ,he )en *ore penny loafers and ties and looked crisp. ,he *o)en looked pri), proper, and pinned. + *ore lack eatnik clothes and already kne* a o(t ,helonio(s Monk, )ari3(ana, the Mafia, illegiti)ate children, contract )(rders, ars in :reen*ich Eillage, ho)ose8(ality, interracial co(ples, heroin, and %rench e8istentialist novels. Brooklyn College see)ed like a )onster )ovie starring live Bar ie and >en dolls. +t *as a *orld + did not fit into, a *orld + did not feel co)forta le in. 1fter a year + dropped o(t. + *as ca(ght: + co(ld not go to college and )ove (p eca(se + felt so terrified and (nco)forta le *ith class differences, (t it *as i)possi le to )ove ack do*n. My o*n sol(tion *as to e) race an arty life?style per)anently, a )ove that in o(r society signifies class e8e)ption and arrogates to itself privilege thro(gh difference, re ellion, and nonconfor)ity in the service of higher val(es- thro(gh otherness.

%or the ne8t si8 years + lived in the Eillage. + st(died classical g(itar, took )(sic theory, philosophy, and literat(re co(rses, and held a variety of 3o s, *hich for the last fo(r years *ere in the )(sic (siness. My lovers *ere as (nconventional as + *as: )(sicians or artists, they *ere all so(lf(l, )is(nderstood, rilliantly talented, and (nspeaka ly poor. ,he )(sic (siness *as the perfect sol(tion for )y dile))a. + loved the )(sic, the people, the recording sessions, the free concerts, the payola l(nches, and reading )ashbo#! 5ariety! and 1illboar . ,here *as one pro le): as a *o)an, + *as doing the secretarial *ork + disliked, and there *as little opport(nity for )e to do creative *ork. 4o)en *ere not *riters or prod(cers and had none of the 3o s + )ight have considered )oving into. ,he *ork itself *as eco)ing oring. 1t the sa)e ti)e ;e* <ork eca)e a center of civic energy. +t *as the ti)e of Cohn %. >ennedy, and + got ca(ght (p in *hat + co(ld do for )y co(ntry or )y city and eca)e involved in political action at the local level, organi@ing rent strikes and neigh orhood i)prove)ent ca)paigns. 1fter a si8?year leave of a sence + ret(rned to school for a credential as a city planner. ;o* school *as i)portant eca(se + had a vocational goal: to *ork in a )(nicipal agency in ;e* <ork speciali@ing in pro le)s of transportation. + had gro*n to hate s( *ays and city ho(sing pro3ects: oth had )ade )eHand tho(sands of othersH feel de)orali@ed, hopeless, and poor. + *anted to do so)ething a o(t the). 4hen + ret(rned to college in 19"#, there *as energy, there *ere ca(ses, there *as a *ar that people hated. ,he Bar ie?and?>en era *as over. 2t(dents looked ea(tif(l in their hippie clothes, and things )attered to the) in a different *ay. + took sociology co(rses as part of )y 7 $9$ 7 city planning progra). + did not e8pect to fall in love *ith sociology, (t + did, and then grad(ate school see)ed like the ne8t place to go. 2o + *ent. 1t ;orth*estern University near Chicago + )et lond people, one of )any types of people + had never )et efore. ,hey looked, spoke, and acted very differently fro) ;e* <orkers. ,hey hardly (nderstood )y ;e* <ork p(t?on 3okes. B(t + had to learn their ehavioral code to )ake it in their *orld, so + did. 4hen it *as ti)e to choose a dissertation topic, + decided to st(dy photographers and the organi@ation of la or as a partial deter)inant of photographic aesthetics. ,hat *as an i)portant decision for )e and, again, crystalli@ed the arty the)e in )y life. Up (ntil that ti)e + had st(died s(icide prevention centers, psychiatric intake proced(res at a hospital, and an agency dealing *ith child a (se and neglect in Chicago. + had planned to e8pand one of these topics into a dissertation since they *ere in keeping *ith the ideology of service to others, a strong sense + retained fro) )y activist days. B(t + did not *ant to st(dy these areas any )ore: the pain *as )(ch too great, and + co(ld see that )y days of doing field *ork filled )e *ith rage and despair. Moreover, )y passion for social change and service to others *as finding e8pression in the anti*ar )ove)ent. + decided to st(dy so)ething that *as interesting, f(n, and *o(ld e 3(st eno(gh on the edge of )y ohe)ianis) to e psychologically co)forta le for )e. My years doing field *ork *ith photographers *ere, *itho(t e8aggeration, so)e of the happiest of )y life. 5o* terrific to have a fello*ship and take photography co(rses at the Pratt +nstit(te in ;e* <ork and later at the 2an %rancisco 1rt +nstit(te *hile intervie*ing and o serving so)e of the )ost interesting people + had ever )etN + *as, in a )anner of speaking, a state?s(pported arty type. ,he field *ork ended, and reality intr(ded: it eca)e ti)e to *rite the dissertation and get a 3o . 5aving an arty co(ntenance )ay have een necessary for )y psychological eG(ili ri() at the ti)e, (t it did not prove (sef(l as a asis for social skills in the acade)ic *orld. ,here *as )(ch )ore to (niversity life than doing interesting st(dies and eing an intellect(al. My first lesson ca)e d(ring )y first *eek at 2tanford University as an assistant professor. Ane of )y colleag(es took )e aside and

s(ggested, J<o( arenDt *orking in the (niversity to e an intellect(al. <o( have to start i))ediately getting grants and s(pporting grad(ate st(dents. ,hatDs yo(r first priority.J 7 $9! 7 Ane of the detri)ental conseG(ences of )y ohe)ianis) *as )y lack of e8perience in socially strategic ehaviors, acade)ic financial )atters, and other ephe)eral, (t essential, G(alities of acade)ic life. 2(ch practices as the one )y colleag(e s(ggested ca)e as an a r(pt s(rprise to )e. + had 3(st spent several years as a grad(ate st(dent d(ring the heyday of sociology in 1)erica, the golden years *hen govern)ent )oney and s(pport flo*ed fro) 4ashington. 4ho *o(ld have tho(ght that )y first priority as a yo(ng assistant professor *o(ld e to ring in )oney to the depart)entK 2(ch a notion, + r(ef(lly ad)it no*, ste))ed fro) )y naive attit(de a o(t the )i8t(re of )oney and ideas, the sacred and the profane. B(t *ith this incident )y initiation into the realities of (niversity life egan, and + grad(ally ca)e to (nderstand the altered priorities of professional life. 4ith it too ca)e the discovery that )y devotion to eing c(lt(red *as irrelevant in )y ne* setting. + tho(ght + had spent )y life acG(iring the c(lt(re that *o(ld (nlock a *orld to )e, and + *as *rong. ,here *as )(ch )ore to the (rea(cratic c(lt(re than + had ever reali@ed. My acco))odation to it ca)e a fe* years later, after e8pos(re to the c(lt(re of the (niversity, and + did finally )aster the strategic ehaviors and other skills reG(isite for (rea(cratic s(rvival. + egan to search into the nat(re of social class in a *ay that *as eye?opening for )e. Af co(rse, like any good sociologist, + kne* the asic iss(es and de ates in social stratification. +n general, fro) reading sociological st(dies of class + i)agined the class syste) as stratigraphic, that is, consisting of fi8ed strata. +t *as a solid i)age *ith clear de)arcations, allo*ing )e) ers of a society to locate the)selves in a spatial fra)e*ork. +t *as also a ladder?of?s(ccess i)age. B(t these everyday i)ages and sociological conceptions of social class *ere re)ote and lifeless to )e, inapplica le to )y o*n e8perience. ,hese )odels did not ill()inate )y personal confrontation *ith class?)o ile sit(ations. + *as e8periencing, on a social?psychological level, so)e invisi le aspects of class that + had never read a o(t. ,he keen o servation that the personal is political, *hich eca)e a slogan of the *o)enDs )ove)ent, eca)e an insight that + co(ld apply first to )y o*n e8perience and then to the social *orld. ,he personal is social. + egan to ponder )y o*n history, and o(t of this personal e8a)ination ca)e a richer and )(ch deeper (nderstanding of social class. + tho(ght that all + had to do *as )ove (p ed(cationally and the rest *o(ld happen a(to)atically. 1nd didnDt + have a head start, eing s(per c(lt(redK =d(cation in and of itself *as a g(arantee that opport(nities 7 $9B 7 *o(ld e open to )e, (t as + later fo(nd o(t, it *as no g(arantee that + *o(ld also acG(ire the other skills to fit in. 4hat *as )issing fro) this pict(re *as )y deeper appreciation of the tight grip that social origins e8ert despite high ed(cational attain)ent. 1ltho(gh )y concept(al skills and )y ed(cational credentials o(ght )e ad)ission, + si)ply did not yet have the reG(isite social skills, political savvy, and interpersonal sophistication to )ove in this social *orld. 1nd + a) s(re to this day that had )y social ackgro(nd een )ore )iddle?class, the acG(isition of s(ch (rea(cratic orientation *o(ld have een second nat(re. Class *orks in psychological *ays, keeping people in their appropriate s( strata. Class *orks y )aking )ove)ent across strata psychologically (nco)forta le, even painf(l and, for so)e, intolera le.

=arlier + )entioned that *hen + egan (sing ig *ords in )y circle of high?school friends, + *as ostraci@ed. ,hat process operates all the ti)e. Class *orks y )aking people feel )arginal *hen approaching class or stat(s o(ndaries. 2ocial )arkers, like signs on the high*ay, are al*ays telling people, 2topN <o( are going the *rong *ay. 2ocial life is filled *ith s(ch )arkers. 2ociologists no* pay attention to class )arkers and look at things like etiG(ette, social )anners, dress, de)eanor, taste, self?ass(rance in personal co)port)ent, (nderstate)ent, and so on as key concerns in the (nderstanding of social class. ;or ert =liasDs *ork on the social evol(tion of )anners is no* eing read in 1)erica and is enlarging the scope of the st(dy of social class y looking at aspects of class? ased social sensi ilities. +n their st(dy The /i en In4uries of )lass 'ichard 2ennett and Conathan Co grasped the f(nda)ental idea that class operates on a psychological level, and they atte)pted to doc()ent it. ,heirs *as a first look at the pheno)enon, and since that ti)e sociological sensitivities to s( tle deter)inative aspects of social class have increased only slightly. B(t *ith Pierre Bo(rdie(Ds *ork on the infl(ence of social origins and ed(cational level on taste for)ation, an i)portant aven(e to this pro le) )ay no* open (p. 4hat )akes class fascinating to )e is the s( 3ective side of social )o ility, *hich takes the for) of stories people tell a o(t their o*n (p*ard social )o ility.S1T =very ody has a story, and )ost people *ill recall occasions and sit(ations *hen they felt o(t of place and co(nterfeit. Most people have e8perienced interclass )ove)ent in a s( 3ectively )eaningf(l, painf(lly real *ay. Class is not )erely so)e set of inco)e and ed(cational categories that sociologists fill *ith de)ographic fig(res and distri (tions. Class *orks y )aking people feel 7 $9F 7 fra(d(lent, like they are Jpassing.J &espite kno*ing a o(t the est c(isine and fine *ine, )any people still feel like lo*er?class fra(ds, as if they contained d(al class identities- indeed, they often do. ,hey speak of e8periencing the)selves as having a veneer and never can predict *hen and ho* they *ill inadvertently disclose their class origins. ,hey tell stories a o(t their a*k*ardness at dinner parties, the instant recognition that their clothes *ere inappropriate and that even as their *ords left their )o(ths, they kne* they *ere saying the *rong thing for the occasion. Class *orks y re)inding people that they do not elong and y )aking the) feel asha)ed of even trying to get in. ,here are still )any stories to e told. ;othing is as po*erf(l as a personal history, especially conte)porary histories. My friend =leanor tells ho* she learned to say thank yo( at the late age of t*enty?five. ;o* living in an e8cl(sive part of 4estchester Co(nty, ;e* <ork, she gre* (p on the 9o*er =ast 2ide of Manhattan. &(ring 4orld 4ar ++ and after, *ith tin can in hand, she egged for )oney to send to the children of +srael. 1fter every coin *as dropped in the can, =leanor said thank yo(. 2he did not kno* that the phrase thank you *as an ordinary part of good )anners, not the a(to)atic refle8 to a coin eing dropped. 9ike )ost people + have talked *ith, =leanor re)e) ers the )o)ents of class a*akening )ost vividly in connection *ith ta le )anners. 2he never kne* ho* to set a ta le properly eca(se in her ho)e, as in )any other *orking?class ho)es, fa)ilies did not eat together. =veryone *as on a different sched(le and 3(st gra ed a knife and fork and d()ped food on a plate fro) the ig pot sitting on the stove. 1fter she )arried and egan to entertain other co(ples, she served the sa)e *ay, e8pecting her g(ests to take a knife, fork, and spoon and help the)selves. ,hose poignant stories ill(strate the inescapa ility of class considerations and indicate the vanity of )y intense desire to deny the realities of )y *orking?class ackgro(nd y striking a highly c(lt(red, ohe)ian pose. 1s + look ack, + see that + did not integrate )y c(lt(ral tastes eca(se )y social ackgro(nd did not prepare )e to do so. My c(lt(ral side, as serio(s as it *as, *as like a graft: so)e of

it took, and so)e of it did not. My o*n story is an e8a)ple of the *ay in *hich + have co)e to incl(de a richer (nderstanding of social class in everything that + st(dy. ,hese concerns are reflected in *ork that + contin(e to do. + have 3(st finished investigating the pro le) of the alienation of the artist, taking a close look at )arketplace conditions that eco)e str(ct(ral so(rces of alienation for artists, a pop(lation (s(ally tho(ght to have enor)o(s 7 $9" 7 control over the prod(ction process. Before that, + e8a)ined the effects of the art )arket on the strategic atte)pts of artists to gain fa)e and recognition thro(gh )eans that increase their social visi ility. 1nother pro3ect + a) *orking on concerns the social history of athing practices, a the)e not (nrelated to stratification and c(lt(ral practices. 1n e8a)ination of the floor plans of athho(ses (ilt in Britain d(ring the height of the p( lic athing and hygiene )ove)ent sho*s that t*o and so)eti)es three sections *ere created, each for separate (t eG(al athing y the different social classes. + have a passionate personal interest in these intellect(al pro le)s and have fo(nd a *ay to integrate all the parts of )yselfHe)otional, intellect(al, c(lt(ral, and historicalHin all the *ork + do.

%A T IV4 T1 EE 0ENE ATION! O# 3OMEN !O$IOLO0I!T!

7 !01 7

$ha/ter Thirteen4 !easons of a 3o-an?s Life

A*ice !. ossi &edicated to 2. 4. 2. *ith ad)iration and affection 1n a(to iographical essay provides an opport(nity to link an early love of )ine for *riting and iography *ith conte)porary intellect(al concern for ad(lt develop)ent. My years as a grad(ate st(dent at Col() ia University overlapped *ith the ten(re of C. 4right Mills, and fro) e8pos(re to his thinking + carried for*ard the vie* that sociology is properly located at the intersection of iography and history. MillsDs vie*s, ho*ever, *ere little )ore than a perspective on the discipline, not a theoretical fra)e*ork. +t has only een *ith the e)ergence of life?span develop)ent theory in psychology and age stratification and the life?co(rse perspective in sociology that a )ore rigoro(s fra)e*ork has eco)e availa le *ithin *hich to sift o(t the relative contri (tions of cohort )e) ership, historical or period effects, and )at(rational change to an (nderstanding of individ(al lives and the process of social change. 5ence it is to oth sharing a personal iography and de)onstrating a theoretical perspective that this essay is dedicated.

,he phrase love an work is co))only taken to refer to personal fa)ily life and p( lic occ(pational life. ,his *as clearly %re(dDs )eaning *hen he referred to lieben un arbeiten as the chief ingredients of a f(ll life. 2ociological tradition has si)ilarly disting(ished et*een the fa)ily and the econo)y as )a3or social instit(tions serving the core f(nctions of reprod(ction and prod(ction to ass(re species and societal )aintenance and s(rvival. ,o link love to fa)ily, and *ork to the econo)y, is to reinforce the conception co))on to the social sciences that fa)ily life is the e8pres? ,his is an edited version of a pa)phlet privately p( lished in 196! y 5a)ilton ;e*ell, +nc., 1)herst, Massach(setts, and distri (ted y 2ociologists for 4o)en in 2ociety. 7 !0$ 7 sive setting for deep feelings and strong e)otions, *hile *ork life is the instr()ental setting for rational tho(ght or physical la or. +n this essay + *ill depart fro) s(ch traditional (sage to share a hard? earned insight fro) personal e8perience and intellect(al efforts to (nderstand ad(lt develop)ent: how much work there is in loving! an how much love there is in working. +n conte)porary society it is in the fa)ily setting that *e engage in hard physical la or, long ho(rs of *ork, and considera le rational tho(ght a o(t ho* est to spend ti)e and )oney, rear children, and relate to spo(ses. 1nd for )any people it is their *ork setting that triggers their )ost intense positive and negative feelings and co))it)ents. + *ill (se love, then, as a )etaphor for caring, incl(ding the pain, 3oy, anger, and l(st that )otivate (s, ho*ever skillf(l *e are at disg(ising these li) ic co)ponents of o(r ehavior. 1nd + *ill speak of *ork as a )etaphor for efforts to*ard goal attain)ent in any sphere of life. ,his is also a self?reflective essay, )eaning that + *ill (se )y o*n life as a data ase to de)onstrate a sociological analysis of self in ti)e and place. ,he theoretical fra)e*ork is that of life?span develop)ent, and the goal is to de)onstrate its (tility in disting(ishing the relative contri (tions of cohort )e) ership and historical or period effects fro) the infl(ences rooted in iosocial processes of )at(ration and aging. ,o provide the iographic data for s(ch an analysis, + *ill (se the techniG(e of life?stage vignettes, five develop)ental phases for the si8 decades of )y life: irth and childhood, p( erty and adolescence, early ad(lthood, the )iddle years, and a previe* of old age. %ollo*ing the vignettes + *ill go ack over the iographic data to disc(ss the specific respects in *hich )y e8perience and val(es have een shaped y cohort )e) ership, historical events, and the e8periences of gro*ing (p and gro*ing old.

Birth and $hi*dhood

+ *as orn *here + *as conceived, in )y parentsD ed in a top?floor apart)ent of a ro*nstone to*n ho(se on a one? lock?long street, 1lice Co(rt. ,he place *as Brooklyn- the ti)e, 19$$. ,hose fo(r floors ho(sed three layers of )aternal kin *ho peopled )y early childhood: a :er)an?9(theran i))igrant grandfather and one a(nt on the street floor, t*o (n)arried a(nts on the second floor, )y parents and )e and an (n)arried (ncle on the third floor. ,he 2chaerrs and the 4inklers shared the ig kitchen and dining roo) on the half?s( )erged 7 !0! 7 first floor for co))(nal evening )eals prepared y )y )other and a(nts. + *as )ade to feel special in that ho(sehold as the first child, first grandchild, and first niece. ,here

*as little co))(nication et*een the se8es or the t*o older generations, ho*ever, and the only *ar) alliance *as a)ong the fo(r sisters. 4hatever )erri)ent or e8change of inti)acy took place *as *ithin that fo(rso)e or et*een )e and one of the ad(lts *hen they, each in t(rn, took )e into their separate, secret *orlds. 9et )e sketch )y people for yo(: My grandfather *as a G(iet, so) er )an, a socialist of a ho)esp(n variety *ho spent )ost of his life as a stone)ason and carpenter on the constr(ction of an =piscopal ch(rch in Manhattan, *hich to this day has not een co)pleted. 2tern *ith his da(ghters and son, he *as easy and loving *ith )e, sharing :er)an folklore, his love of craft, and his drea) of the cathedral?to? e. 9ike )any socialists in =(rope, and (nlike their 1)erican co(nterparts, he happily lended his political and religio(s visions of the good society. My Uncle ,ed, gassed in 4orld 4ar +, *as the *hee@ing, asth)atic occ(pant of a tiny edroo) across the hall fro) )ine. 1 telephone line)an y day and a violinist in the Brooklyn 2y)phony y night, he let )e peep eneath his silent persona to share his love of so(nd on strings and his love of the sea. My 1(nt Minna *as no longer considered )arriagea le y herself or the fa)ily once she passed her t*enty?eighth irthday. 2he kept the ooks and s(pervised a factory floor in a ook indery and devo(red gothic novels. 2he read )e passages, ta(ght )e to read, and ass(red )e a li rary card *as a )agical key to *orlds eyond )y i)agining. 2he *as even capa le of fi ing to )y )other, taking )e off to see not a childrenDs )ovie (t a se8y oneH&e +ust! *ith Cean 5arlo*Hand then telling )y )other she got the dates )i8ed (p. My 1(nt Martha *as lively and gay, in love *ith a garage )echanic fro) ;e* Cersey. + loved to *atch her pri)p efore her )irror on nights she sa* her Charlie. An rare occasions + *as per)itted to go *ith the) on dayti)e dates. ;o delight e8ceeded those e8c(rsions. + sat in the r() le seat of CharlieDs %ord *atching the) e8change glances and listening to their high?pitched la(ghter, or acco)panied the) on *alks on the oard*alk at Coney +sland or Cones Beach, feeling the c(rrent 7 !0B 7 r(nning et*een the) thro(gh )e as each held one of )y hands- they gave pleas(re sG(ee@es + happily passed on fro) one to the other *hen so)ething str(ck the) as f(nny, *hich see)ed to happen *ith great reg(larity. ,he oldest of the sisters, )y 1(nt 1nna, *as scrappy and ossy, *ith a precario(s hold on the affections of her sisters and )yself. 2he *as the chief ho(sekeeper and cook (ntil her )arriage. +n that ho(sehold, headed y )y *ido*ed )aternal grandfather, it *as the da(ghers *ho took over the d(ties of their )other after her early death at forty, *hereas in the ho(sehold headed y )y *ido*ed paternal grand)other she herself ass()ed the read*inner role y taking in fo(r oarders, doing their la(ndry, and cooking )eals for the) as *ell as the three sons and a da(ghter still at ho)e. My father *as G(iet, strong, and )oody, an e8peri)ental )achinist inordinately pro(d of his )achines and his skill in creating eG(ip)ent for scientists at the 'ockefeller +nstit(te in Manhattan. 5is great gift to )e *as a elief that + co(ld do or e anything + set )y )ind to, and he defended )e against fa)ily scoffing *hen at si8 + *ished to e a che)ist, at fo(rteen a poet, and at t*enty?t*o a sociologist. My shy and yielding )other, the h( of )y *orld, *as in perpet(al fear of displeasing either her father or her h(s and, (t for )e she radiated *ar)th and the pleas(re she took in food, fa ric, and flo*ers, a triad of cooking, se*ing, and gardening that has een a co))on gro(nd et*een (s for )ore than fifty years.

=8cept thro(gh )e as a go? et*een, )y people had little to do *ith o(r neigh ors, of *ho) )ore *ere Catholic than Protestant, )ore +rish and +talian than :er)an. My first play)ates *ere +rish Catholic girls. 4e screa)ed in terror *hen o(r fathers had a fist fight d(ring the 1l 2)ith presidential ca)paign in 19$6, then follo*ed s(it the ne8t day *ith a fight of o(r o*n for reasons *e co(ld not fatho). 2chool *as an ancient, overcro*ded, red rick (ilding, )ost of *hose st(dents ca)e either fro) a lack ghetto or an enor)o(s orphan asyl() a lock fro) the school, a frightening place *ith 3agged glass in the ce)ent top of its rick *alls. My first friend at school *as a lack girl + *as )ade to share a seat and desk *ith as p(nish)ent for )is ehavior in first grade. .+f lacks )is ehaved they *ere )ade to stand in a corner, *hereas *hites *ere )ade to sit *ith lacks.0 4e oth kne* neither of (s *o(ld e *elco)e in the ho)e of the other, (t *e *alked to the corner of 7 !0F 7 each otherDs lock )any ti)es to gli)pse the place that held the good friend and to prolong o(r endless talk. + did not kno* it for a long ti)e, (t + have dra*n deeply fro) that early *orld of kin and the ethnic and racial diversity of )y neigh orhood. 1nd + learned early ho* different )en and *o)en *ere *hen alone or in )i8ed co)pany. By day )y a(nts and )y )other see)ed lighthearted and )erry, lingering over l(nch, la(ghing *ith the canaries in the s(nlight, sharing their hopes and *oes. By night they t(rned into shado*y fig(res serving the food and giving silent assent to all that the )en said. My grandfather and father r(led the ig ta le (nder its apples?and?pears ,iffany la)p, snapped co))ands, sho*ed no pleas(re, and gave no thanks. <et these *ere the )en *ho shared, *hen alone *ith )e, their love of te8t(reHof *ood, )ar le, )etal, pansies. 4hen + carried an o servation fro) one side of the gender arrier to the other, the gro*n?(ps stared at )e in dis elief: J<o(r grandfather co(ldnDt have said thatNJ )y a(nt *o(ld prono(nce fir)ly- J<o(r )other really didnDt say thatNJ said )y grandfather eG(ally fir)ly. ,hey all concl(ded, *ith sad shakes of the head, J1lice has a vivid i)agination.J 2o in ti)e + learned to keep things to )yself. B(t that *orld did not last. +n 19!0 it collapsed aro(nd (s. My est friendDs father co))itted s(icide, )y (ncle *as laid off, and )y father co(ld hardly )ake his payroll. ,he )en sco*led and *ithdre* into silence and drink. ,he *o)en fro*ned and cried. ,he gri) decade of the &epression had eg(n. 4e )oved a*ay to *here no canaries sang, no a(nts or grandfather rightened )y days, and )y childhood endedHat eight.

%uberty and Ado*escence

,he deeper the fa)ily slipped into hard ti)es, the )ore )y father drank and the less *e had to eat. My )other skipped l(nches and eca)e a 3anitor in a fo(r?fa)ily (ilding, shoveling coal into a greedy f(rnace and l(gging a do@en cans of ashes (p treachero(s stone steps t*ice a *eek. 2he se*ed lovely things for a rich doctorDs *ife and her friends. Men did not have eno(gh *ork, and *o)en had too )(ch *ork. 1s a girl and an oldest child . y no* *ith a yo(nger rother and sister0 + *as s*ept into )y )otherDs *ork. 4hen not in school, ho(rs *ere given to scr( ing clothes and floors, ironing, and doing ho(sehold shopping. 2hopping )eant a five?)ile *alk each *eek to scattered stores *ith lo* prices: the (tcher, the dairy, the :er)an pork store, the akery for 7 !0" 7 day?old read, and, once in a *hile, the ;a isco factory for roken crackers at argain prices.

,he one advantage of o(r n()ero(s ho(sehold )oves *as the schools + attended. &eclining neigh orhoods fro) *hich )any had fled even efore the &epression )eant lo*er rent for o(r apart)ents (t also schools *ith s)all classes, and teachers *ho po(red their talents and hopes into fe*er st(dents. +n another era so)e of )y grade?school and high?school teachers *o(ld have een college teachers, so + *as the eneficiary of their considera le kno*ledge and fallen hopes. 1s a pro(d possessor of that )agic key, a li rary card, a highlight of )y *eek *as a t*o?)ile skate to the nearest li rary. + devo(red )y *eekly ration of five ooks as )y a(nt had done efore )e, in ho(rs stolen fro) the night. +n )y case a ook, )y head, and a night la)p *ere h(ddled (nder a heavy flannel athro e to hide )y reading fro) the disapproving eyes of )y )other. +t *as years efore + (nderstood the fear of losing her da(ghter that l(rked eneath )y )otherDs s(spicion of *hat she called )y Jreading and scri ling.J + reached )y present height at t*elve, to*ering over )y class)ates, the last in line )arching into gy) or a(ditori(), defensively to(gh, secretly tender. My drea) of p( lic stardo) *as doo)ed y a tendency to l(sh, so + *as the ehind?the?scenes prod(cer and director of plays, and later the play*right as *ell. My si8th?grade tri()ph *as a prod(ction of Alice in Won erlan ! co)plete *ith crepe?paper cost()es + )ade for all fifteen characters. My only terror *hen the play *as p(t on in half a do@en schools in the oro(gh *as having to co)e on stage to take a o* after the perfor)ance. B(t eneath all that local li)elight + *as fr(strated, a never?to? e star of the sho*, like 9e*is CarrollDs 1lice. +n high school + fo(nd *ider scope and at least so)e so(ls *ho shared )y passions. + edited the ne*spaper, served in the st(dent senate, *as president of the poetry cl( , and dared to drea) of college. 2())ers *ere spent in )y a(ntDs ook indery at a *age of t*elve dollars for a forty?eight? ho(r *eek. +nnocent drea)er that he *as, )y father ass(red )e + co(ld attend any college of )y choice. J4hatDs the est oneKJ he asked. ;ot kno*ing, (t re)e) ering a novel *ith a college setting, + pro)ptly said JEassar College.J +t took very little inG(iry a o(t cost to land )e in t(ition?free Brooklyn College, not Eassar. + entered college a literat(re )a3or (t G(ickly shifted to sociology after one se)ester *ith 9o(is 2chneider as )y teacher. 1n incipient rationalist, + checked o(t this shift in )a3or y taking the 2trong +nterest +nventory ,est. ,he college co(nselor told )e + scored e8ceptionally 7 !0# 7 *ell on oth art and science. +n so)e p(@@le)ent he concl(ded, J4ell, )ay e a social science is a good )iddle?of?the?road co)pro)iseNJ 1nd so it has een, tho(gh if the tr(th e kno*n, + h(ngered to e an artist and a scientist. 1s *ell as a sociologist, of co(rse. My late develop)ent provided a psychose8(al )oratori() in adolescence, d(ring *hich st(dies, athletics, and sa)e?se8 friendships filled )y days. B(t *hen it ca)e, the )oist fire of se8 threatened to overt(rn )y intellect(al interests and *o(ld have done so had + not )oved in a radical st(dent s( c(lt(re that espo(sed so)e )eas(re of eG(ality et*een the se8es. =ven so, + )ade fearf(l )istakes. 1fter a tragic first affair that ended *ith )y loverDs death in a car accident, + re)et and )arried a for)er econo)ics teacher t*elve years )y senior. 1dolescence ended *ith a pre)at(re )arriage at nineteen.

Ear*y Adu*thood
4ar *as declared against Capan and :er)any a fe* *eeks efore the )arriage, and y the spring of 19B$ + *ithdre* fro) college and spent several years as an ar)y *ife largely in so(thern to*nsH

1nniston, Col() ia, 'aleigh, CacksonHand then in 4ashington, &.C., and ,renton, ;e* Cersey. My first trip 2o(th *as to 1nniston, 1la a)a, *here, *ith )y head f(ll of ante ell() novels, + e8pected to find *o)en in dainty di)ity and *hite gloves and carrying r(ffled parasols. +t *as a c(lt(re shock to find )y first landlady in lack satin, highly ro(ged, a cigarette in the corner of her )o(th, on her *ay to her 3o as an Jentertainer,J as she p(t it. + *as a civilian replace)ent first at an air ase and then at a prisoner?of?*ar ca)p, and a child tender in a )(nicipal day?care center for factory *o)enDs children in Cackson, Mississippi. + sold fa ric y the yard to poor *hites in 1la a)a and *orked for 2oviet engineers in 4ashington, processing lend?lease ship)ents of petrole() prod(cts to the 2oviet front. + even delivered a lack a y in 2o(th Carolina, *hen + vol(nteered to find o(t *hy )y landladyDs JgirlJ did not sho* (p for *ork and fo(nd her alone in advanced la or. 1fter the *ar + ret(rned to finish college and )oved on to grad(ate st(dy at Col() ia University. ,ho(gh + did not define it as *ork at the ti)e, + also spent t*o painf(l years trying to salvage a )arriage and then ad3(st to its fail(re. 1fter several foolish affairs + finally gre* (p sec(re eno(gh to for) a ne* and good )arriage, at t*enty?nine, to a )an )y o*n age. ,his has een a lasting love, *ith sparks in the )ind, shared tastes of palate and politics, a spicy difference in intellect(al flair, 7 !06 7 a )(t(al love of hard physical *orkHa heady re* still potent after thirty?five years. 4ith a degree ehind )e, + also tasted the pleas(re of eing paid for *hat + *anted to do any*ayH*ork *ith ooks and ideas and type*riter. 2till (nder the infl(ence of the )an(al?*ork ethic fro) )y 9(theran kin, + *as dis)ayed *hile on a first professional 3o to calc(late *hat + cost )y e)ployer y dividing the n() er of pages + *rote in a year ."000 into )y ann(al salary. ,he cost per page *as so high, in )y 3(dg)ent then, for doing so)ething that yielded so )(ch intrinsic re*ard that + *as convinced )y oss 1le8 +nkeles )(st have considered )e a poor invest)ent. B(t the 3oy of that *ork paled eside the )iracle of irth and the po*erf(l ond of flesh and heart that ca)e *ith parenthood. 1l*ays greedy for e8perience, + had three irths in fo(r years in )y )iddle to late thirties. 4ith the love ca)e the *ork of parenting, the (nrelenting ho(rs that sG(ee@ed o(t tho(ght and spirit, all )ade partic(larly ta8ing eca(se of the s(per*o)an standards + i)posed on )yself: perfect *ife, )other, hostess, gardener, and college teacher, all held together y a fragile scaffold of n(rsery schools, ho(sekeeper, l(ck, and physical strength. ,he price + paid *as inso)nia and ne(ritis )isdiagnosed as arthritis, and the c(re *as giving (p part?ti)e teaching and taking on a f(ll?ti)e research appoint)ent.

The Midd*e "ears

1t forty *e fell in love *ith a ho(se in >en*ood, a neigh orhood 3(st north of the University of Chicago. +t *as h(ge, (gly, Eictorian, (t ea(tif(l in o(r eyes: a drea) of grace and space co)e tr(e. +t pro)pted the p(rchase of a floating l(e chiffon go*n for a ho(se*ar)ing party and drea)s of childrenDs *eddings *ithin its spacio(s roo)s. B(t that Eictorian shell held five co)ple8, changing creat(res *ithin it: an an8io(s, overe8tended research ad)inistrator- a harassed, torn, and p(@@led *o)an- and three s)all people str(ggling for roo) in o(r lives *hile fle8ing and testing *ho they *ere. + also (nder*ent the painf(l e8perience of eing fired y an anthropologist *hen he sa* a good thing in a st(dy + had designed and fielded. 2ince his title (nder the grant *as as principal investigator and + only a research associate on the payroll, the dean told )e the anthropologist *as Jval(a le (niversity property,J *hereas + *as e8penda le. +t *as )y first conscio(sly defined e8perience *ith se8

discri)ination, and it egan a slo* (rn that gathered )o)ent() and *as grad(ally trans? 7 !09 7 )(ted into )y first fe)inist p( lication .'ossi 19"B0. + spent a year on that essay, *ith listers on )y )ind fro) the str(ggle to (nlearn the f(nctionalist theory + had s*allo*ed *hole d(ring )y grad(ate training in sociology and to distill and transcend )y personal e8periences. ,he si8?draft ger)ination of that essay *as a far )ore painf(l irthing than the three nat(ral child irths that preceded it, and its p( lication in 19"B *as a t(rning point in )y personal, political, and professional life. + *ithstood the press(re against political activity fro) )y acade)ic colleag(es y pl(nging into a ortion la* refor) in +llinois in the early 19"0s and helping to fo(nd the ;ational Argani@ation for 4o)en .;A40 and 2ociologists for 4o)en in 2ociety .2420 in 19#0. + took special pleas(re in follo*ing in Cohn &e*eyDs footsteps as national chair of the reactivated 1)erican 1ssociation of University Professors .11UP0 co))ittee on the stat(s of *o)en in acade)e. Professionally + shifted fro) s(ch topics as voting ehavior, intergro(p relations, the sociology of occ(pations, and the 2oviet social syste) to the st(dy of gender roles, fa)ily str(ct(re, acade)ic *o)en, and social )ove)ents. + ind(lged )y love of iography and history for t*o years *hile *orking on The 0eminist $apers .'ossi 19#!0. Politics and research *ere also a sti)(lating co) ination in editing the '(ssell 2age %o(ndation vol()e on Aca emic Women on the "ove .'ossi and Calder*ood 19#!0 and *riting 0eminists in $olitics .'ossi 196$0, a G(antitative panel analysis of the first national *o)enDs conference. 1long the *ay, follo*ing a *renching )ove fro) the >en*ood ho)e *e loved to a Balti)ore ho)e + disliked, + shifted fro) the (ncertainty of research appoint)ents on soft )oney at Cohns 5opkins University to the challenge and sec(rity of teaching *o)en at :o(cher College. + look ack no* *ith a )i8t(re of self?ad)iration and horror at the pace of those years in the early 19#0s: teaching seven co(rses a year *hile chairing a depart)ent- lect(res and political o ligations that had )e in a plane thirty?t*o ti)es one year- and t*o ooks in process. +n addition to these political and professional co))it)ents, *e *ere coping *ith p( escent and adolescent children, then e8peri)enting *ith vegetarianis), hippie c(lt(re, se8, and an alternative school, and + *as trying to cope *ith the erratic )ood s*ings of an early )enopa(se. 4inding?(p adolescents and *inding?do*n parents )ake for do)estic sparks. +t *as this personal insight that led to a st(dy of parenting and aging in the )iddle years, in *hich + tried to e8plore *hat difference a )otherDs age )ade for her relationship to an adolescent child .'ossi 1960a, 1960 0. 7 !10 7 + learned a itter lesson in those years: it is far easier for a *o)an to add to her level of participation in parenting and do)estic )anage)ent than to red(ce the level of participation that has een in place for a long ti)e. +n retrospect it see)s a )iracle that the children and the )arriage s(rvived those years intact. 5ad *e still een riding the crest of yo(thf(l narcissis), that fragile fa)ily )ight have collapsed and frag)ented. 1t t*enty?five *e are i))ortal, and i)p(lses are apt to (rst their contain)ent. 1t forty?five caring is )ore likely to )ean a restraint on i)p(lse, and a hard *orking? thro(gh of an i)passe in a relationship of long standing. 2o it *as, and so it is. +n the cal)er *aters of oneDs si8ties, ti)e is telescoped and life in and for itself )ore precio(s than ever efore: each day to e savored, fro) *ork at a desk or lectern, to ti)e snatched for gardening or se*ing, to pasta and 2oave at dayDs end. %or city? red people like )e, living

in a s)all to*n in *estern Massach(setts is a so(rce of daily *onder: after fifteen years, + a) still startled to see a setting s(n slip elo* a )o(ntain ridge fro) )y st(dy *indo*.

Loo=ing Ahead
;o*, *ell past the )eridian of life even *ith greatly e8tended life spans, + feel no i)p(lse to rest or retire. + have an i)age of a retired self that is o(trageo(sly eccentric: a fig(re in a p(rple cape *ith a *alking cane. B(t at the )o)ent + contin(e to str(ggle *ith the G(estion, 5o* have + )anaged to co)e this far on lifeDs path and still e so far fro) the achieve)ents + drea)ed possi le at thirtyK ,here are half a do@en st(dies + *ish to do and at least three ooks + *ant to *rite. B(t + also *ant to have ti)e and space to ind(lge t*o other passions, one ne* and one old. ,he ne* one is *atercolor painting, eg(n in 1960. + *ant to capt(re the essence of ;e* =ngland rocks, shells, and flo*ers as :eorgia AD>eeffe ca(ght the essence of the desert 2o(th*est in ones. ,he old passion is clothes design and se*ing: for the past several years + have )ade childrenDs clothes, tailored silk lo(ses, and place)at sets (nder )y o*n la el for sale in a local o(tiG(e. My drea) of the good life after retire)ent is not stopping *ork (t letting the day str(ct(re *hat the *ork *ill e: separating an iris cl()p, drafting a paper, e8ploring an i)age in *atercolors, disc(ssing a ne* idea *ith Peter, testing it on the co)p(ter ter)inal, )aking a crQ)e cara)elle. ,o orro* a lovely phrase fro) May 2arton, + shall strive for a life in *hich Jthe day shapes the *ork, and not )y *ork, the day.J 7 !11 7 ,his ends the five vignettes. M(ch has een left o(t, of co(rse: )y paternal kin, )y rother and sister, )y friends in adolescence and ad(lthood, teachers and peers *ho *ere i)portant )entors. B(t + think + have to(ched on the central facts of early fa)ily, )arriage, and parenting and the road conto(rs of career and political involve)ent, and + have tried to e honest in co))(nicating the passion and pain along the *ay. B(t eno(gh of iographic profiles. 4hat can *e do *ith these data fro) a sociological perspectiveK 4hat ele)ents of this life reflect the ti)e and place in *hich it *as livedK 4hat are its (niG(e, *hat its co))on, feat(resK 1 life?span perspective *ill help (s disting(ish et*een the effects of )at(ration, cohort, and historical period .Baltes and 2chaie 19#!- Bengston and ,roll 19#6- ;e(garten and 5agestad 19#"0. +t also )oves a*ay fro) the psychological pre)ise that h()ans are essentially for)ed y the ti)e they reach the age of ten or so. +nstead it )akes t*o i)portant ass()ptions: .10 social str(ct(ral characteristics of early fa)ily life are )ore predictive of ad(lt personality and val(es than the psychodyna)ics *ithin the triad of )other, father, and child- and .$0 develop)ent is a contin(o(s process at all stages of life, s( 3ect to change fro) the i)pact of historical events and the instit(tions that hold (s in their grip d(ring o(r ad(lt years .Bri) and >agan 1960- 'iley 19#90. + *ill try no* to tease o(t the )a3or ele)ents of cohort, period, and )at(rational effects fro) the descriptive iographic vignettes.

$ohort $haracteristics
1 great deal is kno*n a o(t the cohort + elong toHthe irth cohort of the 19$0sHas a conseG(ence of several longit(dinal st(dies eg(n *ith child s( 3ects d(ring that decade. Best kno*n in sociological circles is :len =lderDs )hil ren of the 3reat +epression .19#B0. Ather cross?sectional st(dies on )iddle?aged ad(lts in the 19#0s are also ased on research s( 3ects fro) )y cohort .:o(ld 19#6-

9evinson 19#6- 9o*enthal et al. 19#F- '( in 19#9- 2heehy 19##- 'ossi 1960a, 1960 0. 2(ch st(dies, ho*ever, *ere either of s( 3ects living on the 4est Coast .=lder, :o(ld, 9o*enthal et al., '( in0 or of )en .9evinson0. ;one *ere cond(cted on =ast Coast fa)ilies like the one + gre* (p in. 5ence there is no hint in )ost of these st(dies of grandparents, a(nts, and (ncles of the s( 3ects *ho gre* (p in the 19$0s and 19!0s. ,he chances are that these relatives *ere so)e*here in the Mid*est or =ast rather than the 4est. 7 !1$ 7 <et the fact of having spent the first eight years of )y life in an e8tended?fa)ily ho(sehold had i)portant conseG(ences. + *as a third?generation child in a lineage that e)igrated to the United 2tates in the late nineteenth cent(ry. :randparents, a(nts, and (ncles *ere colorf(l, i)portant fig(res in )y life, as they *ere in the lives of others of )y cohort in eastern cities- if not living together, they *ere often close y in ethnic neigh orhoods. 1s 5ansen noted long ago .5ansen 19F$0, grandchildren often *ish to kno* *hat their parents *ant to forget a o(t their ethnic and national origins. ;either of )y parents co(ld (nderstand )y fascination *ith stories )y grandparents told a o(t their childhood in :er)any and the advent(re of e)igrating to the United 2tates. 1t )y (rging, )y grand)other told the story of her crossing the 1tlantic several do@en ti)es, (ntil the i)age of her red?cheeked, londe? raided, seventeen?year?old self, organi@ing dances for sailors and yo(ng girls in steerage .ever the )anagerial typeN0, eca)e as sharply etched in )e)ory as any childhood e8perience of )y o*n. 1 ho(sehold of three ad(lt )en and fo(r ad(lt *o)en for a first child, grandchild, and niece also had i)portant conseG(ences: )y affection *as diff(sed a)ong the), not concentrated 3(st on t*o parents. Predicta ly + *as a very ad(lt?oriented child, (t )y i)age of the ad(lt + co(ld eco)e had an openness to it eca(se of the sharp differences a)ong the *o)en and )en *ho provided daily )odels: )y )otherDs disapproval of reading *as co(ntered y )y a(ntDs love of ooks- )y grandfatherDs o 3ection to his sonDs JfiddlingJ *as co(ntered y his (niG(e e)otional accessi ility to )e. 4ith all those loving ad(lts aro(nd )e, + felt no rivalry *hen )y rother *as orn *hen + *as three, tho(gh + did *hen )y sister *as orn *hen + *as eight, for y the ti)e of her irth the n() er of ad(lts in )y daily *orld had shr(nk fro) seven to t*o. 1 child in an isolated n(clear ho(sehold cannot o serve )ale?fe)ale relationships in the co(rting and honey)oon stage of a )arriage, *hereas + had e8pos(re to the very positive i)age of )y a(ntDs co(rtship. + also sa* )eaning in the lives of (n)arried ad(lts, and + had the opport(nity to o serve sa)e?se8 ad(lt relationships at close range. Af special i)portance *as the daily e8pos(re to the fo(r sistersD alliance, the key solidary force in the ho(sehold. 1 s(perficial o server of )y e8tended fa)ily )ight see a patriarchy *ith repressed and e8ploited *o)en, (t + kne* in )y ones the po*er of sisterhood as a kinship, not a political, pheno)enon. ,here *as no do( t so)e repressed anger in the *o)en, and indeed )y )other has een happier as a *ido* for 7 !1! 7 the past t*enty years than she *as for )ost of her life as a *ife, (t + a) speaking here of a childDs e8perience. + also kne* the tender (nderside of patriarchal )ales, the passion and pride in craft, and the love for a girl child eneath their arked co))ands to *ife, da(ghters, and sisters. Clearly + *as the recipient of a s(perdose of love and tr(st d(ring those early stages of life. ,here is also an androgyno(s G(ality to the )anner in *hich a first orn child is treated, perhaps partic(larly a first orn girl. %e* li)its *ere i)posed on )e eca(se of )y se8, as they *ere on )y

yo(nger rother and sister. ;o one said + co(ld not learn to (se tools or play a violin or )ove o(t into the *orld eyond the ho(se and neigh orhood. + *as sent to shop at a neigh orhood store at three, cl(tching a penciled note over the coin to give the grocer. 1t five + *as ta(ght to (se a sa* and ha))er y )y grandfather, along *ith a knife and needle y )y a(nts and )other. ,he )ost lasting infl(ence of that early ho(sehold, and a )ark perhaps of )y cohort, *as the *ork ethic it lived and reathed. +f it is *orth doing at all, it is *orth doing *ell- +f yo( start so)ething, yo( finish itHthose sayings *ere drilled into )e as fa)ily ho)ilies. Mine *as a sec(lar fa)ily that attended ch(rch only for )arriages, christenings, and f(nerals, and the ho(sehold god *as la or. ,o learn to se* at the age of fo(r, )y )other gave )e a sG(are yard of )(slin *ith t*o do@en ro*s of different se*ing and e) roidery stitches do*n one side, each t*o inches long, ro*s + *as reG(ired to co)plete over the re)aining thirty?fo(r inches to )aster the stitches. Praise *as given only for a 3o done *ith e8ceptional skill, not for any ordinary perfor)ance, and never if it *as not done in the e8pected ti)e, for da*dling *as ta oo. + still have diffic(lty giving praise to )y st(dents e8cept (nder si)ilar circ()stances of e8ceptional perfor)ance in a reasona le period of ti)e. 1nother val(e + internali@ed *as the i)portance of *o)enDs *ork. %e* of the ho)es in )y kin net*ork *o(ld have s(rvived *itho(t the la or of the *o)en. Ane si)ply co(ld not afford to *aste or spoil food, scorch a shirt, or discard a torn sheet. +t *as )y )otherDs strength and capacity for hard *ork that kept )y o*n fa)ily intact thro(gh the &epression, as )y *ido*ed grand)other had kept her sons a*ay fro) poolroo)s and saloons, *hile the older )en in the fa)ily and neigh orhood *ere apt to cr() le (nder econo)ic press(re into G(arrels and drink. <ears later it *as *ith a shock of recognition that + read 5arriet Martinea(Ds 16!# 3(dg)ent that 1)erican *o)en *ere soft (nder 7 !1B 7 affl(ence (t sho*ed their strength (nder adversity .Martinea( 16!#0. ,his o servation *as clearly applica le to the &epression, as it is today to so )any i)poverished lack co))(nities. +t did not take a fe)inist a*akening for )e to acG(ire pride in *o)enDs strength and a ilities.

%eriod Effects
,hree )a3or historical events *ere of profo(nd infl(ence in )y life: the &epression of the 19!0s, 4orld 4ar ++, and the renascence of the fe)inist )ove)ent in the 19"0s. M(ch has een *ritten on the i)pact of the &epression on fa)ilies and individ(als. +ndeed, there is rene*ed interest in the topic eca(se of the str(ct(ral (ne)ploy)ent facing the nation in the 1960s and the financial stress that is gro*ing in the international econo)y. 'eference?gro(p theory applied to intergenerational relations is of partic(lar help in ill()inating this i)pact. My i))igrant grandparents had little sy)pathy for the dashed hopes their children e8perienced (nder the *eight of the &epression, for they had kno*n far harsher poverty in =(rope, co)pared to *hich any 1)erican e8perience see)ed very )ild. +n addition, i))igrants are self?selected fro) their national stock and fa)ilies, sp(nky eno(gh to leave a kno*n *orld for an (nkno*n one. ,heir children *ere )ore diverse, incl(ding the ti)id along *ith the old. My second?generation parents never f(lly recovered either econo)ically or psychologically fro) the &epression years, and their achieve)ents fell far short of their yo(thf(l drea)s. By co)parison, )y generation ca)e to ad(lthood *ith )ore ed(cation and entered an e8panding, affl(ent econo)y, so *e co(ld )ore easily f(lfill o(r aspirations and e8ceed those held for (s y o(r parents. + *orry that )y st(dents in the 1960s )ay face the dashed hopes that )arked )y parentsD generation.

,he concept of relative e8pectations also ill()inates )y fatherDs confidence that + co(ld eco)e anything + *ished to e. +n fact, + did not gain this insight (ntil *riting this essay: *hat + e8perienced as great confidence in )e as a yo(ng person reG(ires the G(alification that )y fatherDs )essage reflected the narro* hori@on of choice he co(ld even i)agine for )e. 5e har ored no hopes of )y eco)ing a senator or a professor. 5is conception of a che)ist *as a la oratory technician or ench che)ist- of a poet, so)eone *ho scri les in her spare ti)e- of a sociologist, so)eone *ho ela ors the o vio(s. Under the infl(ence of )y teachers and )entors )y range of choice e8ceeded anything in )y 7 !1F 7 fatherDs i)agining. 5ad + eco)e a *hite?collar ookkeeper, his paternal e8pectations *o(ld have een *ell confir)ed. ,he i)pact of gro*ing (p in the &epression is a contin(ing )ark on )y generation. 4e are s(rvivors *ho delight in possessions, gl(ttono(s cons()ers of )ail?order catalogs. + still find the est device to cope *ith an8iety and depression is a shopping spreeHhats in )y t*enties, plants in )y si8ties. By contrast, )y o*n ad(lt children travel light and rely on 3ogging, sleep, and lo(d rock to cope *ith stress. ,he second historical event of great infl(ence *as 4old 4ar ++, *hich shook )e o(t of a ;e* <orkerDs parochialis), deepened )y appreciation for regional differences, and provided a range of 3o e8periences )ore profo(nd in their i)pact than any reading of the sociological literat(re on occ(pations and social class. 9iving in rented roo)s in a do@en so(thern ho)es gave )e inti)ate access to fa)ily and race relations. + *as astonished y the e8tent to *hich a gracio(s life?style penetrated do*n to lo*er class levels )ore than *as possi le in the ;orth, facilitated y an (nderclass of poorly paid lacks. + *as a)a@ed that the h(s and *ho ret(rned ho)e for l(nch served on linen and china, *ith a tinkling silver ell to s())on the ne8t co(rse, *as a hat sales)an in a local depart)ent store. +n other ho)es + *as *itness to the sa)e fe)ale alliance + kne* fro) )y a(nts, only in interracial, )i8ed?age sets of *o)en and children. 2tories and shared inti)acies fle* ack and forth in one Mississippi ho(sehold, *here )y landlady insisted that all the *o)en and children, lack and *hite, gather on a ig ed in an inner roo), *here she ass(red (s *e *ere protected against lightning olts that )ight other*ise strike (s. ,he rainy season reinforced fe)ale and, to so)e degree, interracial solidarity and f(rthered the oral trans)ission of legends. <ears efore any )(r)(r of a civil?rights )ove)ent, + *as i)pressed y the G(ality and content of interracial relationships a)ong *o)en. Ane (pper?class *o)an + efriended in 2o(th Carolina, for e8a)ple, (sed her *ealth to r(n a s())er school on an island off the coast for pro)ising lack yo(th secretly referred to her y lack teachers in her co(nty. + left the 2o(th chastened y )y h()an enco(nters there, freed of )any northern stereotypes of the 2o(th and so(therners. + have al)ost left o(t one i)portant additional i)pact of 4orld 4ar ++, perhaps eca(se it involved s(ch pain: the replace)ent of pride in )y :er)an heritage *ith sha)e. C(st efore the *ar, + had attled, to the point of leaving ho)e, )y fatherDs vie*s to*ard 5itlerDs :er)any. 1nd it *as thirty?five years efore + felt (p to crossing the order into :er? 7 !1" 7 )any on =(ropean trips. =thnic orphan that + *as, + adopted )y h(s andDs ethnicity as )y o*n. ,his *as no hardship, for +taly is one of the loveliest lands in the *orld, and + have never had co)plaints fro) g(ests a o(t )y asically north +talian c(isine.

,he third historical event of great i)pact *as the renascence of fe)inis) in the 19"0s. +n retrospect + think so)e of the androgyno(s roots of )y childhood, hidden ehind a facade of traditional patriarchy, infl(enced )any choices + )ade in early ad(lthood. Co) ined *ith involve)ent in a radical st(dent c(lt(re d(ring college years, )y choice of profession and )y persistence in *orking at it *hile rearing children )ade )e a )arginal person in the cohort of *o)en to *hich + elonged. + *as *hat Eern Bengtson calls a forer(nner in )y generation. My (n)arried a(nts, *o)en teachers, and the *o)en *riters + loved *ere i)portant )odels s(pporting )y o*n )arginal choices. My e8perience of se8 discri)ination at the University of Chicago pointed (p a long predisposition to fe)inis). 5istorical or period effects differ in their i)pact depending on the age at *hich they are e8perienced. ,hat the fe)inist renascence *as eg(n y e)ployed )iddle?aged *o)en like )yself reflects o(r e8perience as *o)en *ith per)anent attach)ents to the la or force *ho fo(nd arriers to pro)otion or *ho received lo*er pay than )en doing co)para le *ork. 5ence o(r political efforts *ere on i)proving the ed(cational and occ(pational opport(nities for *o)en. A(r personal lives had 3elled y that point, so it *as left for yo(nger fe)inists to call for change in private, se8(al, and fa)ily life. ,his point *as first ro(ght ho)e to )e y the different reactions of older and yo(nger *o)en to )y early fe)inist p( lications in the )id?19"0s. ,he itter, angry letters + received *ere fro) *o)en over fifty, *hose response centered on their lost chances. 1s one *o)an p(t it, J5ad anyone *ritten as yo( do *hen + *as t*enty, + *o(ld have had t*o, not si8 children, and + *o(ld not have given (p )y desire to e a la*yer.J By contrast, *o)en in their t*enties and thirties said s(ch things as J+Dve decided to postpone getting )arried, and *ill finish college firstJ- J+D) going ack to school instead of having another childJ- and J+ think + have the co(rage no* to face the fact that )y )arriage has een dead for years.J 9ater + fo(nd this sa)e age difference in an analysis of the political iss(es on *hich delegates to the first national *o)enDs conference had een active .'ossi 196$0. <o(nger delegates see)ed to leave gender iss(es of ed(cational and 3o opport(nities to the y no* older ranch 7 !1# 7 of fe)inist organi@ations. ,he yo(nger delegatesD energies *ere invested in se8 iss(es like *o)enDs health care, rape, and spo(se a (se. ,he (nifying co))it)ent of oth yo(ng and old delegates *as to increase representation of *o)en in politics so that they can )ake the la*s, not co(rt the votes of )en. ,heir 3oint efforts have contri (ted to the gro*ing gender gap in voting ehavior and position on political iss(es in the 1960s. +n the co)ing decade + predict a great increase in the proportion of *o)en holding p( lic office .'ossi 196!0.

Maturationa* Effects
+ have left for last a cl(ster of changes that )ay e tr(e )at(rational effects. ,hese changes are an inherent f(nction of the process of gro*ing (p and gro*ing old that can speak eG(ally to people of all agesHhopef(lly *ith an echo of recognition for readers )y age, and *ith a note of prescience for those yo(nger. Ane key )at(rational change is an altered perspective on ti)e. +n yo(th and early ad(lthood one rarely thinks of ti)e r(nning o(t. Psychologically ti)e feels li)itless, so if yo( take one option rather than another, yo( can e8pect one day to also e8perience the postponed option if yo( still *ish it. 4ith age, one egins to rely on a ti)e calc(l(s: if + do V, *ill + ever get to do <K +f + *rite a ook on kinship, *ill + ever get to do one on the si ling relationshipK 4ill this e the last ti)e + see Eenice or ,aor)inaK 1s ;e(garten s(ggests, a shift in ti)e perspective occ(rs *hen one passes the )eridian of life, fro)

vie*ing life as years since irth to vie*ing it as years left to live .;e(garten 19"60. Closely related to this shift in ti)e perspective is an altered sense of oneDs ody. 5ealth and sta)ina are no longer taken for granted- they eco)e things to *ork at. ,he sociological concepts of achieve)ent and ascription apply here, at least in a fig(rative sense. +n yo(th, oneDs ody is an ascri ed fact, a healthy instr()ent one does not hesitate to challenge, p(sh to e8tre)ity, and overind(lge *itho(t fear of the conseG(ences. %ro) )iddle age that ody eco)es an achieved factHan instr()ent to listen to, t(ne (p, pa)per, and, if need e, transcend. 1n (n(s(al ache or stiff ack )ay e a har inger of so)e chronic disa ility rather than so)ething that *ill s(rely pass. ,hese e8periences trigger a )ore ca(tio(s (se of energy and a red(ction of the e8cesses of food, drink, and e8ercise that characteri@ed yo(th. +n a sense they are s)all rehearsals for the acceptance of the loss of close inti)atesHparents, spo(se, and friendsHand of o(r o*n death. 7 !16 7

Overview
,he stress on cohort )e) ership and the infl(ence of historical events is congenial to )ost sociologists since they ill(strate oth the potential for change in ad(lthood and the infl(ence of social factors on personal val(es and personality. 4e sociologists like to think that *e are *hat *e do, that is, that *e are )olded y social sit(ations and the instit(tional *e s that en)esh (s .or at least that en)esh o(r respondents, if not the free?agent, rational eings that sociologists consider the)selves to e0. ,here is certainly a)ple evidence of the )arks left on )e as a )e) er of the 19$0s irth cohort and of the partic(lar historical events that i)pinged on )y life at certain critical stages. By contrast, efore the )id?19#0s )ost psychologists *ere co))itted to the vie* that early childhood is a critical period of develop)ent that leaves indeli le )arks on people for the rest of their lives. Clearly parents e8ert infl(ence over their children in the years fro) irth *ell into adolescence. 1s key sociali@ers of the child, parents are central trans)itters of val(es, skills, and e8pectations. ,he pict(re eco)es )(rky *hen parental infl(ence is traced in the ad(lt years of the children. 1n e8tensive revie* of parent?child pairs y 9ilian ,roll and Eern Bengtson .19#90, covering a *ide range of st(dies incl(ding political opinions, voting ehavior, religio(s eliefs, and life?style preferences, sho*ed only )odest correlations et*een parents and ad(lt children. B(t affective solidarity et*een parents and ad(lt children *as not i)paired y discrepancies et*een the) in politics, religion, or life?style. 2(ch findings ref(te )ost of the theories that have een ro(ght to ear on child sociali@ation .*hether psychoanalytic theory, sy) olic?interaction theory, learning theory, alance theory, or e8change theory0, all of *hich ass()e that the stronger, closer, and )ore attractive the ond of a child to a parent, the )ore si)ilar the ehavior, attit(des, and val(es of the child *ill e to the parent. +t )ay *ell e the case that in all social relations e#cept the parent?child relationship s(ch discrepancies *o(ld lead to an atten(ation of affectionate onds. ,he (niG(eness of the parent?child ond )ay lie precisely in the si)ple fact of genetic relatedness: my son the criminal )ay e e) raced along *ith my son the octor , and parents re)ain salient to o(r sense of o(rselves even after their deaths. &espite the considera le social )o ility fro) )y fa)ily of origin, and *ide differences in politics and religion et*een )yself and either of )y parents as a conseG(ence of cohort and historical infl(ences, they have re)ained central to )y affective and social life. 7 !19 7

1s + have gro*n older, )y relationship to )y )other has, if anything, intensified f(rther. + s(spect one reason for this change is co)ing to grips in )ore direct ter)s *ith )ortality. A(r ties to parents )ay *eaken d(ring adolescence and early ad(lthood, (t to*ard the end of life, these onds take on a rene*ed e)otional salience si)ilar in intensity to the attach)ent *e e8perienced at the eginning of life. 2(ch thinking does not sit *ell *ith sociologists since they tend to prefer (p eat perspectives on life rather than a itters*eet one *ith hints of deeper levels of h()an relationships rooted in genetic linkages et*een people. +n recent years develop)ental psychologists have also co)e to stress a self? generating conception of ad(lthoodHthe self as an active agent deter)ining the direction a life *ill take .Bri) and >agan 19600H)(ch as the )a3ority of yo(thf(l fe)inists do. &evelop)ental change is the JinJ concept, *hereas sta ility has eco)e a concept on the *ane. ,his vie* is certainly s(pported y sociological *ork on occ(pational s(ccess a)ong s( 3ects (nder forty?five years of age. ,he consistent finding fro) stat(s attain)ent research is that parental class and parental enco(rage)ent affect the final ed(cational attain)ent of the child (t do not e8tend to the occ(pational s(ccess of children y the ti)e they are in their thirties. &ennis 5ogan .19610 has een critical of stat(s attain)ent st(dies on precisely the gro(nds that they neglect conte)porary press(res that replace or s(pple)ent early fa)ily and school infl(ences, press(res like those rooted in different la or )arkets, occ(pations, or fir)s *ith different pro)otion rates, or variation in fa)ily si@e and econo)ic circ()stances i)pinging on ad(lts in the fa)ilies they for). %or )ost people the decades of their t*enties and thirties are )arked y several si)(ltaneo(s, po*erf(l transitions that see) to prod(ce changes fro) earlier periods of life in oneDs fa)ily of origin. B(t one p( lication fro) the Aakland and Berkeley, California, gro*th st(dies poses a serio(s challenge to the ass()ption that change is the constant in ad(lthood and that there are radical and irrevoca le reaks fro) earlier years. &orothy =ichorn and her associates .19610 report a sleeper effect *hen adolescent characteristics are related to early vers(s )iddle ad(lthood. ,hat is, there *ere very lo* or insignificant correlations et*een adolescent and early?ad(lt personality characteristics, (t adolescent characteristics did correlate significantly *ith characteristics in late )iddle age. +t is te)pting to interpret this to )ean that, all other things eG(al, fro) )id?life on, *e eco)e )ore like *e *ere in o(r yo(thf(l years than *e *ere thro(gh the years of 7 !$0 7 early ad(lthood, *hen the press of 3o and fa)ily often reG(ired (s to act Jo(t of character.J %or )en in early ad(lthood, role o ligations involve the s(ppression of their tender, fe)inine side, and for *o)en, their agentic, )asc(line side. Consistent *ith the =ichorn findings on )iddle age, a n() er of st(dies s(ggest a reversal in se8?role characteristics in later life .:(t)ann 19"6, 19"9, 19#F9o*enthal et al. 19#F- ;e(garten and :(t)ann 19"60. 4ith increasing age, older )en eco)e )ore n(rt(ring and older *o)en eco)e )ore assertive. Perhaps that is *hy + e8perienced a different )an in )y grandfather than his children had kno*n, and *hy )any )others?in?la* are often considered intr(sive and opinionated. <ears ago + tho(ght this contrast et*een a parent?child relationship and a grandparent?grandchild relationship reflected the fact that parents )(st e8ercise discipline and a(thority over children, *hereas grandparents are released fro) this role de)and and are free to ind(lge p(re pleas(re in, and affection for, their grandchildren. B(t it co(ld also have to do *ith )at(rational change since grandparents are typically over fifty, *hereas parents are in their t*enties and thirties. Moreover, + have o served the eginning of this se8 role reversal in )y h(s and and )yself. <ears ago he *as a do)inant, assertive )an *ho s(ppressed the tender side of hi)self, (t that tender side is revealed )ore each year, *hile + feel )(ch )ore freedo) to e do)inant and assertive

than ever efore in )y life. ,his interesting shift sho*s itself in all o(r social roles, as parents, spo(ses, teachers, and organi@ational officers. 1nd so at si8ty?seven + feel closer to the 1lice of thirteen than to the 1lice of ,*enty or thirty. + like this ne*?old 1lice etter too. &oes anyone kno* of a play calling for a *o)an character *ith a p(rple cape and a *alking caneK + feel old eno(gh, and yo(ng eno(gh, finally to take center stage.

eferences
Baltes, P. B., and >. 4. 2chaie. 19#!. Life(span evelopmental psychology: $ersonality an sociali.ation. ;e* <ork: 1cade)ic Press. Bengtson, E., and 9. ,roll. 19#6. <o(th and their parents: %eed ack and inter? 7 !$1 7 generational infl(ence in sociali@ation. +n '. M. 9erner and :. B. 2panier, eds., )hil influences on marital an family interaction . ;e* <ork: 1cade)ic Press. Bri), A. :., Cr., and C. >agan, eds. 1960. )onstancy an change in human evelopment. Ca) ridge, Mass.: 5arvard University Press. =ichorn, &. 5., C. 1. Cla(sen, ;. 5aan, M. P. 5on@ik, and P. 5. M(ssen, eds. 1961. $resent an past in mi le life. ;e* <ork: 1cade)ic Press. =lder, :. 19#B. )hil ren of the 3reat +epression. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. :o(ld, '. 9. 19#6. Transformations: 3rowth an change in a ult life. ;e* <ork: 2i)on and 2ch(ster. :(t)ann, &. 19"6. 1n e8ploration of ego config(rations in )iddle and later life. +n B. 9. ;e(garten, ed., "i le age an aging . Chicago: University of Chicago Press. HHH. 19"9. The country of ol men: )ross(cultural stu ies in the psychology of later life. Accasional Papers in :erontology, no. F. University of Michigan: +nstit(te of :erontology. HHH. 19#F. Parenthood: 1 key to the co)parative st(dy of the life cycle. +n ;. &atan and 9. 5. :ins erg, eds., Life(span evelopment an behavior: -ormative life crises . ;e* <ork: 1cade)ic Press. 5ansen, M. A. 19F$. ,he third generation in 1)erica. )ommentary 1B .F0: B9$?F00. 5ogan, &. P. 1961. Transitions an social change: The early lives of American men. ;e* <ork: 1cade)ic Press. 9evinson, &. C. 19#6. ,he seasons of a )anDs life. ;e* <ork: >nopf. 9o*enthal, M. %., M. ,h(rnher, and &. Chiri oga. 19#F. 0our stages of life. 2an %rancisco: Cossey? Bass. Martinea(, 5. 16!#. Society in America. 9ondon: 2a(nders and Atley. ;e(garten, B. 9. 19"6. ,he a*areness of )iddle age. +n B. 9. ;e(garten, ed., "i le age an aging . Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ;e(garten, B. 9., and &. :(t)ann. 19"6. 1ge?se8 roles and personality in )iddle age: 1 the)atic apperception st(dy. +n B. 9. ;e(garten, ed., "i le age an aging . Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

;e(garten, B. 9., and :. A. 5agestad. 19#". 1ge and the life co(rse. +n '. 5. Binstock and =. 2hanas, eds., /an book of aging an the social sciences . ;e* <ork: Ean ;ostrand 'einhold. 'iley, M. 4., ed. 19#9. Aging from birth to eath: Inter isciplinary perspectives. Bo(lder, Colo.: 4estvie* Press. 'ossi, 1. 2. 19"B. =G(ality et*een the se8es: 1n i))odest proposal. +ae alus 9!.$0: "0#?"F$. HHH. 19#!. The feminist papers: 0rom A ams to e 1eavoir. ;e* <ork: Col() ia University Press. HHH. 1960a. 1ging and parenthood in the )iddle years. +n P. B. Baltes and A. :. Bri), Cr., eds., Life(span evelopment an behavior , vol. !. ;e* <ork: 1cade)ic Press. HHH. 1960 . 9ife?span theories and *o)enDs lives. Signs: 2ournal of Women in )ulture an Society " .10:B?!$. 7 !$$ 7 HHH. 196$. 0eminists in politics: A panel analysis of the first national women,s conference. ;e* <ork: 1cade)ic Press. HHH. 196!. Beyond the gender gap: 4o)enDs id for political po*er. Social Science <uarterly "B.B0:#16?##!. 'ossi, 1. 2., and 1. Calder*ood, eds. 19#!. Aca emic women on the move. ;e* <ork: '(ssell 2age %o(ndation. '( in, 9. B. 19#9. Women of a certain age: The mi life search for self. ;e* <ork: 5arper and 'o*. 2heehy, :. 19##. $assages: $re ictable crises of a ult life. ;e* <ork: &(tton. ,roll, 9., and E. Bengtson. 19#9. :enerations in the fa)ily. +n 4. '. B(rr, '. 5ill, %. +. ;ye, and +. 9. 'eiss, eds., )ontemporary theories about the family . Eol. 1, &esearch(base theories . ;e* <ork: %ree Press. 7 !$! 7

$ha/ter #ourteen4 A 3o-an?s Twentieth $entury

,essie Bernard + a) a orn *riter. + egan )y *riting career )ore than seventy?five years ago *hen + *as in the third grade at 5orace Mann 2chool in Minneapolis, Minnesota. ,he novel + egan that year *as never finished. + didnDt have eno(gh ti)e. 2o + didnDt eco)e a p( lished a(thor (ntil the ne8t year *hen one of the *eekly pieces schoolchildren thro(gho(t the city *rote for the 2ournal 2unior Hpart of the 2(nday edition of the "inneapolis 2ournal Happeared over )y na)e. ,he est pieces *on pri@esH ea(tif(l fra)ed pict(resHfor their a(thorsD schools. 1ll told, in addition to p( lishing n()ero(s pieces, + *on t*o s(ch accolades and, *ith )y ch() Mona =)slie, carried the) aro(nd the school fro) roo) to roo) to receive the recognition d(e s(ch achieve)ent.S1T My one and only dra)atic s(ccess *as the script for a playlet ased on Beo*(lf for tenth?grade =nglish at Central 5igh.

B(t + kept on *riting. 1t the University of Minnesota + )a3ored in =nglish and *rote stories, essays, and novels on assign)ent. +t *as not (ntil + *as a 3(nior, tho(gh, that + discovered )y tr(e genre. Ane of )y =nglish professors s(ggested that + take a co(rse or t*o *ith Professor Bernard in the sociology depart)ent. + did. + didnDt reali@e (ntil later that + *as going to get hooked, that sociology *as to e )y genre. +n fact, + *as still *riting novels a decade later in a se)inar at 4ashington University.S$T B(t )y fate *as sealed. ,here *as no *ay + co(ld escape it. + *as doo)ed to a life at the type*riterHeven *orse, a co)p(lsory life at the type*riter.S!T 1nd the *ords *ere to e not literat(re (t sociology. + a) not disco(nting the part played in this s*itch y an engaging 7 !$B 7 teacher. B(t neither can + deny the fascination of the s( 3ect )atter itself. +t *as, of co(rse, a long ti)e efore + recogni@ed *hy sociology *as so fascinating to )e, ho* )(ch history + *as )yself a prod(ct of and participant in. + had lived all )y life in the s*irls and eddies of n()ero(s historical c(rrents. ,he paternal grandfather of )y three childrenH orn in 19B1, 19BF, and 19F0Hfo(ght in the Civil 4ar. 5e and his fa)ily *ere part of one of the great treks in United 2tates history in the 1660s, fro) >ent(cky and ,ennessee to ,e8as. ,heir )aternal grandparents, )y parents, *ere part of a different kind of trek in the 1660s, fro) 'o)aniaHeither Moldavia or ,ransylvania, +D) not s(re *hichHto the United 2tates. ,he 1690 U.2. Cens(s ooks have een destroyed, so the first official recognition of their e8istence in this co(ntry is in the 1900 vol()e. 1nd there they are, Bettsey, )y o*n grand)other- Bessie, )y )other- and &avid, )y father. 5istorians tell (s that the t*entieth cent(ry did not really egin (ntil 4orld 4ar +. ,hat )eans, for all intents and p(rposes, that + *as reared in the nineteenth cent(ry, that + *as enveloped in its opti)is), its elief in progress, its can?do )ind?set, its (nG(estioning elief in science and scientists, its confidence in h()an a ility to solve societal pro le)s, its innocence. +t *as a ti)e of getting (sed to the idea that the old 4estern frontier *as passing. +t *as the Progressive =ra. + *as reared in 'ep( lican territory. ,he first ne*spaper story + ever read *as a o(t ,eddy 'oosevelt, a hero of )ythic stat(re. + *as orn only thirteen years after %rederick ,(rner had told (s that the era of the frontier *as over, in a city not too far fro) *hat had een a(thentic frontier only a fe* years earlier. My )otherDs co(sin Mendel and his *ife had ho)esteaded there, in ;orth &akota, for several years. Mendel: st(dent, scholar, gentle)an *ith pince?ne@ glasses. 5o* co)e, + no* *onder, he hadnDt kno*n a o(t dro(ght and loc(sts and grasshoppersK 5e learned soon eno(gh and ret(rned to Minneapolis.SBT +t *as a ti)e *hen i))igration *as a )a3or iss(e, a ti)e of elief in the )elting pot, and of learning ho* to deal *ith the great tides in(ndatingHor, as so)e said, hordes invadingHo(r shores.SFT +n Minneapolis )any of the) *ere 2candinavian. My neigh ors had na)es like Cohnson, Peterson, Alson, 5anson. B(t there *ere 4asp na)es a)ong the) too: 4aite, =)slie, 2trand, Cor)ier. ,he *o)an *ith the long gray c(rls hanging do*n her ack *ho ca)e every *eek to clean o(r ho(se *as Mrs. Proven, and she took o(r la(ndry ho)e to e done y her )other, Mrs. Brandon. Both *ere ;e* =nglanders and )e) ers of 7 !$F 7 the )ost elite ch(rch in to*n. ,here *ere t*o lack fa)ilies in )y neigh orhood, and in oth of the) the )other *as *hite. +n )y class at 5orace Mann 2chool there *ere t*o lack girls: %rances, *ho *as s*eet and G(iet, and 9(cy, *ho *as angry and resentf(l. ,here *as an old )an, Mr. Pee les, orn

a little )ore than half a cent(ry earlier, *ho sat in the s(n at the carpenterDs shop do*n the street. ,he city *as r(n y the ;e* =nglanders *ho had co)e in the nineteenth cent(ry to esta lish the flo(r )ills, operate the anks, )anage the *heat )arket, and r(n the railroadsHand the p( lic schools. + so)eti)es say, in fact, that + *ent to a ;e* =ngland acade)y. +n )y high school yo( co(ld take fo(r years of 9atin and, if yo( *anted, :reek too. <o( co(ld take fo(r years of science and three of )athe)atics, as *ell as %rench and 2panishHtho(gh not, + )(st add, :er)an d(ring the years + *as there. 1t that ti)e, every trace of :er)an history or c(lt(re *as eli)inated fro) the c(rric(l().S"T +n addition to the classic ;e* =ngland c(rric(l() *as the cadre of teachers, )ost of the) *o)en, and *o)en of a special kind, sta)ped *ith a ;e* =ngland rand. ,he great 1)erican poets and novelists *ere nat(rally the ;e* =ngland *riters. +n United 2tates history the pree)inent fig(re *as 1le8ander 5a)ilton. +t *as years efore + reali@ed that ,ho)as Cefferson *as )(ch the greater )an of the t*o, and that :eorge 4ashington *as, of co(rse, even greater. 1nd that )id*esterner, 1 raha) 9incoln, to*ered over all of the). My great *o)en teachers in high school *ere s(ffragists. ,hey trans)itted the fe)inist )essage. Ane of the), Mrs. :ray, )y =nglish teacher, told the story of the gentle lady *ho invited a gentle)an to have tea *ith her. +n the co(rse of the afternoon the conversation t(rned to the s(ffrage )ove)ent. J5o* a s(rd,J the gentle)an said. J,hink of yo(r cook voting.J ,o *hich she replied s*eetly, J<es, + often do. <o( see, he does.J + had great *o)en teachers in college, too. ,here *as 1nna 5el)holt@ Phelan, a stat(esG(e 1thene, *ho over*hel)ed y her presence as )(ch as y her learning. 1nd Mar3orie ;icholson, *ho) *e lost to Col() ia University. 1nd 1lice %elt ,ylor, *ho ta(ght sections in United 2tates history (t co(ld never sec(re a reg(lar appoint)ent, despite her p( lished *ork, eca(se of the nepotis) r(le that precl(ded it for her as the *ife of a professor in the depart)ent. 1nd then there *as &r. Martin, *ho left for 2)ith College eca(se as a *o)an she had achieved as )(ch as she co(ld professionally. +t is not s(rprising to )e no* that a yo(ng *o)an *ith a ackgro(nd like )ine *o(ld, *ith a little enco(rage)ent, eco)e a sociologist. 7 !$" 7 ,he class position of )y fa)ily *as eG(ivocal. My father had een a (tter?and?eggs )an *ho *orked for his rother, the first in the Ji))igration chain,J deliveringHliterallyH (tter and eggs to his rotherDs c(sto)ers.S#T By the ti)e + *as orn a decade or so later, he *as r(nning a ha erdashery on 4ashington 1ven(e and hiring another rother, the last in the i))igration chain. 1 fe* years later he *as (ying (p ankr(pt stores in s)all to*ns in 4isconsin, Montana, and the &akotas, r(nning sales to dispose of their inventories. +f he had s(ch a sale going on in the s())er *e children so)eti)es 3oined hi) for vacations. ,he pleasantest places *ere in 4isconsin. + s(ppose y definition he *as a )iddle?class entreprene(r, a risk taker *ho kne* ho* to asses an inventory of goods and )ake a s(ita le id for it. 2o)eti)es he )ade )istakesH id too )(ch or )is3(dged the to*nDs tasteHand lost )oney. B(t overall he see)ed fairly s(ccessf(l. +t *as stren(o(s, tho(gh, and it )eant separation fro) (s- as soon as he felt he co(ld afford to, he gave it (p and invested in Minneapolis real estate instead. 1s soon as )y )other, *ho had een ro(ght to this co(ntry y her )other, had co)pleted *hat ed(cation she *as to have, she *ent to *ork in the gar)ent ind(stry in ;e* <ork City. 2he re)e) ered those years *ith considera le pleas(re, so)eti)es singing to herself the songs that *ere pop(lar at the ti)e. 5er )other had *illingly allo*ed her to )arch in the s(ffrage parades of the day (t never, never, to take part in any (nion?organi@ing activity that )ight threaten her 3o . 1nd she *as an o edient da(ghter. + donDt think )y o*n class attit(des *ere infl(enced y either )y fatherDs JcapitalistJ ackgro(nd or

)y )otherDs e8perience as part of the Jtoiling )asses.J ,hey *ere, ho*ever, infl(enced y the radical friends )y older sister ro(ght ho)e fro) the University of Minnesota fro) ti)e to ti)e. 5idden in a corner, + listened and eca)e ca(ght (p in their lively political disc(ssions. ,hey *ere ardent socialists. ,he na)e =(gene E. &e s ca)e (p often. ,hey *ere pers(asiveHthere *as no one opposing the) in those disc(ssionsHand + never do( ted the validity of their arg()ents. Ane of the), the rother of one of )y sisterDs est friends *ho *as st(dying la*, eca)e a national la or leader- another of the yo(ng )en eca)e an international a*ard?*inning )edical researcher- another a r(n?of?the?)ine la*yer. ,he *o)en eca)e teachers. ,o this day )y a(to)atic response to, say, a la or?)anage)ent iss(e tends to e a )anage)ent one- )y considered response is (s(ally a la or one. ;o one in )y childhood or girlhood see)ed to fear socialis). + donDt 7 !$# 7 think + ever )ade a connection et*een )y fatherDs s)all? (siness capitalis) and the ogey of )y sisterDs friends. 1s an (ndergrad(ate + so)eti)es attended )eetings of the 2eekers, a co))(nist gro(p on ca)p(s *hose fac(lty )entor *as a sociologist na)ed 9. 9. Bernard.S6T ,he city itself *as )ore concerned a o(t the %ar)er?9a or party. + entered college at si8teen in Can(ary 19$0. By that ti)e 4orld 4ar + had een over a little )ore than a year, and the t*entieth cent(ry *as *ell on its *ay. 4o)en had already een )aking the)selves felt y doing i)portant *ork like esta lishing govern)ent agencies, r(nning the ChildrenDs B(rea( and the 4o)enDs B(rea(, transfor)ing the Poor 9a*s, e8ploring ne* kinds of services for ne* (r anites, and designing a )odern *elfare state for the ;e* &eal a decade later. ,hey *ere to achieve s(ffrage that year. ;o* yo(ng *o)en *ere de)anding even )oreHthe right to s)oke, drink, *ear short skirts, dance se8y dances, even appropriate %re(d, and in general th() their noses at the no*?3ettisoned nineteenth?cent(ry standards of ladylike ehavior. 4o)enDs clothes had changedHnot only o(ter gar)ents (t (nderclothes as *ell. ,he year efore + ca)e to ca)p(s there had een a Jcorsetless coedJ )ove)ent, and *o)en *ere no* *earing garter elts to keep their stockings (p or 3(st rolling the) elo* the knee. Brassieres had already replaced eri oned ca)isoles or corset covers. 4o)en *ere freer in their ehavior. ,hey *alked differently. ,he )en ret(rning fro) the *ar did not kno* *hat to )ake of all this. ,hey did not (nderstand this post*ar generation. ,hey )isread o(r o ed hair, rolled stockings, short skirts, and (ncorseted odies. ,hey had gone to *ar at the tail end of the nineteenth cent(ry and ret(rned in the t*entieth. ,hey had never kno*n t*entieth?cent(ry *o)en efore the *ar. ,hey *ere not ready for the) after the *ar.S9T My generation is re)e) ered as a Charleston?dancing, Prohi itiondefying, se8?ind(lging yo(ng people roaring thro(gh the t*enties in reaction to the end of the tra()a of *ar. + do not re)e) er the 19$0s that *ay. ,r(e, *e did go to private roo)s at hotel parties for *ine. B(t *e *ere G(iet, *ell ehaved, lo*?key. ,he )en *anted (s to e safe, and they protected (s. +f anyone had annoyed (s y (n*elco)e advances he *o(ld have een stopped. 4hen + had to e on ca)p(s especially early for a college event, + so)eti)es spent the night in )y date MarkDs ed in an apart)ent he shared *ith a class)ate and his *ife. Mark never once so )(ch as hinted at the possi ility of sharing the ed *ith )e. + never *ent to a J lind pig.JS10T + did not dance the Charleston, tho(gh + did dance cheek to cheek, (t so innocently that 7 !$6 7 )y rother and + *ere once asked to leave the floor of a dance hall for s(ch i)propriety.

