Application of Perturbation theory in Classical Mechanics

Classical Mechanics

Instructor: Dr.Myles

by

Shashidhar Guttula

Application of Perturbation theory in Classical Mechanics

Shashidhar Guttula.,Dept. of Physics, Texas Tech Uni ersity Abstract: ! basic theoretical and "athe"atical o er ie# of the utility of perturbation theory in si"ple "echanical syste"s had been described in this paper. Introduction: Perturbation theory is a ery broad sub$ect #ith applications in "any areas of the physical sciences. The basic principle is to find a solution to a proble" that is si"ilar to the one of interest and then to cast the solution to the tar%et proble" in ter"s of para"eters related to the &no#n solution. Usually these para"eters are si"ilar to those of the proble" #ith the &no#n solution and differ fro" the" by a s"all a"ount. The s"all a"ount is &no#n as a perturbation and hence the na"e perturbation theory. The #ord 'perturbation( i"plies a s"all chan%e. Thus, one usually "a&es a s"all chan%e in so"e para"eter of a &no#n proble" and allo#s it to propa%ate throu%h to the ans#er. )ne "a&es use of all the "athe"atical properties of the proble" to obtain e*uations that are sol able usually as result of the relati e s"allness of the perturbation. It is the theory #hich is the study of the effects of s"all disturbances .If the effects are s"all, the disturbances are said to be re%ular, other#ise they are said to be sin%ular. The basic idea in this theory is to obtain an approxi"ate solution of a "athe"atical proble" by exploitin% the presence of a s"all di"ensionless para"eter+the s"aller the para"eter, the "ore accurate the approxi"ate solution. ,asically the perturbation theory can be di ided into t#o approaches: ti"e dependent and ti"e independent perturbations. There are "any point of analo%y bet#een the classical perturbation techni*ues and their *uantu" counterparts. Generally, classical perturbation theory is considerably "ore co"plicated than the correspondin% *uantu" "echanical ersion. !ll of the proble"s in classical "echanics fro" ele"entary principles, central force proble"s, ri%id body "otion, oscillations, and theory of relati ity had al"ost exact solutions but in chaos and ad anced topics the %reat "a$ority of proble"s in classical "echanics cannot be sol ed exactly and here the perturbation theory co"es into play to sol e the respecti e solution in an approxi"ate fashion. Perturbation -a"iltonian: In a physical proble" that cannot be sol ed directly the -a"iltonian differs only sli%htly fro" the -a"iltonian for a proble" that can be sol ed ri%orously. The "ore co"plicated proble" is then said to be a perturbation of the soluble proble" and the difference bet#een the t#o is called the perturbation -a"iltonian .Therefore the perturbation theory consist of techni*ues for obtainin% approxi"ate solutions based on the s"allness of the perturbation -a"iltonian and on the assu"ed s"allness of the chan%es in the solutions. In %eneral, e en #hen the chan%e in the -a"iltonian is s"all, the e entual effect of the

perturbation on the "otion can be lar%e. This su%%ests that any perturbation solution "ust be carefully analy.ed to be sure that it is physically correct. The differential e*uations that describe the dyna"ics of a syste" of particles are definitely nonlinear and so one "ust be so"e#hat "ore cle er in applyin% the concept of perturbation theory. Perturbation expansion: ! re%ular perturbation case is an e*uation of the for": D/x01234 containin% a para"eter such that the full solution xsol approaches the solution x4 of the si"plified e*uation D/x0104234 #hich tends to 4. The basic re%ular perturbation "ethodolo%y is si"ple: 5. 6rite the solution as a po#er series in
77 777 x sol = x4 + x57 + x 9 + x8 + ........

