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THE JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA

Caves Cedar

B I B L I O G R A P H Y : Miguel Levi de Barrios, Gcrvierno PopularIn 1878 Gazes was appointed an officer of the Judayco, p. ~8; Essai Historique sier Ui Colonic Surinam, Order of Nishan Iftikhar of Tunis: and the French ii. 1 1 3 122, Paramaribo, 1788; Geschieden Handelkunclig Tafereel vim de Bataafuche Wcst-tndiscJie Colcmien, government in 1886 awarded him academic laurels, ii. 41-42,93-100, Amsterdam, 1802; Thomas Southey, Ctironoin 1880 the rosette of Chevalier of the Legion logical"Historyof the Went Indies, ii. 49 50, London,and 1827; Ii. .1. Koenen, Geschiedenis der Joden in Nederland, of Honor. pp. 283-284, 400 4 l i f > , Utrecht, 1843; M . KayserlinK, Se)ihardim, pp. 205-200, IJerlin, 1859; Publications of the American Cazes is the author of the following works: Jewish Historical Society, No. 2, pp. 94.95, 99; No. 3, pp. sur l'llistoii'o des Israelites de Tunisie," "Essai 18. 104, 1 3 6 137; No. 4, ]). 2; (i. A. KohUt, in Simon Wolfs Paris, 1889; "Notes Bibliographiques sur la LiteAmerican Jar as Patriot, Soldier, and Citizen, pp.449, 454-455. Philadelphia., 1895. Full text of the Charter is given rature Judeo-Tunisienne," Tunis, 1893, giving an in the second, third, and fourth books in the above list. exact, picture of the literary life of the Jews of A. Q. A. K. Tunis. He also contributed a large number of artiCAZES, DAVID: .Moroccan educator und wri- cles to the "Revue des Etudes Jttives" and other ter; bornat Tetuan in 1851. Sent to Paris in his Jewish periodicals. early youth, he was educated by the Alliance Iss. M. Fn.

CEDARS OF LEBANON.

( F r o m a photograph b y Hourils.) raelite Universelle, and at the age of eighteen was CEDAR (nx) : A tree of the pine family frecommissioned to establish and direct several primary quently mentioned in the Old Testament, where the schools in the East; namely, at Volo in Thessaly " cedar of Lebanon " is generally meant. The cedar(1809), at Smyrna(187:!), andat Tunis (1878-93). In tree grows best in a high, dry, and sandy region, each of these places lie took part also in the organi- and it found these requirements in the northern part zation of the communities. At Tunis especially the of Palestine in the Lebanon district. In this disofficial organization of Judaism by the government trict there are to be seen trees that reach a girth of I lie French protectorate was his work. Since measurement of no less than forty-two feet. The 1893 lie has been in Buenos Ayres, Argentine Repub- tree spreads its roots among the rocks, and thus lic, serving as a member of the administrative com- secures a strong hold. From this hold the tree mittee of the colonization fund founded by the sometimes grows to a height, of ninety feet, but this Baron Maurice de Hirsch under the name of the scarcely gives an idea of its size, for the cedar usuJewish Colonization Association. ally grows horizontally, the limbs out from the