2ociology had 3(st arely achieved acade)ic respecta ility and legiti)acy as a )e) er of the co))(nity of science *hen + *as introd(ced to it in the early 19$0s. 1t <ale, 4. :. 2()ner, ostensi ly an econo)ist, *as teaching 'ep( lican doctrine to (ndergrad(ates (t also asse) ling a great store of historical and anthropological )aterials for his co(rse on the science of society, p( lished in a ook, 0olkways! still fascinating al)ost eighty years later. 'ace *as attracting a lot of attention. +t *as all that %ran@ Boas at Col() ia co(ld do to def(se the racis) that tainted i))igration policy. 1t the University of Chicago 'o ert Park *as t(rning the city of Chicago into a la oratory for the st(dy of (r an life. ,heories of progress *ere still eing ta(ght at )y al)a )ater, Minnesota. ,here *as a lot for this discipline to tend to, and + soon *anted to e part of it. Professor Bernard al*ays had a lot of gro(pies aro(nd hi) as *ell as radicals. +ncredi le as it see)s in the 1960s, co))(nist gro(ps *ere not for idden or negatively sanctioned on that )id*estern ca)p(s in the 19$0s. 4hen the 2eekers asked Professor Bernard to e their fac(lty adviser, he accepted. +t see)ed a )atter of co(rse. 5e took social criticis) serio(sly, holding it to e an i)portant part of his f(nction as a sociologist.S11T Mate selection *as once a )a3or research interest a)ong fa)ily sociologists, and they prod(ced a si@a le store of data. B(t there re)ain a lot of s( tleties that )ight *ell fall et*een the cracks of all the varia les. + *as co(rted y the )ost eligi le )an in the social circles + )oved in. +t *as precisely his social eligi ility that )ade it (lti)ately i)possi le for )e to )arry hi). 4hen + heard a o(t his fa)ilyDs life?style, their co)ings and goings, + drooped. + *as inti)idated y the ho)es his fa)ily and relatives lived in, y the kind of social life they engaged in, y the clothes they *ore and ho* they *ore the), y the style they entertained in. 5is *ife *o(ld have a kind of life + co(ld never s(ccessf(lly, or at least happily, live. 2he *o(ld have to r(n a certain kind of ho(sehold, *ith elegance, dress a certain kind of *ay, *ith flair,S1$T entertain in a certain )ode, *ith sophistication. + had no sto)ach for that *ay of living, no talents or skills for it. C(st as Co in Little Women kne* that she co(ld not )arry 9a(rie, + kne* + co(ld not )arry hi). + ended (p y )arrying )y professor, 9. 9. Bernard. + *as t*enty?t*o years old. + had )y second degree and *as *orking to*ard )y third. + had een elected to Phi Beta >appa and 2ig)a Vi. + 7 !$9 7 had presented )y )asterDs thesis, *hich had already *on a local pri@e, to the 1)erican 2ociological 2ociety. + had lived in a *ar), safe *orld, free to roa) (t protected on all sides. + had read a lot of ooks and taken a lot of co(rses. + *as )assively ignorant. + *as v(lnera le. 4hat + had seen ahead of )e *as a pleasant career as Professor BernardDs research assistant. 5e *as an enchanting )an to *ork *ith and for. 1s )y )entor he had shaped )y )entality. + sa* the *orld thro(gh his eyes. B(t + had not seen )arriage to hi) in the cards. + had not een looking closely eno(gh. ,he )arriage lasted till death did (s part, 3(st over t*enty?fo(r yearsHif it co(ld e called the sa)e )arriage over all that ti)e. +t *as at first an apprentice?)aster relationship. +t *as to end as a collegial one.S1!T 1 fe* years ago + *as introd(ced to an a(dience as the venera le Cessie Bernard. My reply *as so *itty that + repeat it every chance + get. J+ s(ppose,J + said, Jthat *hen one ceases to e venereal she eco)es venera le.J ;ot too long after that + *as introd(ced y a for)er st(dent to another a(dience. 5e said + *as childlike, no offense intended. + had no *itty ans*er this ti)e. + agreed. + a) childlike, no offense taken.

+ can only acco(nt for )y eing childlike y the kind of at)osphere + gre* (p in, *as, in fact, orn into. =ric =riksonHof *ho) + a) not a discipleHtells (s that infancy is a ti)e *hen tr(st is esta lished in the child. + never had any occasion to )istr(st anyone or anything. + ass()ed, took for granted, accepted *itho(t G(estion, that + *o(ld al*ays e taken care of, that the *orld *as a friendly place. 4hen + lost )y r( er in the )(d co)ing ho)e fro) kindergarten, + kne* )y )other *o(ld fetch it *hen + told her *here it *as. 4hen, at five, + got all (t (ried in the sno* on )y *ay ho)e fro) school, + kne* + *o(ld e fo(nd- no ca(se for alar). ,here *ere close calls fro) ti)e to ti)e, to e s(re. + sat on the front steps evening after evening *aiting for )y father to ring ho)e the doll + *anted so )(ch, and *hen the doll never sho*ed (p there + egan to have do( ts. + roke into tears. 4hen he learned a o(t the doll, of co(rse it appeared. + had taken it for granted that eca(se + *anted it so )(ch s(rely he co(ld see that + did. 1ltho(gh )y relations *ith )y ind(lgent father *ere *onderf(l, those *ith )y )other *ere )ore profo(nd. Many years later *hen + had occasions to cry into )y pillo* it *as )y )other + called for, not )y adoring father. ,here *ere occasionally other crises of tr(st. ,here *as the one *hen the ho(se *as filled *ith e8cite)ent as )y older rother and sister *ere 7 !!0 7 preparing for a visit to MendelDs far) in ;orth &akota. + ass()ed that + *o(ld e going too. + *as fo(r. 1t train depart(re ti)e all nonpassengers *ere told to leave the coach. ;ot (ntil )y father gathered )e in his ar)s to take )e off did it da*n on )eH)(ch to )y dis)ayHthat + *as not to go. 1n ice?crea) cone hardly provided eno(gh al) that ti)e. ,here *ere other s(ch occasions (t never any serio(s eno(gh to pierce the cocoon of a sol(te faith. ,hat kind of faith is a kind of graceHa gift. B(t it also had its cost. 1 great )any (sef(l skillsHJstreet s)artsJH*ere (nattaina le. 2till, *itho(t tr(st, one of those ga)e?theory prisoners loses his life. Perhaps s(ch childlike tr(st sho(ld e classified in ad(lts not as a gift (t as a kind of deficit, like, for e8a)ple, lack of )(sical pitch, or ina ility to repeat a dance step after si)ply eing told ho* to do it, or to follo* a *ho?done?it and (nderstand its resol(tion. 4hen )y children and + (sed to *atch Perry Mason on television they had to e8plain MasonDs last?)in(te sol(tions, ho* he had (sed the cl(e. ,hey did not have )y childlike tr(st. ,hey *ere prod(cts of a different historical )o)ent and a different fa)ily e8perience.S1BT +n 19F6 *e *ere told that J*o)en scholars are not taken serio(sly and cannot look for*ard to a nor)al professional careerJ .Caplo* and Mc:ee 19F6, $$"0. %ifteen years later, in 19#!, =leanor 2heldon told (s that in those years Jactivist *o)en . . . s(cceeded in p(tting the disa ilities s(ffered y *o)en in acade)ia as a class high on the national list of social in3(stices in need of rectificationJ .'ossi and Calder*ood 19#!, i80. + entered acade)ia professionally in 19B0, fairly *ell along in )y career. %a)ily had not een a )a3or sociological interest of )ine- the depart)ent at Minnesota had not played it (p. Broken fa)ilies, ho)eless )en, and illegiti)acy *ere dealt *ith in co(rses in the social *ork c(rric(l() (nder Mrs. M(dgett at one end of the corridor- JtheJ fa)ily, on a G(ite different *avelength, ca)e (nder sociology at the other. 'o ert Merton said in 19#$ that Jthe handf(l of *o)en sociologists *ere e8pected to st(dy pro le)s of *o)en, principally as these related to )arriage and the fa)ilyJ .19#$, 1!0. + *as a little late in recogni@ing this e8pectation. B(t, s(re eno(gh, 3(st as Merton had said, *hen + eca)e a college teacherHat 9inden*ood CollegeHthe fa)ily eca)e )y eat. +t *as taken for granted that it *o(ld. My earlier *ork on s(ccess in )arriage had een part of )y a sorption in )eas(re)ent, not a leaning to*ard the st(dy of )arriage G(a )arriage. ;ot that + o 3ected in any *ay. + egan at once to

delve into the literat(re and t*o 7 !!1 7 years later p( lished American 0amily 1ehavior .19B$0.S1FT +t *as *ell received (t, alas, eca)e a cas(alty of 4orld 4ar ++. ,he plates *ere )elted do*n for *ar )aterial, and the ook *as not reiss(ed (ntil so)e thirty years later. 1ltho(gh a dedicated sociologist, + proved to e an (ndisciplined one. + did not take easily to the restriction of discipline o(ndaries. + en3oyed e8c(rsions into o(tside territory. + have een the prototypical )arginal )an. 1ltho(gh + eca)e identified *ith the sociology of )arriage and fa)ily, + have een eG(ally concerned *ith the sociology of kno*ledge, especially of science, and of co(rse *ith its history. A(tside of )y discipline + have en3oyed co))(nity *ith psychologists, historians, anthropologists, ho)e econo)ists, evenHat so)e re)oveH)athe)aticians. 1s a Co)tean positivist, + elieved, as the positive philosophy ta(ght, that )athe)atics *as the G(een of all the sciences, incl(ding sociology. ,r(e, the only practica le *ay of (sing it *as in the for) of statistics, a s( 3ect not yet *holly at ho)e in sociology depart)ents *hen + *as a grad(ate st(dent. %. 2. Chapin had een red(ced to assigning a te8t ook in iostatistics in his grad(ate co(rse on social trends. 4orld 4ar + had enor)o(sly sti)(lated gro*th in )eas(ring instr()ents.S1"T + *as in the a(dience *hen 9. 9. ,h(rstone told (s that even attit(des co(ld e )eas(red .19$90. <ears later there *ere instr()ents for )eas(ring anything one co(ld think of. +n the early 19!0s at 4ashington University + ca)e in contact *ith a J)eas(re)ent freakJ in the psychology depart)ent. 5e *as a co)p(lsive )eas(rer and + ca(ght the fever. + *anted to )eas(re everything. +t eca)e a )ania. C(st point )e to it and + *as off and r(nning to )eas(re it,S1#T at least to co(nt (ntil )eas(ring instr()ents eca)e availa le. 1t )idcent(ry + *as enor)o(sly attracted to the ga)e theorists. ,hey see)ed to e the *ittiest a)ong all the social science co))(nities. ,hey *rote *ith a sense of h()or. ,he ga)es they concocted for their players *ere fascinating. ,hey *ere )ean people. ,hey *ere al*ays trying to do one another in. 1nd so)eti)es, as a)ong those notorio(s prisoners, they *ere deadlocked, even *ith their fate depending on tr(st in one another. + *as, nevertheless, attracted to the theory and tried to apply it to )arriage and fa)ily, first in a chapter of the 5arold Christiansen /an book on "arriage an 0amily and then to the relations et*een the se8es in The Se# 3ame . + *as invited to participate in a conference of ga)e theoristsHthey t(rned o(t to e kind, friendly, hospita le even to this (nt(tored o(tsider *ho so o vio(sly did not kno* *hat they *ere talking a o(t. + carried on a )inor correspondence *ith 7 !!$ 7 several of their stars and a(dited a fac(lty se)inar on )y o*n ca)p(s on the s( 3ect, (t + kne* + *as far eyond )y depth. ,here *as no *ay + co(ld ever egin to keep (p in that fast lane.S16T +n the early 19#0s + *as invited to participate in a conference entitled Successful Women in the Sciences . + replied that + *o(ld e glad to participate (t not (nder the title then planned- it *as too elitist. J+ find )yself,J + *rote, Jso)eho* or other t(rned off y the a(ra of elitis).J +t *as too )(ch like the then?c(rrent clichI of P(een Bees: J+ )ade it. 4hy canDt yo(KJ ,he conference changed the title to Women an Success! (t still + did not participate. 4hen the ook of conference proceedings *as p( lished + *as charged, along *ith others, *ith eing a pathetic e8a)ple of *o)enDs fear of

s(ccess. 2everal *o)en *ho *ere invited to participate o 3ected to the idea of having a conference dedicated totally to the s( 3ect of Js(ccessf(l *o)en.J J,he idea of Ds(ccessD *as o 3ectiona le to so)e *o)en. . . . ,he rel(ctance of these *o)en to e considered s(ccessf(l *as a pathetic revelation. 1s Matina 5orner points o(t . . . *o)en are asically afraid of s(ccess. +n a *o)an . . . s(ccess is considered deviant ehaviorJ .>(ndsin 19#!, 110. ,hat co))ent sti)(lated a lot of G(estions in )y )ind. JPatheticJ *as, like ea(ty, in the eyes of the eholder, and there *as nothing + co(ld do a o(t that.S19T B(t Jfear of s(ccessJK 4hat *as s(ccessK 5o* did one )eas(re itK >(ndsin herself defined s(ccess in the conte8t of her conference as Jthe a ility to f(nction in a chosen profession *ith so)e )eas(re of peer recognitionJ .90. + think + passed that test.S$0T Co 1nn :ardner, an o(tstanding fe)inist, defined s(ccess in ter)s of J*hether or not people get to do *hat they perceive as their *ork.J + kno* + passed that test.S$1T My A8ford &ictionary *as not very helpf(l. ,he first t*o of five definitions are archaic, and the third, dating fro) 1F6", is Jthe prospero(s achieve)ent of so)ething atte)pted- the attain)ent of an o 3ect according to oneDs desire, no* often *ith partic(lar reference to the attain)ent of *ealth or position.J + think + passed. + a) hesitant eca(se of the (se of the *ords attempte and accor ing to one,s esire . ,hey i)ply that + set (p o 3ectives or goalsH*ealth or positionHand then he*ed to the line. + a) *ell a*are that + )ay e fooling )yself, that the J)eJ others see is not the person J+J see. B(t it see)s to )e that *hat really drove )e *as the need to *rite, to research, to report, to tell )yself *hat + sa*, felt, and lived. 1 great )any of the acco(tre)ents of s(ccess *ere esto*ed on )e.S$$T +f they had not een, *o(ld + still have een so drivenK + donDt kno*. +f + had not een so pathetically fearf(l of s(ccess ho* )(ch )ore 7 !!! 7 s(ccessf(l *o(ld + have eenK 4hat fear prevented )e fro) doing *hat *o(ld have )ade )e s(ccessf(lK +t *as, + finally concl(ded, not fear of s(ccess (t fearHlike 9ord 1ctonDsHof po*er that kept )e fro) .the dictionary?defined0 fear of s(ccessHpo*er in )y o*n or in anyoneDs hands. + did not *ant to e po*erf(l. + didnDt even *ant to e in charge. + didnDt *ant to e oss?*o)an. + didnDt *ant to e top anana. 9eadership, A>. +t did not i)ply coercion. 1ccolades like =)inence :rise + devo(r. &oyenne is fine. =lder 2tates*o)an, great. ,his *as the kind of s(ccess + lapped (p. 1ll these honorific tri (tes *ere esto*ed on )e even efore + achieved venera ility. Anly good sense and a sense of h()or have saved )e fro) eing red(ced to a c(lt fig(re, for *hich + a) gratef(l. +n a less acade)ic conte8t the e8pression J(se it or lose itJ has )ore general application. +t holds also for stat(s. Unless one he*s to the line of prescri ed high?stat(s ehavior one falls ack. Ane has not only to look the partH*hich + never didH (t also to act the part. 1t one ti)e or another, for e8a)ple, + have served as )entor to a n() er of )en and *o)en- all *ere properly appreciative, re*arding )e *ith k(dos for )yHrelative to the) at the ti)eHhigher professional stat(s. ,hen their o*n careers flo(rished, and soon they *ere patroni@ing )e. + neither looked nor acted the part of a high?stat(s professional. .+ had, + *as once told, a Jgee *hi@J a(ra a o(t )e.0 Ane *o)an, co))enting on )y insistence on r(nning *ith the pack instead of at least playing the part of star, once said, in effect: J:o sit do*n and e a )atriarch.J 4hy did + insist on contin(ing to do sociologyK +f this *as fear of s(ccess, + have een g(ilty of har oring it. + have e8perienced a n() er of epiphanies in )y life. Anly t*o are relevant to )y career as a sociologist. Both had to do *ith the sociology of kno*ledge, one related to the ;a@i degradation of

science and the other to the fe)inist a(g)entation of it. +n the 19B0s half a do@en articlesHon po*er, science, conflictHiss(ed fro) )y type*riter. ,hey did not add (p to an integrated treatise, (t they did cohere- they ela orated a consistent the)e. %ro) one perspective or another they portrayed a )ind if not in ang(ish at least in a state of serio(s )alaise. +f + had *aited to *rite the) all together they )ight have constit(ted a ook on the nat(re of science and of scientists and on the (ses to *hich science is p(tHor, rather, on the loss of )y nineteenth?cent(ry heritage of faith in science. +t *as a tro( led ti)e in *hich, al)ost day y day, + *as learning a o(t the (nderside of science 7 !!B 7 and the v(lnera ility of scientists. +t *as a decade of gro*ing disill(sion)ent *ith science, scientists, and the (ses to *hich science can e p(t.S$!T +n )y part of Origins of American Sociology .19B$0 + had traced the (rgeoning elief in science as the )eans, in effect, of social salvation, as e8hi ited in the 1)erican 2ocial 2cience Move)ent, *hich *as characteri@ed y a *orship of science. + had paid tri (te to the J)on()ental drea)J of a society ased on science. + had een da@@led y the idea of a science in the service of h()an etter)ent. + J elievedJ in it. + had organi@ed )y intellect(al life aro(nd it. +t served as a sort of religion, an integrating force, in )y life. + had a great deal invested in it. +n the first decades of this cent(ry it had een easy, as part of the nineteenth?cent(ry opti)is), to accept that cent(ryDs idea of scientists as ethical )en, as, in fact, the heroes they *ere depicted as eing in iographies and fiction. ,r(e, there did s(rface, fro) ti)e to ti)e, e8a)ples of the fragility of the ideals of science. ,here *ere researchers *ho violated its canons, *ho )anip(lated their data, falsified res(lts. B(t the sanctions i)posed y peers *ere so severe in s(ch cases that at least in one, that of Pa(l >a))erer, e8pos(re precipitated s(icide. ,he first *orld?class e8a)ple of the conta)ination of science y ideology that + kne* a o(t *as the notorio(s case in the U22' in *hich 9ysenko had to design his research to prove the ascendancy of environ)ent over genes in plant and ani)al e8peri)ents. ,he disastro(s res(lts in ti)e s(pplied a corrective.S$BT 1 decade after + had paid tri (te to the nineteenth?cent(ryDs J)on()ental drea)J of science in the service of h()ankind, disill(sioned, + *as *riting: J,he scientist is the key )an in control of the greatest po*er in the *orld today, the po*er of science. Men *ho *ant to control that po*er are not going to per)it the scientist to re)ain aloof. ;or are scientists in a position to *ithstand the).J 4hat happened in those ten yearsK +t is hard to trace oneDs intellect(al tracks. B(t, for one thing, *e had y then eg(n, little y little, to learn the story of science in :er)any in the 19!0s and of the ehavior of scientists. +n )y parochial naOvetI + had not kno*n that )y nineteenth?cent(ry i)age of the scientist *as, in effect, a parodyHor rather a (rlesG(eHof *hat had act(ally een going on there. + hadnDt noticed the scientistsD feet of clay. +t *as to take (s a long ti)e to learn *hat had een going on in the scientific co))(nity in :er)any in the 19!0s.S$FT ,here even the cynos(re of all the sciences, the science in the )ost strategic position to protect its )oresHphysics itselfH*as eing politici@ed. 2o)e, incl(ding t*o ;o el la(reates, had Hhorri le dictaHpropo(nded proper 7 !!F 7

J1ryanJ physics, *hich *as ased on o servation and e8peri)entation, and fo(ght JCe*ishJ physics, *hich *as too )athe)atical and theoretical. ,he ;a@i Jdis)issal policyJ in the (niversities *as soon to correct the overrepresentation of s(ch non?1ryan Jdeviationis).J 4hy had their fello* 1ryan scientists per)itted this drain on their talent reso(rcesK 4hy had they not resisted the dis)issal of these Jnon?1ryanJ scientistsK 4hy had so )any of the) chosen Jpr(dential acG(iescence,J Jinner e)igrationJKS$"T J,he fore)ost concern of the physics co))(nity d(ring the ;a@i years *as the protection of their a(tono)y against political encroach)ent.J 4hy did they not see that acceptance of the dis)issal policy *as, act(ally, acceptance of s(ch political encroach)entK 4hy did Jthe ethically correct co(rse of action . . . Ssee) to e toT learn to e silent *itho(t e8plodingKJ .Beyerchen 1961, $0#0. Beyerchen co))ents that it *as Jnot that scientists *ere political co*ards, (t that they did not kno* ho* to e political heroes.JS$#T ,here )ay have een e8ten(ating circ()stances. ,he dis)issal policy *as i)ple)ented y *ay of *hat conflict theorists have called Jsala)i tactics,J s)all incre)ental steps.S$6T ,here see)ed to e no point ig eno(gh to take a stand on. ,here see)ed to e no )o)ent to say, no )ore. +f *e accepted the dis)issal last *eek, *hy fight this ne* one no*K 4o(ld the ideal?typical scientists *hose roles had evolved in the nineteenth cent(ry have kno*n ho* to e political heroesK 4o(ld + haveK ,he G(estion has tro( led )e. 5o*, + have so)eti)es asked )yself, *o(ld + have acted in 5itlerDs :er)anyK ,his is a hard G(estion to *restle *ith. 1s a scientist *o(ld + have gone along *ith the other physicists on the dis)issal policyK 4o(ld + have seen s(ch a policy pri)arily as a denial of the a(tono)y of )y co))(nity or as an in3(stice to )y colleag(esK 4o(ld + have een solicito(s of the Jnon?1ryanJ physicists and helped the), or *o(ld + have een glad to get rid of their co)petitionK 4o(ld + have *arned )ainly on the gro(nds of the i)pact on the pri@ed rep(tation of :er)an science, or *o(ld + have arg(ed on the asis of principles of h()an 3(sticeK 1s a r(n?of?the?)ill :er)an, *o(ld +, in )ortal fear, have t(rned a*ay fro) )y Jnon?1ryanJ colleag(es, as so)e did, even deno(nced the), or *o(ld + have protected the)K 4o(ld + have actively dissented fro) ;a@i policies, 3oined the (ndergro(ndK 1s a Ce* *o(ld + have groveled and tried to prove )yself )ore ;a@i than 5itler hi)self, or insisted that it *as all 3(st a transitory a erration and *o(ld soon e overK Ar *o(ld + have een so)e odyDs JpetJ or Je8ceptionJ Ce*, protected fro) dangerK 4o(ld + have ac? 7 !!" 7 cepted s(ch protection, *ith all the psychic and ethical costs involvedK + a) never co)forta le *ith any ans*er, nor at all s(re that + co(ld have passed on )y o*n standards of ethical ehavior.S$9T +t *as not, of co(rse, these J1ryanJ physicists the)selves *ho *ere to perpetrate the 5oloca(st of the 19B0s. ,hat co(ld not e laid at their door. B(t the )entality that co(ld accept the dis)issal policyHas drastic for their scientific colleag(es as the e8propriation of )ore )aterial treas(res *as a)ong less disting(ished Jnon?1ryansJHth(s sta)ping it *ith an anti?Ce*ish ideology, cannot e held *holly innocent of co)plicity either. ,he violation of the canons of science, the i)position of the 2tar of &avid on Ce*s, the discri)inatory la*sHthese *e *ere 3(st eginning to learn a o(t in the 19!0s. 4e egan to hear also a o(t the ;a@i (se of h()an s( 3ects in )edical and phar)ace(tical research, of race tests ased on skin and hair and eye color in an effort to J:er)ani@eJ their pop(lation. ,here *ere also reports of reeding retreats *here (n)arried ;ordic *o)en *ere invited to co)e to have their ;ordic a ies. ,he old nineteenth? cent(ry chi)era of e(genics *as once )ore eco)ing visi le. ,here *ere stories of e(thanasia of the old and (nfit. B(t not yet a o(t the %inal 2ol(tion. A(r ignorance *as not fort(ito(s. +t *as, in fact, perfor)ing *ell the intended f(nction of ignorance.

,he ;a@is had een (nderstanda ly secretive a o(t their policy of e8ter)ination. ,hey had gone to great lengths to keep it as hidden as possi le or at least as inconspic(o(s as possi le, even to the prospective victi)s the)selves. +f the f(nction of ignorance *as so *ell perfor)ed, it is (nderstanda le that the rest of the *orld kne* so little. +nfor)ation a o(t the cre)atoria percolated only slo*ly y *ay of the )ass )edia.S!0T +t ca)e in its and pieces, an ite) here, an ite) there, often in for)al reports not easy to (nderstand *itho(t conte8t. My o*n *riting had not een infl(enced y it at all. Until no* it had een only the intellect(al significance of ;a@is) for science that had had an i)pact on )e. B(t s( li)inally it all )(st have een adding (p in )y )ind. %or, s(ddenly, it egan to fall into place. + re)e) er the very )o)ent *hen it happened. + *as in the (niversity li rary reading an article on the psychology of the e8ter)ination ca)p. + had in )y o*n professional training read co(ntless ooks on prisons, prisoners, *ar. B(t nothing prepared )e for this. 4as it scientificK realK acc(rateK + *as co)petely at sea. + co(ld not handle it. ,here *as nothing in )y e8perience or reading that gave )e an intellect(al preparation for it. 7 !!# 7 ,here have een other holoca(sts in h()an history. ,he destr(ction of *hole cities *as not (nco))on in Ald ,esta)ent ti)es. ,he 1r)enians still re)e) er the )assacre )ore than half a cent(ry ago, ad do the Ukrainians the starvation visited on the) y 2talinDs agric(lt(ral policies. B(t there has never een, as here, a de)onstration, coldly and scientifically carried o(t y civilian (rea(crats, that red(ced the h()an eing to less than @ero. By the end of the decade the intrinsic ethics in science had eco)e indisp(ta ly clear to )e. ,he arg()ent of its val(e?free nat(re *as (ntena le. +t *as still strongly (rged y so)e, incl(ding :eorge 9(nd erg, an o(tstanding representative of the positivist position in sociology. 5e had een a fello* grad(ate st(dent at Minnesota. 5e retained his fir) elief in the val(e?free position. +n 19B9 + p( lished a letter to the American Sociological &eview in *hich + noted )y )isgivings that he *as overselling science in his ook )an Science Save *s= .19B#0. +t see)ed to )e he had oversi)plified )any of the ethical i)plications inherent in the application of science to social life. 5e hoped for the ti)e *hen science *o(ld e (sed for *hat the J)asses of )enJ *anted as deter)ined y polling. ,hese J)assesJ *ere to artic(late the ends to the achieve)ent of *hich science *o(ld e applied. + did not co)plicate the point + *as trying to )ake y challenging the val(e of polling the )asses of )en as a *ay of deter)ining the val(es to (se as g(ides for the application of science. A(r Constit(tion had the asic f(nction of protecting (s fro) g(idelines so s(scepti le to antisocial ends. 1nd, fort(nately, s(ch protection *as safely eyond 9(nd ergDs s(ggested polling of the p( lic, *hichHseveral st(dies had already sho*nHdid not al*ays accept so)e of the ends, like freedo) of speech or press, that the Constit(tion protected. 2cience *as, of co(rse, indispensa le- in that + conc(rred. B(t )ore *as needed. 9(nd erg had said that Jany scientific state)ent .Dif the spark, etc. . . . then the e8plosionD0 contains no . . . i)plicit ethical concl(sion eca(se the c(lt(re .or other conditions0 to *hich scientific state)ents are relative are al*ays e8plicitly and conditionally stated.J +n )y letter, + replied: ,he ethical i)plications are present eca(se the conditions necessary to prod(ce the given res(lt constit(te, in effect, a prescription *hich )ay eco)e an i)perative for action. J+f the spark, etc. . . . then the e8plosionJ can also e stated technically: Jto set off the e8plosion, apply a spark.J ,he i)plicitly ethical for)(lation *o(ld e: J+f yo( *ant to set off the e8plosion, apply a spark.J ,he seG(ence is th(s: a p(re?science state)ent of

7 !!6 7 antecedents and conseG(ences- a technical or engineering state)ent of the necessary antecedents to prod(ce the given conseG(ences- an ethical state)ent ordering the antecedent ehavior in order to achieve the conseG(ences. 4hen the ele)ent of *ill is introd(ced, Jif yo( *ant to get s(ch and s(ch a res(lt, do th(s and so,J the p(re?science contingency state)ent has eco)e transfor)ed into an ethical state)ent. 1s + have sat here revie*ing the intellect(al tra()a of that diffic(lt ti)e + a) str(ck *ith its relevance so)e forty years later. +n the 19B0s the great scientific ogre *as the ato)ic o) . 1nd as so)e of the scientists *ho had tho(ght it thro(gh and solved the theoretical pro le)s ca)e to e filled *ith g(ilt, they organi@ed to prevent its ever eing (sed again. 1nd later, *ith the discovery of the do( le heli8 and the (rgeoning advances in )edical kno*ledge and technologies, all the old ethical pro le)s vis? M?vis the (ses of science )(ltiplied al)ost endlessly. ,he ter) algeny *as invented as the iological co(nterpart to alchemy . 9ike the alche)ists, the algenists *ere (rged to e caref(l in the (ses )ade of their kno*ledge of genes and their skills in applying it. 1nd + a) still, personally, str(ggling, like )any others, *ith oth the politics and the ethics of science, incl(ding )y o*n. ;ot the least of the tra()as + e8perienced regarding )y o*n disill(sion)ent *ith science and scientists *as having to recogni@e the painf(l tra()as 99B *as also e8periencing. ,here *as no *ay, as he hi)self had recogni@ed, that science co(ld e prevented fro) eing (sed perversely. + never disc(ssed the )atter *ith hi). 1nd y the end of the 19B0s he *as already a spent )an, too ill to care. ,his rilliant )an, this galvani@ing teacher, this idealist, *as dying. 1fter the dark night of the 19B0s and 19F0s the renaissance of fe)inis) in the 19"0s *as like a (rst of ea(tif(l lights that ill()inated the scene and ro(ght *ith it a spreading *ar)th. ,he t(r (lent 19"0s reached )e first thro(gh )y da(ghterHa fresh)an at 2arah 9a*renceH*ho, along *ith her peers across the co(ntry, *as eco)ing angry at the antico))(nist activities of the 5o(se Un? 1)erican 1ctivities Co))ittee .5U1C0 *hile researching it for a college ter) paper. %or all intents and p(rposes she )ight herself have een one of those protesting Berkeley st(dents. ,o )e it see)ed G(ite far a*ay. 1nd any*ay California st(dents see)ed al*ays to e involved in so)ething or other avant garde. B(t this ti)e + had to catch (p. ,he )ove)ent *as spreading eyond civil rights. ,here *as all this talk a o(t drop?o(ts, hippies, and, )ost o)ino(sly, dr(gs. Presently it *as necessary for )e to face the iss(es in )y o*n ho(sehold. 7 !!9 7 ,h(s at the sa)e ti)e that + *as tangling *ith the )ilitary to prove the a(thenticity of )y sonDs conscientio(s?o 3ector stat(s, )y living roo) floor *as so)eti)es lined *all to *all *ith yo(ngsters fro) school he had ro(ght to 4ashington for anti*ar de)onstrations. ,he iss(es of peace and civil rights *ere ringing conflict and challenge to o(r very doorsteps. ;or *as + e8e)pted. + *as )yself participating in the early activities of the 4o)en?2trike?for?Peace )ove)ent. +t see)ed little eno(gh. ,o*ard the end of that t()(lt(o(s decade + eca)e a*are of an a)a@ing (ndergro(nd net*ork press, of articles and papers )i)eographed, stenciled, so)eti)es printedHfro) Boston, ;e* <ork, 4ashington, Chicago, Me)phis, BerkeleyH*hich *ere circ(lating a)ong *o)en and carrying asto(nding contents: reports of fe)inist )eetings, of fe)inist ideologies, of fe)inist arg()ents.S!1T ,his *as o vio(sly so)ething that as a sociologist + had to kno* )ore a o(t. +t *asnDt going to e easy. ,he *o)en + approached *ere not hospita le. + finally )anaged to get an invitation to a )eeting.

,his is ho* + later reported on )y first lesson: =arly in 19"6 + eca)e e8posed to the 4o)enDs 9i eration Move)ent in the (ndergro(nd press. My first reaction *as p(rely acade)ic- + sa* it pri)arily as so)ething interesting to st(dy, as so)ething + had a professional o ligation to o serve. 4hen, after considera le effort on )y part, + received an invitation to a conscio(sness?raising session, one of the yo(ng *o)en there said that + JthreatenedJ her. 2itting G(ietly on the floor in their )idst, sho*ing, so far as + kne*, no disapproval at all, )y acade)ic o 3ectivity, )y lack of involve)ent, )y i)personality, *as giving off ad vi rations. ,his incident gave )e so)ething to think a o(t, incl(ding )y stance vis?M?vis research and also )y discipline. 1 fe* years later all the e8cite)ent generated y this )ove)ent egan to s(rface in the esta lished press, and the ca(ldron of ideas, theories, and insights ( led thro(gho(t o(r society. ,he po*er of sisterhood *as eginning to e)erge. 1ltho(gh + had intended originally to *atch the ne* )ove)ent pri)arily as a research concern, like so )any others *ho ca)e to scoff + re)ained if not to pray at least to ponder. +t proved to e the first r() ling of a res(rgence of fe)inis). +t gave (s the concept of se8is) that rendered a *hole sociological (niverse visi le. 9ike the ter) Jracis),J *hich *e had not felt a need for (ntil the 19"0s, *hen it first got into the dictionariesH eca(se (ntil then s(ch concepts as pre3(dice and race hatred had see)ed adeG(ate for the analytic 3o Hso also *ith 7 !B0 7 se8is): *e no* needed it to help (s first to see and then to analy@e sociological pheno)ena *e had not othered to analy@e efore. ,he fe)inis) + had een reared in had s( sided after 19$0 and een all (t *iped o(t y the fe)inine )ystiG(e in the 19F0s. + *as )yself a)ong the )others of the a y? oo) a ies associated *ith that )ystiG(e.S!$T My initial response to this renaissance of fe)inis) *as not, ho*ever, as a )e) er of that cohort, (t as a sociologist. J<o(r fe)inis) is too cere ral,J + *as once told. + co(ld see *hat )y acc(ser )eant. %or altho(gh + *as, to orro* fro) the %riendsD voca (lary, a JconvincedJ sociologist, + *as also, to (se the conservative Christian ter)inology, a J orn?againJ fe)inist. ;ot, that is, a knee?3erk or g(t fe)inist. + *asH+ elieveHconvinced y its logic and pers(aded y its ethos. +t )ade sense to )e even on the asis of )ale criteria. ,hat it confor)ed to the val(es + elieved in *as icing on the cake. + had een so far fro) eing a orn fe)inist that + had to e alerted to se8is). + had to e told *hen + had een ins(lted.S!!T + learned even to la(gh a o(t it. 4hat passion + ca)e to invest in fe)inis) *as ai)ed at its relevance for the sociology of kno*ledge. + co(ld (nderstand ho* it had happened that practically all h()an kno*ledge had een achieved y )en, that it dealt *ith pro le)s they *ere interested in, that it *as fro) their perspective. + had to accept that. B(t the )ale ias did not have to e perpet(ated. + *anted the discipline of sociology to e as good as it co(ld e y any standard. +gnorance or re3ection of the gro*ing corp(s of fe)inist research relevant for sociological analyses *as detri)ental to the discipline. + eca)e dedicated to the incorporation into the corp(s of h()an kno*ledge of the insights and data contri (ted y this scholarship. ;ot that + esche*ed activis) to achieve a *ide ga)(t of specific, practical, i))ediate changes that 3(stice called for .fro) pota le *ater, to occ(pational training, to si)ple ind(strial technologies, to health care in the third *orld, to affir)ative action, to eG(al pay for *ork of eG(ivalent val(e, and to

*o)enDs control over their o*n odies in the developed co(ntries0 (t that + tho(ght the )ost (sef(l for) of activis) for )e *as invest)ent in the spreading of the fe)inist )essageHin *riting. My fe)inist activist *riting has taken the for) not only of sociological *riting (t also of letters on ehalf of *o)en in acade)ic 3eopardy, on ehalf of pro)otion and ten(re. 1nd, of co(rse, in *riting checks. ,here have also een )arches, de)onstrations, )eetings, and f(ndraising events. 7 !B1 7 + a) as (ndisciplined a fe)inist as + a) a sociologist. + )ind eing restricted to any one ideological position. + have een called Mar8ist y dedicated fe)inists, and it has een intended as a co)pli)ent. By others + have een called non? or even anti?Mar8ist, and it too has een intended as a co)pli)ent. Ar, so)eti)es, in either case, a hostile criticis). +f either charge is tr(e, it is coincidental. My preferred stance is non? or )(lti? or o)ni?ideological. + find it oppressive to he* too consistently to only one line. + see) to e (na le to catch the delicate n(ances that reG(ire one to re3ect all of any partic(lar canon in order to accept any part of anotherHeven oppositeHcanon. + find )yself co)forta ly acco))odative of parts of )any ideologies.S!BT +f one accepts the ass()ptions on *hich the pre)ises are ased, )ost ideologies can )ake a good case. 2o, altho(gh + have learned a great deal fro) fe)inists of )any stripes + a) not a )e) er in good standing of any of the gro(ps that have een disting(ishedHradical, Mar8ist, socialist, psychoanalytic, *hatever. Most see) fr(itf(l, so)e sterile. 4hatever for) fe)inist activis) takes, it seeks str(ct(ral changes in the instit(tions of a societyH la*s, co(rt decisions, contracts, g(idelines, reg(lations, ad)inistrative orders, and the like. 2o)e for)s seek change in the J)inds and heartsJ as e8pressed in the )anners and )orals of a society, in the se8ist h()or that p(ts *o)en do*n, in the ins(lting e8pressions, in the ignorance of fe)ale se8(ality, in the ref(sal to take the ideas of *o)en serio(sly, in the i)plication of )ale s(periority, and the like. Blatant discri)ination, e8ploitation, and oppression can e dealt *ith y for)al political )eans. 2( tler for)s call for additional and different re)edies. + a) finding, in rief, that altho(gh )y professional fe)inis) tends to e cere ral as chargedH dedicated to the i)prove)ent of )y disciplineH)y personal fe)inis) is )ore than )erely an intellect(al preocc(pation. 9ike a great and increasing n() er of )en, + elieve that the contri (tion of the fe)ale *orld to the )aking of policy every*here is long overd(e. + find )yself J elievingJ in fe)inis) as + once did in the nat(re of scienceHand hoping that it *ill not s(ffer the sa)e fate. + find )yself h(rt *hen the fe)ale *orld falls short of *hat + conceive of as its potential. + find + have a vested interest that it find its o*n *ay and not eco)e )erely a reflection of the )ale *orld. +n the last fe* years )y interests have t(rned in the direction of the fe)ale *orld seen fro) a glo al perspective. 1s a participant in an increasing n() er of international )eetings of *o)en fro) all over the *orld and as a )e) er of international fe)inist net*orks and as an 7 !B$ 7 eager acolyte in a (rgeoning cadre of *o)en researchers learning and teaching a o(t the lives of *o)en every*here, + contin(e to find )yselfHat eighty?si8Hdoing sociology *ith s(stained e8cite)ent and verve. =veryone sho(ld e so l(cky.

eferences
Bernard, Cessie. American 0amily 1ehavior. ;e* <ork: 5arper, 19B$.

HHH. JBic(lt(rality: 1 2t(dy in 2ocial 2chi@ophrenia.J +n 2ews in a 3entile Worl ! edited y +sacG(e :rae er and 2te(art 5enderson Britt. ;e* <ork: Mac)illan, 19B$. HHH. JCan 2cience ,ranscend C(lt(reKJ Scientific "onthly "1 .Acto er 19F00: $"6?#!. HHH. JCiti@enship Bias in 2cholarly and 2cientific 4ork.J Alpha 'appa +eltan .University of Pitts (rgh0, %e r(ary 16, 19F9, pp. #?1!. HHH. The 0uture of "arriage. ;e* <ork: 4orld, 19#$. HHH. J,he Po*er of 2cience and the 2cience of Po*er.J American Sociological &eview 1B .Acto er 19B90: F#F?6B. HHH. J'eply to 9(nd ergDs Co))ents.J American Sociological &eview 1B .&ece) er 19B90: #96? 601. HHH. Self($ortrait of a 0amily. Boston: Beacon Press, 19#6. HHH. The Se# 3ame. =ngle*ood Cliffs, ;.C.: Prentice?5all, 19"6. HHH. Women an the $ublic Interest. Chicago: 1ldine, 19#1. HHH. Women! Wives! "others. Chicago: 1ldine, 19#F. Bernard, 9(ther 9ee, and Cessie Bernard. Origins of American Sociology. ;e* <ork: Cro*ell, 19B$. Beyerchen, 1lan &. Scientists un er /itler. ;e* 5aven: <ale University Press, 1961. Caplo*, ,heodore, and 'eece C. Mc:ee. The Aca emic "arketplace. ;e* <ork: Basic Books, 19F6. Christensen, 5arold ,., ed. /an book of "arriage an the 0amily. Chicago: 'and Mc;ally, 19"B. 5art)ann, =d*ard :eorge. The "ovement to Americani.e the Immigrant. ;e* <ork: Col() ia University Press, 19B6. >ephart, 4illia) M. The 0amily! Society! an the In ivi ual. Boston: 5o(ghton Mifflin, 19"1. >(ndsin, '(th B. Women an Success: The Anatomy of Achievement. ;e* <ork: Morro*, 19#B. 9(nd erg, :eorge. )an Science Save *s= ;e* <ork: 9ong)ans, :reen, 19B#. HHH. JCo))ents on Cessie BernardDs D,he Po*er of 2cience.DJ American Sociological &eview 1B .&ece) er 19B90: #9"?96. 'ossi, 1lice 2., and 1nn Calder*ood, eds. Women on the "ove. ;e* <ork: '(ssell 2age %o(ndation, 19#!. 7 !B9 7

$ha/ter #ifteen4 %ersona* ef*ections with a !ocio*ogica* Eye

$ynthia #uchs E/stein Me)ories are selective, (t so are o(r c(rrent visions of *ho *e are and ho* *e think others perceive (s. ,he invitation to reveal a it of the personalHthe ackdrop to o(r sociological *orkHis sed(ctive, an e8c(se to reflect and )ake sense o(t of o(r lives. Af co(rse, there is al*ays the danger that one *ill

not )ake sense (t )ake nonsense .to paraphrase Clifford :eert@Ds eval(ation of co))on sense0. ;evertheless, o(r versions are pro a ly as good as, and as tr(e as, those of any other o server. %or )ost of (s, there *ill not e too )(ch interest in the story of o(r lives any*ay. B(t if *e *ill not e noted individ(ally, *e )ight consider that o(r personal cases *ill add (p to a data reservoir a o(t the people *ho created the sociology of this period. ,here is also the sed(ction of *riting an essay that does not reG(ire e8tensive research and footnotes. 1 good friend, *ell kno*n as a television personality *ho has *ritten a o(t her life e8periences, G(ipped that she al*ays *rites a o(t herself eca(se she hates to do research. + do not hate to do research, (t it is a 3oy to *rite fro) e8perience and *itho(t reference to the *ork of others. ,en years ago + atte)pted so)e a(to iographical *riting for a s)all ook that incl(ded the stories of si8 *o)en *ho had )ade contri (tions to scholarship and the arts. ,hat acco(nt for)s the asis for parts of this essay and stands (p to a decade of G(estioning *hat is tr(e and *hat is ill(sion. B(t eca(se + *as so)e*hat )ore caref(l then a o(t eing personal, + tho(ght + )ight e8pand a little here to incl(de references to events that see)ed (n*ise to )ention in the past. My relation? 7 !F0 7 ship *ith )y parents, )y h(s and, and others *ho *ere i)portant to )e is, of co(rse, personal. B(t the events *e shared, the choices *e )ade, and the sit(ations in *hich *e fo(nd o(rselves *ere not (ntypical- other *o)en + kno* *ho *ent on to achieve so)e notice in acade)ic life and other spheres of *ork had e8periences that )atched )ine in so)e co) ination or another. +n one *ay, then, this is )eant as a personal )e)oir, and in another as an acco(nt of a *o)an co)ing of age personally and professionally in a re)arka le ti)e in o(r history. 2cholars of )y )otherDs age lived a different story, and the *o)en st(dents + )eet today *ill live yet another. 2o *hat follo*s is a contri (tion to the record of that )o)ent in et*een. + hope + have str(ck a proper alance et*een discretion and revelation in this essay. %or once, + can start at the eginning: + *as orn at the Bron8 Maternity 5ospital on the :rand Conco(rse, a place + *as told, also operated as an a ortion center in the days *hen a ortions *ere illegal, (t ro(tinely perfor)ed and seldo) talked a o(t. 1s the first child of a )iddle?class co(ple + *as clearly a *anted child, and )y early years *ere *ell doc()ented y h(ndreds of photographs, notations of acco)plish)ent, and the *ar) care of devoted ho(sehold *orkers as *ell as )y parents and )aternal grandparents. 1side fro) eing tra()ati@ed at age fo(r y a )ock initiation into ;ept(neDs kingdo) on crossing the eG(ator *ith )y parents en ro(te to 1rgentina, *here )y father had a ranch of his (siness, fe* )e)ories stand o(t, and + gather all *as *ell (ntil )y stat(s as an only child *as destroyed y the irth of )y rother *hen + *as seven years old. 1s the first oy in )y fatherDs fa)ily to carry the %(chs na)e, he *as doted on, to )y considera le chagrin and (nhappiness. + did not kno* *hat it )eant to carry on a na)e, (t + did kno* it *as i)portant, and + also learned that a oy *as held in special regard. My )other o served then that + changed fro) a pleasant and JgoodJ child into a )oody, rooding, and at ti)es selfish child. 2he pointed o(t that )y rother *as no* the good one, e8ceptional in intellect as *ell as in character, and altho(gh + did not think )(ch of her 3(dg)ent, + *as distressed to e no longer in favor. B(t coalitions *ere set in o(r fa)ily aro(nd this ti)e over iss(es of good and ad, and if )y )other *as aligning *ith )y rother .infant tho(gh he *as0, + aligned *ith )y father, a clearly )ore interesting and loving person *ho enco(raged )y preference. My )other had )ade )e (nderstand that in her priority syste) love for h(s and ca)e efore love for children, a priority c(rio(s to )e since +, as )(ch a cons()er of the co))on c(lt(re as anyone, elieved in

7 !F1 7 )other love as (ncontested. 'ather than e8periencing the )other love that + kne* to e nor)ative, )ine *as to e (nreG(ited (ntil )iddle age. + have often *ondered ho* )(ch feelings of re3ection y )y )other affected )e later in )y relationships *ith )en and in )y distancing fro) a strictly conventional se8?role syndro)e. 5indsight can foist ca(sality on related e8perience. B(t if + felt so)e*hat (nconventional in )y pattern of life as a child, there *ere also forces that )oved )e onto a conventional path. +n t(rning her ack on the )ythologies of )otherhood, )y )other *as (nconventional. 2he *as also (nconventional in the )iddle?class neigh orhood in *hich + gre* (p eca(se she *as (nconcerned a o(t gla)o(r and acG(isitions, disdaining )aterialistic val(es and things in favor of )oderation and li)ited acG(isitions. 1s a res(lt + had drea)ed of )aterial co)fort and longed for the day *hen + co(ld have the )atching s*eater sets and )atching socks )y class)ates *ore. <et + also respected the priority )y )other and father gave to intellect(al val(es over )aterial val(es, and they too played a part in )y visions of the life + hoped to have. +n )y fa)ily there *as a general orientation to*ard service and doing good. Both parents *ere active )e) ers of charita le and political organi@ations. My father had een a socialist in his yo(th, eca)e an active refor) &e)ocrat, and *orked as a leader in the Ce*ish co))(nity to achieve statehood for +srael. My childhood *orld *as sprinkled *ith activities tied to ca(ses. My Ce*ish parents e) odied the Protestant ethic. ;o )oney *as spared for personal i)prove)ent, (t little *as spent on frivolityhard *ork *as pri@ed. B(t )y parents presented different perspectives on other pleas(res. My )other see)ed to deny the se8(al co)ponent of life, *hereas )y father *as a sens(al )an *ho) )any *o)en fo(nd attractive. + learned early in )y teenage years that altho(gh )y fatherDs fa)ily *as fiercely loyal to each other .and to their spo(ses0, fidelity *as not characteristic. 5ence, as + gre* (p + developed an appreciation and tolerance for the co)ple8ity of loving. + certainly had )ore drea)s of loving than + did of intellect(al achieve)ent. 1s a girl + do not re)e) er any fantasies of traveling to other co(ntries and seeing )y ooks on the shelves of scholars there and disc(ssing )y research *ith the), all recent e8periences of )ine. +n fact + never i)agined )yself a *riter of ooks at all. + kept )y interests restricted to the political and the historical. 1ct(ally )y fantasies ran )ostly to achieving the heights of vicario(s pleas(res as a conte)porary Mada)e de 2taZl. + i)agined + co(ld )arry so)e artic(late and poetic 7 !F$ 7 rich )an and )aintain a salon to *hich + *o(ld invite the rilliant )inds of the era, providing good food and a good ear. ,hat *as the do)inant fantasy. %lights of fancy at vario(s ti)es revealed )e as 4onder 4o)an .)y co)ic? ook hero0 or an a andoned princess *ho had een left at the doorstep of )y (nappreciative parents. +n fact )y )other ca(ght on to this last fantasy and ta(nted )e for )any years y calling )e Cinderella, )ocking )y drea) of eing discovered as a tr(e princess. My fantasies *ere all passive ones, appropriate to the se8?role designation of )y generation: to e revealed, to e discovered, or to revel in the rilliance of others. + never i)agined that y )y o*n )ind or hands + co(ld achieve the e8alted position to *hich + aspired, in spite of the fact that )y father li erally esto*ed on )e ooks containing the iographies of great *o)en, partic(larly great Ce*ish *o)en: &e orah in the Bi le- the poet =))a 9a@ar(s, *hose *ords are engraved on the 2tat(e of 9i erty- and the socialist 'osa 9(8e) (rg. + s(ppose these had i)pact, ho*ever, eca(se they e8posed )e to the idea that *o)en co(ld e doers and )overs, altho(gh + *as terri ly insec(re a o(t )y o*n co)petence to )ove or do

anything. Many people today insist that role )odels provide a fra)e*ork that creates identification, and that early conditioning sets aspirations and )otivation. + had so)e of those role )odels. Ane *as an o(tstanding teacher in the third grade, a *o)an y the na)e of '(th Berken, *ho (ntil recently designed c(rric(la for ;e* <ork City p( lic schools. Berken gave (s research pro3ects to do, visited o(r ho)es to learn a o(t the environ)ent fro) *hich *e ca)e, and arg(ed that *e stand straight and not depend on the artificial constraints of girdles and ras. 2he *as the first teacher + had in an e8peri)ental progra) for intellect(ally gifted children .+:C0. ,his *as a rather e8citing (t also G(ite inti)idating progra) in *hich one *as i))ersed in a sea of precocity- large ideas *ere st(ffed into s)all odies. + s(ppose that *hat + ca)e a*ay *ith fro) this progra) *as a set of intellect(al standards and tastes, a real nose for the person *ho co(ld generate and defend ideas est, and a good dose of h()ility. .+ never had the e8perience that )any of )y colleag(es in college or grad(ate school had of eing at the top of their class. %ro) third grade on, )ost of )y conte)poraries *ere intellect(al strivers, and )any *ere rilliant.0 +, like )any others in )y classes .altho(gh + *as s(re it *as only +0, *as )ade to reali@e that intellect(al activity often did not provide clos(re and that there *ere a lot of s)art people aro(nd *ho *ere al*ays set to challenge. + ended (p *ith a feeling of enor)o(s insec(rity along *ith strains of )egalo)aniaHan i)possi le co) ina? 7 !F! 7 tion that )ade )e vie* the f(t(re *ith so)e trepidation. + never e8pected to achieve the kinds of s(ccess that Matina 5orner tested for *hen she identified the syndro)e she called fear of s(ccess, fo(nd in s(ch endeavors as trying to eco)e a doctor or a *riter. B(t + did have a fear of fail(re, of not perfor)ing *ell in )y st(dies or in other of )y yo(thf(l activities s(ch as allet dancing, painting, or fl(te playing. ,hat fear often stood in the *ay of p(tting )yself in co)petitive sit(ations or even striving hard. ;ot trying for first chair in the orchestra, for e8a)ple, )eant that + co(ld not e t(rned do*n. ,he fear?of?fail(re part of this syndro)e is pro a ly not any )ore characteristic of *o)en than it is of )en, for + see it in certain of )y )ale colleag(es *hose constant striving appears to e )otivated not so )(ch y a need to achieve )ore fa)e (t to re)ain *ell regarded y their peers. Perhaps '(th Berken *as a role )odel for )e, as *ere )y +:C class)ates, )any of *ho) have gone on to fa)e in the arts and sciences and *orld of letters. B(t they also see)ed so i)pressive that + do not think + ever identified *ith the) in any classic *ay. 'ather, they )ade )e afraid to fall ehind. My )other, in tr(th or in the selective recall + offer in this essay, *as not a positive role )odel in this strange process. 2he *as a ho(se*ife *ho do*ngraded her o*n capa ilities, *hose o*n fears prevented her fro) p(rs(ing her talents, and *ho eca(se of her social and econo)ic sit(ation retreated into the *orlds of do)esticity and the local co))(nity. 2he *as not forced to confront her o*n fears and lived *ith feelings of inadeG(acyHa classic fe)ale pattern. B(t her feeling of inadeG(acy also )ade her p(sh the arg()ent that *o)en sho(ld eco)e co)petent, not necessarily in an act(al career (t in a steady occ(pation 3(st in case things sho(ld go *rong. + so)eho* got the )essage fro) )y )other .a child of the &epression0 that, as likely as not, things *o(ld go *rong, and therefore + ca)e to elieve it *as i)portant to have an occ(pation and not to depend on a h(s and, parents, or anyone else. 2o in a sense it *as not positive identification that pressed )e (t negative role )odels and negative )essages. ,hey )ade )e convinced in )y later sociological thinking that perhaps )otivation is created y a )ore co)ple8 *e than *e ackno*ledge, and that fears as *ell as re*ards act to orient people to good things as *ell as ad. + )ention so)e of the vario(s the)es, strains, and contradictions in )y early years eca(se + a) distressed at the so)e*hat linear vie* )any psychologists have offered (s of h()an develop)ent. My

e8periences *ere not consistent- )y choices *ere not necessarily rational- (nanticipated conseG(ences flo*ed fro) chance events. 7 !FB 7 9ater e8periences *ere also certainly as i)portant to )e as those earlier orientations and fears. ,he choice of 1ntioch College t(rned o(t to e a good one, not only eca(se + fo(nd a lot of intellect(ally kindred so(ls there (t also eca(se + eca)e attached to a gro(p of st(dents in political science *ho *ere st(dying *ith Professor 5ein@ =(la(. =(la( frightened a lot of people eca(se he *as so de)anding and (nco)pro)ising as a teacher, (t + *as (sed to eing frightened, and it did not occ(r to )e to (ck a(thority, at least not the a(thority of a person + respected. + *as e8(lted y this rilliant )an *ho )ade each class an e8peri)ent and *ho assigned (s *eekly essays on o(r readings, incl(ding a *ide range of thinkers s(ch as :eorge 5er ert Mead, 'o ert >. Merton, Pa(l >ecske)eti, 5arold 9ass*ell, %re(d, Mar8, and &ar*in. =(la( had attracted a gro(p of st(dents *ho took pleas(re in the constant intellect(al interaction and interchange his classes offered and *ho *ith hi) e8plored theory to find ne* e8planations for *hat ca(sed the varieties and cl(sterings of h()an ehavior. +n fact, of that gro(p of a o(t ten or t*elve, a good portion eca)e professors in the social sciences *ith o(tstanding rep(tations. Athers *ent on to eco)e dyna)ic la*yers in p( lic?interest la*. =(la( *as one of those facilitators of e8cellence Merton has *ritten a o(t. +t *as also thro(gh =(la( that + *as a le to get a scholarship to the University of Chicago 9a* 2chool Han a ortive e8perience, as it t(rned o(t, since + fo(nd la* to e inco)pati le *ith )y h()anistic? ehavioral orientation and since )y h(s and .*ho) + had )arried the s())er efore )y senior year in college0 and + oth had (nrealistic vie*s of ho* *e co(ld )anage on s)all savings and no inco)ey then he, a for)er ne*spaper)an, had decided to go ack to grad(ate school. My parents tho(ght that as a )arried *o)an + o(ght to e c(t off fro) financial help. + )ight note that + chose la* school thro(gh no great )otivation (t eca(se the scholarship *as there, eca(se + had not tho(ght a o(t grad(ate ed(cation in )y field of political science, and eca(se + did not kno* *hat + *anted to do or co(ld do. +, like )any of )y sisters today, tho(ght of la* as a field of learning that t(rned one into a real professional, that is to say, a la*yer, a person *ith a )arketa le skill. + felt + co(ld then )ake a living sho(ld + need to, reflecting ack on )y )otherDs s(ggestion that one sho(ld Jkno* ho* to do so)ething.J + carried the (rden of g(ilt heavily on )y sho(lders as + left la* school after only si8 )onths. + felt that + had let all *o)en do*n y )y decision. + cannot re)e) er any)ore *hy )y h(s and and + *ere so disco(raged, he in his field and + in )ine. B(t + do kno* that there *ere not )any 7 !FF 7 channels of co))(nication, s(pport, or g(idance availa le that *e kne* a o(t. + *as also (nco)forta le eing )arried. + *as a*ay fro) *hat + i)agined to e a rich and interactive dor)itory life, and + fo(nd )arriage itself a constraining str(ct(reHdifferent in feel fro) the s(rge of ro)antic passion that led )e into it. ,he Chicago e8perience certainly raised )y conscio(sness regarding infor)ation, ho* tracking is acco)plished, *hat it )eans to e an insider and an o(tsider, and ho* people the)selves co)e to )ake the self?e8cl(sionary )oves to *ater do*n their drea)s and )ake (nf(lfilling co)pro)ises. ,ails et*een o(r legs, )y h(s and and + oth ca)e ack to ;e* <ork, *here *e gre* (p, and took the kinds of 3o s li eral?arts college grad(ates take. 5e, *ho aspired to eco)e a reporter for the -ew

6ork Times! got a 3o for the ho(se organ of the ta8ica ind(stry. + fo(nd *ork as a secretary for 2cience 'esearch 1ssociates, a psychological testing fir), *ork )ade )ore oring than e8pected eca(se )y i))ediate s(pervisor *as eing cooled o(t y the organi@ation. %ro) there + *orked at a series of 3o s + held in organi@ations *ith social p(rpose. + spent three years as a *riter and research assistant for the progra) director of 5adassah, the *o)enDs Uionist organi@ation, *hich raised )illions of dollars a year for hospitals and training progra)s. + learned a great deal a o(t )yth and reality there. ,he *o)en at the top *ere high?po*ered e8ec(tive types. ,hey ca)e in early in the )orning and left late at night- they vied for po*er and control of the organi@ation- they had strong a) itions not only for the organi@ation (t for the)selves as *ell. 1ltho(gh they *ere descri ed y the Cens(s B(rea( and the)selves as ho(se*ives since they did not *ork for )oney, they *ere as involved and active as any +BM e8ec(tive. + s(ppose + had een asking G(estions a o(t the place of *o)en in society since childhood eca(se )y o*n searching led )e to consider *hat eing a *o)an )eant in society and *hat options there *ere for a *o)an to develop as a person. ,he e8perience in 5adassah sho*ed )e clearly that *hile there *ere ongoing )yths a o(t *o)enDs nat(re and their a ilities to control, do)inate, and seek notice, *o)enDs perfor)ance si)ply did not )atch the )yth. &(ring three years of *orking in this organi@ation for lo* pay and *ith little a(tono)y + also *ent to the ;e* 2chool for 2ocial 'esearch at night for a )asterDs degree in sociology. 1fter*ard + decided to go to Col() ia University for a Ph.&., enco(raged y )y )ost provocative teacher, 5enry 9ennard. 5is *ork on co))(nication patterns and syste)ic analysis *as the )ost e8citing intellect(al sti)(lation + had had 7 !F" 7 since 1ntioch. + decided to go to Col() ia after a lot of self?searching and g(ilt- + did not *ant to give (p the a(tono)y of )aking )oney or to p(t a (rden on )y h(s and, *ho *as also starting a ne* career. 1t that point + asked )y parents for financial help, and they agreed. + chose Col() ia eca(se it *as the est school in ;e* <ork. + did not kno* it had one of the finest sociology depart)ents in the co(ntry. Ane of )y first co(rses *as *ith 4illia) C. :oode, *ho e8cited )y i)agination *ith his cross?national, cross?historical approach to fa)ily sociology and *ith his theoretical interpretation, *hich )ade sense of the diversity of practices people e8hi ited in this conte8t. ,he chance to *ork for hi) ca)e a it later, and + helped do the research for ooks on changes in fa)ily str(ct(re and on a propositional inventory of the fa)ily. %ro) 'o ert >. Merton + eca)e entranced y the *ays in *hich role theory and syste)atic analysis opened e8planation into other perple8ing areas. + re)e) er no* thinking a o(t the sit(ation of *o)en *hile )aking notes .*hich + later (sed in )y ook Woman,s $lace 0 as he disc(ssed the artic(lation of roles, the pro le)s of cross?c(tting stat(s sets, and se8?role stereotyping. + s(ppose that for years + carried in )y head pieces of the ook + *as later to *rite, and + pl(gged the sit(ation of *o)en into *hatever theoretical fra)e*ork or )ethodology *as offered as part of the Col() ia c(rric(l(). 4ith each application + co(ld see )ore. + *ent to Col() ia in 19"0. + re)ained a st(dent for a long ti)e eca(se + took on vario(s teaching and research 3o s in et*een and eca(se + *as afraid of taking )y co)prehensive e8a)s. +n the )eanti)e + also had a a y, a cons()ing love affair .*hich + shall report on later in this essay0, and fo(r years of psychotherapy. +n 19"" + *as *orking on a dissertation a o(t *o)en la*yersH+ had eco)e interested in *hat happened to *o)en in a )ale?do)inated professionH*hen Betty %riedan started the ;ational Argani@ation for 4o)en .;A40. 1dded to )y other role o ligations as teacher,

st(dent, research assistant, and )other, + also eca)e an activist. + rode the (s to 1l any *ith %riedan, >ate Millet, ,i?:race 1tkinson, and %lo >ennedy to picket the state legislat(re, and + *rote testi)ony to s(pport ne* g(idelines for the =G(al =)ploy)ent Apport(nity Co))ission interpretation of the antidiscri)ination la*s. My activis) eca)e inter)ittent after that. +t soon eca)e clear to )e that )y larger contri (tion *o(ld e on the scholarly side. B(t it has een thro(gh interchanges et*een the scholarly and activist *orlds, as *ell 7 !F# 7 as y keeping an eye on *hat has een happening to *o)enDs position, that + think )y *ork has developed. + have translated )y sociological *ork into social?policy directives, appeared efore )e) ers of the United 2tates 2enate, and een on a co))ittee advisory to the Co(ncil of =cono)ic 1dvisors. + even )anaged to appeal for affir)ative?action policy in the 4hite 5o(se to President %ord. ,hese e8c(rsions into the p( lic real) gave )e an appreciation for the i)pact of ideology on social action, and + noted ho* ideas co)peted for attention. My o*n history as )(ch as anything has )ade )e d( io(s a o(t the reasoning offered in recent ti)es a o(t *hy *o)en have not gone far in careers. Af co(rse + a) generally *ary a o(t e8planations that neglect discri)inatory practices y gatekeepers and the instit(tionali@ed co)ponents of se8is). My o*n history indicated that *ith so)e help and l(ck, *o)en co(ld engage in *ork, social activis), and fa)ily life. + *as one of a n() er of *o)en *ho ca)e of age in the 19F0s and 19"0s *ho )anaged to do a respecta le a)o(nt of *ork *hile 3(ggling not only fa)ily responsi ilities (t also other relationships and dealing *ith their e)otional t(r)oil. ,h(s +, like )any *o)en grad(ate st(dents + have kno*n, eca)e involved *ith one of )y professors .*ho + shall no* refer to as )y friend since that is *hat he *as and re)ains0. A(r relationship *as for a ti)e a synthesis of love and *ork and also of tor)ent and g(ilt. 4e spent a lot of ti)e together, and + spent a lot of ti)e rooding- so)eho* ti)e *as fo(nd for all of this. + cannot say + *as prod(ctive d(ring this periodHaltho(gh he *as very prod(ctiveH (t + certainly tho(ght a great deal a o(t sociological iss(es, and + learned a lot fro) hi). 5e *as a highflier in )atters of )ind and also in sports, arts, and food. 5e enco(raged )e to do )ore and s(ggested + co(ld e )ore than + had ever e8pected. Af co(rse there *ere other conseG(ences of that association. Being in the shado* of an esta lished person created )any pro le)s, as G(ite a fe* e)erging professional *o)en of )y generation had good reason to kno*. ,here *ere )any reasons *hy this relationship ended, and each of (s re)e) ers and e8plains it differently, altho(gh *e oth ackno*ledge the val(e it had. + cannot say *hat it *o(ld have een like if *e had )ade a life together. +n retrospect, fro) the point of vie* of self?estee) and career, it *as a good thing that *e parted. Certainly + learned later ho* )y private e)otional attach)ent *as seen y others as part of a )ore general patternHthe relationship et*een an older )an and a yo(nger *o)an, et*een a professor and a st(dent. + do not )ean to discredit the strength of the feelings that characteri@ed s(ch relationships y 7 !F6 7 )aking a statistic of the) and there y depersonali@ing the). Most *ere et*een people looking for intellect(al as *ell as e)otional e8cite)ent- )any end(red per)anently. 1s for )e, + elieve separation ena led )e to gro* )ore professionally and develop an independent career, and it eli)inated the G(estion others )ight have had a o(t *hose )ind it *as that prod(ced the *ork. ,he

enefits of separation did not have to do *ith the attit(de of )y friend, *ho *as al*ays s(pportive of )y *ork and genero(s *ith praise. +t had to do *ith )y o*n need to eco)e independent and *ith the acade)ic cli)ate, *hich, + fear, still s(pposes that the contri (tions of yo(nger *o)en *ho associate *ith esta lished )en are (s(ally reflections of the senior personDs ideas. 4hen that relationship ended, )y h(s and and + decided to try to *ork o(t a ne* life together, and *e did so *ith ne* (nderstanding and rene*ed love. 5e had al*ays een a devoted partner, s(pportive of )y *ork, and he contin(ed to e so in his care for o(r child and as editor and intellect(al co)panion. + s(ppose that + have co)e to elieve that the co) ination of love and *ork is one of the )ost heady e8periences possi le, (t + have co)e to accept the *isdo) offered y )y colleag(e 'ose 9a( Coser that in acade)ia it is est acco)plished *ith partners *ho are at the sa)e ten(re level. ,he *ays in *hich *o)en are (rged to look for )en *ho are older and *iser than they are have eco)e grist for )y sociological analysis of the place of *o)en in society. + eca)e increasingly a*are that the second ranking of *o)en *as not 3(st an accident of fate, li)ited to the fact that )any *o)en had a ies and th(s *ere not availa le for other 3o s, or that co) ining the 3o s *as too diffic(lt- there see)ed to e a syste)atic patterning to the *ays in *hich *o)en *ere s(ppressed. ,he )echanis)s of do)ination that a o(nded in )ale?do)inated occ(pations also *orked in fe)ale? pop(lated occ(pations. ,hey *ere also operating in the fa)ily and in c(lt(ral life. =ven in the )icrointeractions of everyday enco(nters that =rving :off)an and others have *ritten a o(t and that constit(te one of the ne* and e8citing s( specialties of sociology today, *o)en faced controls that placed the), and kept the), in s( ordinate positions. 4hether it *as the insistence of the c(lt(re that ideally they e shorter, sho* less kno*ledge, and )ake less )oney than the )en they chose to speak *ith or live *ith, or the arg()ent that they *ere no ler, )ore tender, or )ore e)otional than the )en in their lives and therefore o(ght to segregate the)selves fro) )(ch of their dayti)e life, *o)en *ere )ade agents in their o*n e8cl(sion and do)ination. 4o)en *anted the )en in their *ork life or 7 !F9 7 love life to e etter than they *ere. ,hey *anted, and they *ere instr(cted, to look (p to the). 9et )e stress here that + a) talking a o(t not only early sociali@ation e8perience (t also the ongoing social process. =ven in enco(nters *ith strangers *o)en learned an etiG(ette of s( )issiveness and *ere s( 3ect to )icrocontrols of the lifted eye ro* and the p(t?do*n. 4hy, + asked, *as this tr(eK + have decided that eca(se *o)en constit(te the largest threat to )ale do)ination, intert*ined as they are *ith the lives of )en, gatekeepers of society invest )(ch in keeping the) do*n. +n fact, as + learned thro(gh o serving and st(dying the lives of *o)en in the professions, the reinforcing or p(nishing e8periences in ad(lt life often act to change s( stantially the self?i)age and aspirations of *o)en. + kne* that the reinforcing events in )y life had done )ore to change )y o*n i)age of self and create aspiration than any a)o(nt of early sociali@ation .altho(gh + did have so)e help in therapy0. 1)ong those events *as an opport(nity to teach at the college level early in )y grad(ate?st(dent career. 5er ert 5y)an, one of )y professors at Col() ia, offered to help )e get a 3o at %inch College teaching c(lt(ral and physical anthropology, an assign)ent + took on *ith so)e ravado since + had little preparation in physical anthropology. ,h(s + had to i))erse )yself )ost intensively in the field to keep several steps ahead of )y st(dents. ,he e8perience *as very s(ccessf(l: + ro(ght e8cite)ent to the st(dents over this ne* )aterial + *as only 3(st learning )yself and also discovered that + had the capacity to teach and infl(ence st(dents. + had never tho(ght )(ch a o(t a career in college teaching, (t the e8perience reinforced )y sense of self and gave )e direction. +t see)s odd no* that *hat is co))onplace to grad(ate st(dents today sho(ld have een a revelation to )e. + think *e are all )ore a*are of process no* and stress the occ(pational facts of life

to o(r st(dents. ,he process *as )ore hapha@ard then, and *o)en st(dents got less attention devoted to their career tra3ectories in these )atters, altho(gh certainly )any )ale st(dents .+ learned later0 shared si)ilar co)plaints. ,he other )a3or reinforcing event *as the p( lication of )y ook Woman,s $lace in 19#0. ,he ook had a first life as a research report to the +nstit(te of 9ife +ns(rance, *hich had given )e a s)all grant to revie* literat(re on *o)en in the professions, a virt(ally none8istent topic in the 19"0s. + presented a section of the report at a )eeting of the 1)erican 2ociological 1ssociation attended y :rant Barnes, then the social?science editor at the University of California Press. Barnes asked 7 !"0 7 )e a o(t )y *ork, and + sent hi) )y report, never drea)ing it co(ld eco)e a ook. +t *as Barnes *ho redefined *hat + *as doing, and his enco(rage)ent led )e to revise )y *ork, *hich *as p( lished 3(st as the )o)ent the *o)enDs )ove)ent see)ed to e taking off. Woman,s $lace *as the first sociology ook analy@ing *o)enDs e8cl(sion fro) the )ale?do)inated professions, and it *as read *idely. Many of the iss(es it raised eca)e the agenda for other peopleDs research as *ell, and it certainly eca)e the ase for )y o*n f(rther speciali@ation in the real) of *o)en and *orkHon lack *o)en, *o)en in the legal profession, and the larger iss(es of the invidio(s distinctions created and )aintained a o(t )en and *o)en. 1ltho(gh )y *ork *as progra))atically a o(t the iss(e of gender, + felt + *as also forging so)e theoretical gro(nd, first in applying MertonDs fra)e*ork on the dyna)ics of stat(s sets in the analysis of *o)enDs place in society, and later in foc(sing on the i)pact of str(ct(re on creating differences in s(ch attri (tes as capacity, aspiration, talent, and rank. ,he )ore research + did, the )ore + *as finding that the se8 differences identified y psychologists and sociologists co(ld e e8plained y ias in )ethod or perspective or y the revelations of research, *hich sho*ed that )ore p(rported se8 differences co(ld e acco(nted for y differences in ed(cation or opport(nity. My latest ook, +eceptive +istinctions: Se#! 3en er an the Social Or er .19660, revie*s and assesses so)e of )y past *ork and that of others in identifying the ske*ed kno*ledge that dichoto)o(s thinking oth in the sciences and in the *orld of Jco))on senseJ has prod(ced. Unlike so)e other fe)inist scholars, *ho clai) that differences et*een the se8es e8ist (t that *o)enDs perspective is distinct and contri (tes to a different and etter (nderstanding of the *orld, + elieve s(ch differences are fe*. ;or)s specify )ore h()anitarian concerns for *o)en, (t there is no evidence that *o)en are any )ore caring and no le than )en. 4o)en do enefit fro) having the sensitivity so)e o(tsiders and s( ordinates develop, (t as + have stated in Women in Law .19610, it *o(ld e *rong to say that eing h()anitarian or alert to in3(stice is generically *o)anDs *ork. 4o)enDs *ork is, ho*ever, part of )y *ork, and + elieve )yself to e enor)o(sly fort(nate to have *ork that is intellect(ally gratifying as *ell as socially (sef(l in revealing kno*ledge and de (nking )yths that li)it peopleDs lives. + have en3oyed teaching for this reason, as *ell as the opport(nity to travel *idely and )eet h(ndreds of people interested in the *ork and the )ission. ,ravel and its attendant notice have also 7 !"1 7 )ade )e a different personHstronger, )ore forcef(l, and al*ays eager for ne* e8perience and opport(nity. + a) less easily satisfied no*, )ore critical, (t gratef(l for acco)plish)ent and recognition. + a) also )ore angry that *ork on *o)en is seen as less glo al and less theoretical than

*ork on other s( 3ects. + have al*ays considered )y *ork theoretically interesting and indeed tho(ght of )y first ook pri)arily as a *ork of theory that (sed the fra)e*ork of stat(s dyna)ics to e8plain e8cl(sion of a stat(s gro(p fro) the high?prestige sectors of the professions. 9ater *ork foc(sed on other aspects of stat(s?set theory: for e8a)ple, an article, J,he Positive =ffects of the M(ltiple ;egativeJ .stat(ses0 (sed lack *o)en as a case in point. +nvaria ly, ho*ever, )y *ork *as seen for its s( stantive contri (tions to the analysis of *o)en and not as an analysis of the stratification syste), the dyna)ics of stat(s acG(isition, or the i)pact of str(ct(ral varia les in general on s(ch characteristics as self?i)age, aspiration, and choice. +n fact + elieve the e)phasis on gender that has co)e into foc(s in the last decade o(ght to have een on every sociologistDs )ind *ho is at all concerned *ith the social order. ,o that end, +eceptive +istinctions is a st(dy in the sociology of kno*ledge, altho(gh no do( t it *ill e categori@ed as a ook in *o)enDs st(dies. ,he intellect(al ghettoi@ation that relegates *o)en as a s( 3ect )atter to fields la eled women,s stu ies .do *e have class stu ies= 0 re)ains an intellect(al disgrace. B(t the inattention to the theoretical di)ensions of )y *ork . eca(se it *as seen pri)arily as s( stantively interesting0 helped )e to*ard a etter (nderstanding of the political and ideological (nderpinning of the develop)ent of kno*ledge. +n this too + a) not alone: t*o )a3or conferences on theory in sociology in 196" and 1969 did not incl(de any *orks on theory y scholars *ho have e8a)ined iss(es of gender. +n any event, these reflections are set do*n at *hat + consider to e a good ti)e in )y life. %ro) 1961 to 1966 + had the opport(nity to spend si8 years at the '(ssell 2age %o(ndation, a kind of )iniat(re +nstit(te for 1dvanced 2t(dy, *here + *rote +eceptive +istinctions and egan a ne* st(dy of the *orkplace. + a) ased at the :rad(ate Center of the City University of ;e* <ork, a ( ling intellect(al center *ith a diverse st(dent ody. + a) also in to(ch *ith )any people in the p( lishing and *riting *orld, partly thro(gh )y h(s and, *ho has eco)e a p( lisher, and partly thro(gh )y o*n ooks and a large net*ork of sociologists and fe)inist scholars. 2o)e of )y satisfactions are G(ite conventional. + have a loving )arriage and an interesting and attractive son *ho has gro*n to e an 7 !"$ 7 acco)plished *riter and poet and *ho has t(rned his considera le *riting and technical skills to fil) )aking. +n addition, + have )any friends on *ho) + can depend for good disc(ssion of intellect(al )atters, personal co)fort, the e8change of *ar) hospitality *ith e8cellent food and *ine, and the gift of opti)is) a o(t h()an perfecti ility. ,hat a o(t s()s (p the pieces of life that co)e to )ind at the )o)ent and a o(t *hich + can *rite at this ti)e. +t leaves o(t )any of the *arts in )y so(l, )y ehavior, yearnings, and strivings, and )(ch of the )in(tiae of everyday life that fill )ost of )y ti)e (t are not *orth )entioning. +t leaves o(t )y life as a *riter, a teacher, an active )e) er in professional associations, a *ife, a )other, and an ad)inistrator. ,here *as a ti)e *hen + po(red o(t )y so(l in vol()es of letters, in poetry, and in endless disc(ssions a o(t the )eaning of it all *ith close friends. + have less ti)e and patience for that no*- + find it less interesting (t also )iss it. &ra)a in )y personal life has ca(sed )e intense pleas(re and pain, and altho(gh + a) glad to e free of the pain, + a) not content *ith the self that has eco)e )ore caref(l and protective. Mat(rity has its advantages- it is helpf(l in prod(cing )ore and etter *ork, )akes one feel *ise, and is even a)(sing, (t it precl(des dra)a. + *ill try to settle for its enefits. Perhaps there is yet a ne* for) of dra)a to e e8perienced aro(nd the corner. 7 !"! 7

