Cong Nghe Truy Nhap NGN

LI NI U
LI NI U
Vi chin lc pht trin ton din mang tnh ch t n u v cng ngh nh m to ra tim lc to ln, sc cnh tranh v cht lng v s a dng ha cc dch v gi thnh thp, nng su t lao ng cao, Tp on Bu chnh Vin thng Vit nam c chin lc v k hoch chuyn i mng Vin thng s sang mng th h sau (NGN). Mng NGN c h tng thng tin duy nht da trn cng ngh chuyn mch gi, trin khai dch v mt cch a dng v nhanh chng, p ng s hi t gia thoi v s liu, gia c nh v di ng, bt ngun t s tin b ca cng ngh thng tin v cc u im ca cng ngh chuyn mch gi ni chung v cng ngh IP ni ring v cng ngh truyn dn quang bng rng. Cu trc ca mng th h sau v cc nguyn t c hot ng ca n v c bn khc nhiu so vi cu trc ca mng PSTN hin nay. Do v y i ng k s v cn b k thu t Vin thng cn phi c bi dng cp nht kin thc v cng ngh mi ny, c nh vy h mi kh nng v trnh vn hnh khai thc qun l v trin khai cc dch v Vin thng m t cch an ton v hiu qu. Chng trnh Bi dng k s in t vin thng v cng ngh IP v NGN ca Tp on c xy dng vi mc ch cung cp kin th c v k nng c bn lin quan ti cng ngh IP v NGN cho cc cn b k thu t ang trc tip qun l v khai thc h thng trang thit b ti c s nhm p ng yu cu v chuyn i cng ngh mng li v dch v vin thng ca Tp on. Cun ti liu Cc cng ngh truy nhp trong mng th h sau c chia lm 3 phn bao gm 7 chng: Chng 1: Pht trin mng vin thng v cc phng th c truy nhp Chng 2: H cng ngh xDSL Chng 3: Cng ngh truy nhp quang Chng 4: Cc mng truy nhp khng dy bng rng Chng 5: Truy nhp v tinh Chng 6: WLAN v WiFi Chng 7: WMAN-IEEE 802.16-Wimax
Trong phn 1 (chng 1) trnh by v tng quan v nhng cng ngh truy nhp vi quan im phn loi theo mi trng v tuyn. Phn 2 (bao gm chng 2 v 3) tp truy trnh by v nhng cng ngh v tuyn trong nhn mnh n cng ngh ADSL, ADSL2 v ADSL2+ trong mi trng cp ng xon v cng ngh EPON trong mi trng cp quang. Phn 3 (bao gm chng 4, 5, 6 v 7) trnh by cc cng ngh truy nhp v tuyn vi xu hng hi t n mng 4G, trong phn ny Wimax v WLAN c nhn mnh trong chng 6 v chng 7.
Chng trnh bi dng kin thc IP v NGN cho k s TVT ca VNPT
CC CNG NGH TRUY NHP TRONG MNG TH H SAU
Trong qu trnh bin son, mc d gio vin rt c gng, tuy nhin khng th trnh khi nhng thiu st. Rt mong nhn c kin ng gp ca cc bn c nhng ln xut bn sau ch t lng ca ti liu c tt hn. TRUNG TM O TO BU CHNH VIN THNG 2
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MC LC
MC LC
LI NI U..............................................................................................................i MC LC..................................................................................................................iii DANH SCH HNH ................................................................................................... v DANH SCH BNG ................................................................................................vii CHNG 1 - PHT TRIN CA MNG VIN THNG & PHNG TH C TRUY NHP ..............................................................................................................1 1.1 MNG TRUY NH P & MNG VIN THNG..........................................2 1.1.1 Mng NGN v cc cng ngh truy nhp .................................................2 1.1.2 Nhng giai on pht trin ca mng truy nhp.....................................3 1.2 CNG NGH TRUY NHP H U TUYN.................................................5 1.3 CNG NGH TRUY NHP V TUYN....................................................6 1.4 NH NG CNG NGH TRUY NHP HU TUYN CNH TRANH .......6 1.4.1 Cng ngh PLC......................................................................................6 1.4.2 Cng ngh CM .......................................................................................8 1.5 SO SNH & NH GI CC CNG NGH TRUY NHP ......................8 CHNG 2 - H CNG NGH xDSL .................................................................... 11 2.1 CNG NGH TRONG H xDSL ..............................................................12 2.2 KIN TRC H THNG...........................................................................15 2.3 ADSL, ADSL2, ADSL2+............................................................................17 2.3.1 ADSL....................................................................................................17 2.3.2 ADSL2..................................................................................................21 2.3.3 ADSL2+ ...............................................................................................23 2.4 HDSL, HDSL2,SHDSL, HDSL4.................................................................26 2.4.1 HDSL ...................................................................................................26 2.4.2 HDSL2 .................................................................................................27 2.4.3 SHDSL .................................................................................................27 2.4.4 HDSL4 .................................................................................................28 2.5 VDSL v VDSL2 ........................................................................................28 2.5.1 VDSL....................................................................................................28 2.5.2 VDSL2..................................................................................................29 2.6 Tnh hnh trin khai ti Vitnam ..................................................................30 CHNG 3 - CNG NGH TRUY NHP QUANG ............................................... 31 3.1 CC MNG QUANG TH NG PON...................................................32 3.2 APON .........................................................................................................35 3.2.1 Kin trc phn lp APON.....................................................................35 3.2.2 Lp v t l .............................................................................................36 3.2.3 Lp hi t truyn dn TC .....................................................................36 3.3 EPON..........................................................................................................37 3.3.1 Kin trc EPON ...................................................................................37 3.3.2 M hnh ngn xp EPON......................................................................38 3.3.3 Giao thc EPON. .................................................................................38 3.3.4 Bo m t trong EPON ...........................................................................39 3.3.5 Nhng bc pht trin tip theo ...........................................................39 3.4 METRO ETHERNET .................................................................................40 3.4.1 Li ch khi dng dch v Ethernet.........................................................40 3.4.2 M hnh dch v Ethernet .....................................................................40
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3.4.3 Tnh hnh trin khai ............................................................................. 42 3.4.4 Nhng cng ngh c s dng........................................................... 45 CHNG 4 - CC MNG TRUY NHP KHNG DY BNG RNG ............... 47 4.1 GII THIU CHUNG ................................................................................ 48 4.2 PHT TRIN CA TRUY NHP V TUYN HI T N 4G............ 48 4.2.1 H thng thng tin di ng 2G v n n tng CDMA.............................. 49 4.2.2 H thng 3G ........................................................................................ 51 4.2.3 WLAN .................................................................................................. 53 4.2.4 Wimax.................................................................................................. 54 4.2.5 H thng 4G ........................................................................................ 55 4.3 SO SNH NH GI CC CNG NGH .............................................. 56 CHNG 5 - TRUY NHP QUA V TINH ........................................................... 57 5.1 GII THIU CHUNG ................................................................................ 58 5.2 H THNG VSAT..................................................................................... 60 5.3 H THNG THNG TIN V TINH IP - STAR........................................ 60 5.3.1 H thng VSAT IP................................................................................ 60 5.3.2 Cc ng dng ca h thng VSAT IPSTAR .......................................... 63 CHNG 6 - WLAN & WI-FI ................................................................................. 66 6.1 GII THIU CHUNG ................................................................................ 67 6.2 CU HNH MNG WLAN ....................................................................... 67 6.2.1 Cu hnh mng WLAN c lp............................................................. 67 6.2.2 Cu hnh mng WLAN c s ................................................................ 68 6.2.3 Kin trc y ca WLAN................................................................. 69 6.3 CHUN CNG NGH .............................................................................. 