9. Insert the po#er series into the e*uation and rearran%e to a ne# po#er series in:
77 777 + x8 + ........ 2 D/xsol0(23 D/ x4 + x57 + x 9

3P0/ x4 ,42:P1/ x4 0 x5 2:P2 ( x4 0 x5 0 x 9 2:;;.. 8. Set each coefficient in the po#er series e*ual to 4 and sol e the resultin% syste"s : P0/x00423D/x004234 P1/x00x1234 P2/x00x10x2234 This deter"ines x00x10x2 .The idea applies in "any different contexts : a.approxi"ate solutions to al%ebraic and transcendental e*uations b.approxi"ate expressions to definite inte%rals c. ordinary and partial differential e*uations The perturbation analysis is often co"ple"entary to nu"erical techni*uies.The perturbation analysis so"eti"es %i es asy"ptotic relationships that are "ore useful than a s"all nu"ber of nu"erical experi"ents. -o#e er, in other cases there are really no s"all para"eters and #e ha e to rely on nu"erical solutions. Applications in Classical Mechanics:

a. Projectile Motion : The pro$ectile "otion in 9+D #ithout considerin% air resistance #ith initial elocity of the pro$ectile as 0 and the angle of elevation as ,then the force F=mg, the force component becomes : x-direction

4 = mx
..

..

y-direction mg = m y eglecting the height , ass!me x=y=0 at t=0,then

x = 4 , x = v4 cos , x = v4 t cos
y = g , y = gt + vo sin , y =
.. .

..

"

gt 9 + v4 t sin 9

The speed and total displace"ent as functions of ti"e are found to be

v=
9 x 9 + y 9 = /v 4 + g 9 t 9 9v4 gt sin 25 < 9

r=

9 9 x 9 + y 9 = /v 4 t +

g 9t = v 4 gt 8 sin 25 < 9 =

to find the ran%e by deter"inin% the alue of x #hen the pro$ectile falls bac& to %round that is #hen y34
y = t/ gt + v 4 sin 2 = 4 9

one alue of y34 occurs for t3o and the other one for t3T
gT + v4 sin = 4 9 9v4 sin g

T =

the >an%e > is found fro"

x/t = T 2 = R =

9 9v 4 sin cos g

?ext ,if #e add the effect of air resistance to the "otion of the pro$ectile then there #ill be decreases in ran%e under the assu"ption that the force caused by air resistance is directly proportional to the pro$ectile@s "otion The initial conditions are the sa"e as abo e initial case
x /t = 42 = y /t = 42 = 4 x /t = 42 = v 4 cos = U y /t = 42 = v 4 sin = V
. .

Then the e*uations of "otion, beco"e

mx = km x m y = km y mg
.. . .. .

The solution is x =

gt kV + g U /5 e kt 2 and y = + /5 e kt 2 9 k k k

The ran%e >@ #hich is the ran%e includin% the air resistance ,can be found as pre iously by calculatin% the ti"e T re*uired for the entire tra$ectory and then substitutin% this alue into abo e e*uation for x. The ti"e T is found as pre iously by findin% t3T #hen y34.therefore fro" abo e e*uation #e find
kV + g /5 e kt 2 gk

T =

This is a transcendental e*uation and #e cannot obtain an analytic expression for 'T(. Therefore perturbation "ethod is used to find an approxi"ate solution .To use this "ethod,#e find an expansion para"eter #hich is nor"ally s"all and in the present case this para"eter is the retardin% force constant & assu"in% it to be s"all. Axpand the exponential ter" of the transcendental e*uation in a po#er series #ith the intention of &eepin% only the lo#est ter"s of &n ,#here & is the expansion para"eter.
T = kV + g 5 5 / kT C k 9T 9 + k 8T 8 ............ 2 gk 9 B

If only the ter"s in the expansion throu%h &# ,this e*uation can be rearran%ed to yield

T =

9V < g 5 + kT 9 5 + kV < g 8

The expansion para"eter & in the deno"inator of the first ter" on the ri%ht hand side of this e*uation and expand this ter" in a po#er series
5 = 5 / kV < g 2 + / kV < g 2 9 .... 5 + kV < g

If #e insert this expansion into the first ter" in the ri%ht hand side of the e*uation and &eep only the ter"s in & to first order then #e ha e
T = 9V T 9 9V 9 +/ 9 2 k + O / k 9 2 ,ne%lect O / k 9 2 ,the ter"s of order k 9 and hi%her .The g 8 g

li"it k

4 ie., no air resistance then the abo e e*uation %i es us the sa"e result as
T /k = 42 = T4 = 9v sin 9V = 4 g g