$ha/ter !i+teen4 esearch on e*ationshi/s

%e//er !chwart2 ,here are different kinds of career patterns. 2o)e involve a )o)ent of p(re chance, a choice )ade, a ne* path taken. Athers are channeled fro) the eginning y a parentDs a) ition or a )entorDs vision. 2till others are ordained y necessityHa 3o is availa le, and the need to s(rvive is para)o(nt. My o*n history takes none of these ro(tes. My storyHand )y good fort(neHis that )y career, tho(gh not ordained or a(to)atic and perhaps not even the est choice, *as foreseea le fro) )y earliest childhood interests and personality. +n short, + have een st(dying inti)ate relationships all )y life, (t efore it *as a for)al co(rse of st(dy it see)ed 3(st the st(ff of life: eing fascinated y )y friendsD and fa)ilyDs lives, eing (nd(ly intrig(ed *ith the topics of se8, love, and co))it)ent, and eing voye(ristic a o(t the life?styles of others *hether or not + felt + co(ld, or sho(ld, share the). =ven if + *ere to G(it )y *ork to)orro*, + *o(ld still chat *ith )y friends a o(t their relationships, endlessly analy@e )ine, and ponder *hat + consider to e the )ost i)portant interpersonal G(estions that e8ist: *hat )akes people ond together, *hat ca(ses the) to reak apart, ho* do they create contin(ities in their lives, ho* do they operate in the face of (npredicta ility, sorro*, and loss, *hat )akes the) happy and f(lfilled, and ho* does all this relate to their fa)ily of orientation, procreation, their gender, their se8(ality, their life?style, and their life chancesK 5o* early did these interests startK + *ill avoid loathso)e psychoanalytic insights and egin *ith ehavioral data. 1s a child + *as gregario(s *ith conte)poraries and ad(lts. + liked having kno*ledge eca(se 7 !"B 7 a)ong )y parents and their friends infor)ation *as highly val(ed. +n )y fa)ily a child co(ld not e too precocio(s, and + *as deter)ined to *in )y parentsD approval y e8hi iting intellect(al a ility. 4hen + discovered that )y parents fo(nd ig *ords adora le, + eca)e a verita le fo(ntain of the). 4hen + fo(nd + co(ld (se the sa)e tricks *ith )y friends and at school, + contin(ed enhancing )y voca (lary and acade)ic achieve)ents. My parents *ere li eral, Ce*ish, (pper )iddle?class people *ho *anted their children to have a social conscience, a *ork ethic, and high e8pectations for their o*n ehavior. My )other *as )ore intellect(al than )y father, and *hen she *as yo(nger, she *as )ore antiesta lish)ent than he. My father is )ore the day?to?day achiever *ho respects the recognition of others Jof s( stanceJ and *ho th(s insists on )ore *orldly s(ccess than )y )other finds necessary. My father de)anded e8cellence .trying, for hi), *as not eno(gh0, and fro) )y )other the )essage *as that achieve)ent in the *orld co(ld e a shallo* and (nf(lfilling thing. 2he insisted on a trained and critical )ind. 2he had a no? holds? arred opinion of *hat is good and *hat is ad, and there *as no favoritis) in her 3(dg)ent. An occasion, she ref(sed to finish reading articles of )ine that *ere not (p to her standards or that she considered oring. 2he died in C(ly 1966, and + lost )y )ost treas(red friend, critic, a(dience, and )oral g(ide. 4hen + *as gro*ing (p )y parents kept a progressive li rary. My dad *as orn in 190!, and )y )other in 1911, so progressive in this instance incl(ded ne* *orks of enlightened living y, a)ong others, 5avelock =llis and 1lfred >insey and associates. + po(red over all of it. + loved the ea(tif(l

indings, the disc(ssion of inti)ate and secret st(ff, and )ost of all the feeling that + *as eing tr(sted *ith ad(lt )aterial. ,hat feeling intensified *hen + reali@ed )y friends did not have access to s(ch treas(res. + also fo(nd o(t that )y friends did not have access to )y parentsD freethinking. My )other, a serio(s st(dent of art history and a it of a collector, had a large dra*ing h(ng in o(r hall*ay of a sc(lptorDs rendering of a *o)an naked fro) the *aist (p. +t do)inated the )iddle of a long stair*ay and *as visi le to anyone *ho entered the ho(se fro) the front door. My )other loved the G(ality of the dra*ing- )y friends fi8ed on the si@e of the s( 3ectDs reasts. Both girlfriends and oyfriends fo(nd the pict(re endlessly entertaining. 1)id the giggles + *o(ld anno(nce in a serio(s tone that this dra*ing *as art and that they sho(ld shape (p. + fo(nd that this gave )e great a(thority. + derived even )ore 7 !"F 7 stat(s fro) the se8 ooks that )y )o) gave )e *hen + *as a o(t ten. ,hese )ight see) ta)e todayH the (s(al egg?and?sper) chases and dra*ings of den(ded v(lvas and penisesH (t they *ere hot st(ff to )y peer gro(p. + *o(ld hold ed(cational sessions *here these ooks *ere presented and e8plained. ,*o incidents stand o(t in )y )e)ory. ,he first happened one afternoon *hen )y girlfriend 2ally ca)e r(nning over to )y ho(se in tears. +n sha)e and fear she told )e that her )other had ca(ght her )ast(r ating and had yelled at her that it *as *rong and that she *as going to go cra@y. + *as angry: + kne* her )other had not read =llis or >insey and that she *as needlessly tort(ring )y friend. + dragged o(t )y scholarly se8 to)es and sho*ed her an alternate perspective. 2he *as co)fortedH especially *hen + told her that )y )o) said it *as okay as long as yo( did not do it in class. ,he second incident *as related to the first. + egan to think there *as a sing(lar lack of se8 infor)ation a)ong )y gro(p, and so)eti)e in )y eleventh year + organi@ed a se8 infor)ation cl( . =ach *eek a o(t eight girls *o(ld )eet in )y knotty?pine ase)ent and each ti)e a ne* s( 3ect *o(ld e disc(ssed. + re)e) er one day *e disc(ssed sanitary elts and napkins and passed aro(nd prod(cts that )y )other had provided. 1nother ti)e *e disc(ssed french kissing, (t *e decided that it did not really happen eca(se it *as too y(cky. ,he na)e of o(r gro(p *as the Change of 9ife Cl( , and tho(gh )y )other tried to arg(e that this e8pression *as (s(ally applied to another phase of life, + resol(tely )aintained that o(r lives *ere changing and that the na)e fit. 2o *e kept it. 1nd o(r lives were changing. ,he years et*een ten and eighteen contained the )(ndane things of life that create *riters, fe)inists, and analysands. 1ltho(gh + *as an e8cellent st(dent, no one, least of all )y de)anding parents, took )y aptit(de for scholarship serio(sly, + s(ppose eca(se + *as other? directed and therefore inappropriate in their )inds for a scholarly career. ,hat honor *as esto*ed on )y eldest rother :ary, *ho at si8teen entered the University of Chicago. My other rother also *ent to Chicago, (t despite )y high grades + see)ed destined for a less lofty destination. +n high school + *as, to p(t it in its )ost sy)pathetic light, possessed y )y peer gro(p, o sessed *ith )y hor)ones, and seeking acceptance y everyone in every sphere of life. + *orked like a stea) engine to e all things to all people. + *ore a lot of )ake(p, *hich disg(sted )y )other. + *as definitely in heat, *hich *orried and enraged )y father. + eca)e 7 !"" 7 a cheerleader, and that revolted )y rothers. ;onetheless, + also tried to please the) all. + read voracio(sly for )y )other, + held political office for )y father, and + *ent to civil?rights de)onstrations and )eetings *ith )y rother 5er . + tried to de)onstrate to )y fa)ily that + had a

rain and a so(l, even if the latter *as hidden (nder a letter s*eater. + lived in t*o *orlds, and + fo(nd oth entirely satisfactory in that + *anted to achieve in oth, the contradictions e da)ned. My eldest rother :ary, no* a c(lt(ral anthropologist, pro a ly (nderstands this )ore today than he did at the ti)e, for in recent years he has st(died adolescent peer gro(ps and the for)ation of adolescent identity. 1t the ti)e, ho*ever, )y )other and rothers sa* )e as so)e*hat a errant. B(t + learned a lot a o(t h()an relationships y trying to reconcile )y vario(s *orlds. + think that finally it *as )y se8(ality, rather than )y intellect(al p(rs(its, that )ade )e ditch )ost of )y high?school co)p(lsions. + *anted se8(al independenceHand respecta ilityH*hich *as asically i)possi le to achieve d(ring that period in 1)erican history. + changed )y reference gro(ps. + s*itched fro) )y social cl( to a noneG(ity theater gro(p and eca)e )ore interested in )y =nglish class than in the :irlsD 1thletic 1ssociation. + let )y ne* theatrical friends eco)e )y peers. 1t si8teen + *as rehearsing al)ost every night, doing sho*s on the *eekends, staying (p late, having a relationship *ith the tallest g(y in )y class .+ *as the shortest girl0, and re?sorting )y val(es. + *as, ho*ever, still cocaptain of the cheerleading sG(ad. Cheerleading not*ithstanding, the theater and )y theater gro(p in high school changed the *ay + looked at the *orld. 0ront stage and back stage *ere literal as *ell as analytically (sef(l ter)s to )e. + started to do so)e independent thinking a o(t *ho + *as and *ho + *anted to e. + did not co)e to any concl(sionsHthey *ere several years a*ayH (t + kne* + liked )y )otley *orld of actors, ho)ose8(al )en, )(sical and literary types, and a) itio(s *o)en. 2o)eti)e in this period + decided + *anted to e either an actress, a *riter, or a sociologist. + do not kno* ho* sociologist got in there- + do kno*, ho*ever, that it stayed eca(se it s(rvived a process of eli)ination. + *ent to college at 4ashington University in 2t. 9o(is, *hich *as )y second choice after the University of Pennsylvania, *hich did not accept )e. + applied to oth eca(se they *ere s(pposed to have e8cellent sociology depart)ents. + re)e) er )y intervie* *ith the representative of the University of Pennsylvania. 5e *as e8tre)ely *ealthy, and 7 !"# 7 he received )e in the paneled st(dy of his ho)e on 9ake 2hore &rive along ChicagoDs gold coast. 5e radiated old )oney .to *hich ne* )oney has a profo(nd attraction and rep(lsion0, and + s(ddenly felt very Ce*ish, very no(vea( riche, too )ade (p, and generally (n*orthy. 5e evidently tho(ght so too. 1nd + felt disco(nted and sh(t o(t d(ring the entire intervie*. + *anted to confront hi) or do so)ething dra)atic- (t + did not, *hich + regret. + *ent to 4ashington University and *as placed in a variety of honors progra)s incl(ding those in =nglish, history, and sociology. + tried o(t and acted in plays- + 3oined a sorority and event(ally eca)e its president- + ran for office on the st(dent co(ncil and *on. +n other *ords, + repeated in )ost *ays )y high?school pattern: + *as also a cheerleader. B(t there *as so)e change. =ven tho(gh + kne* )y e8trac(rric(lar activities enco(raged )y )other and rothers to think + )ight confor) and follo* a traditional ro(te, to e8pect )e to e rather ordinary .i.e., settle do*n *ith a doctor fro) 2carsdale and raise three lovely children0, + egan to e as a) itio(s for )yself as fantasy *o(ld per)it. ,his a) ition helped )e decide )y f(t(re. ,he first decision )at(red in )y special =nglish class. +n high school + had taken an advanced? place)ent test, *hich if passed allo*ed the candidate to skip introd(ctory co(rses in college. + had shocked )y school . (t )yself only a little0 y not only doing *ell on the test (t getting one of the

highest eval(ations in the city of Chicago. +n an inspired )o)ent follo*ing a disc(ssion *ith )y =nglish teacher, Mrs. 5(rd, + had *ritten the test essay on insight, (sing Lor 2im and Oe ipus &e# as )y )aterial. 4hen the eval(ations *ere anno(nced and + received special )ention, there *as G(ite a h( ( in )y school eca(se, given )y o yso8er persona, + *as not e8pected to achieve at that level. + re)e) er that *eek of recognition vividly eca(se it )eant to )e that + co(ld e )ore co)ple8 than people perceived )e to e and that + did not need everyoneDs ratification to have talent or get ahead. 1t 4ashington University the test placed )e in a class peopled y other achievers *ho *ere s(pposed to e gifted *riters. ,here *ere eight of (s- the professor ored (s all into a st(por, and it *as hard to keep )y head off the desk. + got only one 1 on a paper the entire session. + decided + did not have the talent to e a *riter. + gave (p on acting as *ell. + felt + didnDt have the g(ts or reG(isite a)o(nt of narcissis) to e s(ccessf(l. =veryone + kne* *ho *anted to act *as *illing to kill for a part. + lacked, or *as frightened y, that kind 7 !"6 7 of a) ition and also, (pon reflection, + decided that living for appla(se *as not going to help (ild character. ,hat left sociology and a ne* love, history. .+ had correctly assessed that even )odest *riting skills *o(ld e adeG(ate in those disciplines.0 + loved al)ost every class + had in oth s( 3ects. + concentrated on )edieval Capanese history and eca)eHand have re)ainedHfascinated *ith the politics and sociology of that period. + )ight e *riting a o(t sa)(rai today if 5elen :o(ldner had not taken )e (nder her *ing. &r. :o(ldner decided + *as *orth spending ti)e on. 2he s( )itted a paper of )ine .on )y theater e8periences0 to =rving :off)an, *ho thrilled )e y co))enting on it favora ly. 2he enco(raged )e to deliver a paper at an (ndergrad(ate sociology conference. 2he signed )e (p for a )aster class *ith her e8?h(s and 1lvin :o(ldner .+ a) not s(re if they *ere divorced at the ti)e0, and soon, at her (rging, + *as interacting *ith grad(ate st(dents and taking grad(ate classes. 1ll this *as in )y fresh)an year. 2he helped )e apply for .and *in0 a 4oodro* 4ilson %ello*ship in )y senior year. 5er efforts are the real reason + a) a sociologist y training as *ell as y inclination. 5o*ever, it *as not clear at the ti)e *hat )y area of speciali@ation *o(ld e. + took )y 4ilson %ello*ship at 4ashington University eca(se )y oyfriend of fo(r years *as going to la* school there, and + did a )asterDs thesis on the sociali@ation of la* st(dents. 2ince )y father and one of )y rothers *ere la*yersHand + tho(ght + sho(ld consider la* schoolH+ decided to speciali@e in the sociology of la*. 1fter co)pleting )y M.1. and eing released fro) 2aint 9o(is at the end of )y love affair, + applied to an =ast Coast grad(ate school *ith a good progra) in the sociology of la*. +t *as i)portant to )e to go to an elite, eastern (niversity + think eca(se, o sessively, + *as still s)arting fro) the University of Pennsylvania intervie*. + *ent to <ale University. ,hat ed(cational e8perience eclipsed all others and decided )y f(t(re intellect(al directions, (t not eca(se of the co(rses + took. <ale *as virt(ally all )ale at the ti)ethere *ere no (ndergrad(ate *o)en and relatively fe* *o)en grad(ate st(dents or fac(lty. 1t first it *as e8hilarating to e one of the only *o)en on the street. ,hat e8perience eca)e less s*eet, ho*ever, *hen it eca)e clear that a *o)an had to fight to e a first?class citi@en of the (niversity. 4hile )ost of )y o*n professors see)ed (n iased, the rest of the (niversity *as solidly (ninterested in *o)en. ,here *ere n()ero(s petty ins(lts, like looking for a *o)enDs athroo) in 9insey

Chittendon 5all and eing told to go to so)e other (ilding. 1 visiting *o)an 7 !"9 7 professor, Cackie 4ise)an, told )e that the )aids in the grad(ate hall in *hich she *as staying *o(ld )ake )ale fac(lty eds (t not hers. 2(ch incidents acc()(lated (ntil (gly patterns of se8is) eca)e apparent and conscio(sness?raising. Ane incident *as partic(larly shocking. + eca)e an acG(aintance of =lga 4asser)an, *ho *as appointed a sort of dean of *o)en, altho(gh it *as not called that. 1 disting(ished che)ist, and an elegant *o)an, she *as kind to )e and other *o)en st(dents (t fo(nd o(r (rgeoning fe)inis) a it over lo*n. 2he *o(ld listen to (s co)plain a o(t this or that ins(lt *hile all the ti)e giving (s the feeling that she did not elieve that it applied to her. 2he never do( ted that she *o(ld e a f(ll )e) er of the <ale ad)inistrative eliteHor so she tho(ght at first. 2hortly after =lga egan her 3o , she fo(nd o(t that the ad)inistrationDs )eetings took place at MoryDs, a drinking cl( that had een on the <ale ca)p(s for a long ti)e and *as a )ale?only retreat. 1 goodly a)o(nt of fe)ale o(trage had een vented against the place, all of it to no avail. .<ears later the cl( finally got nailed and had to ad)it *o)en or lose its liG(or license- (t it did not accept *o)en (ntil its )ost sacred, and l(crative, f(nction *as endangered.0 + do not kno* *hat =lga tho(ght *as going to happen, (t + s(ppose she tho(ght the ad)inistration *as going to change the )eeting place *hen she 3oined the staff. +t did not. +nstead she *as asked to discreetly (se the ack steps to an (pstairs roo) and help preserve the old traditions, despite the loss of dignity to herself. 2he did so for a ti)e, (t )(ch as she *anted to e a good old oy, she co(ld not keep h()iliating herself. 4hen she asked the) not to contin(e p(tting her in this sit(ation, they said the eG(ivalent of JdonDt e a itch,J and she *as left *itho(t f(rther polite reco(rse. 2o she did *hat the rest of (s *ere learning to do: she took i)polite reco(rse. 1s a co(rse of last resort, she *rote an open letter to the fac(lty telling the) *hat *as going on and asking their s(pport. ,hat *as the end of =lga at <ale. + elieve she *ent on to la* school. My postgrad(ate ed(cation in se8is) *as changing )e and other *o)en at <ale. Many of (s had een s(ccessf(l in high school and at life y playing traditional roles *ell. 4e had learned to e p(rs(ed, have po*er in conventional *ays, and shine in so)e great )anDs glory. + *as never strong eno(gh to totally re3ect that traditional ro(te in high school or college. Until <ale, + had never (nderstood the ne8(s et*een se8, se8?role, po*er, and privilege. <ale ta(ght )e a o(t syste)s, as *ell as val(es that are created y syste)s. + *as not ready to give (p all the acco(tre)ents of peer 7 !#0 7 certificationHanyone *ho has tasted acceptance kno*s that yo( have to e e8tre)ely strong and self? confident to have had it, e *illing to lose it, and really not give a da)n a o(t itH (t + *as eginning to (nderstand *hat discri)ination, crassness, and disregard co(ld do and ho* they co(ld e applied to a *hole class of people. Beca(se <ale *as (ilt for the privileged, or those *ho so(ght privilege, it had )ore than the (s(al pop(lation of )en *ho had inherited so(rces of self?estee) y co)ing fro) *ealthy or po*erf(l fa)ilies. ,he s( tle .and (ns( tle0 intersections of class, se8, and stat(s at <ale helped give )e insight into the distinctions that *ere )ade et*een )en and *o)en. ,h(s *hen )y gender eca)e a lia ility in ter)s of fair eval(ation and eG(al opport(nity, the all(re of eing a princess di)inished, and the privileges of traditional fe)inity *ere no longer eno(gh co)pensation. + do not think anyone ever entirely loses the desire to char), (sing traditional gender

skills to advantage- (t *hen those traditions e8cl(de so)e of the )ost i)portant parts of identityH intelligence, a) ition, honor, and dignityHthe old argains cannot e kept. + re)e) er a l(nch *here the caste i)plications of gender eca)e clearer to )e. 1t the ti)e + *as taking classes in the la* school, partly eca(se la* interested )e and partly eca(se + tho(ght the la* school had the rightest st(dents, and it *as against those people that + *anted to e tested. :od *o(ld strike )e dead if + did not also ad)it that + tho(ght it *as the est place to find a *orthy h(s and: + *anted to e free, (t not forever. + *as sitting in the la*?school l(nchroo) *ith so)e of the people + tho(ght )ost challenging. ,hey *ere having a de ateHthere *ere al*ays de atesHand + tho(ght + had so)e sharp points to contri (te. + )ade the), (t no one see)ed to notice. =ach ti)e, a fe* )o)ents after + had spoken, a )an at the ta le said the sa)e thing, to everyoneDs ad)iration and appla(se. ,his happened a o(t three or fo(r ti)es. + *as cr(shed. =ither + *as not artic(late a o(t )y opinions and had to relearn ho* to co))(nicate, or )y opinions *ere not *orth hearing for so)e reason. Conf(sed a o(t *hat + had, or had not, said, + took a )ale friend aside and asked hi) if + had not said the sa)e thing as others. + *ondered if perhaps *hat + said so(nded different fro) *hat they said. 5is ans*er oth reass(red and inf(riated )e. 5e said he had heard )e )ake )y points, (t he tho(ght he )ight have een the only one at the ta le *ho had. 1s far as he co(ld tell, at that ta le, in that gro(p of )en, only )en *ere certified as *orth listening to. Certification also ca)e fro) serving on the la* revie* or as clerk to a 2(pre)e 7 !#1 7 Co(rt 3(stice. 5e tho(ght )y points *ere correct and *ell )ade, (t he did not think + *as going to get )(ch recognition fro) )ale la* st(dents and advised )e to forget trying. 'eacting to )a3or leag(e dis)issal and disco(nting, )any of (s *o)en at <ale carried a chip on a sho(lder and e)ployed an attack?first strategy. ,his attit(de *as not the est *ay to *in over the old g(ard, (t *e *ere so )ad at the) it *as diffic(lt to e politic. 4e annoyed a great )any old l(es, (t *e created a ond *ith one another. +t *as a ti)e of sisterhood, not only at <ale (t also across (niversities and across disciplines. A(r ne* (nderstanding of o(r e8perience pro)pted (s to search for and s(pport fe)ale friendship and colleag(es, altho(gh + )(st ad)it *e *ere elitist a o(t *hich other *o)en *e so(ght o(t. .4e *ere, after all, pretty snotty o(rselvesH*e *ere not doing )(ch organi@ing a)ong *o)en fro) 1l ert(s Magn(s, a local Catholic collegeHand it took a *hile longer for )y friends and )e to think a o(t the *o)enDs )ove)ent in so)ething )ore than self?interested, professional ter)s.0 + did )ake so)e of )y closest friendships at that ti)e. Participating in a social )ove)ent together certainly pro)oted e)otional solidarity. ,he sociology *o)en + gre* close to d(ring those years are still so)e of )y dearest friends. 1)ong )any great friendships the closest *as *ith Canet 9ever. + *as dra*n to Canet for a n() er of reasons, not least eca(se she see)ed to have an independence of spirit that e8ceeded )y o*n. +n addition, she *as an e8cellent st(dent, had etter G(antitative skills than + did .and *as a genero(s and patient t(tor0, and shared so)e of )y interests. 4e h(ng o(t a lot togetherHso )(ch that people at <ale na)ed (s the Bo sey t*ins and contin(ally called (s y each otherDs na)es. 4e did not look alike, (t at <ale, (nlike al)ost any other place on the =ast Coast, t*o short, energetic, and irreverent Ce*ish girls *ere easily )istaken for each other. ,he year 19"9 fo(nd Canet and )e challenged y o(r social life (t not partic(larly y o(r acade)ic c(rric(la. 4e de ated doing so)ething on the side .opening an ice?crea) shop *as a serio(s contender0, (t a )ore acade)ic p(rs(it ca(ght o(r i)agination. <aleDs (ndergrad(ate college decided

to go co?ed .five h(ndred )issionaries *ere to e selected0, and *e tho(ght st(dying the transition *o(ld e a great *ay of looking at the gender *ars fro) a ove instead of fro) o(r position in the trenches. <ale *as so conscio(sly and (nconscio(sly )ale that *e felt that the first year of *o)en on ca)p(s *o(ld provide a nat(ral 7 !#$ 7 e8peri)ent since it *o(ld reveal )ale and fe)ale territories, sho* *here gender traditions *ere )ost passionately conserved, and (ncover *hat changes in inti)acy and colleag(eship )ight occ(r *ith gender integration. %or research p(rposesHand for f(nH*e entered <ale (ndergrad(ate life as participant o servers. %ro) this e8perience *e prod(ced a ook, Women at 6ale , and o(r first paper delivered at a national )eeting, *here =rving :off)an, the disc(ssant .*as this not fatedK0, took (s apart. 4e also *rote o(r first 3o(rnal article on co(rtship at )i8ers. +t had the appropriately sopho)oric title JMasc(lin et %I)inine: %ear and 9oathing on a College Ca)p(s.J 4e fo(nd st(dying (ndergrad(ate )en and *o)en (ne8pectedly (nsettling and a sor ing. 4e *ere not so far fro) o(r o*n (ndergrad(ate days that the research *as *itho(t e)otional i)pact. %(rther, it served to transfer so)e of o(r o*n need to kno* a o(t gender, oth politically and personally, into a fra)e*ork *here *e co(ld apply sociological tools to the discovery process. 4e co(ld go to a )i8er, get involved in the choosing and re3ecting seG(ence, feel it *ith all the i))ediacy and insec(rity that the (ndergrad(ates did, yet still have eno(gh distance to intervie* oth the )en and the *o)en and see each perspective. By eing slightly olderHand not really in the (ndergrad(ate )arketH*e co(ld also take e8peri)ental license *e co(ld never have taken as real (ndergrad(ates, s(ch as seeing *hat happened *hen a *o)an asked a )an to dance or *hen so)e other nor) *as violated. 1nother interest got professionali@ed thro(gh this pro3ect. 1s part of o(r involve)ent in the (ndergrad(ate e8perience *e led disc(ssion gro(ps for Philip and 9orna 2arrel, *ho *ere starting (p one of the first (ndergrad(ate se8(ality co(rses in the co(ntry. ,hey *ere co(nselors and researchers, and they *anted to kno* )ore a o(t the st(dentsD needs and feelings. 1fter reading the )aterials availa le at that ti)e, + decided there *as al)ost no good infor)ation a o(t fe)ale se8(ality and that the literat(re in general *as opinionated rather than researched. 2o)e ooks, like %verything 6ou %ver Wante to 'now About Se# but Were Afrai to Ask .a est?seller then0, str(ck )e as so o(trageo(s that + eca)e @ealo(sly co))itted to prod(cing alternative infor)ation and vie*points. My first effort *as a colla orative ook *ith Philip 2arrel and the rest of the disc(ssion gro(p leaders called Se# at 6ale , *hich later *as taken over y a co))ercial p( lisher and rep( lished as A Stu ent,s 3ui e to Se# on )ampus . 7 !#! 7 <aleDs greatest gift to )e *as an (nstr(ct(red grad(ate progra) that gave )e the ti)e to foc(s )y sociological interests. ,he school asked little )ore of )e than to e s)art and prod(ctive- it *as an age of intellect(al a) ition rather than professional training. ,he conceit of the place *as that the gifted *o(ld rise to the top, the disciplined *o(ld e prod(ctive and (lti)ately disting(ished, and one sho(ld sa)ple fro) ca)p(s life to e a le to enco(rage the est in oneself and others. ,he progra) did not prepare )eHor al)ost anyone else in )y cohortHfor a 3o . 1ltho(gh so)e people had )entors .+ *as not so l(cky here- + had great friends a)ong the fac(lty, (t + did not replicate )y (ndergrad(ate sit(ation0, fe* people *ere prod(ced as so?and?soDs st(dent. +t *as a collectivity of individ(al

acco)plish)ent. +t *as also a ti)e of political a*akening and individ(al conscience, of antiHEietna) 4ar activity and de)ands for social 3(stice. ;e* 5aven has a large, poor lack pop(lation, and to*n?and?go*n pro le)s, al*ays present, increased in intensity *hen Bo y 2eale *as arrested and, as the Cros y, 2tills, and ;ash song i))ortali@ed, tied to a chair d(ring his trial. 2t(dent and to*n activists called for Jdays of rage,J and 1 ie 5off)an and Cerry '( in ca)e to ca)p(s to de)onstrate. =nor)o(s n() ers of <ale (ndergrad(ates and grad(ate st(dents dropped *hatever else *as in o(r lives and attended )eeting after )eeting to address Jthe iss(esJ and let o(t o(r adrenalin?enhanced e)otions. 1ltho(gh then the protest see)ed like a ti)e?o(t fro) school, it *as act(ally a grad(ate ed(cation in racis), se8is), and social )ove)ents. +t re)ains one of the fe* ti)es in )y life *here + *as involved in trying to acco)plish collective action *ithin a tr(ly diverse pop(lation. ,he *ar et*een the se8es, ho*ever, contin(ed. Politically li eral )en proved little )ore enlightened than the <ale old g(ard. Bringing coffee to the head of the Black Panthers had a lot in co))on *ith ringing coffee to a )e) er of the <ale Corporation. ,he <ale e8perience *as, in eG(al parts, personally, politically, and intellect(ally challenging. By the end of )y years there + had left the sociology of la* and eco)e co))itted to the st(dy of gender, fa)ily, and se8(ality. 5o*ever, there *as no one on the fac(lty serio(sly co))itted to those areas. + *as pretty )(ch on )y o*n, tho(gh 2tanton 4heeler, B(rton Clark, and 9o(is :ood)an *ere genero(s *ith ti)e and s(ggestions. + )ore or less created )yself. + left <ale a year earlier than + sho(ld have eca(se + eca)e engaged to Cohn 2trait, a )an + )et in the la* school. 5e *as fighting for conscientio(s?o 3ector stat(s and had to do it fro) the 4est Coast .a 7 !#B 7 long and interesting storyHhe *on a F/B decision in the United 2tates 2(pre)e Co(rt0. 2eparated *hile + re)ained on the =ast Coast to *rite )y first ook *ith Canet, *e got together for a fe* days to get )arried in Chicago and then *ent ack to o(r separate coasts to o(r separate co))it)ents the day after the *edding. 5e *on a fello*ship in poverty la*, *hich sent hi) to Portland, and it *as a year efore + follo*ed. + arrived *ith )y dissertation to finish and a severe sense of displace)ent. %or the first ti)e in )y life + *as on so)e ody elseDs t(rf. + *as not there as Pepper 2ch*art@- + *as there as CohnDs *ife. + did not en3oy eing CohnDs *ife. + had no )ission of )y o*n, other than )y dissertation, and )y identity *as o vio(sly shakier than + tho(ght it *as. + snarled at folks *hen they introd(ced )e as Mrs. 2trait. + )eant to keep )y na)e, and )y o*n lifeDs tra3ectory, and + did not *ant to e second anana. + fo(nd a gro(p of *o)en *ho felt the sa)e *ay and got involved in PortlandDs fe)inist and political scene. + *as in no shape to keep a )arriage togetherHor for that )atter even start one. +t *as for oth of (s still a ti)e of e8peri)entation. 4e s)ashed a n() er of )arital traditions. + *rote a fe* articles on alternative fa)ily str(ct(res. ,he )arriage ended a o(t t*o years later y a )(t(al (nderstanding that *e had never really eg(n it. 4e re)ain good friends to this day, pro a ly eca(se *e chalk (p the e8perience to the ti)es and the o vio(s fact that neither of (s *as ready to )ake an e)otional co))it)ent or partnership. 1fter a year or so in Portland + applied for 3o s. Cohn loved the 4est and loathed the =ast, and + had eco)e acc(sto)ed to oth- so + applied al)ost entirely on the 4est Coast to keep so)e se) lance of co))it)ent to )y relationship. +t *as a l(sh ti)e in the 3o )arket, and )y personal l(ck held (p. 2chools had 3(st ad)itted that they had had no ten(re?line *o)en and decided they sho(ld listen to govern)ent ad)onitions a o(t affir)ative action. + received n()ero(s 3o feelers, as did everyone in

)y cohort. A(r gro(p got paid for all the *o)en *ho had een denied 3o s efore (s. + do not kno* if *e *ere a*are of the (niG(eness of that period *hen *e *ere going thro(gh it. + received an offer fro) the University of 4ashington in &ece) er 19#1. + had never visited there and kne* no one in the sociology depart)ent. 1ll + kne* *as that the depart)ent *as very G(antitative and that )y *ork (p to that point *as 99 percent G(alitative. + tho(ght )yself an odd choice for the), (t + visited 2eattle, fo(nd it (ne8pectedly ea(tif(l, and tho(ght + *o(ld give living there a try. ,hatDs ho* privileged *e *ere- *e co(ld not i)agine a lack 7 !#F 7 of opport(nity- *e had no reason to *orry a o(t )oney or life?style. +t *as a golden age. + ca)e to 4ashington d(ring the s())er, and a fare*ell l(ncheon for Atto 9arsen *as in progress. ,here *as a certain a)o(nt of good?nat(red se8is) going on .Atto *as presented *ith a poster of a n(de fe)ale torso as a going?a*ay gift efore he left for a three?year stint as e8ec(tive officer of the 1)erican 2ociological 1ssociation0, (t everyone *as e8tre)ely nice to )e, and + i))ediately hit it off *ith another assistant professor, Philip Bl()stein. ,his association res(lted in the )ost profo(nd friendship, colleag(eship, and partnership that + co(ld ever have *ished for. +n the early years he *as )y g(ide to professional life. 1s o(r partnership )at(red, it res(lted in )ore and )ore de)anding research colla orations. +t *as, and is, one of the l(ckiest things that has ever happened to )e. 4e have no* een *orking together for )ore than fifteen years. Philip has given )e a short co(rse in G(antitative sociology- and + reintrod(ced hi) to G(alitative )ethods and enco(raged his then dor)ant, (t no* very )(ch alive, interest in gender, se8(ality, and relationships. 4e have taken on challenges together that *e )ight never have considered as independent researchers. ,he association *ith Philip changed oth o(r *ork. 1t the ti)e *e )et, he *as doing fairly orthodo8 e8peri)ental social psychology on personal acco(nts and identity for)ation. 1ltho(gh *e have recently done a paper .*ith Peter >ollock0 coding interactional data, + *eaned hi) a*ay fro) that tradition for a long ti)e and got hi) engaged first in a s)all st(dy of the trans)ission of affection and later in a so)e*hat larger intervie* st(dy on the acG(isition of se8(al identity. 1s Philip got f(rther and f(rther a*ay fro) his roots, he egan to feel a need to ret(rn to e8peri)ental st(dies. B(t + intervened *ith an idea that kept (s (sy for the ne8t decade st(dying relationships and gender y co)paring heterose8(al and ho)ose8(al co(ples. Philip *as e8cited a o(t the he(ristic possi ilities of the research design, and thro(gh o(r endless disc(ssions .*e nor)ally spent f(ll days together, parts of *eekends, and occasionally vacations0 helped develop it into a )ore sophisticated inG(iry into the nat(re of )arriage as an instit(tion and the i)pact of gender on co(ple satisfaction, d(ra ility, and day? to?day life. 5e *anted to do the st(dy Jso)edayJ- + *anted to do it right a*ay and anno(nced + *as going ahead *itho(t hi). 1 o(t ten )in(tes later he ca)e arging into )y office and agitatedly declared that the st(dy *as too i)portant for )e to do *itho(t hi), that + needed hi), and that he *as co)ing along. 5e *as right on all co(nts, and + *as delighted *e *ere partners again. ,hat 7 !#" 7 *as in 19#F, and he and + and o(r st(dents and colleag(es are still *riting (p data gathered fro) that st(dy. A(r research proposal *as called J'ole &ifferentiation in Con3(gal and P(asi?Con3(gal &yads.J ,he title *as changed y the f(nding agency to J%a)ily 'ole &ifferentiationJ so as not to dra* fire fro) an increasingly conservative Congress. 1t that ti)e 2enator 4illia) Pro8)ire *as having f(n deno(ncing

vario(s research pro3ects, and so)e )e) ers of Congress *ere looking to sc(ttle pro3ects they felt offended p( lic )orality. 2till other politicians *ere generally opposed to anything that peered into the private and sacred spheres of fa)ily life. 2ince o(r st(dy co)pared heterose8(al and ho)ose8(al co(ples, f(nding organi@ations *orried that *e *o(ld attract s(ch govern)ent opposition. +n fact *e did get deno(nced .on the floor of Congress y Cesse 5el)s0 for st(dying ho)ose8(ality, (t Pro8)ire never really did attle *ith (s, perhaps eca(se *e organi@ed strong s(pport fro) the 1)erican 2ociological 1ssociation, the ;ational 2cience %o(ndation, and the t*o po*erf(l senators fro) 4ashington at the ti)e, 5enry Cackson and 4arren Magn(son. 4e got thro(gh that period and entered on the )ost de)anding regi)e + have ever e8perienced. ,o acco)plish o(r research *e had to create and r(n o(r o*n s)all s(rvey research center. 4e *ere over? *hel)ed y the vol()e of responses to the st(dy and y the si@e of the staff *e had to asse) le to handle the G(estionnaires and intervie*s. 4e had )ore than t*elve tho(sand G(estionnaires co)e in over a period of several *eeks, s*a)ping the (niversity )ail service. 4e hired intervie*ers in other cities and traveled o(rselves to ask people to participate. 4e elicited participation fro) organi@ations and special?interest gro(ps, leafleted neigh orhoods, *ent on television and radio, and (tili@ed the national, local, and syndicated )edia to get people interested in cooperating *ith (s. ,his last activity *as a it of an innovation in sociological research, and it not only dre* the interest of o(r s( 3ects (t also attracted co))ercial p( lishers and ook agents. ,he entry of )ass circ(lation p( lishing ho(ses t(rned o(t to e very fort(nate. 4e had drastically (nderesti)ated ho* e8pensive the research *as going to e eca(se *e had (nderesti)ated ho* large a pop(lation *e *o(ld need to get the diversity of coha itors, gay )en, les ians, and )arried co(ples needed to co)plete the st(dy design. By increasing o(r sa)ple si@e *e inflated other costs *ay eyond o(r original grant (dget, and *hen p( lishers started inG(iring a o(t the possi ility of a ook *ritten for a large lay a(dienceHand dangled 7 !## 7 si@ea le )oney (p frontHthe idea of a ne* f(nding so(rce eca)e not only *elco)e (t necessary. 4e had already reached the stage of (sing o(r salaries for e8penses and (ilding (p a de t *ith the (niversity. ,he interest on the part of co))ercial p( lishers *as another )a3or event in )y life. + had changed in the co(rse of the research. +t had eco)e i)portant to )e to speak to oth lay and acade)ic a(diences. Both Philip and + desired to *rite (p the co(plesD st(dy in a for)at and a prose style that *as accessi le to anyone *ith a high?school ed(cation. 4e *anted o(r *ork to e (sef(l to oth colleag(es and o(r s( 3ects. 4e *ere co))itted to a ook that co(ld e read oth in a edroo) and a classroo). 4e did not find o(t (ntil *e tried *riting (p o(r data ho* terri ly diffic(lt that task *o(ld e. 1ltho(gh o(r first ook o(t of the pro3ect, American )ouples .196!0, did get noticed and (tili@ed in oth the trade? ook and acade)ic )arkets, it did not fit either one perfectly. An the one hand, )ass? )arket revie*ers fo(nd o(r ook Jreada leJ (t still acade)ic. ,he p( lic, it see)ed, *as not co)forta le *ith charts and footnotes. An the other hand, acade)ic revie*ers *ere distressed that certain conventions, s(ch as an e8tensive literat(re revie* and page notes, *ere o)itted. 4e engaged oth the lay and professional readerHand pleased the )a3ority of o(r revie*ersH (t did not f(lly )eet each gro(pDs e8pectations. 4hen *e decided to address a )ass a(dience, *e kne* very little a o(t the *orld of trade p( lishing. 1fter so)e (nsolicited calls fro) agents, *e decided to get an agent to handle the transition fro) p( lisherDs interest to p( lisherDs contract. Most a(thors get an agent at a cocktail party, have one

reco))ended y another a(thor, or s( )it a proposal to an agent and are contacted y the agent if he or she thinks the pro3ect and the a(thor.s0 are *orthy, or at least co))ercial. Philip and + *ere ignorant of the r(les of the ga)e, so *e p(rs(ed a researcherDs strategy. + got a list of ten Jgood agentsJ fro) Bar ara ;ellis, an editor friend at $layboy . 4e *rote the) a o(t o(r pro3ect and the kind of ook *e *o(ld like to *rite. =ight responded *ith interest, so *hen *e *ere in ;e* <ork to collect data, *e also stopped in their offices and started intervie*ing the). ,his created a )iniscandal in agent circles: co)petitive intervie*ing *as si)ply not done. 4e did it anyho* and fo(nd )any people *ho i)pressed (s, (t *e ended (p *ith so)eone not on o(r original list. 9ynn ;es it, one of the top agents in ;e* <ork, heard a o(t the pro3ect and tracked (s do*n. 4e *ere too green to kno* ho* l(cky *e *ere to have her (t fort(nately 7 !#6 7 not so d() as to )iss the opport(nity. 4e )et *ith her and signed *ith her on the spot. A(r agent held an a(ction to deter)ine *hich p( lishing ho(se *o(ld de)onstrate its enth(sias) for o(r pro3ect y offering a s( stantial advance. .1n a(ction, y the *ay, is not an ordinary *ay to sell a ook- it is (s(ally reserved for very fa)o(s a(thors or, as in o(r case, a sit(ation *here the agent or p( licity has created a sense of (rgent de)and and co)petition for a ook.0 An the strength of t*o long o(tlines .t*o ooks *ere proposed0, p( lishers offered (s )ore )oney than p(rely acade)ic ooks received. 4ith the help of o(r agent *e ended (p *ith an e8cellent co)pany .4illia) Morro*0 and a ferocio(sly involved editor .Maria :(arnaschelli0. Maria and the t*o of (s e) arked on a relationship that transcended the ordinary editorial relationship and )ore rese) led the kind of intellect(al inti)acy, care, and friendship that the fa led Ma8*ell Perkins offered his a(thors. Maria ca)e to 2eattle, lived *ith Philip and )e for *eeks at a ti)e, once at a *eekend far) )y h(s and and + o*n, another ti)e sharing o(r ho(ses in the city. 1 driven and driving person, she *o(ld *ork (s all day and then into the )orning ho(rs. 2he *o(ld not let (s (p fro) the ta le (ntil *e *ere red(ced to pleading fatig(e screa)ing in e8asperation. 2he *o(ld G(estion (s a o(t o(r ass()ptions and the ass()ptions of the discipline, o(r lang(age, o(r analysis, and o(r organi@ation. 4e *o(ld dissect a sentence for an ho(r, then co)e ack and do it for t*o )ore ho(rs. 4e learned an enor)o(s a)o(nt fro) her. +n the )eanti)e gossip )ade its *ay ack to o(r profession, letting colleag(es kno* that *e had signed a l(crative co))ercial p( lishing contract. Collegial reaction ranged fro) eing thrilled for (s to )eanspirited envy and criticis). + kne* *e *ere in tro( le *hen a close friend heard a rather pro)inent sociologist critici@ing o(r ook at an 1)erican 2ociological 1ssociation )eeting. 2he listened to his critiG(e and then pointed o(t to hi) that the ook *as not yet *ritten and had )erely een sold as an o(tline. 4e gave (p any hope of the ook eing received fairly y sociologists. +t t(rned o(t *e *ere too pessi)istic. Most of o(r colleag(es *ere )ore gracio(s than the overheard critic. 4hen the ook ca)e o(t, it garnered )ore approval and generosity than envy or dis)issal. +n fact, these days + periodically get phone calls fro) colleag(es asking for the na)es of good agents. + hope that )ore sociologists will *rite for the general p( lic. 1nd + hope they *ill ring ack to the discipline the conventions of pop(lar 7 !#9 7 nonfiction. ,rade p( lishers are loath to allo* (nclear technical lang(age, and reada ility is a)ong an editorDs chief concerns. Most people *ho *rite for a lay a(dience clean (p their style .as do, + think,

)ost te8t ook *riters0, and it *o(ld e nice to see engaging prose filter into ethnographies, )onographs, and, yes, even 3o(rnal articles. 4hen a sociologist *rites a ook that aspires to interest a general a(dience, that person is reaching o(t to readers *ho are free to p(t do*n the ook *itho(t even a t*inge of conscience. + think solving the Jfree readerJ pro le) is a good challenge for any *riter. =ven professional *riting sho(ld *oo and reco))it the reader over the co(rse of the ook or article. A vio(sly, the e8perience of *riting American )ouples has changed the *ay + feel a o(t co))(nicating research. + like cooperating *ith the )edia and talking to the p( lic a o(t *hat + think are co)pelling iss(es in fa)ily life and inti)ate relationships. + have developed so)e facility for interpreting )y research interests in a for)at the )edia and a(diences find accessi le. 1s a res(lt + find that + get asked y organi@ations like ;BC or the -ew 6ork Times to co))ent on everything, fro) de)ographic trends to *hy 1nn 9anders got letters fro) her *o)en readers saying they preferred c(ddling to se8. 1ltho(gh so)e of this involve)ent *ith the )edia and general p( lic )erely provides entertain)ent, + have also fo(nd that there are ti)es *hen a reasona ly *ell?infor)ed voice is a contri (tion. 4e sociologists relinG(ished social co))entary al)ost entirely to the psychological professionals, *ho have had a field day attri (ting everything in society to states of )ind and little to social forces. + think it is (nconsciona le for (s to elieve in o(r point of vie* and then fastidio(sly decline to present it to the p( lic. ;ot that the p( lic *ants it right no*: they have eco)e addicted to psychological e8planations of the )ost anal and si)plistic sort. B(t + think they can e *eaned if anyone *ants to )ake the effort. + have fo(nd it re*arding to try, and + hope )ore colleag(es *ill enter this arena. ,o this end + have accepted s(ch opport(nities as serving on President 'eaganDs ad hoc advisory co))ittee on the fa)ily and on the oard of Ce*ish %a)ily 2ervices, and *orking *ith fa)ily? planning gro(ps and gay?rights and *o)enDs gro(ps. + reg(larly appear on national television sho*s and have had )y o*n sho* on the local ;BC affiliate, >+;:?,E. %or the last t*o years + have done ne*s analysis at least once a *eek for the 2eattle CB2 affiliate, >+'A?,E. My co))entaries have covered s(ch diverse topics as interpreting the appeal of Aliver ;orth 7 !60 7 and trying to e8plain s(rveys on prochoice and antia ortion positions. %ro) ti)e to ti)e + *rite articles on love, se8, )arriage, or se8 roles for )aga@ines like La ies, /ome 2ournal! -ew Woman! or &e book . + kno* that )ine is a strange career for a professor, (t *hy sho(ld it eK ;ot all of (s have either the a ility or the desire to translate o(r *ork for )ore than one a(dience, (t those of (s *ho are attracted sho(ld e enco(raged. Personally, + like a little creative schi@ophrenia. ,he danger, of co(rse, is getting spread too thin and not doing the 3o right in any one area, and + ad)it to having s(cc() ed to that pitfall on occasion. B(t )ore often having oth acade)ic and nonacade)ic goals 3(st )eans *orking intensely on one pro3ect for a long ti)e and then going on and *orking intensely on so)ething different. %or )e, this has een a f(lfilling career pattern. + a) happy *ith )ost of )y choices. + listened to *hat + *as *riting a o(t love and )arriage and in 196$ got )arried again. My h(s and, 1rth(r 2kolnik, and + had a co))(ting )arriage for t*o years that *as logistically diffic(lt (t necessary for (s oth to p(rs(e o(r careers. ;o* *e are ack in the sa)e city, e8G(isitely a*are of *hat it takes to p(ll off an egalitarian d(al?career )arriage. 4e have t*o yo(ng children, Cooper and 'yder, and they have opened (p a ne* set of preocc(pations that are infl(encing )y research interests. ;ot s(rprising, the

ook + a) *orking on no*, A "ore $erfect *nion , is a o(t egalitarian co(ples, ho* they handle everything fro) co))(nication to child raising, and the enefits and costs to s(ch co(plesD e8periences. Bet*een )y friends, fa)ily, and general c(riosity, + do not e8pect to r(n o(t of )aterial in the foreseea le f(t(re. 7 !61 7

%A T V4 T1E EU O%EAN EMI0 ATION

7 !6! 7

$ha/ter !eventeen4 %artisanshi/ and !cho*arshi/

0uenther oth + gre* (p in ;a@i :er)any in a h(rry. 4ar )ade )e a political ani)al- li eration, an intellect(ale)igration, a political sociologist. +t is a tr(is) that individ(als react differently to the sa)e events, even i)pressiona le yo(ng people fro) the sa)e social ackgro(nd. + lived thro(gh 4orld 4ar ++ )ore intensely and *ith greater a*areness than )ost of )y class)ates, (t *ith the) + *as part of the *arDs l(cky generation. ;ot yet ten years old *hen the *ar egan, )ost of (s )issed eing pressed into )ilitary service in its last ho(rs- hence *e *ere not de)ographically deci)ated. More i)portant, *e *ere too yo(ng to have to choose et*een fighting for the ;a@is or eing persec(ted y the). 4e co(ld afford the l(8(ry of not feeling JreallyJ responsi le for *hat JtheyJ had done. B(t *e *ere old eno(gh to get a lifelong lesson. +n o(r teens *e *ere ready for the tre)endo(s e8perience of intellect(al li eration and political freedo), in a ti)e that *as also the for)ative period of the %ederal 'ep( lic of :er)any. ,oo yo(ng to actively re (ild :er)an de)ocracy and the :er)an econo)y, *e *ere pri)e eneficiaries of the reconstr(ction. 4e still st(died (nder vario(s kinds of )aterial handicaps, (t *e entered professional life d(ring the years of greatest econo)ic prosperity and the est 3o opport(nities. +n the 19#0s )y political generation )oved into positions of political infl(ence and govern)ental responsi ility in 4est :er)any, 3(st *hen the age of social refor) ca)e to an end and the *orld econo)y *as shaken y the first oil crisis. + have re)ained a )e) er of this generation as an o(tsider, an o server, and an occasional participant. + still )aintain )y 7 !6B 7 friendships fro) classical school and fro) )y short period of political activis) in :er)any in the early 19F0s. 1t so)e point not very clear to )e for)ative e8perience t(rned into life pattern. ,he e8citing things happened to )e early, and + *ill foc(s )y narrative on the). + *ill then atte)pt to reconstr(ct so)e of the .to )e l(rry0 connections et*een )y life and )y *ork.

'(9'8'(@6
+f )y generation *as l(cky, + *as partic(larly fort(nate. + *as orn into an (n(s(al fa)ily. + received an antifascist (p ringing, an advantage that + tended to t(rn into self?righteo(sness later in )y teens. By contrast, )any fa)ilies tried to shield their children fro) *hat *as going on aro(nd the) and e8cl(de the) fro) any political a*areness and disc(ssion. + *as orn at the end of the 4ei)ar 'ep( lic, in 19!1, at the onset of the :er)an depression, *hich had eg(n in earnest *ith the spectac(lar fail(re of the fa)ed &ar)st[dter (nd ;ational?Bank in )y ho)eto*n, &ar)stadt. ,o give irth )y )other *ent ack to her near y native village, 4olfskehlen, *here )y great?grand)other, a )id*ife, delivered )e. 4hen the ;a@is ca)e to po*er t*o years later, )y father retreated into free?lance 3o(rnalis) and photography. 5e had ehind hi) a career as a parlia)entary and *ire?service stenographer and reporter at the constit(ent asse) ly of 1919, the 2pa reparations conference of 19$0, and the 'eichstag. 2( seG(ently he had een on the staff of a de)ocratic ne*spaper. &(ring the *ar he *as to )ake s(re that + *o(ld share his high regard for the )en *ho had een states)en and responsi le political leaders, in contrast to the r(lers of the day. 1ltho(gh repri)anded several ti)es for politically G(estiona le reporting, he co(ld eke o(t a living y roa)ing the co(ntryside, covering cattle and horse a(ctions and si)ilarly )(ndane events. By declaring )y )other typist and secretary of his ne*s serviceHa )ere letterhead enterpriseHhe s(cceeded in keeping her a*ay first fro) political, then, d(ring the *ar, fro) ind(strial, recr(it)ent. My )other o 3ected to the ;a@is pri)arily for aesthetic and so(ndly ladylike reasons: ;a@i speakers yelled too lo(dly and t(rned red in the face. 4hen the ;a@is introd(ced )ilitary registration, )y father *as already relatively oldHhe *as orn in 169"Hand received a lo* rating eca(se he lacked prior )ilitary e8perience and co(ld point to a history of psychoso)atic and nervo(s ail)ents. +n this )anner he had s(rvived 7 !6F 7 4orld 4ar +, in *hich )ost of his class)ates fro) classical school *ere killed in action. 5e ta(ght )e early that 9ange)arck, one of the great nationalist sy) ols of patriotic sacrifice, had een a cri)ethere, in %landers, tho(sands of :er)an st(dent vol(nteers stor)ed to their death on ;ove) er 11, 191B, fo(r years efore the great sla(ghter ca)e to an end. My draft?dodging father proved that in the str(ggle for s(rvival the fittest are )ost likely to get killed off. 5e never lifted a ha))er or any other heavy o 3ect in his life, (t he co(ld take shorthand in fo(r lang(ages. +n later years he re)inded )e very )(ch of 2iegfried >raca(erDs self?portrait as a *arti)e s(rvival artist, *hich had appeared anony)o(sly in 19$6, the sa)e year as =rich Maria 'e)arG(eDs All <uiet on the Western 0ront .S1T My first political )e)ory dates fro) ;ove) er 9, 19!6, kno*n as >ristallnacht, *hen synagog(es *ere (rned do*n and Ce*ish shops vandali@ed. My parents *oke )e (p and sho*ed )e the clo(dy sky reddened y fla)es. 2o)ething *as said a o(t the horror of it, a o(t the eginning of *ar. 2i8 years later + *atched )y ho)eto*n eing cons()ed y a fire stor) (nder another red sky. 4hen the second *ar, *hich )y parents had e8pected as early as 19!6, finally ca)e, it strongly preocc(pied )y i)agination. + can recall the streetlights going o(tHfor )any years, as it t(rned o(tHand the e8cite)ent of lacking o(t all light fro) the *indo*s. Matters )ilitary fascinated )e, (t )y father, a stern disciplinarian, ref(sed to (y )e )ilitary toys, altho(gh )y friends had the) in a (ndance. My gentle paternal grand)other o(ght )e 3(st a fe*, (t it *as a r(le that + had to keep the) in )y roo) on pain of having the) thro*n at )e if a tank dared advance into the living roo). + insisted on finding the ne*spaper at )y edside in the )orning, (t + needed )y father to learn ho* to read it. 4hen &en)ark and ;or*ay *ere attacked in 1pril 19B0, he called )e into his st(dy,

sho*ed )e the headline, and asked )e *hat it )eant. +t said so)ething a o(t the protection of ne(trality. J+t )eans,J e8plained )y father, Jthat *e are invading and overr(nning another little co(ntry.J An C(ne $$, 19B1, )y )other *oke )e (p *ith the ne*s of the :er)an offensive against the 2oviet Union: J;o* 5itler *ill s(ffer the fate of ;apoleon.J 4hen 5itler declared *ar on the United 2tates in &ece) er in a long and ra) ling speech, )y father e8clai)ed, J;o* he has done everything to r(in hi)self.J Ather lessons re)ain in )y )e)ory. + re)e) er vividly the day *hen a gro(p of Ce*s *ere deported fro) o(r neigh orhood. Police G(ickly cordoned off the area and stopped all traffic, shooing the 7 !6" 7 pedestrians a*ay. My father, *ho had noticed the co))otion, fetched )e and told )e to o serve the scene and Jnever forget ho* they treat h()an eings.J + cli) ed (p a tree to look over a high *all and *atched old people eing p(t in a covered tr(ck.S$T Ance *hen + *alked to school in the )orning darkness, + sa* t*o ar)ed 2icherheitsdienst)en .2&, i.e., sec(rity services0 escorting a )other and t*o children. &id + kno* *hat *as going to happen to these people apart fro) their deportation to eastern JreservationsJ or Jreservoirs,J as the lang(age so)eti)es e8pressed it *ith (nconscio(s ling(istic treacheryK + kne* the na)e of only one concentration ca)p, &acha(, a o(t *hich anti?;a@i 3okes circ(lated. + did not learn of 1(sch*it@, Bergen?Belsen, or B(chen*ald (ntil after the *ar, (t + heard one of )y political t(tors tell a o(t the 2&Ds )ass e8ec(tions in '(ssia and a o(t h(ge ditches eing d(g as graves. ,r(th re)ained a r()or since nothing co(ld e verified in a totaliarian state that prosec(ted people for spreading gossip *hen they spoke the tr(th. B(t since o(r little circle considered the ;a@is capa le of any cri)e, *e tended to tr(st the very r()ors that )any people preferred to dis elieve. + received )(ch of )y political ed(cation in the deep stone ase)ent of the old villa fro) the 16#0s that served as ho)e for )y fa)ily and t*o others. &(ring )ore than one h(ndred nights, after air raid alar)s *oke (s (p and sent (s do*n, + listened to the political conversations of )y father and the t*o other )en in the ho(se, one a local (siness)an *ho happened to have an inval(a le 2*iss passport and ro(ght relia le political ne*s fro) a road, the other a violinist in the opera orchestra *ho had 3oined the ;a@i party early (t t(rned against it *hen his Masonic lodge *as o(tla*ed. 4e *ere often 3oined y a for)er 2ch(t@staffel .220 )an *ho in the 19$0s had had his sk(ll cracked y a 5essian police)an in a street ra*l (t *ho had co)e to loathe the regi)e, *hich he did not s(rvive. .5e *as killed in one of the air raids.0 + read to the) )y fledgling atte)pts at anti?;a@i poetry (ntil they )ade )e pro)ise not to *rite any )ore since it co(ld endanger every ody in the ho(se. 5o* *as s(ch a ho(se co))(nity possi le (nder totalitarian conditionsK +n o(r case one i)portant )eans of neigh orhood s(rveillance had roken do*n. A(r ;a@i Block*art, the party )e) er appointed to *atch o(t for anything s(spicio(s in the neigh orhood, *as a very discreet 3anitor *ho co) ined deference to his Jsocial ettersJ *ith si)ple h()an decency. 1nother so(rce of antifascist ed(cation *as )y e8perience in the C(ngvolk, the co)p(lsory drill and indoctrination organi@ation for 7 !6# 7 those et*een the ages of ten and fo(rteen. ,*ice a *eek after school *e had to asse) le at a p( lic place or enca)p)ent. 4hen + first reported to %[nlein 10/11F in 19B1, it t(rned o(t that + *as the only

classical st(dent in a to(gh *orking?class (nit. 1s an only child fro) a )iddle?class fa)ily + *as scared of the (llying teenage drill sergeants (t perhaps even )ore of the physical pro*ess and violence of )y peers. 1fter a o(t a year )y G(ick physical )at(ration and gro*ing self?confidence ena led )e to hold )y o*n in *restling )atches and to )ake friends *ith *orking?class children, *hose parents had voted only eight years earlier for the Co))(nist or 2ocial &e)ocratic party. 1t the sa)e ti)e there *as )(ch t(rnover a)ong o(r Jleaders,J *ho vol(nteered for )ilitary service at the earliest possi le )o)ent and see)ed in a h(rry to get the)selves killed. %or)er yo(th leaders *ho occasionally visited (s d(ring )ilitary leaves ca)e a*ay co)plaining that *e *ere 3(st a Jherd of s*ine.J 4e eca)e ever )ore tr(c(lent and took to greeting one another *ith a defiant /eil "oskau . ;o ody ever sG(ealed.S!T %or a ti)e the police )ade a special effort to ro(nd (p tr(ants, (t as the o) ing raids )(ltiplied and the ;a@i regi)e atte)pted total )o ili@ation after 2talingrad, there *as increasing disarray and personnel shortage, and *e )anaged to stay a*ay )ore freG(ently (ntil o(r local organi@ation practically collapsed. M(ch )ore i)portant for )y life than the C(ngvolk *as enroll)ent, in 19B1, in classical school .humanistisches 3ymnasium 0, the )ost prestigio(s of the secondary schools. 4hether a person co(ld so)eday attend (niversity *as decided at age ten, )ostly y parents, (t a p(pil had to e co)petent eno(gh to pass a fairly de)anding e8a)ination. Anly a s)all )inority *ent to secondary school after d(e preparation, *hich often incl(ded private t(toring. ,he ;a@is recr(ited their o*n f(t(re elite thro(gh a s)all n() er of oarding schools .-apolas 0. ,hey disliked the classical schools and planned to a olish the) after the *ar. Ance + had passed the .to )e frightening0 ad)ission test, )y father ass(red )e that henceforth he *o(ld no longer spank )e since spanking *as inco)pati le *ith a classical st(dentDs dignity. 5e also considered it appropriate to )y ne* stat(s to tell )e that Christianity *as a )yth that need not e taken serio(sly. .Behind hi) *ere t*o generations of agnostic co(ntry schoolteachers and ch(rch organists.0 ,he cessation of physical p(nish)ent *as i)portant since it eli)inated )y )ost asic fear of hi). +nstead of p(shing )e into early re ellion and to*ard the peer gro(p ca)araderie of the ;a@i yo(th )ove)ent, as other stern fathers so)eti)es did (nintentionally, he *on )e over to his vie* of the 7 !66 7 *orld *itho(t having to *orry that + *o(ld report hi). + s(spect that )y relia ility *as reinforced y another stat(s factor. 1s an only child in the fa)ily and the ho(se + *as very ad(lt?oriented and felt even )ore gro*n (p *hen + *as allo*ed to listen to serio(s talk a o(t )atters of state. A(r class G(ickly developed an esprit de corps. +t *as socially (naccepta le to e an o(tspoken adherent of ;a@is). 2o)eho* the t*o or three self?declared ;a@i enth(siasts fl(nked o(t soon. 5ad they een artic(late ;a@is eca(se they *ere poor st(dents, or *as it the other *ay ro(ndK + have a ha@y recollection that another stat(s ele)ent )ay have een involved: these p(pils ca)e fro) lo*er )iddle?class fa)ilies that identified *ith the regi)e (t still considered classical school a social step (p*ardH(nattaina le, as it t(rned o(t. Most of o(r teachers *ere co))itted to the e) attled classical c(rric(l() and tried to contin(e teaching (s Caesar and Cicero in the va(lts of o(r three?h(ndred?year? old school d(ring air raid *arning ti)es. 2o)e teachers ta(ght eyond retire)ent age and *ere closer to the )onarchist past than the present. Anly the director *as e8pected to e a ;a@i, (t so)e teachers *ere kno*n to e tr(e elievers. A(r art teacher, for instance, had no acade)ic credentials and o*ed his 3o to his vocifero(sly e8pressed party loyalty. 4e *ere at perpet(al *ar *ith hi), and he often screa)ed that *e *ere Jc(lt(ral Bolsheviks.J Ance *e *ere kept for t*o periods after school and had to take t(rns reading alo(d the acco(nt of 5itlerDs a ortive )arch on the %eldherrnhalle in M(nich on ;ove) er 9, 19$!, *hen he *as fatef(lly spared y the police (lletsHthe )ost sacred event in ;a@i

)ythology. ,hat did nothing to *in (s over to the ca(se. 1t that ti)e + developed )y first notions a o(t the United 2tates. Before the declaration of *ar ;a@i propaganda had o served so)e li)its, deno(ncing highly visi le persons rather than the United 2tates govern)ent. %iorello 9a :(ardia, the )ayor of ;e* <ork, *as a favorite target. 1 fa)o(s photo of 9a :(ardia leaning over the side of 'ooseveltDs car *as evidence of ho* Jthe Ce*sJ had the presidentDs ear. + vag(ely re)e) er also a pict(re sho*ing another political fig(reHperhaps ;e* <ork governor 5er ert 9eh)anHconsorting *ith a stripteaser. 1fter the declaration of *ar ;a@i propaganda *ent into high gear and e8posed 1)erican Jc(lt(ral decadence.J %il) reels sho*ed a lack 3a@@ and playing syncopated 2ch( ert, o8ing )atches et*een ig fat *o)en and s)all thin )en, and ladies *restling in )(d or on fishHall fascinating for an eleven? or t*elve?year?old. 7 !69 7 +n 19B! + had )y first vis(al contacts *ith the 1)ericans, as the %lying %ortresses .B?1#s0 appeared in the dayti)e sky. Bo) ing y the 'oyal 1ir %orce .'1%0 had greatly increased d(ring 19B$, (t the slo* British 9ancasters fle* only at night and co(ld only e heard, not seen. By 19B$/B! )any cities had een ravaged, (t only 1F$ persons had een killed in )y ho)eto*n. + had lived thro(gh fo(r )a3or nighti)e o) ings, the last on 2epte) er $!, 19B!, *hich s(rprised )e in ed. Christ)as trees .)arking flares0 *ere already ill()inating the city *hen + got (p. ,he o) s ca)e *histling, and their detonations *ere lo(der than (s(al, (t + dared racing across the yard to get to a safer ase)ent. A(r ho(se *as l(cky that night. 'elatively late, in May 19BB, o(r school *as finally )oved into the co(ntryside in a vain effort to get (s o(t of o) ing range.SBT + *as sent to a very s)all village, *hich had no ;a@i yo(th organi@ation, to live *ith people + had never seen in )y life. 1s the only classical st(dent + i))ediately eca)e the o 3ect of )(ch ta(nting y the village yo(th as a city slicker, altho(gh relations i)proved as + *orked *ith the) d(ring the potato harvest. ,he nine )onths on )y o*n at age thirteen proved a very i)portant step in )y )at(ration and self?reliance. %or a o(t t*o years + *as also free of the t(telage of )y father, *ho in desperation had taken a 3o late in 19B! *ith an agric(lt(ral agency in another province, escaping y 3(st a fe* ho(rs the )en *ho appeared at o(r doorstep to serve hi) a draft *arrant and take hi) a*ay on the spot. &(ring the night of 2epte) er 11/1$, 19BB, fro) the safe distance of fifteen )iles + *atched )y ho)eto*n eing incinerated, kno*ing )y )other to e in the inferno. Using a ne* fanning?o(t techniG(e for creating a fire stor), the '1% carried o(t, according to its o*n clai)s, one of the *arDs )ost s(ccessf(l raids. 1 o(t $B0 9ancasters, *ith only t*o h(ndred lock (sters, five h(ndred other e8plosives, and a o(t three h(ndred tho(sand incendiary devices, )anaged to kill )ore than t*elve tho(sand people, a o(t t*o?thirds of the) *o)en and children. 2eventy tho(sand *ere left ho)eless, and 60 percent of the city *as destroyed.SFT + )ade )y *ay into the s)oldering city past h(ndreds of odies, a)ong *ho) + discovered the parents of a class)ate and so)e neigh orhood children. 1t that )o)ent the 1)erican air force appeared for a follo*?thro(gh attack since )ost )a3or factories, ar)y arracks, and the railroad 3(nction had escaped the '1%Ds f(ry. 4ith the ase)ents inaccessi le, still (rning and filled *ith tho(sands of s(ffocated and shr(nken victi)s, there *as nothing for )e to do *hen the lead plane dropped its s)oke signal (t lie do*n in the r( le? 7 !90 7 stre*n street a)ong the living and the dead and hope to s(rvive. ,he nearest o) s fell a fe* h(ndred

feet a*ay. 1 little later + *as told y a s(rvivor standing efore the s)oking r(ins of )y ho)e that )y )other elonged to the l(cky half of )y i))ediate neigh orhood. 2he *as alive. ,o this day + do not like to look at cro*ds of do@ing s(n athers aro(nd s*i))ing pools or on the greens of college ca)p(ses eca(se they re)ind )e of the odies + sa* that )orning. +n 196! )y )other discovered letters + sent to her native village et*een the great raid and %e r(ary $$, 19BF. +t proved an (ne8pected opport(nity to check the acc(racy of )y fading )e)ories against )y so)eti)es g(arded reporting at the ti)e. + had forgotten ho* often + *as cold, preocc(pied *ith the food shortage and torn clothes, and plag(ed y colds, headaches, and sto)ach cra)ps. + had re)e) ered correctly that in the village + lived in a roo) *itho(t heat or r(nning *ater and that + cracked the fro@en *ater in )y *ash o*l *ith )y fist in the )orning efore setting off in virgin sno* to the railroad stop *here + *aited ho(rs for a train *ith the *indo*s lo*n o(t to take )e to school. ,he d*indling n() er of teachers tried in vain to keep instr(ction going in cold school (ildings. ,eaching *as )ore and )ore disr(pted y a ne* sco(rge, 1)erican fighter? o) ers, )ostly ,h(nder olts .P?B#s0 and 9ightnings .P?!6s0, *hich o) ed and strafed the co(ntryside al)ost daily, leaving the cities to the ig o) ers. 1fter a close hit near o(r school (ilding *e *ere scattered aro(nd to*n as soon as an air raid alar) so(nded, (t even )ore freG(ently the fighter planes appeared *itho(t any *arning. 4ith a friend + *as assigned to a Protestant pastor *ho had een shell?shocked and (ried alive in a (nker in 4orld 4ar + and *hose face *as distorted y invol(ntary gri)aces *hen he preached. &iscreetly a senting hi)self, he let )e listen to the BBC in his st(dy, after *hich + s(pplied )y peers *ith the latest ne*s. Many still considered a stale)ate possi le and G(estioned )y conviction of the ;a@i regi)eDs i)pending doo). B(t to )e the signs *ere o vio(s. An Acto er $0, 19BB, + reported to )y )other, J1ll )ales et*een the ages of si8teen and si8ty have een called (p for the Eolksst(r) SpeopleDs ar)yT in the village Sten e8cla)ation )arksT. . . . A(r school director gave a speech in *hich he told (s, D4e prefer to die for o(r eloved %\hrer than to eco)e (nfaithf(l to hi).D ,he slogan of the ne* 5(ngarian govern)ent is, D&estroy or e destroyed.D ,hat sho*s clearly the *ay things are going.J Carelessly + so)eti)es added the latest anti?;a@i 3oke. ,erri le )o)ents *ere to co)e. + reg(larly infor)ed )y )other 7 !91 7 a o(t the gro*ing n() er of people and draft horses killed in the vicinity. 2o)eti)es + *as a*akened y strafing planes- once roken *indo*panes fell on )y ed- another ti)e + interr(pted )y letter *riting to race to the (nker )y foster fa)ily and + had d(g in the garden and raced *ith old railroad ties. My freedo) of )ove)ent ca)e to depend e8cl(sively on )y icycle since train travel had eco)e too dangero(s. 5o* long *o(ld )y often patched tires lastK An Can(ary 1F, 19BF, several of )y school)ates *ere s(rprised in a train y P?!6s, *hich )achine?g(nned the) in the sno*y fields that provided no cover. Ane died- several *ere serio(sly *o(nded, incl(ding the one *hose dead parents + had fo(nd in )y ho)eto*n. + gri)ly affir)ed )(ch of the violence as eing necessary for the destr(ction of the ;a@i regi)e, (t + *anted to see )y friends and )yself spared. By no* + *as eco)ing an8io(s to e li erated y the 1)ericans efore they killed )e in the daily chase. +n 1(g(st and early 2epte) er 19BB + pre)at(rely co(nted )y li eration in *eeks. ,hen ca)e the disappoint)ent of a(t()n, *hen PattonDs ,hird 1r)y ran o(t of gas and e8ha(sted =isenho*erDs lessing at the *ide?open and (ndefended :er)an order.S"T B(t PattonDs ho(r .and )ine0 finally ca)e. 1t 10 P.M., March $$, 19BF, the ,hird 1r)y ested Montgo)ery y crossing the 'hine at Appenhei) ahead of Montgo)eryDs vast and c() erso)e British operation f(rther north. My )other and + *ere in )y irthplace three )iles east of the river, directly in the path of the ,hird 1r)y. ,he village *as s(pposed to e defended y t*o do@en overage police)en and a fe* do@en si8teen?year?

old secondary?school st(dents *ho served in the antiaircraft (nits. 2o)e retreating st(dents *ere later ca(ght y the 22 and hanged fro) roadside trees. ,he scattered re)nants of the reg(lar :er)an ar)y *ere sensi le eno(gh to flee. B(t the local a(thorities ordered all availa le hands to dig trenches, and that order sho(ld have incl(ded )e, altho(gh + *as arely fo(rteen. + did not care to e killed at the last )o)ent and agreed *ith )y )other that + sho(ld flee on )y icycle .she had none0. + left at fo(r on the )orning of March $!, *ith e8ploding artillery shells co)ing closer and closer. 'et(rning to )y foster village, + *as i))ediately taken to a )ilitary officer, *ho did not elieve )y report of the 1)erican crossing. B(t a fe* ho(rs later all soldiers had fled. An March $F + *alked to )y hostsD ho)e fro) the ho(se of the village schoolteacher, one of )y fatherDs relia le acG(aintances, *ith *ho) + had disc(ssed the 1)erican *herea o(ts. 2potter planes circled the village, and the h() of engines gre* ever lo(der. ,he streets *ere deserted. 4alking in the )iddle of the )ain street, + enco(n? 7 !9$ 7 tered the first tank of PattonDs favorite division, the %o(rth 1r)ored, ra) ling over the top of the hill. ,he yo(ng g(nner, his face covered *ith road d(st, trained his )achine g(n on )e (t did not p(ll the trigger: + *as li eratedN ,hat day has al*ays appeared to )e the )ost i)portant of )y life. 1t the ti)e )y elation *as ill received y )y hosts. ,he h(s and yelled at )e, J5ere is one g(y *ho can en3oy a )o)ent like thisNJ 2ince the *hole division had raced on, in tr(e lit@krieg style, *itho(t othering to occ(py the village, and :er)an (nits )ight appear again, + did not feel safe. + packed a fe* of )y elongings, got on )y icycle for one last trip, and set o(t for )y native village, an8io(s to kno* *hether )y )other had s(rvived. + )ade )y *ay to a road cro*ded *ith tho(sands of :+s in their (nending train of vehicles and, ignorant of c(rfe* reg(lations, pedaled in the opposite direction fro) the 1)erican advance. ,he only other civilians *ere a fe* li erated foreign *orkers. 4itho(t eing stopped once, + reached 4olfskehlen and fo(nd )y grandfatherDs ho(se half destroyed y tank shells (t )y )other alive and (nh(rt. +t took several )ore *eeks efore *e *o(ld kno* *hether )y father had o(t*itted the ;a@i regi)e one last ti)e and s(rvived the dangero(s )o)ents of li eration. +n the last *eeks of the *ar he *as sent to the *estern front *ith a rifle and a hand grenade, neither of *hich he co(ld operate. 4hen his inco)petence *as discovered, he *as p(t in one of the safest of the 4est*all (nkers to do paper*ork, *hile o(tside )ost of his Eolksst(r) attalion *as *iped o(t. +n the last ho(rs of the *ar )y father *as discharged at the testi)ony of a )ilitary doctor *ho co)plained that he *as a nervo(s *reck *ho sho(ld never have een drafted.

'(@68'(69
Political li eration *as an e8hilarating e8perience. 4ith )(ch l(ck + had s(rvived the ;a@i regi)e d(ring the years of its greatest po*er and in its period of disintegration. My personal feeling of li eration, ho*ever, )et an a) ig(o(s reality. +n posters h(ng (p in )y native village :eneral =isenho*er anno(nced that he had co)e as a conG(eror, not a li erator, and + too *as treated accordingly. My )aternal grandfather, a s)all (ilding contractor, did not take the prono(nce)ent too serio(sly. 5e had ass(red )e d(ring the *ar, J%irst the 1)ericans *ill defeat (s, then they *ill help (s, 3(st as after 1916.J 1ct(ally *hat + lived thro(gh at first *as a period of anarchyHanother political lesson. 7 !9! 7 1fter totalitarianis) and overreg(lation ca)e the a sence of any r(leHanarchism in the literal sense of

the :reek roots. ;o civil a(thority *as left, and no police re)ained to ack it (p. C(st efore and after the occ(pation )(ch looting *ent on, first y :er)ans, then y foreign *orkers. 2everal )(rders, *hich *ere never solved nor the perpetrators ro(ght to 3(stice, *ere co))itted locally. An top of this anarchic *orld an a(thoritarian )ilitary govern)ent *as grad(ally esta lished, eginning *ith strict c(rfe* reg(lations and ranching o(t into a thoro(gh reg(lation of p( lic and especially econo)ic life. ,he )ilitary govern)ent *as concerned pri)arily *ith p( lic health, secondarily *ith a political p(rge, and lastly *ith food distri (tion. 9iving conditions deteriorated in the spring of 19BF. %or the first ti)e in life + did not have a ed (t slept for several *eeks in a potato cellar infested *ith lice and *or)s. ,here *as no r(nning *ater, electricity, or gas. %ort(nately there *as an (npoll(ted *ell in the garden, fro) *hich + ha(led (ckets of *ater. + *orked in the fields and at reconstr(ction and did )y share of draft la or for the 1)erican ar)y. 2o)e of )y grandfatherDs *orkers ta(ght )e the r(di)ents of )asonry, plastering, carpentry, and roofingHstill )y favorite rela8ation today. ,he re*ard for doing )(ch repair *ork *as getting a roof over the ho(se and a ed in *hich + slept etter than ever in )y life efore or after. %or a *hile + see)ed on )y *ay to eco)ing a far)hand and constr(ction *orker, (t )y fatherDs (nanno(nced reappearance late in May changed all of that. 5e i))ediately )ade )e take ti)e to learn fro) hi) *hite?collar skills that )ight co)e in handy in the (ncertain f(t(reHtyping and the :er)an shorthand he had helped standardi@e in the 19$0s. 5e hired the *ido* of a U? oat captain to teach )e *hat + *anted to acG(ire )ostH=nglish. 2oon + also egan to *rite shorthand in =nglish, *hich + still practice as a G(aint skill today. 1t the ti)e fraterni@ation *as still for idden. +n spite of this prohi ition + felt a*k*ard a o(t )y initial ina ility to co))(nicate *ith )y li erators and )(ch etter once + had )astered the r(di)entary skills of e8plaining road directions to lost :+s. + never (sed )y ne* lang(age skills for the lack?)arket transactions that soon eca)e ( iG(ito(s in violation of all political and econo)ic reg(lations. 1 )i8t(re of )oralis) and social inco)petence held )e ack. 4ith the *orld opening *ide efore )e, )y fatherDs e)ploy)ent y the )ilitary govern)ent *as cr(cial for )y intellect(al li eration and incipient 1)ericani@ation. 1s one of the fe* 3o(rnalists *ho had not een a ;a@i party )e) er, he *as hired y 'adio %rankf(rt, at first an 7 !9B 7 1)erican agency, and also *ent to *ork for the 0rankfurter &un schau! the second :er)an ne*spaper to e licensed. 2(ddenly he had no illnesses any)ore, and for t*enty?five years he *orked f(ll?ti)e, (ntil he *as seventy?five, *itho(t ever cons(lting a doctor. %or )e one enefit of )y fatherDs ne* career *as per)ission to ret(rn as early as 19B" to &ar)stadt, *here o(r 2*iss landlord had re (ilt o(r old ho)e in record ti)e a)id all the r(ins.S#T 1nother enefit *as that over the ne8t t*o to three years )any ne*spapers and 3o(rnals, *hich *ere p( lished in rapidly increasing n() ers in the fo(r occ(pation @ones, heaped (p on )y desk. ,o co)pensate for the ook shortage of the ti)e, + set (p a )etic(lo(sly kept archive, *hich y 19F0 co)prised )ore than ten tho(sand ne*spaper clippings on politics, econo)ics, geography, history, philosophy, literat(re, theater, and the arts. .=ver since this e8cess + have een poor at keeping )y files in order.0 ;ot only did + read voracio(sly, + also tried not to )iss any of the plays, operas, dance perfor)ances, e8hi itions, and 1)erican, %rench, and =nglish )ovies.S6T + shared these intellect(al and aesthetic e8cite)ents *ith a s)all gro(p of friends *ho *ere of great e)otional and intellect(al significance to )e, in part eca(se philosophy, literat(re, or the arts *ere their para)o(nt concerns, *hereas + tried to arg(e also for the i)portance of politics and society. 5o* did + discover sociologyK +t is not diffic(lt to see that the prof(sion of interests 3(st descri edH they e8isted side y side *ith the classical c(rric(l()H)ade )y friends and )e a circle of teenage intellect(als. B(t )y o*n t(rn to sociology, *hich none of )y friends follo*ed, needs a )ore specific

e8planation. ,o e s(re, )y father had taken a co(rse *ith %ran@ Appenhei)er at the University of %ranklf(rt in the early 19$0s and told )e a o(t hi). 1s early as 19B#, at age si8teen, + )et Ma8 5orkhei)er on his first post*ar trip to :er)any. 2peaking *ith a soft voice efore a tiny ad(lt? ed(cation classHan i)portant vehicle of intellect(al revival after the *arHhe i)pressed )e )(ch, (t + do not re)e) er a *ord of *hat he said. My interest in sociology *as not a*akened y eing told a o(t an acade)ic discipline. 'ather, it had to do *ith )y political perceptions. +t *as )y fervent conviction that de)ocratic reconstr(ction reG(ired ed(cation to pay )ore attention to political, econo)ic, and social iss(es. + *as here echoing the 1)erican reed(cation efforts directed to*ard changing the :er)an national character thro(gh the de)ocratic sociali@ation of the yo(ng. +t see)s to )e that + t(rned to sociology in large part as a protest against the classical c(rric(l() *ith its e)phasis not only on :reek and 9atin (t also on 7 !9F 7 literat(re in general. 1s a st(dent spokes)an + took a hand in shaping the ne* and e) attled civics co(rse as *ell as geography, the only field in *hich econo)ic iss(es co(ld e given so)e attention. ,h(s + took a stand against the classical schoolDs ti)e?honored preocc(pation *ith 3eisteswissenschaft in favor of adding 3esellschaftwissenschaft . 1part fro) the fledgling civics co(rse, history *as the c(rric(lar s( 3ect that lent itself est to the kind of e8ploration in *hich + *as interested. &(ring the *ar + had received )y first 1 ever in this s( 3ect that had inevita ly een the )ost na@ified in o(r school. + had een f(lly a*are of the propagandistic nat(re of the te8ts and had tried to co(nter the) y st(dying )y fatherDs history ooks fro) his o*n schooldays. +n the late 19B0s + read )y *ay thro(gh *orld history, eginning y )e)ori@ing =gyptian dynasties and parallel ti)e ta les. 9eafing thro(gh )y old papers, + see that + *rote a thirty?five?page type*ritten essay, JAn the =nlighten)ent of the %ifth and 2i8th Cent(ry B.C.,J (sing :reek so(rces. + also *rote the traditional co)position on the ca(ses of the decline of antiG(ity. +n )y last year in classical school, 19F0/F1, + dropped )athe)atics *ith the special per)ission of the )inistry of ed(cation and chose history as a )ain field, prod(cing a h(ndred?page senior thesis of sorts on a tho(sand years of '(ssian history. +t *as also )y first s(stained analysis of 9eninis) and 2talinis), reflecting )y strong opposition to the). My eclectic vie* of '(ssian history *as infl(enced y 1rnold ,oyn eeDs Stu y of /istory .19B"0, then )(ch disc(ssed in its a ridg)ent. Beside it + read As*ald 2penglerDs +ecline of the West .1916/$$0, =gon %riedellDs )ultural /istory of "o ernity .19!00, and 5ans %reyerDs Worl /istory of %urope .19B60.S9T My pri)ary historical concern *as, of co(rse, the search for the ca(ses of the :er)an catastrophe, as the octogenarian %riedrich Meinecke called it in 19B" in his revisionist ook on :er)an history. +n 1(g(st 19B9 + finished a long research paper on the rise and fall of 5itler and his 'eich, the eginning of a pro3ect to *rite, in d(e co(rse, )y o*n ook on ;a@is). .+ dropped the plan only )any years later.0 +n 19F1, after ten years of classical school, *hich had een interr(pted for a o(t a year in the )onths efore and after the end of the *ar in =(rope, + grad(ated s())a c() la(de in a class of a o(t t*o do@en st(dents. + *as still the )ost political a)ong (s and the only one clearly headed in the direction of the social sciences. Anly + e)igrated to the United 2tates, pro a ly an indication of ho* )(ch )ore pro?1)erican or 1)ericani@ed + had een in )y teens.S10T 4hen + *ent to the University of %rankf(rt in the spring of 19F1, + 7 !9" 7

resolved not only to st(dy sociology (t also to eco)e politically active. +n fact )y historical, sociological, and political interests *ere all o(nd (p *ith one another in a tangle of scholarship and partisanship. + felt that o)ino(s political develop)ents *ere co)ing to a head. My antifascis) had not ended in 19BF. 2ince + did not have a father *ho had een a party )e) er or *as other*ise serio(sly co)pro)ised, as *as tr(e for so)e of )y class)ates, it *as easy for )e to advocate a farreaching dena@ification in all )a3or spheres of society. + did not (nderstand that s( 3ective aspect s(fficiently at the ti)e, (t there *as an o 3ective sit(ation: tho(sands of (siness)en, 3(dges, and other high? ranking civil servants, incl(ding professors and secondary?school teachers, crept ack into their positions. Many vicio(s cri)es *ent (np(nished. +t appeared to )e that the 2ocial &e)ocrats did yeo)an service in re (ilding the shattered co))(nities physically and spirit(ally (t that on the e)ergent federal level political and social restoration held s*ay. My political radicalis) *as a )i8t(re of antifascis) and socialis). B(t eca(se of the cold *ar and especially the Co))(nist s(ppression of the 2ocial &e)ocrats in =astern =(rope and =ast :er)any, + never ca)e close to eco)ing a tr(e Mar8ist eliever and never had to reconvert at a later ti)e. My political concerns and pro a ly also )y agnostic 9(theranis) )ade )e oppose >onrad 1dena(er, the first chancellor of the %ederal 'ep( lic of :er)any, *ho r(thlessly )o ili@ed )any nationalists of the 19$0s and )any ;a@is of the 19!0s for his para)o(nt p(rpose, the esta lish)ent of a o(rgeois 'hineland state in *hich the Catholic ele)ent *o(ld have not only n()erical parity (t also political do)inance, a reversal of the Pr(ssian and Protestant do)ination of the old :er)any. + did not )ind the separation fro) the Co))(nist? controlled Pr(ssian heartland, (t + itterly opposed 1dena(erDs resolve to rear) 4est :er)any as the price for its protection y the 4estern po*ers and his l(nt insistence that ato)ic *eapons e stationed in the %ederal 'ep( lic. .+ re)e) er the seventy?five?year?old patriarch in a pere)ptory tone infor)ing a silent and st(nned a(dience of fifteen tho(sand of his o*n follo*ers in &ar)stadt that there *as no political alternative.0 + feared, as + *rote in an essay on &ece) er #, 19B9, that Jrear)a)ent *ill ring the death knell for the yo(ng :er)an de)ocracy.J Personally + fo(nd the idea of having to serve (nder officers fro) the ;a@i 4ehr)acht intolera le. +n fact there *as so )(ch opposition a)ong )y conte)poraries that in the )id?19F0s 1dena(er si)ply declared (s the J*hite cohortsJ and drafted instead yo(nger )en *ho arely re)e) ered the *ar. 7 !9# 7 +n %rankf(rt + did the t*o things that )ade the )ost sense to )e: + 3oined the 2ocialist 2t(dent %ederation .2&20 eca(se of )y general sy)pathies for the 2ocial &e)ocrats and )y specific interest in opposing rear)a)ent- and + *ent to the +nstit(te for 2ocial 'esearch, *hich ,heodor 1dorno, Ma8 5orkhei)er, and %riedrich Pollock had )oved ack to its original ho)e in 19F0 fro) Col() ia University and California. =ven tho(gh + *as only a first?se)ester st(dent, + dared to sign (p for a se)inar on planned and )arket econo)ies *ith Pollock, *ho *arned )e that + *o(ld have to sink or s*i). 1fter + had handed in an essay on :eorge Ar*ellDs AFHB! Pollock asked )e *hether + had any e8perience in the Co))(nist )ove)ent since + see)ed to kno* *hat + *as talking a o(t. 4hen + ans*ered no, he offered )e a 3o at the instit(te. ,h(s + eca)e its yo(ngest research assistant. %or the ne8t t*o years the instit(te *as )y *orkplace and intellect(al ho)e. 1t the ti)e the +nstit(te for 2ocial 'esearch f(lly deserved its na)e, altho(gh since the (pheavals of the 19"0s, *hich )ade the %rankf(rt school of critical theory fa)o(s, it has not een )(ch )ore than an e)pty shell. Most of )y *ork at the instit(te involved its iggest pro3ect, a United 2tates/financed inG(iry into :er)an post*ar attit(des.S11T +t *as the)atically, (t not )ethodologically, related to The Authoritarian $ersonality! *hich ,heodor 1dorno, =lse %renkl?Br(ns*ick, &aniel 9evinson, and '. ;evitt 2anford had p( lished in the United 2tates in 19F0 as part of 5orkhei)erDs series J2t(dies in Pre3(dice.J +n the early 19F0s the University of %rankf(rt did not yet have sociology or political?science c(rric(la

nor the achelorDs and )asterDs degrees. ,here *as no introd(ctory sociology co(rse, *ith the e8ception of 5orkhei)erDs prose)inar on asic sociological concepts. 5is idea of teaching that topic *as to assign to )e :eorg 2i))elDs $hilosophy of "oney .19000. Eery fe* st(dents kne* anything a o(t critical theory, and even in the instit(te li rary the 3o(rnal Deitschrift fEr So.ialforschung fro) the years 19!$ to 19B$ *as not in general circ(lation. 2ince the ;a@i regi)e had disr(pted the contin(ity of :er)an social science, + had to go ack to the sociology of the 19$0s to pick (p the strands. + read 5ans %reyerDs Intro uction to Sociology .19!10, >arl Mannhei)Ds )ontemporary Tasks of Sociology .19!$0, >arl CasperDs "an in the "o ern Age .19!10, and Ma8 2chelerDs 1il ung un Wissen .19$F0. + also read 1lfred 4e erDs 0arewell to %uropean /istory .19B"0 (t not a line y his rother. ,he te)pera)ental octogenarian fro) 5eidel erg *as a fa)iliar political fig(re to )e, th(ndering on the rostr() against the (rea(cratic sy) olis) of the rand?ne* United 7 !96 7 ;ations office (ilding on ;e* <orkDs =ast 'iver and e8changing roadsides *ith the so?called architect of the :er)an econo)ic )iracle, 9(d*ig =rhard. 1l)ost all )y teachers *ere e)igrants or *ell?kno*n antifascistsHnot a typical sit(ation at the :er)an (niversities. ,heir s)all n() er *as reinforced y a strea) of 1)erican visitors, so)e e)igrants too, so)e not. ,h(s + took a se)inar, JMarriage in 9a* and in 'eality,J fro) Ma8 'heinstein and =verett C. 5(ghes fro) the la* school and sociology depart)ent, respectively, of the University of Chicago. +n 19F$ + )et >(rt 5. 4olff, a ref(gee fro) )y ho)eto*n, visiting at the instit(te. 5e *as intensely interested in so)e of the sa)e )oral and political iss(es that had preocc(pied )e since the *ar.S1$T 2o)e of his closest fa)ily had een deported and )(rdered. 5e invited )e to *ork *ith hi) at Ahio 2tate University, in Col() (s, for a year on a st(dy of nationalist and ;a@i attit(des and the rise and fall of dena@ification. + desperately *anted to go to the United 2tates to st(dy. My )otives *ere thoro(ghly )i8ed. Most asic *as the e8cite)ent of the co(ntry to so)e ody *ho had gro*n (p as + had. My life appeared inco)plete *itho(t seeing the =)pire 2tate B(ilding and the :olden :ate Bridge. .Most personal *as a ro)antic attach)ent to a Eiennese ref(gee.0 ,he acade)ic enefits of st(dy in the United 2tates appeared o vio(s. 1t the instit(te *e read only =nglish literat(re in the area of e)pirical social research, especially s(rvey )ethods and social psychology. 1dorno *as eager for )e to pick (p )ore s(rvey skills. B(t 5orkhei)er, distressed y the rise of McCarthyis), asked )e skeptically, J4hy do yo( *ant to go in this political sit(ationKJ ,he McCarran?4alter 1ct had 3(st een passed and )ade entry )ore diffic(lt: as chair)an of the largest 2&2 cl( at a :er)an (niversity, + *as no longer s(re to e *elco)e. Besides the p(ll of the co(ntry, there *as also a p(sh. My stren(o(s participation in the ca)paign against :er)an rear)a)ent *as o vio(sly doo)ed y 19F!. %ro) the right 1dena(er )oved ahead *ith his plans, *ith f(ll 1)erican s(pport- fro) the left the Co))(nists did their (s(al est to infiltrate and (nder)ine the peace )ove)ent of the early 19F0s. My naive pro?1)ericanis) d(ring the early post*ar period *as adly shaken. + had lost )any ill(sions a o(t oth co(ntries (t gained so)e political realis). :oing to the United 2tates, then, *as a )ove a*ay fro) political activis) and to*ard the st(dy of political reality.S1!T + elieved that + *as co)ing to the United 2tates for a li)ited ti)e and did not kno* that + *as in fact e)igrating. 1t least + ca)e over the

7 !99 7 old *ay. ,he Anna Salen! a converted British aircraft carrier fro) the days of the convoys r(nning the :er)an ga(ntlet to M(r)ansk, *as no* an i))igrant oat laden *ith thirteen h(ndred =ast =(ropeans and :er)ans, )any *ith la or contracts. +t *as not so)e fancy +talian ship for %(l right scholars, and co))ercial 3et planes had not yet )ade the passenger ship o solete. An 2epte) er $$, 19F!, + left Bre)erhaven. ,he fall stor)s *ere terri le. 9ike al)ost every ody else, + *as seasick. ,he shipDs propellers often e)erged o(t of the *ater, shaking the *hole h(ll. 4ater s*ept thro(gh )y ca in. 1fter an eleven?day 3o(rney the Anna Salen safely reached her destination, P(e ec- her sister ship *as shortly to sink in a Pacific stor). An Acto er !, + crossed the order at B(ffalo on )y *ay to the heartland of 1)erica.