69 6.4 H THNG THIT B ............................................................................... 72 6.4.1 Cc card giao din mng v tuyn ....................................................... 72 6.4.2 Cc im truy nhp v tuyn................................................................ 72 6.4.3 Cu ni v tuyn t xa ......................................................................... 73 6.5 BO MT.................................................................................................. 74 6.5.1 Tp dch v ID (SSID) ......................................................................... 74 6.5.2 Giao thc bo mt tng ng hu tuyn (WEP) .............................. 74 6.5.3 Lc a ch MAC.................................................................................. 76 CHNG 7 - WMAN-IEEE 802.16-WIMAX.......................................................... 77 7.1 GII THIU CHUNG ................................................................................ 78 7.1.1 Lch s Wimax ..................................................................................... 78 7.1.2 Bng tn .............................................................................................. 79 7.2 KIN TRC WIMAX ................................................................................ 79 7.2.1 Cu hnh mng .................................................................................... 79 7.2.2 M hnh phn lp................................................................................. 81 7.3 CHUN CNG NGH .............................................................................. 81 7.4 MT S C IM K THUT CA WIMAX .................................... 84 7.4.1 Lp v t l............................................................................................. 84 7.4.2 Lp MAC ............................................................................................. 88 7.5 H THNG THIT B ............................................................................... 88 7.6 BO MT.................................................................................................. 93 7.7 TNH HNH TRIN KHAI TI VIT NAM ............................................. 93 THUT NG VIT TT......................................................................................... 96 TI LIU THAM KHO ........................................................................................104 iv
DANH SCH HNH
DANH SCH HNH

Hnh 1.1 Mng th h sau v cc cng ngh truy nhp ................................................3 Hnh 1.2 S ra i ca cc dng thit b truy nhp ......................................................4 Hnh 1.3 Thit b DLC th h 3 ....................................................................................5 Hnh 1.4 Thit b truy nhp IP cho mng th h sau.....................................................6 Hnh 2.1 Lch s pht trin ca cc cng ngh trong h xDSL................................... 12 Hnh 2.2 Kin trc chung ca h thng s dng h cng ngh xDSL ......................... 16 Hnh 2.3 Cu trc h thng ADSL.............................................................................. 17 Hnh 2.4 Phn chia bng tn ADSL khi s dng k thu t FDM .................................. 18 Hnh 2.5 S kh i thu v pht ADSL....................................................................... 20 Hnh 2.6 Tc s liu ng xu ng ca ADSL2+ so vi ADSL2............................. 24 Hnh 2.7 Ghp hai ng ADSL2+............................................................................ 25 Hnh 2.8 M hnh h thng s dng VDSL................................................................. 28 Hnh 2.9 Tnh hnh trin khai xDSL ti Vit nam ca VNPT ...................................... 30 Hnh 3.1 S logic h thng mng PON.................................................................. 33 Hnh 3.2 Cu hnh chung ca mt mng PON ........................................................... 34 Hnh 3.3 Cu trc phn lp mng APON................................................................... 36 Hnh 3.4 Ngn xp EPON. ......................................................................................... 39 Hnh 3.5 Mng MAN th nghip ti thnh ph H Ch Minh ..................................... 42 Hnh 3.6 Mng MAN ti Ninh Bnh............................................................................ 44 Hnh 4.1 Cc cng ngh truy nhp v tuyn............................................................... 48 Hnh 4.2 Xu hng h i t ca cng ngh truy nhp v tuyn ..................................... 49 Hnh 4.3 Mc lch s ca truy nhp v tuyn ............................................................. 