Therefore if & is s"all but non+ anishin% the fli%ht ti"e #ill be approxi"ately e*ual to T4 .If by usin% this approxi"ate alue for T 3 T4 ,#e obtain
T 9V kV /5 2 g 8g

this is the desired approxi"ate expression for the fli%ht ti"e . ?ext, the e*uation for x in expanded for":
x= U 5 5 / kt k 9 t 9 + k 8 t 8 .................... 2 k 9 B

Since x/t = T 2 R 7 , then the approxi"ate ran%e R 7 #ill be

R7 = 9UV =kV /5 2 g 8g

The *uantity 9UD<% can be #ritten as

R=
9 v9 9UV 9v4 = sin cos = o sin 9 g g g

This #ill be reco%ni.ed as the ran%e > of the pro$ectile #hen air resistance is ne%lected. Therefore

R 7 = R/5

g g =kV kV 2 , the expansion #ill not con er%e unless 5, k = 8g g V v 4 sin

The ran%e alues calculated approxi"ately: perturbation "ethod is plotted as a function of the retardin% force constant &:

Note: !s the retardin% force constant is increased the ran%e >@ %ets decreased linearly The si"ulation is carried out in Matlab E Si"ulin& Tool. >ef: Fi%9+G0 p%: BG0 Marion H Thornton, Classical Dyna"ics of particles and syste"s, =th Adition

b. Damped Harmonic Oscillator: The oscillation in a si"ple har"onic oscillator is a free oscillation, once it is set into oscillation, the "otion #ould ne er cease. To analy.e the "otion in this case a ter"

representin% the da"pin% force is incorporated into the differential e*uation. It is assu"ed that the da"pin% force is a linear function of the elocity. Thus if a particle of "ass " "o es under the co"bined influence of a linear restorin% force E&x and a restorin% force b
dx ,the differential e*uation describin% the "otion is : dt

d 9x dx +b + kx = 4 9 dt dt

#hich can be #ritten as

d 9x dx + 9 + 49 x = 4 9 dt dt

-ere I3b<9" is the da"pin% para"eter and J 0 = k < m is the characteristic ang!lar fre$!ency in the absence of damping% &he roots of the a!xiliary e$!ation are
9 r5 = + 9 4 0

9 r5 = 9 4 0

The %eneral solution of the e*uation is :

x/t 2 = e t K A5e

9 / 9 4 t2

+ A9 e

9 / 9 4 t2

?ext considerin% the differential e*uation for perturbation "ethod: d 9x dx + 9 + y =4, 9 dt dt for definiteness, the initial conditions are y/4234,y@/4235. no# y = y 4 /t 2 + y5 /t 2 + 9 y 9 /t 2 + ........ for the second order the expression reduces to:
77 77 7 / y4 + y577 + 9 y 9 2 + /9y 4 + 9 9 y57 2 + / y 4 + y5 + 9 y 9 2 4
77 7 77 / y4 + y 4 2 + / y577 + 9 y 4 + y5 2 + 9 / y 9 + 9 y57 + y 9 2 = 4

The initial conditions don@t depend on M ,so they brea& into y ' (0( =0 and yo)(0(=1, yo)(0(=1 ,y2 *(0(=0

set the coefficient of each po+er of M e*ual to 4 and applyin% the correspondin% boundary condition . The solution for y 4 /t 2 = sin t ,!bstit!te this into the e$!ation for y1 :
7 y577 + y5 = 9 y 4 = 9 cos t

From the method of !ndetermined coefficients for an inhomogeneo!s linear e$!ation +ith the forcing term -on resonance -:
y5 = At cos t + Bt sin t + homogeneo!s sol!tion

&he sol!tion satisfying the n!ll initial conditions is y5 /t 2 = t sin t %&his is called a sec!lar term , beca!se it gro+s +ith time t % For the second .order term +e get the e$!ation :
77 y9 + y 9 = 9 y57 = 9 sin t + 9t cos t