'(698'(<@
More than thirty years after arriving in this co(ntry + have een asked to *rite a o(t )y for)ative e8periences and the direction of )y *ork. + a) very conscio(s of the anniversary and *elco)e the opport(nity. %or )any years + had planned to p(t do*n )y )e)ories of the *ar and its after)ath. B(t each year + had forgotten a it )ore and felt less inclination to *rite. ;o* that + have recalled so)e )e)ories fro) )y for)ative years in =(rope, + *o(ld like to look ack at )y scholarly develop)ent, its genesis and setting. ,he danger here is not so )(ch inacc(racy of fact and fa(lty )e)ory as the te)ptation to read )ore sense and consistency into the accidents and vagaries of )y career than are *arranted. %or a career, the opport(nities and restraints are as i)portant as the inclinations and aspirations. ,he G(estion a o(t the i)pact of for)ative e8periences reG(ires that + characteri@e )y *ork, if only in the )ost sketchy and s(perficial of ter)s. My kind of sociology has een historical and political. 2( stantively sociology has al*ays )eant for )e the evol(tionary and develop)ental theory of )odern society- )ethodologically it has )eant a set of generali@ations e) odying historical e8perience. + arrived in the United 2tates *ith a conviction already for)ed that a science of society in the positivist .and Mar8ist iamat 0 sense of invariant la*s is not possi le, and if it *ere, it *o(ld not help (s (nderstand the distinctiveness of )odern society. +f + learned this fro) critical theory, it *as also the )ain post(late of :er)an /istorismus . ,h(s + have advocated a historically oriented grasp of the nat(re of )odern society. My *ork has een political not only eca(se + have dealt *ith political pheno)ena (t also 7 B00 7 eca(se of its pedagogical ani)(s. + have tried to help st(dents (nderstand the )oral val(e and historical (niG(eness of constit(tional govern)ent, i)personal ad)inistration, and the i)peratives of large?scale organi@ationH*hat Ben3a)in ;elson ca)e to call the social reality principle. 2ince dictatorships of vario(s h(es distort the historical tr(th and control the flo* of infor)ation, + re)ain convinced that sociology has a )oral o ligation to ass(re its o*n preconditions. + egan )y 1)erican 3o(rney *ith s(ch vie*s, *hich + so)eti)es e8pressed rather dog)atically, (t + lacked solid historical kno*ledge and )ethodological co)prehension. 4orking at Ahio 2tate University on the history of 1)erican dena@ification gave )e an opport(nity to st(dy serio(sly the decision?)aking processes in *arti)e and post*ar 4ashington, clarify the distinction et*een a political p(rge and )oral retri (tion, and assess the ca(ses and conseG(ences of the fail(re of dena@ification. ,he o(tco)e *as )y first =nglish )onograph, *hich >(rt 4olff edited and rendered into intelligi le =nglish. +n )any respects a ro(gh apprentice piece, it had so)ething to offer as Jan

historical s(rvey and appraisalJ .its s( title0. 1t the sa)e ti)e )y disciplinary training did not )ake )(ch head*ay. +n fact + *as not st(dying for a degree and conte)plating an 1)erican career. 2ince + had co)e on an e8change?visitor visa, not a st(dent visa, + *as reG(ired to have a research appoint)ent at all ti)es. + co(ld not 3(st st(dy on so)e fello*ship, as )any foreign st(dents did. ,his delayed )y 1)ericani@ation and sociali@ation into the discipline of sociology. + )issed o(t on the good and ad aspects of an 1)erican college ed(cation and grad(ate?school progra), and did not acG(ire an M.1. Co(rse*ork re)ained secondary to research. Moreover, + *as, in a )anner of speaking, s(spended et*een t*o *orlds. + )ade a living looking ack*ard to =(rope rather than looking for 1)erica. 1ltho(gh + e8plored 1)erican everyday life *ith c(riosity, incl(ding the ne* )edi() of television, and fo(nd the great distances and land)arks s(ch as the =)pire 2tate B(ilding st(pendo(s, + perceived )(ch of *hat + sa* thro(gh a filter of political and intellect(al a stractions, *hich ca)e nat(rally to a yo(ng =(ropean, *ho took it for granted that the Mid*est *as a c(lt(ral *asteland. &(ring the first year )y )ind also re)ained relatively closed to 1)erican intellect(al infl(ences. +n fact, to 1dornoDs dis)ay, + spent )(ch of )y spare ti)e not on learning s(rvey techniG(es (t on poring over iss(es of Deitschrift fEr So.ialforschung fro) eginning to end and scr(tini@ing 5er ert Marc(seDs &eason an &evolution .19B$0 as *ell as Ma8 5orkhei)erDs %clipse of &eason .19B#0, t*o rarely read ooks. 7 B01 7 1t Ahio 2tate no ody (t 4olff (nderstood anything a o(t critical theory. 1 year at the ;e* 2chool for 2ocial 'esearch in 19FB/FF *as not as )(ch of a step ack*ard as it appeared to so)e *ho *orried that + *as not having an J1)ericanJ e8perience. +t gave )e a chance to )eet a n() er of scholars *ho had een prod(ctive in the 4ei)ar 'ep( lic- so)e had een politically active. +t is tr(e that + lived in the I)igrI co))(nity. B(t y learning )ore a o(t the diversities of e8iled :er)an social science + gained a )(ch?needed roader perspective. + arg(ed *ith 1lfred 2ch(t@ and 1l ert 2alo)on a o(t the %rankf(rt school, disc(ssed dena@ification *ith Atto >irchhei)er, and )et 5er ert Marc(se again *hen he *as *riting %ros an )ivili.ation .19FF0. My e8aggerated vie*s of the %rankf(rt +nstit(te and of critical theory *ere deflated, so)eti)es s( tly, so)eti)es l(ntly, y the redo(ta le 2iegfried >raca(er and the encyclopedic 1rkadi(s :(rland, *ho had an ine8ha(sti le store of infor)ation on revol(tionaries and I)igrIs. %ro) the 1)erican side the social psychologist 2olo)on 1sch and the psychoanalyst 5elen B. 9e*is attacked the psychological and )ethodological ass()ptions of 1dorno et al.Ds The Authoritarian $ersonality! f(rther increasing )y do( ts fro) having read, in Col() (s, a critical vol()e a o(t it.S1BT + eca)e increasingly disenchanted *ith the feasi ility of (sing personality theory to e8plain political events and groped )y *ay to*ard an instit(tional approach. ,h(s + )oved a*ay fro) critical theory, *hich in those years had a heavy psychological ent. Moreover, + egan to (nderstand that holistic approachesHassertions a o(t the totality of c(lt(re, civili@ation, or personalityHco(ld not e s( 3ect to e)pirical analysis and that the notion of a self? correcting, refle8ive critical theory *as a rhetoric that co(ld give no practical political g(idance. +n this regard + *as s( 3ect to an a(thentic 1)erican infl(ence thro(gh the last )a3or fig(re of prag)atis), 5orace M. >allen, *ho attacked the :er)an philosophical tradition and cha)pioned a prag)atist, instead of a critical, integration of the social sciences. + *as ready to )ove on intellect(ally *hen 'einhard Bendi8, *ith *hose pa)phlet J2ocial 2cience and the &istr(st of 'easonJ .19F10 + *as fa)iliar, invited )e in the fall of 19FF to *ork f(ll?ti)e at the +nstit(te of +nd(strial 'elations at the University of California, Berkeley, for the +nter(niversity Pro3ect on 9a or and =cono)ic &evelop)ent. + *as hired to *ork on la or pro le)s in +)perial :er)any. ,he si)ple fact of kno*ing :er)an )ade )e (sef(l for s(ch research

7 B0$ 7 in a sit(ation in *hich )ost native grad(ate st(dents )erely *ent thro(gh the )otions of learning a little %rench and :er)an . efore the pretense *as a olished altogether0. ,here *as, ho*ever, a )atching of opport(nity and inclination of *hich pro a ly neither Bendi8 nor + *as f(lly a*are. 1t the instit(te + co(ld contin(e to co) ine history and sociology. %ro) )y preocc(pation *ith ;a@is) and its after)ath + no* )oved f(rther ack into :er)an history in search of the ca(ses of Jthe :er)an catastrophe.J 4ith a rief career in the :er)an 2&2 ehind )e, + *as especially interested in the fail(re of the :er)an revol(tion of 1916/19 and the role played y the split 2ocial &e)ocratic la or )ove)ent. + had opinions, (t little kno*ledge, a o(t the la or )ove)ent in +)perial :er)any. My only concrete relationship to it had een the .slightly ridic(lo(s0 )o)ent at the fo(nding of the %ifth 2ocialist +nternational in %rankf(rt, in 19F1, *hen + held the f(neral flag of %erdinand 9assalle, the fo(nder of the 2ocial &e)ocratic la or )ove)ent, ehind the rostr() on *hich appeared socialist leaders fro) )any co(ntries. 2killf(l at discreet indirection, Bendi8 asked )e essentially one ig G(estion, o(t of *hich The Social +emocrats in Imperial 3ermany *as to e)erge .first in 19"0 as a dissertation and then in 19"! as a ook0: J4hat *as the )eaning of the la or )ove)ent to the *orkersKJ + (ried )yself in the splendid Berkeley li rary, trying to )ake )yself spirit(ally at ho)e in +)perial :er)any. B(t that *as only the historical side of the pro3ect, congenial to )y political and c(lt(ral proclivities. ,he other side *as sociologicalH1)erican )oderni@ation theory, *hich post(lated that econo)ic progress in Jne*ly developingJ co(ntries *o(ld favor de)ocratic pl(ralis) rather than Co))(nist dictatorship. ,his thesis eca)e the s( stantive core of the Jne*ly developingJ fields of political sociology and co)parative politics, *hich 2ey)o(r Martin 9ipset *as spearheading at the instit(te. B(t *hat *ere the lessons of the =(ropean e8perienceK Bendi8 provided so)e )a3or ans*ers in Work an Authority .19F"0, *hich *as also an early critiG(e of )oderni@ation theory. + tried to s(pply a lesson fro) +)perial :er)any. ,here the potential of ind(striali@ation for creating revol(tionary conflict *as contained y an a(thoritarian political syste) that per)itted a hostile )ass )ove)ent to e8ist legally (t prevented it fro) gaining access to the po*er center. ,his historical concl(sion co(ld, ho*ever, also e co(ched in ter)s of a sociohistorical )odel, a sociological theory of negative integration, that *as applica le to si)ilar cases in other places at other ti)es, for instance, the %rench 7 B0! 7 and +talian Co))(nist parties (nder parlia)entary regi)es. +n a postscript, *hich Bendi8 s(ggested to )e, + spelled o(t so)e of the personal lessons + dre*: ,he facts of ;a@is) provide a po*erf(l )oral perspective for :er)an history, (t it is neither fair to past generations nor analytically adeG(ate to vie* this history *ith the G(estiona le *isdo) of hindsight. 4hen + egan )y research, )y o*n perspective of the history of the :er)an la or )ove)ent *as strongly affected y :er)an self?recri)ination and conventional 1)erican perspectives. B(t grad(ally + ca)e to change )y vie*s. + tried to arrive at a )ore alanced and detached vie*, infl(enced y the positivistic in3(nctions of an 1)erican grad(ate ed(cation and perhaps y the soothing at)osphere of the Pacific Coast, far re)oved fro) :er)any in ti)e and space. 9ooking over the co)pleted st(dy, + find )yself )ore sy)pathetic to the right and the center of the 2ocial &e)ocratic )ove)ent than to the left. . . . + have endeavored to preserve a sense for the capacity of individ(als and gro(ps to change so)e parts of their lives as *ell as for the fatef(l

persistence of social str(ct(res and the (npredicta le (niG(eness of historical events.S1FT By the ti)e + reached this personal concl(sion, + had given (p )y political a) itions in a fara*ay land and co)e to accept the role of the o server over that of the actor. + had eco)e serio(s a o(t the possi ility of an 1)erican career. <et *riting a dissertation on +)perial :er)any *as then still (nconventional in 1)erican sociology. 5ere + enefited fro) the intellect(al cli)ate of Berkeley. %or )any assistants at the +nstit(te of +nd(strial 'elations, then directed y Clark >err, the apprenticeship nat(re of research *as )ore i)portant than disciplinary st(dy. 4eH'o ert 1lford, Bennett Berger, 'o ert Bla(ner, 1)itai =t@ioni, C(an 9in@, :ayl ;ess, Charles Perro*, and 1rth(r 2tinchco) eH learned y looking over the sho(lders of o(r )asters. 4hile + *as a f(ll?ti)e researcher, + *as also a part?ti)e grad(ate st(dent in the &epart)ent of 2ociology, *hich 5er ert Bl()er *as ent on )aking the est in the *orld, as he repeated at the eginning of each acade)ic year. 4hen + tried to take the G(alifying e8a)inations after only si8 )onths, + *as fl(nked and sent ack to read the seventy?five ooksHa totally eclectic listHthat every ody had to read on pain of failing. 5aving to st(dy ooks *ith a variety of different orientations that + had disdained or disregarded efore roadened )y hori@on in a )ost sal(tory )anner. 1fter 19"0 + ta(ght the ne* fields of ind(strial sociology and co)ple8 organi@ation as *ell as the traditional s( 3ects of sociological theory and social change, fro) *hich + ranched o(t into political sociology and social and econo)ic develop)ent, another set of ne* 7 B0B 7 teaching fields. ,hese s( 3ects *ere inherently interdisciplinary, (t + also ta(ght in the for)ally interdisciplinary 2ocial 2cience +ntegrated Co(rse directed y 9e*is %e(er at Berkeley .19F6/"00 and the 4estern civili@ation progra) directed y Ben3a)in ;elson in the earliest days of the 2tony Brook ca)p(s of the 2tate University of ;e* <ork .19"!/"F0. My ackgro(nd G(alified )e for s(ch progra)s, (t at the sa)e ti)e )y inclinations held )e ack fro) eco)ing a )ainline 1)erican social scientist. + did not t(rn )yself into a s(rvey researcherHthe (s(al option at the ti)eHor an organi@ation theorist, another ne* and attractive possi ility reali@ed y several )e) ers of )y 1)erican cohort. ,he grad(al opening of 1)erican social science to*ard the *orld in the after)ath of 4orld 4ar ++, an opening f(rthered y )any I)igrI scholars, co) ined in the early 19"0s *ith the stor)y e8pansion of the (niversities and created considera le intellect(al lee*ay for the p(rs(it of diverse interests. ,his latit(de ena led )e to )ove closer again to so)e of )y intellect(al roots and ret(rn to )y old interests in *orld history in the g(ise of 4e erian scholarship. + discovered Ma8 4e erDs *ork only at Berkeley, *atching 'einhard Bendi8 co)pose his intellect(al portrait and *riting *ith hi) an essay on 4e erDs gro*ing infl(ence in the United 2tates.S1"T 1fter Bendi8 had laid o(t the *orld?historical scope and the co)parative logic of 4e erDs e)pirical st(dies, it eca)e highly desira le to have %conomy an Society .Wirtschaft un 3esellschaft 0 availa le in its totality to co(nteract the piece)eal and hapha@ard nat(re of the 4e er reception. 4ith the enco(rage)ent of 5ans Uetter erg, + egan to p(t together a varior() edition, not kno*ing that it *o(ld take si8 years even *ith the help of )y &ar)stadt classical school)ate and ;e* <ork City neigh or Cla(s 4ittich. ,he co)ple8ity of translating and editing *as *eariso)e, the tedi() at ti)es cr(shing, (t oth of (s *elco)ed the chance to roa) thro(gh *orld history in 4e erDs te8ts and o(r ackgro(nd reading and get a*ay fro) the ro(tines of econo)ics and sociology. %conomy an Society appeared in 19"6 at the height of the st(dent re ellion, *hen 4e er, of all people, *as regarded as a patron saint of confor)ist 1)erican positivis) and its va(nted val(e? ne(trality. My past ca(ght (p *ith )e at the %ree University of Berlin in 19"#/"6 and in the civil?*ar days in Berkeley in 19"9/#0, *here + held visiting appoint)ents. 4ith )y )e)ories of ;a@i :er)any,

+ co(ld not sy)pathi@e *ith the )oral o(trage of a yo(nger generation that eG(ated the %ederal 'ep( lic and the United 2tates, t*o of the )ost via le constit(tional de)ocracies, *ith fascis), and 9yndon Cohnson *ith 1dolf 5it? 7 B0F 7 ler.S1#T 4ith a generation of I)igrI scholars as )y teachers, + kne* *hat the dangers to scholarship *o(ld e if the (niversity, a precario(s instit(tion at the est of ti)es, *ere radically politici@ed. + *as inf(riated y the *ay :er)an st(dents singled o(t the fe* Ce*ish ref(gee scholars *ho had ret(rned and *ere still teachingH1dorno, =rnst %raenkel, 'ichard 9oe*enthalHas special targets of their Jantia(thoritarianJ and JantifascistJ ca)paign. 4hen the Bonn B(ndestag de ated the national e)ergency legislation that had eco)e necessary eca(se of a ne* treaty *ith the for)er occ(pation po*ers, st(dent protest cli)a8ed (nder the leadership of an 2&2 that *as radically different fro) the 2&2 of )y ti)e. + si)ply co(ld not forget )y early ;a@i )e)ories, *hen + *atched fro) close (p as '(di &(tschke *aited for the )ost propitio(s )o)ent to )ake his tri()phant entry at a )ass rally, *hich he then p(shed into fren@y *ith a arrage of sho(ted slogans. 1t another occasion, *hen asked to Jsho* )y colorsJ as a (niversity teacher, + professed )y conviction, efore h(ndreds of ho*ling st(dents, that the %ederal 'ep( lic *as the est and )ost de)ocratic regi)e :er)any had ever had and that it *as the civic d(ty of the yo(nger generation to accept its legiti)acy. + ended (p fleeing the +nstit(te of 2ociology, gra ing )y 1)erican passport and )y introd(ction to %conomy an Society! never to ret(rn. +n Berkeley + str(ggled to teach 4e erDs sociology of do)ination s(rro(nded y strikers and de)onstrators, sheriffs and national g(ards)en. Both gro(ps ca)e close to sh(tting do*n the (niversity not only physically (t also intellect(ally. +n a sit(ation in *hich it *as *ell?nigh i)possi le to go on teaching, + insisted that the (niversity reG(ire and de)and the separation of scholarship and partisanship. ,he s(dden pop(larity of the %rankf(rt schoolDs critical theory appeared to )e in so)e respects another eclipse of reason. ,he co(nterc(lt(reDs drive to (nite theory and practice, if not to replace the for)er y the latter and tho(ght y e)otion, negated the schoolDs rationalist co))it)ents and e) ittered the last days of 1dorno and 5orkhei)er. My political co) ativeness *as rea*akened y the challenge of a yo(nger generation that kne* nothing of *ar and fascis). My response took the for) of a partisan defense of scholarship. 2ince the 19"0s a o(t half of )y *ritings have addressed s(ch topical the)es as political critiG(es of Ma8 4e er, his o*n generational re ellion and )at(ration, his relationship to conte)porary Mar8is), val(e ne(trality in :er)any and the United 2tates, the co(nterc(lt(reDs charis)atic virt(osi and charis)atic co))(nities, and the relations et*een religion and revol(tionary eliefs. ,he other half has dealt *ith core the)es of 7 B0" 7 sociology properHrationali@ation and ind(striali@ation, a(thority and legiti)ation, personal and i)personal r(lership, and the develop)ental history of the 4est in co)parison *ith other parts of the *orld. 4hat can + say finally a o(t the i)pact of for)ative e8perience on life patternsK 5ave + al*ays een an e8e)plar of that hoary archetype of 1)erican sociology, the )arginal )anK ,o e s(re, + *as a political o(tsider in ;a@i :er)any, *atching a tre)endo(s catastrophe s*eep over =(rope. + fo(nd )yself a political o(tsider in 1dena(erDs conservative rep( lic. + *as a foreign st(dent in the United 2tates, again a )arginal person *ith little c(lt(ral preparation and no political rights. + finally eca)e an 1)erican citi@en and fo(nd a niche in the 1)erican acade)y (t soon sa* )yself o(tn() ered in

the ca)p(s re ellion. 1t the sa)e ti)e, ho*ever, + have never lacked the s(pport of significant others, fro) the co))(nity in )y *arti)e ase)ent to o(r gro(p in the classical school, fro) )y :er)an political friendships to the I)igrI scholars *ho *ere so genero(s to )e, and fro) )y Berkeley friendships to a net*ork of cos)opolitans scattered aro(nd the *orld. +n the end, of co(rse, + cannot deny that c(lt(rally + have re)ained a hyphenated scholar, no )atter ho* )(ch + cringe at eing so)eti)es la eled a :er)an?1)erican sociologist. ,he story + have told here )ay convince readers .and (lti)ately )yself0 that this is, after all, an acc(rate designation. 9ooking ack, + tend to elieve that the )ost for)ative infl(ence on )y career has indeed een the stark lesson of )y early years, the e8perience of the )ortal dangers of political conflict. 5ence )y )otivating conviction that po*er str(ggles )(st e contained y constit(tional restraint, that (niversities )(st e instit(tionally protected to f(rther rational co)prehension and reasona le action, and that sociology )(st address the ig political, c(lt(ral, and social iss(es of )odernity.

$ha/ter Eighteen4 #ro- the %o/ocate/et* to the Li-/o/o

%ierre L. van den Berghe ,his essay is an atte)pt at intellect(al a(to iography. 4hy did + eco)e an acade)ic and a social scientistK 5o* has )y thinking evolved, and in response to *hich eventsK 5o* have )y politics infl(enced )y scholarshipK +n sociological 3argon, the dependent varia le is )yself as a thinking ani)al- the independent varia les can perhaps e roken do*n into t*o sets: general conditions of the social )ilie( and )y place in it, and specific infl(ences of individ(als. + *ill inter*eave these t*o the)es into a loose chronological acco(nt. 1 confession of class origins is pro a ly the first order of (siness in a sociological a(to iography. ,hey range, in )y case, fro) rich peasants to the no ility, if + trace ack fo(r or )ore generations, (t )y grandparents and parents had co)forta ly settled into *hat )ight e called the intellect(al and professional o(rgeoisie. An )y fatherDs side all the )ales for three generations *ere physicians. My paternal grandfather *as a general practitioner in the large provincial city of :hent, Belgi(), and )arried the rather ho)ely da(ghter of a %le)ish co(ntry doctor. 5e inherited his practice fro) his father, and thanks to the considera le a)o(nt of *ealth ro(ght y )y grand)otherDs do*ry and inheritance .she ca)e fro) a rather r(stic (t rich peasant fa)ily *ith si@a le land holdings0, he en3oyed the co)forta le life of a provincial o(rgeois. 1fter 4orld 4ar + the t*o horses, the carriages, and the coach)en *ere replaced y a c(sto)?)ade Panhard a(to)o ile, (t the live?in cook and )aid, *ho had een *ith the) for half a cent(ry, 7 B11 7 *ere per)anent fi8t(res of the fa)ily scene, a provincial version of JUpstairs, &o*nstairs.J 2ta(nchly conservative in politics, conventional in religion, p(ritanical in se8, and a(stere in life?style .e8cept for c(linary ind(lgence0, )y grandparents, 'o)an Catholics, *ere a living ref(tation of the Protestant ethic. %ro) )y paternal grand)other, a rather (nc(lt(red (t strong?*illed and highly intelligent *o)an, + learned the virt(es of a)oral fa)ilis). %iercely defensive of her rood and her assets, she idoli@ed )y father in s)otheringly Ce*ish )other/style, and she spoiled )e sha)elessly. %ro) )y grandfather + learned the )eaning of fanatical @eal. 5e *as a ho)eopath, and his )edical sectarianis) do)inated his e8istence )(ch )ore than his religion, *hich *as a )atter of social

convention rather than conviction. ,he o(tside *orld to hi) *as a vast conspiracy of allopaths against ho)eopathic physicians and phar)acists. My father re elled against his social )ilie(. 5e st(died )edicine to appease )y grandfather (t G(ickly t(rned to )edical research .in tropical parasitology0, )oved to Br(ssels to escape the stifling ad(lation of his )other, and eca)e a cos)opolite. 5e )arried a %rench*o)an, a so)e*hat eccentric choice fro) the perspective of his parents- *ent to the United 2tates on a postdoctoral fello*ship- did research in the then Belgian Congo .*here + *as orn on Can(ary !0, 19!!, the day the little 1(strian lance corporal eca)e 'eich chancellor, an early lesson a o(t the difference et*een correlation and ca(sality0- ta(ght tropical )edicine at 1nt*erp- fo(nded and directed a research instit(te in the Congoand retired as a gentle)an far)er in >enya. 5e *as an egotistical and (nsta le person of )any talents and great personal char). + idoli@ed hi) d(ring )y childhood, hated hi) d(ring )y adolescence, and ignored hi) in ad(lthood. 5is infl(ence on )e *as considera le: + fo(nd his elitis), his conte)pt of a(thority and convention, his religio(s agnosticis), and his a)ia le cynicis) engaging, altho(gh + resented his chaotic, (ndisciplined, self?ind(lgent life as a philandering h(s and and episodic father. My parents *ere divorced, after t*enty years of )arriage and five or si8 years of stor)y conflict, *hen + *as eighteen, )y rother thirteen, and )y sister si8. ,he )aternal side of )y fa)ily *as anchored in Paris, *here )y grandfather, Ma(rice Ca(llery, an e)inent iologist, ta(ght at the 2or onne and *as president of the %rench 1cade)y of 2ciences as *ell as a fello* of the British 'oyal 2ociety. 5e )arried a *o)an of striking 7 B1$ 7 ea(ty, great aristocratic pedigree, and artistic te)pera)ent (t )oderate intelligence. 1 )ore )is)atched co(ple is diffic(lt to conceive: she, the tall, slender, artistically sensitive, flighty, elegant socialite- he, the short, ill?dressed, c(rt, recl(sive, a sent?)inded professor. ,hey see)ed to play in a respecta le, high?society version of The 1lue Angel . 5enpecked at ho)e, )y grandfather *ithdre* into his scientific shell, taking ref(ge in his st(dy, *here a clo(d of acrid s)oke fro) :a(loise cigarettes kept )y grand)other at ay. My grand)other e8posed )e to a strong dose of social sno ery and introd(ced )e to a gallery of her colorf(l ancestors, incl(ding a cavalry general *ho took part in ;apoleon +++Ds Me8ican )isadvent(re in s(pport of Ma8i)ilian, a ohe)ian painter *ho s(pported the 16#1 Paris Co))(ne .and *as th(s the red sheep in the fa)ily0, and a pride of nine rothers *ho cracked the *hip over their slaves in 5aiti and *ere all killed the sa)e day in the revol(tion of 1#91. My )aternal grandfather, *ho) + a) told + rese) le in character, *as a )a3or infl(ence. 1 stern, e)otionally reticent and distant fig(re, he inspired instant respect in his inti)ates and sheer terror in his st(dents. +)patient of anything (t e8cellence, he e8acted opti)al perfor)ance .as, for instance, *hen he ta(ght )e to read :reek, e8pecting )e y the end of s())er vacation to translate Venophon on sight0. 5e p(nished shortco)ings y disdainf(l *ithdra*al of interest in oneDs fate. 1ll fo(r of his children .)y )other, her rother, and her t*o sisters0 s(ffered fro) living in the shado* of his i)posing intellect- (t, perhaps sensing o(r affinities, he *as fond of )e in his gr(ff *ay, and + *orshipped hi). + partic(larly en3oyed his iting anticlericalis), a *onderf(l co(nterpoint to )y Ces(it ed(cation, and his intellect(al disdain for the )erely rich and po*erf(l. %e* of his conte)poraries fo(nd grace in his eyes. Most, incl(ding the leading political fig(res of the day, elicited his pere)ptory 3(dg)ent, J),est un imb8cile .J ,he epito)e of the rationalist, and a positivist in the grand nineteenth? cent(ry style, )y grandfather initiated )e into iology and ta(ght )e *hat science *as all a o(t. ,hat this a(stere, sha y, physically (nprepossessing, soft?spoken, (nsocia le, tacit(rn fig(re co(ld so do)inate his *orld y sheer strength of intellect *as an early lesson in the s(periority of )ind over

)atter. My )other .*ho is still alive0 co) ined the physical ea(ty and artistic sensi ilities of )y grand)other and )any of the )oral G(alities of )y grandfather- + o*e her )(ch in the field of art appreciation .especially painting0. 4hat she also ta(ght )e *as internal discipline. 7 B1! 7 My *hole fa)ily e8pected )e to e8cel, especially in school. B(t it *as )y )other *ho, y )onitoring )y ho)e*ork, scr(tini@ing )y report cards, s(pervising )y reading, and taking )e to )(se()s act(ally sa* to it that + did. My father and )aternal grandfather, each in his o*n *ay, provided )odels)y )other gave )e the drive. +n that endeavor she *as fir)ly s(pported y the Ces(it fathers, *ho inflicted on )e seven years of gr(eling intellect(al discipline. Af )y Ces(it secondary ed(cation + can only say that + hated al)ost every )in(te of it and that + shall e eternally gratef(l for the e8perience. Ces(its are fa)o(s for prod(cing *ell?trained intellect(al )avericks. ,he contradiction of the Ces(it syste) is that its cas(istry enco(rages critical, disciplined thinking (t that its theology e8pects lind faith. 9ike )any, + took in the training and re3ected its )oral and religio(s content. By age t*elve + *as an atheist and a co))(nist, having st() led onto a sec(lar theology si)ilar in its dialectic to that of the good fathers. ,*o of )y teachers *ere partic(larly infl(ential, one a 3ovial, rot(nd on vivant and s(per pedagog(e, %ather Bri osia- the other a dry, a(stere )artinet, (t *ith a ra@or?sharp )ind and a s(perlative maLtre M penser , %ather &e 4olf .+ never kne* their first na)es0. ,hree for)ative e8periences in )y (p ringing re)ain to e )entioned eca(se collectively they greatly infl(enced )y choice of acade)ic specialty. ,hey are the so?called lang(age pro le) of Belgi(), 4orld 4ar ++ and life (nder ;a@i occ(pation, and )y colonial e8perience in the Congo. ,he Belgian lang(age pro le) *as )y first e8pos(re to ethnicity as *ell as class conflict- the t*o are intert*ined in Belgi() and *ere even )ore so in )y yo(th than they are no*. +nevita ly %rench *as o(r e8cl(sive ho)e lang(age, first, eca(se )y )other *as Parisian and did not speak a *ord of &(tch, and second, eca(se )y father, altho(gh raised in a %le)ish city and entirely of %le)ish descent, elonged to a o(rgeois fa)ily that had eco)e gallici@ed in the nineteenth cent(ry. +ncreasingly since the early nineteenth cent(ry the o(rgeoisie of %landers ca)e to (se %rench as a prestige lang(age .)(ch as the '(ssian aristocracy had efore the Bolshevik revol(tion0 and th(s created a lang(age arrier et*een itself and the lo*er classes. 9ang(age (se th(s eca)e a )arker of class sno ery and a contin(al so(rce of conflict and h()iliation. + learned early that lang(age *as not only a )eans of co))(nication (t also an idio) of e8cl(sion and do)ination. +n Br(ssels that fact *as not so o vio(s since %rench do)inated the p( lic life of the capital. =ven there, ho*ever, there *ere %rench? and 7 B1B 7 &(tch?)edi() schools, *hich ro(ghly corresponded to o(rgeois and *orking?class schools. =ven *ithin the %rench?)edi() schools .*hich, nat(rally, + attended0, it *as clear that the est p(pils also spoke the est %rench and the *orst &(tch, so )(ch so that having lo* )arks in the co)p(lsory &(tch co(rse *as a adge of high class stat(s. +n a %le)ish city like :hent the invidio(sness of lang(age (se *as even )ore glaring. ,here every o(rgeois ho(sehold e8hi ited ling(istic schi@ophrenia: %rench *as spoken in the living roo), %le)ish in the kitchenHa vertical )icrocos) of the co(ntry at large. My grandparents, for e8a)ple, *ere

iling(al (t never spoke %le)ish *ith each other, *ith any )e) er of the fa)ily, or *ith their class eG(als. %le)ish *as the lang(age they spoke to )enialsHservants, tenant far)ers, trades)en, crafts)en, the vast asse) lage they collectively called Jles gens u peuple .J 2ince + elonged to the privileged gro(p, + readily adopted the ling(istic sno ery of the francophone, all the )ore so as these attit(des *ere strongly reinforced y those on the )aternal side of )y fa)ily, *ho indeed looked do*n on all Belgians as deni@ens of a petit pays , not of a gran e nation . %le)ish *as considered an earthy, peasant dialect, *ell s(ited to the telling of scatological 3okes .)y grand)otherDs favorites, )(ch as she *as shocked y se8(al 3okes0- (t c(lt(re co(ld only e carried thro(gh the vehicle of %rench. 4orld 4ar ++ *as perhaps )y first lesson in c(lt(ral relativis). ,he ethnic ta le *as t(rned on )e. + *as seven years old *hen Jo(r *arJ first started, that is, *hen the 4ehr)acht invaded the 9o* Co(ntries and %rance on May 10, 19B0. %or )e, the *ar egan as a lark. 4oken at " 1.M. y the o) s of the 9(ft*affe over Br(ssels, o(r fa)ily piled into o(r 19!6 Chevrolet and headed so(th. 4e stopped at )y grandparentsD in Paris, then near Bordea(8, and finally had to t(rn ack at the 2panish order, *hich *e *ere (na le to cross. ,he e8od(s, as *e called it, )eant school vacation t*o )onths ahead of sched(le and a lot of e8cite)ent and advent(re, like sleeping in arn lofts and playing paratrooper in vineyards. 2oon, ho*ever, o(r ret(rn to Br(ssels )ade it clear that *e *ere a conG(ered people. ,hat )eant little to eat- a c(rfe*- censored school ooks- ne*spapers f(ll of lies- no gasoline .*e kept o(r car hidden in o(r garage for fear it *o(ld e reG(isitioned0- slo* travel in overcro*ded trains- an occasional o) ing- and the presence of foreign troops, even in o(r ho)es. .4e *ere forced to illet :er)an officers, (t + *as strictly for idden y )y parents to fraterni@e *ith the ene)y, despite an occasional tantali@ing offer of chocolate fro) a ho)esick 7 B1F 7 yo(ng father.0 4e *ere told that Paris, far fro) eing the heart of 4estern civili@ation, *as the rotten core of a decadent society, and that the %le)ish, tho(gh one notch elo* the /errenvolk! *ere far closer to the 1ryan ideal than the effete 4alloons or %rench. 4e had several r(shes *ith real physical danger, as *hen *e sheltered a 5(ngarian Ce*ish colleag(e of )y father- *hen )y )aternal grandfather *as arrested and detained as a hostage, s( 3ect to e8ec(tion in reprisal against resistance killings of :er)ans .the price of pro)inence0- and *hen )y father discovered that his la oratory in 1nt*erp had een converted y his assistant into an (ndergro(nd arsenal. ,he assistant, one of those psychopaths t(rned into heroes y the *ar, partic(larly relished telling )e stories of his favorite *arti)e assign)entHslitting the throats of prostit(tes s(spected of eing :estapo infor)ers. + a) s(re that (t for an accident of irth he *o(ld have *orked 3(st as enth(siastically for the other side. 1ltho(gh )y fa)ily *as solidly anti?:er)an and freely e8changed the latest anti?;a@i 3okes, herois) *as not in the fa)ily style. +n fact it *as regarded *ith so)e s(spicion and distaste. ,he nearest thing to a hero )y fa)ily prod(ced *as a third co(sin *ho later vol(nteered in the Belgian paratrooper attalion d(ring the >orean 4ar and ret(rned )(ch decorated for ravery. 5e eca)e a plantation overseer in the Congo, *here he *as tried for shooting *orkers in the legs *ith a .$$?cali er rifle to enco(rage prod(ctivity- he riefly follo*ed his tr(e vocation *hen he rose to e chief of police for Moise ,sho) e d(ring the >atanga secession episode, )eeting an (nti)ely and (ndo( tedly disagreea le death at the hands of his Congolese captors. My al)ost e8act conte)porary, he *as al*ays presented to )e as a negative role )odel, J(n gosse G(i a )al to(rnI parce G(e sa )Qre ne sDest pas asse@ occ(pIe de l(iJ .Ja kid *ho t(rned o(t adly eca(se his )other neglected hi)J0.

,hat story rings )e to )y colonial e8perience in the then Belgian Congo. 1ltho(gh + *as orn there, + *as ro(ght to =(rope as a ten?)onth?old infant, and + only ret(rned in 19B6, at age fifteen, to spend )y last t*o years of high school. +t is diffic(lt to convey the e8cite)ent of an 1frican advent(re for an adolescent. Undo( tedly those t*o years *ere a)ong the )ost for)ative of )y life and played a deter)ining role in )y vocation as a social scientist. + *as privileged, thro(gh )y fatherDs instit(te .+'21C, +nstit(t po(r la 'echerche 2cientifiG(e en 1friG(e Centrale0, to see anthropologists like CacG(es MaG(et at *ork a)ong the ,(@i of '*anda, to follo* ethologists on the tracks of )o(ntain 7 B1" 7 gorillas on the shores of 9ake >iv(, to visit national parks a G(arter cent(ry efore the onsla(ght of )ass to(ris), to e8perience h()an c(lt(ral diversity in its )ost contrasting for)s, and, especially, to e a participant o server in a colonial syste) of naked do)ination and e8ploitation, *hich *as already doo)ed (t did not yet kno* it. +n 19F0, 3(st ten years efore UaireDs independence, colonialis) still see)ed an (nshaka le syste) destined to last at least another cent(ry. ,he lessons of +ndia, +ndonesia, and +ndochina had not even eg(n to sink in. 1s + a) trying to recapt(re )y reactions to colonialis), + reali@e that colonial Congolese society *as a considera le intellect(al sti)(lant. Unlike )any colonials, + *as not taken in y the paternalistic ideology of the mission civilisatrice! nor did + share racial stereotypes of lack inferiority. +n the intellect(al cli)ate of +'21C li eralis) and c(lt(ral relativis) *ere de rig(e(r and criticis) of the colonial regi)e *as a constant the)e of conversation. ,hat the regi)e rested on naked coercion *as also glaringly o vio(s .this (ndo( tedly reinforced )y anarchistic conviction that all govern)ents *ere coercive0. Blacks never see)ed d() or la@y to )e. +ndeed + *as G(ick to o serve ho* c(nning they *ere in (sing the tactics of the *eak .*hich *ere also the tactics + *as (sing against teachers and other JhostileJ ad(lts and *hich + *as later to (se to good effect *hile a private in the ar)y0: passive resistance, evasion, sa otage, deception, )alingering, deli erate )is(nderstandings, and the like. Colonialis) .slavery, i)prison)ent, the )ilitary, and other social syste)s *here the ideological veneer is thin0 vividly e8poses social str(ct(re and is th(s an e8cellent training gro(nd for social scientists. ,yrannical societies often prod(ce first?class social scientists and social novelists: 2o(th 1frica, Poland, and '(ssia co)e to )ind. 1t the sa)e ti)e as the sine*s of Congolese society lay are to )y vie*, + *as leading a co)forta le and very pleasant e8istence ased on (nearned privilege. + *o(ld e less than candid if + said that it othered )e .as it *o(ld a decade later *hen + spent t*o years doing research on race relations in 2o(th 1frica0. +f anything, + fo(nd racial pre3(dice an a)(sing for) of )ental a erration. + still re)e) er ho* )y rother ca)e ho)e fro) school one day having to copy a h(ndred ti)es, as p(nish)ent for slackness, J+f + have *hite skin, + )(st *ork, other*ise + a) a *hite nigger.J ,his )otto reflected the )entality of the Catholic clergy, s(pposedly one of the li eral sectors of colonial opinion. .;at(rally *e attended a =(ropean school. ,here *as a stor) of protest *hen the Ces(its elatedly decided to start ad)itting J)(lattoesJ *ho had een legally recogni@ed y their *hite fathers.0 7 B1# 7 1fter + finished high school in the Congo, )y father tho(ght it *o(ld e a good idea to send )e to the United 2tates for (niversity st(dies, and he picked 2tanford University. 5e also took the opport(nity to d()p )y )other and sister in California in anticipation of divorce. 2tanford in the early 19F0s *as not a )a3or (niversity- Jthe far),J as it *as affectionately .not derisively0 called, deserved its nickna)e. +t

*as a d(de ranch for the anti?intellect(al rats of the 4est Coast pl(tocracy. 1fter a Ces(it ed(cation 2tanford *as an acade)ically (nde)anding :arden of =den. + happily *ent horse ack riding, s*i))ing, and girl chasing .a res(lt of )y first (nhindered access to the opposite se8 after years in all? )ale schools0 and ree@ed thro(gh a achelorDs degree in political science in t*o years, grad(ating in 19F$. %or lack of etter things to do, and to postpone )y eing drafted into the United 2tates 1r)y, + stayed at 2tanford another year, receiving a )asterDs degree in sociology. By that ti)e + had decided that + *anted to eco)e a social scientist. Political science .)y first choice eca(se + riefly tho(ght of a diplo)atic career0 ored )e, and + )ost en3oyed )y sociology and anthropology co(rses, especially those of 'ichard 9a Piere and :eorge 2pindler. ,he 3oint &epart)ent of 2ociology and 1nthropology *as )in(sc(le .si8 or seven fac(lty )e) ers0 and did not offer a serio(s grad(ate progra), so )y )asterDs degree *as another intellect(al pro)enade, pleasant (t (nchallenging. &(ring )y 2tanford years, + spent a s())er, in 19F1, st(dying in Me8ico CityHthe start of a lifelong love affair *ith Me8ico. +t *as )y first e8pos(re to 9atin 1)erica, and + i))ediately took to it as + never co(ld to the United 2tates. Me8ico had the sa)e *ide open spaces that + had learned to appreciate in ;orth 1)erica, (t it also had a historical depth, c(lt(ral richness, and h()an density that + so adly )issed in the United 2tates. Most refreshingly, it see)ed free of racial pre3(dices, *hich + fo(nd so s(ffocating in the United 2tates. ,o e s(re, Me8ico *as highly class?stratified, (t in a *ay so si)ilar to that *hich + had e8perienced in =(rope that + felt c(lt(rally very )(ch at ho)e. +n any case, + learned 2panish and eG(ipped )yself for later field*ork in 9atin 1)erica .Chiapas, Me8ico, 19F9- :(ate)ala, 19""- Per(, 19#$/#!0. 4ith a *orthless M.1. in )y pocket and the United 2tates and Belgian ar)ies reathing do*n )y neck .+ *as still a Belgian national, (t as a per)anent resident in the United 2tates, Uncle 2a) also considered )e a pri)e candidate0, + took a chance on starting a Ph.&. progra) at 5arvard University. My l(ck soon ran o(t, (t )y one?year stint at 5arvard *as a revelation: + had )y first e8pos(re to a real (niversity 7 B16 7 3(st as + *as eginning to do( t any e8isted in the United 2tates. +n fact, *ith the arrogant self? confidence of yo(th, + did not other to apply to another grad(ate school esides 5arvard. 5arvard *as great. + discovered on arrival that the g(r( of str(ct(ral f(nctionalis) *as a*ay that year, (t :ordon 1llport, :eorge 5o)ans, Clyde >l(ckhohn, Barrington Moore, %rederick Mosteller, Pitiri) 2orokin, and 2a)(el 2to(ffer handso)ely )ade (p for ,alcott ParsonsDs a sence. + arrived d(ring the for)ative period of the &epart)ent of 2ocial 'elations, or 2oc 'el .and + *as to finish )y degree d(ring its heyday in 19"00. ,he holy trinity of 1llport, >l(ckhohn, and Parsons see)ed to present a reathtaking synthesis of the social *orld, having grandly asserted the (nity of psychology, sociology, and anthropology. 9a Piere had t(rned )e against %re(d and &(rkhei) .a lasting infl(ence, + )ight add0, and he had convinced )e that social str(ct(res *ere nothing (t people acting. + no* fo(nd 5o)ans reinforcing those vie*s. 1s for the distinction et*een sociology and anthropology, it had never )ade sense to )e. +t see)ed that the skin color of those st(died did not 3(stify the disciplinary o(ndary. 5appily, + fo(nd everyone at 5arvard in agree)ent on this point. 1ltho(gh the holy trinity constit(ted the r(ling tri()virate at 2oc 'el, + *as perhaps )ost attracted y the terri le three .)y ter)0: 5o)ans, Moore, and 2orokin. Cranky, sarcastic, and arrogant, they terrori@ed )ost st(dents, *hich left an e)pty niche to e filled. + fo(nd all three relatively approacha le .after the initial protective re (ff0 precisely eca(se so fe* st(dents dared co)e near

the). 5o)ans and Moore *ere oth on )y Ph.&. general e8a)ination co))ittee, and )ost of )y peers tho(ght + *as co(rting disaster. +ndeed + *as. Moore ehaved tr(e to for). 5e asked )e in the oral e8a) to contrast ind(strial and preind(strial societies. + fell into the trap of ans*ering in Parsonian platit(des (nlikely to endear )e to either Moore or 5o)ans: on the sp(r of the )o)ent the Jpattern varia lesJ see)ed a convenient coat hanger for that kind of G(estion. 1fter an inter)ina le five )in(tes or so, Moore interr(pted *ith a devastating G(estion: JB(t Mr. van den Berghe, *hat have yo( told )e that + co(ld not have fo(nd o(t y reading the -ew 6ork Times= J +t *as 5o)ans *ho ca)e to )y resc(e. +n his stentorian voice he inter3ected, JB(t Barrington, yo( havenDt asked anything *hich co(ld not e ans*ered in those ter)s.J B(t + a) r(nning ahead of the story- Uncle 2a) ca(ght (p *ith )e long efore + co(ld take )y generals. + *as drafted in 2epte) er 19FB, after the >orean ar)istice (t efore the official end of hostilities, and 7 B19 7 spent t*o years in the 1r)y Medical Corps, rising to the lofty rank of private first class. ,he )ove fro) a grad(ate dor)itory at 5arvard to a asic?training arrack at %ort Ard, California, *as pro a ly the )ost tra()atic in )y life. <et it too *as intellect(ally for)ative. Military life gave )e a firsthand (nderstanding of total instit(tions and, y e8tension, colonial syste)s, slavery, concentration ca)ps, and other sit(ations that *ere to e8ert a lifelong fascination on )e. + did not re el against the )ilitary- + *ithdre* in a)(sed cynicis), ridic(ling and sa otaging the syste) and e8ercising )y creativity y s(rreptitio(sly shirking )y responsi ilities *itho(t attracting p(nish)ent. + p(rs(ed )y ed(cation y reading a s( stantial pocket ook li rary in latrines d(ring e8tended coffee reaks and other disappearing acts. + s(ccessf(lly red(ced an e8ec(tive officerDs a(thority y threatening to prefer charges of inco)petence against hi). .5e had een responsi le for (rning si8 )en on )ane(vers, )istaking *hite phosphor(s grenades for s)oke grenades. ,hey oth ca)e in olive?dra canisters, and he had not othered to read the la el.0 1 ove all, + eca)e a arracks la*yer, )astering the Unifor) Code of Military C(stice, *hich + had discovered to e an inti)idating *eapon against illiterate nonco))issioned officers and se)iliterate officers. My *orst p(nish)ent *as one *eekDs confine)ent to arracks, *hich + spent )ostly listening to Mo@art and Beethoven in the )(sic roo) of the )ilitary hospital .the e8istence of *hich *as only kno*n to a half?do@en aficionados0. 9(ckily, after asic training a)ong the rattlesnakes of California and ,e8as + *as sent to defend the 1)erican e)pire on the 'hine. ,hat assign)ent gave )e the opport(nity to rene* contact *ith oth the Belgian and the %rench sides of )y fa)ily, and it *as in :er)any that + )et )y f(t(re *ife, +r)gard ;ieh(is, in the dental chair of a )ilitary hospital *here she *as a dental assistant. ,o )y father?in?la*, a senior civil servant in Bad >re(@nach, + o*e a keen appreciation of 'hine, Mosel, and ;ahe *ines- his 3o as head of the land?s(rveying office in the region gave hi) (n)atched access to, and e8pertise in, the est vineyards. 1fter a long )ilitary inG(isition d(ring *hich )y fiancIe *as asked .s(pposedly for )y protection0 *hether she had ever had venereal diseases or intended to e)igrate to the United 2tates to engage in prostit(tion, *e *ere )arried y a 2o(thern Baptist )ilitary chaplain in Can(ary 19F". ,hat *as also the period *hen + acG(ired United 2tates citi@enship, )ore as a )atter of convenience than of conviction. My *ifeDs nationality and her religion .Protestant0 *ere )atters of concern

7 B$0 7 to so)e )e) ers of )y fa)ily, (t their )isgivings *ere G(ickly allayed on acG(aintance. A(r differences in religio(s ackgro(nd *ere resolved thro(gh )(t(al agnosticis) and indifference to religio(s )atters, and *e raised three sons, =ric . orn in 19"10, Aliver . orn in 19"$0, and Marc . orn in 19#F0 in a sec(lar ho)e, dra*ing eclectically fro) several religio(s traditions *itho(t affiliating *ith any. ;onetheless, )y *ife is not a ove reproaching )e for )y Ces(itical t(rn of )ind *henever she loses an arg()ent. 'eleased at last fro) the talons of the ald eagle, )y *ife and + spent an e8traordinarily sti)(lating year in Paris .19F"/F#0 co(rtesy of the :+ ill. A(r )onthly stipend of X1!F only s(stained a 2partan standard of living, (t the red(ced?rate st(dent resta(rants, theaters, and concerts and the t(ition?free (niversity allo*ed a rich c(lt(ral and intellect(al diet on a )odest (dget. ,hat *as the year + decided + *o(ld )ake 1frica )y )ain area of research, and Paris *as a s(per training gro(nd. :eorges Balandier, Pa(l Mercier, and :er)aine &ieterlen *ere )y )ain teachers in the 1frican area. 'oger Bastide initiated )e to the 1frican diaspora in Bra@il- Cla(de 9Ivi?2tra(ss kindled )y interest in the arcane field of kinship analysis- + listened to 'ay)ond 1ron talk a o(t 4e er, and :eorges :(rvitch a o(t &(rkhei). 1)ong )y conte)poraries and fello* st(dents in and aro(nd the 2i8th 2ection of the =cole PratiG(e des 5a(tes Wt(des, in the caverno(s old 2or onne (ilding, *ere Cla(de Meillasso(8 and 'odolfo 2tavenhagen. ,he great political iss(es of the day *ere the *ar in 1lgeria and the 2(e@ intervention, pro)pting ro(tini@ed sho(ting )atches aro(nd 2at(rday noon in the )ain co(rtyard of the 2or onne. 'ival st(dent gro(ps sho(ted at each other, JAlg8rie franNaise J and JLe fascisme ne passera pas .J &ark l(e tr(cks loaded *ith gar es mobiles stood y 3(st o(tside (t seldo) had to intervene. +t *as then that + first eca)e a*are of the i))inence and irreversi ility of political change on the 1frican continent and decided that + *anted to go ack there soon. Both )y political sy)pathies and )y contacts *ere over*hel)ingly *ith the left, at least on the iss(es of decoloni@ation, (t + also discovered in Paris that the right *as not necessarily st(pid .an i)pression readily gained fro) 'ep( lican politics in the United 2tates0. ,he Parisian interl(de *as follo*ed y reentry into the &epart)ent of 2ocial 'elations at 5arvard, *here + got )y Ph.&. in Can(ary 19"0. &(ring those t*o and a half years + associated )ost closely *ith :ordon 1llport and ,alcott Parsons, *ho cochaired )y dissertation co))ittee. + *as *riting on 2o(th 1frican race relations, and 1llport *as 3(st 7 B$1 7 ack fro) 2o(th 1frica *ith his st(dent ,ho)as Pettigre*. 5e *as th(s a nat(ral choice to chair )y co))ittee, and + have the fondest )e)ory of his *ar), av(nc(lar interest in )y (dding career. 5e took great pains to e8p(rgate )y =nglish prose of which es, and along *ith Bill :() .at Cohn 4iley, Basic Books, and later =lsevier0 *as the est editor + ever had. My relationship *ith Parsons *as )ore a) ivalent. +t *as close, since + *as oth his research assistant and teaching assistant for t*o years, and he *as G(ite pleasant *ith )e, (t + never felt at ease *ith his thinking. +n fact the choice of 2o(th 1frica as )y dissertation topic G(ickly t(rned into a ref(tation of Parsonian consens(s ass()ptions a o(t the asis of social order. 4hen + confronted hi) *ith the iss(e, his response *as characteristically )ild (t (nsatisfying. 5e s(ggested that either consens(s *as there (t + had not looked for it deeply eno(gh elo* all the s(rface noise, or perhaps 2o(th 1frica *as not really a society after all. +t took )e so)e five or si8 years to shed the Parsonian infl(ence altogether. =vent(ally + ca)e to resent the ti)e spent trying to (nderstand hi) *hen + elatedly discovered that

the e)peror had no clothes. B(t of co(rse grad(ate st(dents, even cheeky ones like )e, dare not co)e to s(ch concl(sions. +n the s())er of 19F9 + got )y feet *et doing anthropological field*ork in Chiapas, Me8ico, colla orating *ith Ben3a)in .;ick0 Col y, the start of a long?standing friendship and a clear ethnographic vocation. Col y and + *ere in the first generation of st(dents in the ongoing 5arvard Chiapas Pro3ect directed y =von Eogt, *ho *as )ost helpf(l to )e in the field. + also had the opport(nity to esta lish contact *ith the Me8ican school of anthropology, especially :on@alo 1g(irre Beltr]n, C(lio de la %(ente, and 1lfonso Eilla 'o3as, and a)ica ly to cross pens *ith )y for)er Paris class)ate 'odolfo 2tavenhagen. 1t that ti)e + looked at Chiapas as a training gro(nd for the field*ork + *as planning in 2o(th 1frica, (t in the end + *as to devote practically half of )y research activities to 9atin 1)erica. 1 %ord %o(ndation %oreign 1rea %ello*ship )ade it possi le for )y *ife and )e to go to 2o(th 1frica in %e r(ary 19"0, and the ne8t t*enty?t*o )onths left an indeli le i)print oth intellect(ally and politically. My stay there coincided *ith the )eteoric collapse of =(ropean colonialis) in )ost of the rest of the continent and *ith an a ortive revol(tion .2harpeville and its after)ath0 in 2o(th 1frica itself: + had picked the right ti)e to ret(rn to 1frica. + also )et )ore people of e8traordinary stat(re and co(rage in 2o(th 1frica than in any other 7 B$$ 7 period of )y life, nota ly 1l ert 9(th(li, 1lan Paton, and a)ong )y (niversity colleag(es 9eo and 5ilda >(per and %ati)a Meer. + forged lasting friendships thro(gh )y *ork in 2o(th 1frica, especially *ith the >(pers and 5a)ish &ickie?Clark .then )y colleag(es at the University of ;atal in &(r an0, =dna Bonacich .then =dna Miller, )y first research assistant0, and later 5eri ert 1da) and >ogila Moodley .then a st(dent of )ine0. 1s a lect(rer in the depart)ent headed y 9eo >(per at the University of ;atal, + *as oth in one of the three )ain fer)enting vats of 2o(th 1frican social science and in the )aelstro) of 2o(th 1frican antiapartheid politics. + have related else*here )y e8periences there .in %thics! $olitics an Social &esearch , ed. :ideon 23o erg SCa) ridge, Mass.: 2chenk)an, 19"#T0 and need not repeat )yself. +f )y 2o(th 1frican stay left one indeli le i)print, it is the fir) conviction that any attention paid to race, *hatever the stated intention, is no8io(s. ,his conviction later for)ed the asis of )y vocal opposition to policies of race? ased affir)ative action in the United 2tates and got )e into considera le hot *ater. +n 2o(th 1frica, it *as al*ays to(ch and go *hether + co(ld finish )y research efore eing e8pelled, (t + finally left of )y o*n accord in &ece) er 19"1. 1nother event of )y &(r an stay *as the irth of o(r eldest son, =ric, the first second?generation 1frican in the fa)ily. An the *ay ack fro) 2o(th 1frica *e stopped over in =(rope for si8 )onths, )ostly in Paris. + rene*ed )y 19F"/F# contacts and ta(ght at the 2or onne. A(r second son, Aliver, *as orn in :er)any in 19"$. ,he *ar in 1lgeria *as no* noisily *inding do*n, and Paris *as, as al*ays, an e8citing political and intellect(al arena. A(r stay *as p(nct(ated y A12 .Arganisation de lD1r)ee 2ecrQte, the (ndergro(nd of the right?*ing %rench settlers in 1lgeria0 plastic o) s, one *ithin a h(ndred )eters of )y grandparentsD flat. ,he follo*ing three years )arked o(r ret(rn to the United 2tates and the start of )y reg(lar teaching career, first as an assistant professor at 4esleyan University .for a )iserly ann(al salary of X#,$000, then for t*o years at the 2tate University of ;e* <ork, B(ffalo. 1t 4esleyan *e fo(nd the co) ination of provincialis), )ediocrity, and pretentio(sness hard to take. Bet*een the ro*diness of the fraternities, the chronic ine riation of the senior fac(lty, and the stench of the near y r( er tire

plant, *e fled to B(ffalo *ithin a fe* )onths of arrival. B(ffalo *as not )(ch of an i)prove)ent. ,he cli)ate *as rotten, the city gri)y, and the (niversity a sha) les, (t at least the salary *as decent .t*elve 7 B$! 7 tho(sand dollars in 19"! *ent a long *ay0. ,he 2tate University of ;e* <ork *as then )aking its ig p(sh to*ard acade)ic respecta ility, so the )oney spigots flo*ed genero(sly. B(t the (ildings of the old private (niversity *ere (rsting at the sea)s, the li rary kept ooks in crates for lack of shelf space, and the lect(res *ere arely a(di le over the constant cacophony of the e8panding (niversity: (lldo@ers, pne()atic drills, and ha))ers s(ccessf(lly co)peted *ith professors. Politically those t*o years had their )o)ents of e8cite)ent: the >ennedy assassination, the incipient protest against the Eietna) 4ar, and, locally, opposition to a ;e* <ork 2tate loyalty oath. 4hen the University of 4ashington )ade )e an offer in 19"F, accepting *as one of the easiest decisions of )y life. 2eattle, even on a dri@@ly *inter day, as *hen + first sa* it, eat B(ffalo at its est, not to )ention the li@@ard + had 3(st left. ,he (niversity *as disting(ished in the life sciences and respecta le in other fields- the sociology depart)ent *as solid in a rather naively positivist, o(tho(se? e)piricist *ay, (t there *as hope for it- the city, a it like 2an %rancisco (t t*enty years ehind it, *as tre) ling on the threshold of (r anity- the hinterland *as gorgeo(s. ,hat 2eattleDs attractive location *o(ld in later years cost )e )any tho(sands of dollars in re3ected offers *as far fro) )y tho(ghts. 9ittle did + kno* that at age thirty?t*o + had reached the ape8 of )y p(rchasing po*er *ith a 19"F salary of fifteen tho(sand dollarsN ;o sooner had + arrived than the old g(ard of the depart)ent discovered in )e )ore of a )averick and less of a positivist than they had argained for. ,hey tried to lock )y pro)otion to f(ll professor t*o years later y clai)ing, *ith considera le 3(stification, that + re3ected the pretensions of sociology to eing scientific and that + *as really an anthropologist in sociological disg(ise. + co(nterattacked in the College Co(ncil, arg(ing that + *as eing s( 3ected to a heresy trial, and *on an (nprecedented reversal of a depart)ental denial of pro)otion. %ro) the late 19"0s on, the depart)ent eca)e )ore intellect(ally diverse and sophisticated, reaching its apogee in the early 19#0s. +n the late 19#0s a s(ccession of devastating (dget c(ts sent it, and indeed the entire (niversity, into a tailspin, fro) *hich *e are only no* eginning to recover. My ten(re in 2eattle *as interr(pted y several lengthy a sences on overseas research. +n 19"" + *ent to :(ate)ala to res()e )y colla oration *ith ;ick Col y and to *ork a)ong the +8il, *ho have since een )assacred in the tho(sands y the govern)ent and relocated in Eietna)? 7 B$B 7 style Jstrategic ha)lets.J +n 19"#/"6 the 'ockefeller %o(ndation sent )e to >enya for a year to esta lish a sociology depart)ent at the University of ;airo i, and in 19"6/"9 + *ent to the University of + adan in ;igeria to develop a grad(ate progra). ,hose *ere also the years *hen + had the satisfaction of seeing )y sister :*endoline t(rn into a professional anthropologist, first st(dying as an (ndergrad(ate at Berkeley and then contin(ing on to the 2or onne for her doctorate. A(r second t*o?year stay in 1frica *as filled *ith e8cite)ent and proved a tre)endo(s e8perience for o(r oys. >enya, tho(gh officially at peace .e8cept for frontier skir)ishes *ith 2o)alis in the north0, *as in fact politically al)ost as oppressive as 2o(th 1frica. =ndo*ed *ith the kind of govern)ent 2tanislav 1ndreski aptly called a kleptocracy, >enya *as a hot ed of conflicts, and the (niversity *as

infested *ith police infor)ers. + clashed *ith the principal and the a(thorities on several iss(es involving acade)ic freedo) and the inti)idation of st(dents, there y )aking )yself persona non grata *ith another 1frican govern)ent. ;onetheless, e8tensive travel in Uganda . efore it *as g(tted y +di 1)in0, ,an@ania, and >enya, thro(gh the *orldDs greatest ga)e reserves and )ost spectac(lar scenery, )ade (s forget the tensions of ;airo i. Bet*een ;airo i and + adan )y *ife and + took an e8tended anthropological e8c(rsion thro(gh =thiopia .d(ring the *aning days of the ConG(ering 9ion of C(dah, 5aile 2elassie0, +ndia, +ran, and 9e anon. 1t least three of these societies have changed eyond recognition since, and hardly for the etter. =thiopia, even efore the great fa)ine of the 19#0s and the ravages of *ar in the Agaden and =rythrea, already G(alified as one of the poorest, )ost depleted, )ost overpop(lated co(ntries in 1frica, (t its destit(tion arely affected its ea(ty. +ndia, (nlike 1frica, e8posed (s to the pro le), not of (nderdevelop)ent, (t of overdevelop)ent: an overcro*ded s( continent *hose reso(rces had een depleted y five )illennia of overe8ploitation (nder an advanced agrarian civili@ation. ;o*here else is the contrast et*een the splendor of the past and the sG(alor of the present so evident. Af all the 1frican co(ntries, =gypt and =thiopia pro a ly co)e the closest, (t the sheer si@e and density of the +ndian pop(lation )agnify its pro le)s and s(pply an even )ore night)arish vision of the f(t(re of h()anity. +ran see)ed oppressive eno(gh in 19"6, (t, o vio(sly, it had not yet reached otto). 1s for 9e anon, it then see)ed the )odel of consociational de)ocracy- it *as hailed as the 2*it@erland of the Middle =ast, the paradise of )ercantile capitalis), the te)ple of religio(s toler? 7 B$F 7 anceN 4e had a )ost delightf(l *eek in Beir(t, Baal ek, ,yre, and 2idon, another vacation taken 3(st in ti)e. A(r i)pending stay in ;igeria left (s f(ll of apprehension. +t t(rned o(t that o(r fears *ere greatly e8aggerated. &espite a raging civil *ar esti)ated to have killed et*een five h(ndred tho(sand and one )illion people, the + adan ca)p(s *as an oasis of peace and intellect(al freedo). + felt )(ch )ore at ease in <or( a c(lt(re than + had in =ast 1frica. ;igerians *ere refreshingly free of racial conscio(sness and inferiority co)ple8es vis?M?vis the o(tside *orld. ,here *as al)ost no sign that they had ever een coloni@ed, e8cept for the social sno ery of the 4estern?ed(cated elite. Most engaging, perhaps, *as the sophistication of ;igerian political intrig(es and the disar)ing char) and candor *ith *hich nepotis), favoritis), clientelis), and corr(ption s(ff(sed the social fa ric. ,he *hole society *as a tiss(e of nepotis) and a)oral fa)ilis), stripped of hypocrisy and )oralis), its str(ct(res laid are y the transparency of its s(perstr(ct(res. +n retrospect it *as )y ;igerian e8perience that later predisposed )e to apply the socio iological paradig) to h()an ehavior. + al*ays recall *ith a)(se)ent the clinching arg()ent of ;igerians seeking to convince one of their tr(thf(lness: J4hy sho(ld + tell a lieKJ y *hich they )ean that in this partic(lar instance they have no interest in deceiving. ,he ret(rn to the United 2tates ro(ght, as (s(al, c(lt(re shock. Most dist(r ing *as *hat + sa* as a reversal of the integrationist strategies of the civil?rights )ove)ent and a revival of racial thinking and categori@ation first ro(ght a o(t y the lack?po*er )ove)ent and f(rther a etted y the instit(tional responses of affir)ative action, G(ota syste)s, racial do( le standards, racial (sing, and other for)s of race? ased, race?conscio(s discri)ination. + opposed si)ilar )oves in the 1)erican 2ociological 1ssociation and felt o liged to resign fro) so)e of its co))ittees for the sa)e reasons. +t *as only a )atter of ti)e efore the iss(e ca)e to a head on )y o*n ca)p(s. &o( le racial

standards of ad)ission at the University of 4ashington necessarily raised the pro le) of do( le standards of eval(ation of st(dents in classes. + ref(sed to take a racial cens(s of )y classes, as the Black 2t(dies Progra) de)anded of )e, and + ref(sed to yield to inti)idation on the iss(e of do( le standards of eval(ation. ,he crisis *as f(rther co)plicated *hen + ca(ght five lack st(dents in a cr(de atte)pt at ta)pering *ith a grade sheet. :ro(ps of sho(ting, a (sive st(dents confronted )e inside and o(tside )y office, (ttering ver al threats. 1 chor(s of )inority organi@ations, led y the vice presi? 7 B$" 7 dent for )inority affairs .a retired ar)y colonel *itho(t acade)ic credentials hired to keep lack st(dents (nder control0, de)anded that + e sacked as a racist. %or a fortnight + )ade oth local ne*spapers and at least one of the three television ne*s progra)s al)ost daily. 4ith the o(tstanding e8ception of )y depart)ent chair)an, %rank Miya)oto, *ho co(rageo(sly ca)e to )y defense, the (niversity ad)inistration, *ith characteristic co*ardice and e8pediency, played poss(). 4hen + tried to elicit fro) the provost a state)ent of (niversity policy on the f(nda)ental iss(es of principle + *as raising, he la)ely replied that the vice president of )inority affairs and + *ere each entitled to o(r private vie*s as to *hether racial discri)ination sho(ld e entrenched in acade)ic life. 1 field trip to Per( .19#$/#!0 (nder the a(spices of the ;ational +nstit(te of Mental 5ealth soon delivered )e fro) all that nonsense. ,he e8hilaration of eighteen )onths in one of the *orldDs )ost spectac(lar areas .the 1ndes and the 3(ngles of so(thern Per( and Bolivia0 and )ost fascinating sit(ations of ethnic relations *as a *elco)e change fro) the dissipation of intellect(al energy in sterile political fights. + a) freG(ently asked *hy + never did research in the United 2tates. + s(ppose it is eca(se + s(ffer the anthropological )alady diagnosed y 9Ivi?2tra(ss in Tristes tropi:ues: + find it )(ch )ore diffic(lt to s(spend val(e 3(dg)ents a o(t the society in *hich + nor)ally reside than + do a road. +t takes physical and c(lt(ral distance to gain )oral detach)ent and political nonco))it)ent. 'elativis) i)plies a solid )eas(re of indifference. %or all its ea(ty and fascination, + did not take to Per( as + did to Me8ico. + )et sti)(lating colleag(es like CosI Matos Mar, %ernando %(en@alida, and Corge %lores Achoa, and + )ade friends like Ben Arlove, (t + fo(nd 1ndean c(lt(re to e do(r, hostile, and see)ingly devoid of 3oie de vivre. ,he )(sic is ha(ntingly )elodic (t )elancholy- even d(ring fiestas people are (ns)iling- their sense of h()or see)s li)ited to the )isfort(ne of others- se8(ality is repressed, and *o)en (nder their (lging )(ltiple dresses e8(de the p(ngent sens(ality of giant peripatetic onions- even dr(nkenness see)s to ring o(t depression rather than release inhi itions. 1s 1lfred MItra(8 had *arned )e ten years earlier, JLes An es sont sinistres .J + attri (ted his state)ent to his o*n )elancholy te)pera)ent .he took his o*n life soon after*ard0, (t )y e8perience confir)ed his 3(dg)ent. +n Bra@il, especially in 'io de Caneiro and even )ore so in Bahia, + enco(ntered e8( erant 3oy, sens(ality, and hedonis) in a har)onio(s c(lt(ral lend of 9atin =(? 7 B$# 7 rope and 4est 1frica. 9(sotropicalis) in all its fla) oyant glory *as a far cry fro) the tristes tropi:ues of the sertao descri ed y 9Ivi?2tra(ss. My ret(rn to 2eattle )arked rapid gro*th in a ne* interest, *hich had long een dor)ant (t no* *o(ld not leave )e in peace. +t si)ply had to e p(rs(ed. + a) referring, of co(rse, to *hat is no* called sociobiology . ,here are fe* topics on *hich social scientists e8hi it s(ch a devastating lend of a ys)al ignorance and (nshaka le irrationality. ;ot s(rprisingly, )y alleged conversion had een

vario(sly seen as a profo(nd depart(re fro) )y previo(s *ork, a elated sho*ing of )y tr(e reactionary colors, an act of treachery, or a case of creeping senility. 5aving e8perienced )ost of )y colleag(esD i)pervio(sness to rational disco(rse on this score, + have fe* ill(sions that anything + say here *ill disa (se the). B(t the G(i8otic strain in )y te)pera)ent i)pels )e to try any*ay. %or several years + had een reading e8tensively in ethology, especially pri)ate and h()an ethology, and tho(gh + sensed )(ch of interest there, + *as also (nsatisfied. M(ch of the *ork in h()an ethology *as trivial: the (nderlying evol(tionary thinking *as sloppily gro(p?selectionist- there see)ed to e no overarching theoretical fra)e*ork to a largely descriptive nat(ral history- and cross?species co)parisons *ere )ainly piece)eal and at the level of loose analogies. 1t the sa)e ti)e it *as eco)ing increasingly clear to )e that the social?science orthodo8y of the past half cent(ry *as no* ankr(pt and o solete. ,he dog)a that /omo sapiens *as so (niG(e an ani)al as to ear no co)parison *ith other species- the contin(o(s e8cl(sion of h()an ehavior fro) the process of evol(tion y nat(ral selection- the treat)ent of h()an c(lt(re and social str(ct(re as pheno)ena entirely s(i generis- ca(sality defined in ter)s of an opposition of nat(re vers(s n(rt(re, heredity vers(s the environ)entHall these notions see)ed overd(e for the intellect(al 3(nk heap. ,oo )(ch evidence si)ply did not fit. 5o*ever, several approaches in the social sciences that had al*ays )ade sense to )e and that, together, e8ha(sted social?science clai)s to at least G(asi?scientific stat(s all see)ed to converge on a fe* si)ple ass()ptions a o(t h()an ehavior. Behavioris), ga)e theory, classical econo)ics, Mar8is), e8change theory, and rational?choice theory all appeared to e ased on si)ple (tilitarian, )aterialistic pre)ises that h()ans *ere )a8i)i@ers acting in see)ing rationality in the p(rs(it of self? interest. ,hese social?science )odels are in fact G(ite close to those (sed y pop(lation ecologists and other evol(tionary iologists, and tantali@ing vistas for the reincorporation of the social sciences into 7 B$6 7 the )ainstrea) of neo?&ar*inian synthesis opened (p. +ndeed )any of the glaring li)itations in these fields see)ed to disappear *hen pro le)s *ere retho(ght in evol(tionary ter)s. ,he charge of ahistoricis) 3(stifia ly leveled at )(ch *o(ld? e theoretical social science *o(ld lose its validity if the linkage *ith iology co(ld e )ade. %or e8a)ple, classical ehavioris) dealt *ith the ontogeny of ehavior- it co(ld only gain y linking (p *ith the phylogenetic approach of ethology. =d*ard 4ilsonDs 19#F ook Sociobiology: The -ew Synthesis s(ddenly see)ed to point the *ay, not only to a rand of theoretical iology that revol(tioni@ed 9oren@ian ethology, (t also to a synthesis )(ch )ore ger)ane to a n() er of e8isting social?science traditions. + soon discovered that the pieces of the p(@@le, *hich 4ilson had conveniently asse) led, had all een aro(nd for over a decade, in the *orks of =rnst Mayr, :eorge 4illia)s, 4illia) 5a)ilton, Cohn Maynard?2)ith, 'ichard 1le8ander, and others. 4ilson *as not so )(ch the innovator as the synthesi@er. 4hy people keep *ondering at ho* )(ch + changed p(@@les )e- + see )y interest in socio iology as flo*ing logically fro) )y lifelong insistence on the co)parative approach. M(ch as + co(ld never envisage a sociology that did not take in the entire range of h()an e8perience .and th(s the field c(sto)arily reserved for anthropology0, + no* co(ld not see *hy *e sho(ld s(spend o(r co)parative perspective at the o(ndaries of o(r species. 5o* can *e define the para)eters of h()an nat(re e8cept y co)parison *ith the nonh()anK Certainly *e are (niG(e, (t *e are not (niG(e in eing (niG(e. =very species is (niG(e and evolve its (niG(eness in adaptation to its environ)ent. C(lt(re is the (niG(ely h()an *ay of adapting, (t c(lt(re, too, evolved iologically. C(lt(re does have so)e e)ergent properties, (t it cannot e dissociated fro) iological evol(tion and contin(es to e

intricately and integrally connected *ith it. ,he feed ack loops are )(ltiple and reciprocal. ,o deter)ine the ca(sal path*ays and specify the pro8i)ate )echanis)s that link genes, )ind, and c(lt(re .to paraphrase Charles 9()sden and =d*ard A. 4ilson0 is the great intellect(al challenge of late t*entieth?cent(ry social science. ,he h()an )ind is not a ta (la rasa- it channels c(lt(ral develop)ent in recogni@a ly h()an *ays. +n 19#"/##, + took the first sa atical of )y career, largely to retool as a socio iologist st(dying h()ans. My previo(s 3(nkets had fo(nd o(tside sponsors, (t the halcyon days of acade)e *ere over. + colla orated *ith &avid Barash at the University of 4ashington, and )et 'ichard 1le8ander, 'ichard &a*kins, 4illia) 5a)ilton, Cohn Maynard?2)ith, 7 B$9 7 'o ert ,rivers, =d*ard 4ilsonHindeed )ost of the leading lights in the field. + also took a fascinating trip to +srael, invited y the University of 5aifa. ,here + rene*ed )y friendship *ith 2a))y 2)ooha, *ho proved a )arvelo(s g(ide to an incredi ly co)ple8 society, and )et Coseph 2hepher, *ho introd(ced )e to his ki (t@ and rekindled )y long?standing interest in h()an incest avoidance. 1part fro) )y acade)ic interest in race relations, +srael co(ld not leave )e (n)oved. Ald Cer(sale), that great rende@vo(s of )onotheis), is perhaps the )ost gripping and ha(nting piece of real estate on earth, even for an agnostic like )e. +n 19#" there see)ed to e a gli))er of hope that so)e sol(tion to the regional conflict )ight e fo(nd, (t ra)pant +sraeli i)perialis) (nder Begin and the rape of 9e anon destroyed any prospects of peace. +f the (lti)ate 3(stification for the 2tate of +srael is the ;a@i 5oloca(st, as the <ad Eashe) Me)orial s(ggests, + al*ays *ondered *hy +srael *as created at the e8pense of the 1ra s. 4o(ld it not have )ade )ore sense to esta lish it in, say, =ast Pr(ssiaK Mean*hile, ack in 2eattle another it of e8cite)ent *as a*aiting )e. +n 1pril 19#6 + achieved instant *orld notoriety as the sociologist *ho spent one h(ndred tho(sand dollars to find his *ay to a rothel. 2enator 4illia) Pro8)ire had a*arded ;+M5 and )e his )onthly :olden %leece 1*ard, for e8travagant govern)ent spending, allegedly for having *asted )y Per(vian research )oney .ninety? seven tho(sand dollars of it0 on intervie*ing t*enty?one prostit(tes in a C(@co rothel. ,he story *as of co(rse a nat(ral for the )edia, *hich got into the act *ith great alacrity, fro) the Washington $ost! Le "on e! the Lon on Sun ay Times! and the Wall Street 2ournal to the -ational %n:uirer! $layboy! $enthouse! and J,he &ick Cavett 2ho*.J %riends started )ailing )e ne*spaper clippings fro) 9ondon, Paris, &3akarta, and ;airo i. ,he so er tr(th of the )atter *as that )y st(dent and assistant, :eorge Pri)ov, had, *ith )y kno*ledge and consent, independently cond(cted a little st(dy of a rothel, on his o*n ti)e, at the cost of perhaps fifty dollars of grant reso(rces. ,he research *as perfectly legiti)ate and related to the )ain pro3ect .ethnic and class relations in C(@co0. + felt + o*ed no one any apologies, and + co(nterattacked, calling Pro8)ire a clo*nish reincarnation of 2enator Coseph McCarthy. +n fact + felt flattered y the a*ard. +f an anti?intellect(al politico like Pro8)ire fo(nd )y research a *aste of )oney, his attack )(st e a vindication of its )erit. + soon discovered that + *as indeed in disting(ished co)pany, incl(ding, a)(singly, =d*ard A. 4ilson. +t also 7 B!0 7 t(rned o(t that )y colleag(es Philip Bl()stein and Pepper 2ch*art@ *ere the first r(nners?(p for the a*ard, for the st(dy p( lished as American )ouples . ,he last fe* years have een a it of an anticli)a8, fort(nately p(nct(ated y several pleasant trips to

Me8ico, the Cari ean, Morocco, +ndia, and =(rope, a %(l right lect(re to(r of 1(stralia in 196$, visiting professorships in 2tras o(rg in 196!, ,\ ingen .196"0, and ,el 1viv .19660, and a 196B/6F fello*ship at the Center for 1dvanced 2t(dy in the Behavioral 2ciences. My (nease *ith United 2tates society has )o(nted, and the last fe* years of 'eaganis) .that coalition of )illionaires, g(n n(ts, Bi le Belt f(nda)entalists, and political idiots *ho vote against their interests0 have only reinforced )y distaste for the c(lt of )ediocrity that s(ff(ses 1)erican society, incl(ding, sadly, its syste) of ed(cation. ,he entire 1)erican ed(cational syste) has een (ffeted y s(ccessive *aves of anti?intellect(alis) of the right and the left and has conseG(ently spa*ned the first generation of f(nctional illiterates ever prod(ced y an advanced ind(strial society. ,he teaching profession, itself a astion of )ediocrity, has een in the forefront of this assa(lt against intellect(al G(ality and discipline. ,he (niversity has not een spared. +n contrast to the British )odel of the (niversity as an independent co))(nity of scholars r(led y a collective of professors and engaged in the diff(sion and e8tension of kno*ledge, the 1)erican (niversity is s( servient to capitalist donors, foot all?cra@ed al()ni, ack*oods state legislators, Bi le? randishing synods, and )issile?*ielding *arlords and r(n y s(pine, opport(nistic ad)inistrators. Professors are tolerated co(rt 3esters, irrelevant eccentrics paid to keep the yo(th a)(sed and off the streets and la or )arkets for a fe* years. My intellect(al elitis) and political anarchis) have *on )e fe* friends and allies on ca)p(s, and )y peripheralness to sociology has scared a*ay )ost grad(ate st(dents. ;ot that + )ind eing an isolate, and )y e8perience *ith the do@en st(dents *ho have st(ck *ith )e to the doctorate has een )ost re*arding and roadening: they have ranged fro) historical )acrosociologists to str(ct(ral anthropologists and h()an socio iologists. Most of )y intellect(al associates over the last ten years have co)e fro) o(tside of sociologyHpri)arily anthropology (t also psychology, @oology, history, and other fields. +n fact + have largely given (p on sociology as a via le discipline. %i8ated on )ethodology .and a very li)iting rand of )ethodology at 7 B!1 7 that0, sociologists are increasingly ereft of s( stantive kno*ledge and have failed to prod(ce a tr(ly significant idea in the last fifty years. ,he golden age of sociology *as d(ring the first three decades of the cent(ry. 5iding its intellect(al ankr(ptcy ehind a shaky n()erical faLade, sociology has )anaged to get the *orst of oth C. P. 2no*Ds t*o c(lt(res: it is too philistine to G(alify as a h()anity and too antired(ctionist to eco)e a science. ,h(s it richly deserves the lo* estee) in *hich it is held. +ndeed sociology see)s to have )issed every intellect(ally pro)ising oat in the last half cent(ry. +t lost its panh()an vision *hen it let anthropology pree)pt three?fo(rths of the *orld. +t lost its historical vision *hen it t(rned its ack on oth evol(tionis) and J)ereJ historicis) and eca)e ad ethnography of conte)porary ind(strial societies. +t lost any chance of eco)ing a science *hen it re3ected the relevance of iology and started treating h()an ehavior as dise) odied social str(ct(res and val(es. +t retained the o(t*ard )ark of a scientific discipline: G(antification, or, etter, as 2orokin p(t it, JG(antophrenia.J 1s *ith all disciplines in the process of eco)ing sterile scholastic traditions, sociology eco)es increasingly ingro*n. 5enri PoincarI *as indeed prophetic *hen, in 1909, he declared sociology the discipline )ost concerned *ith )ethodology and )ost ereft of s( stance. 7 B!$ 7