49 Hnh 4.4 S pht trin ln 4G t cc cng ngh WAN................................................ 50 Hnh 4.5 H thng IMT 2000 ..................................................................................... 52 Hnh 4.6 Cc cng ngh truy nhp v tuyn cnh tranh............................................. 56 Hnh 5.1in thoi di ng Iridium ........................................................................... 59 Hnh 5.2 Nguyn l ho t ng c a DirectPC ............................................................. 60 Hnh 5.3 Vng ph sng ca v tinh IPSTAR ............................................................. 61 Hnh 5.4 Cu hnh trm thu bao............................................................................... 63 Hnh 6.1 Cu hnh mng WLAN c lp .................................................................... 68 Hnh 6.2 Cu hnh mng WLAN c s. ...................................................................... 68 Hnh 6.3 Cu hnh WLAN dng b lp....................................................................... 69
Hnh 6.4 Kin trc WLAN y .............................................................................. 69 Hnh 6.5 Cc chun trong h 802.11......................................................................... 72 Hnh 6.6 im truy nhp AP ..................................................................................... 73 Hnh 6.7 Cu ni v tuyn......................................................................................... 74 Hnh 7.1 Cu hnh im-a im (PMP) ................................................................... 80 Hnh 7.2 Cu hnh mt li MESH............................................................................ 81 Hnh 7.3 Cc phn lp giao thc Wimax cho hai lp cui cng ................................ 81 Hnh 7.4 Qu trnh truyn dn .................................................................................. 84 Hnh 7.5 n nh khe th i gian trong OFDM ............................................................ 88 Hnh 7.6 Kin trc h thng AS.MAX ca hngAirSpan ............................................ 93
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DANH SCH BNG
DANH SCH BNG

Bng 1.1 nh gi chung v cc cng ngh truy nhp.................................................9 Bng 1.2 So snh v gi thnh cc cng ngh ........................................................... 10 Bng 2.1 Cc cng ngh trong h xDSL ................................................................... 14 Bng 2.2 T c khong cch cc lo i VDSL............................................................. 29 Bng 3.1 So snh cc gi i php mng PON ............................................................... 34 Bng 6.1 Tm tt cc tiu chun WLAN trn th gii................................................. 70 Bng 7.1 Cc tham s ca SOFDMA ......................................................................... 86 Bng 7.2 Thng hiu ca cc nh cung cp thit b Wimax ..................................... 89
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CHNG 1
PHT TRIN CA MNG VIN THNG & PHNG THC TRUY NHP
Mng truy nh p l mt ph n c a m ng vin thng, mng truy nhp kt ni ngi dng vo mng b ng m t phng thc kt n i c th, s dng mt hoc kt h p mt vi cng ngh truy nhp thch hp. Nhm cung cp cho ngi c nhng nt khi lc v cc phng thc truy nh p, chng ny trnh by s pht trin ca mng truy nhp gn lin vi s pht trin ca mng vin thng, sau lit k cc cng ngh truy nhp ang c ch vi nhng chnh nh sau: q q q q q Mng truy nhp v mng vin thng Cng ngh truy nhp h u tuyn Cng ngh truy nhp v tuyn Nhng cng ngh truy nhp hu tuyn cnh tranh So snh v nh gi cc cng ngh truy nhp
1.1 MNG TRUY NHP & MNG VIN THNG

1.1.1 Mng NGN v cc cng ngh truy nh p
Mng NGN
Mng vin thng th h sau c nhiu cch gi khc nhau nh Mng a d ch v, Mng hi t, Mng phn ph i hay m ng nhiu lp. Cho ti nay cc t chc v cc nh cung cp thit b vin thng trn th gii rt quan tm n NGN nhng vn cha c m t nh ngha r rng. Do vy ta ch c th tm nh ngha NGN nh sau: NGN l mng c h tng thng tin duy nht da trn cng ngh chuyn mch gi, trin khai cc dch v m t cch a dng v nhanh chng, l s hi t gia tho i v d liu, gia c nh v di ng
c im NGN
NGN c 4 c im chnh: Nn tng l h thng m. NGN l do m ng d ch v thc y nhng cc dch v trn NGN phi c lp vi mng li. NGN l mng chuyn mch gi da trn nhng giao thc thng nh t. L m ng c dung lng ngy cng tng, c tnh thch ng ngy cng tng v c dung lng p ng nhu cu.
Trong NGN giao th c IP thc t tr thnh giao thc ng dng vn n ng c p dng lm c s cho mng a dch v. Hin ti mc d vn cn gp nhiu kh khn so vi mng chuyn mch knh v kh nng h tr lu lng thoi v cung cp ch t lng d ch v m b o cho s liu, nhng vi tc thay i nhanh chng nhiu cng ngh mi ang c p dng s sm khc phc iu ny trong tng lai gn.