&he sol!tion +ill involve t2 times a trig f!nction and so on to a higher orders %&he sec!lar terms get +orse %so the constr!cted e$!ation +ill be :
y /t 0 2 = sin t t sin t + 9 t 9 f!nction -/////////

&o '!dge this approximation ,comparing it +ith the exact sol!tion %0t is
y /t 0 2 = exp/t 2
9

5 Therefore fro" expandin% this in a Taylor series in M ,#ith t fixed ,#e %et a%ree"ent #ith the perturbati e solution . For any %i en t, our approxi"ation is %ood if M is sufficiently s"all.

sin/ 5 9 t 2

c% Three body problem:

The three+body proble" is one of the "ost celebrated proble"s in celestial "echanics.. In particular it focuses on the se"inal contribution of the French "athe"atician -enri PoincarN #hose atte"pt to find a solution led hi" to the disco ery of "athe"atical chaos. The %eneral "athe"atics of the proble" is discussed in "any classic texts on both analytical dyna"ics and celestial "echanics. The three+body proble" can be si"ply stated: three particles "o e in space under their "utual %ra itational attraction0 %i en their initial conditions, deter"ine their subse*uent "otion. It can therefore be described by a set of nine second+order differential e*uations. The proble" naturally extends to any nu"ber of particles, and in the case of n particles it is &no#n as the n+body proble". ) er the years atte"pts to find a solution to the three+body proble" has spa#ned a #ealth of research. ,et#een 5OP4 and the be%innin% of the t#entieth century "ore than Q44 papers relatin% to the proble" #ere published in o&in% a roll call of distin%uished "athe"aticians and astrono"ers, and hence, as is often the case #ith such proble"s, its i"portance is no# percei ed as "uch in the "athe"atical ad ances %enerated by atte"pts at its solution, as in the actual proble" itself. These ad ances ha e co"e in "any different fields, includin%, in recent ti"es, the theory of dyna"ical syste"s. ! special case of the three+body proble" #hich has featured pro"inently in research as a result of its si"plified for" and its practical applications is #hat PoincarN called the 7restricted7 three+body proble". In this for"ulation t#o of the bodies, &no#n as the pri"aries, re ol e around their centre of "ass in circular orbits under the influence of their "utual %ra itational attraction and hence for" a t#o body syste" in #hich their "otion is &no#n. ! third body, %enerally &no#n as the planetoid, assu"ed "assless #ith respect to the other t#o, "o es in the plane defined by the t#o re ol in% bodies and, #hile bein% %ra itationally influenced by the", exerts no influence of its o#n. The proble" is then to ascertain the "otion of the third body. This particular case of the three+body proble" is the si"plest one of i"portance and in the context of PoincarN@s #or& is especially si%nificant since "ost of his results pertain to this for"ulation. !part fro" its si"plifyin% characteristics, it also pro ides a %ood approxi"ation for real physical situations, as, for exa"ple, in the proble" of deter"inin% the "otion of the "oon around the earth, %i en the presence of the sun. In this instance, the proble" is al"ost circular /the eccentricity of the earth@s orbit is approxi"ately 4.45O2, al"ost planar /both the earth@s orbit and the "oon@s orbit are nearly in the plane of the ecliptic2, and the alues of the "ass ratios and the "ean distances bet#een the bodies satisfy the conditions. The for"ulation also pro ides a reasonable approxi"ation to the syste" consistin% of the sun, Rupiter and a s"all planet. !part fro" its intrinsic appeal as a si"ple to state proble", the three+body proble" has a further attribute #hich has been responsible for the abundance of potential sol ers: its inti"ate lin& #ith the funda"ental *uestion of the stability of the solar syste". That is, the *uestion of #hether the planetary syste" #ill al#ays &eep the sa"e for" as it has no#, or #hether e entually one of the planets #ill escape fro" the syste" or, perhaps #orse, experience a collision. It is a *uestion #hich has concerned astrono"ers for centuries, e er since it #as first obser ed that the "otions of the earth and of the other planets #ere not precisely re%ular and periodic.