$ha/ter Nineteen4 e*ativis-7 EAua*ity7 and %o/u*ar $u*ture

1erbert ,. 0ans ,o (nderstand society, *e st(dy peopleDs relationships, (t *e also st(dy their lives. +f *e *ant to (nderstand sociologyDs place in society, *e )(st look at o(rselves in the sa)e *ayHand precisely eca(se *e are s(pposed to e detached social scientists. 2ociologists are also people, and *hen *e try to e val(e?free, kno*ledge a o(t the val(es fro) *hich *e are seeking to free o(rselves eco)es a sol(tely necessary. 1ltho(gh + *ish this *ere a vol()e of iographical st(dies, + s(spect that no one is yet ready to pay for iographical research a)ong sociologists- a(to iographical acco(nts are therefore a (sef(l prec(rsor. 5aving )yself een trained in the era of detached social science and i)personal scientists, + fo(nd it diffic(lt at first to *rite a o(t )yself and co(ld only egin y t(rning the assign)ent into a research pro3ect, a self?st(dy. ,his essay atte)pts to deter)ine ho* and *hy + got interested in the analysis of 1)erican pop(lar c(lt(re and, since + a) also a policy?oriented researcher, *hy + developed the c(lt(ral policies + have advocated. My data are largely ased on recall, altho(gh having kept al)ost all )y st(dent ter) papers, + *as a le to refer to the), incl(ding a rief a(to iographical report + had to *rite at age t*enty, in 19B#. +n )y 19#B ook $opular )ulture an /igh )ulture + arg(ed that peopleDs artistic and entertain)ent activities and preferences are s(fficiently infl(enced y class that they can e analy@ed as if they *ere aspects of class c(lt(res, *hich + called taste c(lt(res (t *hich have long een kno*n as ro* levels in the vernac(lar. ,o this asically e)pirical the)e + added a critical analysis that proposed that the e8pert 7 B!! 7 practitioners of high c(lt(re seek to )ake the aesthetic standards of their o*n c(lt(re (niversal. +n so doing, they conde)n co)peting c(lt(res, nota ly co))ercial pop(lar c(lt(re, as e)otionally and other*ise har)f(l and, *itho(t any convincing evidence, arg(e either that high c(lt(re is eneficial or pop(lar c(lt(re dangero(s. Moreover, they *ant people to convert to high?c(lt(re standards *itho(t s(pplying the) *ith the inco)e and ed(cational prereG(isites already o tained y the present high? c(lt(re a(dience. My analysis reflected at least three val(e and policy positionsHall of the) essentially Jpop(list.J Ane is cultural relativism! that all taste c(lt(res are eG(ally valid as long as people choose the c(lt(ral activities and artifacts they think good. 1 second is e:uality! that all people are entitled to the sa)e freedo) of c(lt(ral choice. ,he third )ight e la eled antie#pert! insofar as + a) critical of professionals and scholars *ho (se their e8pertiseHas *ell as their credi ility and prestige as e8perts Hin ehalf of val(e 3(dg)ents that overtly or covertly f(rther their o*n interests. 1ltho(gh the ook *as p( lished in 19#B, + had prepared article?length versions earlier, and several of its asic ideas, incl(ding the ones s())ari@ed here, had already appeared in preli)inary for) in a paper *ritten in 19F0 for &avid 'ies)anDs grad(ate se)inar in pop(lar c(lt(re at the University of Chicago. By foc(sing )ainly, (t not co)pletely, on that paper, + can li)it the length of this a(to iographical acco(nt to )y first t*enty?three years. + egan )y self?st(dy *ith t*o hypotheses, *hich + *ill disc(ss f(rther at the end of the essay. Ane is that having een orn in :er)any, )y interest in 1)erican pop(lar c(lt(re )ay have een in part a

f(nction of )y o*n acc(lt(ration as a first?generation ethnic of Ce*ish origin- the other is that )y espo(sal of c(lt(ral relativis) and eG(alityHas *ell as )y interest in (sing social?science research for developing policyH*as connected to changes and inconsistencies in class and stat(s that ca)e *ith )y eing an i))igrant. + (sed these hypotheses )ostly to help )e str(ct(re )y recall and to p(t o(ndaries on )y self?st(dy. ,his proced(re can e G(estioned on )ethodological gro(nds, (t a(to iography cannot e science. + sho(ld add t*o other initial hypotheses: one, that )ore asic )arginalities (nrelated to ethnicity or class enco(raged )e to eco)e an o server of society and a sociologist, and t*o, that eing etter at *riting than talking a o(t )y ideas helped )ake )e a *riter of sociological st(dies. ,he latter t*o hypotheses are pro a ly virt(al a8io)s that are tr(e for )any sociologists, especially those *ho do G(alitative analysis. 7 B!B 7

I
+ *as orn in 19$# as the first child of a o(rgeois Ce*ish fa)ily in Cologne, :er)any. 4e *ere co)forta le (t not rich. My father ran a s)all fa)ily (siness that had een fo(nded y his father, *ho had )oved to the city fro) 5erlingha(sen, a 4estphalian village, and fro) a cent(ries?old fa)ily cattle dealership. My )other ca)e fro) a fa)ily of affl(ent s)all?to*n )erchants and ankers in the 5anover area, tho(gh her father had een an eye doctor. Both )y parents *ere 3ymnasium grad(ates, and )y )other had a year of 3(nior college- )y father had hoped to attend the (niversity in Cologne (t had to 3oin the fa)ily fir) instead. My )otherDs ancestors had roken *ith Arthodo8y earlier than )y fatherDs, (t oth )y parents *ere nonreligio(s, acc(lt(rated, and (nconnected to the for)al and infor)al Ce*ish co))(nities in Cologne. My parentsD social life *as li)ited to a handf(l of relatives and fa)ily friends, and )y o*n therefore al)ost entirely to their children. 1thletically inept and shy, + soon fo(nd )yself )ore co)forta le *ith ooks than *ith these children or school friends. 4hen + *as old eno(gh to read ooks, + spent a lot of spare ti)e in )y parentsD li rary and no* re)e) er )ost vividly that + en3oyed reading oth fiction and advent(re .incl(ding Ca)es %eni)ore Cooper, in :er)an translation0 and nonfiction .for e8a)ple, ooks y archaeologists e8cavating in =gypt and especially the ooks of 2ven 5edin, the first 4esterner to e8plore ,i et0. + think that y age nine or ten + *anted to e an e8plorer. + *as too yo(ng for, and )y parents *ere not )(ch interested in, :er)an high c(lt(re, and :er)an pop(lar c(lt(re *as sparse. ,he creative o(tp(t of the 4ei)ar era *as anned in 19!!, and *hen :er)an fil))akers egan to )ake )ostly ;a@i propaganda fil)s, *e no longer *ent to the )ovies. Beyond that, + recall only the rothers :ri)) and the JMa8 and Morit@J cartoons, *hich descri ed ho* the )inor )ischiefs of yo(ng oys and girls inevita ly ended in death, loss of li) s, or other for)s of )(tilation. ,i et *as oth less dangero(s and )ore interesting. By 19!# )y parents had decided to leave :er)any and applied for an 1)erican visa, (t the n() er of applicants *as h(ge and the G(ota s)all. =arly in 19!9 *e therefore *ent to =ngland, *here )y (ncle and his )other had )oved in the )id?19!0s. Beca(se one of )y )otherDs a(nts *as a close friend of a high?ranking 2ears 'oe (ck e8ec(tive in Chicago, the latter gave (s an affidavit, a cr(cial prereG(isite to the visa, 7 B!F 7 *hich ena led (s to enter the United 2tates, still visaless (t (nder a special *arti)e e8e)ption fro)

the i))igration la*.S1T +n 2epte) er 19B0 *e arrived in Chicago, )oving into a roo)ing ho(se in 4oodla*n, then a predo)inantly +rish lo*?rent area. 1)erica *as still in the throes of the &epression, and altho(gh o(r life in ;a@i :er)any and *arti)e =ngland had already een a(stere, it no* eca)e even )ore so- )y father *orked as a %(ller Br(sh sales)an, )y )other as a do)estic. A(r do*n*ard )o ility *as s(rely harder on the) than on )e, altho(gh *e *ere so happy to have escaped fro) :er)anyHeven efore *e kne* of the 5oloca(stH that o(r econo)ic pro le)s *ere eara le. Besides, the drive to regain o(rgeois stat(s egan at once. + a) not even s(re that + even felt a decline in fort(ne. Co)pared to )y )ostly *orking?class fello* st(dents, + *as so *ell ed(cated in =nglish and already s(fficiently interested in *riting that a fe* *eeks after + *as enrolled in the eighth grade of the neigh orhood school, + *as )ade editor of the school ne*spaper. My parents *anted nothing )ore to do *ith :er)any or things :er)an, and *e spoke =nglish at ho)e. + kne* precio(s little :er)an c(lt(re any*ay, (t no* + also discovered 1)erican pop(lar c(lt(re. + still re)e) er spending a lot of ti)e in the ase)ent of o(r roo)ing ho(se reading a yearDs *orth of 2(nday )hicago Tribune co)ics in ne*spapers that had een stored there y a fr(gal landlady. + )(st have een starved for advent(ro(s and h()oro(s pop(lar c(lt(re eca(se + also eca)e a fan of radio serials like JCaptain MidnightJ and JCack 1r)strongJ and of co)edians like Cack Benny. 4hen + had the )oney, + spent 2at(rdays at the local triple?feat(re )ovie theater, *here + ca(ght (p on 1)erican 4esterns. +n addition + eca)e a sports fan and especially ad)ired athletes *hose pro*ess *as said to e ased on rains, s(ch as Chicago Bears G(arter ack 2id 9(ck)an, and ,ed 9yons, the aging kn(ckle all pitcher of the Chicago 4hite 2o8. My (nG(alified enth(sias) for pop(lar c(lt(re see)s not to have lasted very long eca(se in 19B$, as a sopho)ore at 5yde Park 5igh 2chool, + *as *riting long essays, so)e of *hich *ere critical of the )ass )edia. 9ater + s( )itted short feat(res on the sa)e the)e to the high?school ne*spaper. + also *rote a co(ple of pretentio(s pieces (rging )y fello* st(dents to en3oy the good )(sic + *as learning a o(t in )(sic appreciation class, y ,chaikovsky and 'i)sky?>orsakov in partic(lar. + *as also still a sports fan, eca)e sports editor of the high?school ne*spaper in )y 3(nior year, and contri (ted to a )hicago +aily -ews readersD col()n on the sports pages. 7 B!" 7 Mean*hile, oth )y parents had o tained easier, etter?paying, and )ore sec(re 3o s as their spoken =nglish and the Chicago econo)y i)proved. 4e )oved into o(r o*n apart)ent, first in a ase)ent that flooded *ith every stor) and then into a )(ch etter one in 2o(th?)oor, a s)all (ffer area et*een poor 4oodla*n and )iddle?class 2o(th 2hore. 1nd + gave (p an afternoon ne*spaper ro(te for a etter 3o as a ookr(nner in the University of Chicago li rary stacks. 1ltho(gh + *as as shy as ever, + *as no* on the )argins of a cliG(e, )ostly the a) itio(s children of Ce*ish shopkeepers in the area. + paid little attention to )y poor fello* st(dents (nless they *ere varsity athletes (t *as conscio(s of the affl(ent Ce*ish yo(ngsters fro) 5yde Park and 2o(th 2hore *ho do)inated st(dent life. 4hile )y cliG(e *rote the school p( lications, the affl(ent st(dents *ere active in fraternities and sororities, organi@ing 2at(rday?night dances for *hich they *ere a le to hire nationally kno*n ands. + i)agine so)e of )y c(lt(ral criticis) *as directed against the), altho(gh + do not re)e) er any strong feelings of resent)ent. +n 19BB, )y senior year, + edited the high?school ne*spaper and egan to think serio(sly a o(t eco)ing a 3o(rnalist, altho(gh )y father tho(ght + sho(ld play it safe and learn (siness skills and )y

)other *as s(re + *o(ld eco)e a teacher. 9loyd 9e*is, a +aily -ews editor, pers(aded )e to st(dy li eral arts instead of 3o(rnalis). Una le to afford A erlin, then an JinJ college for Chicagoans *ith *riting a) itions, + applied to the University of Chicago. 4ith the help of a half scholarship + had eno(gh )oney the first year, *hich having eg(n in Can(ary + had to finish in record ti)e eca(se in 1(g(st 19BF + *as drafted. 1fter fo(rteen )onths in the 1r)y of the United 2tates, first as a typist, then as an editor of an ar)y ase ne*spaper, + ret(rned to the (niversity in the fall of 19B". ,hanks to the :+ ill, so)e scholarship aid, and part?ti)e *ork, + *as a le to stay (ntil + received )y M.1. in C(ne 19F0. My sociali@ation in the :er)an and 1)erican class str(ct(res *as acco)panied y a very different set of e8periences in the Ce*ish co))(nity. My parents had not *anted )e to go to a Ce*ish school, (t in 19!!, *hen + started school, ;a@i la* reG(ired it, and + spent )y first years in a sec(lar Ce*ish p( lic school. +n 19!# )y parents sent )e to a strictly Arthodo8 3ymnasium eca(se it ta(ght =nglish. ,his it did s(per ly, (t + itterly disliked the religio(s classes and teachers. 5o*ever, in =ngland + s(ddenly t(rned to prayer for a *hile, perhaps as a *ay of coping *ith that i))igration. By the fall of 19!9 4orld 4ar ++ 7 B!# 7 had eg(n, and all :er)an?Ce*ish )en, incl(ding )y father, *ere interned y the British, *ho s(spected that the ;a@is had hidden spies a)ong the ref(gees. Moreover, )y fello* st(dents co(ld not disting(ish et*een :er)an Ce*s and ;a@is, eating )e (p a co(ple of ti)es. My religiosity ended after *e arrived in 1)erica, (t + *as also ack in a predo)inantly Ce*ish )ilie(, for 5yde Park 5igh 2chool *as in effect another sec(lar Ce*ish school. +n the s())er of 19B!, needing to earn so)e )oney, + *ent to a Ce*ish s())er *ork ca)p *hich provided *arti)e Jstoop la orJ to Chicago?area tr(ck far)ers. ,here + )et a yo(ng and i))ensely charis)atic Ce*ish yo(th *orker, 2a)(el >a)inker, *ho elieved in reading 5e re* and 1)erican poetry rather than prayers at 2a ath services. + *as s(fficiently interested in his essentially nontheistic conception of C(dais), radical at the ti)e, to take so)e co(rses later at the College of Ce*ish 2t(dies, searching for *hat + descri ed in )y 19B# a(to iographical paper as Ja rational Ce*ish religion for )yself.J >a)inker *as also an ad)irer of the +sraeli ki (t@, ran the ca)p on a )odified ki (t@ asis, and started )e thinking a o(t spending )y life in an egalitarian co))(nity of far) *orkers in *hich no one had to str(ggle to )ake a living. ,hat vision stayed *ith )e for the rest of )y st(dent days, and 3(st efore + received )y M.1. + 3oined a s)all gro(p of (dding sociologists *ho planned to go to +srael and carry o(t participant?o servation research at a ki (t@Has a *ay, + think, of trying to see *hether *e *anted to eco)e per)anent )e) ers of a collective. =ven so, )y interest in eG(ality e8tended eyond the ki (t@ eca(se, after reading '. 5. ,a*ney in social?science co(rses and hearing hi) lect(re at Chicago in 19B6, + serio(sly considered st(dying *ith hi) at the 9ondon 2chool of =cono)ics. 5o*ever, + never )ade it to +srael as a researcher or to 9ondon as a st(dent.

II
My arrival at the University of Chicago in Can(ary 19BF prod(ced a ne* set of )arginalities, *hich had little to do *ith class, ethnicity, or religion (t *ere )ore tra()atic. Ane *as the nor)al (ndergrad(ate e8perience of discovering )y naOvetI. 1ltho(gh + had een a top st(dent at a top Chicago high school, *here + had h(ng o(t *ith a G(asi?intellect(al cliG(e, + *as an (tter provincial. My ne* fello* st(dents *ere s)arter and )ore sophisticated- )any *ere co) at veterans, fo(r to five

years older than + and )any )ore years *iser in the *ays of the 7 B!6 7 *orld. + tho(ght they *ere *iser in all respects, proper st(dents *ith their o*n apart)ents, *hereas + *as socially i))at(re, had to live at ho)e and co))(te, and *orked on the side to help pay the rent. 4hatever inferiority feelings + had in high school *ere no* )agnified. 1 second tra()a *as intellect(al. +n the 19B0s the high?school c(rric(l() did not incl(de any social sciences or h()anities, and even social st(dies had not yet een invented. ,here *as only civics and 1)erican history, *hich *as 3(st )ore civics (t a o(t the past. 1ll co(rse )aterials at the (niversity e8cept in the nat(ral sciences *ere rand ne* to )e, and + had never even heard of 1ristotle, Plato, >ant, 5()e, or >arl Mar8. Ald ass()ptions and certainties *ere therefore shattered G(ickly and often. 1 third and related tra()a *as political. Ance the *ar veterans arrived, the ca)p(s *as rife *ith political disc(ssion and action, involving gro(ps and ideas of *hich + had never heard. + *as *ooed y 2ocialists, 2talinists, ,rotskyites, and others *ho sti)(lated )y interest in politics (t also over*hel)ed )e, so + 3oined nothing. By the 19B6 presidential election + had eg(n to )ake (p )y )ind, ho*ever, for + said no to the Progressive party and *orked for 2ocialist party candidates ;or)an ,ho)as and Maynard >r(eger. ,he one early so(rce of certainty at Chicago *as )y field of st(dies. 5aving spent the first college year in s(rvey co(rses in the nat(ral sciences, the h()anities, philosophy, and the social sciences and having taken a grad(ate social?science co(rse in )y second year, + kne* *here + *anted to spend the three years of st(dy to*ard the M.1. +n )y 19B# a(to iographical ter) paper, *ritten in the first se)ester of grad(ate school, + reported that + *as )a3oring in social science J (t conf(sed y too )any interests: *riting, sociological research, teaching, ed(cational ad)inistration, social *ork .yo(th gro(ps0 and . . . Ce*ish religion and co))(nity life.JS$T 2ociology *as already )y favorite s( 3ect eca(se it see)ed closest to so)e of *hat + had already een *riting a o(t 1)erica and to the kind of feat(re 3o(rnalis) that interested )e. +t *as also so)eti)es less a stract than the other social sciences. 1ltho(gh + did )y share of readingHand even tried to *riteHa stract theory, + *as al*ays )ore co)forta le *ith *hat later eca)e kno*n as gro(nded and )iddle?range theory, one reason to gravitate to*ard field*ork. 5o*ever, + also read so)e Cohn &e*ey and elieved in the (nity of the social sciences. +n addition, + did not like so)e of the reG(ired first co(rses in sociology 7 B!9 7 and therefore entered the divisional )asterDs progra) in the social sciences, headed y =arl Cohnson, a sociologist *ho advocated )any of &e*eyDs val(es. CohnsonDs progra) gave )e the chance to take grad(ate *ork in all the social sciences, *hich provided a fine ackgro(nd for )y electives, al)ost all of *hich *ere in sociology. =arl Cohnson also ta(ght that the social sciences e8isted to help i)prove society, and th(s he s(pported and strengthened )y predispositions to*ard *hat is today called social policy.S!T 2till, those feelings *ere not strong eno(gh to get in the *ay of *hat + *as learning else*here a o(t the virt(es of detached research and ho* to do it. +n any case, the relative ease *ith *hich + settled on )y fields of interest red(ced )y earlier intellect(al flo(nderings. 1nother so(rce of red(ced (ncertainty *as )y discovery of c(lt(ral relativis). Beca(se all eginning st(dents in the social sciences *ere reG(ired to take t*o s(rvey co(rses .*hich covered sociology, anthropology, social psychology, and Jh()an

develop)entJ0, + heard lect(res fro) all the Chicago social anthropologists and read the other )a3or 1)erican and British ones. More i)portant, + discovered >arl Mannhei)Ds I eology an *topia! and *as very e8cited y his concept of relationis) as *ell as his e)phasis on the idea that all kno*ledge *as a f(nction of the kno*erDs perspective. Most of )y papers that year *ere Mannhei)ian in one or another *ay, and his relationis) provided a criterion y *hich to co)pare diverse ideasHor c(lt(resH *itho(t having to choose et*een the). 9ater, *hen + egan to do field*ork in Park %orest, +llinois, Mannhei)Ds notion of perspective proved (sef(l, altho(gh + *as s(rprised y ho* )any perspectives to*ard the sa)e event *ere possi le even in a s)all, fairly ho)ogeneo(s co))(nity. 5o*ever, + also learned that for so)e iss(es, incl(ding high c(lt(re and pop(lar c(lt(re, it is not al*ays necessary to elevate one perspective a ove all others. ,*o other a(thors helped )e to develop )y relationist position. Ane *as 4. 9loyd 4arner, also one of )y teachers, *hose lect(res and <ankee City ooks )ade the notion of class )ore )eaningf(l to )e at the ti)e than readings in Mar8, 4e er, and even the 9ynds. 4arner also started )e thinking a o(t class and the )ass )edia, and then a o(t class c(lt(re, eca(se of his lect(res on *hat he called sy) ol syste)s. 2ince he ta(ght that different classes looked at society fro) different perspectives, a c(lt(rally relativist approach to class )ade sense to )e, altho(gh 4arner hi)self clearly preferred the higher classes. ,he other a(thor *as 'o ert >. Merton, *hose essay JManifest and 9atent %(nc? 7 BB0 7 tions,J *hich + first read in early 19F0, )ade an enor)o(s i)pression eca(se, a)ong other things, it ena led )e to see that c(lt(ral patterns disliked y one gro(p can e f(nctional for another.SBT My preocc(pation *ith c(lt(ral relativis) and relationis) also helped, + no* s(spect, to n(rt(re *hat + earlier called )y antie8pert position. 1ltho(gh + *as trying to eco)e an e8pert )yself and *as spending )ost of )y ti)e listening to or reading e8perts, + had al*ays disliked those *hose e8pertise )anifested itself in the e8ercise of a sol(te and a(tocratic a(thority. My early re ellio(sness against Arthodo8 Ce*ish teachers in the Cologne 3ymnasium *as follo*ed y si)ilar reactions in Chicago to a n() er of ra is + )et d(ring )y activities in the organi@ed Ce*ish co))(nity. 1s the editor of the school ne*spaper at 5yde Park 5igh 2chool, + had itter (t (ns(ccessf(l str(ggles *ith the s(pervising teacher and the principal, *ho censored every criticis) of the school and the school syste). 9ater + *aged a less vocal ca)paign against 1ristotle and Plato, *ho *ere the )(ch?assigned e8perts in every college co(rse at Chicago *hile 'o ert Maynard 5(tchins *as chancellor.SFT +n grad(ate co(rses at Chicago fro) 19B# to 19B9 + st(died other s( 3ects as *ell. + learned to eco)e a novice field*orker in =verett 5(ghesDs co(rse, and took 9o(is 4irthDs co(rse on the sociology of kno*ledge only to discover that y then he *as )(ch less interested in teaching relationis) than in i)proving race relations. + learned econo)ic historyHand + think a good deal of *hat is no* called social history tooHfro) 2ylvia ,hr(pp, and *as ta(ght content analysis and co))(nication theory y Barney Berelson and &o(glas 4aples. +n fact + took as )any co))(nications co(rses as possi le in the social sciences eca(se, *henever possi le, + *as trying to connect sociology *ith co))(nications and the )ass )edia. +n 1very 9eisersonDs co(rse on p( lic opinion and in other political?science co(rses + tried to fig(re o(t ho* the governed co))(nicate *ith the governors, a s( 3ect that contin(es to fascinate )e today (t then helped lead to )y M.1. thesis on political participation and to an interest in a(dience?feed ack processes in )ass?)edia organi@ations.S"T %or 2ylvia ,hr(pp + *rote a paper on the )erchant *riters of early seventeenth?cent(ry =ngland, part of a larger and convol(ted atte)pt to deter)ine the f(nctions of *riters and sy) ol syste)s in social change. 1t one point + even st(died the invention of the type*riter, and one of )y early topics for the )asterDs thesis *as acc(lt(ration in the <iddish theater.S#T

1t that ti)e + *as not for)ally interested in pop(lar c(lt(reH+ a) 7 BB1 7 not s(re + even kne* the ter). + tried to keep (p *ith )ovies, est?selling ooks, and J5it ParadeJ songs, (t )y interest *as not scholarly and, esides, )y o*n tastes *ere changing. + had een pers(aded so)eho* that a s(ccessf(l grad(ate st(dent had to e a le to play tennis, *hich + co(ld never )aster, and to appreciate cha) er )(sic, especially the Beethoven G(artets, *hich *as far easier for )e and )(ch )ore en3oya le. + also shifted fro) 5olly*ood )ovies to foreign JartJ fil)s and *ent to so)e of the Broad*ay plays that to(red in Chicago. +f )y interest in pop(lar c(lt(re *as latent, it G(ickly t(rned )anifest in 19B9, for t*o reasons. Ane *as the appearance of an article in the %e r(ary 19B9 iss(e of /arper,s "aga.ine y '(ssell 9ynes, entitled J5igh ro*, 9o* ro*, Middle ro*,J a light (t co)prehensive s(rvey of fo(r J ro* levelsJ and their c(lt(ral preferences and peccadilloes. 9ynes descri ed these levels *ith an i)plicit class ter)inology, altho(gh he *as conc(rrently arg(ing that stratification y taste *as replacing that ased on *ealth and ed(cation.S6T 9ynesDs analysis *as often ac(te, (t he *as )ore interested in e8pressing his lo* opinion of all ro* levels. 5o*ever, the article crystalli@ed a lot of disconnected thinking + had done a o(t c(lt(re, class, and sy) ol syste)s, and + had no diffic(lty in 3ettisoning 9ynesDs tone and val(es and adapting the ro* levels to 4arnerian class c(lt(re.S9T ,he other reason for thinking a o(t pop(lar c(lt(re *as &avid 'ies)anDs ret(rn to ca)p(s fro) <ale University, *here he had een *orking on The Lonely )row . + had already corresponded *ith hi) a o(t )y plans for st(dying political participation for )y M.1. thesis, and in the process he sent draft chapters of the ook to )e for co))ent, chapters *hich *ere filled *ith o servations a o(t pop(lar c(lt(re. &ave *as then, as no*, one of the fe* professors + have ever )et *ho treats st(dents *ith intellect(al respect, and once he arrived in Chicago, *e engaged in freG(ent disc(ssions a o(t pop(lar c(lt(re. Partly eca(se he lacked ti)e and, + think, inclination to keep (p syste)atically *ith the )ass )edia hi)self, he often intervie*ed his st(dents a o(t pop(lar novels, )ovies, radio progra)s, and pop(lar c(lt(re in general, and + learned an i))ense a)o(nt y keeping &ave au courant . 5is other i)portant contri (tion *as his insistence that st(dying pop(lar c(lt(re *as not only a legiti)ate (t also a highly desira le scholarly endeavor. +n those days 1)erican sociology *as still close to its :er)anic and 1)erican?Protestant origins, even at the University of Chicago, and pop(lar c(lt(re *as si)ply not a fit topic for st(dy efore 'ies)an ret(rned fro) <ale. 7 BB$ 7 Ane of 'ies)anDs first grad(ate co(rses at Chicago *as his se)inar on pop(lar c(lt(re. + took it in the spring of 19F0, *riting a paper called J,he Metaphysics of Pop(lar C(lt(re.J Af )etaphysics there *as nary a *ord, (t in it + egan to translate 9ynesDs approach into a )ore sociological one, developing the notion of leis(re c(lt(res and disc(ssing ho* to assign people to the). + *as apparently a total relativist then, for + s(ggested that the several c(lt(res *ere f(nctional for the creators and a(diences in each and proposed the Jco)plete eG(ality Sof c(lt(resT fro) the point of vie* of social science research.J + also co))ented critically and at length a o(t the different val(e 3(dg)ents of so)e se)inar )e) ers, *ho (sed the st(dy of pop(lar c(lt(re as a *ay of scorning disliked or less prestigio(s c(lt(res and people. 1 ove all + ca)e o(t against an anony)o(s )e) er of an (nspecified elite + called the literary critic, *ho represented past aristocracies and the present h()anities in advocating

high c(lt(re and attacking pop(lar c(lt(re. 1ltho(gh + o served that high c(lt(re *as eG(ivalent to the :er)an 'ultur! the literary critics + had in )ind *ere *riters like CosI Artega y :asset, '(ssell >irk, and socialist &*ight Macdonald. + *as then already othered that so)e socialists *ere c(lt(rally as elitist as the conservativesHand later + said so in the second paper + ever p( lished on pop(lar c(lt(re. S10T My literary?critic fig(re *as the a(tocratic e8pert *ho defended (niversal standards that fed partic(larist self?interests, rese) ling in so)e *ays the high?school officials, ra is, and st(dent 2talinists + had enco(ntered in earlier years.

III
,he st(dy design for )y research on political participation called for a co))(nity *ith clearly visi le o(ndaries, and 'ies)an s(ggested + speak *ith Martin Meyerson, a )e) er of the University of ChicagoDs planning fac(lty, *ho *as also involved, *ith his *ife Margy, in co))(nity research related to the Lonely )row st(dy. Meyerson told )e a o(t Park %orest, a ne* to*n so(th of Chicago, *hich proved a fine site for )y thesis field*ork. 5e also got )e interested in (r an sociology and city? planning iss(es. 1ltho(gh + still *anted to *rite, + had y then decided that + preferred *riting as a sociologist to *riting as a 3o(rnalist. 1t that point + had neither the )oney nor the inclination to st(dy for a Ph.&., ho*ever, and after + received )y M.1. in C(ne 19F0 + *orked first for Margy Meyerson and then for Martin, o taining a )arvelo(s asic ed(cation in city planning fro) the) in the process. 7 BB! 7 By 19F! Martin Meyerson *as teaching at the University of Pennsylvania, and he invited )e to *ork on a st(dy applying social?science ideas and analyses in planning and at the sa)e ti)e enroll for a Ph.&. in city planning.S11T Beca(se of )y interest in pop(lar c(lt(re, )y part of the research *as a st(dy of leis(re ehavior and recreation planning, *hich eca)e )y dissertation and in the process ena led )e to keep )y intellect(al fingers involved in pop(lar c(lt(re. +n 19F#, the s())er after + finished )y Ph.&. and efore + took a 3o on the pro3ect st(dying the 4est =nd of Boston, + researched the pop(larity of 1)erican )ovies in Britain. ,his st(dy t(rned into an opport(nity to test e)pirically )y ideas a o(t pop(lar c(lt(re and class. + discovered that British )ovies *ere then )ade y A8 ridge grad(ates )ainly for the (pper )iddle?class a(dience, and that the other 60 percent of the co(ntryDs inha itants, *ho *ere still *orking?class, *ent to i)ported 1)erican )ovies, *hich see)ed virt(ally classless to the) and in effect (pheld )any *orking?class val(es.S1$T +n 19F9, + egan to develop the paper + had *ritten for the 'ies)an se)inar, and in the several longer versions that c(l)inated in the 19#B ook + egan *ith a f(ller historical critiG(e in *hich the original literary critic *as replaced y na)es oth on the right and the left.S1!T + also ela orated the idea of leis(re c(lt(res, later called taste c(lt(res, and atte)pted to descri e the c(lt(ral preferences and aesthetic standards shared y each c(lt(re. Moreover, + egan to )ove fro) val(e 3(dg)ents and general policy ideas to )ore concrete policy proposals, *hich + la eled s( c(lt(ral progra))ing and *hich essentially involved govern)ent aid to c(lt(res that co(ld not )ake it on their o*n in the )arketplace, partic(larly those of the poor, folk, and ethnic and racial gro(ps, (t also high c(lt(re. +n the first longer version, *ritten as + *as st(dying the 9evitto*ners and *orking on the first draft of The *rban 5illagers! + dre* on )y field*ork a)ong *orking?class +talian?1)ericans to G(alify )y original relativis). 1ltho(gh + defended peopleDs right to choose the c(lt(re they tho(ght good, + also egan to reali@e that eing richer and etter ed(cated, (pper )iddle?class people had a etter lifeHand s(rely )ore c(lt(ral choiceHthan poor and *orking?class people. ConseG(ently, + *rote diffidently that Jit see)s likely that the so?called DhigherD Sleis(re c(lt(resT are, in the long r(n, )ore satisfying and

desira le for their p( lics than the Dlo*erD ones for theirs.JS1BT + added e)phatically, ho*ever, that the first step in readying people for the higher c(lt(res had to e )ore inco)e and ed(cation. My paper for the 'ies)an se)inar had 7 BBB 7 een apolitical, like its *riter, (t )y stay in the 4est =nd had politici@ed )e, first a o(t (r an rene*al (t then a o(t other iss(es too. By 19#$, *hen + *as *riting $opular )ulture an /igh )ulture! + had played so)e )inor roles in the 4ar on Poverty, had *ritten a good deal a o(t poverty and antipoverty planning, and had 3(st prepared for p( lication a collection of )y essays a o(t eG(ality. 1s a res(lt of the events of the 19"0s and )y o*n *riting, + egan to s(ggest that econo)ic and political eG(ality *ere far )ore i)portant than c(lt(re, arg(ing that Ja good life can e lived at all levels of taste and that overall taste level of a society is not as significant a criterion for the goodness of that society as the *elfare of its )e) ers.JS1FT + *as still eing indirect and overly polite, (t then as no*, + think policies to red(ce (ne)ploy)ent and poverty are a sol(tely essential, and (ntil effective ones have een i)ple)ented, c(lt(ral policies are of )inor i)portance. C(st as ideas and o servations fro) )y Boston and 9evitto*n st(dies crept into the ook on pop(lar c(lt(re, the)es fro) that *ork have also appeared in )y other ooks. ,he literary e8perts *hose 3(dg)ents feathered their o*n nests + enco(ntered again a)ong the planners *ho decided that lo*?rent neigh orhoods *ere har)f(l sl()s that needed to e torn do*n and replaced y )iddle?class ho(sing, and a)ong JpoverticiansJ *ho decided that the poor s(ffered fro) a )alady called the c(lt(re of poverty, *hich reG(ired ehavioral therapies ad)inistered y other poverticians rather than 3o s and inco)e grants for the poor the)selves.S1"T + fo(nd another reed of the selfsa)e e8perts in )y st(dy of 9evitto*n, for the critics *ho acc(sed the 9evitto*ners and other lo*er )iddle?class s( (r anites of confor)ity, ho)ogeneity, and vario(s other alleged pathologies *ere la)ing the) for failing to s(pport the higher taste c(lt(res that *ere then e8cl(sively (r an.S1#T ,he s( (r an critiG(e also conde)ned the residential and other co))(nal preferences of the lo*er taste c(lt(res, once )ore (sing G(asi?)edical ter)s to legiti)i@e the c(lt(ral attack. 1 so)e*hat later version of the sa)e critiG(e *as e)ployed against television entertain)ent, partic(larly violent progra))ing, and altho(gh serio(s )oral o 3ections can e raised a o(t television violence, + a) not yet convinced y the no* vol()ino(s research literat(re that it is a significant ca(se of violence in the real *orld, even a)ong children.S16T ,aste c(lt(re also plays a role in ho* people (se the ne*s )edia and *hat kind of ne*s )edia and ne*s they select as *ell as prefer, 3(st as their position in 1)erican society infl(ences the e8tent to *hich they find 7 BBF 7 national ne*s necessary or (sef(l. + did not p(rs(e this analysis in )y ook on the national ne*s )edia eca(se it *as )ainly a st(dy of ne*s organi@ations and eca(se + co(ld not find the a(dience data to ack (p )y h(nches. =ven so, having retained )y old interest in ho* the governed co))(nicate *ith the governors, + devoted a chapter of the ook to ho* national ne*s organi@ations deal *ith a(dience feed ack.S19T ,he )ostly indirect relationship of 3o(rnalists to the ne*s a(dience, and )y field*ork at the national ne*s organi@ations, later )ade )e start to think a o(t ho* 1)ericans connect the)selves to their

national society. ,hat G(estion then t(rned into a st(dy of 1)erican individ(alis) and society, on *hich + *orked for several years (ntil its co)pletion in 196# and p( lication in 1966. ,he st(dy also tried to )ake e8plicit so)e pop(list ideas + had first eg(n to think a o(t in grad(ate school, and to fig(re o(t *hether a pop(list sociology is desira le and possi le.S$0T +n )y research + enco(ntered latter?day versions of )y 19F0 literary critic eca(se so)e c(rrent *riters a o(t individ(alis), for e8a)ple those *ho charge yo(ng people *ith eing a )e?generation or diagnose the) as s(ffering fro) narcissis), are offering ne* versions of so)e of the old charges of the high?c(lt(re critics.S$1T ,hese *riters are (nhappy *ith the Jlo*er ordersJ for seeking the )aterial co)forts and self? reali@ation that affl(ent inco)e gro(ps and the higher?taste c(lt(res *ith *hich the critics are affiliated have already achieved. Ance again, people are eing attacked *ith )edical ter)inology for not living like the critics or follo*ing their c(lt(ral prescriptions.

IV
+n s())ary, + *ant to s(ggest *hich ackgro(nd and other factors see) to have infl(enced )y *ork on pop(lar c(lt(re and )y advocacy of c(lt(ral relativis) and eG(ality. + egan *ith t*o hypotheses, one relating to ethnicity and religion, the other to class, (t oth are li)ited in *hat they e8plain. ,hat + *as orn in :er)any and a) technically a first?generation ethnic (ndergoing acc(lt(ration and assi)ilation )ay help to e8plain *hy al)ost all )y e)pirical *ork has een involved in trying to fig(re o(t *hat has een happening in 1)erica, and *hy + have done virt(ally no research in or a o(t other societies. Perhaps eing an i))igrant enco(raged )y specific interest in 1)erican pop(lar c(lt(re, (t so did the sparsity and harshness of :er)an pop(lar c(lt(re for children, )ade sparser yet y )y gro*ing (p (nder the ;a@is. +n fact + did not 7 BB" 7 arrive in the United 2tates *ith )(ch of an old?co(ntry c(lt(re. :er)an c(lt(re had no prescriptions or leads for eing an adolescent, and there *ere fe* :er)an or :er)an?Ce*ish c(lt(ral patterns that )y parents *anted )e to retain. ,hey did not al*ays (nderstand or like the 1)erican teenage *ays + developed, (t given o(r poverty, *arti)e conditions, and )y shyness, + did not develop )any. %(rther, *e did not elong to an ethnic co))(nity that so(ght to (phold old?co(ntry *ays- the s)all :er)an?Ce*ish ref(gee co))(nity in Chicago interested neither )y parents nor )e. + think the only host society to *hich + ever *anted to acc(lt(rate and into *hich + *anted to assi)ilate *as neither society nor host, (t sociologyHthat is, *hat *e still call the iscipline . .,his + think + have done, altho(gh only to the =verett 5(ghes/&avid 'ies)an ranch of JChicago 2ociology.J + contin(e to e a participant?o server and essayist in a discipline *hose do)inant research tradition is highly G(antitative. Ance )ore + a) a )e) er of a )inority, al eit y choice.0 ,he critiG(e of 'ultur that *as part of )y earliest *riting on pop(lar c(lt(re *as not a re3ection of )y :er)an origins, for, as + noted earlier, the )a3or targets of the critiG(e *ere 4asps. Moreover, )any of the leading fig(res in :er)an high c(lt(re *ere the)selves Ce*s, al)ost all of *ho) also eca)e 1)erican i))igrants.S$$T Perhaps )y (nhappiness *ith a(tocratic a(thority and later *ith self? interested e8pertise *as a reaction against :er)any and )y conventionally strict :er)an (p ringing. 5o*ever, )y identification of the literary critic as the ene)y in )y 19F0 ter) paper )ay have een connected to the fact that *hen + *as a grad(ate st(dent the kind of sociological analysis in *hich + *as )ost interested *as eing done y essayists, novelists, and scholars fro) literat(re and the h()anities. ,hey still do)inated 1)erican intellect(al life, sa* no need for sociology, and did not *ant to lose their virt(al )onopoly on *riting a o(t 1)erica, partic(larly for the general reader. ,hey

also do)inated the serio(s general )aga@ines for *hich + )ost *anted to *rite. Co)ing fro) the h()anities, they *ere e8pected to e8press feelings and 3(dg)ents a o(t societyHand no one cared if these also served their o*n interests. +f ethnicity is a )a3or varia le in )y ackgro(nd, religion is s(rely )ore i)portant, for eing a Ce* and a Ce*ish ref(gee fro) ;a@i :er)any had to shape )y ideas even if + *as fort(nate not to s(ffer personally in significant *ays at the hands of the ;a@is. Most of the relatives + lost in the 5oloca(st *ere old people + had never )et or had )et once as a s)all child, and y the ti)e the f(ll scope of the 5oloca(st egan to 7 BB# 7 e revealed, in the late 19B0s, + *as so 1)erican that + reacted no differently fro) )ost other 1)erican Ce*s at the ti)e. My rief period of religiosity *hen + *as a o(t t*elve years old )ay not have had an effect, (t so)ething kept )e tied to, and in conflict *ith, the Ce*ish religio(s co))(nity all thro(gh )y adolescence. + do not re)e) er no* *hat + *as looking for in )y rational C(dais), (t perhaps it *as a forer(nner of )y later interest in social policy and eG(ality. %or a *hile, and fro) a distance, the ki (t@ )ay have een the )anifestation of )y rational religion, (t + soon reali@ed that *hat )ade )e *ant to e a sociologist and *riter *o(ld pro a ly )ake )e a poor kibbut.nik . %(rther, + *as too )(ch of an 1)erican and too little a Uionist to *ant to live in +srael. My involve)ent *ith C(dais) as a religion *as event(ally s( li)ated and ended y research, for + think no* that + (ndertook a st(dy of the Ce*s of Park %orest in 19B9 partly to de)onstrate the o t(seness and shortsightedness of the Ce*ish e8perts *ho did not *ant to (nderstand the Ce*s *ho )oved to the s( (r s, and *ho tho(ght that ser)ons against acc(lt(ration and heavier doses of traditional Ce*ish ed(cation *o(ld ring ack their o*n good old days.S$!T 5o*ever, the ingenio(s *ays in *hich the yo(ng Ce*ish co(ples + st(died in Park %orest, and later in 9evitto*n, organi@ed their co))(nities sans e8perts *ere also fascinating to *atchHand since the arg()ents a o(t *hat *as to e done *ere al*ays held in p( lic, field*ork in the Ce*ish co))(nity *as al*ays far )ore lively than else*here.S$BT ,he roles that class and stat(s changes and inconsistencies played in )y early life and *ork are the )ost diffic(lt to (ntangle. + *o(ld have to egin, of co(rse, *ith )y fa)ilyDs indirect tie to a high 2ears 'oe (ck e8ec(tive, *itho(t *hich there *o(ld have een no affidavit and no chance to co)e to 1)erica. + cannot i)agine that + co(ld have een an acade)ic sociologist in =ngland even if + had een p(lled in the sa)e career directions there. + s(ppose that co)ing to 1)erica *itho(t any )oney (t *ith a good ed(cation, and arriving at a ti)e *hen )y o*n and )y fa)ilyDs desire *as to e (p*ardly )o ile and p(rs(e an 1)erican version of o(r past o(rgeois life, evoked )y interest in st(dying class, altho(gh + think 9loyd 4arnerDs analyses of and anecdotes a o(t ;e* (ryport *ere also pers(asive. +f )y enco(nters *ith the 1)erican class and stat(s hierarchies of the 19B0s enco(raged )y endorse)ent of c(lt(ral relativis) and )y interest in eG(ality, + cannot no* pict(re the process y *hich that happened. Ather advocates of c(lt(ral relativis) and eG(ality have een (p*ardly 7 BB6 7 )o ile, of co(rse, (t (p*ardly )o ile people have also looked do*n on and oppressed poor people *ho *ere not )o ile. My early interest in the ki (t@ as a place *here 3o sec(rity *as g(aranteed and )aterialis) appeared to e a sent )ay have een a response to )y parentsD initial occ(pational

hardships and a 3(st?reviving cons()er c(lt(re in 1)erica that see)ed strange to a =(ropean and *rong in *arti)e. + do not re)e) er feeling any kinship *ith, and sy)pathy for, the (nderdog in those early years, either a)ong the poor *hites of 4oodla*n *ho *ere o(r neigh ors or a)ong the )(ch poorer lacks )y fatherDs e)ployer *as e8ploiting. ;or did the social science + learned at Chicago enco(rage s(ch e)pathy, for it *as largely apolitical and often indirectly s(pportive of the stat(s G(o. ,he realities of poverty and racial segregation really only hit ho)e in the fall of 19F#, *hen + egan to live in the 4est =nd of Boston, )et so)e of the poor residents of that *orking?class area, and sa* ho* (r an rene*al *o(ld force additional 4est =nders into poverty or deprive the) in other *ays. + a) still s(rprised, ho*ever, ho* (na*are + re)ained earlier of the poor *hites *ith *ho) + lived in ChicagoDs 4oodla*n neigh orhood, even as + *as reading and ad)iring the egalitarian *ritings of '. 5. ,a*ney and advocates of the ki (t@. + i)agine that )y interest in eG(ality and relativis) *as also a *ay of co)ing to ter)s *ith the feelings of )arginality and inferiority that + e8perienced in high school and college and *ith the shyness that had already placed )e on the social )argins in Cologne. 2(rely yet other factors are relevant that a psychoanalyst can est fatho). + )(st add one )ore consideration: )y t*o )arriages have oth een to *o)en *ho *ere )ore e)phatically and actively egalitarian than +. 2ince 19"# + have een )arried to 9o(ise :r(ner, a 9egal 2ervices la*yer *ho *as helping poor people directly *hile + *as lect(ring and *riting.S$FT Ulti)ately the personal needs and inclinations *ith *hich one enters a scholarly discipline are i)p(lses that )(st e ro(ght o(t and developed y the intellect(al training one receives. ,h(s + )(st i)plicate and credit the people *ith *ho) + st(died, especially at the (niversities of Chicago and Pennsylvania. ,he teachers .and a(thors0 *ho are )ost responsi le are )entioned y na)e in the te8t and notes of this essay, (t )any others are not na)ed, so)e of the) fello* st(dents rather than fac(lty.S$"T ,hen there are those people *ho) + did not even kno* (t *ho helped to shape the intellect(ally and other*ise sti)(lating period fro) 19BF to 19F0 at the University of Chicago. 2(rely + a) also e8plained as a prod(ct of those partic(lar 19B0s. 7 BB9 7

$ha/ter Twenty4 1ow I Beca-e an A-erican !ocio*ogist

einhard Bendi+ . . . and ho* + ca)e to *rite a o(t it. ,here is an a(to iographical side to the *riting of a(to iography. 2ociologists, *ith their clai) to detach)ent, o(ght to practice *hat they teach their st(dents. ,he present essay originated in )y t*o?year to(r of d(ty as director of the =d(cation 1 road Progra) .=1P0 in :^ttingen, 4est :er)any, 19"6/#0. + had een teaching at the University of California, Berkeley, since 19B#, and the director of the (niversityDs =1P approached )e a o(t the :^ttingen position in 19"#. 1t the ti)e )y children *ere eighteen, seventeen, and t*elve, conditions in the Berkeley schools as *ell as at the (niversity *ere (nsettling, and the position *as financially attractive: it see)ed a *elco)e change of pace in )y acade)ic career. My *ife and + fo(nd o(rselves in the role of s(rrogate parents to a good portion of the eighty or so st(dents *ho attended the :^ttingen progra) in each of the t*o years. 5aving to )anage in a foreign

lang(age in the classroo) and a ne* environ)ent and eing a*ay fro) their real parents, often for the first ti)e, )any of these 3(niors *elco)ed a it of parenting *hen it *as done (no tr(sively. ,hey kne* *e *ere there and *illing to help *hen they needed (s. +n each of the t*o years + organi@ed an orientation )eeting *ith all the st(dents soon after their arrival, (t on oth occasions + (sed the opport(nity to speak a it a o(t )yself. + tho(ght they had a right to kno* that + had een orn and raised in Berlin, had e)igrated to the United 2tates eca(se of the ;a@i regi)e *hen + *as t*enty?t*o, in 19!6, and had had )y (niversity ed(cation at the University of Chicago. My p(rpose *as not only to 7 BF! 7 sho* that + *as open a o(t )yself and personally accessi le. +t *as also to anno(nce that + *o(ld organi@e a retreat d(ring the year at *hich *e *o(ld talk a o(t the co(ntry in *hich they *ere a o(t to spend their 3(nior year. 1s it *orked o(t, oth retreats *ere attended y )ore than half the st(dents .it *as vol(ntary, of co(rse, and free of charge0. ,he progra) consisted of three speakers, a fil) on the ;a@i period, and plenty of ti)e for infor)al talk and recreation. 1t oth retreats the :^ttingen historian '(dolf von ,hadden talked a o(t :er)an history, the Mannhei) sociologist 'ainer 9epsi(s talked a o(t :er)an society, and + ela orated on )y personal e8perience not only in :er)any (t also as an e)igrant to the United 2tates. ,he three of (s had the idea of p(tting o(t a s)all vol()e incorporating an e8panded version of those talks. ;othing ca)e of the plan, (t in the co(rse of o(r correspondence + egan to p(t together an early version of this essay. +t did not stop there. 2o)e t*o years later )y t*o sons let )e kno* that they *ished + *o(ld tell the) *hat had happened to )e, partic(larly in the 19!0s. ,hen, after o(r ret(rn to Berkeley, a st(dent in an honors se)inar said, J<o( kno*, *e really donDt kno* anything a o(t yo(.J 2he see)ed to speak not only for herself. <ears earlier + had often enco(raged st(dents to ask )e) ers of the fac(lty for their intellect(al a(to iography, and + had vol(nteered to )eet *ith the) for that p(rpose. 1long the *ay + p( lished a short JMe)oir of My %ather,J *hich dre* a heartening personal response fro) a n() er of colleag(es *hose 3(dg)ent + val(ed. =vent(ally + *rote a f(ll?scale iography of )y father and an a(to iographical sketch of )y relations *ith hi)- oth incl(de intellect(al portraits, s(ch as + had *ritten earlier a o(t )y teacher 9o(is 4irth and the sociological *ork of Ma8 4e er. +ntellect(al iography has een one of )y rec(rrent interests. ,he reasons for that interest are rooted in )y e8perience. My father, *ho had een a la*yer in Berlin (ntil 19!!, had *ritten e8tensively a o(t the personal side of 3(dicial decision )aking, and he had infl(enced )e in )y early years. My o*n *ork had een shaped y )y :er)an ackgro(nd and e)igration to the United 2tates. +n )y relations *ith 1)erican st(dents + had fo(nd that their est *ork depended on eco)ing a sor ed in *hat they *ere doing. ,he first pro le) of teaching *as so)eho* to )ake the) feel that their partic(lar s( 3ect really )attered to the). ,o ackno*ledge the Jval(e relevanceJ of acade)ic *ork act(ally helps to a(thenticate it and )ake it pers(asive. ,he refle8ive s( 3ectivity of scholarly *ork has eco)e a token of its o 3ectivity in the eyes of )any o servers. B(t + have lingered over the preli)inaries. 7 BFB 7 +t is already )ore than fifty years since 5itler ca)e to po*er in :er)any. 1t the ti)e + *as seventeen. +t al*ays takes a little effort for )e to reali@e that events of half a cent(ry ago )ean nothing to the )any st(dents + have ta(ght in the United 2tates since 19B!. My first st(dents had een a o(t eight years old *hen events occ(rred that had )arked )y life ten years earlier and have infl(enced )y thinking ever since. ,hat JrecentJ history of 19B! has no* eco)e JancientJ history for )y st(dents,

tho(gh not for )e. My father *as orn in 16## in a little village near &ort)(nd, part of the '(hr district in 4estphalia. 5is father had een the yo(ng 5e re* teacher of the Ce*ish children in that village. =arlier, :()pert Bendi8 )arried )y grand)other, *ho had had five children y a previo(s )arriage- )y father and his t*o sisters res(lted fro) the ne* )arriage. 2oon the 5e re* teacher eca)e an ins(rance agent to s(pport his gro*ing fa)ily, and in 169$ they )oved to Berlin, then the capital of +)perial :er)any. +n the process )y grandfather changed his Ce*ish na)e to :(stav, tho(gh he contin(ed as an o servant Ce* and gave his children a Ce*ish ed(cation. +n the case of )y father that ed(cation did not have the desired effect. 5e *as fifteen in 169$, and in the follo*ing years he ca)e (nder the cos)opolitan infl(ence of Berlin, *hich contrasted sharply *ith the village environ)ent of his yo(th. 5e *as especially attracted y the assi)ilated c(lt(re of )any Berlin Ce*s. 5is )ain teacher in the :y)nasi() .high school0, tho(gh orn of Ce*ish parents, had een apti@ed as a child, and his t*o est friends at school *ere Protestant, one of the) the son of a Protestant )inister. +n the year )y father grad(ated fro) the :y)nasi() his )other died, and he *rote )y grandfather that he *o(ld discontin(e Ce*ish o servances fro) then on. 4ith his t*o school friends he egan his (niversity st(dies. =vent(ally he opened a la* office in Berlin in 190#. ,hree years later he )arried )y )other, *ho ca)e fro) a )iddle?class Ce*ish fa)ily in 5a) (rg, had had a s(ccessf(l career as an actress, and see)s to have een as detached fro) the Ce*ish tradition as )y father *anted to e. 9ater + ca)e to see the large difference in o(tlook and te)pera)ent that o(nd )y parents together (t also divided the). 1fter )arriage )y )other devoted all her artistic sensi ility to raising )y sister . orn in 191!0 and )yself . orn in 191"0 and creating a ea(tif(l ho)e. Anly )y father p(t a li)it on her efforts. %ro) the eginning of his career, in addition to his la* practice he devoted s( stantial ti)e to the p( lication of legal *ritings. Personal inclination and this intellect(al preocc(pation )ade hi) easy?going and careless in his personal ha its, a 7 BFF 7 neverending so(rce of irritation to )y )other. 5o*ever )y parents coped *ith this difference, it )ade )e side *ith )y father *hen + eca)e old eno(gh to take an interest. 4hat age is old eno(ghK My father tho(ght fifteen, and in 19!1 he told )e to start reading serio(s ooks. 5e *as very nearsighted and liked to have ooks read to hi). ,he first ook he chose for )e *as >arl Mannhei)Ds I eology an *topia . 4e did not )ake )(ch progress, as + recall, (t he had the patience to e8plain to )e all those strange *ords. 5e *as )y (niversity for so)e t*o years. ,hen 5itler changed o(r lives. ,he 4ei)ar 'ep( lic had a stor)y history, *hich did not leave (s children (nto(ched. 1t thirteen + had had to ask )y father *hich religio(s instr(ction + sho(ld take: the 4ei)ar co)pro)ise a)ong contending religions *as to offer Protestant, Catholic, and Ce*ish instr(ction in the schools. 5e s(ggested that + try all three in s(ccession, *ith the res(lt that + re)ained (ned(cated in all three and acG(ired a yo(thf(l religio(s indifference. 2o)e other infl(ences *ere )ore positive. &isc(ssions at the dinner ta le freG(ently concerned the political events of the day (t also )ore theoretical G(estions since )y father *as an anti?Mar8ist 2ocial &e)ocrat *ho liked to challenge *hatever a stract notions *e picked (p at school or fro) o(r peers. =ven *hen *e *ere (na le to ans*er his G(estions .*hat is classK *hat do yo( )ean y socialis)K0, they still helped to sensiti@e (s to*ard the e8ploration of ideas- the political agitation of those years did so as *ell. 1fter a G(iet and sheltered yo(th, adolescence propelled )e into social and political concerns, in part eca(se the general agitation reached do*n into the high schools and in part eca(se )y fatherDs preocc(pations led )e to i)itate and challenge hi). 5e *as a )ilitant h()anitarian in his legal *ork, *hich to )e )eant instant identification *ith the *eak and the afflicted. + (nderstood fro) his psychological analysis of 3(dicial decision )aking that

ideas *ere i)portant, as *as the individ(alHan early for) of the linkage that has led to these reflections. Political agitation together *ith the i)portance of ideas led )e straighta*ay to the st(dy of Mar8is). +t see)ed (rgent to clarify theoretical G(estions eca(se right action co(ld follo* only if the right ans*ers *ere fo(nd. 2o)e s(ch notion *as the kind of sedi)ent that filtered do*n to (s fro) the long tradition of theoretical Mar8is) c(ltivated y the 2ocial &e)ocratic party. ,his early intellect(al e8citation is also responsi le for )y lifelong interest in ideas. :iven )y sec(lar (p ringing, + had at )ost an indirect connection *ith Ce*ish traditions thro(gh the early e8periences of )y father, a o(t *hich + kne* 7 BF" 7 nothing. ,hat theoretical concern *ith Mar8is) had nothing to do *ith the la or )ove)ent + discovered rather G(ickly *hen for a short ti)e + 3oined the 2ocialist 9a or <o(th .2o@ialistische 1r eiter3(gend0 in 19!$ and fo(nd )yself o(t of place a)ong )y peers fro) *orking?class fa)ilies. 5itlerDs rise to po*er in 19!! changed this da ling in theory and radicalis). +n that year )y father *as dis arred y the Berlin Bar 1ssociation and arrested for the first ti)e- + *as dis)issed y the :y)nasi() for ref(sing to sal(te 5itler- for)er friends *ithdre*, and for)er clients tried to lack)ail )y father to get his fees ack. 4ithin three or fo(r )onths the fa)ily *as faced *ith the collapse of its acc(sto)ed *ay of life. ,he tra()a of that e8perience *as a )a3or for)ative infl(ence on )e. 1 )ere en()eration of those for)ative e8periences *ill have to do. + 3oined an illegal organi@ation, ;e( Beginnen, in *hich *e tried to cope intellect(ally and politically *ith the pheno)enon of fascis)hence )y first political e8perience *as in the (ndergro(nd. +n 19!B, o(t of school and *ith nothing to do, + pestered )y father eno(gh after his release fro) prison to find )e an apprenticeship on an =nglish far), *here + *anted to prove to )yself that Ce*s co(ld *ork *ith their hands, that ;a@i propaganda a o(t Ce*s as conniving loods(ckers of honest *orking folk *as a lie. +f + had not een so ignorant a o(t Ce*s or so (ns(re of )yself, + )ight never have fo(nd o(t that + co(ld do )an(al *ork, that + *as not as inept as )y father and yet not c(t o(t to e a far)er. An ret(rning to :er)any eca(se )y father *anted to re)ain as a legal cons(ltant .;a@is or no ;a@is he *as :er)an, and )e) ers of )inorities, he said, did not leave 3(st eca(se they *ere discri)inated against0 + *orked for several years in a Ce*ish fir) that e8ported te8tiles. My father *as arrested again in 19!F. &(ring the ne8t t*o years + st(died on )y o*n at night, reading philosophy and psychology, an isolated personal defense against the ever?)ore?threatening ;a@i *orld aro(nd )e. 1 f(ll?ti)e 3o - help aro(nd the ho(se and, in his a sence, *ith )y fatherDs d*indling affairs- st(dy at night- and, also i)portant, 3oining a Uionist yo(th gro(p .5asho)er 5at@air0 to find o(t for )yself a o(t Ce*s and Uionis), fro) *hich )y parents had sheltered )e caref(lly in the preceding yearsHafter t*o years of this hectic life + *as a nervo(s *reck at t*enty?one. +n 19!# *e )anaged to get )y father released fro) &acha( on the condition that )y parents e)igrate to a non?=(ropean co(ntry *ithin t*o *eeks. ,hey *ent to Palestine eca(se that *as the only place to *hich *e co(ld get entry visas for the). +n 7 BF# 7 19!6 + e)igrated to 1)erica, and a year later )y sister follo*ed. My fatherDs long?distance contacts *ith for)er associates on o(r ehalf *ere s(ccessf(l. 1ll the relatives *e left ehind in :er)any perished. My parents *ere not Uionists and did not (rge (s to follo* the) to Palestine. ;evertheless, + )ight

have gone there to assist the). B(t + had not eco)e a Uionist either, and *hen friends of )y fatherDs o tained not only the needed affidavit for a United 2tates visa (t also a scholarship to the University of Chicago, no f(rther decision *as reG(ired. My father had ind(ced acade)ic interests in )e strong eno(gh that )y nights *ere spent str(ggling *ith the *ritings of >ant, Mar8, and %re(d, so the opport(nity to st(dy free of other *orries )ade e)igration to 1)erica al)ost a foregone concl(sion. 5ad + gone to +srael, + *o(ld have had no co)para le opport(nity and )otivation. ,h(s far + have said nothing a o(t )y childhood and adolescence, *ith the one e8ception of seeking so)e alance et*een the opposing tendencies of )y parents. ,he tra()a of the 5itler regi)e nearly o literated )y )e)ory. + can recall )any physical details of )y childhood. My )other f(ssed over (s and )ade (s feel loved, and + have strong recollections a o(t a little vacation ho)e o(tside Berlin *here *e spent )any s())ers. Af the class pict(res + still have + can re)e) er all the faces, (t a)ong so)e forty oys only a fe* na)es. + have not )et a class)ate of )y yo(th since 19!!. + en3oyed sports, especially track, and *as fairly good at it. ,he friends + had at school .in the :er)an syste) one stayed *ith the sa)e gro(p of st(dents thro(gho(t :y)nasi()0 *ere not so close that + re)e) er the) as persons, (t + *as pop(lar eno(gh to e elected class representative. ,he only other thing *orth )entioning is one asic fact. 1s a oy + had een ra) (nctio(s, (t in adolescence + eca)e very shy, especially *ith girls. 1s + gre* (p, ro)antic i)aginings and se8(al fantasies *ere strong in )e, (t self?do( t *as stronger. My father *as a physically i)pressive )an, over si8 feet tall and heavyset *ith strong *rists and large, thick fingers. +n co)parison to hi) + *as, and felt, p(ny. ,hat feeling *as reinforced y )y tall sister, *ho *as t*o?and?a?half years older- + re)e) er G(arrelling *ith her a lot. My self?do( t *as physical: in )y roo) + had a sG(are coal stove )ade of tiles, and since + had no idea ho* road )y sho(lders *ere, + re)e) er leaning against that stove one s())er day to )eas(re )yself, tho(gh that did not really help. My strong intellect(al ent at a precocio(s age had )(ch to do *ith trying to stand *ell in )y fatherDs eyes 3(st eca(se + co(ld not )atch hi) physically, tho(gh he *o(ld have een the last person to notice that his stat(re y itself had a 7 BF6 7 psychological effect on )e. =vent(ally, tho(gh, + acG(ired a rep(tation in )y fa)ily as the diplo)at, *hich pro a ly reflected )y efforts to get aro(nd the poor self?i)age + had developed. +t also had to do *ith )y reactions against the e8aggerated do)esticity of )y )other and the physical cl()siness of )y father. + s(spect )y rel(ctance to take e8tre)e positions *as acG(ired at an early age. + entered the University of Chicago as an aging fresh)an of t*enty?t*o. ,ho(gh the inti)ate intellect(al contact *ith )y father had lasted only t*o years, he had set )y interests in )otion. Pro a ly his failing career, his i)prison)ent, and the fa)ilyDs )isfort(ne even increased the i)portance intellect(al p(rs(its acG(ired for )e *hen + *as *orking in Berlin and str(ggling to keep )yself together e)otionally in a rapidly deteriorating sit(ation. 2o)e acco(nt of these early a(todidactic efforts see)s necessary eca(se + had eco)e an acade)ic efore + eca)e a fresh)an. 4hen )y father *as t*enty, he not only discontin(ed Ce*ish o servances (t also )ade a for)al declaration of his eliefs. ,hat state)ent had een solicited y his principal teacher in the :y)nasi(): in it )y father declared his strong interest in critical self?e8a)ination and his elief in the personal val(es of people in all *alks of life. ,hese notions *ere a legacy of the :er)an ideal of self?c(ltivation .1il ung 0 s(ch that each individ(al )ight ring to fr(ition all the capacities *ithin hi) or her. Unlike others, )y father did not take a detached or ironic vie* of this ideal. 5is li eralis) *as o(nd (p *ith a asic respect for, and interest in, the other person, *hatever his or her station in life. =vent(ally this o(tlook had a )a3or infl(ence on his *ritings, in *hich he analy@ed in ever?ne* *ays ho* the

for)alities of the la* and the personal disposition of the 3(dges led to inadvertent a (ses of the legal syste) to the detri)ent of the people co)ing efore the co(rts. ,his approach *as inde ted to Mar8Ds e)phasis on the role po*er plays in every legal syste) and ;iet@scheDs e)phasis on kno*ledge as a )eans to e8ert po*er rather than seek tr(th. 5ence the reasons given for any action, incl(ding 3(dicial decisions and the search for kno*ledge, tended to e rationali@ations and needed to e (ncovered as s(ch. + s(ppose that this )essage got thro(gh to )e even at fifteen or si8teen, tho(gh + *as too yo(ng to take in the deep pessi)is) of the approach. 4hat str(ck )e )ore forcef(lly *as )y fatherDs positive concern for the individ(al. 1fter all, (ncovering the tr(th ehind every deception, incl(ding oneDs self? deceptions, *as a passionate effort to give each his or her d(e and th(s achieve tr(th and 3(stice. 7 BF9 7 1s a la*yer )y father co(ld (se his analytical skills for the enefit of his clients, (t that *ay *as not open to )e. + *as not a la*yer, and conditions in :er)any )ilitated against an interest in la*. +nstead + so(ght peace of )ind y )eans of st(dy after )y father *as i)prisoned for a second ti)e. ,he kinds of G(estions that ca)e to concern )e in this private p(rs(it sho* so)e i)patience *ith )y fatherDs ideas, ho*ever )(ch + *as infl(enced y the). 5is e)phasis on h()an irrationality operated *ith a co))onsense psychology that *as pro a ly s(fficient for his p(rposes. B(t so)e reading of %re(d revealed to )e that si)ple *ords like envy! hatre , or malice *ere co))onsense e8pressions that, like the phrase irrational forces , did not clarify )atters. %(rther, in the society aro(nd )e larger forces see)ed to e at *ork (nder 5itler than co(ld e co)prehended y an analysis geared to legal disp(tes or psychotherapy. 2(ch reflections ro(ght )e ack to Mar8 and Mannhei) and )y fatherDs skepticis) to*ard the conditioning of ideas y class interest. ,hat skepticis) had )ade )e ca(tio(s in *ays he pro a ly did not foresee. + *anted to (nderstand *hat *as )eant y ideas or pre3(dices efore + atte)pted to relate the) to a personDs position in society. Parado8ical as it )ay see) today, that is ho* + ca)e to st(dy for a year or so >antDs )riti:ue of $ure &eason , y *hich + tho(ght + co(ld learn a o(t ideas. + had no ackgro(nd for this task, and the lonely str(ggle *ith >antDs a stractions isolated )e even )ore since contact *ith others o vio(sly distracted )e fro) *hat at the ti)e see)ed so i)portant. 1fter a *hile a philosopher gave a co(rse on the ook in classes arranged y the C(dische >(lt(r (nd in Berlin, and + discovered ho* little + had (nderstoodHa disco(raging e8perience (t oddly li erating as *ell. :rad(ally + had gro*n dissatisfied *ith )ere categories of tho(ght *hen + had set o(t to learn a o(t interests and passionsHthe drives that pres()a ly linked s(ch ter)s as group interest and social class to the for)(lation of ideas. My ne8t step *as to get at the connections et*een ideas and interests or e)otional drives. ,hat o 3ective pointed to*ard readings in social psychology. + re)e) er reading Charlotte B(hlerDs *ork on the life cycle and st(dies y a n() er of her st(dents *ho e8a)ined the careers of people in different life sit(ations. +n that conte8t + also discovered the *ork of >arl B(hler on the theory of lang(age. ,he str(ct(re of lang(age see)ed especially i)portant eca(se lang(age *as a )edi() thro(gh *hich the conditions of life co(ld have a for)ative infl(ence on the individ(al. %or the sa)e reason + read ooks on child psychology as *ell as Cohn &e*eyDs /uman -ature an )on uct . ,his *as )y first 7 B"0 7 =nglish ook in philosophical social psychology, a field entirely ne* to )e, (t also a testing gro(nd for )y gro*ing co))and of =nglish. My readings grad(ally led )e to the st(dy of *hat is no* called sociali@ation. .2ince 4orld 4ar ++ that *ord has eco)e the :er)an So.ialisation , *hich did not e8ist in the 19!0s.0 + can still re)e) er the relief *ith *hich + t(rned fro) philosophical a stractions to

these )ore e)pirical st(dies. ,oday the at)osphere of )y life in Berlin fro) 19!! to 19!6 see)s very re)ote. Poor )e)ory and orderly e8position foreshorten the t*ists and t(rns of that e8perience. My preocc(pations of that ti)e o*ed a great deal to the c(lt(red )iddle?class setting in *hich + had gro*n (p, to the charged at)osphere of 4ei)ar politics, and to )y fatherDs *ork, *hich led to the sti)(lation of ideas at an early age. + co(ld not say, as )y father did, that )ere theory left )e cold. 1fter all, he (ilt on his e8perience *ith specific disp(tes his critiG(e of 3(dicial decision )aking- in that *ay he satisfied hi)self that he contri (ted to the reconstr(ction of society. By contrast, + derived the i)pet(s for learning fro) the Mar8ist elief that an acc(rate (nderstanding of social forces *o(ld help ring a o(t desired changesHone factor a)ong )any, and not the )ost i)portant, (t a factor nonetheless. By the 19!0s little )oral fervor *as left in the Mar8ist tradition. 1s + *atched )y father, tho(gh, it *as easy to see that ideas and passions *ere closely linked. B(t *hereas his passion for 3(stice i)parted )oral fervor to ideas, + tended to derive that fervor fro) the po*er attri (ted to ideas *hen access to ideas is the only thing left availa le. + kne* that a g(lf divided *hat *as happening in the streets of Berlin .so)e of the) only a fe* locks fro) *here + lived0 and )y str(ggles *ith ideas in )y self?i)posed st(dies. 5ence )y eager participation in ;e( Beginnen, *here *e analy@ed the prehistory and str(ct(re of fascis). +solated as these illegal disc(ssions *ere, + *as left *ith the elief that a correct analysis of fascis) co(ld so)eho* e instr()ental in defeating that political )onster. %or the ti)e eing + elieved it eca(se + *anted to elieve it. B(t y then + had acG(ired the lasting interest in ideas *ith *hich + arrived in 19!6 at the University of Chicago. + t(rn no* to )y efforts at coping in 19!9 and 19B0 *ith the intellect(al challenges in the &epart)ent of 2ociology at Chicago. +t did not take )e long to find o(t that t*o schools of tho(ght *ere in contention. Ane position *as represented y 'o ert Park, a for)er st(dent of :eorg 2i))el *ho early on had had a career as an investigative reporter. Beyond the 1tlantic 2i))elDs sociology had eco)e (nder 7 B"1 7 ParkDs leadership an e)pirical investigation of life histories, occ(pations and *ays of life, and ethnic or residential neigh orhoods. ,itles like The School Teacher! The 3hetto , and The 3ol ()oast an the Slums gave an i)pression of that literat(re. 4hen + arrived in 19!6, those interests of the 19$0s *ere already a ating. 1 second position *as eco)ing do)inant, consisting of de)ography and the st(dy of p( lic opinion *ith a heavy e)phasis on research )ethods. 2pokes)en clai)ed their respective positions to e scientific, (t there *as little agree)ent et*een the). ,he st(dy of attit(des appeared to the first gro(p as re)oved fro) e8perience *ith Jreal lifeJ and hence of little sociological interest. 9ife histories and st(dies of s( c(lt(res appeared to the second gro(p as sociological i)pressionis) lacking in )ethodological rigor. ,his contrast points to the heart of the )atter, tho(gh there *ere )any G(alifications in oth ca)ps. ,he at)osphere created y this arg()ent infl(enced )e. =very investigation sho(ld follo* the positivist progra) at least to so)e e8tent. 4hat do + *ant to kno*K 4hat kind of evidence is s(ita le to prove a pointK 5o* can it e asse) ledK 1re there good reasons for ass()ing that certain facts can either prove or disprove the original contentionK Ane *ill not find ans*ers if one does not specify *hat one *ants to kno*. +n that *ay + felt receptive to*ard a positivist approach, (nfa)iliar as it *as to )e and contrary to the scholarly inclinations of )y father. B(t )y attit(de *as also infl(enced y conte)porary political events. + a) reporting on )y first acade)ic e8perience fro) 19!6 to 19B1. 1ll )y 1)erican teachers insisted on the strict separation et*een scholarship and partisanship. ,heir approach *as o(nd to i)press )e, *ho had seen so )(ch partisanship in the preceding years (nder

the ;a@is. ,o achieve dispassion and nonpartisanship )eant a great deal to )e, and so did the de)and for relia le proof. 1fter all, + had 3(st co)e fro) a co(ntry in *hich racis) had een roadcast *ith all the pretense of science and none of the s( stance. 1ltho(gh ans*ers are i)possi le as long as G(estions are (nclearHa asic positivist clai) + accepted Hone had to kno* so)ething of s( stance efore one co(ld pose clear and interesting G(estions. + *as not convinced that the positivist approach gave attention to the preli)inary inG(iries that )(st precede G(estions that are *orth asking, and + resisted the idea that s(ch inG(iries are not a part of science. <et the positivists a)ong )y teachers restricted the real) of science to the logic of proof. By neglecting the Jlogic of discovery,J *hich *as not very logical really and co(ld not e ta(ght easily, they see)ed to s(pport the 7 B"$ 7 vie* that (nproved, and (lti)ately (nprova le, assertions had no place in science. ,hat concl(sion did not )ake sense if a science *itho(t pres(ppositions *as a (topian idea. &(ring )y first years of st(dy at Chicago + often heard social scientists )ocked as people *ho kne* )ore and )ore a o(t less and lessHa saying that had its reason in the e)phasis on )ethod at the e8pense of s( stance. +t see)ed to )e at the ti)e that the logic of discovery had to e ro(ght into so)e appropriate relation to the logic of proof. +n str(ggling *ith this G(estion, + eca)e preocc(pied *ith the ideal of science as a pro le) in its o*n right. ;at(rally st(dents *ere affected y the arg()ents a)ong the fac(lty, and + *as no e8ception. 1ltho(gh *e had to e fa)iliar *ith oth kinds of sociological st(dyHthe )ethodological and the conte8t(alH *e typically opted for one or the other in o(r dissertations. <et *hat had this *hole controversy to do *ith the )ain e8perience of )y lifeK My fa)ily had een al)ost destroyed. + had een (prooted fro) the society into *hich + *as orn and *anted to (nderstand the reasons for the :er)an catastrophe that had led to o(r personal disaster. 5o* co(ld + )ake this large, a)orpho(s concern researcha le in the fra)e*ork of 1)erican sociology as offered at the University of ChicagoK =vent(ally + *as allo*ed to go ahead *ith a st(dy of :er)an sociology, even tho(gh it *as hardly researcha le in the ter)s then in vog(e at Chicago. ,his decision speaks for the road)indedness of )y )entors, especially 9o(is 4irth, *ho sy)pathi@ed *ith )y )oral and political concerns, as of co(rse did others. B(t ho* *as + to adhere to the reG(ire)ents of e)pirical proof *hen )y G(estion *as ho* to co)e to ter)s intellect(ally .and no do( t e)otionally0 *ith the reasons for the :er)an catastropheK ,he de)and for rigor had to e alanced so)eho* against the interest in *hat is *orth kno*ing and *ith *hat degree of acc(racy. +n the end + decided on a )asterDs thesis that *o(ld e8a)ine historically this very G(estion, na)ely, the social and scientific standing of a social science. 4hat *ere the conditions (nder *hich scholars *ere per)itted or enco(raged to apply standards of scholarly investigation to the society that s(pported the) to investigate itK + chose :er)an sociology eca(se that topic *o(ld also allo* )e to contin(e )y inG(iries into the :er)an pro le). ,he title of )y )asterDs thesis *as J,he 'ise and 1cceptance of :er)an 2ociologyJ .19B!0- it *as never p( lished, so a rief description is in order. 1s an acade)ic discipline sociology *as older in the United 2tates than in :er)any. 1t the University of Chicago the depart)ent dated ack to 169$, and the American 2ournal of Sociology *as 7 B"! 7 first p( lished in 169F. By contrast, the first chairs of sociology at :er)an (niversities *ere

esta lished in 1919. +n 1)erica the field had developed o(t of a private and religio(s concern *ith social *elfare. Many early 1)erican sociologists had eg(n their st(dies in theology and had s( seG(ently t(rned to sociology as a properly acade)ic approach to *elfare. :er)an sociology, ho*ever, had developed fro) the preocc(pation of civil servants *ith *elfare policies- a )odern social?sec(rity syste) *as developed in the 1660s (nder Bis)arck. +n this :er)an tradition the )onarch *as responsi le for the *elfare of the pop(lation, hence the st(dy of *elfare )eas(res *as closely related to p( lic ad)inistration and la*. 1ccordingly, *hen :er)an sociology *as accepted acade)ically, it *as heavily infl(enced y ideas a o(t the relation of state and society. ,he ter) sociology *as (sed long efore the discipline received acade)ic recognition. Men like %erdinand ,^nnies, Ma8 4e er, and :eorg 2i))el, *ho today are regarded as fo(nders of the discipline, p( lished )(ch of their *ork efore sociology *as ta(ght at the (niversities. 1ct(ally + never got to the topic + had )eant to st(dy eca(se doc()entation on the acceptance of sociology as an acade)ic discipline *as only availa le in :er)an archives and inaccessi le in *arti)e. B(t it is also tr(e that + eca)e preocc(pied *ith the preli)inaries of )y inG(iry. 5o* had the st(dy of society eco)e a foc(s of acade)ic interest in :er)anyK ,here had to e so)e agree)ent that sociology represented a legiti)ate field of research, and s(ch agree)ent see)ed to e8ist. +n 4ilhel)ine :er)any govern)ent officials, )inisters of the ch(rch, and professors of la* and political science .Staatswissenschaft 0 had )ade )any detailed st(dies that *ere contin(ed d(ring the 4ei)ar 'ep( lic. ,he p( lications of the 1ssociation for 2ocial Policy .Eerein f\r 2o@ialpolitik0 testify to this p( lic concern *ith social pro le)s: so)e 160 vol()es of research st(dies *ere p( lished efore the association *as dissolved y the ;a@is in 19!!. ,he fact that )(ch of the initiative for these st(dies originated *ith the govern)ent pro a ly contri (ted to the controversy over sociology as an acade)ic discipline. 4hy *as it needed *hen st(dies of society *ere (nder *ay alreadyK 4hat *as its acade)ic rationale apart fro) the st(dy of la* and govern)entK Conservatives s(spected that (nder the g(ise of a ne*fangled discipline advocates of sociology *anted to introd(ce socialist ideas into the (niversity c(rric(l(). ,h(s arg()ents over the acade)ic recognition of sociology t(rned into political arg()ents. ,he very *ord society , or gesellschaft , *as )ore controversial in :er? 7 B"B 7 )any than in the United 2tates. ,he :er)an *ord is not si)ply synony)o(s *ith an aggregate of social gro(ps, as society tends to e in =nglish. 3esellschaft is often (sed to descri e the grasping selfishness of the )arketplace and the social isolation of the individ(al in a large city. By contrast, the *ord Staat connotes not only govern)ent and a(thority (t also the )oral val(es attri (ted to those in positions of p( lic responsi ility. ,he invidio(s contrast et*een a )oral state and an i))oral society had )any ra)ifications, *hich eca)e the )ain the)e of )y )asterDs thesis. +n any case, )any pro)inent :er)an scholars do( ted that society co(ld e st(died dispassionately *hen the *ord itself co(ld not e (sed *itho(t aro(sing )oral indignation. +)plicitly + co)pared this approach *ith the 1)erican acceptance of sociology. ,he *hole topic *as already far fro) )y earlier interest in sociali@ation. +n *orking on )y thesis + learned a good it of :er)an intellect(al history, (t + eca)e increasingly (nhappy *ith )y o*n ookishness. ,he United 2tates 3oined the =(ropean *ar in &ece) er 19B1, *hen + *as eginning )y grad(ate *ork at Chicago. ,o retain a valid passport, + had to s( )it it to the :er)an e) assy that had e8tended it, (t only after affi8ing a ig red 2 for 2ew in accordance *ith latest ;a@i reg(lations. + re)ained a :er)an citi@en as long as )y application for 1)erican citi@enship *as pending- hence + *as also reG(ired y la* to register as an ene)y alien after the United 2tates

entered the *ar against :er)any. 1s a citi@en + *as in transit, stig)ati@ed in one co(ntry and distr(sted in another. My feelings *ere a) ivalent in a different sense. 4hile others *ent to *ar against :er)any or Capan, + sat on the sidelines, )ade thoro(ghly restless y )y nonparticipation. + *anted to fight against 5itler. ,hen in 19B! + *as nat(rali@ed at the sa)e ti)e as + got )y )asterDs degree in sociology. My e8cl(sion fro) the draft ended, (t + fo(nd )yself re3ected on gro(nds of health. 4hen it *as clear that + *o(ld not e drafted, + *as offered an instr(ctorship in the College at the University of Chicago, and + egan *ork on )y Ph.&. degree. +t *as ack to the ooks after all. My acade)ic career in the United 2tates *as eginning in earnest no* that + participated as a teacher of (ndergrad(ates in the social?sciences s(rvey co(rse, *hich + had taken as a st(dent only a fe* years efore. 5o*ever, the pro le) re)ained ho* + co(ld )ake G(estions posed y the contrast et*een :er)any and the United 2tates researcha le in the Chicago sense. + had escaped fro) the 5oloca(st, (t )illions of others had perishedHvicti)s not only of personal tyranny (t also of a 7 B"F 7 syste) organi@ed for destr(ction. Perhaps if + e8a)ined that aspect of the :er)an catastrophe, + *o(ld co)e closer to an (nderstanding of its ca(ses. 5(ndreds of tho(sands had done the idding of one )anDs co))ands, )illions had follo*ed s(it, and in the process they had created a astion of ar aris) in the center of =(rope. +n this setting, *hy had govern)ent officials eco)e *illing tools in the destr(ction of civili@ationK +n the :er)any + had kno*n, especially thro(gh )y father, officials had )ade a p( lic display of their i)partiality and legal rectit(de. <et (nder 5itler they had gone eyond )ere co)pliance in their eagerness to follo* the dictates of a cri)inal regi)e. By contrast, 1)erican civil servants at the federal level )ade fe* clai)s and *ere accorded little p( lic recognition. B(t despite the tradition of the spoils syste) and the )any loopholes of the civil service, those officials appeared on the *hole to act responsi ly (nder the la*. 1gain, the contrast *as too diff(se to fit *ithin the e)pirical fra)e*ork reG(ired for a Ph.&. dissertation. ,herefore + atte)pted to )eet the de)and for e)pirical verification at least half*ay *hile still adhering to )y o*n inclination to see the pro le) of (rea(cracy in a larger conte8t. By larger conte#t + )ean that e8ploratory effort that is so)e*hat like thro*ing a pe le into a pool of *ater to set ripples radiating o(t in all directions fro) the point of i)pact. My intention in the dissertation, *hich *as p( lished several years later (nder the title /igher )ivil Servants in American Society .19B90, *as to foc(s entirely on an 1)erican pro le). B(t once )ore )y initial i)p(lse ca)e fro) )y contin(ing concern *ith :er)any. +n a st(dy p( lished in 191F, + fo(nd that )ore than F0 percent of Pr(ssiaDs higher civil servants *ere the)selves the sons of officials. 1s they gre* (p, (nG(estioning s( )ission to higher co))ands )(st have een identified *ith the ideal of legality. +f half of Pr(ssiaDs officials had originated in fa)ilies of civil servants, then s(ch a )ilie( pro a ly had a )assive effect on the cond(ct of affairs. My fatherDs lifelong e8perience *ith :er)an officials and their s( version of the 4ei)ar 'ep( lic helped to s(stain these inferences. ,he :er)an e8a)ple see)ed to )e to 3(stify an inG(iry into the social origins and careers of a sa)ple of higher civil servants in 1)erica. ,hose officials *ere indeed distinct fro) their :er)an co(nterparts. ,hey ca)e fro) all strata of the society e8cept the lo*est- fe* *ere children of civil servants. ,hey had a *ide range of ed(cational e8perience in contrast *ith the e)phasis on legal training in :er)any. 1)erican federal ad)inistrators had often changed fro) private to p( lic