Cedar Cemetery

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CELIBACY: Deliberate renunciation of marstem as well as the branches out from the limbs. The leaves are dark green, about an inch in length, riage. In the Old Testament there is no direct refand are evergreen; the shade they make is broad erence to the subject. The prophet Jeremiah was a and dense. The wood of the cedar-tree is valuable celibate (Jer. xvi. 2). He seems to have regarded for building purposes, since the oil in it prevents it as futile to beget offspring doomed to death in destruction by dry-rot and worms. Cedar-oil was the impending national catastrophe (ib. iii. 4). The used by the Romans for the protection of their pessimistic author of Eeclesiastes, although no admirer of woman (Eccl. vii. 26, 28), counsels "enjoymanuscripts. Various were the uses to which cedar was put in ing life with a woman whom thou lovest" (ib. Biblical times. It was used by Solomon in building ix. 9). In post-Biblical literature Jewish opinion stands the Temple (I Kings vi. 18), the inside of which was all of cedar, no stone being visible. On the outside, out clear and simple: marriage is a duty, and celialso, cedar was used (I Kings vii. 12). The altar bacy a sin. " The world was created to produce life; was made of the same wood (I Kings vi. 20). Later on He created it not a waste, lie formed it to be inhabit was employed in building the Second Temple (Ezra ited " (Isa. xiv. 18; Git. iv. 5 = 'Eduy. i. 13). "Be iii. 7). From Ezek. xvxii. 5 it is clear that cedar was fruitful, and multiply " (Gen. i. 28) is taken as a used in the making of masts. In religious service command; marriage with a view to that end is a it was used in cleansing the leper (Lev. xiv. 4, 49, 51, duty incumbent upon every male adult (according 52) and in the ceremony of the Red Heifer (Num. to some the duty devolves also upon woman; Yeb. vi. 8; Maimonides, "Yad," Ishut, xv.; Shulhan xix. 6). It is natural to find so striking a tree introduced 'Aruk,.Eben lia-'Ezer, 1, 13). Abstention from marital intercourse on the part as a favorite figure of the Biblical writers. A maiden describes her lover as a choice cedar (Cant. of the husband exceeding a legitimate limit, which v. 15). Oftentimes a strong nation is compared to varies with the different occupations, may be taken the cedar; for example, the Amorite (Amos ii. 9) and by the wife as ground for a divorce (Ket. v. 6, 7). Assyrian (Ezek. xxxi. 3). In Zech. xi. 2 it is a syn- A single man who is past twenty may be compelled onym of "powerful." The strength of the cedar as by the court to many (Shulhan 'Aruk, I.e. i. 3). well as of the leviathan is brought out in Job xl. Isserles adds that this custom is obsolete. Excep17. Another favorite figure is based on the luxuri- tion is made ,in favor of a student, who may postance of the growth of the cedar. A flourishing land pone marriage until a time when his education is is evidenced by the presence of the cedar (Isa. xii. complete and beyond the possibility of being endan19); and the prosperity of the righteous is compared gered by the cares incident to procuring a livelihood (ib.; the source is Kid. 29b). "He who is without a to it (Ps. xcii. 13 [A. V. 12]). In Num. xxiv. 0 cedar is mentioned as growing wife is without joy, without blessing, without hapbeside water. This seems to be impossible; but it piness, without learning, without protection, withis to be noticed that the term " cedar " was applied out peace; indeed, he is no man; for it is written very often to trees that were really not cedars. In (Gen. v. 2), ' Male and female created He them, and Rosh ha-Shanah 23a the statement is made that called their name Man [A. V., " Adam "J'" (Yeb. 02b, the inhabitants of Palestine called ten different trees 63a; Shulhan 'Aruk, I.e. 1. 1, note). "He who is not married is, as it were, guilty of bloodshed and cedar. deserves death: he causes the image of God to be B I B L I O G R A P H Y : H. B. Tristran, Natural History of the Bible, diminished and the divine presence to withdraw pp. 341-344. J. Jit. G. B. L. from Israel " (Yeb. 63b, 64a). The only known celibate among the rabbis of CEDRON: 1. Name of the brook Kidron as given in John xviii. 1. Near the stream was the Talmudic times is Ben 'Azzai, who preached margarden in which Jesus was taken by the officials riage to others, but did not practise it himself. after he had been betrayed by Judas (see KIDRON)., "My soul is fond of the Law," he is reported as 2. A place mentioned in connection with Jamnia having said; "the world will bo perpetuated by (the " Jabneh " of II Chron. xxvi. 6) and fortified by others " (Yeb. 63b). Regarding the passages which Cendebeus at the command of Antiochus (I Mace. appear to indicate that Ben 'Azzai was married xv. 39). From Cedron as a base, Cendebeus began (Ket. 63a; Sotah 4b), see Tosef., Ket. s.v. nTTD, and to ravage Judea. According to the account of Jo- Yeb. 63b, s.v. D^prVB*. The excuse is recognized sephus ("Ant." xiii. 7, 3), Simon Maccabeus, al- by the Shulhan 'Aruk (I.e. i. 4); it is by no means though at this time quite old, himself led the attack recommended to follow an example which, at best, and drove back Cendebeus; but, according to is considered exceptional. According to Josephus I Mace. xv. 39-41, xvi. 9, Simon delegated the com- ("B. J." ii. 8, 2) marriage was repudiated by some mand to his sons Judas and John. Judas was of the Essenes. Inasmuch as intercourse with wounded, but John continued the pursuit to Cedron woman was regarded as polluting, the aspiration to and thence to Azotus (Ashdod). Cedron is perhaps the highest degree of Levitical purity and sanctity the same as Gederoth (Josh. xv. 41; II Chron. may have led them to the rejection of marriage. xxviii. 18), and to be identified with the modern There is nothing in Jewish literature to parallel Katra, three and one-half miles southwest of Ekron, Matt. xix. 12 in phraseology or motive (Dalman, "Worte Jesu," p. 100). Paul's views on celibacy the modern'Akir. may be found in I Cor. vii. See ASCBTICIS.M, ESB I B L I O G R A P H Y : Buhl, Geoqraphie des Alten Paldstina, p. SENES. 188; Guerin, Juclee, ii. 35 et seq. K. M. L. M. E. c. G. B. L.