Cc cng ngh truy nhp v mng NGN

Nh trong hnh 1.1 kt n i ngi dng vo m ng NGN ngi ta c th s dng m t cng ngh hoc c th kt hp m t vi cng ngh khc nhau to ra hng lo t nhng phng thc kt n i khc nhau. Nhng cng ngh kt n i hin nay ang c s dng ph bin bao gm : V tuyn (GSM, 3G, 4G, WLAN, WMAN) Hu tuyn xDSL, PON, CM, PLC
CHNG 1 - PHT TRIN CA MNG VIN THNG & PHNG THC TRUY NHP
Hnh 1.1 Mng th h sau v cc cng ngh truy nhp Tuy nhin, t c cu trc nh mong mun trn hnh 1.1 th mng truy nhp ni ring v mng vin thng ni chung phi tri qua nhng giai on qu vi nhiu trng thi khc nhau tng ng vi nhng xu t pht im (mng truyn s liu, thoi truyn th ng PSTN, mng di ng, mng di ng ni h t) v gii php s dng khc nhau. Chng ta c th tng kt li (nhn t h ng pht trin t mng PSTN) nhng th h ca mng truy nhp nh trong hnh 1.2. 1.1.2 Nhng giai on pht trin ca mng truy nhp Hnh 1.2 cho chng ta thy m c pht trin ca cc dng thit b truy nhp trong mng vin thng vi xu t pht im l mng PSTN. Dng thit b h tr d ch v bng rng u tin v c tch hp pha thu bao l DLC th h 3 hay NDLC ra i vo nhng nm cu i th k 20. Thit b ny c nhiu im tng ng vi ATM DSLAM do cng s dng mt cng ngh v kin trc tng t nhau. Cc NDLC th u n i v phi hp hot ng vi nhau to thnh mt mng ATM din rng thng nht, chuyn mch gi vi bng thng tng i ln cho php cung cp cc dch v d liu m t cch tng i mm d o (hnh 1.3). c tnh c a dng thit b ny nh sau: Cung cp gii php truy nhp bng rng tm thi qua mng li ATM. S dng cng ngh xDSL truy nhp d liu t c cao. Chun V5.x giao din vi mng PSTN. Kt n i ATM vi mng ng trc hay qua mng IP. H tr cc dch v thoi/fax, ISDN v d liu bng rng. 3
Truy nhp IP
Cui thp k 90
NGDLC
Gia thp k 90
V5 DLC
Nm 1970
1-2G DLC
Nm 1890
Cp ng
Hnh 1.2 S ra i ca cc dng thit b truy nhp Tuy nhin dng thit b ny c mt s nhc im sau: Bng thng v dung lng hn ch . Nt c chai trong vng ring truy nhp n u phn ln cc thu bao u s dng dch v xDSL v nt c chai trong mng li ATM. Kh m rng dung lng. Kin trc phc tp, qua nhiu lp (Ip qua ATM qua SDH/DSL). Gi thnh v chi ph tng i cao.
Tip sau DLC th h 3 l dng thit b truy nhp IP. y l dng thit b truy nhp tin tin nht hi t nhiu cng ngh n n tng trong mng th h sau NGN (hnh 1.4). Dng thit b ny ch y trn n n tng mng IP/MPLS v s dng in truy nhp IP-AN vi m t s c im sau: Bng thng/ Dung lng h u nh khng h n ch (Trn thc t hu nh khng tc ngh n vi bng thng trong khong 1-10Gbps). Truy nh p bng rng IP. D dng m rng v tch h p vi mng NGN (Trn nn mng chuyn mch mm). Cung cp tt c cc dch v qua mt mng IP duy nht mc d h thng ny vn h tr cc u cui tng t truyn thng. Thit b ny phi h p hot ng vi mng IP qua cng phng tin MG.
Gi thnh tnh cho tng thu bao v chi ph vn hnh mng th p. Kin trc n gin (IP over SDH)
PSTN DLC EX EX DLC
ATM BRAS
Cp quang Trung k Cp ng IP
Hnh 1.3 Thit b DLC th h 3 Trong giai on qu hin nay, vic u t vo mng truy nhp mang li hiu qu v m t kinh t v k thut th ngoi gii php s dng cp ng n khu vc thu bao cn c th s dng cc thit b truy nh p tch hp, quang ha mng truy nhp v tn d ng t i a nhng cng ngh truy nhp v tuyn, hn na ph hp vi xu th tt yu l tin ti hi t mng NGN khi m c s h tng mng hin ti cha sn sng h tr cc thit b truy nhp IP tin tin nht th cn phi c dng thit b truy nhp p ng tt c cc yu cu sau: H tr cc giao din PSTN truyn thng, cc u cui tng t. C kh nng cung cp cc dch v bng rng v cc dch v mi khc. H tr giao din V5.x v c th kt ni ti cc tng i n i ht ang s dng (c th ng vai tr nh l thit b DLC). D dng nng cp, tch hp khi chuyn sang mng NGN. m bo th i gian trin khai v chi ph pht thin thu bao khng qu cao.