7 B"" 7 e)ploy)ent and ack again. Moreover, *ithin the civil service )any of the) had changed 3o s fro) one agency to another rather than advancing thro(gh the ranks *ithin the sa)e agency. ,hese e8ternal indicators sho*ed )arked occ(pational )o ility and to that e8tent considera le independence *ithin the hierarchy of govern)ent. +n )y oral dissertation defense )y Chicago professors grilled )e hard on the facts + had ascertained. ,hey paid no attention to the )ore disc(rsive, e8ploratory parts of )y dissertation. By )odern standards the st(dy *as not )ethodologically sophisticated. B(t + re)e) er )y ca(tion concerning the inferences that co(ld e dra*n fro) the statistics + had gathered as *ell as )y arg()ent that )ore detailed and co)prehensive data )ight not e *orth*hile. + had s(pple)ented the data on civil?service careers y a roader disc(ssion of ad)inistrative ehavior. ,*o inferences e)erged fro) that disc(ssion. %irst, higher civil servants represented a highly ed(cated gro(p *ith professional degrees in so)e field. ,hat infor)ation, s(pple)ented y 3o histories and intervie*s, s(ggested that )any of the) did not consider their p( lic service a lifeti)e co))it)ent. By alternating et*een p( lic and private e)ploy)ent and )aintaining their professional interests, they sho*ed a degree of independence, *hich co(ld possi ly e a fo(ndation for nonco)pliance if necessary. 4ith their e8perience in the private sector they had the possi ility of an alternative career, *hich :er)an civil servants typically did not have. %(rther, their professional co))it)ent freG(ently led the) to 3(dge govern)ent *ork in ter)s of the co)petence *ith *hich it *as perfor)ed and not only in ter)s of its legal attri (tes, as their :er)an colleag(es tended to do. ,he second inference concerned the attit(des of 1)erican ad)inistrators to*ard the p( lic. ,esti)ony efore congressional co))ittees sho*ed that in their vie* a govern)ent agency served the p( lic directly and hence *as entitled to inG(ire into *hat the people desired. ,hose ad)inistrators considered the)selves part of the people they served rather than earers of a higher stat(s and a(thority. ,his interpretation of govern)ent agencies as representative instit(tions *as strongly contested y congress)en *ho clai)ed the representative role for the)selves as elected, rather than appointed, officials. ,hose *ere )y o servations on the (rea(cratic c(lt(re pattern in the United 2tates. ,hey see)ed to )e at least as *orthy of attention as the statistical data that co(ld e gathered on career patterns. 5o*ever (neasily the t*o parts of the dissertation held together, they reflected )y adaptation to 1)erican tho(ght as *ell as )y contin(ed preocc(pation *ith :er)an affairs. 7 B"# 7 Many 1)erican sociologists did not see) to e concerned *ith the intellect(al i)plications of their o*n scientific, or rather scientistic, ent, altho(gh )y teacher, 9o(is 4irth, (sed to say that any fact, no )atter ho* fir)ly esta lished on )ethodological gro(nd, *as controversial fro) so)eoneDs point of vie*. ,his saying )ay rese) le the Mar8ist contention that in a class society every ody is partisan. B(t that *as not 4irthDs )eaning. 5e *anted to characteri@e the disp(ted position of the social sciences. %or )y part + co(ld not (nderstand ho* so)eone co(ld clai) to e scientific and partisan at the sa)e ti)e. <et the tr(th clai)s of classical Mar8is) *ere of 3(st that kind: history is only a history of class str(ggles, and hence tr(th can only e a y?prod(ct of class interest. 4irth )aintained instead that the social origin of a state)ent tells (s nothing a o(t its validity. +n his co(rse on the sociology of intellect(al life he e8po(nded the vie* that facts are esta lished .or state)ents agreed on0 y )eans of scholarly criteria that disting(ish tr(e fro) false state)ents. ,hat is a logically circ(lar state)ent: tr(th eco)es the y?prod(ct of criteria *orked o(t a)ong scholars. B(t the circ(larity of a tr(th defined y the tr(th?confir)ing criteria of scholars is not self?defeating, for a)ong the)selves scholars rely on an ever?provisional process of tr(th finding, *hich is (nder constant scr(tiny and can e corrected and i)proved. ,he fact is that scholars for) gro(ps of their o*n, dedicated to )aintaining the i)partiality

of their *ork. ,hat point, )ade y >arl Popper, does not fit in *ith Mar8is), *hich regards all intellect(als as (n*itting or conscio(s spokes)en of the classes arising fro) the organi@ation of prod(ction, incl(ding the *orking class .*hose tr(th, of co(rse, is in the interests of all0. 4hat *ere the intellect(al antecedents of this controversy over the scientific stat(s of sociological and historical inG(iryK + had eg(n )y serio(s reading in sociology *ith >arl Mannhei)Ds ook and *as e8cited *hen + fo(nd the sa)e ideas taken (p in the se)inal *ork of 5ans Barth, Wahrheit un I eologie .19BF0. .,he ook *as p( lished in an =nglish translation, as Truth an I eology , y the University of California Press in 19#".0 Basing )y arg()ents on BarthDs *ork, + p( lished an essay in 19F1, Social Science an the +istrust of &eason , *hich eca)e the first step of )y s( seG(ent contri (tions to 1)erican sociology. + fo(nd the other asis for these contri (tions in the *ork of Ma8 4e er. ,he link et*een )y 19F1 essay and )y s( seG(ent *ork on 4e er and co)parative historical sociology is far fro) o vio(s, so this relation of ideas is *orth spelling o(t as a asic aspect of )y intellect(al 7 B"6 7 a(to iography. Both Mannhei) and 5ans Barth refer to the fact that the develop)ent of )odern science had een acco)panied fro) its eginning y the analysis of error. 2cholars )ake )istakes (n*ittingly and eco)e entrapped in false 3(dg)ents of their o*n devising. %(rther, oth referred to %rancis BaconDs typology of idols. +n -ovum Organum .1"$F0 Bacon pointed o(t that )en are easily )isled y *ishf(l thinking, the infl(ences of their ed(cation, the distortions arising fro) their (se of *ords, and changing fashion in syste)s of tho(ght. 5e called these fo(r so(rces of error idols of the )ind. ,his typology of error *as to free science fro) the religio(s o sc(rantis) of theologians. Bacon elieved that :od had endo*ed )an *ith a )ind capa le of investigating nat(re. +n the na)e of tr(e faith he *rote against )en of little faith, pleading for s(pport fro) )en of affairs. 1 cent(ry and a half later science no longer needed a propagandist like Bacon- it had had its 2ir +saac ;e*ton, *ho died in 1#$#. ,he great %rench %ncyclop8 ie .t*enty?eight vol()es of te8t and ill(strations in so)e editions0 had een la(nched in 1#F1 to s())ari@e and disse)inate all h()an kno*ledge. B(t so)e o stacles to h()an advance re)ained, the ch(rch and its control over ed(cation fore)ost a)ong the). 2o)e %rench philosophers so(ght to e)ancipate ed(cation fro) the alef(l infl(ence of the ch(rch y developing a science of ideas, or i eology . ,hey resol(tely ased their efforts on a physiological theory of perception that *o(ld ena le the) to re)ove pre3(dices fro) the h()an )ind. 2ince BaconDs day the scene had shifted- not h()an error, (t instit(tions interested in error, stood in the *ay of tr(th and refor). By the )iddle of the nineteenth cent(ry the scene had shifted again. ,he advance of science aided y technology see)ed to pro)ise an era of plenty for all. <et poverty prevailed a)ong the )any, *hile riches acc()(lated in the hands of the fe*. ;either the advance of science nor the str(ggle against instit(tional pre3(dice had een eno(gh to p(t an end to the class str(ggles perpet(ated y ideologies, *hich (n*ittingly served the interests of the r(ling class. ,hose interests re)ained as the principal o stacles to h()an advance. +n Mar8Ds vie* only a revol(tion y the *orking classes of the *orld co(ld destroy, once and for all, this last arrier against a society of plenty. Anly then *o(ld tr(th prevail eca(se ideologies *o(ld no longer e needed to help s(ppress the )any in the interests of the fe*. ;or did Mar8 have the last *ord. ;iet@sche clai)ed that the *hole G(est for kno*ledge *as an ill(sion p(rs(ed y )en *ho needed it in their str(ggle for s(rvival. +n t(rn, %re(d had e8a)ined the search for

7 B"9 7 kno*ledge in ter)s of the (nconscio(s drives s( li)ated y it, tho(gh he hoped for therape(tic effects fro) the often painf(l (ncovering of those drives. Social Science an the +istrust of &eason traced these changing concerns *ith the so(rces of error fro) Bacon to %re(d. +t see)ed that in this field the develop)ent of tho(ght had consisted to a considera le e8tent in an increased (nderstanding of h()an falli ility. 1nd as ne* and )ore deep?seated so(rces of error *ere discovered, fro) BaconDs idols of the )ind thro(gh pre3(dices and class interests to the str(ggle for s(rvival and the hidden drives of the li ido, the re)edies needed to correct or prevent error eca)e ever )ore drastic, fro) pers(asion and ed(cational refor) to revol(tion and psychotherapy. 4hat can efforts to correct error and control ias acco)plish in the face of this recordK 4e can only elieve, *e cannot prove, that f(rther reflections as *ell as i)prove)ents in )ethods can correct errors and ring the desired red(ction of ias. ,his see)s a reasona le faith to )e eca(se no one kno*s *hat cannot e kno*n- (t it re)ains an act of faith. 1t the ti)e + p(rs(ed these G(estions, )y concern *ith faith as the asis of a elief in reason and *ith the ha@ards of co))(nication *as not only theoretical. + *ell re)e) ered the p( lic (rning of ooks the ;a@is had staged at the eginning of their regi)e. +n addition )y fatherDs ooks had een confiscated y the police after he had een o(sted y the ar association and singled o(t as a recalcitrant opponent of the regi)e. +n 19B9, in an ironic t*ist of fort(ne, )y o*n first ook enco(ntered a si)ilar fate- /igher )ivil Servants in American Society had een p( lished y the University of Colorado Press that C(ly. Perhaps a year after p( lication so)e inG(iries )ade )e a*are that the ook *as already o(t of print. ,hat see)ed odd, and + asked so)e friends to inG(ire. ,hey *ere told space had een needed for the secretaries to have their afternoon coffee. ,he press had *ritten to so)e fifty a(thors on their list, offering the) their o*n ooks for disco(nt p(rchase- (t only a fe* had replied, and s( seG(ently the ooks had een (rned. + had not een a)ong those notified, and )y ook, *hich had 3(st een p( lished, had een destroyed along *ith the rest. ,he episode *as a vivid re)inder that ooks and co))(nication are perisha le, y negligence or inadvertence as *ell as y a policy of destr(ction. .,he ook *as rep( lished t*enty? five years later y the :reen*ood Press.0 1ccordingly, the control of ias and of the ha@ards to *hich ooks and co))(nication are e8posed have a larger conte8t, oth past and present. ,ho(gh + )ight e (na le to cope *ith the social and political ha@ards, + had control over )y o*n scholarly *ork. My concl(sion *as 7 B#0 7 that along *ith the refine)ent of )ethods there sho(ld e .and + sho(ld practice0 tolerance for )ore int(itive approaches to kno*ledge, *hich *o(ld fall short on verification (t )ight )ore si)ply sho* the assets of e8perienced 3(dg)ent. Perhaps there is s(ch a thing as too )(ch )ethodological concern *ith ias. J1ny perfor)ance,J >enneth B(rke *rote in 19!", Jis disc(ssa le either fro) the standpoint of *hat it attains or *hat it misses . Co)prehensiveness can e disc(ssed as s(perficiality, intensiveness as strict(re, tolerance as (ncertaintyHand the poor pe estrian a ilities of a fish are clearly e8plaina le in ter)s of his e8cellence as a swimmer . 1 *ay of seeing is also a *ay of not seeingJ .$ermanence an )hange S;e* <ork: ;e* 'ep( lic Press, 19!"T, p. #00. +f *e ref(se all tr(st in a capacity for 3(dg)ent, then *e (n*ittingly (nder)ine the asis of co))(nication a)ong scholars, *hich (lti)ately rests on an ass()ption of good *ill as *ell as on reasoning and de)onstration. 4e )ake this ass()ption in the (se of lang(age itself. %or science, like lang(age, cannot prosper *here *e have gro(nds to elieve that the other person is syste)atically engaged in the destr(ction of )eaningf(l

co))(nication. 1ll this does not see) to have anything to do *ith political sociology and Ma8 4e er, the t*o foci of )y *ork since the late 19B0s. B(t there is a close relation, and + *o(ld like to spell it o(t at this point, *here the G(estion of ho* + eca)e an 1)erican sociologist verges on the G(estion of *hat kinds of i)p(lses + )ay have i)parted to 1)erican sociology. ,r(st in reasoned 3(dg)ent as the shared val(e of co))(nication and the p(rs(it of kno*ledge is the starting point to keep in )ind. ,hat tr(st is pres(pposed y any )ore specific p(rpose for *hich *e seek kno*ledge. 4itho(t s(ch tr(st instit(tions of learning are not via le. +f that tr(st is (n*arranted, then lang(age, learning, and kno*ledge eco)e i)possi le. +n all of his *ork 4e er *as concerned *ith the chances of individ(alis) and rational choice in a *orld .of po*er str(ggles, (rea(cratic organi@ations, and capitalist enterprises0 that )ilitates against these chances. B(t as + look ack, + a) )ost i)pressed y his anti?(topian approach. +t is est not to p(t a party la el on this *ay of looking at the )odern *orld and instead think of 4e erDs *ork in )ore a stract ter)s. ;ot the least of the )any 4e erian parado8es see)s to e that y his *hole )anner 4e er rese) led the P(ritan divines or even the Ald ,esta)ent prophets, *ho *ere s(rely (topians, *hereas his *ork tends in an anti?(topian direction. + *ant to for)(late this J)essageJ of 4e erDs *ork as + ca)e to perceive it in *orking )y *ay thro(gh his *ritings. 7 B#1 7 ,he personal sense of oneDs o*n action is a force in society ho*ever it )ay e ca(sed. 2ocial scientists *ho neglect this part of the evidence a andon the legacies of the =nlighten)ent, as do those follo*ers of Mar8 and %re(d *ho fail to disting(ish et*een ca(sed and (navoida le ehavior. Conte)porary evidence as *ell as considerations of intellect(al strategy s(pport the old?fashioned vie* that st(dies of social deter)inants )(st not neglect individ(al differences. ,he n()ero(s and often (nkno*n dissenters in fascist :er)any *ho defied that regi)e *ere s(ch individ(alists. 4hen *riters and scientists in the 2oviet Union prove the)selves capa le of challenging not only s(pre)e po*er (t also the apparent consens(s of the entire pop(lation, it see)s *rongheaded that so)e theorists in the 4est )ake social forces appear over*hel)ing. +t see)s 3(st as *rongheaded for )en and *o)en of ideas to )ini)i@e the individ(alDs capacity for innovation *hen a f(ll acceptance of that vie* *o(ld destroy the i)portance these sa)e )en and *o)en attri (te to science. + co(ld not e content *ith these contradictions or *ith a history of social theory that consists of )(t(ally e8cl(sive e)phases on society and the individ(al, like a pend(l() *hose every s*ing in one direction necessitates an opposite s*ing of eG(al a)plit(de. Ulti)ately these intellect(al i)p(lses led )e to )y interpretation of 4e erDs *ork. +t see)s to )e that 4e er pro)ises an end to that s*ing of the pend(l(). 5e offers an anti?(topian vie* of the social *orld that is nevertheless open to its possi ilities of develop)ent. >arl 9oe*ith p(t it ad)ira ly *hen he *rote so)e t*o generations ago, J=ven the e8tre)e cas(istry of S4e erDsT concept(al definitions in %conomy an Society has not only the )eaning to capt(re and deter)ine reality in definitions, (t, at the sa)e ti)e and a ove all, the opposite )eaning of an open syste) of possi ilitiesJ .JMar8 and 4e er,J in 3esammelte Abhan lungen S2t(ttgart: 4. >ohlha))er, 19"6T, p. ""0. 4e erDs approach does not lead to a enign vie* of the h()an condition, nor does he have all the ans*ers. B(t his definitions of h()an action enco)pass *ith eG(al e)phasis o(r G(est for s( 3ective )eaning and o(r co)pliance *ith the e8pectations of others. 5is definitions of class and stat(s gro(p do the sa)e for o(r acG(isitiveness and o(r G(est for honor and po*er over others. 5is definitions of )orality do the sa)e for actions g(ided y a sense of responsi ility for the o(tco)e and those g(ided y a s(rpassing conviction that disregards all G(estions of conseG(ences. +ndeed his *ritings reveal polarities of this

kind so repeatedly that + have co)e to think of the) as the theoretical core of his *ork. ,his concep? 7 B#$ 7 t(al device is ancient and not confined to the 4estern tradition. B(t in 4e erDs hands it acG(ires t*o )eanings that have een of special i)portance to )e. Ane of these )eanings consists in a co)parative historical perspective not only as a )ethodological device (t also as a vie* of the individ(al and society. =very h()an achieve)ent, every social fact or historical sit(ation, allo*s a concept(al for)(lation only y e)phasi@ing certain attri (tes *hile neglecting or e8cl(ding others. 5ence every for)(lation ears *ithin it the seeds of its o*n destr(ction Ha phrase + orro* fro) Mar8 and apply at the concept(al level, a practice he *o(ld not have condoned. 1ccordingly, the st(dy of the individ(al and society cannot rest content *ith the o servation of any one set of facts *itho(t at least noting their c(lt(ral, chronological, and other li)itations. 2ooner or later s(ch li)itations *ill provoke contrary tendencies, *hat has een concept(ally e8cl(ded *ill reassert itself, and ne* constellations *ill eco)e the foc(s of attention. 4hat + have said here of concept(al for)(lations applies to intellect(al positions )ore generally. + think 4e er )ight have agreed, (t + 3(st do not kno*. =very intellect(al position e8acts a price that )(st e paid- for every insight gained certain other insights are foregone, left o(t, or (ndere)phasi@ed. 2o)ething like that is at *ork in 4e erDs cas(istry, his anti?(topian position, and his (se of co)parative historical )aterials in preserving a sense of the indeter)inacy of the h()an condition. .+n other conte8ts + have called this indeter)inacy the fallacy of retrospective deter)inis), *hich (nderscores that any o(tco)e is ca(sed (t that *e kno* the ca(se even appro8i)ately only y hindsight.0 ,he price 4e er paid for his indeter)inacyHhis openness to h()an possi ilities revealed y his cas(istry and y his co)parative panora)a of )an in historyHis that his scholarly *ork is a rather poor g(ide to positive ideals of political str(ct(re: note his e)phasis that to hi) political G(estions are pro le)s of instit(tional techniG(e. ;ote also his co))ent that no sociological definition of the state can e s( stantive .he says the definition )(st e for)(lated in ter)s of ad)inistrative organi@ation0 eca(se s(ch a definition *o(ld i)ply specific policies, *hereas history sho*s that states have p(rs(ed all kinds of policies, incl(ding the )ost contradictory ones. B(t if 4e er *as a poor g(ide, then this li)itation is also associated *ith one of his great strengthsH the dialectic character of his types of do)ination, as of the paired concepts )entioned earlier. 4hat has een said earlier is an interpretation of (rea(cracy that sho*s ho* this 7 B#! 7 concept can e specifically s(ited to the co)parative st(dies that are central to 4e erDs *ork. 4e er points o(t that he has the specifically )odern for) of ad)inistration in )ind. ConseG(ently (rea(cracy is initially li)ited to 4estern =(rope and partic(larly to Pr(ssia, all the )ore so as he (nderstands this kind of ad)inistration as the e8ec(tive organ of legal a(thority. ,he p(rpose of this historically li)ited concept is to contrast it *ith other for)s of ad)inistration, s(ch as 4e er descri ed in his analysis of Chinese (rea(cracy. 5o*ever, 4e erDs definition of (rea(cracy appears in categorical for), *hich see)s to s(ggest its general applica ility. 5o* can this general clai) e reconciled *ith the historical li)itation of the conceptK + )aintain that 4e erDs concept .the general clai)0 also contains a dialectical ele)ent .the historical di)ension0. ,he *ell?kno*n for)(lation see)s to present (rea(cracy as an Jiron cage.J =ach ad)inistrative position is precisely circ()scri ed y its official d(ties, a position in a hierarchy, a salary fi8ed y

contract, f(ll?ti)e e)ploy)ent, and so forth. 1ll f(nctions of (rea(cratic *ork see) to e fi8ed, and yet 4e er allo*s an ele)ent of (ncertainty to enter into even this cage. ,hat ele)ent is the technical G(alification of the official. ,echnical and (rea(cratic G(alifications )ean that one has to rely on the e8perience and good 3(dg)ent of the G(alified officialHdespite the )any e8a)inations and controls. ,he sa)e is tr(e of e8perts in any other conte8t. ,he sense of speciali@ed G(alification lies in the e8pertise the lay)an can (se to his enefit only thro(gh cons(ltation or e)ploy)ent of a certified professional. 4e er stresses the discrepancy et*een e8pert officials and political lay)en. 5e also points o(t that technically G(alified officials can )ake a secret o(t of their kno*ledge to avoid (npleasant or inappropriate controls. ,echnical G(alification )eans not only technical kno*?ho* (t also kno*ledge of official for)s, proced(res, appeal channels, and precedentsHall things to *hich the official has ready access and *hich can easily degenerate into a special techniG(e of (rea(cratic a (se. ,h(s at the center of 4e erDs concept of (rea(cracy lies an ele)ent of (ncertainty, *hich lends itself to specific investigation, as that is the only *ay *e can co)e to grips *ith the different )eanings of the concept even within the =(ropean c(lt(ral sphere, let alone o(tside the 4estern or it. 5aving e8a)ined the dialectical (se of a key concept in 4e erDs *ork, + *ant to co))ent on its anti? (topian orientation. %ascis) and co))(nis) are t*o versions of the (topian )entality. 5o*ever dissi)ilar in ideology, oth ass()e that )en and society are s( 3ect to total 7 B#B 7 )anip(lation. +f either racial identity or the organi@ation of prod(ction is the (lti)ate deter)inant of history, then *hoever controls those factors is capa le of directing history. +n oth cases the conseG(ences of (topia have een so a horrent that +, for one, have co)e a*ay *ith a f(nda)ental distr(st of (topianis). ,o )y )ind, 4e erDs concept(al polarities provide a lock against (topian tendencies *itho(t do*ngrading the consideration of alternatives. 2(ch considerations are essential, for this *orld is o vio(sly not the est of all possi le *orlds, (t neither is it the *orst. &ifferences et*een de)ocracy and a one?party dictatorship, et*een a technology (sed for enign or )alignant ends, )ake a f(nda)ental difference in o(r lives, even tho(gh )any defects re)ain associated oth *ith de)ocracy and enign technology. B(t there is a gen(ine choice et*een a caref(l consideration of those differences, on one hand, and a s())ation of all real defects into one apocalyptic vision, on the other. Utopians set so high a goal for the f(t(re that nothing present is *orth preserving, and it is this all?or?nothing post(re that 4e erDs approach conde)ns as self?defeating. %or if every h()an condition has li)its and invites or provokes co(ntervailing tendencies, then a (topian society is one *ith li)its and hence *itho(t alternatives. 4e erDs *hole *ork sho*s .tho(gh not in so )any *ords0 that a society *itho(t li)its is not a possi le h()an achieve)ent, tho(gh he hi)self notes that ai)ing for the i)possi le is so)eti)es needed to achieve the possi le. ,he point is that (topians )ilitate against the possi le y de)anding the i)possi le as the only rational co(rse in a totally irrational *orld. 4e erDs *ork )eans to )e that it is )ore h()an and )ore predicta le to contin(e to str(ggle *ith the i)perfections of rationality, that this attit(de keeps open )ore chances for individ(al choice co)pared *ith the prospects of (nre)itting )anip(lation. +t is, for all that, a so er vie* of the h()an condition, one that anticipates adversity, and 4e er *o(ld not have it other*ise. 2i8ty?five years after his death, *ho can honestly say that he *as )istakenK <et in stating *hat 4e erDs *ork has )eant to )e and that it has een )y inspiration for ooks like Work an Authority in In ustry .19F"0, -ation(1uil ing an )iti.enship .19"B0, and 'ings or $eople .19#60, + have perhaps lost sight of )y the)e. %or *hile + have traced ho* + eca)e an 1)erican sociologist, + cannot e s(re of ho* 1)erican a sociologist + have eco)e. B(t then 1)erican sociology is a capacio(s )ansion, and a hospita le one at that. +n e8ternal ter)s )y G(estion does not

)ake good sense. + have had a creative career at the (niversities of Chicago and California .not co(nting rief interl(des 7 B#F 7 else*here0, and )y p( lished *ork has received its fair share of critical and appreciative appraisal. +n earlier years + served on the Co(ncil of the 1)erican 2ociological 1ssociation, *as elected its vice president and then its president, and have served in vario(s other capacities connected *ith the profession. <et these are not the only ter)s in *hich that G(estion can e asked, nor is it likely that + a) a good 3(dge in these )atters. +t *o(ld e inconsistent *ith the self?scr(tiny + consider essential *ere + to o)it the G(estion, ho*ever vag(e and (nans*era le it )ay e. ,he year 196B *as not only the year of Ar*ellDs fa)o(s ook- it *as also the three h(ndredth anniversary of the Mennonite e)igration fro) >refeld, :er)any, to Pennsylvania. An that occasion + participated in three )eetings devoted to a st(dy of :er)an e)igration to ;orth 1)erica. =ven after a forty?five?year residence in this co(ntry of i))igrants, + *as .and a)0 still conscio(s in )any *ays of eing an i))igrant )yself. 4hen + egan )y st(dies at the University of Chicago, + *as old eno(gh to )ake (se of *hat + fo(nd sti)(lating in the history of :er)an tho(ght, and altho(gh these interests have roadened in the interi), they have re)ained an active ingredient in )y *ork. 1 *hole ind(stry of 4e er interpreters has developed in the United 2tates since + p( lished )y ook on 4e er )ore than t*enty?five years ago- other :er)an i))igrants have taken a hand in )aking his oe(vre accessi le to 1)erican readers after %rank >night and ,alcott Parsons did their pioneering *ork al)ost t*o generations ago. 1nd there are no* a good )any 1)erican sociologists *ho have taken their inspiration fro) 4e erDs *ritings in one *ay or another. Perhaps + have helped alter the intellect(al cli)ate of sociology in this co(ntry, (t that change )ight have co)e a o(t in any case. ,he United 2tates as a conscio(s *orld po*er is )ore hospita le to a co)parative st(dy of societies than the United 2tates of the i))ediate post?&epression years *hen + arrived here. B(t *hatever )y contri (tion or infl(ence )ay have een in the eyes of 1)erican scholars, the one thing + kno* is that =(ropean scholars look at )y *ritings, incl(ding )y ook on 4e er, as the *ork of an 1)erican sociologist. + a) content to live *ith s(ch a) ig(ities. 7 B## 7

Notes
$ha/ter Two4 Beco-ing an Acade-ic Man
1. + have sketched )y )otherDs o(tlook in so)e detail for a conference sponsored y +ae alus on *o)an in 1)erica. 2ee J,*o :enerations,J +ae alus 9! .19"B0:#$?9#- reprinted in The Woman in America! ed. 'o ert C. 9ifton .Boston: 5o(ghton Mifflin, 19FF0. $. &aniel 1aron, revie*ing a iography of Ba itt, *rote, JA(t of (nchecked i)p(lse ca)e nationalis), i)perialis), and tyranny. Ba itt tho(ght that 1)erican de)ocracy, given its d( io(s ideological antecedents and evangelical politics, *as all too s(scepti le to cant.J J,he 5ero of 5()anis),J revie* of Irving 1abbitt: An Intellectual Stu y! y ,ho)as =. ;evin, -ew &epublic 19$, no. $B .C(ne 1#, 196F0: !", !6. 5arvardDs aesthetes largely contin(e ignored, or *ere repelled y, Ba it, and he hi)self *as half pro(d to e an anachronis).

!. + have descri ed the )ise?en?scQne in an essay, J=d(cational 'efor) at 5arvard College: Meritocracy and +ts 1dversaries,J in % ucation an $olitics at /arvar ! ed. 2ey)o(r Martin 9ipset and &avid 'ies)an, prepared for the Carnegie Co))ission .;e* <ork: Mc:ra*?5ill, 19#F0, pp. $61? !9$. B. 2ee 'ichard C. 2. ,rahair, The /umanist Temper: The Life an Work of %lton "ayo .;e* Br(ns*ick, ;.C.: ,ransaction Books, 196B0. F. ,he chain of )ission stations esta lished y 2ir 4ilfred :renfell on the 9a rador coast *as designed to provide pri)arily )edical services to the descendants of early British settlers *ho scraped )eager livings fro) fishing. 1t inland ;orth*est 'iver, *here + *as stationed, the JnativesJ ooed and hissed 2ir 4ilfred *hen he ca)e and lect(red the) on their fail(re to plant gardens to vary their diet, too )(ch of *hich, in his vie* and in )ine, *as alcohol. + *as not disill(sioned y the indigeno(s pop(lation of 9a rador .+ sa* hardly anything of the +ndians, (t + kne* that they treated their dogs )isera ly and see)ed i))(ne to )issioni@ing0 eca(se + had no e8pectations concerning the). B(t + *as so)e*hat disill(sioned y the )edical )issionaries. A(r little gro(p of J*opsJ lived all s())er long on a diet of sal)on fo(rteen ti)es a *eek eca(se the other stations, *hich had got provisions intended for (s, ref(sed to share, and it see)ed to )e that the generally 1nglican station heads *ho *ere )arried sacrificed the)selves and their fa)ilies )ore than they co(ld e)otionally )anage *itho(t engendering rancor. %ro) these leaders + had e8pected too )(ch. ". Ane of %riedrichDs st(dents *ho) + already kne* *as 9e*is &e8ter. 1 st(dent of p( lic opinion and of the intervie*, &e8ter had passed eno(gh e8a)inations to grad(ate fro) the University of Chicago in the record ti)e of five G(arters. 1fter *ar egan in =(rope in 19!9 &e8ter eca)e a )e) er of the %oreign Broadcast +ntelligence 2ervice, )onitoring roadcasts??a gro(p that later for)ed the Affice of 4ar +nfor)ation, and so)e of *hose )e) ers entered the Affice of 2trategic 2ervices. 1l)ost i))ediately after Pearl 5ar or, as perhaps )y first serio(s political act, + *ent to 4ashington to *ork *ith others to try to prevent the deportation of Capanese?1)ericans on the 4est Coast. + *orked closely *ith &e8ter, and after 19BF *e *ere periodic allies in the effort to control n(clear arsenals and to prevent their testing. #. Unlike a n() er of )y fello* sociologists *ho have *ritten essays for this vol()e, + *as not an early critic of the 1)erican social order. + did not kno* any &e)ocrats, let alone 2ocialists or Co))(nists, (ntil + got to college. 4hen in college, + *orked riefly *ith oysD gro(ps in several settle)ent ho(ses. + did not identify *ith the yo(ngsters + fo(nd very diffic(lt to control. 4hen + )et fello* travelers on )y visit in the s())er of 19!1 to the 2oviet Union, + regarded the) as even )ore ignorant than + concerning the United 2tates and g(lli le in the e8tre)e concerning the 2oviet Union. 5o*ever, + *as a pacifist. %or f(ller disc(ssion, see J1 Personal Me)oir: My Political Co(rney,J in )onflict an )onsensus: A 0estschrift in /onor of Lewis A. )oser! ed. 4alter 4. Po*ell and 'ichard 'o ins .;e* <ork: %ree Press, 196B0 pp. contin(e !$9?!F. %or a i liography of )y p( lications thro(gh 19#6, see On the "aking of Americans: %ssays in /onor of +avi &iesman! ed. 5er ert C. :ans, ;athan :la@er, Coseph '. :(sfield, and Christopher Cencks .Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 19#90, pp. !19?B". 6. /arvar Law &eview F$ .19!90: 110F?!B. 9. %or additional reflections on dile))as of teaching and research, see &avid 'ies)an, JAn &iscovering and ,eaching 2ociology: 1 Me)oir,J prefatory chapter to Annual &eview of Sociology 1B .19660: 1?$B- and JBalancing ,eaching and 4riting,J 2ournal of the /arvar (+anforth )enter on Teaching an Learning $ .Can(ary 196#0: 10?1". 10. + had not har ored ill(sions a o(t the 2oviet Union efore going there, (t )y e8periences in the

co(rse of the s())er . riefly descri ed in the political )e)oir referred to a ove0 led )e to see that in a large, incipiently ind(strial society no a)o(nt of terror co(ld create co)plete internali@ed elief and that at the )argin there co(ld even e diso edience. +n the sa)e year in *hich + sy)pathetically revie*ed 5annah 1rendtDs Origins of Totalitarianism in )ommentary .11 S19F1T: !9$?960, + also delivered a speech to the 1)erican Co))ittee for C(lt(ral %reedo), J2o)e A servations on the 9i)its of ,otalitarian Po*er,J in *hich + contended that totalitarian control *as an (nreacha le ideal??a 3(dg)ent that e8posed )e to attacks then and thereafter fro) often ne*ly @ealo(s antico))(nists. ,he latter did not see the differences + sa* et*een inefficient 2talinis) and less efficient ;a@is): oth *ere evil- (t it did not follo*, as )y adversaries contended, that oth *o(ld forever re)ain (nchangea le fro) inside. My address, first printed in Antioch &eview 1$ .19F$0: 1FF?"6, also appears in )y collections In ivi ualism &econsi ere an Other %ssays .:lencoe, +ll.: %ree Press, 19FB0 and Abun ance for What= an Other %ssays .:arden City, ;.<.: &o( leday, 19"B0. 11. +n &avid 'ies)an, J1 Personal Me)oir: My Political Co(rney,J in )onflict an )onsensus: A 0estschrift in /onor of Lewis A. )oser! ed. 4alter 4. Po*ell and 'ichard 'o ins .:lencoe, +ll.: %ree Press, 196B0, pp. !$#?"B, + indicate *ays in *hich + *orked earlier *ith %riedrich in helping :er)an ref(gees fro) 5itlerDs :er)any and in opposing fascist sy)pathi@ers in the United 2tates, and later *ith %ro)) and others in *hat see) no* like G(i8otic efforts to esta lish a inational Palestinian? Ce*ish entity in Palestine, as *ell as )y o*n civic concern a o(t the dangers of a n(clear ar)s race and on ehalf of a test an. 1$. + have descri ed in an essay so)e considera le differences in c(lt(re et*een a la* school and a school of arts and sciences. J9a* and 2ociology: 'ecr(it)ent, ,raining, and Colleag(eship,J Stanfor Law &eview 9 .19F#0: "B!?#!. 2ee also J,o*ard an 1nthropological 2cience of 9a* and the 9egal Profession,J *niversity of )hicago Law &eview 19 .19F10: !0?BB- reprinted in American 2ournal of Sociology F#, no. $ .19F#0: 1$1?!F. 1!. *niversity of )hicago Law &eview # .19B00: "FF?#F. 1B. J9egislative 'estrictions on %oreign =nlist)ent and ,ravel,J )olumbia Law &eview .19B00 B0: #9!?6!F. 1F. J&e)ocracy and &efa)ation: Control of :ro(p 9i el,J )olumbia Law contin(e &eview B$ .19B$0: #$#?60- J&e)ocracy and &efa)ation: %air :a)e and %air Co))ent +,J i id., pp. 106F?11$- J&e)ocracy and &efa)ation: %air :a)e and %air Co))ent ++,J i id., pp. 1$6$?!16. 1". + have ret(rned to so)e*hat related pro le)s recently in st(dying the i)pact of open?)eeting or s(nshine la*s on searches for college and (niversity presidents. 5ere it is the press that inti)idates 3(dges and instit(tions y forcing, as p( lic?interest advocates also do, the opening of s(ch searches to conte)poraneo(s o servation. %or a case ill(strating the *ay s(ch insistence destroys acade)ic a(tono)y *hile leading to s( terf(ge or *hat appears as s( terf(ge, see C(dith Block Mc9a(ghlin and &avid 'ies)an, J,he 2hady 2ide of 2(nshine,J Teachers )ollege &ecor 6#, no. B .2())er 196"0: B#1?9B. 1#. 1 splendid sense of the capacity of Margaret Mead for )entorship and for connecting people *ith one another is presented in her da(ghterDs iography of her parents: Mary Catherine Bateson, With a +aughter,s %ye .;e* <ork: 4illia) Morro*, 196F0. <ears later =verett 5(ghes and + *ere to try to ring Margaret Mead, *ho never held a sec(re acade)ic position, to the University of Chicago (t co(ld not overco)e the professional disestee) in *hich she *as held. 16. My pacifis) had never een a )atter of a sol(te principle (t rather of skepticis) concerning the 3(stification for )ost *ars in history, incl(ding all prior 1)erican ones. B(t the rise to po*er of 5itler changed )y o(tlook as it did that of )any others. + eca)e a rel(ctant interventionist. 2ee 'ies)an,

J4hatDs 4rong *ith the +nterventionistsKJ )ommon Sense 10 .19B10: !$#?!0. + regarded 5itler and his not insignificant ally M(ssolini as an even greater threat to civili@ation, incl(ding the United 2tates, than a *ar to defeat the). +n recent years + have een an ad)irer of the *ork of :ene 2harp on the history and strategic (ses of nonviolent sanctions. 2ee )y introd(ction to :ene 2harp, %#ploring -onviolent Alternatives .Boston: Porter 2argent, 19#00. Moreover, + eca)e so ca(ght (p in the *idespread hope for post*ar internationalis) that + *as happy to accept an invitation fro) the 1)erican 9a* +nstit(te to 3oin a gro(p of international la*yers, 1)erican and overseas, seeking to dra* (p a ill of h()an rights. 2ee J1n +nternational Bill of 'ights,J $rocee ings of the American Law Institute $0 .19B!0: 196?$0B. + had een skeptical a o(t 4oodro* 4ilsonDs ideal of )aking the *orld Jsafe for de)ocracy.J +n recent decades + have regarded the cr(sade for h()an rights for dissidents, especially Ce*ish ref(seniks, in the 2oviet Union as one of the chief *eapons y *hich the 1)erican right has destroyed dItente and as one of the chief factors preventing the achieve)ent of a an, or even a )oratori(), on (ndergro(nd testing of n(clear *eapons and eno(gh of a rapproche)ent *ith the U22' as 3oint g(ardian of the planet to cooperate in li)iting and policing the proliferation of n(clear arsenals to )ore, and )ore (nsta le, co(ntries. 2ee J5()an 'ights and 5()an Prospects,J co))ence)ent address at 4illia)s College, 19##- revised and reprinted as J,he &anger of the 5()an 'ights Ca)paign,J in )ommon Sense in *.S.(Soviet &elations! ed. Carl Marcy .;e* <ork: 4. 4. ;orton, 19#60, pp. B9?FF. 19. ,he national la* schools, as 5arvard had een for decades and B(ffalo *as eco)ing, and their la* revie*s??indeed in a sense all la* revie*s?? hard *orked to*ard the Jnationali@ationJ of 1)erican case la* developed fro) British co))on?la* traditions, seeking, often (ns(ccessf(lly, (nifor)ity across state o(ndaries. ,his readth of reference enlivens 1)erican legal research, dividing the ar et*een the great private and govern)ental esta lish)ents and the solo practitioners attentive to local la* and to the idiosyncracies of local 3(dges. $0. +n his )arvelo(sly vivacio(s a(to iography :eorge 5o)ans descri es his e8perience as a neophyte ensign co))anding a s)all vessel in the ;avy in 4orld 4ar ++ and an enco(nter *ith his chief oats*ainDs )ate, *ho had picked (p an (ng(arded coil of ha*ser and appropriated it, not as personal, (t as shipDs property. 5o)ans forced hi) to ret(rn it, altho(gh the oats*ainDs )ate co(ld not co)prehend *hy it *as not Jhis positive d(ty to the ship to snap (p, *hen he co(ld, any s(ch (nconsidered trifles as spare gear that )ight at so)e ti)e co)e in handy.J 2i)ilarly, so)e 2perry e)ployees )ight hoard scarce al()in() on ehalf of the ;avy even tho(gh it theoretically elonged to the 1r)y 1ir Corps. 2ee :eorge Caspar 5o)ans, )oming to "y Senses: The Autobiography of a Sociologist .;e* Br(ns*ick, ;.C.: ,ransaction Books, 196B0, p. $!0. 1ltho(gh + ad)ired the pro ity of 2perryDs engineering leadership, + *as appalled y the arrogance of yo(ng officials *ho *o(ld ins(lt a colonel 3(st ack fro) the =(ropean theater *ith ri ons for valor *ho *anted to kno* *hy 2perry co(ld not shift prod(ction )ore readily- instead of eing (nco)forta le eca(se they *ere not in (nifor), these acco(ntants and other se)iprofessional 2perry officials *o(ld r(n (p the flag of private enterprise in a co)pany totally f(nded y the )ilitary. ,he self?a negation of often )odest officers )ay have een politically pr(dent in dealing *ith 2perry as a pri)e contractor, (t it also conveyed to )e ho* thoro(ghly they *ere indoctrinated in the s( ordination of the )ilitary to civilian control, a 3(dg)ent later confir)ed y )y occasional visits to the ;ational 4ar College and the 1ir 4ar College. =ven the contravention of congressional a(thority in the 1960s y 1d)iral Cohn Poinde8ter and Colonel Aliver ;orth *as in the service of higher civilian a(thority. + )et no one re)otely like :eneral &o(glas Mac1rth(r. $1. ,he treas(rer of the holding co)pany, *ith offices in 'ockefeller Center, *o(ld have had )e fired instantly had he learned of the frankness *ith *hich + disc(ssed 2perryDs diffic(lties *ith the 1r)y 1ir

Corps officials *ho *ere o(r principal contracting officers. + had to e8plain *hy *e co(ld not shift prod(ction *ith the speed of 4estingho(se or :eneral Motors. Moreover, *hen he learned of press(res the services *ere p(tting on the plants, press(res for *hich + *as a cond(it, the treas(rerDs i)p(lse, fro) *hich several ti)es + had to restrain hi), *as to get on the phone *ith his friend, the secretary of the ;avy, to che* hi) o(t for giving 2perry tro( le. 2(ch ypassing y 2perryDs treas(rer of the proper channels )ight, + contended, land 2perry in far deeper tro( le??for e8a)ple .as + occasionally e)phasi@ed in the plants0, investigation y the ,r()an Co))ittee, *hich at the very least co(ld take a*ay o(r cherished J=J for e8cellence. ,he treas(rer )ay have tho(ght that + *as soft on the govern)ent, *hereas in fact + *as so fir) that )y i))ediate oss, an a)ia le 2perry vice president, (p raided )e for ref(sing to argain .as the la* reG(ired0 contin(e *ith the Corps of =ngineers, *hich had a )in(sc(le portion of o(r contracts. + kne* + co(ld not give etter ter)s to the Corps of =ngineers than those + had negotiated *ith the 1r)y 1ir Corps, for e8a)ple, ad3(st the a)o(nt of o(r advertising e8pense incl(ded in overhead. $$. Eis?M?vis ;a@i :er)any, (nconditional s(rrender *as in part a concession to 2talinDs fears of a separate anti?2oviet peace. B(t it also see)ed to )e to echo ad)iration for Ulysses 2. :rant and his insistence on (nconditional s(rrender in the Civil 4ar, as *ell as reflect anti?:er)an, apart fro) anti? ;a@i, attit(des a)ong key 'oosevelt advisers. 1s 1llen &(lles co)plained, this de)and i)peded the efforts of the :er)an opposition to 5itler. $!. 2ee, for e8a)ple, )y essays JPredica)ents in the Career of the College President,J The State of the *niversity: Authority an )hange! ed. Carlos =. >r(yt osch and 2heldon 9. Messinger .Beverly 5ills, Calif.: 2age, 19#00, pp. #!?6F- and J,he College Presidency,J % ucational Stu ies 1!, no. !?B .196$0: !09?!F. 2ee also )y introd(ction to 'ichard Berend@en, Is "y Armor Straight= The Life of a *niversity $resi ent .Bethesda, Md.: 1dler and 1dler, 196F0. $B. + disc(ss so)e of )y rather G(i8otic notions concerning the cond(ct of acade)ics in J2o)e Personal ,ho(ghts on the 1cade)ic =thic,J "inerva $1, nos. $?! .2())er?1(t()n 196!0: $"F?6Brevised in J1cade)ic Colleag(eship and ,eaching,J Antioch &eview .196F0: B01?$$. $F. =d. Carl C. %riedrich and =d*ard Mason, $ublic $olicy !:!!?9" .p( lished y Cohn 4iley, ;e* <ork, for 5arvard :rad(ate 2chool of P( lic Policy0 19B$. 2ee also J=G(ality and 2ocial 2tr(ct(re,J 2ournal of Legal an $olitical Sociology 1 .19B$0: #$?9F. Marc(s C(nliffe has *ritten an essay, J4atersheds,J American <uarterly ! .19"10, critici@ing the self?i)portance of elieving that one is living at a ti)e of transition, or *atershed, th(s giving a sp(rio(s significance to oneDs o*n historical )o)ent- it is a (sef(l ca(tion. $". 1ll sorts of )akeshift ho(sing, s(ch as arracks, *ere in (se at that ti)e, and the ret(rning veterans *ere scattered in digs all aro(nd the area. 4hen in the first year + presided at a lect(re y Milton %ried)an in *hich he opposed rent control, the )assed gro(p of veterans ooed hi)- + (rged the) to listen, re)inding the) that rent control *o(ld di)inish the stock of ho(sing. $#. 'einhard Bendi8 has also *ritten a o(t this era at Chicago- see his and Coseph :(sfieldDs contri (tions to this vol()e. $6. ,hese lect(res *ere later p( lished in $sychiatry 1!, no. 1 .19F00: 1?1"- i id., no. $ .19F00: 1"#?6#, !01?1F, and are reprinted in In ivi ualism &econsi ere . 1ltho(gh the p( lished versions are of co(rse )ore detailed and appropriately annotated, they give an indication of the e8pectations *e held for o(r (ndergrad(ates, as *ell as the fact, *hich *e 3okingly recogni@ed, that *e lect(red in part for one another. 1 critiG(e of these lect(res and of )y approach to psychoanalysis and society appears in 2teven 4eiland, JPsychoanalysis, 'hetoric, and 2ocial 2cience: &avid 'ies)anDs %re(d,J presented at the iann(al )eeting of the 1)erican 2t(dies 1ssociation, Philadelphia, Pa., ;ove) er F, 196!.

$9. ,he infectio(s enth(sias) of the fac(lty, the fact that the st(dents shared the identical progra) and did not G(estion its legiti)acy, and a college contin(e c(lt(re that enco(raged sharing ideas o(tside the classroo) led to ani)ated class disc(ssions that co(ld also e inti)idating to the shy. +n ti)e + *orked o(t *ays to evoke response fro) the diffident *itho(t stifling the assertive st(dents. 2ee JMy =d(cation in 2oc $ and My =fforts to 1dapt +t in the 5arvard 2etting,J in a forthco)ing ook a o(t the co(rse edited y Cohn Mac1loon on ehalf of the University of Chicago. !0. An 5(ghes, see also Coseph :(sfieldDs essay in this vol()e, as *ell as )y )e)orial address, J,he 9egacy of =verett 5(ghes,J )ontemporary Sociology 1$, no. F .2epte) er 196!0: B##?61. !1. 4hen + took a leave of a sence after the end of the fall ter) in 19B# to *ork on *hat eca)e The Lonely )row and 0aces in the )row ! + egan, along *ith ;athan :la@er, to read intervie*s, irrespective of topic, availa le at the eastern office of the ;ational Apinion 'esearch Center in ;e* <ork City. Pa(l 2heatsley and 5er ert 5y)an helped (s (nderstand the intervie* and s(rvey *ork. 2ee &avid 'ies)an and ;athan :la@er, J2ocial 2tr(ct(re, Character 2tr(ct(re, and Apinion,J International 2ournal of Opinion an Attitu e &esearch $ .19B90: F1$?$#- and J,he Meaning of Apinion,J $ublic Opinion <uarterly 1$ .19B90: "!!?B6. 2ee also the cogent disc(ssion of The Lonely )row in historical perspective in '(pert 4ilkinson, The $ursuit of American )haracter .;e* <ork: 5arper _ 'o*, 19660, pp. 1"?19. !$. 2o)e of those + )et early *ere scientists, of *ho) the late 9eo 2@ilard *as one of the )ost nota le- his Co(ncil for a 9iva le 4orld, created in 19"$ *hen he *as dying of cancer, has had )y ad)iration and s(pport. Ane of the interests =d*ard 2hils and + shared *as in the 1ulletin of the Atomic Scientists and the people *ho *rote for and edited it. !!. 4hile the 2t. CohnDs College progra) has incl(ded ,ocG(evilleDs +emocracy in America and Mar8Ds The )ommunist "anifesto and )apital and %re(d and >eynes, rese) ling in this respect 2oc !, these *orks *ere not read in any historical conte8t, (t as parts of *hat the 2t. CohnDs College t(tors ter)ed the great conversation. 2oc ! took for granted the i)portance of the historical conte8t of the *orks read. !B. 2ee Baird 4hitlock, +on,t /ol Them 1ack: A )riti:ue an 3ui e to -ew School()ollege Articulation "o els .Princeton: College Board, 19#60, on ho* s(ch a progra) *orked at 2i)onDs 'ock College, no* 2i)onDs 'ock =arly College, ad)inistered y Bard College. !F. + do not share the conte)pt 5(tchins had for st(dentsD interest in post accala(reate careers. 5o*ever, elieving as + do in the advantages of diversity a)ong 1)erican colleges, + can e gratef(l oth for the e8istence of the College of the University of Chicago and for instit(tions s(ch as Carnegie? Mellon University, *hich are frankly and serio(sly professional. 2ee &avid 'ies)an, JProfessional =d(cation and 9i eral =d(cation: 1 %alse &ichoto)y,J in $reparation for Life= The $ara o# of % ucation in the Late Twentieth )entury! ed. Coan B(rstyn .9ondon: %al)er Press, 196"0. !". ,he ever?e8panding pool of st(dents and the corresponding shortage of fac(lty, *hich had helped )e receive )y offer in the first place, )ade roo) for e8pansion of the 2ocial 2ciences staff of the College. ,hat e8pansion of nonten(red fac(lty *as done *ith a facility that in retrospect is astonishing, in the light contin(e of all the steps, incl(ding clearances for affir)ative action, that one has to go thro(gh today to appoint an assistant professor. 4hereas it )ay not e s(rprising that + had no diffic(lty in sec(ring the appoint)ent of )y for)er la* school roo))ate, &onald Meikle3ohn, *ith his rilliant (ndergrad(ate record at 4isconsin and his 5arvard Ph.&. in philosophy .he *as then teaching at the University of Eirginia0, it is less easy today to grasp ho* + co(ld pers(ade not only )y colleag(es (t also the dean

to invite 'e(el &enney, a &art)o(th grad(ate and at the ti)e a p( lic high?school teacher, *ho had p( lished a *ell?regarded ook of poetry (t had no Ph.&. and no scholarly record. &aniel Bell and, several years later, 9e*is Coser 3oined the staff of 2oc $ and only thereafter *ent off to earn their doctorates at Col() ia. &enney stayed on and eca)e professor of the h()anities in the College. 2ee Michael 2ch(son, J,he +ntellect(al 5istory of 2oc $,J in Cohn Mac1loonDs forthco)ing ook. + *o(ld like to add here that + o*e )(ch of )y kno*ledge of, and interest in, 1)erican pop(lar c(lt(re to &enneyDs sti)(lation, so)e of it reflected also in The Lonely )row . !#. 1t one point &onald Meikle3ohn, accepting his fatherDs elief that lect(ring *as an antiG(ated idea and that only disc(ssion *ith st(dents in the 2ocratic )ode *as *orth*hile, so(ght to red(ce or eli)inate the lect(res and have three or fo(r section )eetings a *eek. + tho(ght, as + have already indicated, that the idea *as (n*ise pedagogically since the rhyth) of lect(res and sections had in )y 3(dg)ent *orked *ell. 2(ch a change *o(ld have )eant an increase in the responsi ility of each instr(ctor, *ho *o(ld have to prepare three or fo(r rather than t*o section )eetings. + regarded )any of the section )eetings, cond(cted along 2ocratic lines .J4hat did Ma8 4e er )ean y this partic(lar sentenceKJ0, as a kind of Ping?Pong et*een a fe* right st(dents and the section leader. + tho(ght it i)portant that st(dents e e8posed to the f(ll range of lect(rers that the (niversity offered rather than having their e8perience confined to the partic(lar person in *hose section they landed or to *hose section they )ight shift. 5appily for )any of (s on the 2oc $ staff, Meikle3ohnDs )otion did not carry. !6. 1s part of the revision of 2oc $, *e recr(ited another c(lt(ral anthropologist .'osalie 5ankey, later 'osalie 5ankey 4a8, *ho had done her field*ork in the Capanese relocation ca)ps0 and added another sociologist *ith a historical slant .5elen Mi)s0. 9ater *e fo(nd a s(rvey researcher .Mark Benney, *ho had done p( lic?opinion s(rveys for the British govern)ent d(ring 4orld 4ar ++0, a sociologist *ith an interest in leis(re .2e astian &e:ra@ia0, and others- *e already had a political scientist .Morton :rod@ins0. + looked *itho(t s(ccess for an econo)ist *illing to 3oin the staff. +n )ethodological and perhaps concept(al ter)s, econo)ics appears to have een the )ost advanced and, in st(dent recr(it)ent, the )ost attractive a)ong the social sciences- the highly professionali@ed narro*ness of so)e of even its )ost a le practitioners )ay reflect this. .4e fo(nd no one *ithin o(r or it *ho (sed the )odes of tho(ght of econo)ics as do s(ch 5arvard colleag(es and for)er colleag(es as ,ho)as 2chelling or 1l ert 5irsch)an.0 5er ert 2i)on, in his ;o el Pri@e speech for the a*ard in econo)ics, e)phasi@ed the i)portance of st(dies of disaggregated econo)ic pheno)ena in )in(te detail. +ndeed 2i)on, *ith his *it and contin(ing interest in (ndergrad(ate ed(cation and his poly)ath pro ing and s( tle c(riosity, )ay e regarded as contin(e the ideal prod(ct of the University of Chicago in the 19B0s. +n )y early years at Chicago + occasionally s(ggested to grad(ate st(dents in econo)ics that they take a leave of a sence to do so)ething akin to field*ork y accepting a position, for e8a)ple, as assistant co)ptroller in a s)all (siness- they *o(ld th(s learn so)ething a o(t )icroecono)ics in a direct *ay. +nvaria ly their reaction *as that aggregate statistics *ere )ore than adeG(ate for the (nderstanding of econo)ic pheno)ena??and in any case, *hile they *ere in a co)pany that *o(ld necessarily e dis)issed as idiosyncratic, so)e disciple of Pa(l 2a)(elson *o(ld have p( lished fo(r articles in refereed econo)ics 3o(rnalsN +t *as not a ha@ard that a right, aspiring econo)ist *ished to take. !9. +n her iography of 5arry 2tack 2(llivan, 5elen 2*ick Perry provides a s( tle, (nflattering portrait of 9ass*ell as gifted and vain??and so)ething of a con )an. 2ee her $sychiatrist of America: The Life of /arry Stack Sullivan .Ca) ridge, Mass.: Belknap Press, 196$0. B0. An )y second leave of a sence fro) the 2oc $ staff + arranged for Mills to take )y place- he and his *ife lived in o(r ho)e, sharing it for that period *ith the 9e*is and 'ose Coser fa)ily. 4hen +

ca)e ack to the College, st(dents told )e ho* conte)pt(o(s Mills had een of so)e of the readings. 5e had eg(n his first class y planting his paratrooper oots on the se)inar ta le and thro*ing $atterns of )ulture across the roo), saying in effect that he *o(ld e da)ned if he *as going to *aste ti)e on so)e little tri es. ;o J;e* Men of Po*er,J theyN B1. Thorstein 5eblen: A )ritical Interpretation .;e* <ork: 2cri ner, 19F!0. 2ee also J,he 2ocial and Psychological 2etting of Ee lenDs =cono)ic ,heory,J 2ournal of %conomic /istory 1! .19F!0: BB9?"1and JEe lenDs 2yste) of 2ocial 2cience,J %#plorations $ .19FB0: 6B?9#. + ca)e to regret )y co))it)ent to *rite a o(t Ee len, for + 3(dged that + had to read everything he had ever *ritten and, less ard(o(s since there *as not an enor)o(s a)o(nt of it, everything *ritten a o(t hi) in =nglish. Ee len *as in so)e respects an 1)erican provincial, having to deal *ith Mar8 (t not *ith the great =(ropean thinkers *ho *ere his conte)poraries. +n his est *orks he co(pled telling insights into the nat(re of *ork .for e8a)ple, the JinstinctJ of crafts)anship0, leis(re, and the anthropology of *ar *ith rilliant and sardonic *it. ,hey also display crankiness and great red(ndancy and incl(de so)e interesting p(@@les, s(ch as the s(dden desire of this recl(sive scholar to engage in the cr(sade against :er)any in the %irst 4orld 4ar y *orking for the United 2tates govern)ent. 1 later ook on Ee len, )ore sy)pathetic than )ine and linking hi) to his =(ropean conte)poraries, does not appear to )e to solve these contradictions either- see Cohn P. &iggins, The 1ar of Savagery .;e* <ork: 2ea (ry Press, 19#60. B$. ,he st(dy of aging *as a partic(lar interest of ;e(garten and 5enry, and + *as peripherally involved in it. 2ee &avid 'ies)an, J2o)e Clinical and C(lt(ral 1spects of 1ging,J American 2ournal of Sociology F9 .19FB0: !#9?6!- and J1 Career &ra)a in a Middle?1ged %ar)er,J 1ulletin of the "enninger )linic 19 .19FF0: 1?6. B!. +n this e8ploratory period .19F0?F10 + ca)e (pon a pheno)enon that still perple8es )e. ,he local elites *ho *ere linked y their interest in co))(? soft nity develop)ent and i)prove)ent incl(ded the then editor of the 'ansas )ity Star! a long esta lished and infl(ential ne*spaper. +f there *as a )eeting to consider so)e e8igent pro le), e it the reconstr(ction of do*nto*n or conditions in the p( lic schools, the people *ho *ith near (nani)ity ca)e to so)e concl(sion did not elieve the decision had act(ally occ(rred (ntil it *as legiti)ated y p( lication in the Star! tho(gh the Star editor had een a)ong the cons(lting gro(p. ,o p(t it in slightly co)ical ter)s, they did not kno* that they *ere the po*er elite (ntil they read a o(t the)selves and the o(tco)e of their cons(ltation in the daily paper. BB. 2ee &avid 'ies)an, J,he 2t(dy of >ansas City: 1n +nfor)al Avert(re,J *niversity of 'ansas )ity &eview $0 .19F!0: 1F?$$. BF. + later collected so)e of the notes earing on religion, re)oved identifying details, and p( lished the) as J2o)e +nfor)al ;otes on 1)erican Ch(rches and 2ects,J )onfluence B .19FF0: 1$#?F9. B". %or f(ller disc(ssion see &avid 'ies)an, J=thical and Practical &ile))as of %ield*ork in 1cade)ic 2ettings: 1 Personal Me)oir,J in <ualitative an <uantitative Social &esearch: $apers in /onor of $aul 0. La.arfel ! ed. 'o ert >. Merton, Ca)es Cole)an, and Peter 'ossi .;e* <ork: %ree Press, 19#60. ,he >ansas City connection had as one o(tco)e the st(dy of the University of >ansas Medical 2chool, initiated y =verett 5(ghes, and later of ca)p(s c(lt(res at the University of >ansas, in *hich + participated vicario(sly y reading the intervie*s and field notes. 2ee 5o*ard 2. Becker, Blanche :eer, =verett C. 5(ghes, and 1nsel) 2tra(ss, 1oys in White: Stu ent )ulture in "e ical School .Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 19"10- and 5o*ard 2. Becker, Blanche :eer, and =verett C. 5(ghes, "aking the 3ra e: The Aca emic Si e of )ollege Life .;e* <ork: 4iley, 19"60. B#. Michael Macco y, then a grad(ate st(dent in the &epart)ent of 2ocial 'elations and secretary of

the %ac(lty of 1rts and 2ciences, greatly helped in the staffing of the co(rse. %or a f(ller acco(nt of the co(rse and teaching at 5arvard, see )y JAn &iscovering and ,eaching 2ociology: 1 Me)oir.J reak + a) gratef(l to )y *ife, Phyllis 'akita Mar8, *ho has patiently and lovingly helped )e sort o(t these iss(es, and for f(rther critical co))ents and s(ggestions + *ish to thank Cerry 1()ente, C(dith 1(er ach, M(rray &avis, 'osa eth >anter, Cohn McCarthy, ;ancy 'eich)an, Uick '( in, 2(san 2il ey, Barry 2tein, Mike Usee), Cohn Ean Maanen, Ch(ck 4e8ler, and Ci) 4ood.

$ha/ter E*even4 ef*ections on Acade-ic !uccess and #ai*ure> Ma=ing It7 #orsa=ing It7 esha/ing It
1. 1)ong other the)es + *o(ld like to p(rs(e at so)e point are the e8perience of eing at Berkeley in the 19"0s- the )ove fro) the 4est Coast to the =ast Coast- fa)ily life, parenting, and professional a) itions- teaching- the selection of research topics- the (ses of sociology and the role of )oral co))it)ent in s(staining research- the )ethod .and challenge0 of *riting critical yet scientifically gro(nded essays. + have dealt a it *ith the first the)e in J'ole Models and 'ole &istance: 1 'e)e) rance of =rving :off)an,J Theory an Society 1! .196B0, and the last t*o in the introd(ction to "uckraking Sociology .;e* Br(ns*ick, ;.C.: ,ransaction Books, 19#$0. reak $. ,his see)s to e partic(larly tr(e for a discipline s(ch as sociology that speciali@es in the st(dy of stratification and in *hich there is only li)ited consens(s a o(t *hat constit(tes good *ork. Ane o server even s(ggests that acade)ic fa(na can e ordered according to the degree of concern sho*n to*ard the o(t*ard presentation of self. Eariation is inversely related to a disciplineDs certainty of res(lts: J,h(s at one end of the spectr() occ(pied y sociologists and professors of literat(re, *here there is (ncertainty as to ho* to discover the facts, the nat(re of the facts to e discovered, and *hether indeed there are any facts at all, all attention is foc(sed on oneDs peers, *hose regard is the sole criterion for professional s(ccess. :reat pains are taken in the develop)ent of the i)pressive persona. . . . 1t the other end, *here, as the )athe)aticians the)selves are fond of pointing o(t, Da proof is a proof,D no concern need e given to )aking oneself accepta le to others- and as a r(le none *hatsoever is given.J 'e ecca :oldstein, The "in (1o y $roblem .;e* <ork: ;orton, 196!0, p. $0$. !. Anly later, *hen + gave *hat + tho(ght *as an eG(ally ti)ely paper and received only a handf(l of reG(ests, did + reali@e that on average 1F0 )ight e )ore appropriate as a lifeti)e total. B. ,his )ore interpretive, disc(rsive, sensiti@ing style inspired y a(thors s(ch as &avid 'ies)an, =rving :off)an, 5er ert :ans, and 5o*ard Becker *as later to get )e into tro( le *hen + had to take greater initiative in s( )itting articles and applying for grants. :ro(nd r(les different fro) the ones pertaining to the invited contri (tion *ere in force. +n assessing )y )o(nting collection of fail(res in the early 19#0s, + learned that as a h() le petitioner, rather than an invited g(est, one had to confor) )ore rigidly to the conventional acade)ic r(les. Moreover, at that ti)e G(antitative )ethods as ends in the)selves *ere ascendant. F. + a) reporting the elitist vie*s enco(ntered at 5arvard. ,he University of California, tho(gh not an +vy 9eag(e school, *as certainly an instit(tion of enor)o(s distinction. ,he conseG(ences of eing aro(nd highly s(ccessf(l people *ho *ork very hard and see the)selves as a)ong the chosen are )i8ed. An the one hand, they eco)e role )odels and yo( )i)ic the). <o( get )ore done than )ost people, and their sponsorship and advice help yo(r career. An the other hand, yo( have do( ts a o(t *hether yo( co(ld ever do anything as i)pressive as they have done and .even if yo( co(ld0 *hether yo( *ish to pay the price that s(ch s(ccess )ay reG(ire. ". 4ith s(ccess ca)e ever greater aspirations. My )odest goals as a yo(ng professional *ere closely linked to *hat + tho(ght + co(ld acco)plish. ,his *as no do( t a self?protective device. + had not yet

learned to shoot for the )oon *ith the hope that if yo( )iss, yo( )ight still gra a fe* stars. + think the *illingness to take risks and face fail(re are as .or )ore0 i)portant a deter)inant of acade)ic s(ccess as native a ility. #. =ven *ith a degree fro) 5arvard, the odds *ere still against ten(re, as the cases of pri@e?*inning sociologists ,heda 2kocpol and Pa(l 2tarr indicate. 6. +n retrospect + no* see that this pattern *as )ore a leveling off than a fall, (t that *as not ho* it felt at the ti)e. 4hat had een (n(s(al .and )ore contin(e *orthy of e8planation0 *as the degree and consistency of the early s(ccess, not the far )ore co))on pattern of inter)ingled s(ccess and fail(re that follo*ed. ,here are of co(rse variants of falls. 2o)e are easier to deal *ith than others. 5o*ever poignantly felt, )ine *as grad(al and partial. + had lots of ti)e for hedging ets, p(tting o(t safety nets, and devising alternatives. ,hat kind of fall is easier to respond to than one that is s*ift, total, and (ne8pected. ,he latter is the case *ith the assistant professor *ho had planned a large cele ration and *hose oh?so?s(re depart)ent head had sent hi) a case of cha)pagne the night efore the fac(lty voted to deny hi) ten(re. 9. ,*o e8a)ples *ill s(ffice. 1n acco(nt + heard too )any ti)es *as that *hen )y )other *o(ld p(sh )e in the a y carriage acco)panied y o(r handso)e collie, people *o(ld stop her and say, 4hat a ea(tif(l dog. 1 corresponding fa)ily tale stressed )y fatherDs rese) lance to '(dolph Ealentino. 10. ,o *it a Jreal sharp,J chopped and lo*ered 19B9 Pontiac converti le *ith d(o car (retors, chro)e pipes, and dice hanging fro) the rearvie* )irror and *hat (sed to e called Jreal cool threadsJHa po*der? l(e one? (tton?roll @oot s(it *ith enor)o(s sho(lder pads. ,he car did get attention, (t to )y chagrin it *as never chosen y the school ne*spaper as Jheap of the *eek.DD 11. ,he first three years of )y (ndergrad(ate career *ere an e8ception to the pattern of s(ccess in high school and )y first decade in sociology: + looked (t did not find )(ch. ,his lack of s(ccess partly *as d(e to a de)anding o(tside 3o , (t also to the conf(sion and dissipation of yo(th in so(thern California .in the s(rfing fil) 1ig We nes ay a girl fro) Chicago, recently )oved to California, o serves, JBack ho)e, eing yo(ng is so)ething yo( do (ntil yo( gro* (p. 5ere, *ell, itDs everything.J0 + *as s(rprised *hen after a series of aptit(de and vocational tests at UC91 in )y senior year + *as told y the psychologist that + co(ld e a professor if + *anted to. 1n e8pert had passed on )y G(alifications and given )e per)ission to go on and eco)e a professor. 1$. +n high school + had an e8perience that sho(ld have ta(ght )e so)ething a o(t the pitfalls of narcissis) and h( ris. ,here is a %ats &o)ino song *ith the lines J+D) gonna e a *heel so)eday, +D) gonna e so)e ody.J + can still recall the e8cite)ent + felt *orking as a o8 oy in the >ing Cole Market on 9os %eli@ Bo(levard in :lendale, California, *hen + sa* a vegeta le o8 *ith the la el JBig 4heel Prod(ceJ on it. +t *as the perfect thing for a self?fancied ig *heel to hang on his edroo) *all. + deserted )y assigned d(ties and proceeded to c(t o(t the la el. 4hen the knife slipped and c(t deep into )y inde8 finger, + kne* there *as a :od and that he or she had ca(ght )e. ;ot only *as + g(ilty of h( ris, (t on co)pany ti)e. ,he scar is still there. 1s in Pinocchio, mutatis mutan is , it so)eti)es itches *hen + get too carried a*ay y achieve)ent fantasies. 1!. Af co(rse there is al*ays a) ig(ity a o(t, and a gap et*een, theory and practice *ith respect to the r(les that govern the a*arding of ten(re, receipt of a*ards, or acceptance of an article for p( lication. 2ee, for e8a)ple, Cohn Ean MaanenDs consideration of types of r(les s(rro(nding career ga)es, JCareer :a)es: Argani@ational '(les of Play,J in Work! 0amily! )areer , ed. C. Brooklyn &err .;e* <ork: Praeger, 19600, pp. 111?1B!.

1B. :eorge Bernard 2ha* o served in "an an Superman , J,here are t*o contin(e tragedies in life. Ane is not to get yo(r heartDs desire. ,he other is to get it.J +n so)e *ays o(r c(lt(re does a etter 3o of preparing (s to cope *ith fail(re than *ith s(ccess. 1F. Pa(l ;e*)an received the follo*ing letter co)pli)enting hi) on his spaghetti sa(ce: JMy girlfriend )entioned that yo( *ere a )ovie star, and + *o(ld e interested to kno* *hat yo(Dve )ade. +f yo( act as *ell as yo( cook, yo(r )ovies *o(ld e *orth *atching. 1re any of yo(r )ovies in EC'KJ -ew 6ork Times "aga.ine , 2ept. !1, 196". 1n acade)ic career is stre*n *ith h() ling little re)inders that ring yo( ack do*n to earth. %or e8a)ple, several ti)es + have eagerly t(rned fro) a ookDs inde8 to the pages *here :. Mar8 *as referenced only to find that the reference *as to :ro(cho or discover that as a res(lt of typographical errors + *as given credit for >arl Mar8Ds ideas. + *ell recall the s)(g feeling + had *hen + received a call fro) the president of a )id*estern school telling )e + had een the (nani)o(s choice of their fac(lty to deliver a prestigio(s lect(re. 2ince a recent p( lication *as receiving considera le attention, it see)ed only fitting. <et it soon eca)e apparent that the invitation *as for )y estee)ed M+, colleag(e 9eo Mar8. 1". 1oston 3lobe , C(ne B, 196F. 1#. Beyond an occasional case of corr(ption the G(estioning of 3(dgesD decisions is aided y the lack of consens(s a)ong sociologists a o(t *hat G(ality is . eyond the e8tre)es0 and ho* G(ality in different areas .G(alitative?G(antitative, co)parative?do)estic, conte)porary?historical, theoretical?e)pirical0 o(ght to e *eighed. =very *ay of seeing is also a *ay of not seeing. 1)ong )y collection of dia)etrically opposed responses for the sa)e research proposals and articles + have s( )itted are the follo*ing: J,his is the est article + have ever revie*ed for this 3o(rnal??an a sol(tely o(tstanding contri (tionJ vers(s J,his tireso)e revie* of things everyone kno*s does not )erit p( lication hereJJ1n e8traordinarily i)portant pro3ect . . . a sol(tely indispensa le. + (rge strongly and *itho(t reservation that this reG(est for s(pport e approvedJ vers(s J,his st(dy offers little that *o(ld i)prove the infrastr(ct(re of science. &o not f(nd it.DD 16. +t is co)forting to think that *hen *e fail the ca(ses are str(ct(ral and the syste) is (nfair and *hen *e s(cceed the ca(ses are personal effort and the syste) fair. My naOvetI and ego needs in the early period of )y career pro a ly led )e to overe)phasi@e the latter. ,hat so)e of )y s(ccess had little to do *ith )erit per se *as so)ething to *hich + gave little tho(ght. ,o e s(re, + had *orked hard and done respecta le *ork. B(t there *ere a lot of things going for )e that + had no control over. 1s research in the last decade has )ade clear, there is a sense in *hich de)ography .and ti)ing0 is destiny. +n the case of )y first 3o at 5arvard one of )y Berkeley )entors *as then teaching there, and another held in very high regard had left not long efore )y arrival. + th(s had a strong p(sh fro) the o(tside and p(ll fro) the inside. 4hat is )ore, the year + *ent on the 3o )arket 5arvard had three openings at the assistant?professor level. Berkeley as an instit(tion for training sociologists *as at its height, and its grad(ate st(dents *ere then very co)petitive on the 3o )arket. + had done )y thesis on the civil?rights )ove)ent and speciali@ed in race relations, topics contin(e )(ch in de)and. ,he )acro factors that aided )y s(ccess in the 19"0s ceased doing so in the politically )ore conservative period that follo*ed. 19. 1s paragraph " s(ggests, these patterns can e independent. %or G(antity, a )a3or pattern is flat. 2o)e people hit their stride early and stay *ith it, prod(cing a o(t the sa)e a)o(nt of *ork each year of their career. $0. 1s a grad(ate st(dent one of the )ost i)portant things + learned fro) =rving :off)an *as that yo( had to click *ith yo(r topic and really care a o(t it or else yo( *ere in the *rong (siness. 5e i)plied

it *o(ld happen early??it either gra ed yo(, or it did not. 2ince that *as a ti)e of )any 3o offers for each applicant, rather than the reverse, this advice needs to e G(alified. $1. ,his partly e8plains the e8ha(stion *ith reading 3o(rnals as one ages .tho(gh an additional factor is an e8pansion in the n() er of 3o(rnals0. 1ltho(gh + *o(ld not go as far as a colleag(e *ho said he co(ld not think of a *orse *ay to spend an afternoon than to read the American Sociological &eview , the )oral i)perative + felt as a grad(ate st(dent to read it fro) cover to cover is long gone. ,he i)perative has een dil(ted to reading the ta le of contents and occasionally )arking an article to read later. + took this step *ith so)e of the sa)e trepidation )y grand)other reported *hen she )ade the decision to ignore kosher restrictions regarding the )i8ing of )eat and dairy dishes and *aited for :od to strike her do*n. +n neither case did har) efall (s. $$. ,o e s(re, in )y early years there had een e8tra inco)e, (t + had not actively so(ght it o(t. + also felt a little (nco)forta le eing paid for *ork + *o(ld have gladly done for free. 1ltho(gh + did not neglect )y st(dents, + )(st ad)it to an increased c(riosity a o(t those teachers *hose )oral .or i))oral0 code per)itted the) to devote an a sol(te )ini)() of ti)e to teaching. =8a)ples incl(de the professor *ho reG(ired st(dents *ho *anted to see hi) to )ake an appoint)ent y calling a phone n() er that *as rarely ans*ered- the professor *ho did not have his na)e on his office door- the professor *hose lect(res consisted of reading fro) so)eone elseDs ook- the professor *ho al*ays ca)e late to the first class )eeting, did not have a sylla (s, and *as vag(e a o(t 3(st *hat the co(rse *o(ld co)prise .other than a heavy load of e8a)s and ter) papers0- and the professor *ho offered political .antielitist0 and pedagogic .st(dents sho(ld learn fro) each other0 3(stifications for never preparing for class and never lect(ring. $!. ,he research is reported in *n ercover: $olice Surveillance in America .Berkeley: University of California Press, 19660 and Win ows into the Soul: Surveillance an Society in an Age of /igh Technology .forthco)ing0. $B. More roadly, s(ch feelings see) to characteri@e 1)erican social scientists and h()anists relative to scientists and engineers in acade)ic settings, and acade)ics relative to persons in applied settings. $F. +t appears that sociology is increasingly eing practiced o(tside traditional depart)ents, *hether in vario(s interdisciplinary?st(dies progra)s or in applied conte8ts in professional schools. ,his goes eyond seeking ne* a(diences- it is a )atter of econo)ic s(rvival. +n )ost of these settings one sociologist is fine (t t*o is too )any. $". ,ho(gh to a degree this sense of loss is also )y fa(lt. + did not try to contin(e constr(ct a )ore satisfying ca)p(s life or sell sociology. +nstead + kept a lo* profile to )a8i)i@e the ti)e availa le for research. $#. 'o ert >. Merton, Sociological Ambivalence an Other %ssays .;e* <ork: %ree Press, 19##0, p. "!. $6. 4illia) B(tler <eats ignored an alternative *hen he *rote, J,he intellect of )an is forced to choose. Perfection of the life, or of the *ork.J Ane can opt for doing each as *ell as possi le, (t co)ing short of *hat )ight e acco)plished y p(rs(ing only one. $9. 1 related G(estion is *hether + co(ld have reached these concl(sions *itho(t e8periencing the s(ccess *ith *hich + eca)e disill(sioned. reak

$ha/ter Twe*ve4 Beco-ing an Arty !ocio*ogist

1. ,he strongest doc()entation of the s( 3ective side of (p*ard social )o ility and its i)pact can e

fo(nd in a(to iography. ;or)an Podhoret@Ds "aking It is a *ell?kno*n e8a)ple and details his rise fro) poverty to eco)e editor of )ommentary . 'ichard 'odrig(e@, a Chicano *ho *ent to 5arvard, has told his story in an interesting a(to iography entitled /unger of "emory . 1fter his transfor)ation fro) a )igrant far)erDs son *hose first lang(age *as 2panish into an +vy 9eag(e literat(re scholar, 'odrig(e@ fo(nd hi)self t(rning do*n a variety of offers fro) prestigio(s (niversities eca(se he ref(sed to e so)e odyDs token Chicano. ;o* he *orks alone, *riting ooks *ith occasionally painf(l passages a o(t his ethnic and class ackgro(nd and trying to )ake sense o(t of *hat has happened to hi). %or hi), as for )e, ed(cational attain)ent alone, tho(gh it is the life?rope that lifted (s o(t of the ghetto, can never deliver on its pro)ise to feel co)forta le a o(t fitting into the do)inant, legiti)ate 1)erican c(lt(re. 1nother )oving and po*erf(l a(to iography is a o(t t*o lack rothers, Cohn and 'o ert 4ide)an. Both gre* (p in Pitts (rgh, and CohnDs story, 1rothers an 'eepers .196B0, is al)ost archetypal in its content and str(ct(re, re)iniscent of the )ovies a o(t t*o +rish rothers, one of *ho) eco)es a priest or a cop and the other a cri)inal. ,he a(to iography doc()ents the tho(ghts of a )an *hose privilege in the *hite *orld *as granted on the asis of his gifts as a novelist, *riter of short stories, and professor. 5is rother *as ca(ght in the cri)inal traffic of the r(tal dope?dealing street *orld of the ghetto and did not escape it. 1s a conseG(ence of a series of errors, he )(rdered so)eone and is no* serving a life sentence in prison. Cohn descri es the reperc(ssions of these events on his o*n life, reflecting on the circ()stances that created the differences et*een their *orlds. 5e rings to his story *hat 4. =. B. &(Bois called do( le conscio(sness, the a ility to discover profo(nd tr(ths a o(t oth *orlds, y vie*ing those *orlds fro) *ithin the ha@y space et*een the). reak 1)erican literat(re, especially novels *ritten in the early part of this cent(ry, is filled *ith stories of (p*ard )o ility and its effects. =dith 4hartonDs The /ouse of "irth , 2inclair 9e*isDs +o sworth , and %. 2cott %it@geraldDs The 3reat 3atsby are all strong e8a)ples. ,he )aster of this genre is ,heodore &reiser, *hose Sister )arrie and An American Trage y tell po*erf(l para les a o(t the insidio(s and often pernicio(s s( tle effects of (p*ard social )o ility. reak