Since bodies in the solar syste" are approxi"ately spherical and their di"ensions extre"ely s"all #hen co"pared #ith the distances bet#een the", they can be considered as point "asses. Under ?e#ton7s la# and to a first approxi"ation, the planets "o e in elliptical orbits around the sun, the sun bein% at one of the foci of the ellipse. This description is a first approxi"ation because it only allo#s for the interaction bet#een the sun and the particular planet #hose "otion is bein% described and does not ta&e into account the forces bet#een the indi idual planets. These other forces cause perturbations to the ori%inal elliptical orbit so that it ery slo#ly chan%es and it is concei able that these ery slo# chan%es could, after a ery lon% period of ti"e, alter the present orbits in such a #ay that a planet could be thro#n out of the syste" or a collision could occur. !lthou%h such a scenario does not a%ree #ith obser ations "ade o er the last 5,444 years, it is *uite a different thin% to pro e "athe"atically that it could not happen, and it is the search for such a "athe"atical proof that pro ides the connection #ith the three+ body proble". I%norin% all other forces such as solar #inds or relati istic effects and ta&in% only %ra itational forces into account, the solar syste" can be "odelled as a ten+ body proble" ha in% one lar%e "ass /the sun2 and nine s"all ones, and in esti%ated accordin%ly. ,ec!lar 1ert!rbation theory applied to #-2ody problem: It addresses lon%+period oscillations in planetary orbits, #ith a history of "ore than 944 years. Many of the funda"ental *uestions in celestial "echanics ha e been ans#ered, so"e interestin% ones re"ain $ust beyond the scope of basic secular theory. The recent burst of extrasolar planetary syste" detections has tri%%ered rene#ed interest in this sub$ect, as si"ple extensions of the theory "ay ha e the potential to explain "any of the orbital properties of these syste"s. The solution to a t#o+body syste", consistin% of a planet and a star, can be described in ter"s of fi e fixed orbital ele"ents that define an elliptical Seplerian orbit, and a ti"e+ depended one that %i es the position of the planet alone the orbit. In syste"s #ith "ore than t#o planets, Seplerian orbits are no lon%er exact solutions due to %ra itational interactions bet#een the planets. -o#e er, since the %ra itational forces are still do"inated by the central body, each of the planets follo#s a nearly Seplerian orbit. ! si"ilar set of orbital ele"ents, &no#n as osculatin% ele"ents can be defined at instant in ti"e0 these ele"ents ary slo#ly due to perturbations fro" other planets. The lon%+ter" oscillations of the osculatin% orbital ele"ents in ti"e is the sub$ect of secular perturbation theory. The classical secular theory, de eloped by Taplace and Ta%ran%e , be%ins #ith Ta%ran%e7s planetary e*uations #hich are a set of ordinary differential e*uations %uidin% the ti"e e olution of the osculatin% ele"ents in ter"s of the perturbin% potential The secular parts of the perturbin% potential are obtained by a era%in% o er all rele ant orbital periods so that all short+period ter"s related to planetary positions alon% their orbits anish. The result of this a era%in% procedure is that the se"i"a$or axes of the planets re"ain constant, the pericenters and nodes precess, and the eccentricities and inclinations ary *uasi+periodically. ! linear approach has been applied to the Solar Syste" for "ore than one and a half centuries details of the theory, #hich is second order in