1.2 CNG NGH TRUY NHP HU TUYN

Hin nay trn th trng nhng nh khai thc vi c s h tng khc nhau a ra nhng dch v truy nhp da trn cng ngh khc nhau nh: Cng ngh modem bng tn thoi, xDSL, ISDN da trn cp ng xo n Cng ngh modem cp CM trn mng cp truyn h nh cp CATV Cng ngh PLC trn mng cp in lc Cng ngh truy nhp quang trn mng CATV, PLC, PSTN 5
Tuy nhin, xt v tnh kinh t cng nh s n nh v gii php k thut h cng ngh xDSL vn l gii php hp l trong nhng nm ti.
1.3 CNG NGH TRUY NHP V TUYN

Vi s xut hin c a Wimax, cng ngh truy nhp v tuyn cho thy s h i t m t cch r rng gia c nh v di ng, mng truy nhp v tuyn s tin ti cung cp d ch v kt n i c tc cao hn, phc v nhng dch v a dng hn v s c s th a hip gia tnh di ng v tc .
PSTN POTS/PSTN My T IP Gateway
IP hay MPLS xDSL Gateway truy nhp
Chuyn mch mm
IP hay MPLS switch-router
Hnh 1.4 Thit b truy nhp IP cho mng th h sau
1.4 NHNG CNG NGH TRUY NHP HU TUYN CNH TRANH

1.4.1 Cng ngh PLC Vic s dng mng li phn phi in cho mc ch truyn thng c bit n t nhng nm u c a th k 20. Bng cch s dng phng thc iu ch kho bt tt cc h thng PLC u tin c s dng cho vic truyn thng n i b nhm thc hin nhim v iu khin v o c t xa, tuy nhin cc h thng ny tc truyn tin rt thp. Ngy nay vi s pht trin nhanh chng c a cng ngh, c bit l cng ngh sn xut vi m ch tch h p cho tng ng dng c bit ASIC cho php PLC c nhng bc pht trin nhy vt v ha hn tr thnh mt trong nhng cng ngh truy nhp bng rng, tc cao. Trong m t vi nm gn y cng ngh PLC ang pht trin mnh m do nhng nguyn nhn sau: Nhu cu truy nhp Internet bng thng rng ang bng n. Trong khi cc cng ngh truy nhp bng thng rng khc v cc l do khc nhau cha p ng c.
Mng li in h th sn c khp ni, di tn trn ng dy in cha c s dng h t. i vi cc nh khai thc vin thng mi vic xy dng mng truy nhp cung cp dch v trc tip ti khch hng i hi chi ph ln v tn nhiu thi gian, cng sc.
Do nhng c im hp dn n u trn, PLC nhn c s quan tm ht sc c bit ca cc nc Chu u, Bc M, Nh t v gn y l m t s nc Chu khc. Chu u, trong nhng nm gn y c kh nhiu cuc th nghim mng truy nhp v mng gia nh s dng cng ngh PLC. Trong nm 1999, ETSI cng t ra mt d n mang tn EP PLT pht trin cc tiu chun v cc c t k thu t cho h thng PLC. Thng 3 nm 2000, ti Thu S, din n PLC c thit lp nhm m c tiu lin kt cc thnh vin quan tm n cng ngh PLC bao gm 51 thnh vin ti 17 quc gia v 3 lc a. Ti Bc M, lin minh cng nghip Bc M thit lp m t t chc c tn l HomePlug nhm thc hin mc tiu cung cp mt din n to ra cc c t m cho pht trin h thng PLC cho cc sn ph m v mng truy nh p tc cao, mng gia nh s dng cng ngh PLC. Hai lnh vc ng dng hin nay c a PLC l truy nhp ni h t v kt ni mng trong nh. Cc dch v ca PLC c th c cung cp m bo lun sn sng ti m i in v khng cn thi cng cp bao gm: Truy nhp Internet bng thng rng (ti 45Mbs hoc hn ), cc kt ni ny lun online. Dch v thoi v fax. Kt ni LAN trong nh cho cc my PC v my in cng nh cc thit b truyn thng khc Cc d ch v bng hp khc (house automation, health care...).