$ha/ter #ourteen4 A 3o-an?s Twentieth $entury

1. 2everal years ago + *rote to ask if the pict(res *ere still hanging on the *alls of 5orace Mann 2chool. ,he (ilding had een de)olished so)e years earlier. + tried to trace the stories in the 2(nday editions of the "inneapolis 2ournal et*een 1910 and 191F (t eca)e i)patient and gave (p. 2ic transit gloria. ,hose *ere the first accolades + ever received. ,he )ore recent ones are far less e8citing. +n fact, it see)s to )e that increasingly they tend to e tri (tes to )y longevity rather than to anything + *rite. $. Mine *as the only novel the professor had ever seen co)pleted y a )e) er of that se)inar as long as he had een teaching it. 1 psychologist friend of )ine once co))ented that + had enor)o(s Jcons())atoryJ drive. ,hat + cannot deny. + have to finish it, *hatever it happens to e. Perhaps the conseG(ence of having een ta(ght as a child al*ays to clear )y plateK =ven a plate of professional choresK !. 1nd not even a )odern type*riter. + donDt kno* ho* )any )an(al type*riters + have *orn o(t. My friends have i)plored )e for years to get at least an electric type*riter. ;o *ay. ,hat *o(ld e too easy. ,yping is )ore than transferring tho(ght to paper. +t is, for )e, an act of aggression. + po(nd the keys to get rid of )y aggressions. + o*e )y rep(tation for nonaggression to the keys + atter )ercilessly instead of the people *ho )ake )e )ad. :eorge 9(nd erg once called )e JChristlike,J *hich *as not a co)pli)ent in his voca (lary. ;o* + a) fighting all )y friends *ho insist + )(st have at least a *ord processor. 1gain, no *ay. 4riting is not for )e a )atter of processing *ords. 4ords are

very real entities for )e, not, of co(rse, h()an, (t certainly having personalities. + en3oy ro*sing thro(gh )y 5istorical A8ford &ictionary *hen + have ti)e. 2o)eti)es + strike a ge) *hich starts )e off on a train of tho(ght that sooner or later )ay find a ho)e in so)ething + *rite. B. 1 co(sin of )y father, M. =. 'avage, *as a pop(lar *riter on i))igrant topics in the second decade of the cent(ry. 1)ong his ooks *ere An American in the "aking and A Sentimental 2ourney . F. Many years later the nat(re of the a) ience of )y childhood eca)e clear to )e. +n the early 19!0s + *as invited to spend a s())er as the g(est of =. 1. 'oss in order to do research for a iography of hi) + *as to *rite. + intervie*ed hi) daily, *ent thro(gh a lot of his files, learned ho* he organi@ed his data, eca)e fascinated y hi), (t never *rote the ook. 5e *rote it?? Seventy 6ears of It ??hi)self. + co(ldnDt have *ritten it, in any event, (t preparing to *as an ill()inating learning e8perience for )e, ho*ever eG(ivocal. 5e gave )e insight a o(t the a) ience of )y o*n childhood. 5e *as a Mid*esterner and so *as +. + co(ld recogni@e the co))on ackgro(nd *e shared. + contin(e co(ld see the )entality of the Progressive =ra that he so archetypically represented, even e) odied. + co(ld (nderstand it *as the prevailing )entality of )y o*n childhood. B(t there *as also his 4aspis), his anti?i))igrant attit(de, his vie* of i))igrants as an invading horde. + had een ta(ght y teachers of a different stripe. Ane of the) *as Professor Cenks, *ho, + learned )any years later, *as i)portant in the 1)ericani@ation )ove)ent of the second decade of the cent(ry. 5e *as appointed y the president in 190# to serve on a %ederal +))igration Co))ission set (p y Congress Jto )ake f(ll inG(iry, e8a)ination and investigation . . . into the s( 3ect of i))igration.J +n 1919, the Minnesota legislat(re passed an 1)ericani@ation 1id 9a* and appropriated X$F,000 to )aintain active cooperation *ith the University of Minnesota for an 1)ericani@ation training progra) J(nder the capa le g(idance of Professor 1. =. Cenks.J My sister invited hi) to o(r ho)e fro) ti)e to ti)e and for all + kno* *e )ay have appeared so)e*here or other in his )e)oranda or reports to congressional co))ittees. + never reali@ed that + had een part??ho*ever re)ote??of a )ove)ent that Jtakes its place, alongside those other great cr(sades of the past, a olitionis), *o)anDs s(ffrage, civil service refor), and (niversal ed(cationJ .=d*ard :eorge 5art)ann, The "ovement to Americani.e the Immigrant S;e* <ork: Col() ia University Press, 19B6T, $#!0. My fa)ily had co)e to the United 2tates a little too early to e part of the J1)ericani@ationJ )ove)ent, as had the fa)ilies of )y ;or*egian friends. B(t neither they nor + kne* of the general harass)ent of i))igrants said to e co))on in Minnesota, 4isconsin, +o*a, and ;orth and 2o(th &akota efore 4orld 4ar +. ;or*egian?1)ericans had long de ated the virt(es of assi)ilation vers(s retaining the *ays of the old co(ntry. 4hen *ar roke o(t in =(rope, ;or*egian?1)ericans, like )ost i))igrants, leaned to*ard assi)ilation and 1)ericani@ation, (t et*een the *ars )any tried to revive interest in traditional life. ;evertheless, ethnicity faded in the i))igrantsD children and grandchildren, *ho gre* (p as 1)ericans. + later learned *hat a co))on pattern this *as a)ong ethnic gro(ps, and + noted a point in c(rric(la develop)ent *hen co(rses on the pro le)s of i))igration eca)e co(rses on ethnic gro(ps. ". ,he e)otion triggered y that intellect(al vandalis) has re)ained *ith )e ever since. + finally did learn eno(gh :er)an to pass the reG(ired doctoral e8a)ination, (t it has al*ays re)ained diffic(lt, and + have een locked fro) reading :er)an sociology in the original. + once had to resort to a 2panish translation of so)ething y 2i))el that had not yet appeared in =nglish. #. 1n Ji))igrant chainJ *as literally a s(ccession of fa)ily )e) ers *ho ca)e to the United 2tates either one y one or as fa)ily )e) ers. Us(ally it *as the oldest )e) er *ho ca)e first to earn eno(gh??and learn eno(gh??to pay for the e8pected fa)ily )e) ers ne8t in line. ,he concept of an i))igration chain )ay have een a contri (tion to the lang(age y )y o*n professor??1. =. Cenks G.v.??at the University of Minnesota and a high official in the +))igration Co))ission of 190#. +t

strikes )e no* that the concept *as co)pletely lost fro) the sociological voca (lary *hen the pheno)enon itself no longer e8isted. 6. Many years later, as a(thors of The Origins of American Sociology! *e *ere called Jstooges of capitalis)J in a 2oviet revie* of the ook. reak 9. ,his is ho* 4illia) >ephart descri ed this period in 19"1: J1s *o)en achieved legal and econo)ic eG(ality *ith )en there *as a tendency to do other things that )en did. . . . 1fter 4orld 4ar + the da) (rst *ith a vengeance. . . . M(ch to the dis)ay of the older generation, yo(ng ladies egan to s)oke, drink, (se a )ale voca (lary, listen to risG(I 3okes. . . . +t *as al)ost (navoida le that *o)enDs fashions *o(ld change. . . . ;ecklines eca)e lo*er, sleeves and he)lines shortened. . . . Make?(p eca)e a self?styled art, *ith lipstick, po*der, ro(ge, eye shado* and )ascara, perf()e, face crea)s, and nail polish the o(t*ard sy) ols of the ne* fe)ininity. 5air?styling and hair?coloring eca)e national fetishes, and local fe)ale headG(arters often ca)e to e centered in the Bea(ty 2hop.J 10. 1 J lind pigJ *as a secret or police?protected night cl( or ar *here yo(r phony credentials *ere e8a)ined as safe fro) the J lindJ police??the)selves *ell paid for their lindness?? efore yo( *ere allo*ed to enter. 11. +n his teaching he ran, in effect, a school for s( version, al)ost y design. 5e did not call it that, (t he felt it to e part of his role to challenge the stat(s G(o, to get st(dents to see it as a h()an creation. 5e called the Ce*ish an on inter)arriage an Jethnocentric ta oo.J <o(ng Ce*ish st(dents ro(ght their praying sha*ls to the depart)ent )(se() as gifts. 2o)e se)inary st(dents ca)e asking ho* they co(ld incorporate *hat they *ere learning in their ser)ons. Athers protested, charging hi) *ith attacking religion. 1$. + *as a*are even then of )y lack of flair in clothes, and in ti)e + gave (p the effort to e anything )ore than inconspic(o(sly dressed. Many years later *hen a ne*spaper reporter descri ed )e in a story as Jdo*dy,J ho*ever, + *as h(rt (ntil she called to apologi@e, e8plaining that she had *ritten Jdo(ghty,J not Jdo*dy.J 2ince Jdo(ghtyJ )eans for)ida le as *ell as capa le, virt(o(s, and valiant, + *asnDt altogether appeased. 1!. +t *as a very creative and co)ple8 relationship. 5e insisted + get a doctorate and that + *ork and achieve, and + *orked on his research *ith hi) for )any years. 5e *as a very (n(s(al )an??a poet, and a very char)ing person. 5e cooked etter than + and he se*ed on the se*ing )achine etter too. 1B. ,he real test of )y faith *as to co)e later, *hen + learned of the violation of the ethos of science, descri ed later. 1F. 1 n() er of c(rrent preocc(pations appear in that ook, incl(ding an analysis of ho(se*ork that deals *ith s(ch ite)s as ho)e)akersD fatig(e .B9B?990, no* called overload, for e8a)ple- isolation .F!B?!F0- ho(se*ork as an occ(pation and the asynchrony of its ti)e sched(le .F!F?!"0- as *ell as )arriage tra()a .B#0?#10. 1fter the ook *as already in galleys + re)oved a disc(ssion of fe)ale orgas), the nat(re of *hich *as 3(st then eco)ing an iss(e a)ong .)ainly )ale0 researchers. ,he reason for not incl(ding it *as not theoretical (t *holly practical. Most of the *o)en st(dents had never even heard the *ord orgasm! and + did not *ant to take the ti)e fro) this co(rse to teach that ti)e?cons()ing )aterial. + s(ggested that the physical ed(cation co(rses take that chore on. + a) not at all pleased *ith that cop?o(t. 9ater ca)e ooks on 1)erican fa)ily ehavior, on the f(t(re of )arriage, on re)arriage, and on )arriage and fa)ily a)ong lack 1)ericans, together *ith a host of contin(e fa)ily? and )arriage?related articles and papers for encyclopedias, anthologies, and the like. 1". ,here *ere already enor)o(s p( lishersD catalogs listing the do@ens of instr()ents eco)ing

availa le, and if there *asnDt one yet availa le for *hat yo( *anted to )eas(re there *as a standard proced(re for creating one. 1#. + had revealed this propensity for )eas(re)ent in )y )asterDs thesis on a the)e + got fro) =. 1. 'oss, na)ely, that c(sto)s tend to change )ore readily than traditions, in *hich + devised a la(gha ly si)plistic and (nsophisticated )ethod for )eas(ring change. B(t y the early 19!0s + *as going f(ll force, )eas(ring the distri (tion of s(ccess in )arriage, so)e factors in s(ccess in )arriages, re)arriage, neigh orhood ehavior??of adolescent oys, of *o)en??anything. +n American 0amily 1ehavior + )eas(red the s(ccess of fa)ilies in carrying o(t their several f(nctions .reprod(ction, sociali@ation, protective, affectional, instit(tionali@ation, and even??love0. .+ resist (sing an e8cla)ation point here.0 16. 1t Penn 2tate + took a co(rse *ith 2idney 2iegel on nonpara)etric )eas(re)ent and )anaged to str(ggle thro(gh. B(t + kne* + *as *ay eyond )y depth *hen in a fac(lty se)inar in the )athe)atics depart)ent one of the )en p(t an eG(ation on the oard that traversed t*o *alls of the classroo). =veryone follo*ed hi) ad)iringly. ,hen, after several )in(tes, one )e) er of the class raised his hand and pointed to one partic(lar point in the long eG(ation. ,he others st(died it a )o)ent, and then, *itho(t a *ord eing said y any one, they all nodded their heads in agree)ent. ,here *as a defect in the arg()ent. ;ot a *ord *as needed. ,his *as clearly a kind of co))(nication + co(ld never )aster. 5o*ever )(ch the Co)tean love affair *ith the G(een of the sciences )ight intrig(e )e, + kne* she *as forever eyond )y reach. 19. JPatheticJ )ay have referred to )y eing Jchildlike.J + did not look the part. $0. 9inda ,ho)pson, a iographer, tells )e, for *hat it is *orth, that citations of )y *ork are a)ong the )ost n()ero(s. + disco(nt this so)e*hat eca(se *ith so )any decades of p( lication, it is so)eti)es diffic(lt to avoid citing )e. $1. Passing *as not a re*ard of talent or a ility (t a )atter of l(ck. &(ring a sa atical in =(rope in 19F! + had seen the +BM ,5+;> signs every*here, even in the ack *ays, and at ho)e + *atched Pennstac??one of the first co)p(ters, in the days *hen they all had na)es of their o*n and covered *hat looked like acres of space??pioneering the *ave of the f(t(re. + o(ght +BM stock. + sold it too soon (t not (ntil it had )ade it possi le for )e to leave acade)ia to do )y o*n *ork (nfettered y acade)ic restrictions, psychological as *ell as (rea(cratic. $$. + *as offered every office )y profession co(ld offer. 1ll kinds of honors and a*ards *ere esto*ed on )e. + even declined no)ination for the office of president of t*o prestigio(s professional organi@ations??not, + )(st ad)it, *itho(t a feeling of g(ilt for not eing *illing to ass()e responsi ility for the perfor)ance of i)portant professional f(nctions. + *as also t*ice no)inated, + a) a)(sed to report, for one nonprofessional honor, *hich, ho*ever, + *as not contin(e a*arded either ti)e. +t *as the La ies, /ome 2ournal J4o)an?of?the?<earJ a*ard in )y area. + donDt re)e) er *hat area it *as. Ar *ho *on it. $!. +t *as not coincidental that this *as also the decade of the first ato)ic o) and of the 5oloca(st. My second child *as orn a fe* *eeks efore the first ato)ic o) s e8ploded over 5iroshi)a and ;agasaki. $B. + fo(nd it a)(sing to note the diffic(lties the U22' *as having in finding an ideological rationale for their change vis?M?vis statistics. J+n the 19!0s they S2oviet ideolog(esT elieved that since statistics dealt *ith chance it *o(ld of necessity die o(t in a socialist society *here chance *o(ld not e allo*ed to operate. By the 19F0s they concl(ded that they had een *rong. ,hey needed statistics. B(t they *ere still st()ped, for ideological reasons . . . as to ho* to concept(ali@e this science. 1 high?level conference *as called to solve this pro le). +t concl(ded that statistics *as an independent social

science *hich st(died social prod(ctive relations and therefore Dthe (se of the est )athe)atical )ethods . . . is neither sha)ef(l nor (n?Mar8istDJ .Cessie Bernard, JCiti@enship Bias in 2cholarly and 2cientific 4ork,J Alpha 'appa +eltan! paper presented to 1lpha >appa &elta, University of Pitts (rgh, %e r(ary 16, 19F9, 6?9- the 2oviet scholar G(oted *as Astroviti)ov, 19FF0. 1t the 1)sterda) )eetings of the +nternational 2ociological 1ssociation??the first in *hich 2oviet scholars participated??+ *atched the i)placa le and (ndeviating reply the 2oviet participants )ade to 2a)(el 2to(fferDs G(estions a o(t the )ethods they *ere (sing in their s(rveys of ti)e?(se in the 2oviet Union: J,he est.J 1 fe* years later at =vian + *atched the yo(ng 2oviet )en r(shing )adly fro) one )athe)atical session to another as tho(gh they 3(st co(ldnDt get eno(gh of all the e8citing ne* )athe)atically ased research techniG(es. $F. ,he ref(gee scholars *ere nota ly reticent a o(t disc(ssing their e8periences. + once attended a )odest little party at the ;e* <ork apart)ent of one of the stars, Pa(l 9a@arsfeld. 5e *as 3ovial, e8citing- he )ade 3okes a o(t ho* hot 1)ericans kept their apart)ents?? (t not a *ord a o(t his e8periences in 1(stria. Ather ref(gee scholars + )et later *ere eG(ally silent. 2o, altho(gh *e *ere eginning to learn so)ething a o(t 5itler and his follo*ers, )(ch of it fro) ne*sreels of )arching stor) troopers, )ost of the acade)ic pict(re *as lank. $". Marianne 4e er *as allegedly one of those *ho chose Jinner e)igration.J $#. ;or, (nfort(nately, did o(r fello* sociologists. J,he a sol(te )a3ority of early :er)an sociologists *ere either helpless or s(scepti le to*ards ;a@i ideology and its representatives. 1nd this helplessness or s(scepti ility not only sho*ed in their iographical fate (t also on the level of their scholarly *ork.J =ven Ce*ish sociologists: >arl Mannhei), for e8a)ple, *ho had, as a Ce*, een o liged to leave :er)any, *hen asked *hat he tho(ght of 5itler, replied: J+ like hi).J ;ot eca(se of his policies, of co(rse, *hich *ere *rong, (t J eca(se . . . he is an earnest, sincere )an *ho is seeking nothing for hi)self, (t *ho is *holeheartedly trying to (ild (p a ne* :overn)ent. 5e is deeply sincere, all of one piece, and *e ad)ire his honesty and devotion.J 1lfred Eierkandt *as also positive in his attit(de to*ard 5itler. ,^nnies *as conf(sed- 2o) art pessi)istic. Anly the aging %ran@ Appenhei)er, tho(gh re? soft signed, re)ained o stinately opposed to 5itler and his ;a@is. DD,hey cannot kill the spiritNJ he cried defiantly. ,hese re)arks *ere )ade in intervie*s *ith an 1)erican sociologist, =arle =( ank, and reported y &irk >[sler at the 196! )eetings of the 1)erican 2ociological 1ssociation .109?1!0. $6. J+t *as not at all clear at first that the design of the ;a@i govern)ent in 19!! *as to force the e)igration of :er)anyDs Ce*s. ,he Civil 2ervice 9a* of 1pril # *as co(ched in conf(sing ter)s, *ith G(alifiers s(ch as the c(toff date of 2epte) er !0, *hen proced(res *ere s(pposed to ret(rn to nor)al. ,his, co(pled *ith the staggered )anner in *hich the dis)issals and forced leaves *ere anno(nced, )ade effective protest nearly i)possi le. 1s *as de)onstrated in the case of the :^ttingen physics and )athe)atics fac(lty, no clear foc(s for action co(ld e decided (pon. ,he acade)icians *ere also severely ha)pered y the s(perficial legality of the ;a@i )eas(resJ .Beyerchen, 1961, 1990. $9. 9est *e feel co)placent and ass()e a holier?than?tho( attit(de, it )ight e (sef(l to re)e) er that only thirty years ago a congress)an *as asking Jho* it happened that ;ational 2cience %o(ndation )oney *as eing (sed to st(dy integration SandT . . . *as )ollified only *hen he learned that the st(dy he o 3ected to . . . of integration in an oak forest co))(nity *as a st(dy in ecologyJ .Cessie Bernard, JCiti@enship Bias in 2cholarly and 2cientific 4ork,J 1$0. Ar that the 'eece Congressional Co))ittee of the 5o(se for ade any federal f(nds fro) ever eing (sed for the st(dy of s(rrender .,a8?=8e)pt %o(ndations, 'eport of the 2pecial Co))ittee to +nvestigate ,a8?=8e)pt %o(ndations and Co)para le Argani@ations, 6!d Cong., $d sess., 19FB0. !0. +n 1pril 19BF the Times of 9ondon reported fro) Belsen, &acha(, 1(sch*it@ scenes J eyond the

i)agination of )ankind.J ,he ne*s of *hat had happened in those ca)ps trickled into the 4est slo*ly after that. +n C(ne 19B$ the gassing of Ce*s had een reported in the 9ondon +aily Telegraph! (t eca(se people re)e) ered having een tricked y propaganda in 4orld 4ar +, they did not elieve it. ;ot (ntil the s())er of 19BF *ere there f(ller acco(nts of *hat had happened, no* doc()ented eyond the possi ility of re3ection. !1. + once offered the 9i rary of Congress the cache of )aterials + had acc()(lated fro) this (ndergro(nd press, inval(a le as doc()entary )aterial for all the research that sooner or later *o(ld (ndo( tedly e done on the s( 3ect. ,here *as no interest in these Jephe)era.J !$. + *as )(ch older than that a y? oo) cohort of )others. + *as thirty?eight years old *hen )y first child *as orn, forty?t*o *hen the second *as orn, and forty?seven *hen the last one *as . y i))ac(late conception, + al*ays add *hen + )ake this state)ent a o(t the last child0. !!. %or e8a)ple, *hen + *as talking to a for)er president of the 1)erican 2ociological 1ssociation a o(t )y ook?in?progress on the fe)ale *orld, he had said, J<o(Dre all *rong,J and proceeded to tell )e a o(t the fe)ale *orld. 1nd *hen + la(ghingly asked *asnDt it a)(sing that he *as telling )e a o(t the fe)ale *orld, his reply *as that he kne* lots of *o)en. +n e8ten(ation, + sho(ld add that he )ay have had one too )any cocktails. 2till, *e are told, there is tr(th in *ine. !B. + so)eti)es feel like the 3(dge )y father (sed to tell (s a o(t. +n reply to contin(e

$ha/ter !eventeen4 %artisanshi/ and !cho*arshi/

1. 2ee 2iegfried >raca(er, 3inster! von ihm selbst geschrieben .19$6- reprint, %rankf(rt: 2(hrka)p, 19"!0. ,he at)osphere of 4orld 4ar + in )y i))ediate region is *ell capt(red in another fa)o(s anti*ar novel, =rnst :laeserDs 2ahrgang AFOI; it too *as p( lished in 19$6. Carl U(ck)ayer, another local )e) er of )y parentsD generation, *rote an a(to iography that )y )other declares acc(rately and vividly portrays the *orld of her o*n early )e)ories: A $art of "yself: $ortrait of an %poch .;e* <ork: 5elen and >(rt 4olff, 19#00, trans. '. and C. 4inston. $. ,his see)s to have een the last gro(p deportation. An %e r(ary 10, 19B!, fifty?three persons *ere sent to ,heresienstadt. ,hey had een forced to contin(e asse) le in the for)er 'osenthal Clinic, *hich y then *as called an old?age ho)e. 1fter*ards persons fro) so?called )i8ed )arriages *ere individ(ally arrested (nder vario(s prete8ts and deported. 1l)ost all perished. 2ee =rckhardt %ran@ and 5einrich Pingel?'oll)ann, J5akenkre(@ (nd C(denstern,J in 2u en also +armstP ter 1Erger! ed. =. %ran@ .&ar)stadt: 'oether, 196B0, pp. 16Ff. !. +n the s())er of 19B$, *hen the ;a@i fort(nes see)ed to stand highest, a gro(p of gold pheasants, as (nifor)ed ;a@i leaders *ere pop(larly called, inspected (s and e8plained that the %\hrer had decided to t(rn (s into )ilitary peasants . Wehrbauern 0 along the Urals so that *e co(ld defend 4estern civili@ation against the 1siatic hordes. =8pecting the right ans*er, one f(nctionary *ent do*n the line asking each of (s for *hat *e *o(ld vol(nteer. ;one of )y peers, *ho *ere only t*o or three years a*ay fro) finishing their eight?year schooling and eginning their apprenticeship, (dged. ,hey all insisted that they *o(ld eco)e )etal *orkers, )echanics, electricians, and so forth. + kne* that + *o(ld spend )any )ore years in school. + *anted to eco)e an opera stage designer??+ had re (ilt )any stage designs + had seen in the theater?? (t + *as )ore co*ardly than )y peers. 2o + ans*ered that + did not kno*. 1fter eing harang(ed for eing Jdirty pigs,J *e *ere given t*o ho(rs of penalty drill (ntil o(r clothes *ere covered *ith dirt and soaked and *e looked like the ani)als *e *ere alleged to e. B. 9ate in 19B! the ;a@is decided to evac(ate )y school fro) &ar)stadt and )ove (s deep into

C@echoslovakia, into the forests of the Beskids. ,he evac(ation plan )ade (s s(spect that they *ere concerned less a o(t nightti)e attacks and direct hits on school (ildings d(ring the dayti)e than a o(t isolating o(r school fro) o(r fa)ilies and e8posing (s to )ore indoctrination. ,his threat led to the only se)iorgani@ed resistance d(ring the *ar??fa)ilies trying to protect their o*n. 1ltho(gh teachers *arned )y father that he *as risking arrest, he called the ;a@isD l(ff y proving that contrary to their assertions the school co(ld e )oved to a near y s)all to*n and the p(pils oarded in private ho)es in the s(rro(nding villages. 5is )any connections fro) the pre?;a@i period *ith the r(ral hinterland served hi) *ell. 1fter (ns(ccessf(lly sending yo(th leaders to o(r school and after an (nprecedented parentsD )eeting *ith the highest ;a@i official in to*n, the a(thorities yielded. ,his victory over the ;a@is, *hose c(rio(s legalis) )y father )anip(lated ti)e and again, pro a ly saved o(r school fro) eing capt(red y the '(ssian ar)y. F. 2ee J1 P(iet ,rip 1ll 'o(nd: &ar)stadt,J chap. 1! in Ma8 5astings, 1omber )omman .;e* <ork: &ial Press, 19#90, pp. !0!?$"- J1 &etailed 2t(dy of the =ffects of 1rea Bo) ing on &ar)stadt, :er)any,J The *nite States Strategic 1ombing Survey !# .Can(ary 19B#0- >la(s 2ch)idt, +ie 1ran nacht .&ar)stadt: 'e a, 19"B0- &avid C. +rving, *n +eutschlan s StP te starben nicht .U(rich: 2ch*ei@er &r(ck? (nd Eerlagha(s, 19"B0, pp. $""?#6. ". ,o this day + a) st(dying the pros and cons of *hat )any )ilitary e8perts still elieve to have een an (ni)aginative and overly ca(tio(s strategy. 2ee '(ssel %. 4eighley, %isenhower,s Lieutenants: The )ampaign of 0rance an 3ermany! AFBB(AFBQ .Bloo)ington: +ndiana University Press, 19610. reak #. An the enor)o(s reconstr(ction pro le)s of &ar)stadt, see the 1(g(st 19B" report y an 1)erican 3o(rnalist, J=in 1)erikaner in &ar)stadt,J /eute ! .19BF0: !"?B!. . /eute! )odelled after Life! *as the first )aga@ine in the 1)erican occ(pation @one- it *as p( lished y the +nfor)ation Control &ivision of the United 2tates 1r)y.0 + descri ed a night *alk thro(gh the r(ins of &ar)stadt in an (np( lished co)position dated ;ove) er 1!, 19B", J1fter 2(ndo*n: 1 4alk ,hro(gh the City.J 6. ,he first :er)an a(thor to )ake a po*erf(l i)pression on )e *as 5einrich 5eine, for *ho) + had apparently een too yo(ng d(ring the *ar. My father had kept his *orks in a closed ookcase, *hich he had )ade to order d(ring the ;a@i regi)e to hide his li rary fro) c(rio(s eyes. 1s early as 19B" .or 19B#0 + heard the first of the for)erly o(tla*ed )odern )(sic *hen the &ar)stadt 2())er Co(rses for ;e* M(sic *ere organi@ed to train )(sicians and co)posers- the co(rses soon eca)e an international instit(tion, for decades attracting )any 1)erican )(sicians. ,he first a stract paintings + eheld *ere done y an 1)erican officer and sho*n in a half?r(ined (ilding. +n 19B# + sa* )y first large art e8hi ition: riches fro) the Berlin >aiser %riedrich M(se(), *hich the 1)erican ar)y had recovered fro) ,h(ringian salt )ines and taken along *ith it after a andoning the area to 2oviet control. ,he first 1)erican novel + read, still in translation, *as 5e)ing*ayDs A 0arewell to Arms! *hich the ;a@is had anned after 19!! .together *ith the *orks of &os Passos and Upton 2inclair0. +t *as printed on ne*sprint and looked like a ne*spaper. My first 1)erican )ovie *as Thirty Secon s over Tokyo . +n one sitting + devo(red )y first 1)erican play: )y father ro(ght ho)e overnight a type*ritten translated script of ,hornton 4ilderDs The Skin of Our Teeth! *hich *as eing rehearsed for the reopening of the theater in &ar)stadt. 9. ,ogether *ith )y fatherDs :reek and 9atin dictionaries, these history ooks *ere the only vol()es of o(r fa)ily li rary that s(rvived the *ar since + had taken the) into the co(ntryside. + still cons(lt the dictionaries and find the te8t ooks re)arka ly alanced. 2ee %riedreich ;e( a(er and %erdinand '^siger, Lehrbuch er 3eschichte fEr ie hRheren Lehranstalten in SE west eutschlan ! vols. B and F .5alle: B(chhandl(ng des 4aisenha(ses, 19060. 10. +n 1961, *hen *e )et for o(r thirtieth anniversary, the school opened its files. A(rs *ere the only records saved eca(se *e *ere considered the )ost pro)ising and s(ccessf(l gro(p of the post*ar

period, together *ith the class 3(st elo* (s, to *hich )y f(t(re 4e er coeditor Cla(s 4ittich elonged. +t )(st have had to do *ith eing at 3(st the right i)pressiona le age to dra* )a8i)() enefit fro) a ad *ar e8perience and the diffic(lt post*ar years, *hich nonetheless provided a li erating contrast. =ight of (s ended (p as professors, in archaeology, architect(re, Catholic theology, electrical engineering, :er)an literat(re, la*, 'o)ance literat(re, and sociology. ,he others are today corporate e8ec(tives, 3(dges, other high?ranking civil servants, 3o(rnalists, physicians, engineers, and classics teachers. Ane eca)e a Catholic priest??after the theologian o(r other convert in class??and one a )e) er of 5el)(t 2ch)idtDs federal ca inet in the 19#0s. My closest friend, the one poet a)ong (s, dropped o(t. 4hen the school files *ere opened for (s, *e discovered the predictions o(r teachers had )ade, incl(ding their eval(ation of o(r Jcharacter,J a category contin(e later dropped in the co(rse of the Jde)ocrati@ationJ that (nder)ined o(r school in the 19"0s. By and large o(r teachers had een acc(rate. 11. A(t of a )o(ntain of disparate )aterials and reports %riedrich Pollock finally p(lled together the st(dy (nder the title 3ruppene#periment .%rankf(rt: =(rop[ische Eerlagsanstalt, 19FF0. 1$. 2ee the a(to iographical state)ent J4ie ich @(r 2o@iologie ka) (nd *o ich in: =in :espr[ch )it >(rt 5. 4olff, a(fge@eichnet von ;ico 2tehr,J in So.iologie in +eutschlan un Ssterreich! AFAH(AFBQ , ed. M. 'ainer 9epsi(s .Apladen: 4estde(tscher Eerlag, 19610, pp. !$B?B". 1!. 2hortly after )y arrival in the United 2tates + *rote in a research paper .still in :er)an0: J%or yo(ng people like )e the 1)erican t(rna o(t in 19F0 to rear) :er)any *as a itter disappoint)ent. ,he United 2tates see)ed to a andon the )oral fo(ndation on *hich it had fo(ght the *ar and *hich had given it the )oral 3(stification for reconstr(cting :er)any. My ne*ly developed realis) is not cynicis) (t has helped )e to see )atters in a less (nrealistic, DidealistD lightJ .)y translation0. 1B. 2ee 'ichard Christie and Marie Cahoda, Stu ies in the Scope an "etho of TThe Authoritarian $ersonalityT .;e* <ork: %ree Press, 19FB0- it incl(des the *ell?kno*n )ethodological de)olition y 5er ert 5y)an and Pa(l 2heatsley, and =d*ard 2hilsDs vigoro(s political critiG(e. 1F. :(enther 'oth, The Social +emocrats in Imperial 3ermany: A Stu y in Working()lass Isolation an -ational Integration .,oto*a, ;.C.: Bed)inster Press, 19"!- reprint, ;e* <ork: 1rno Press, 19#90, p. !$F. Bendi8 agreed *ith Pa(l 9a@arsfeld on the desira ility of a(to iographical state)ents for oth a(thor and profession. +f the old :er)an c(sto) of appending a rief iography to the dissertation co(ld e e8panded to incl(de so)e infor)ation a o(t for)ative e8periences and )a3or changes of o(tlook, the c()(lative evidence )ight e of service to sociologists of kno*ledge. 1(thors too )ight enefit fro) facing the G(estion of the consistency and contin(ity of their o*n lives and *ork. 1". 2ee 'einhard Bendi8, "a# Weber: An Intellectual $ortrait .;e* <ork: &o( leday, 19"0- reprint, Berkeley and 9os 1ngeles: University of California Press, 19##0- :(enther 'oth and 'einhard Bendi8, JMa8 4e erDs =infl(ss a(f die a)erikanische 2o@iologie, 'Rlner Deitschrift fEr So.iologie 11 .19F90: !6?F!. 1#. ,o e s(re, + had learned eno(gh fro) sat(ration o) ing to (nderstand that dropping )ore tonnage on the Eietna)ese co(ntryside than *as delivered d(ring all of 4orld 4ar ++ )ade no sense. + had also gro*n *ary of 1)erican )oralis), (t + still did not disp(te the right of the United 2tates to try to stop co))(nist e8pansion in the *orld??+ had not only een li erated fro) ;a@is) (t also saved fro) 2oviet do)ination. reak

$ha/ter Nineteen4 e*ativis-7 EAua*ity7 and %o/u*ar $u*ture

1. 2ears 'oe (ck had een (ilt (p y C(li(s 'osen*ald, hi)self a :er)an?Ce*ish i))igrant in the

nineteenth cent(ry, and the store *as then still r(n )ostly y Ce*s. Many years later *e discovered that one of )y )otherDs ancestors *as a co(sin of 'osen*aldDs. $. ,he paper *as *ritten for an ed(cation co(rse that so)e of )y fello* sociology st(dents and + took eca(se it *o(ld )ake (s eligi le for high?school teaching later. + s(spect that )y interest in ed(cational ad)inistration )ay have een incl(ded to i)press the instr(ctor, (t + did not go ack for the other reG(ired ed(cation co(rses. + s(ppose + *o(ld have liked to e a sociology professor even then, (t s(ch 3o s *ere scarce, and + *as not even in the depart)ent. + still do not (nderstand )y fail(re to )ake any practical occ(pational plans *hile in grad(ate school, (t + do not recall any )a3or an8iety a o(t ho* + *o(ld earn a living after the M.1. 5o*ever, the late 19B0s *ere the start of the affl(ent society, even if it did not arrive for sociologists (ntil )(ch later. !. =arl 2. Cohnson, The /umanistic Teachings of %arl S. 2ohnson , ed. Cohn &. 5ass .Bo(lder, Colo.: 4estvie* Press, 196!0. +n addition, + *as enrolled in an introd(ctory grad(ate s(rvey co(rse entitled DD,he 2cope and Methods of 2ocial 2ciences,J *hich foc(sed on Jho* the pro le) of a (nited, free, peacef(l, prospero(s *orld )ay e attacked y social scienceJ .J2ylla (s, ,he 2cope and Methods of the 2ocial 2ciences,J &ivision of the 2ocial 2ciences, University of Chicago, 1st ed. SActo er 19B"T, p. 110. My section of the co(rse *as led y Bert 5oselit@, (t )any other social scientists at the (niversity lect(red in the co(rse. B. + still re)e) er virt(ally sneaking into the ca)p(s ookstore for )y copy of MertonDs Social Theory an Social Structure eca(se the rivalry et*een the Col() ia and Chicago sociology depart)ents disco(raged (nd(e interest in Col() ia a(thors. F. &(ring )y (ndergrad(ate days + *as on the staff of the college h()or )aga@ine and *rote a n() er of satirical pieces in *hich Plato and 1ristotle *ere the villains. ,he only one + p( lished reported the desertion of the (niversity y its st(dents after the chancellor anned ridge playing .of *hich + see) also to have disapproved0 (ntil researchers discovered that the ga)e had een invented y a close friend of 1ristotle- then the chancellor reversed his decision. J5earts 4ere ,r()p 4hen 1ristotle 2)iled,J $ulse "aga.ine , 1pril 19B#, p. 1#. ". My interest in a(dience feed ack )echanis)s res(lted in one of )y first p( lished papers, J,he Creator?1(dience 'elationship in the Mass Media: 1n 1nalysis of Movie?Making,J in "ass )ulture: The $opular Arts in America , ed. Bernard 'osen erg and &avid M. 4hite .:lencoe, +ll.: %ree Press, 19F#0, pp. !1F?$B. #. + had to drop this topic eca(se + did not read or speak <iddish and th(s co(ld not content?analy@e the plays, (t + later )ade and p( lished st(dies of acc(lt(ration in the *ork of t*o pop(lar 1)erican? Ce*ish co)edians, Mickey >at@ and 1llan 2her)an. My interest in sociological research in the Ce*ish contin(e co))(nity *as sti)(lated y a rilliant co(rse that =rich 'osenthal, *ho later ta(ght for three decades at P(eens College in ;e* <ork, gave at the College of Ce*ish 2t(dies in 19B#, (sing )ainly novels eca(se of the lack of sociological st(dies. +n those days sociology *as close to heresy at the college, and 'osenthal *as a le to give the co(rse only once. 6. 9ynes later reprinted the article as chapter 1! of The Tastemakers .;e* <ork: 5arper, 19FF0. 9. +n fact + did so virt(ally at once, in a ter) paper co)paring the concepts of c(lt(re and 'ultur , *hich + *rote in the spring of 19B9 for >(rt 'ie@ler, a visiting professor fro) the ;e* 2chool for 2ocial 'esearch. 10. Moreover, that paper *as p( lished in a socialist )aga@ine and consisted largely of a critiG(e of 5arold 'osen erg, the art critic *ho *as one of its )a3or contri (tors. JPop(lar C(lt(re and +ts 5igh

C(lt(re Critics,J +issent F.19F60: 16F?6#. 11. + also had an invitation fro) 'o ert >. Merton to st(dy for )y Ph.&. in sociology at Col() ia University and a 3o offer fro) the B(rea( of 1pplied 2ocial 'esearch, (t it involved assisting %red +kle in a st(dy of the evac(ation of 1)erican cities in 4orld 4ar +++. Partly eca(se + had lived thro(gh the 9ondon lit@ in 19B0, it *as not a s( 3ect + *anted to st(dy. 1$. + *rote a ook?length )onograph, *hich also dealt *ith the topics + had covered in )y 19F0 se)inar paper, and later p( lished an article, J5olly*ood %il)s on British 2creens: 1n 1nalysis of the %(nctions of Pop(lar C(lt(re 1 road,J Social $roblems 9 .19"$0: !$B?$6. 1!. 5er ert C. :ans, J,he 2ocial 2tr(ct(re of Pop(lar C(lt(re,J (np( lished paper, %e r(ary 19F9, p. $9. 9ater versions of the paper *ere JPl(ralist =sthetics and 2( c(lt(ral Progra))ing: 1 Proposal for C(lt(ral &e)ocracy in the Mass Media,J Stu ies in $ublic )ommunication , no. ! .2())er 19"10: $#? !F- and JPop(lar C(lt(re in 1)erica: 2ocial Pro le) or 2ocial 1sset in a Pl(ralist 2ociety,J in Social $roblems: A "o ern Approach , ed. 5o*ard 2. Becker .;e* <ork: 4iley, 19""0, pp. FB9?"$0. 1 revised version, *ritten for an a ortive second edition of 5o*ard BeckerDs te8t, is in Literary Taste! )ulture an "ass )ommunication , ed. 4. Phillips &avison, 'olf Meyersohn and =d*ard 2hils .,eaneck, ;.C.: 2o)erset 5o(se, 19#$0. 1n (pdated version of )y ook $opular )ulture an /igh )ulture , entitled J1)erican Pop(lar C(lt(re and 5igh C(lt(re in a Changing Class 2tr(ct(re,J appears in Art! I eology an $olitics , ed. C(dith 5. Balfe and Margaret 4ys@o)irski .;e* <ork: Praeger, 196F0. 1B. :ans, J2ocial 2tr(ct(re of Pop(lar C(lt(re,J p. $9. 1F. :ans, $opular )ulture an /igh )ulture , p. 1!0. 1". 5er ert C. :ans, The *rban 5illagers , (pdated and e8panded ed. .;e* <ork: %ree Press, 196$0, pp. $6!?66. 1#. 5ere )y concl(sions agreed *ith those of the editor of this anthology. 2ee Bennett M. Berger, Working()lass Suburb .Berkeley and 9os 1ngeles: University of California Press, 19"00. 16. ,his arg()ent appears in )y essay J,he 1(dience for ,elevision??and in ,elevision 'esearch,J in Television an Social 1ehavior , ed. 2tephen B. 4ithey and 'onald P. 1 eles .5illsdale, ;.C.: =rl a(), 19600, pp. FF?61. reak 19. 5er ert C. :ans, +eci ing What,s -ews: A Stu y of )1S %vening -ews! -1) -ightly -ews! ;e*s*eek, an ,i)e, chap. # .;e* <ork: Pantheon Books, 19#90. $0. ,he ook is "i le American In ivi ualism: The 0uture of Liberal +emocracy .;e* <ork: %ree Press, 19660. By the 1960s, pop(lis) had eco)e a conservative ter) and for this reason and others, + *ent ack to a concept + had learned fro) Martin Meyerson in the 19F0s. +t looks at people as (sers??of goods, services, ideas, policies, and the like, and + spent so)e pages of the ook on the possi ility of )ore (ser?oriented sociology. $1. Ane of those *riters is Christopher 9asch, *hose analysis + disc(ss in JC(lt(re, Co))(nity, and =G(ality,J emocracy $ .1pril 196$0: 61?6#. $$. Many of those i))igrants *ere hostile to 1)erican pop(lar c(lt(re, ho*ever, partly for class reasons (t also eca(se they felt that :er)an pop(lar c(lt(re had helped ring the ;a@is to po*er and feared that the United 2tates co(ld eco)e a fascist dictatorship. $!. ,hat st(dy also o*ed a considera le de t to 4. 9loyd 4arner and 9eo 2role, The Social Systems of American %thnic 3roups .;e* <ork: <ale University Press, 19BF0. +t is reported )ost f(lly in )y J,he Arigin and :ro*th of a Ce*ish Co))(nity in the 2( (r s: 1 2t(dy of the Ce*s of Park %orest,J in The

2ews: Social $atterns of an American %thnic 3roup! ed. Marshall 2klare .:lencoe, +ll.: %ree Press, 19F60, pp. $0F?B6. $B. My search for a rational religion ended )ore than thirty years ago, (t occasionally the (rge to do )ore e)pirical research in the Ce*ish co))(nity and to see *hether the e8perts are still offering the sa)e sol(tions has to e s(ppressed. %or so)e o servations of 1)erican Ce*ry not ased on syste)atic research, see )y J2y) olic =thnicity: ,he %(t(re of =thnic :ro(ps and C(lt(res,J in On the "aking of Americans: %ssays in /onor of +avi &iesman! ed. 5er ert C. :ans, ;athan :la@er, Coseph '. :(sfield, and Christopher Cencks .Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 19#90, pp. 19!?$$0. $F. +n 196#, )y *ife *as elected to a 3(dgeship in ;e* <orkDs Civil Co(rt. &(ring the latter half of the 19F0s, + *as )arried to +ris 9e@ak, an artist *ho had taken a vo* of poverty. $". 2o)e other sociologists at the University of Chicago to *ho) + a) inde ted are t*o then 3(nior professors: 'einhard Bendi8, the first of )y sociology teachers *hen + *as an (ndergrad(ate, and Morris Cano*it@, for *ho) + cond(cted so)e initial research as he *as eginning his co))(nity ne*spaper st(dy. + also enefited fro) teaching assistants and researchers associated *ith the &epart)ent of 2ociology??-and the na)es + no* re)e) er are Margaret %allers, 2. C. :ilfillan, 'o ert Cohnson, and 5arvey 9. 2)ith??as *ell as fro) )any professors in sociology and in other depart)ents *ho are too n()ero(s to )ention. reak

IN.E5
A
1aron, &aniel, "F n.$ 1BC?,E, $"$ 1 el, ,heodore, ## 1 ortion, !09 , !F0 Aca emic "in .9a@arsfeld0, 66 Aca emic Women on the "ove .'ossi _ Calder*ood0, !09 1cheson, &ean, 1B 1cting, !"" , !"# ?"6 1da), 5eri ert, B$$ 1da)s, Brooks, $F 1da)s, 5enry, $F , !1 1dena(er, >onrad, !9" , !96 , B0" 1d)inistration, acade)ic, F! 1dolescence, 88v Bendi8Ds, BFF , BF# BergerDs, 1FB ?FFBernardDs, !$F -

Cole)an and, 9" CresseyDs, $BF ?F0:agnonDs, $1" ?19, $$1 , $$$ :ansDs, B!F ?!", B!# :la@erDs, 19! ?9B:(sfieldDs, 10" MacCannellDs, 1#0 ?#$Mar8Ds, $"" , $61 nn.10, 1$ 'ies)anDs, $" ?!0'osen l()Ds, $6F , $69 ?90'ossi and, !0F ?#, !19 'othDs, !6# ?9F, B06 ?9n.102ch*art@Ds, !"F ?"", !"# van den BergheDs, B1F ?1#4rongDs, ! ?6 A olescent Society .Cole)an0, 9" 1dorno, ,heodor, 19" , !9# , !96 , B00 , B01 , B0F 1d(lt develop)ent, 'ossi on, !01 , !0$ , !1# , !16 ?19 1esthetics, $B , !1 , $6" , $9$ . See also 1rt 1ffectionate onds, parent?child, !16 ?19 1ffiliations, Berger and, 1"1 ?"$ Affirmative +iscrimination .:la@er0, $0# 1frica: lang(ages of, 19# van den Berghe and, B11 , B1F ?1#, B$0 ?$$, B$B , B$F 1ge, 88v , 88vii :(sfield and, 1$" MacCannell and, 1"# 'ossi and, 88v , !01 , !0$ , !06 ?10, !11 ?$0. See also 1dolescence- Childhood- Mat(rational effects 1gee, Ca)es, !1 Age of the 1aro:ue .%riedrich0, !1 1gnosticis), !6# , !9" , B$0 Agrarian Socialism .9ipset0, 9

1gric(lt(ral =8tension, !# , $F! , $FF 1g(irre Beltr]n, :on@alo, B$1 1l ert(s Magn(s College, !#1 1lcohol: CresseyDs father and, $B! ?BB:reeley and, 1B$ :(sfield and, 11F ?1", 1$B ?$F, 1$6 and Prohi ition, 10F , 11" , $BB 'ossi and, !0F 1le8ander, 'ichard, B$6 1lford, 'o ert, B0! 1lgenists, !!6 1lgeria, B$0 , B$$ 1lgren, ;elson, $$9 Alice in Won erlan , !0" 1llen, 4oody, $"# 1llison, Mose, $"B 1llport, :ordon, 9 , $"! , B16 , B$0 ?$1 All <uiet on the Western 0ront .'e)arG(e0, 1"9 , !6F 1lpher, Barry, 1## 1lth(sser, 9o(is, $6" Ama.ing Stories , $1" 7 B#6 7 1)erican 1ssociation for P( lic Apinion 'esearch .11PA'0, "1 1)erican 1ssociation of University Professors .11UP0, !09 1)erican Civil 9i erties Union, B# 1)erican College, Paris, 16! 1)erican Co(ncil for C(dais), $" American )ouples .2ch*art@ _ Bl()stein0, !## ?#9, B!0 American +ilemma .Myrdal0, F# American 0amily 1ehavior .Bernard0, !!0 ?!1, !BF n.1# 1)ericani@ation )ove)ent, !B! n.F 1)erican Ce*ish Co))ittee, 196

American 2ournal of Semiotics , 166 American 2ournal of Sociology , 16B ?6F, B"$ ?"! American 2u aism .:la@er0, $01 1)erican 9a* +nstit(te, "6 n.16 1)erican '(ral 2ociological 2ociety, 1#9 American Sociological &eview , $F# , $6! n.$1, !!# 1)erican 2ociological 2ociety/1ssociation, 88ii Bendi8 and, B#F Bernard and, !$9 , !B# n.!!Co(ncil of, $"$ , B#F Cressey and, $!F , $F" , $F# =pstein and, !F9 ?"0:la@er and, $01 Mar8 and, $"1 , $"$ 2ch*art@ and, !#" , !#6 van den Berghe and, B$F JD1)erican 2oldierD as 2cienceJ .:la@er0, 199 ?$00 American Sol ier .series0, 90 , 199 ?$00 1)erican 2t(dent Union, 10" American Trage y , An .&reiser0, $9# n.1 1)herst College, $6 1)in, +di, B$B 1)inoff, ,onia, 1#B 1narchis), !9$ ?9! Anatomy of &evolution .Brinton0, !0 1ncestry: BernardDs, !$B CresseyDs, $!F , $B6 MacCannellDs, 1"" 'ossiDs, !0$ ?!, !1$ van den BergheDs, 8vii , B10 ?1$, B1B 4rongDs, # ?6. See also Parents 1nchor Books, $01 ?$, $0! ?B, $06

1nderson, C. 1rnold, $FF 1nderson, ,heodore, 61 , 6" , 9" 1ndes, B$" 1ndreski, 2tanislav, B$B Anna Salen , !99 1nthropology: c(lt(ral, 10 :la@er and, 196 , $0# MacCannell and, 1#! , 1#B ?#F, 1#" social, 196 van den Berghe and, B16 , B!1 4rong and, 10 1ntie8pert position, B!! , BB0 , BB$ , BBB , BB" , BB# 1ntioch College, $" , !FB 1nti?2e)itis), # ?6, 10" , 1F" , 1"$ , 196 , $$1 . See also 5oloca(st Apartment in Athens , $1" 1ppleyard, &onald, 16" ?6# 1ra s, and Ce*s, 19B ?9F, $0! , B$9 1rchitect(re, $9 ?!0, 16" ?6# 1rendt, 5annah, !$ , "# , 99 , 116 , $0! Argonauts .Malino*ski0, 1#$ 1riQs, Philippe, 1# ?16 1ristotle, B!6 , BB0 , BB9 n.F 1ri@ona, $19 . See also University of 1ri@ona 1r)strong, =d*ard, 16$ 1r)strong, ;ancy, 166 1r)y: Bendi8 and, B"B :ans in, B!" :(sfield in, 10# ?6van den Berghe in, B16 ?19. See also Marines, Berger in 1ron, 'ay)ond, 8vi , 1F , 16 , $#6 , B$0 1rt:

:la@er and, 19! 'osen l() and, $6F ?6", $90 , $91 , $9$ , $9F ?9"'ossi and, !10 'oth and, B06 n.6vs. science, 1B" , 1F$ sociology of, $6" , $9$ , $9F ?9"in (niversities, 88 Art an $ornography .Peckha)0, $!0 1rtiness, 'osen l() and, $6F , $90 , $91 , $9$ 1rtists, alienation of, $9F ?9" Ascent into /ell .:reeley0, 1F0 1sch, 2olo)on, B01 1sher, 'o ert, 161 1shford, &o(glas, 160 Ashramas , 1$" 1ssociation for 2ocial Policy, B"! Astoun ing Science 0iction , $1" 1thletics. See 2ports 1tkinson, ,i?:race, !F" 1to)ic o) , F! , !!6 , !B" n.$!. See also ;(clear ar)s 1(ction, p( lishing, !#6 1(den, 4. 5., " , 1F" 1(dience feed ack )echanis)s, BB0 , BB9 n." 1(g(stine, " 1(sten, Cane, $$0 Authoritarian $ersonality .1dorno et al.0, !9# , B01 1(to iographies: Bendi8 and, BF$ ?F!Berger on, 8iv , 8vi ?88i, 88ii ?88iii, 1F$ ?F!, 1"B =pstein on, !B9 ?F0:agnon on, $1! ?1B:ans on, B!$ , B!! :reer on, $!" ?!#'osen l() on, $9" n.1-

'ossi on, !01 'oth on, B09 n.1F 1v(kah, 19B ?9#, 196 Avukah Stu ent Action , 19B , 19F , 19" , $06 7 B#9 7 1yang, :race Chao, 16$ 1ydelotte, %rank, !$ , F! 1ydelotte, 4illia), !1 ?!$

B
Ba itt, +rving, $# ?$6, "F ?""n.$ Bacon, %rancis, B"6 , B"9 Baker, 'alph, !" , B1 Bakery 3o s, $B# ?B6, $F0 , $F1 ?F$, $F! , $FB Bakhtin, Mikhail, 1#$ Balandier, :eorges, B$0 Balti)ore, !09 JBalti)ore in the Morning 1fterJ .Mac?Cannell0, 1"# Barash, &avid, B$6 Barnes, 1l ert C., $F Barnes, :rant, !F9 ?"0 Barnett, &oak, $0" Barth, 5ans, B"# , B"6 Barthes, 'oland, 1#" , 1#6 BartYk, BIla, $6" Barton, 1llen, 6" Bastian, =d*ard, $$0 Bastide, 'oger, B$0 Bateson, Mary Catherine, "6 n.1# Bathing practices, $9" Ba(delaire, Charles?Pierre, $6F Ba()ol, 4illia), 6" Beats, 1$ , 1F# , 1#! , $6F , $91

1eau 3este! $1" Becker, 5o*ard, $60 n.B Begin, Menache), B$9 Behavioral Models Pro3ect, 61 , 9B , 100 , 101 Behavioris), B$# ?$6 Behrendt, 4alter C(rt, BF JBeing on the 2ideJ .:(sfield0, 1$6 Belgian Congo, B11 , B1F ?1# Belgi(), B1! ?1B Bell, &aniel: Cole)an and, 61 :la@er and, 19" , 196 , $01 , $0$ , $0F , $06 :(sfield and, 11$ 'ies)an and, F# , #$ n.!"4rong and, " Bendi8, :()pert, BFB Bendi8, 'einhard, i8 , 88v , 88vii , BF$ ?#FBerger and, 1F# , 1"0 , 1"1 :agnon and, $$" ?$#:ans and, BF1 n.$"'ies)an and, #0 n.$#'oth and, B01 ?!, B0B , B09 n.1F Benedict, '(th, B9 ?F0, $0# Bengtson, Eern, !1" , !16 Ben3a)in, 4alter, 19" ?9# Bennett, Cohn, 88iii Benney, Mark, #$ n.!6 Bennington College, $0B Benny, Cack, B!F Berelson, Bernard, "1 , 6$ , BB0 Berg, Peter, 1#B Berger, Bennett M., i8 , 8iii ?88viii, 1F$ ?"B, 166 , B0! Bergesen, 1l ert, 1B9 Berg)an, :(stave, 6"

Bergson, 5enri, 6 Berkeley: gro*th st(dies fro), !19 . See also University of California, Berkeley 1erkeley 1arb!1F# Berken, '(th, !F$ , !F! Berlin, :er)any, 160 Berlin, +saiah, 1F Bernard, Cla(de, 1F$ Bernard, =d*ard &o(glas .JB(dJ0, 1#$ Bernard, Cessie, i8 , 88vi , 88vii , !$! ?B6 Bernard, 9. 9., !$# , !$6 , !$9 , !!6 , !BB nn.11, 1! Bernardin, Coseph, 1B1 , 1B$ , 1B6 , 1F0 Berrigans, 16! Bessaignet, Pierre, 11# Beyerchen, 1lan &., !!F 1eyon the "elting $ot .:la@er _ Moynihan0, 1!9 , $0B ?F Biases, 8iv , 8v ?8vi, 88i ?88ii Bierstedt, 'o ert, " , 1F 1il ung un Wissen .2cheler0, !9# 1illboar ! $91 Bioche)ical sciences, $# Biographies, 8vi ?8vii, BF! . See also 1(to iographies Bird, 9arry, $"6 Birn a(), 1llen, 6F Birth control, Catholics and, 1B0 , 1B1 Bis)arck, Atto von, B"! 1lack "ountain .&( er)an0, $6 Black Mo(ntain College, $6 Blacks: a(to iography of, $9" n.1Bernard and, !$F at Cornell, 161 +ndiana tensions re, $!1 -

'ossi and, !0B ?Fvan den Berghe and, B1" , B$F ?$" Bla(, Peter, 61 , $$F Bla(, Uena, 1!6 Bla(ner, 'o ert, B0! JBlind pig,J !BB n.10 Bloo), 2a)(el, 60 Bloo)field, 9eonard, 19# Bloo)ington, +ndiana, $$# , $$6 . See also +ndiana University Bloo)s (ry circles, F ?" Bl()er, 5er ert, 11F , 119 , 1F# , 1#F , B0! Bl()stein, Philip, !#F ?#6, B!0 Boas, %ran@, !$6 Bohe)ia: Berger and, 1F# , 1"1 , 1#! 'osen l() and, 88v , $6F , $91 4rong and, 88v , F ?", 1$ ?1! Bologna, 160 7 B60 7 Bo) ing: 4orld 4ar ++, !69 ?90, B09 n.1#. See also 1to)ic o) Bonacich, =dna Miller, B$$ 1ook of Laughter an 0orgetting .>(ndera0, 16 Boorstin, &aniel, $01 Boston, !1 , BB! , BBB , BB6 Bo(issac, Pa(l, 166 Bo(rdie(, Pierre, 8v , 8vi , 8vii , 88iii , 88iv , $9B Boy 2co(ts, $B9 Brandeis, 9o(is, !F , !6 ?!9, B0 , B# Brattle +nn, !$ , !! , !F Bra@il, B$" ?$# Bri osia, %ather, B1!

Brinton, Crane, !0 Britain: Bendi8 in, BF" :agnon in, $!! :ans and, B!B , B!" ?!#, BB! , BB# :(sfield and, 1$$ 9a o(r party, F Mar8 and, $#$ BritnellDs . ookstore0, B Broderick, Carlfred, $1" ?1# Brooklyn College, $90 ?91, !0" ?# 1rothers an 'eepers .4ide)an0, $9" n.1 Bro* levels, B!$ , BB1 . See also ,aste c(lt(res Bro*n, &onald, 1## Bro*n, =rnest, B! Bro*n, +ra, $B# , $B6 , $F1 Bro*n, 9ina, 1#B Bro*n, ;or)an A., 1" Bro*n University, 1" B(erkle, Cack E., 16B B(ffalo, ;e* <ork, B$$ ?$!. See also University of B(ffalo B(hler, Charlotte, BF9 B(hler, >arl, BF9 B(kharin, ;. +., 19F B(lgaria, 160 1ulletin of the Atomic Scientists!#1 n.!$ B(ndy, Mc:eorge, !0 , "B B(rea( of 1pplied 2ocial 'esearch: Cole)an and, ## ?#6, 61 ?6$, 9" ?9#, 10$ :ans and, BF0 n.11:la@er and, 199 'ies)an and, "! ?"B B(rea(cracies, B"" , B#$ ?B#!rhetoric of, 88 ?88i

B(rgess, =rnest, 11F , $16 B(rke, >enneth, 10B ?F, $!0 , $!1 , B#0 B(rlinga)e, 9eslie, 1#1 , 1## B(rnha), Ca)es, 19F B(sch fa)ily, !#

$
California: :agnon in, $1F ?1#, $16 , $19 gro*th st(dies in, !19 :(sfield in, 1$$ ?$B. See also Berkeley- 2an %rancisco- University of California California +nstit(te of ,echnology, "B JCalifornia sociology,J 88i Calverton, E. %., " Ca) ridge, =ngland, $!! Ca) ridge, Mass., !1 , $"1 , $"" , $#B . See also 5arvard University- M+, Ca)(s, 1l ert, 1$# Canada, 4rong and, ! , B ?F, # ?11, 1B , 1" Canadian Co))on*ealth %ederation, F )an Science Save *s= .9(nd erg0, 1#0 , !!# Capen, 2a)(el, B! )apital .Mar80, B , #1 n.!! Capitalis), 160 Caplo*, ,heodore, "1 Capone, 1l, 10F JCaptain Midnight,J B!F )ar inal Sins .:reeley0, 1B" Cardo@o, Ben3a)in, B# , F1 Carey, Ci), 1!F Carnegie, 1ndre*, $1" Carnegie?Mellon University, #1 n.!F Carroll, 9e*is, !0" JCase for the &rinking &riverJ .:(sfield0, 1$6

Casey, 4illia), ## )ashbo#! $91 Castro, %idel, 11 , 1#$ Catholics: Bendi8 and, B"6 Cressey and, $B9 do?it?yo(rself, 1B1 :agnon and, $1B , $1" ?1#, $$1 :reeley and, 1!! ?F0'oth and, !9" . See also Ces(its Ca(llery, Ma(rice, B11 ?1$ CB2, B6 , $"$ Center for 1dvanced 2t(dy in the Behavioral 2ciences, 10$ ?!, B!0 Center for the 2t(dy of 9eis(re, "! ?"B )enturies of )hil hoo .1riIs0, 1# Chafee, Uechariah, Cr., !6 , B" Change of 9ife Cl( , !"F Chapin, %. 2., !!1 Chapin, 5arry, $#0 Chase, Cynthia, 166 Cheerleading, 88iv ?8v, !"F ?"", !"# Che)istry, $F$ , $FB , $FF Chiapas, Me8ico, B$1 Chicago: :agnon and, 88vi , $1# ?16, $$1 :ans in, B!F ?!":reeley and, 1!! ?B9:(sfield and, 10F ?"'ossi in, !06 ?9Union 2tation, 88vi , $16 . See also University of Chicago )hicago +aily -ews!B!F , B!" )hicago Tribune!B!F

Chicanos, $9" n.1 Childhood, 88v Bendi8Ds, BF# BergerDs, 1F! BernardDs, !B$ ?B!n.FCres? 7 B61 7 seyDs, $!" , $!# ?B!=psteinDs, !F0 ?F!:agnonDs, $1B ?1":ansDs, B!B ?!F:la@erDs, 191 ?9!:(sfieldDs, 10F ?"MacCannellDs, 1"" ?#0Mar8Ds, $"" 'ossi and, !0$ ?F, !16 'othDs, !6! , !6B ?6#2ch*art@Ds, !"! ?"Fvan den BergheDs, B1! ?1F Childlikeness, !$9 ?!0, !BF n.19 Children: BernardDs, !!6 ?!9, !B" n.$B=psteinDs, !"1 ?"$:agnonDs, $$$ ?$!, $!! , $!B MacCannellDs, 16! , 16" 'ossi and, !06 , !09 ?102ch*art@Ds, !60 van den BergheDs, B$0 , B$$ )hil ren of the 3reat +epression .=lder0, !11 Choice for sociology: CresseyDs, $FF , $F9 :la@erDs, 19" , 19# :(sfieldDs, 11! -

'ies)anDs, $$ 'osen l()Ds, $9$ 'ossiDs, !0" ?#'othDs, !9B ?9F2ch*art@Ds, !"" , !"6 van den BergheDs, B1# 4rongDs, 6 ?9 Choices, MacCannell and, 1## ?#6, 16# Cho)sky, ;oa), 1$! , 1#$ , 161 Christianity: 'oth and, !6# . See also Catholics- Ch(rch attendance Christiansen, 5arold, !!1 Christ the >ing Parish, Beverly 5ills, Chicago, 1!B ?!" )huo 'oron , $0" Ch(rch attendance: Catholic, 1B0 CresseyDs, $B0 , $B6 ?B9Protestant, 1B0 Ch(rchill College, Ca) ridge, $!! )hurch in the Suburbs .:reeley0, 1!F C+1, $"! City College, ;e* <ork, 19B , 19# , $0# City planning, $91 ?9$, BB$ ?B!, BBB City University of ;e* <ork .CU;<0, 1B6 , !"1 Civil 1ffairs 2chool, 5arvard, F1 Civil disorders, 16$ ?6!, $"1 . See also 2ocial )ove)ents )ivili.ation an Its +iscontents .%re(d0, 11! JCivil 9i erties in a Period of ,ransitionJ .'ies)an0, B6 , FB , F" , $6$ n.16 Civil?rights )ove)ents, 10# , 1$0 , $"1 , !1F , B$F Civil servants, B"F ?"" Civil 4ar, #0 n.$$ Clark, B(rton, !#!

Clark, 'o ert, $F! Clark, 2. &., 10 Class, 88iii ?88vBendi8 and, B"# , B"6 Bernard and, !$" Cressey and, 88iv , $BF ?B", $B# :ans and, 88iii , B!$ , B!" , B!9 , BB1 , BB# ?B6'osen l() and, 88iv , $9! ?9"van den Berghe and, B1! , B1# . See also Middle class- Poverty- 2ocial )o ility- 4orking class )lass! Status an $ower .Bendi8 _ 9ipset0, $$" ?$# Clothes: design of, !10 *o)enDs, !$# , !BB n.1$ Co , Conathan, $9B Cody, %red, 1#! Cody, Cohn, 1!6 ?!9 Coercion, govern)ental, B1" Cohen, 1lain, 166 Cohen, 1l ert, $$# Cohen, =lliot, 196 , $00 Cohort )e) ership, 88v , !11 ?1B, !16 Col y, Ben3a)in .;ick0, B$1 , B$! ?$B Cold *ar, 1B , !9" Cole, :. &. 5., B Cole)an, Ca)es 2., i8 , 8viii , 88v , "! , #F ?10!, $$F Cole)an, 'ichard, "$ Colla oration, F6 ?F9, $0$ ?!, $!1 , $!! Colleag(eship, FB College of Ce*ish 2t(dies, B!# , BF0 n.# )olliers, , $B# Colonialis), B1" , B$1 , B$F Color? lindness, $B0 ?B1 Col() ia University, 19B -

Cole)an and, #F ?10!=pstein and, !FF ?F", !F9 :ans and, BB9 n.B, BF0 n.11:la@er and, 19" , 196 ?99, $00 , $01 , $0B 'ies)an and, B9 'ossi and, !01 , !0# 4rong and, 11 ?1! Co)ics, B!F )ommentary , 88iii , $9" Berger and, 1"1 :la@er and, F9 , 196 , 199 ?$01, $0! , $0B , $06 4rong and, F , 1! , 1F JCo))it)ent,J 1"1 Co))ittees of Correspondence, $0! )ommon Sense , B9 )ommonweal , 1!6 Co))(nes, 8iii ?8iv, 1"! Co))(nis): Bendi8 and, B#! ?#BBerger and, 1F" Bernard and, !$# , !$6 :la@er and, 191 , 19$ , $0B , $0# 'ies)an and, B0 , B" 'oth and, !9" , !9# , !96 , B0$ ?!, B09 n.1#4rong and, B ?F, 11 Co))(nis) in 1)erican 9ife, $0B )ommunist "anifesto .Mar80, #1 n.!! )ommunity )onflict .Cole)an0, 9# , 10$ Co))(nity develop)ent, 166 ?69 Co))(nity police controls, $"1 Co))(nity st(dies: Cole)an and, 6# , 66 , 91 , 10$ :la@er and, 19# 'ies)an and, "1 ?"$, #! ?#Bn.B!

7 B6$ 7 Co))(nity 2t(dies, +nc., "1 Co)parative perspective, B$6 , B#$ Co)p(ters, !BF n.$1 Co)te, 1(g(ste, 8vi , FB Conant, Ca)es B., $# Concepts and +ndices Pro3ect, 100 , 101 Congress, U.2., !B! n.F, !B# n.$9, !F# , !#" , B"" Connectic(t, 1# )onnecticut 6ankee in 'ing Arthur,s )ourt .,*ain0, $B Connolly, Canet, 16$ Conrad, Coseph, $1" Conscience directed, vs. other directed, F9 JConscio(sness?for?itself,J 1#" Constit(tion, U.2., !! ?!B, B# , !!# Cons(lting, $#B ?#" )ontemporary 2ewish &ecor , 196 , $00 , $06 )ontemporary Social $roblems .Merton _ ;is et0, 6B ?6F )ontemporary Sociology , 8iv )ontemporary Tasks of Sociology .Mannhei)0, !9# Conte8t(ali@ation, 1F! , 1F6 )ontinuities in Social &esearch .Merton _ 9a@arsfeld0, 90 )onversations with %ckermann .:oethe0, $6 Cook Co(nty Cail, $$F , $$" , $$# , $$9 Cooley, Charles 5orton, " Coolidge, 2hepley, B(llfinch, and 1 Cooper, Ca)es %eni)ore, B!B Cooperatives, $F" ?F# Cornell University, 1"6 ?6B passi) Coser, 9e*is, #$ n.!", #! n.B0, 61 , 11$ , 19" Coser, 'ose 9a( , #! n.B0, 61 , 11$ , !F6 Costain, ,ho)as B., $1" Cottrell, 9eonard, Cr., "B ott .architects0, $9

Co(ncil for a 9iva le 4orld, #1 n.!$ Co(ncil for &e)ocracy, B6 Co(ncil of =cono)ic 1dvisors, !F# Co(nterc(lt(re: Berger and, 8iii ?8iv, 1"$ , 1"! 'oth and, B0F . See also 5ippies- 2t(dent )ove)ents Co(rtship, !1$ , !#$ . See also 9ove affairs Craig, Pa(l, 1#6 Cra*ford, &avid, 1#B Cra*ford, 'ichard, 1#B Creativity: Mar8 and, $#0 ?#1'ies)anDs )other and, $B , $F Cressey, &onald '., i8 ?8, 88iv , 88vi , $!F ?F9 Cressey, Pa(l, $!F Cri)inology, $!F , $!" , $!# , $B0 , $F" , $F6 )rimson , $" , $# , $9 ?!0, !B Critical theory, !9# , B00 ?B01, B0F . See also %rankf(rt school )riti:ue of $ure &eason .>ant0, BF9 C( an )issile crisis, 1#F C(ddihy, Cohn, 88iii C(ller, Conathan, 166 C(lt(ral anthropology, 10 )ultural /istory of "o ernity .%riedell0, !9F C(lt(re?and?personality school, $0# )ulture of $ublic $roblems .:(sfield0, 1$B , 1$F C(lt(re: Berger on, 8iv ?8v, 88i ?88iii, 1"$ , 1"! :ans and, 88i , 88v , B!$ ?!!, B!B , B!F , B!9 ?B$, BB! , BBB ?B", BB6 , BF0 n.9, BF1 n.$$:(sfield on, 1$$ high, B!$ ?!!, B!B , BB$ , BB! ?BB, BB" 'osen l() and, $6F ?6", $9! , $9F , $9" n.1taste, 88i ?88iii, B!$ , B!! , BB1 , BB! , BBB ?BF-

van den Berghe and, B1B , B1" , B$" . See also Biases- Co(nterc(lt(re- Pop(lar c(lt(re, 1)erican- 'elativis), c(lt(ral C(nliffe, Marc(s, #0 n.$F C(rtis, 'ichard, 1B9 C(tright, Philips, $$" C@echoslovakia, 160

.
&ahl erg, %rances, 1## +arkness at -oon .>oestler0, 11 &ar)stadt, :er)any, 88vi , !6B ?90, !9B , B06 n.# &art)o(th, 100 &ar*in, Charles/&ar*inis), " , 1#$ , !FB , B$6 &ata analysis, 9F ?9", 1B" &avis, 1llison, "1 , $$0 &avis, %red, 166 &avis, Ca)es 1., 1!" ?!#, 1B" , $$F &avis, >ingsley: Berger and, 1F# Cole)an and, ## , #6 ?#9, 60 , 61 :agnon and, $!1 4rong and, 1F ?1" &a*kins, 'ichard, B$6 &eath, !1# , !19 . See also 5oloca(st- 4ar +eath of -ora &yan .%arrell0, 1B" &e s, =(gene E., " , !$" &ecat(r, +llinois, 66 , 91 +eceptive +istinctions .=pstein0, !"0 , !"1 +ecline of the West .2pengler0, $F , !9F &eely, Cohn, 166 &efa)ation la*, B6 ?B9 &efensiveness, 8v 7 B6! 7

de Man, Pa(l, 1#6 J&e)ocracy and &efa)ationJ .'ies)an0, B6 +emocracy in America .,ocG(eville0, #1 n.!! &e)ocrats, social, 191 , 19F , B0$ &e)ography, 1F ?1", #6 ?#9 &e Molays, $B9 ?F0, $F1 ?F$ &enney, 'e(el, BF , F9 , #$ n.!" &epression, the :reat: Berger and, 1F! Cressey and, $B! :agnon and, $1B ?1F:ans and, B!F :reeley and, 1!B :(sfield and, $0F , $0" 'ies)an and, B0 'osen l() and, $6# , $66 'ossi and, !0F ?", !1B ?1F4rong and, 1! &errida, CacG(es, 1#$ , 1#6 , 1#9 &etach)ent, 8vi , 1"1 ?"$, 1"! , $1B &eter)inis), 1F9 , B#$ &eviance, (nintentional, $B1 ?B$ &e Eos, :eorge, 10F ?" &e*ey, Cohn: Bendi8 and, BF9 ?"0:ans and, B!6 , B!9 Mar8 and, $"! 'ies)an and, $6 'ossi and, !09 4rong and, 6 &e*ey, ,ho)as, F0 &e 4olf, %ather, B1! &e8ter, 9e*is, "" n." J&ick Cavett 2ho*,J B$9

&ickie?Clark, 5a)ish, B$$ &ieterlen, :er)aine, B$0 &e:ra@ia, 2e astian, #$ n.!6 &ilthey, 4ilhel), 6# &iscri)ination. See 'acis)- 2e8is) &isc(ssion, vs. lect(ring, F# , #$ n.!# &is)issal policy, ;a@i, !!F , !!" &israeli, Ben3a)in, 116 +issent , F , 1! , 1# , 1"1 &issertation 1*ard, 1)erican '(ral 2ociological 2ociety, 1#9 +istinction .Bo(rdie(0, 88iii &iversification, $#$ ?#! +ivision of Labor .&(rkhei)0, 9! , 11! &octoro*, =. 9., $"0 , $#9 &odd, 2t(art, 1#0 +o sworth .9e*is0, $9# n.1 &og)atis), 1B! &ollard, Cohn, "0 , $$0 &o)ination, )ale, !F6 ?F9 &onovan, Cohn, 1!# &os Passos, Cohn, " &ostoyevski, %., $$0 &o( le conscio(sness, $9" n.1 &o(glas, Cack &., 1$! +ramaturgical Analysis of ABC $rotest +emonstrations .MacCannell0, 16! &ra*ing, 19! &reiser, ,heodore, $9# n.1 &rinker, Philip, $9 &( er)an, Martin, $6 &(Bois, 4. =. B., $9" n.1 &(lles, 1llen, #0 n.$$ &(ncan, Atis &(dley, $$F &(nlap, 4ells, $!# ?!6 &(nster 5o(se, !0 , !1 , "F

&(rant, 4ill, 6 &(rkhei), =)ile: Cole)an and, 6! , 9$ ?9!:agnon and, $$0 :la@er and, $01 :reeley and, 1B! :(sfield and, 11! MacCannell and, 1#! , 16$ 'ies)an and, FB on s(ccess, $"6 van den Berghe and, B16 4rong and, " , 10 &(tschke, '(di, B0F &ylan, Bo , $"1

E
=a)es, Charles, 1#B =ast)an, Ma8, " = anners, $F# %clipse of &eason .5orkhei)er0, B00 =co, U) erto, 166 %conomic +evelopment an )ultural )hange .MacCannell0, 16B =cono)ics: 'ies)an and, #$ ?#!n.!6'ossi and, !01 ?$. See also &epression- :+ ill- Poverty %conomy an Society .4e er0, B0B , B0F , B#1 =d(cation: Catholic, 1!# ?!6, 1!9 , 1B0 . See also Universities- in ivi ual schools an universities =d(cation 1 road Progra) .=1P0, BF$ % ucation of )atholic Americans .:reeley0, 1!6 ?!9 =ichorn, &orothy, !19 =isenho*er, &*ight &., 1$0 , !91 , !9$

=lder, :len, !11 =lections, presidential, 1$F , 1$# =isenho*er?2tevenson, 1$0 'eagan, 1F0 'oosevelt?,ho)as, B6 , 191 2)ith in, !0B 4allace in, 1F" %lementary 0orms of &eligious Life .&(rkhei)0, 9! =liade, Mircea, 1BF =lias, ;or ert, $9B =liot, ,. 2., ! , " , 16 =liot, ,ho)as 5., !9 =liot 5o(se, $9 =llis, 5avelock, !"B , !"F =llis, Cohn ,racy, 1!# =l)ira, ;e* <ork, 91 %lmtown,s 6outh .5ollingshead0, 90 , 91 , 9$ %mergence of the American *niversity .Eeysey0, 1$6 7 B6B 7 =)erson, 'alph 4aldo, 11$ , !B6 9mile .'o(ssea(0, $6 =)slie, Mona, !$! %ncyclope ia 1ritannica , $"$ %ncyclop8 ie , B"6 =ngels, %riedrich B , BF =ngland. See Britain =nlighten)ent, B#1 =nnis, Philip, 6$ , 10! =nvy, 1B! =pstein, Cynthia %(chs, 8 , 88iv , !B9 ?"$ =pstein, Cason, $01 ?$, $0! , $0" =G(al =)ploy)ent Apport(nity Co))ission, !F" =G(ality, B!! , B!# , BB$ , BBB , BBF , BB# ?B6

=rhard, 9(d*ig, !9# =rikson, =rik, $!1 , !$9 %ros an )ivili.ation .Marc(se0, B01 %scape from 0ree om .%ro))0, 10 , 19" %s:uire , $B# J=thic of responsi ility,J 4e erDs, 8vi =thics: science and, !!# ?!6. See also 5onesty %thics! $olitics an Social &esearch .23o erg0, B$$ =thiopia, B$B %thnic +ilemmas! AFCB(AFHI .:la@er0, $0# =thnicity, 88iii , 888iv?88vBernard and, !B! n.F:ans and, 88iii , BBF ?B":la@er and, $0B ?F, $0# , $06 :reeley st(dying, 1!9 , 1B$ :(sfield and, 10F ?"'ossi and, !1F ?1"van den Berghe and, B1! . See also +))igrants/+))igration- Ce*s/Ce*ishness- 'acis) %thnicity .:la@er _ Moynihan0, $0B , $0F %thnic $luralism an $ublic $olicy .:la@er and <o(ng0, $0B =thnography, "! , 1#9 , 16F =thno)ethodology, 1$! , 1"$ , 16$ =thology, B$# , B$6 =t@ioni, 1)itai, B0! =( ank, =arle, !B# n.$# =(la(, 5ein@, !FB =vans 2chool, $" %verything 6ou %ver Wante to 'now About Se# but Were Afrai to Ask , !#$ =vol(tion, B$# ?$6 =8perts: Bendi8 and, B#! -

:ans and, B!! , BB0 , BB$ , BB! , BBB , BB" , BB#

#
%a ri, Paolo, 166 0aces in the )row .'ies)an _ :la@er0, F9 , "1 , #1 n.!1, $01 , $0$ %ace?to?face interaction, 88ii ?88iii %ail(re: =pstein and, !F! Mar8 on, $"0 , $"F ?"#, $"6 , $#! , $61 n.6, $6$ nn.1B,16 %aith, B"9 . See also 'eligion 0allen 1astions .:edye0, B %allers, Margaret, BF1 n.$" %allo* periods, $#0 %a)ily: Berger and, 1"! Bernard and, !!0 ?!1CresseyDs, $!F ?!":la@erDs, 19$ ?9!MacCannellDs, 1"" ?"6, 1"9 , 16! , 16F ?6"'ossi and, !01 ?B, !0F , !09 ?10, !11 ?1!'oth and, !6B 2ch*art@ and, !"B ?"". See also 1ncestry- Children- %a)ily sociology- Marriage.s0- Parents J%a)ily 'ole &ifferentiationJ .2ch*art@ _ Bl()stein0, !#" %a)ily sociology, 8iii ?8ivBernard and, !$6 , !!0 ?!1, !BB ?BFnn.1F,1#=pstein and, !F" %ar er, Bernard, 110 0arewell to Arms .5e)ing*ay0, $1" , B06 n.6 0arewell to %uropean /istory .4e er0, !9# %aris, '. =. 9., 1#0 , 1#1 %aris, 'o ert =. 9ee .JBo %ar)er?9a or Party, !$# %ar)ing: yJ0, 1#0 ?#1, $!F

Cressey and, $F" ?F#MacCannell and, 1"" , 1#6 , 16# 'ies)an and, !# , F! , FB %arrell, Ca)es ,., 1B" %ascis): Bendi8 and, BF" , B"0 , B#1 , B#! ?#B:(sfield and, 10" 'ies)an and, B6 , F! , "# n.11, "6 n.16'oth and, B0B ?F. See also 5itler, 1dolf- ;a@is %athers: Bendi8Ds, BF! , BFB ?FF, BF" ?F9, B"0 , B"F , B"9 BergerDs, 1F! ?FBBernardDs, !$" , !$9 CresseyDs, $!" , $!# , $B! ?BF=psteinDs, !F0 , !F1 , !F$ :agnonDs, $1B ?1F, $1# :ansDs, B!B , B!F , B!# :la@erDs, 191 , 19$ MacCannellDs, 1"F ?"", 1"9 , 1#0 , 1#1 Mar8Ds, $"" 'ies)anDs, $$ ?$!, $B 'osen l()Ds, $6# , $66 ?69'ossiDs, !0B , !0F , !0" , !1B ?1F'othDs, !6B ?6", !6# ?66, !69 , !9$ , !9! ?9B, B0# n.B, B06 n.62ch*art@Ds, !"B , !"F , !"" van den BergheDs, B11 , B1! , B1F , B1# 4rongDs, 1B , 1# %atig(e 9a oratory, 5arvard B(siness 2chool, !! %a(lkner, 4illia), $0 %ederal +))igration Co))ission, !B! n.F 7 B6F 7 0eminist $apers .'ossi0, !09

%e)inists/%e)inis), !19 Berger and, 88iv ?88v, 1"0 Bernard and, !$F , !!! , !!6 , !!9 ?B$=pstein and, 88iv ?88v, !F" ?F#, !"0 :(sfield and, 116 'osen l() and, $9! 'ossi and, !09 , !1B , !1" ?1#2ch*art@ and, 88iv ?88v, !"9 ?#1, !#B 0eminists in $olitics .'ossi0, !09 %er er, =dna, $1" %erg(s %alls, Minnesota, $!# ?F$ 0ergus 0alls +aily 2ournal , $F$ %estinger, 9eon, 6" %e(er, 9e*is, 1F# , $0" ?#, B0B %iddle, 2ey)o(r, 61 %ield, &onald, !B , !F %ifth 1)end)ent, !! ?!B, B# %inal Cl( s, !0 %inch College, !F9 %inland, F %irst 1)end)ent, B# %irst orns, !1! %irst enco(nter *ith sociology: BergerDs, 1F# , 1"0 BernardDs, !$! Cole)anDs, #F , ## CresseyDs, $FB :ansDs, B!6 ?!9:reeleyDs, 1!B ?!FMacCannellDs, 1#0 'ies)anDs, FB ?F#'osen l()Ds, $91 ?9$4rongDs, " %irst?rateness, 8vii , $F

0itness of the %nvironment .5enderson0, $# %it@gerald, %. 2cott, " , $9# n.1 %lood, Merrill, 6" %lores Achoa, Corge, B$" %lo*er, Patricia, 16F ?6" %lo*er MacCannell, C(liet, 1"# , 1#1 , 1## ?66 passi) 0olkways .2())er0, !$6 %onda, 5enry, $$9 %oote, ;elson, "! %ord, :erald, 11$ , !F# %ord %o(ndation, "! , $0B , $0" , B$1 %ord Motor Co)pany, 1"1 , $$F %oreign Broadcast +ntelligence 2ervice, "" n." %oreign policy st(dies, 1)erican, 1B ?1F 0orever Amber , $1" %orgiveness, $B$ , $BB %orster, =. M., $$0 %ort(ne, 'eo, 10 0orwar , 191 %o(ca(lt, Michel, $6" %o8, 'enee, 60 , 61 %raenkel, =rnst, B0F %rance, 1!B , 1#9 ?60, 16! , $#$ . See also Paris %rankf(rter, %eli8, 1B , !" , !6 , B! 0rankfurter &un schau , !9B %rankf(rt school, B" , 19" , !9# , B01 , B0F %ranks, Aliver, 1B %ra@ier, Ben3a)in 4est, +++, $9 %ree University of Berlin, B0B 0reiheit , 19$ %renkl?Br(ns*ick, =lse, !9# %re(d, 2ig)(nd: Bendi8 and, BF# , BF9 , B"6 ?"9, B#1 =pstein and, !FB -

:agnon and, $$0 , $$B :(sfield and, 11! on love and *ork, !01 MacCannell and, 1#! 'ies)an and, FF , #1 n.!!van den Berghe and, B16 4rong and, 9 , 1" %reyer, 5ans, !9F , !9# %riedan, Betty, !F" %riedell, =gon, !9F %riedland, 4illia), 160 %ried)an, Milton, #0 n.$" %riedrich, Carl Coachi), !0 ?!1, !$ , B$ , B" ?FB passi), "" n.", "# n.11and far) *ith 'ies)an, !# and Lonely )row , "0 %riends Meeting, $" %rodin, 'e( en, FB %ro)), =rich: :la@er and, 19" , 199 Mar8 and, $#1 'ies)an and, BF ?B", B9 , F0 , F9 , "# n.11, $0! 4rong and, 9 , 10 0rom Socialism to Sociology .4e 0, 190 %(ente, C(lio de la, B$1 %(en@alida, %ernando, B$" %(gs, $!$ %(3i)oto, +sao, 16# %(l right fello*ship, 1$0 %(ld, 2tanley, F0 , F1 %(nctionalis), 10 , 11 , !09 %(nd for the 'ep( lic, $0B

0
:agarin, Uri, 1#B

:agnon, Cohn, 8 , 88iii , 88iv , 88vi , $1! ?!B 3ames an +ecisions .9(ce _ 'aiffa0, 61 :a)e theory, !!0 , !!1 ?!$ :a)son, Uelda, 1$B :andhi, +ndira, 1$1 :ans, 5er ert C., 8 , 88i , 88iii , 88v , $60 n.B, B!$ ?F1 :ardner, Co 1nn, !!$ :arfinkel, 5arold, 1$! , 166 :as station 3o , $BF ?B", $B# :&C' .godda)n c(rve raiser0, 110 :edye, :. =. '., B :eert@, Clifford 88ii , 1!9 , 1BB , 1BF , 1B" , !B9 :ellhorn, 4alter, B9 7 B6" 7 :ender: and life?span develop)ent, !$0 in )(sic (siness, $91 . See also %e)inists/%e)inis)- Men- 2e8is)- 2isterhood- 4o)en :enerali@ation, 199 ?$00 :eneration concept, 8iii , 1"! :eneva, 2*it@erland, ! ?B, # :er)any: Bendi8 and, BF$ ?"" passi), B#1 , B#F Bernard and, !!B ?!", !B! n.", !B" ?B#nn.$#,$6:ans and, B!! , B!B , B!F , BBF ?B", BF1 n.$$:(sfield and, 10" , 106 'ies)an and, $6 , $9 , B" , F1 , "# n.11, #0 n.$$'ossi and, !1F ?1"'oth and, !6! ?96, B01 ?!, B0B ?F, B0" , B09 n.1!van den Berghe and, B19 Ee len and, #! n.B14rong and, B , F . See also ;a@is

:erth, 5ans, 10B 3esellschaft , B"B :eyer, Cohn, 1#B :+ ill, 1!B , 1"9 , $F# , $F6 , B$0 , B!" :ifted children progra), !F$ :ilfillan, 2. C., BF1 n.$" :ins erg, 1llen, 1F# , $!1 ?!$, $6F :laeser, =rnst, B0" n.1 :la@er, ;athan, 8 , 88v , 190 ?$09Berger and, 1F# :reeley and, 1!9 and 'ies)an, 88v , F6 ?F9, #1 n.!1, $01 , $0$ ?!, $0# 4rong and, 88v , 1! :lo al indicators, 6# :lock, Charles, 6$ , 10$ :l(eck, =leanor, B# :l(eck, 2heldon, B# :oethe, C. 4. von, 1# , $6 :off)an, =rving: Berger and, 8v , 1F# =pstein and, !F6 :agnon and, $!1 and MacCannell, 1#F , 1#9 , 161 , 16$ , 16" , 16# , 166 Mar8 and, $60 n.B, $6$ n.$02ch*art@ and, !"6 , !#$ 4rong and, 9 ?10, 11 , 16 3ol )oast an the Slum .Uor a(gh0, 11B :olden %leece 1*ard, B$9 ?!0 :old*ater, Barry, 1#B :oode, 4illia) C., ## , !F" :oodeno(gh, 4ard, F9 :ood)an, 9eo, $$F :ood)an, 9o(is, !#! :orer, :eoffrey, $0#