s"all orbital inclinations and eccentricities, and first order in "asses !lthou%h the application of this lo# order theory is li"ited, it %i es useful conclusions for the Solar Syste". Secular Modes in T#o+ and Three+Planet Syste"s The disco ery of "ulti+planet extra solar syste"s of the si"ple t#o+planet syste" has dra#n rene#ed attention. The ali%ned and anti+ali%ned states of orbits are actually the t#o ei%en"odes and confir"ed that #ith eccentricity da"pin% due to any external forces, one of the t#o ei%en"odes decays *uic&ly leadin% to either apsidal ali%n"ent or anti+ ali%n"ent, dependin% on the "asses and se"i"a$or axes of the t#o planets. In addition to apsidal loc&, the eccentricities ratio of the t#o planets re"ains constant, if eccentricity da"pin% is the only external effect. This result can be used to deter"ine the eccentricity of one planet in a t#o+planet syste", if apsidal loc& is obser ed and the eccentricity of the other planet can be "easured. 6ith the rapid pace of obser ational disco eries, "any additional extra solar syste"s #ith t#o or "ore planets #ill e"er%e. It is i"portant to understand the secular "odes and their interaction #ith other perturbations in these syste"s. To #or& in a three planet syste", the first proble" face is the identification of the ei%en"odes. In a t#o+ planet syste", there are t#o natural apsidal co+precession states /ali%ned and anti+ali%ned and they co"pose the t#o ei%en"odes. -o#e er, in a three+planet syste", there are four natural states #hile the syste" can ha e only three ei%en"odes. Dependin% on "ass ratios and orbital spacin%s, different sets of three ei%en"odes are selected fro" the four natural states. The secular potential application has the potential to explain the obser ed si%nificant non+.ero eccentricities of the planets in syste"s. ! further step #ill be the study of syste"s #ith four planets #ith applications to the "a$or planets in our Solar Syste". The possibility of da"pin% of inclinations and eccentricities of the %iant planets by interactions can also be considered . The solutions and applications for planetary syste"s #ith three or four planets ha e interestin% results fro" this theory . This approach allo#s to learn #hat deter"ines about orbital spacin%s, eccentricities and inclinations in planetary syste"s.

imulation !esults:

prin" #Mass system $ith no dampin" : The sprin% "ass syste" #ith no da"pin% had been "odel and si"ulated in Si"ulin& #ith an i"pulse si%nal an as input to the syste".

Si"ulin& Model for sprin%+"ass syste" #ithout da"pin% The e*uation of "otion for sprin%+"ass syste" ha in% no da"pin% is %i en as, d 9x m 9 + kx = 4 dt )DA=P /Dor"and+Prince2 al%orith" #ith relati e tolerance of 54Ue/+B2 is used for si"ulations. I"pulse force is applied at t3Ps and total ti"e for si"ulation is 84s.

I"pulse Input Si%nal

)utput >esponse: )scillations

prin"%mass system $ith dampin" factor:

The e*uation of "otion for sprin%+"ass syste" #ith da"pin% is %i en as, d 9x dx m 9 + b + ( bo + k ) x = 4 dt dt ! ter" additional to & #hich constraints the position of body is also included.

)utput >esponse for Da"ped Syste"

Syste" is run #ith the sa"e para"eters as pre ious. !s e ident fro" the output response, because of da"pin%, the oscillations die and body stabili.es after 94s. The settlin% ti"e, natural fre*uency and "axi"u" o ershoot para"eters are function of sprin% constant and da"pin% factor of the syste" are %i en solution of second order e*uation /in laplace do"ain2 as,
9 s 9 + 9 n s + n =4

Conclusions: ! si"ple approach of the use of Perturbation theory in "echanical syste"s has been discussed and analy.ed. The "athe"atics in ol ed in this theory %ets co"plicated for co"plex syste"s. This theory is applicable to "any areas of science li&e Vuantu" Mechanics, Se"iconductor Physics, -i%h+Aner%y particle Physics, etc; For"al perturbation theory pro ides a nice ad$unct to the for"al theory of celestial "echanics as it sho#s the potential po#er of arious techni*ues of classical "echanics in dealin% #ith proble"s of orbital "otion. Due to the nonlinearity of the ?e#tonian e*uations of "otion, the solution to e en the si"plest proble" can beco"e ery in ol ed.?e ertheless, the "a$ority of dyna"ical proble"s in ol in% a fe# ob$ects can be sol ed one #ay or another. Therefore because of this nonlinearity that so "any different areas of "athe"atics and physics "ust be brou%ht to%ether in order to sol e these proble"s. !eferences: 5. Classical Dyna"ics of particles and syste"s, Marion HThornton =th Adition 9. Classical Mechanics, Golstein, Poole H Saf&o, Third Adition 8. ! First loo& at Perturbation theory, Ra"es G.Si""onds H Ra"es A.Mann,Rr =. Perturbation theory in Classical Mechanics, F M Fernande., Aur.R.Phys.5Q /5GGO2 P. Introduction to Perturbation Techni*ues ,?ayfeh. !.-