:ossip, 8viii :o(cher College, !9 :o(ldner, 1lvin, 8vi , 10B , 119 , !"6 :o(ldner, 5elen, !"6 J:overn)ent 2ervice and the 1)erican Constit(tionJ .'ies)an0, B# ?B6 :ra (rn, ;elson, 1#F :rant, Ulysses 2., #0 n.$$ 3reat 3atsby .%it@gerald0, $9# n.1 :reece, )odern, 160 :reek )ythology, $#9 :reeley, 1ndre* M., 8 , 88v , 88vi , 1!! ?F1 :reen erg, Cle)ent, 196 , $00 :reen erg, Martin, $00 :reen l(), Coseph, 99 :reen*ich Eillage, F ?", 1$ ?1!, $6F , $91 :reen*ood, Ci))y, $F1 ?F$ :reen*ood, 9loyd, $B# , $B6 , $F1 :reen*ood Press, B"9 :reer, 2cott, $!" ?!# :renfell, 4ilfred, "" n.F :rod@ins, Morton, "! , #$ n.!6 :ropi(s, 4alter, !1 :ross, ;eal, $FF :ro(nded and )iddle?range theory, B!6 :roves Conference, 8iii ?8iv :r(ner, 9o(ise, BB6 , BF1 n.$F :(arnaschelli, Maria, !#6 :(ate)ala, B$! ?$B :(erlac, 5enry, 1## :(et@ko*, 5arold, 6# :(), Bill, B$1 :(rland, 1rkadi(s, B01 :(rvitch, :eorges, B$0 :(sfield, Coseph, 8 ?8i, 88iv , #0 n.$#, 10B ?$9, 1"B

1
/abitus , 8vi 5adassah, !FF 5aile 2elassie, B$B 5all, Cero)e, $B1 5allo*ell, 1. +rving, 19# ?96 5alpern, Philip, BB 5a)ilton, 1le8ander, !$F 5a)ilton, 4illia), B$6 5a))ond, Philip, 1B6 ?B9 5a)s(n, >n(t, $1" 5and, 9earned, B# /an book on "arriage an 0amily .Christiansen0, !!1 5ankey 4a8, 'osalie, #$ n.!6, 11$ 5ansen, M. A., !1$ 5are, Pa(l, 16$ ?6!, 16# 5arper 9i rary, $$0 ?$1 /arper,s "aga.ine , BB1 5arri)an, 1verell, $0F 5arris, 1 ra), FF , 11$ 5arris, 9o(, 66 5arris, Mark, 1F1 5arris, 2ey)o(r, !0 5arris, Uelig, 19# 5art, C. 4. M., 10 7 B6# 7 5art, Clyde, FF /arvar )onfi(3ui e!$"1 ?"$ 5arvard University: :agnon at, $!B :la@er and, $06 :reeley and, 1B6 Mar8 and, $"1 ?"F, $60 n.B, $6$ n.16-

'ies)an and, $" ?!9 passi), B! , B# , F! , "B , "F ?""n.$, "6 ?"9n.19van den Berghe at, B1# ?16, B$0 ?$14rong and, 6 , 1# 5ate, $B$ , $BB 5att, Pa(l, $F6 5a(ser, Philip, "! , 1!" , $$F 5averford College, 161 , 16$ ?6! 5avigh(rst, 'o ert, "1 5ayner, ;or)an, 1#0 5ays, Pa(l, B9 5ay*ood, Big Bill, " 5edin, 2even, B!B 5eine, 5einrich, B06 n.6 5ein@, Cohn, ++, $" 5el)s, Cesse, !#" 5el)sley Palace, $0" 5e)ing*ay, =rnest, " , B06 n.6 5enderson, 9a*rence C., $# , !! 5enry, A., 109 ?10, 1$9 5enry, 4illia), "1 5enry 9(ce %o(ndation, 1!9 , 1BB 5en@e, $6" 5erois), B1F 5erter, Christian, 1B 5eterose8(al co(ples: ho)ose8(al co(ples co)pared *ith, !#F ?##. See also Marriage.s0 5icks, :ranville, "1 /i en In4uries of )lass .2ennett _ Co 0, $9B J5igh ro*, 9o* ro*, Middle ro*J .9ynes0, BB1 5igh c(lt(re, B!$ ?!!, B!B , BB$ , BB! ?BB, BB" /igher )ivil Servants in American Society .Bendi80, B"F , B"9 5igh school. See 1dolescence- in ivi ual schools 5inkle, 'oscoe, 16$

5ippies, 8iii , 1"$ , $91 5iroshi)a, F! 5irsch)an, 1l ert, #$ n.!6 5ispanics, Catholic, 1!B 5iss, 1lger, B" , 1$0 /istorical "aterialism .B(kharin0, 19F 5istorical )o)ent: partic(larity of, 19 . See also Period effects 5istory: :(sfield and, 1$F 'ies)an and, $# 'oth and, !9F , !99 , B00 , B0$ ?!, B0B 5itler, 1dolf: Bendi8 and, BFB , BFF , BF" , BF# , BF9 , B"B , B"F Bernard and, !!F , !B" ?B#nn.$F,$#:(sfield and, 10" 'ies)an and, !# , B6 , "# n.11, "6 n.16, #0 n.$$'ossi and, !1F ?1"'oth and, !6F , !66 , !9F , B0B ?F4rong and, B , F , " 5o art and 4illia) 2)ith Colleges, 11B , 11" ?19, 1$0 5off)an, 1 ie, !#! 5ofstadter, 'ichard, 1! 5ogan, &ennis, !19 5olco) e, 1rth(r, !0 5ollingshead, 1. B., 90 , 91 , $F6 5olly*ood Co))(nists, B 5ol)es, Aliver 4endell, Cr., !$ , B$ , B# 5ol)es (rg Prison, 16F 5oloca(st: Bendi8 and, B"B ?"FBernard and, !!" ?!#, !B" n.$!, !B# n.!0:ans and, B!F , BB" ?B#-

:(sfield and, 10" 'oth and, !6" van den Berghe and, B$9 4rong and, 1" 5olt, 5a)ilton, $6 5o)ans, :eorge, 8viii , "9 n.$0, 9B , $"! , B16 5o)eopathy, B11 5o)ose8(ality, $$" , $$# , $!1 , !#F ?## 5onesty, $!# , $!6 5ook, 2idney, " , 19F 5orace Mann 2chool, !$! , !$F , !B$ n.1 5orkhei)er, Ma8: :la@er and, 19" , 196 'oth and, !9B , !9# , !96 , B00 , B0F 5orner, Matina, !!$ , !F! 5orney, >aren, 9 , BF , B" 5oro*it@, +rving 9o(is, 88vii , 1! 5orton, &onald, $$F 5oselit@, Bert, BB9 n.! /ouse of "irth .4harton0, $9# n.1 5o(se Un?1)erican 1ctivities Co))ittee .5U1C0, !!6 5o(se*ork, !BB n.1F 5o(sing and 5o)e %inance 1gency, $0" 5o(t, Michael, 1B9 5o*e, Mark &e4olfe, Cr., B$ ?B!, B" , B# 5o*e, Molly, B$ ?B! 5(ghes, =verett C.: Cole)an and, #" :agnon and, $16 , $$F :ans and, BB0 , BB" :reeley and, 1!F :(sfield and, 11F 'ies)an and, FF , "1 , "! , "B , "6 n.1#, #B n.B"'oth and, !96

5(ghes, 5. 2t(art, "F 5(go, Eictor, 1## 5()anis), 8i8 5()anitarianis), $!" , !"0 5()anities, in (niversities, 88 /uman -ature an )on uct .&e*ey0, BF9 ?"0 /uman Organi.ation!16B ?6F 7 B66 7 5()an rights, "6 n.16 5()e, &avid, B!6 5()phrey, 5( ert, 1B , $"! /unger of "emory .'odrig(e@0, $9" n.1 5(nter College, 1FF ?F" 5(rst, 4illard, B9 5(tchins, 'o ert Maynard: :agnon and, $19 :(sfield and, 109 , 11! , 11# 'ies)an and, FF , F" , F6 , "B , #1 n.!F 5(tter, Mark, 16! 5(8ley, 1ldo(s, 6 , 1#B , $$0 5yde Park 5igh 2chool, B!F , B!# , BB0 5y)an, 5er ert, #1 n.!1, ## , 90 , 9" , 96 , !F9 5y)es, &el, 16#

I
+BM, !BF n.$1 I )ame Out of the %ighteenth )entury .'ice0, $6 +deas, BF9 ?"0 +deology, 8vii , B"6 I eology an *topia .Mannhei)0, B!9 , BFF +kle, %red, BF0 n.11 +llinois. See Chicago- Park %orest- University of +llinois J+ll(sion iographiG(eJ .Bo(rdie(0, 8vii

Illusions of Authority! :(sfield and, 1$F +)agination, $1 religio(s, 1B! , 1BF , 1B" ?B#, 1B9 ?F1 +))igrants/+))igration: Bendi8 and, 88v , BF$ , BF! , BF" ?F#, B#F Bernard and, !$B ?$F, !B! nn.F,#:ans and, 88v , B!! , B!B ?!F, BBF ?B", BF1 n.$$:la@er and, 19F :reeley and, 1!! ?!F, 1!# 'osen l() and, $6# , $69 'ossi and, !1$ , !1B 'oth and, 88v , B01 +)perialis), 1)erican, 1B +)personality, rhetoric of, 8i8 ?88i +ndia: Cressey and, $F# :(sfield and, 1$0 , 1$1 ?$$, 1$B , 1$" Mar8 in, $#$ van den Berghe and, B$B +ndiana, $$# , $$6 +ndiana University, "$ , $$9 , $F6 +ndivid(alis), 1"1 ?"$, BBF , B#1 +nd(strial 4orkers of the 4orld .4o +n3(stice, $B0 ?BB, $## , !"0 +nkeles, 1le8, $"! , !06 +nstit(te for 1dvanced 2t(dy, Princeton, 1B ?1F +nstit(te for 2e8 'esearch, $$" ?!0, $!$ +nstit(te for 2ocial 'esearch, !9# +nstit(te of +nd(strial 'elations, 1"1 , B01 ?! +nstit(te of 9ife +ns(rance, !F9 +ns(rance la* cases, B0 , B$ +ntellect(ality: =pstein and, !F$ ?F!, !FB :ans and, B!6 lies0, $1B , $1#

:la@er and, 19B , 19" , $0$ 'ies)an and, $B , $F , $0$ 'osen l() and, $9$ van den Berghe and, B!0 4rong and, ! , " , 6 , 1$ , 1# , 19 J+ntellect(als and the &iscontented ClassesJ .:la@er _ 'ies)an0, $0$ +nternational, %ifth 2ocialist, B0$ +nternationalis), post*ar, "6 n.16 +nternational 9adies :ar)ent 4orkers Union .+9:4U0, 191 +nternational relations st(dies, 1B ?1F +nternational 2e)iotic 2t(dies 1ssociation, 166 +nternational 2ociological 1ssociation, !B" n.$B +nternational ,ypographical Union .+,U0, 60 , 6$ , 91 , 9F ?9", 99 ?100, 101 +nterpretive sociology, 8iv +nter(niversity Pro3ect on 9a or and =cono)ic &evelop)ent, B01 ?$ +nterventionis), F! , "6 n.16 Intro uction to "athematical Sociology .Cole)an0, 9B , 100 Intro uction to Sociology .%reyer0, !9# Iowa 0arm %conomist!$F# +o*a 2tate University, $F$ , $F! ?F" +ran, B$B +rish Catholics, 1B$ , 1B" ?B# +sher*ood, Christopher, " +solation, personal, 1F9 , 1"1 ?"$, B!0 . See also Marginality +solationis), international, 1F , B9 , F! +srael, $0! , $$! , B$9 , B!# , BB# , BF# +stan (l, 160 +talians, Catholic, 1!B , 1B$ +taly, !1" . See also M(ssolini, Benito +8il, B$! ?$B

,
JCack 1r)strong,J B!F Cackson, 5enry, !#"

Caco s, :lenn, 16$ Caffe, 9o(is, B! Cahoda, Marie, B9 Cako son, 'o)an, 1#6 Ca)es, 5enry, $19 Ca)es, 4illia), 6 , 106 , 1B! , 1BF , $"! Ca)es Monroe 5igh 2chool, 19! Canet, Pierre, !! Cano*it@, Morris, 106 , 1!9 , $!! , BF1 n.$" Capan, 1$1 , 1$$ , 1$B , $0F ?" 2apan Times!$0" Ceffers, 'o inson, " Cefferson, ,ho)as, !$F 7 B69 7 Cencks, Christopher, 1$0 , $0$ ?! Cenks, 1. =., !B! nn.F,# Cer(sale), B$9 Ces(its, B1! , B1" , B1# , B$0 Ce*ish %a)ily 2ervices, !#9 Ce*s/Ce*ishness, 88iii , 88iv ?88vBendi8 and, BFB , BFF ?F", BF6 , B"B Berger and, 1F! ?FB, 1F" , 1"$ Bernard and, !!F ?!", !B" n.$#, !B# nn.$6,!0at Col() ia, 61 Cressey and, $B9 =pstein and, 88iv , !F1 :agnon and, 88iii , $$1 ?$!:ans and, B!! , B!B , B!" , B!# , BB0 , BB" ?B#, BB9 ?F0nn.1,#, BF1 n.$B:la@er and, 88v , 191 ?9$, 19! , 19B ?9F, 196 , $01 , $0! , $0# :(sfield and, 10F , 10" , 106 , 111 , 11# , 116 'ies)an and, $! , $F ?$", B6 , $0! 'osen l() and, 88v , $6# , $69 'oth and, !6F ?6", !66 , B0F -

2ch*art@ and, 88iv , !"B 4rong and, # ?6. See also 1nti?2e)itis)- 5oloca(st- +srael- Uionis) Coad, C. =. M., 6 Cohn VV+++, Pope, 1!F Cohn 5ancock .ins(rance co)pany0, B0 , B$ Cohns 5opkins University, 1#6 , !09 Cohnson, =arl, B!9 Cohnson, 5e*lett, F Cohnson, 9yndon, B0B ?F Cohnson, 'o ert, BF1 n.$" Coint Center for Ur an 2t(dies of M+, and 5arvard, $"$ Co(rnalis): in (niversities, 88 . See also in ivi ual perio icals Coyce, Ca)es, " , $$0 Coy of Cooking, 1#B C(dais), $" , B!# , BB# , BF6. See also Ce*s/Ce*ishness C(dg)ent, reasoned, B#0 C(les?'osette, Bennetta, 166 C(liani, 'ichard, 16! C(ngvolk, !6" ?6# C(stice, !! ?!B

B
>afka, %ran@, 1! >ahn, 1lfred C., 19F >allen, 5orace M., B01 >a)inker, 2a)(el, B!# >a))erer, Pa(l, !!B >ansas City, "1 ?"$, #! ?#Bnn.B!,B" 'ansas )ity Star!#B n.B! >ansas 2tate University, "$ >ant, +))an(el, B!6 , BF# , BF9

>aplan, Cere)iah, 10$ >ardiner, 1 ra), 96 ?99 >[sler, &irk, !B# n.$# >at@, =lih(: Cole)an and, 6$ , 6" , 66 , 90 ?91, 9# :agnon and, $$F :reeley and, 1!" 'ies)an and, "! ?"B >at@, Mickey, BB9 n.# >ecske)eti, Pa(l, !FB >eller, 2(@anne, 61 >elly, 5arold, 6" >endall, Patricia, 61 , 6# , 90 , 9$ >ennan, :eorge %., 1B ?1F >ennedy, %lo, !F" >ennedy, Cohn %., 1!F , 1#F , $91 >ennedy, 'o ert %., $"! >enya, B$B >ephart, 4illia), !BB n.9 >erner Co))ission 'eport, $"$ >err, Clark, B0! >e(ka College, 116 >eynes, C. M., #1 n.!! >i (t@, B!# , BB# , BB6 'ings or $eople .Bendi80, B#B >insey, 1lfred, $$" ?!$ passi), !"B , !"F >ipling, '(dyard, $B , $"# >irchhei)er, Atto, B6 , B01 >irk, '(ssell, BB$ >issinger, 5enry, "F >itt, 1lice, 90 >ittredge, :eorge 9y)an, $# >leiner, Bo , 16F >leptocracy, B$B

>lintr(p, =li@a eth, F$ >l(ckhohn, Clyde, "0 , $"! , B16 >napp, 4hit)an, F0 >night, %rank, FF , B#F >nights of Col() (s, 1!9 , 1BB , 1B9 >no*ledge, !"1 , B!9 , B"6 ?"9, B#0 >oestler, 1rth(r, 11 >ollock, Peter, !#F >orean 4ar, 11# , 1#B >ornha(ser, 4illia), 1F# , 1"0 ?"1 >osinski, Cer@y, $6# >raca(er, 2iegfried, !6F , B01 >rassa, 9(cie, B6 >ristallnacht, !6F >ristol, +rving, $00 , $0F , $0# , $06 >roe er, 1lfred, 1#B >roe er 5all, 1#B ?#F >r(eger, Maynard, B!6 >(hn, ,ho)as, 8vii >(ndera, Milan, 16 >(ndsin, '(th B., !!$ >(per, 5ilda, B$$ >(per, 9eo, B$$

L
9a or )ove)ents: :er)an, B0$ ?!, BF" . See also Unions 9a ov, 4illia), 16# 9a rador, 'ies)an in, !F , "" n.F 7 B90 7 9acan, CacG(es, 1#6 La ies, /ome 2ournal!!B" n.$$, !60

9a :(ardia, %iorello, !66 9ange)arck, !6F 9anger, 2(@anne, !$ 9ang)(ir, 1le8ander, !0 9ang(age: Belgian pro le) *ith, B1! ?1BBendi8 and, 88v , BF9 Berger and, 1F9 in :la@erDs ho)e, 191 ?9$and MacCannellDs childrearing, 16" in 'osen l()Ds ho)e, $69 'oth and, 88v , !9! , B01 ?$. See also 9ing(istics- 2t(ttering Language .Bloo)field0, 19# Language .2apir0, 19# J9ang(age of Criticis) and the 2ciences of ManJ conference, 1#6 9ao?t@e, " 9a Piere, 'ichard, B16 9arsen, Alaf, 16B 9arsen, Atto, 1#0 , !#F 9asch, Christopher, BF1 n.$1 9aski, 5arold, B , !# 9assalle, %erdinand, B0$ 9ass*ell, 5arold &., F6 , F9 ?"0, #! n.!9, 6F , !FB 9atin 1)erica, B1# , B$1 , B$! ?$B, B$" ?$#, B$9 9a*: Bendi8 and, BF9 constit(tional, !! ?!B, B# , !!# Cressey and, $B1 =pstein and, !FB fe)inists and, !1# :(sfield and, 111 ?1$, 11! 'ies)an and, $$ , !! ?FB passi), "6 ?"9n.192ch*art@ and, !"6 , !#0

9a* =nforce)ent 1ssistance 1d)inistration, 16F , $"$ Law in %conomy an Society .4e er0, 11! 9a*rence, &. 5., " 9a* revie*s, !F , !" , "6 ?"9n.19, 11! 9a@arsfeld, Pa(l: Bendi8 and, B09 n.1FBernard and, !B" n.$FCole)an and, 8viii , #" ?9B passi), 96 , 99 ?100, 101 , 10$ :la@er and, 196 ?99'ies)an and, B9 , F9 9a@ar(s, =))a, !F$ 9eag(e of ;ations, ! , # 9eal, :il erto, 1#B 9e anon, B$B ?$F, B$9 9ect(ring, vs. disc(ssion, F# , #$ n.!# 9ederer, =)il, 99 9eft, political, 10" , 1F" , 1"$ , 19F , $6# ;e*, 1! . See also Co))(nis)- Mar8, >arl/Mar8is)- 2ocialis)- 2oviet Union 9eft?handedness, 1"# 9egal 'ealis), !B , !F ?!" 9eh)an, 5er ert, !66 9eiserson, 1very, BB0 9eis(re c(lt(res, BB! . See also ,aste c(lt(res 9enin/9eninis), B , " , 19F , !9F 9ennard, 5enry, !FF ?F" 9enski, :erhard, 1!6 9epsi(s, 'ainer, BF! Les "is8rables .5(go0, 1"9 9ever, Canet, !#1 ?#$, !#B 9evi, =d*ard 5irsch, 11$ 9evinson, &aniel, !9# 9Ivi?2tra(ss, Cla(de: :(sfield and, 1$! -

MacCannell and, 1#$ , 1#6 , 1#9 , 169 Mar8 and, $#6 van den Berghe and, B$0 , B$" , B$# 9evitto*n, BB! , BBB , BB# 9e*is, &avid, 11 9e*is, 5elen B., B01 9e*is, Cohn 9., !F 9e*is, 9loyd, B!" 9e*is, Ascar, $B6 9e*is, 2inclair, $9# n.1 9e@ak, +ris, BF1 n.$F 9i el la*, B6 9i eral Cl( , $6 Liberty! $B# 9i rary 3o s, 1FF , 1F9 , $$0 ?$1 9i rary of Congress, !B# n.!1 9ie erson, 2tanley, 1B6 ?B9, 1F0 9ife history data, 8iv . See also 1(to iographies- Biographies Life! B 9ife?span develop)ent, !0$ , !11 ?$0 9incoln, 1 raha), !$F 9incolnDs +nn, !B 9inden*ood College, !!0 ?!1 9indes)ith, 1lfred, $$# , $F6 9ing(istics, 1$! , 19# ?96 9inton, 'alph, F9 9in@, C(an, B0! 9ipset, 2ey)o(r Martin: Berger and, 1F# Cole)an and, #" ?6$ passi), 66 ?9F passi), 99 ?100, 101 , 10$ :agnon and, $$" ?$#:la@er and, 19" , $00 , $0B :(sfield and, 106 Mar8 and, $"! -

'oth and, B0$ 9iterary agents, !## ?#6 9iterary critics, BB$ , BB! , BBB , BBF , BB" 9ittle, Clarence Cook, $6 9le*ellyn, >arl, !F , !6 , B9 9ocke, Cohn, " 9oe , Martin, "$ 9oe*enthal, 'ichard, B0F 9oe*ith, >arl, B#1 J9ogic of discovery,J B"1 ?"$ 9ogic of proof, B"1 ?"$ 7 B91 7 9oh)an, Coseph $$F 9ondon, Cack, $B 9ondon 2chool of =cono)ics, B!# Lon on Sun ay Times!B$9 Lonely )row ! The .'ies)an _ :la@er0, "0 , #1 n.!1, $01 , $0# , BB1 , BB$ and 1)erican pop(lar c(lt(re, #$ n.!"colla oration process on, F9 , $0$ ?! 9ong Beach, California, $1F ?1", $16 , $19 9ong Beach Polytechnic 5igh 2chool, $19 Longitu inal +ata Analysis .Cole)an0, 9B Lor 2im! !"# Lor of the +ance .:reeley0, 1B# ?B6 9otka, 1. C., 9B 9ove: =pstein and, !F1 ?F$MacCannell, 1"" , 1## 'ossi and, !01 ?$ 9ove affairs: =psteinDs, !F# ?F6heterose8(al co)pared *ith ho)ose8(al, !#F ?#". See also Marriage.s0- 2e8

9ove3oy, 1lfred, 8vi 9o*ell, 1. 9a*rence, $9 , !0 , !1 , !! , F! 9o*enthal, 9eo, 1F# , 19" 9o*es, Cohn 9ivingston, $# 9oyola Univesity, 1!" 9(ce, &(ncan, 60 , 61 , 6" 9(ck, Patrick, 16! 9(ck)an, 2id, B!F 9(nd erg, :eorge, 1#0 , !!# , !B$ n.! 9(th(li, 1l ert, B$$ 9(8e) (rg, 'osa, 19F , !F$ 9ynd, 5elen, B9 , F0 , F! , "1 9ynd, 'o ert 2., B9 , F0 , "1 , ## , #6 , 61 , 90 9ynd, 2ta(ghton, "1 9yne, 4ood*orth, and =varts, B0 , B1 9ynes, '(ssell, BB1 , BB$ , BF0 n.6 9yons, ,ed, B!F 9ysenko, ,. &., !!B

M
Mac1rth(r, &o(glas, "9 n.$0 MacCannell, 1lice, 1"9 MacCannell, &aniel, 16! , 16" MacCannell, &ean, 8i , 88v , 1"F ?69 MacCannell, =arle 5., 1"F ?"" MacCannell, =)ily 1)elia 5(ghes, 1"" MacCannell, 5elen %rances Meski)en, 1"F ?"" MacCannell, Cason, 16" , 16# MacCannell, Cohn, 1"# MacCannell, 4illia), 1"# McCarran?4alter 1ct, !96 McCarthy, Coseph/McCarthyis), 1$0 , $0$ , !96 , B$9 McCl(re, Michael, 1F# Macco y, Michael, #B n.B#

McCready, 4illia), 1!9 , 1B$ Macdonald, &*ight, F , F! , 19F , BB$ Mc:ee, 2onny, 1#B Machiavelli, ;iccol`, " , 1F Machl(p, %rit@, BF Mac+ver, 'o ert, ## Mc9achlan .for)erly Mc9a(ghlin0, Ca)es 1ngell, !B , !" Mc9(re, :ordon, 1#B McMan(s, Bill, 1!# Mc;e)ar, P(inn, 96 McPhee, 4illia), 6$ , 6" , 9# Macrosocial 1cco(nting Pro3ect, 160 Madison, :ordon, 1#B "agic )up .:reeley0, 1B" , 1B# Magn(son, 4arren, !#" Magr(der, Calvert, Cr., !B "a4ority of the $eople .Mi)s0, B6 "aking It .Podhoret@0, $9" n.1 Malino*ski, Bronisla*, 1#$ Malra(8, 1ndrI, " , 1$ "an for /imself .%ro))0, B" JManifest and 9atent %(nctionsJ .Merton0, B!9 ?B0 Manifest &estiny, $# Mannhei), =rnst, "$ Mannhei), >arl: Bendi8 and, BFF , BF9 , B"# , B"6 Berger and, 8iii Bernard and, !B" n.$#Cole)an and, 99 :ans and, B!9 :(sfield and, 11! 'oth and, !9# "an,s /ope .Malra(80, 1$ Man(el, %rank, 8vi

MaG(et, CacG(es, B1F Marc(s, 2teven, $!0 Marc(se, 5er ert, 1" , 19" , B00 , B01 Marginality: BergerDs, 1F# , 1F6 , 1F9 , 1"$ , 1"! , 1"B BernardDs, !!1 :ansDs, B!! , B!# ?!6, BB6 :reeleyDs, 1!! , 1B0 , 1B$ , 1B9 Mar8Ds, $#6 'osen l() on, $9B 'othDs, B0" of sociologists, 1!! Marianas +slands, $F# ?F6 Marin, 9o(is, 166 Marines, Berger in, 1FF , 1F9 , 1"$ Market researchers, "1 , 60 Marriage.s0: BergerDs, 1F# , 1"1 BernardDs, !$6 ?$9CresseyDs, $F1 , $F6 =pstein and, !F1 ?F$, !FB ?FF, !F6 , !"1 :agnonDs, $$$ , $$F , $$" , $!B :ansDs, BB6 MacCannellDs, 1"" , 1#B 'ies)anDs, B1 'ossiDs, !0# ?62ch*art@Ds, !#B , !60 van den BergheDs, B19 4rongDs, 1! , 1" ?1# MarthaDs Eineyard, $"! , $"" Martin, Clyde, $$6 7 B9$ 7 Mar8, :ary ,., 8i , 88iv , $"0 ?6B

Mar8, >arl/Mar8is): Bendi8 and, BFF ?"0 passi), B"# , B"6 , B#1 , B#$ Berger and, 1"$ =pstein and, !B1 , !FB :ans and, B!6 :la@er and, 19" :(sfield and, 11! MacCannell and, 1#! , 16$ :ary Mar8 and, $#6 , $6$ n.1Fneo?, 1"$ 'ies)an and, BF ?B", #1 n.!!, #! n.B1'oth and, !9" 4rong and, B , F , " , 19 . See also Co))(nis) Mar8, 9eo, $6$ n.1F "ary "yth .:reeley0, 1BB , 1B" JMasc(lin et %I)inineJ .2ch*art@ _ 9ever0, !#$ Mason, =d*ard, FB Massach(setts, $1# , $19 , $"0 , !10 . See also Boston- Ca) ridge, Mass. Mathe)atical sociology, 6" , 9! ?9B. See also 2tatistics "athematical Thinking in the Social Sciences .9a@arsfeld0, 6" , 9! Mathe)atics, !!1 , !BF n.16. See also Mathe)atical sociology Matos Mar, CosI, B$" Mattick, 5ans, $$" Mat(rational effects: =pstein and, !"$ 'ossi and, 88v , !1# , !$0 Ma(ss, Marcel, 1#$ Ma8*ell, 'o ert, 1## , 16$ Mayhe*, Br(ce, 16# Maynard?2)ith, Cohn, B$6 Mayo, =lton, !! Mayr, =rnst, B$6 Mead, :eorge 5er ert, 9" , 11F , !FB

Mead, Margaret, 10 , F0 , "6 n.1#, 1#0 , 16$ , $0# Meas(re)ent, !!1 , !BF nn.1",1#,16. See also Mathe)atics "e ical Innovation .Men@el, >at@, _ Cole)an0, 9# "e icine in "o ern Society .'ies)an0, $! Mediocrity, B!0 Meer, %ati)a, B$$ Meikle3ohn, 1le8ander, $6 , !$ Meikle3ohn, &onald, !$ , #$ nn.!",!# Meillasso(8, Cla(de, B$0 Meinecke, %riedrich, !9F Mel)an, 2ey)o(r, 19B JMe)oir of My %atherJ .Bendi80, BF! Men: =pstein and, !F! , !F# ?F9life?span develop)ent of, !$0 2ch*art@ and, !#0 ?#1, !#! after 4orld 4ar +, !$# . See also Marriage.s0- 2e8 JMen of :ood 4illJ .'o)ains0, 6 Mennonites, B#F Menopa(se, !09 "enorah 2ournal!$00 Men@el, 5er ert, 60 , 6$ , 6# , 9# Mercier, Pa(l, B$0 Merson, %rankie, 116 ?19 Merton, 'o ert >.: Bernard and, !!0 Cole)an and, #" ?9! passi), 96 , 101 , 10$ =pstein and, !FB , !F" , !"0 :ans and, B!9 ?B0, BB9 n.B, BF0 n.11:la@er and, 196 ?99:(sfield and, 119 Mar8 and, $#6 4rong and, 11 ?1$, 1!

Meski)en, %rances, 1"" ?"# Meski)en, 'oss, 1"# JMetaphysics of Pop(lar C(lt(reJ .:ans0, BB$ Methodology: Bendi8 and, B"$ , B"" , B"# , B"9 , B#0 Berger and, 8iv :ans and, B!0 ?!1, B!! MItra(8, 1lfred, B$" Metropolitan 9ife ins(rance co)pany, B0 , B$ Me8ico, B1# , B$1 Meyer, 1lfred :regory, 1!F ?!", 1!6 , 1!9 Meyer, :erhard, FB , F# Meyersohn, 'olf, "! ?"B, 6$ Meyerson, Margy, "1 , BB$ Meyerson, Martin, "1 , 11$ , BB$ ?B!, BF1 n.$0 Michels, 'o ert, 99 , 11F Michener, Ca)es, $1" Middle age, 'ossi and, !06 ?10, !19 ?$0 Middle class: Bendi8 and, 88v , B"0 Berger and, 1F6 ?F9Catholic, 1!B ?!F, 1B# Cressey and, $B6 ?B9, $F$ =pstein and, 88iv , !F0 , !F1 :agnon and, $$0 ?$1:ans and, B!B , B!F , BB! , BBB 'osen l() and, $90 'oth and, 88v , !6# , !66 2ch*art@ and, 88iv , !"B van den Berghe and, B10 ?11 "i letown .9ynd _ 9ynd0, B9 , "1 , 90 Mid*est, 1$$ Mid*estern 2ociological 1ssociation, $F6 Mikoyan, 1nastas, 11

Miller, 5enry, 6 Miller, Ci), 1F1 Millet, >ate, !F" Millikan, Ma8, "0 Mills, C. 4right: Berger and, 1F$ Cole)an and, ## , 60 , 66 , 99 :la@er and, 199 , $0$ :(sfield and, 10B , 11$ Mar8 and, $#6 'ies)an and, F9 , #! n.B0'ossi and, !01 4rong and, 1! , 1" , 1# 7 B9! 7 Milton, Cohn, $$0 Mi)s, =d*in, B6 Mi)s, 5elen, #$ n.!6 Minneapolis, !$! , !$B ?$" "inneapolis 2ournal!!$! , !B$ n.1 Minnesota, $!# ?F$, !$! , !$B ?$6, !B! n.F. See also University of Minnesota "is8rables! Les .5(go0, 1"9 M+, .Massach(setts +nstit(te of ,echnology0, 88 , 11# , $"F ?"", $#" , $## Miya)oto, %rank, B$" "oby +ick! $1" Moderni@ation theory, 1$1 , B0$ "on e! Le! B$9 Monk, ,helonio(s, $91 Monroe, &octrine, $# Montgo)ery, B. 9., !91 Moodley, >ogila, B$$ Moore, Barrington, B16 "oral 2u gment of the )hil .Piaget0, F# "ore $erfect *nion .2ch*art@0, !60

Morgan, 1rth(r, $" Morgen esser, 2idney, 100 Morgentha(, 5ans, 1F "orning 2ournal!191 Morris, =d*ard, 1## Morss, 2(san B(ck, 166 MoryDs, 88vi , !"9 Mosteller, %rederick, B16 Mothers: Bendi8Ds, BFB ?FF, BF# , BF6 BergerDs, 1F! , 1F6 ?F9BernardDs, !$" , !$9 CresseyDs, $!9 ?B0, $B$ , $BF , $B# , $F1 =psteinDs, !F0 ?F1, !F$ , !F! :agnonDs, $1B ?1F, $1# ?16:ansDs, B!B , B!F , BB9 n.1:la@erDs, 191 ?9$MacCannellDs, 1"F ?"", 1"6 , 1"9 'ies)anDs, 8vii , $$ , $! , $B ?$F, $6 , BF , B" , "F n.1'osen l()Ds, $6# ?69'ossiDs, !0B , !0F ?", !1$ ?1!, !19 'othDs, !6B , !69 , !90 ?91, !9$ , B0" n.12ch*art@Ds, !"B ?"F, !"" van den BergheDs, B1$ ?1!, B1# Motivation, !F! Movies, B!F , BB! Moynihan, &aniel Patrick, 1!9 , $0B ?F, $0" , $"! M(eller, Cohn, $F6 M(rdock, :eorge, F9 M(rphy, Mary =))a, $1B M(rray, 5enry 1., $9 M(sic: Berger and, 1FF , 1F9 , 1"$ Cressey and, $B0 -

:agnon and, $$1 :ans and, B!F , BB1 'ies)an and, $B 'osen l() and, $6F , $6" ?6#, $91 M(ssolini, Benito, " , B6 , "6 n.16 Myrdal, :(nnar, F# , $$0 Mysticis), 6 , 1B! Myths, of *o)en, !FF

N
;ader, 'alph, $0F ;agasaki, F! ;agel, 1lan, 1## ;agel, =rnest, 66 , 9! , 9B , 9" , 96 -ation!F , 1"1 ;ational 1dvisory Co))ission on Civil &isorders, $"1 -ational %n:uirer!B$9 ;ational +nstit(te of Mental 5ealth, $!! , B$" ;ationalis), $6 ;ational Apinion 'esearch Center .;A'C0: :reeley and, 88vi , 1!" ?F1 passi)'ies)an and, FF , F9 , #1 n.!12i)on at, $!0 ;ational Argani@ation for 4o)en .;A40, !09 , !F" ;ational 2cience %o(ndation .;2%0, !B# n.$9, !#" ;ational <o(th 1d)inistration .;<10, $F! -ation(1uil ing an )iti.enship .Bendi80, B#B ;a@is: Bendi8 and, BF$ , BF" , B"1 , B"! , B"B , B"9 Bernard and, !!! , !!B ?!#, !B" ?B#nn.$#,$6:ans and, B!B , B!" , B!# , BBF ?B", BF1 n.$$:la@er and, 19F 'osen l() and, $69 'oth and, !6! ?9# passi), B0$ ?!, B0B ?F, B0" , B0# nn.!,B, B06 n.6, B09 n.1#.

See also 5itler, 1dolf- 5oloca(st ;BC, B , !#9 ;ellis, Bar ara, !## ;elson, Ben3a)in, 11$ , 11! , B00 , B0B ;elson, 4illie, $#9 ;es it, 9ynn, !## ?#6 ;ess, :ayl, B0! ;e( Beginnen, BF" , B"0 ;e(garten, Bernice 9., "1 , !1# ;e()ann, %ran@, B9 -ew 1elief in the )ommon "an .%riedrich0, !# ;e* (ryport, !! , "1 , BB# ;e* Critics, 8v ;e* &eal: Cressey and, $BF :(sfield and, 111 'ies)an and, !F , !9 , B! , BB , B# , B9 ;e* &e)ocratic Party, 11 -ew International!F , 19F -ew Lea er! 1! , 19" ;e* 9eft, 1! ;e*)an, Pa(l, $6$ n.1F -ew &a ical &ight!$0$ 7 B9B 7 -ew &epublic! F ;e* 2chool for 2ocial 'esearch, 1# , B" , 199 , !FF ?F", B01 ;e*s )edia, BBB ?BF -ew Statesman!F ;e*ton, +ssac, B"6 -ew Woman! !60 ;e* <ork City: Berger and, 1F! ?F", 1F6 , 1"1 Bernard and, !$" -

Col() ia sociology grad(ates fro), 61 =pstein in, 88iv , !F0 ?FB, !FF ?F":la@er and, 88v , 191 ?9#, 196 ?$01, $0B , $0# 'osen l() in, 88v , $6F ?9$4rong in, 88v , 11 , 1$ ?1!, 1" ?1#, 19 . See also City University of ;e* <ork- Col() ia University -ew 6ork $ost!$0F ;e* <ork Post %o(ndation, $0F -ew 6ork Times!B , 1"1 , !#9 -ew 6ork Times "aga.ine!8iii , 1F1 ;e* <ork University, 1! , 1# ;icholson, Mar3orie, !$F ;ie, ;or)an, 1B" ;ieh(is, +r)gard, B19 ;iet@sche, %riedrich, BF6 , B"6 ;igeria, B$B , B$F AFHB .Ar*ell0, !9# ;is et, 'o ert, 6B ?6F, 1F# ;o el Pri@e, $FB ;olan, Patrick, 16$ -on(minority .ter)0, 19B ?9F J;or)al science,J 8vii ;or)an, &orothy, B9 ;orth, Aliver, "9 n.$0 ;orth*estern University, $9$ ;or*egian i))igrants, !B! n.F ;ovels: Bernard and, !$! , !B$ n.$:reeleyDs, 1!! , 1!9 , 1B1 ?B$, 1B" ?B6, 1F0 ?F1 -ovum Organum .Bacon0, B"6 ;(clear ar)s: Bernard and, !!6 , !B" n.$!:la@er and, $0! :reeley and, 1B0 ?B1, 1BF -

MacCannell and, 1"# 'ies)an and, "" n.", "# n.11, "6 n.16, $0! 'oth and, !9"

O
Aakland, California, !19 A erlin College, B!" A sc(rity, $01 AD&ea, ,ho)as, 1!# Oe ipus &e#!!"# Affice of 4ar +nfor)ation, "" n." Ag (rn, 4illia), $16 Ahio, 91 Ahio 2tate University, !96 , B00 ?B01 AD>eeffe, :eorgia, !10 Alson, 9a*rence, $BF One 0lew over the )uckoo,s -est!1FB Apen?ad)issions policy, $F! Apinion. See ;ational Apinion 'esearch Center- P( lic opinion Appenhei)er, %ran@, !B" ?B#n.$#, !9B Appenhei)er, C. 'o ert, 1F Or eal of )ivility .C(ddihy0, 88iii JAregon erry o8J case, !9 Organi.ational Weapon .2el@nick0, 99 Argas), fe)ale, !BB n.1F Origins of American Sociology .Bernard _ Bernard0, !!B , !B! n.6 Arlans, 5arold, 19F Arlove, Ben, B$" Arlovsky, Peter, $!$ Artega y :asset, CosI, 8iii , BB$ Ar*ell, :eorge, 11 , !9# , B#F Ather directed, vs. conscience directed, F9 Other 5ictorians .Marc(s0, $!0 Atta*a, Canada, #

Atto, '(dolph, 1BF Aversi)plification, 88 JAversociali@ed Conception of Man in Modern 2ociologyJ .4rong0, 1" , 10# A*en, Mary Bess, $F6 A8ford, 1# , !$

%
$acific States 1o# an 1asket )ompany v. White!!9 Pacifis): of MacCannell, 1"9 of 'ies)an, "" n.#, "6 n.16 Pain, 88ii , $!" $ainte 1ir .>osinski0, $6# Painting, !10 Palacios, C(lia, 166 Palestine, "# n.11, 19B ?9F, $$! , BF" ?F# Panel Pro3ect, 9B , 99 ?100 Paper acks, $01 ?$, $0! JPaper*ork,J :(sfield and, 1$! ?$B, 1$" Parents: Bendi8Ds, BF" ?F#BernardDs, !$B :ansDs, B!" , BB" , BB6 'ies)anDs, $$ ?$", $6 'ossi and, !1$ , !16 ?192ch*art@Ds, !"B . See also %athers- Mothers Paris, 1#9 ?60, 16! , B$0 , B$$ Park, 'o ert =., 6# , 11F , $#6 , !$6 , B"0 ?"1 Park College, "$ Park %orest, +llinois, B!9 , BB$ , BB# Parsons, ,alcott, 1"1 Bendi8 and, B#F Cole)an and, #9 , 6! , 69 , 9! -

:reeley and, 1BF MacCannell and, 1#" , 1## Mar8 and, $"! 'ies)an and, "0 7 B9F 7 van den Berghe and, B16 , B$0 , B$1 4rong and, 10 ?11 $artisan &eview: :la@er and, 19F , 196 , $00 , $0$ 'ies)an and, B9 , $0$ 4rong and, F , 11 , 1$ , 1# Passions, BF9 ?"0 Path analysis, 9$ Paton, 1lan, B$$ Patterson, Arlando, 1B$ Patton, :. 2., Cr., !91 , !9$ Pa(l, 2aint, 190 Peace Corps, $0" Pearson, 9ester, 1B Peckha), Morse, $!0 Pedrero, &aniel, 166 Peer certification, !"9 ?#0 Peirce, Charles, 1#$ , 1#9 Peng(in, $01 , $0! Penn 2tate, !BF n.16 $enthouse! B$9 Perfor)ance, sports and, 1F9 Period effects, 88v , !1B ?1#, !16 Perkins, Ma8*ell, !#6 Perro*, Charles, B0! Perry, 5elen 2*ick, #! n.!9 $ersonal Influence .>at@ _ 9a@arsfeld0, 6$ , 66 , 90 ?91 Per(, B$" , B$9

Peterson, 4arren, "$ Pettigre*, ,ho)as, B$1 Pfa(t@, 5arold, 9" Pfi@er co)pany, 10$ Phelan, 1nna 5el)holt@, !$F Philadelphia, $! ?$B, $" , !1 Philadelphia 2y)phony Archestra, $B Phillips Brooks 5o(se, !B ?!F Philose)itic o(tlook, 88iii , # Philosophy, 6 , !$ $hilosophy of "oney .2i))el0, !9# Photographic aesthetics, $6" , $9$ Physical e8a), :agnonDs, $19 ?$0 Piaget, Cean, FF , F# Pilis(k, Marc, 169 Pills (ry Mills, $F$ Plato, !$ , B!6 , BB0 , BB9 n.F $layboy! B$9 Podhoret@, ;or)an, 1! , $9" n.1 PoincarI, 5enri, B!1 Poinde8ter, Cohn, "9 n.$0 Polanyi, Michael, 1B" Policy: :ans and, B!$ , B!! , B!9 , BB! , BBB :la@er and, $0# , $06 Mar8 and, $#$ ?#! Polish i))igrants, 1!B , $6# Politics: Bendi8 and, BFF , BF" , B"1 Berger and, 1FF ?F#, 1F9 :ans and, B!6 , BBB :(sfield and, 10" , 11" MacCannell and, 1#F ?#"'oth and, !6B , !6F , !6" , !9$ ?9!, !9B , !9F , !9" , !96 , !99 ?B00, B0! -

van den Berghe and, B$0 *o)en and, !1# .see also %e)inists/%e)inis)04rong and, B ?F, " , # , 11 . See also %ascis)- 9eft, political- ;a@is- 'ep( lican party- 2t(dent )ove)ents $olitics! F , F! , 19F , 196 Pollock, %riedrich, !9# , B09 n.11 Po)eroy, 4ardell, $$" , $$6 Pool, +thiel, 11# Popper, >arl, B"# Pop(lar c(lt(re, 1)erican: :ans and, 88v , B!$ , B!! , B!B , B!F , BB0 ?B" passi)'ies)an and, #$ n.!" $opular )ulture an /igh )ulture .:ans0, B!$ ?!!, BBB Pop(lis), BBF , BF1 n.$0 Portland, Aregon, !#B $ortrait of the Artist as a 6oung "an .Coyce0, $1# JPositive =ffects of the M(ltiple ;egativeJ .=pstein0, !"1 Positivis): Bendi8 and, B"1 ?"$Berger and, 8i8 Bernard and, !!1 , !!# Cole)an and, 9! 'oth and, !99 , B0B van den Berghe and, B$! JPossession and the 9a* of %indersJ .'ies)an0, BB Poststr(ct(ralists, 8v Po(nd, 'oscoe, $9 , !6 Poverty, 88iii , 88iv , 88v Berger and, 1F! ?FB, 1F6 Cressey and, 88iv , $B! , $BB , $BF , $B6 ?B9:agnon and, 88iv , $1F , $16 ?$0:ans and, BBB , BB6 :la@er and, 88v , 19$ :(sfield and, 111 , 11B ?1F-

MacCannell and, 1"9 , 1#! , 16B , 16F 'osen l() and, 88v , $66 ?69'ossi and, !1B 4ar on, $0" , BBB Po*ell, ,ho)as 'eed, !B Prag)atis), B01 Pratt +nstit(te, $9$ Pre3(dice, See 'acis)- 2e8is) Prentiss, &(rkee, $!F ?!" Presence, of theorist in te8t, 8iv , 8v $resent at the )reation .1cheson0, 1B Presidents, U.2.: staff )e) er a(to iography and )e)oir, 8viii . See also =lections, presidential- in ivi ual presi ents Pre*itt, >enneth 9., 1!! Priesthood, 1!! ?!B, 1B# , 1F0 , 1F1 Pri)ov, :eorge, B$9 Princeton, 1! , 1B ?1F 7 B9" 7 $rinciples of )riminology .2(therland0, $F" Pro a ility, $FF Process, 9! ?9B, !F9 $rocess an &eality .4hitehead0, 9 ?10 Professionalis): rhetoric of i)personality in, 8i8 ?88itastes *ithin, 88ii $rofessional Thief .2(therland0, $F" Prohi ition, 10F , 11" , $BB $rotest an $re4u ice .Mar80, $"1 , $"! $rotestant %thic an the Spirit of )apitalism .4e er0, 11! , $B6 Pro8)ire, 4illia), !#" , B$9 ?!0 Pr(itt, >en, 1B# Pr(rient interest, 8viii

Psychic e8periences, 1B! Psychoanalysis: Cressey and, $!F ?!", $B0 :la@er and, 19" , $0# 'ies)an and, BF ?B", B# , FB ?FF4rong and, 9. See also %re(d, 2ig)(nd Psychological Clinic, M(rrayDs, $9 $sychological 0rontiers of Society .>ardiner0, 96 ?99 Psychology: Bendi8 and, BF9 ?"0:agnon and, $$! ?$F, $!1 , $!! ?!B:la@er and, $0# 'oth and, B01 social, 10B , $0# , BF9 ?"0. See also Psychoanalysis $ublic Interest!1"1 , $06 P( lic opinion: :ans and, BB0 'ies)an and, $6 , !6 , B6 ?B9, FF , F9 , "1 . See also ;ational Apinion 'esearch Center $ublic Opinion <uarterly!"1 P( lic policy. See Policy P( lishing ind(stry, $01 ?$, $0! ?B, $0" , $06 , !#" ?#6. See also in ivi ual publications P(erto 'ico, 1#6 $unishment an Social Structure .>irchhei)er0, B6

C
<ualitative Analysis .9a@arsfeld0, 6# , 69 P(incy 5o(se, "F

'a an, Meir, 19F ?9" 'ace relations, $9" n.1:ans and, BB6 -

Mar8 and, $"1 , $#$ , $6$ ?6!n.16'ossi and, !0B ?F, !1F van den Berghe and, B1" , B1# , B$0 ?$1, B$$ , B$F ?$". See also Civil?rights )ove)ent- =thnicity- 'acis) 'acing, 1#1 ?#$ 'acis): Bendi8 and, B"1 :agnon and, $!1 MacCannell and, 1"" van den Berghe and, 88vi , B1" , B1# , B$F ?$". See also 1nti?2e)itis)- Blacks 'adcliffe?Bro*n, 1. '., 10 'adio %rankf(rt, !9! ?9B 'adio serials, B!F 'aiffa, 5o*ard, 61 , 9" , 100 'ando) 5o(se, $0" , $06 'anke, 9eopold von, 19 'apkin, Chester, 19F , 19" 'apoport, 1natol, 9B 'ashevsky, ;icolas, 6F ?6", 9! , 9B , 100 'a(schen (sh, =sther, F! 'avage, M. =., !B$ n.B 'eader, :eorge, 61 'eagan, 'onald, 1$F , 1F0 , !#9 , B!0 'eality: sense of, 16 ?$0social, B00 'ear)a)ent, :er)an, !9" , !96 &eason an &evolution .Marc(se0, B00 'eckless, 4alter, 11B &e book! !60 'edfield, Ca)es, 11! 'edfield, 'o ert, F# 'eece Congressional Co))ittee, !B# n.$9

'eed College, F! 'eference?gro(p theory, !1B 'eichstein, >enneth, 16! 'einforce)ent, $F# , !F9 'eiss, 1l ert, 11F 'elationis), B!9 , BB0 'elationships, !"! ?90. See also Co(rtship- %a)ily- 9ove affairs- 2e8- 2isterhood 'elativis), c(lt(ral: :ans and, B!! , B!9 , BB0 , BB$ , BB! , BBF , BB# ?B6van den Berghe and, B1B , B1" , B$" 'eligion: Bendi8 and, BFF :ans and, B!" ?!#, BB" ?B#, BF1 n.$B'ies)an and, $" sociology of, 1!! , 1!B , 1!9 ?F1. See also 1gnosticis)- Christianity- C(dais) &eligion .:reeley0, 1BB ?BF, 1B" &eligious )hange in America .:reeley0, 1BB 'e)arG(e, =rich Maria, !6F &emembering the Answers .:la@er0, $0# 'ent control, #0 n.$" &eporter! $0F 'epression, 16! ?6B 'ep( lican party, 1B , !$B , B$0 'esistance, 1#! 'evol(tion: 1v(kah and, 19F , 19" Mar8 and, B"6 st(dent?*orker, 160 'heinstein, Ma8, 11! , !96 'hodes 2cholarship, !$ 'hyth)s, 1F9 'ice, Cohn 1ndre*, $6 'ichler, Mordechai, $69

'ieff, Phillip, 11$ , $$0 7 B9# 7 'ies)an, &avid, 8i , 8vii , 88iii , 88vii , $$ ?#B, 66 :agnon and, $$0 :ans and, B!! , BB1 ?B$, BB! ?BB, BB" :la@er and, 88v , F6 ?F9, #1 n.!1, $01 , $0$ ?!, $0# :reeley and, 1!F :(sfield and, 11$ , 1$0 , 1$B Mar8 and, $"! , $60 n.B 'ies)an, Cohn Penrose, $B 'ie@ler, >(rt, BF0 n.9 'iley, Matilda, 88ii 'i) a(d, 1rth(r, $6F 'i)sky?>orsakov, ;. 1., B!F J'ise and 1cceptance of :er)an 2ociologyJ .Bendi80, B"$ ?"! 'ist, 'ay, "! 'it(al solidarity, 1"! 'ockefeller %o(ndation, B$B 'ockh(rst College, "$ 'odell, %red, B9 'od)an, 2elden, B9 'odrig(e@, 'ichard, $9" n.1 'ogoff, ;atalie, 60 'ole )odels, !F$ , !F! 'ollins College, $6 'o)ains, C(les, " , 6 'o)ans, $"6 'o)anticis), $# ?$6 &omeo an 2uliet .2hakespeare0, 1!" 'oosevelt, %ranklin &., !$ , #0 n.$$, 191 , !66 'oosevelt, ,heodore, !$B 'osen erg, 5arold, BF0 n.10 'osen erg case, 116 , 1$0

'osen latt, Pa(l, 1B9 'osen l(), Bar ara, 8i , 88iv , 88v , $6F ?9# 'osenstock?5(essy, =(gen, !# 'osenthal, =rich, BF0 n.# 'osen*ald, C(li(s, BB9 n.1 'oss, =. 1., !B$ ?B!n.F, !BF n.1# 'ossi, 1lice 2., 8i , 88v , "B , !01 ?$$ 'ossi, Peter, "B , 61 , 1!6 , 1B" , 1B# , $$F 'oss)an, Mike, 1#B 'osto*, =(gene E., F6 , F9 ?"0 'oth, :(enther, 8i , 88v , 88vi , !6! ?B09 'o(ssea(, Cean?CacG(es, $6 'o*e, Ca)es 5enry, Cr., !$ , !B , !F , !9 'oyal 1ir %orce .'1%0, !69 ?90 '( enstein, 1l ert, 99 '( in, Cerry, !#! &ules of Sociological "etho .&(rkhei)0, 1#! '(ral sociology, 1#" , 1#6 ?#9, $F" ?F# '(sk, &ean, 1#B '(ssell, Bertrand, 6 '(ssell 2age %o(ndation, !09 , !"1 '(ssia. See 2oviet Union '(ssian sy)phonies, $6# '(ssian *riters, " '(tgers University, 1! , 16F 'yan, Bryce, $FB ?FF, $F# , $F6

!
2t. CohnDs College, 1nnapolis, Maryland, F" , #1 n.!! 2aint?2i)on, C. 5., 8vi 2alo)on, 1l ert, 199 , B01 2alve)ini, :aetano, !# 2a)(elson, Pa(l, #! n.!6 2and (rg, Carl, 10F

2an &iego 2tate University, 1#$ , 1#! 2and(sky, Ahio, 91 2anford, '. ;evitt, !9# 2an %rancisco, 1F# , 16F , B$! 2an %rancisco 1rt +nstit(te, $9$ 2apir, =d*ard, 19# 2arah 9a*rence College, F0 , F! 2aroyan, 4illia), " 2arrel, 9orna, !#$ 2arrel, Philip, !#$ 2arton, May, !10 2artre, Cean?Pa(l, 1#! Satur ay %vening $ost , $B# 2avage, 'ichard, 9B Savage "in .9Ivi?2tra(ss0, 1$! 2candinavia, $#$ , !$B , !B! n.F 2chachtel, =rnst, B" , F9 2cheler, Ma8, 99 , !9# 2chelling, ,ho)as, #$ n.!6 2cherr, Ma8, 1F# 2chiffrin, &e orah, 16$ 2chlesinger, 1rth(r, 2r., $# 2ch)id, Calvin, 1"9 2ch)idt, 5el)(t, B06 n.10 2chneider, 9o(is, !0" 2chools. See =d(cation 2chopenha(er, 1rth(r, 6 2chrag, Clarence, 1#0 ?#1 2ch(essler, >arl, $F6 2ch(l erg, B. P., B 2ch(l erg, B(dd, B 2ch(l erg, 2t(art, B 2ch(lt@, ,heodore, $FB 2ch()peter, Coseph, "0 , 11!

2ch(t@, 1lfred, 199 , $01 2ch(t@staffel .220, 106 2ch*art@, Pepper, 8ii , 88iv ?88v, 88vi , !"! ?60, B!0 2cience: art vs., 1B" , 1F$ Bernard and, !!! ?!6and ethics, !!# ?!6i)personality in, 88 ?88iJnor)al,J 8vii in (niversities, 88 2cience fiction, $1" 2cience 'esearch 1ssociates, !FF 7 B96 7 2&2 .2ocialist 2t(dent %ederation0, !9# , B0$ , B0F 2eale, Bo y, !#! 2ears 'o (ck, B!B ?!F, BB# , BB9 n.1 2ea 2co(ts, $B9 2eattle, B$! . See also University of 4ashington 2e eok, Cean, 166 2e eok, ,ho)as 1dolf, 16B , 166 2ec(lari@ation hypothesis, 1B! ?BB 2eeger, Pete, 1#B 2eekers, !$# , !$6 2elf?c(ltivation, BF6 2elf?do( t, BF# ?F6 2elvin, 5anan, 60 , 61 , 6" 2el@nick, Philip: Berger and, 1F# , 1"0 Cole)an and, 61 , 90 , 99 :la@er and, 19" , $00 2e)inary, Catholic, 1!! ?!B Semiotica , 16B 2e)iotics, 1#9 , 16$ , 166

2ennett, 'ichard, $9B 2erkin, '(dolf, !# 2ettle)ent ho(ses, "" n.# 2e*ing, !10 2e8, 88ii Bendi8 and, BF# Berger and, 1FB , 1F# , 1"0 Bernard and, !BB n.1F:agnon and, $$" ?!1, $!$ , $!! ?!Bin :reeleyDs novels, 1F0 , 1F1 MacCannell and, 1#1 research, $$" ?!1, $!$ 'ossi and, !0# 2ch*art@ and, !"B ?"F, !#$ , !#F ?##and st(ttering, 1FB . See also :ender- 5eterose8(al co(ples- 5o)ose8(ality- Marriage.s0- 2e8is) Se# at 6ale .2ch*art@ et al.0, !#$ Se# 3ame .Bernard0, !!1 2e8is): Bernard and, !!9 ?B0=pstein and, !F# 'ossi and, !06 ?9, !1" 2ch*art@ and, 88vi , !"6 ?#1 Se# Offen er .:agnon0, $$6 Se#ual )on uct .:agnon _ 2i)on0, $!1 2hady 9ane, $"! 2hafer, +ngrid, 1B# 2hakespeare, 4illia), 1!" 2hapiro, Meyer, 6# , 199 2haron, 1riel, B6 2harp, :ene, "6 n.16 2harp, Malcol), 11$ 2harper, Phillip, 1!F 2ha*, Clifford, $$F

2ha*, :eorge Bernard, B , $61 n.1B 2hea, %rancis, B! 2hea, Cohn, 1BB , 1BF , 1B" 2heatsley, Pa(l, #1 n.!1 2heldon, =leanor, !!0 2hepher, Coseph, B$9 2her)an, 1llan, BB9 n.# 2hils, =d*ard, 88vii , FB , #1 n.!$, 106 , 11! , BF0 2iegel, 2idney, !BF n.16 2iep)ann, Charles, !6 2ign, MacCannell and, 1#6 , 16# ?66 2ilone, +gna@io, " 2ilver)an, Phillip, 1## 2i))el, :eorg, 1"$ , 1#$ , 16$ , !9# , B"0 ?"1, B"! 2i)on, 5er ert, #$ ?#!n.!6, 9B , 10$ ?!, $!$ 2i)on, ;eil, $"# 2i)on, 4illia), $$" , $$6 , $!0 ?!1, $!! 2inger, Milton, FB ?FF, F# , F6 , 11$ , 11! 2irota, Bar ara, 1## Sister )arrie .&reiser0, $9# n.1 2isterhood: Bernard and, !!9 'ossi and, !1$ ?1!, !1F 2ch*art@ and, !#1 . See also %e)inists/%e)inis) 2kinner, B. %., $F# 2kinner o8es, $$B Skin of Our Teeth .4ilder0, B06 n.6 2kocpol, ,heda, $60 n.# 2kolnick, 1rth(r, !60 2lander la*, B6 2l()s, 1#0 2)elser, ;eil, 1F# 2)ith, 1da), 9"

2)ith, 1l, 116 , !0B 2)ith, 5arvey 9., BF1 n.$" 2)ith, Cake, $BF ?B", $B# , $B6 , $F0 , $FF 2)ith, M. Bre*ster, "0 2)ith College, $0B 2)ooha, 2a))y, B$9 2)ythe, =laine, $F1 , $F$ 2nedecor, :eorge 4., $FF 2no*, C. P., B!1 2nyder, :ary, 1F# 2ocial activis): Catholic, 1BF . See also 2ocial )ove)ents 2ocial anthropology, 196 Social 1asis of American )ommunism .:la@er0, $0B 2ocial co))entary, !#9 ?60 2ocial de)ocrats, 191 , 19F , B0$ Social +emocrats in Imperial 3ermany .'oth0, B0$ 2ocialis): Bendi8 and, B"! Bernard and, !$" ?$#:ans and, BB$ :la@er and, 190 ?91, 19B , 19F , 19" , $00 , $0! , $06 ?9MacCannell and, 160 , 'ies)an and, B0 , $0! 'oth and, !9" , B0$ 4rong and, B , F , 9 , 11 2ocialist 9a or <o(th, BF" Socialist Si#th of the Worl .Cohnson0, F 2ocialist 2t(dent %ederation .2&20, !9# , B0$ 7 B99 7 2ociali@ation, B"0 , B"B Social "eaning of Suici e .&o(glas0, 1$! 2ocial )o ility, 88iv -

:ans and, B!F , B!" , BB# ?B6'osen l() and, $9B ?9F, $9" ?9#n.1'ossi and, !16 ?19 2ocial )ove)ents, 11F , 1$" . See also Civil?rights )ove)ent- %e)inists/%e)inis)- 9a or )ove)ents- 2t(dent )ove)ents 2ocial policy. See Policy 2ocial processes, 9! ?9B 2ocial psychology, 10B , $0# , BF9 ?"0 2ocial reality principle, B00 Social Science an the +istrust of &eason .Bendi80, B01 , B"# , B"9 2ocial 2cience 'esearch Co(ncil, 1!! 2ocial 2ec(rity legislation, !9 2ocial syste), of Col() ia sociology, #" ?69, 9# Social System .Parsons0, 6! , 1## Social Theory an Social Structure .Merton0, 6B , BB9 n.B 2ocio iology, B$F , B$# ?$9 Sociobiology .4ilson0, B$6 Sociological Imagination .Mills0, 1! 2ociologists for 4o)en in 2ociety .2420, !09 2ociology: of art, $6" , $9$ , $9F ?9"Berger on a(to iography in, 8i8 ?88i, 1F$ choice against, 16# choice for, see Choice for sociologycontent of at Col() ia, 90 ?9$, 199 .see also 2ocial 2yste)0ed(cation, 8iii fa)ily, see %a)ily sociology- first enco(nter *ith, see %irst enco(nter *ith sociology:er)an, B"$ ?"B:la@er on, $0! , $0# , $06 ?9interpretive, 8iv MacCannell on, 1#F ?#", 1#6 Mar8 on, $#$ ?#!, $60 n.$)athe)atical, 6" , 9! ?9B .see also 2tatistics0pop(list, BBF -

of religion, 1!! , 1!B , 1!9 ?F1'ossi on, !01 'oth on, !99 ?B00, B0" r(ral, 1#" , 1#6 ?#9, $F" ?F#(r an, 8iii , $0B , $0# ?6, BB$ ?BBvan den Berghe on, B!0 ?!14rong on, 1# ?16 2o) art, 4., !B" n.$# 2orokin, Pitiri), 1# , !0 , 1$$ , $"! , B16 , B!1 2o(th 1frica, B$0 ?$$ 2oviet Union, 10" , !!B Bendi8 and, B#1 Bernard and, !B" n.$BMacCannell and, 1#F ?#"'ies)an and, !B , BF , "" n.#, "# n.10, "6 n.164rong and, F , 11 , 1$ . See also 9enin/9eninis)- 2talin, Coseph/2talinis)- ,rotskyis) 2pencer, 5er ert, " 2pender, 2tephen, " 2pengler, As*ald, $F , !9F 2perry :yroscope Co)pany, F1 ?F!- "9 ?#0nn.$0,$1 2ports: Bendi8 and, BF# Berger and, 1FB ?FF, 1F9 , 1"$ Cressey and, $B9 , $F0 :ans and, B!F 'ies)an and, $! ?$B4rong and, 6 Staat .ter)0, B"B 2tarr, Pa(l, $60 n.# 2talin, Coseph/2talinis), B , F , #0 n.$$, 1F" , 19B , !9F 2tanford University, "B , 1B6 , $9$ , B1# 2tate: 4rong and, # . See also Politics

2tate University of ;e* <ork: B(ffalo, B$$ ?$!2tony Brook, $!$ , $!! ?!B, B0B 2tatistical Package for the 2ocial 2ciences .2C220, 1B" 2tatistics, 9" , 96 , $FF , !!1 , !B" n.$B 2tavenhagen, 'odolfo, B$0 , B$1 2tein, Ma(rice, #9 , 61 2tein eck, Cohn, " 2tephens College, "$ ?"! 2tern, Bernhard, ## 2tevenson, 1dlai, 1$0 2tigler, :eorge, 99 2tinchco) e, 1rth(r, B0! 2toko*ski, 9eopold, $B 2tory telling: :reeley and, 1B! , 1B" , 1F1 . See also ;ovels 2to(ffer, 2a)(el, 69 , 90 , !B" n.$B, B16 2trachey, Cohn, B 2trait, Cohn, !#! ?#B 2tra(ss, 1nsel), "! , $$F 2tra(ss, 9eo, 199 Street()orner Society .4hyte0, 11B 2trict lia ility la*s, $B1 2trod eck, %red, $$F 2trong +nterest +nventory ,est, !0" ?# 2tr(ct(ralis), 1#" , 1#6 , 16# post?, 8v Structure of Social Action .Parsons0, 10 ?11 2tryker, 2heldon, $$# 2t(dent )ove)ents: Bernard and, !!6 ?!9:(sfield and, 1$0 , 1$B Mac?Cannell and, 1#B , 160 , 161 -

Mar8 and, $"! , $#0 'oth and, B0B ?F, B0" 2ch*art@ and, !#! van den Berghe and, B$0 Stu ent,s 3ui e to Se# on )ampus .2ch*art@ et al.0, !#$ Stu ies in %thnometho ology .:arfinkel0, 1$! J2t(dies in Pre3(diceJ series, !9# Stu ies in Social Science an $hilosophy!19" 7 F00 7 Stu s Lonigan!$1" Stu y of /istory .,oyn ee0, !9F J2t(dy of ManJ .:la@er0, 196 2t(ttering, 1FB , 1F9 , 1"$ 2( )issiveness, fe)ale, !F6 ?F9 2( (r ia, 8iii , 1"! , BBB , BB# 2(ccess: Bernard and, !!$ ?!!=pstein and, !F! Mar8 on, $"0 ?#! passi), $#6 ?#9, $60 ?61nn.F,",6, $6$ nn.1B,16 Successful Women in the Sciences .conference0, !!$ 2(e@ intervention, B$0 2(ffrage, *o)enDs, !$F , !$" , !$# Suici e .&(rkhei)0, 10 , 6! 2(llivan, 5arry 2tack, B" , #! n.!9 2())er, 4. :., !$6 2(nday school, $B0 , $B9 2(pre)e Co(rt, !F , !6 ?!9, B9 2(therland, =d*in 5., $F" , $F6 2*ahili, 19# 2*arth)ore College, !$ 2*ee@y, Pa(l M., $9 , BF 2*it@erland, ! ?B, # , 160 Symbolic )rusa e .:(sfield0, 11" , 1$B

2y) olic interactionis), $!0 2y) ols: Cressey and, $B0 religio(s, 1BB ?BF 2yste)s, !"9 ?#0Col() ia social, #" ?69, 9# 2@ilard, 9eo, #1 n.!$

T
,an@ania, B$B ,aste c(lt(res, 88i ?88iii, B!$ , B!! , BB1 , BB! , BBB ?BF ,a*ney, '. 5., B!# , BB6 Ta#i +ance /all .'eckless0, 11B ,chaikovsky, P. +., B!F ,echnology, 1"6 , !BF n.$1 ,eeth, $$0 , $B1 ?B$, $F0 ?F1 ,elevision, B , !#9 , BBB ,e)perance )ove)ent, 11F ?1" ,e)ple University, 1"F , 161 ?6$, 16! , 16B ?6F, 16# ,ennenha(s, 9eonard, 166 ,ennessee Ealley 1(thority .,E10, !9 , B0 ,en(re, $"B , $"F , $60 n.# ,hadden, '(dolf von, BF! ,heater, !"" , !"# ?"6 Theory an Society!8iv Theory of "oral Sentiments .2)ith0, 9" Theory of the Leisure )lass .Ee len0, 8vi ,hernstro), 2tephan, "1 ,hi a(t, Cohn, 6" ,hielens, 4agner, 66 ,hird 4orld: MacCannell and, 1#F ?#", 1#9 , 160 , 16# . See also in ivi ual countries Thirty Secon s over Tokyo!B06 n.6

,ho), 'enI, 1#$ ,ho)as, M. Carey, $F ,ho)as, ;or)an, 11 , 191 , B!6 ,ho)pson, :erald, 6" ,ho)pson, 9inda, !BF ,ho)pson, Arville, 16B , 16# ,ho)pson, 4illia) +r*in, 88 ,ho)pson 'ies)an, =velyn 5astings, B0 ?B1, B$ , B! , BF , B9 , "$ ,horea(, 5enry &avid, $"1 ,hor)an, &onald, 1!F ,hr(pp, 2ylvia, FF , 11$ , BB0 ,h(cydides, $$0 ,h(rstone, 9. 9., !!1 ,i et, B!B Timaeus .Plato0, !$ Time! B6 Time of the Sign .MacCannell _ MacCannell0, 16# ?66 ,i)e perspective, !1# . See also 1ge- 9ife?span develop)ent ,ocG(eville, 1le8is de, B$ , #1 n.!! J,odayJ sho*, B ,o)inaga, >enDichi, 1$B ,^nnies, %erdinand, !B" n.$#, B"! ,opitsch, =rnst, 16 ,oronto, Canada, ! , # ?11, 1" ,o(ris): :agnon and, $1B MacCannell and, 1#6 ?#9 Tourist .MacCannell0, 161 , 16! , 16" ?6# ,oyn ee, 1rnold, !9F ,racy, &avid, 1BB , 1BF , 1B" ,rain travel, 88vi , $1# ?16 ,ransportation, )(nicipal, $91 ,rent, Ca)es, 1!6 ,rilling, &iana, B9

,rilling, 9ionel, 1! , B9 , 196 ,rinity College, Connectic(t, 1# Tristes tropi:ues .9Ivi?2tra(ss0, B$" , B$# ,rivers, 'o ert, B$9 ,roll, 9ilian, !16 ,rotskyis), B , F , 11 , 19B ,ro*, Martin, 60 , 6$ , 9F , 99 ?100, 101 ,r(k +slands, F9 ,r()an, 5arry 2., 1B , 1F ,r(st, !$9 ?!0 ,r(th, B"# , B"6 ,(cker, ;athan, $$$ ,(rner, %rederick, !$B T.5.A. an the 3rass &oots .2el@nick0, 90 ,*ain, Mark, $B , $"# ,*entieth Cent(ry %(nd, 10$ Twice a 6ear!B9 ,ylor, 1lice %elt, !$F ,ype*riters, !B$ n.! 7 F01 7

U
Uganda, B$B *n ercover .Mar80, $#! Une)ploy)ent, 161 ?6$, 16! *nion +emocracy , 60 , 9F , 9" , 10$ Unions, 191 , $1B , $1# Unitarianis), $" United ;ations . (ilding0, !9# ?96 United 2tates: Bendi8 and, BF$ ?F!, BF# , B"B , B"F ?"", B#B ?#F:ans and, B!B ?!F, B!# , BBF ?B#, BB6 , BF1 n.$$'oth and, !66 ?B09 passi), van den Berghe and, B19 ?$0, B$$ , B$F , B$" , B!0

Universities: arts and sciences in, 88 )ediocrity in, B!0 . See also in ivi ual universities University of 1ri@ona, 1!9 , 1B" , 1B6 ?B9 University of B(ffalo, B! ?BF, B" ?B6, F0 , "6 ?"9n.19 University of California, 1F6 University of California, Berkeley: Bendi8 at, BF$ , B#B ?#FBerger and, 1F" ?"1 passi):la@er and, $0B , $0" ?#, $06 MacCannell and, 1#$ , 1#! , 1#B Mar8 and, $"1 , $60 n.B, $6$ n.16'oth at, B01 ?B, B0F 4rong and, 1# University of California, &avis, 1F6 , 1"$ , 1"F , 16B , 16# ?69 University of California, +rvine, 166 University of California, 9os 1ngeles, 1F$ , $!" ?!#- $61 n.1$ University of California, 2an &iego, 1$$ , 1$! ?$B University of Chicago, 8iv , 88iv , !$6 Bendi8 at, BF$ , BF# ?F6, B"0 ?"!, B"" , B#B ?#FCole)an at, 9" =pstein and, !FB ?FF:agnon and, 88iv , $1# , $16 ?$$, $$! ?$", $!$ ?!!:ans and, B!! , B!" , B!# ?B$, BB6 , BB9 nn.!,B,F, BF1 n.$":la@er and, 19# , $01 , $0B :reeley and, 88vi , 1!F ?!6, 1B0 , 1B1 ?B$, 1B9 :(sfield and, 88iv , 10F , 10# , 109 ?1", 11# ?16, 119 'ies)an and, BF , FB ?#! passi), 11$ , $$0 , B!! 'ossi and, !06 ?9, !1" 4rong and, 11 University of Colorado Press, B"9 University of =sse8, $!B University of %rankf(rt, !9F ?9", !9# ?96

University of + adan, B$B , B$F University of +llinois, 119 ?$0, 1$$ ?$!, 1B1 , 1F# ?F6 University of >ansas, "$ , #B n.B" University of Michigan, $6 University of Minnesota, !$! , !$" , !$6 , !!0 , !B! n.F University of Misso(ri, "$ University of ;airo i, B$B University of ;atal, B$$ University of ;evada, 'eno, 1# University of Pennsylvania, 16# , 19# ?96, !"" ?"#, BB6 University of ,oronto, # ?11, 1" University of 4ashington, 1"9 , 1#0 , !#B ?#F, B$! , B$F ?$" University of 4isconsin, $6 *nsecular "an .:reeley0, 1BB Upper Canada College, F , " , # Ur an +nstit(te, $"$ Ur an sociology, 8iii , $0B , $0# ?6, BB$ ?BB *rban 5illagers .:ans0, BB! U22'. See 2oviet Union Utopianis), B#0 , B#! ?#B

V
Eal(e relevance, 8viii , BF! Eal(es, !!# , B!$ , B!! , BB$ , BB! . See also Eal(e relevance van den Berghe, =ric, B$0 , B$$ van den Berghe, :*endoline, B$B van den Berghe, Marc, B$0 van den Berghe, Aliver, B$0 , B$$ van den Berghe, Pierre 9., 8ii , 8vii , 88vi , B10 ?!1 EarQse, =dgard, $B 5ariety , $91 Eassar College, !0" Eatican Co(ncil, 2econd, 1!F , 1!6 , 1B0 , 1BF , 1B# Ee len, ,horstein:

Berger and, 8vi :(sfield and, 11! , 11" 'ies)an and, !1 , "1 , "$ , #! n.B1 Eer)ont, !# , F! , FB , $19 Eeysey, 9a(rence, 1$6 Eickrey, 4illia), 6" Eierkandt, 1lfred, !B" n.$# Eietna) 4ar, 1$0 , 1"9 , 1#F , 16! , $!1 , B09 n.1# Eilla 'o3as, 1lfonso, B$1 Eiolence, BBB . See also Civil disorders- ;(clear ar)s- 4ar Eogt, =von, B$1 EolterraDs eG(ations, 9B Eon ,(ngelen, :eorge, $F" 5oting .Berelson0, 6$

3
4ads*orth, 5o)er, "1 4agner 1ct, !F Wahrheit un I eologie .Barth0, B"# 4akeley, 'ay =., $F" ?F# 4algreen lect(res on 1)erican C(dais), $01 4allace, 5enry, 1F" 4allerstein, +))an(el, 10$ 7 F0$ 7 Wall Street 2ournal!B$9 4aples, &o(glas, BB0 4ar: Civil .U.2.0, #0 n.$$cold, 1B , !9" >orean, 11# , 1#B Eietna), 1$0 , 1"9 , 1#F , 16! , $!1 , B09 n.1#4orld 4ar +, $6 , #! n.B1, !$B , !!1 , !6B ?6F, B0" n.1. See also 4orld 4ar ++

4ard, %. Cha)pion, F6 4arner, 4. 9loyd: Cole)an and, 90 :ans and, B!9 , BB1 , BB# :(sfield and, 11F 'ies)an and, !! , FF , "1 4ar on Poverty, $0" , BBB 4arsho*, 'o ert, $00 4ashington, &.C., # , 1B , $0" ?# 4ashington, :eorge, !$F Washington $ost!B$9 4ashington University, !$! , !!1 2t. 9o(is, !"" , !"# ?"6 4asser)an, =lga, !"9 4atkins, 2hirley, $" 4a8, M(rray, 11$ 4eaver, 'o ert, $0" 4e , &o(glas, 190 4e , Ca)es, F1 ?F$ 4e er, 1lfred, !0 , !9# 4e er, Marianne, !B" n.$" 4e er, Ma8, 1"F Bendi8 and, BF! , B"! , B"# , B#0 ?#B, B#F Berger and, 8vi , 8viii Cole)an on, 9! Cressey and, $B6 :la@er and, $01 :reeley and, 1B! , 1BF :(sfield and, 11! , 11F Mar8 on, $"" 'oth and, B0B , B0F 4rong on, " , 10 , 1F , 16 4e ster, Charles >ingsley, $# 4echsler, 5er ert, B9

4echsler, Ca)es, $0F 4ehr)acht, 106 4elfare, B"! 4ells, 5. :., B 4esleyan University, B$$ 4esterns, B!F 4est)oreland, 4illia), B6 4harton, =dith, $9# n.1 4heeler, 2tanton, !#! 4hite, 5arrison, 1!" White )ollar!F9 , 199 White )ollar )rime .2(therland0, $F6 4hitehead, 1lfred ;orth, 6 , 9 ?10, !$ 4hit)an, 4alt, 11$ 4hyte, 4illia) %oote, 11B , 160 Why 6ou Shoul 1e a Socialist .2trachey0, B 4ide)an, Cohn, $9" n.1 4ide)an, 'o ert, $9" n.1 4idener 9i rary, $9 4iggins, 9ee, 6$ , 6" , 101 , 10$ 4ilden, ,ony, 166 4ilder, ,hornton, B06 n.6 4illia) 1lanson 4hite +nstit(te, B" 4illia) Penn Charter 2chool, Philadelphia, $" 4illia)s, Brooke, 166 4illia)s, :eorge, B$6 4illia)s, 'o in, 1## 4ilson, =d*ard A., B$6 , B$9 4ilson, 'onnie, 1#! ?#B 4ilson, 4oodro*, "6 n.16 4insor, >athleen, $1" 4irth, 9o(is, $16 , BB0 , BF! , B"$ , B"# 4ise)an, Cackie, !"9 4ittich, Cla(s, B0B , B06 n.10

4olfe, ,ho)as, " 4olff, >(rt 5., !96 , B00 4o)anliness, of :od, 1BB , 1BF , 1B# Woman,s $lace .=pstein0, !F" , !F9 ?"0 4o)en: Berger and, 1"0 Bernard and, !$F , !$# , !!0 , !!$ , !BB n.1F, !B# n.!!=pstein and, !F0 , !F! , !FB , !FF , !F" ?F#, !F6 ?"0, !"1 :agnon and, $$0 ?$1life?span develop)ent of, !$0 in )(sic (siness, $91 'ossi and, !09 , !1$ ?1B, !1F , !1" ?1#, !$0 2ch*art@ and, !"" , !"6 ?#$s(ffrage for, !$F , !$" , !$# after 4orld 4ar +, !$# , !BB n.9. See also %e)inists/%e)inis)- Marriage.s0- Mothers- 2e8- 2e8is)- 2isterhood- 4o)anliness, of :od Women an Success .conference0, !!$ Women at 6ale .2ch*art@ _ 9ever0, !#$ Women in Law .=pstein0, !"0 4o)enDs Christian ,e)perance Move)ent .4C,U0, 11" 4ork: ethic of, !1! , !F1 love and, !01 ?$ Work an Authority in In ustry .Bendi80, B0$ , B#B 4orking class: Cressey and, $F$ :agnon and, $1B , $1# , $$1 , $$F :ans and, BB! , BB6 :la@er and, 191 MacCannell and, 1"# ?"6, 1#" 'osen l() and, $6# , $90 'oth and, !6# Working()lass Suburb .Berger0, 8iii , 1"1 Worl /istory of %urope .%reyer0, !9F

4orld 4ar +, $6 , #! n.B1, !$B , !!1 , !6B ?6F, B0" n.1 4orld 4ar ++: American Sol ier and, 199 Bendi8 and, B"B Berger and, 1FF , 1"0 Bernard and, !!1 , !!" , !B# n.!0Cressey and, $F" , $F# ?F6:agnon and, $1F ?1", $$$ :ans and, B!" ?!#, BF0 n.11:(sfield and, 10# ?9, 110 5o)ans and, "9 n.$07 F0! 7 McCannell and, 1"" 'ies)an and, F0 , F1 , F$ ?F!, "" n.", "6 ?#0'osen l() and, $6# 'ossi and, !0# , !1B , !1F ?1"'oth and, 88vi , $09 n.1!, !6! , !6F , !66 ?9$, B0# n.Bvan den Berghe and, B1B ?1F4rong and, ! ?F, # , 11 , 1$ . See also 5oloca(st- ;a@is Worl War One Air Aces!$1" 4right, Charles, 96 4right, %rank 9loyd, "$ 4right, 'ichard, " 4riting: Bernard and, !$! ?$B, !B0 ?B1Cressey and, $F! ?FB:ans and, B!! , BB$ 2ch*art@ and, !"# , !#6 ?#9. See also ;ovels- in ivi ual publications 4rong, &ennis, 8ii , 88iii , 88v , ! ?$1, 10#

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<ad Eashe) Me)orial, B$9 <ale University: :la@er at, $0$ ?!'ies)an at, !$ , !B , !F ?!", F! ?FB, F6 ?"0, $0$ ?!2ch*art@ at, !"6 ?#! <ankee City series, !! , "1 , 90 , 9$ , B!9 <eats, 4illia) B(tler, $6B n.$6 <er y, %rank, $1" 6ogi an the )ommissar .>oestler0, 11 <o(ng, %rank 4., 1#! , 1## , 160 <o(ng, >en, $0B <o(ng, +srael, 19$ <o(ng ,(rks, at B(rea( of 1pplied 2ocial 'esearch, "! , 6$ <(goslavia, 160

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Uahn, Margaret, 16! , 16F Uaire, B1" . See also Belgian Congo Deitschrift fEr So.ialforschung!19" , !9# , B00 Uetter erg, 5ans, B0B Uien, 'osalie, $F1 Uionis): Bendi8 and, BF" , BF# =pstein and, !FF :agnon and, $$! , :la@er and, 191 , 19B ?9":(sfield and, 10" Uor a(gh, 5arvey, 11B U(ck)ayer, Carl, B0" n.1 U(rich, 160 7 F0F 7 Co)positor: 5(ron Ealley :raphics

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10/1! 2a on 2a on Bra(n?Br()field, +nc. Bra(n?Br()field, +nc.

Preferred Citation: Berger, Bennett M., editor Authors of Their Own Lives: Intellectual Autobiographies by Twenty American Sociologists. Berkeley: University of California Press, c1990 1990. http://ark.cdli .org/ark:/1!0!0/ft0"#n 0$h/