Cn c vo dung lng cung cp v cu h nh s dng m ta c th phn loi cng ngh PLC nh sau y. Nu xt bng tn s dng, ti Nht, bng tn khng cn ng k cho PLC t 10450 Khz trong khi ti Chu u l t 10 -148.5 Khz, cc h thng PLC vn hnh d i tn ny s c xem nh l cc h thng PLC bng hp. Gn y nhiu quc gia trong c Nh t bt u cn nh c n vic m rng d i tn hot ng cho PLC ln ti 30 Mhz. Ti Chu u, ETSI xc nh k hoch phn b bng tn t 1,6 Mhz n 10 Mhz cho truy nhp n i ht, di tn t 10 Mhz n 30 Mhz c u tin dnh cho ng dng mng gia nh, nhng h thng nh vy c th c coi l cc h thng bng rng. Nu xt theo cu h nh x dng chng ta c th c nhng cu hnh ca mng truy nhp PLC nh: Cu h nh s dng m ng h th Fiber-LV Cu hnh s dng m ng trung th v h th MV&LV 7
Cu hnh s dng trung th v v tuyn MV & Wireless Cu hnh s dng cp quang FTTH
Do bn cht s khai ca ng cp in khng phi l truyn d n tn hiu thng tin cho nn khng c mt s m bo hiu nng no khi thc hin truyn thng trn cp in nhn t quan im truyn dn tn hiu. PLC s gp phi hai tr ngi rt ln sau: Chng nhiu (do cc ngun in hoc ngo i in) v suy hao trn ng dy. Cc c tnh c bit ca knh truyn d n s dng cp in, nh l cc c tnh tr khng thay i theo thi gian c a ng dy in, rt nhiu nhn t gy ra cc dng tp m tn hiu.
Ti Vit nam EVN th nghip thnh cng PLC ti tr s Trn Nguyn Hn, tuy nhin cng vi nhng tr ngi nh cp trn, kh n ng trin khai trn din rng vn cn ng. 1.4.2 Cng ngh CM L cng ngh cho php truy xut thng tin t c cao n cc server t xa nh cc server Internet hay cc server video theo yu cu qua m ng truyn hnh cp vi tc thay i ph thu c vo h thng modem cp, kin trc mng cp ng tr c v lu lng trn modem. Tc theo chiu xung c th ln n 27Mbps, tuy nhin y l dung lng tng cng ca mi ngi chia ra do cu trc mng dng nhnh, thng th dung lng ca m t thu bao ch t 1-3Mbps. chiu ln c th t c 10Mbps nhng thng l 12,5 Mbps u im ca modem cp l tn dng c mng truyn hnh cp sn c nn gim chi ph, cc linh kin tn s cao cn thit cho hot ng c a modem cp tr nn rt r v c bn i tr. Nhng cng do lm vic tn s cao v c n 90% cp i trong nh m cc cp ny thng c lp t vi v, cu th nn d gy nhiu cho tivi v cc thit b khc, gii php y l cn phi i li dy nh. Hn na do vic s dng chung cc knh ng ln nn d gy tc nghn.
1.5 SO SNH & NH GI CC CNG NGH TRUY NHP

Chng ta c th so snh cc cng ngh truy nhp trn nhiu gc cnh khc nhau : Bng 1.1 Cho chng ta so snh chung nht gia nhng cng ngh Bng 1.2 : nh gi v cc cng ngh truy nhp trn kha cnh kinh t khi trin khai
Bng 1.1 nh gi chung v cc cng ngh truy nhp Cng Ngh Bng thng Tc ln 33.6 Kbps Tc xung 56.6 Kbps Phm vi cung cp rng Gi thnh r 1.5Mbps 8Mbps T c cao tin cy cao T i a 10 T i a 30 T c cao. Mbps Mbps Gi thnh r. Chun thng dng. ISDN 128Kbps 128Kbps S dng rng ri. Tng thch vi DSL Tc chm Chi ph cao Kh qun l gim st V tinh 33.6 Kbps 400 Kbps Kh nng ng dng Tc lung ln thp. rng ri Chi ph thit b cao. tin cy cha cao. nh hng do tc dng ca thi tit V Thay i tuyn di ng Thay i V tuyn c nh Thay i C kh nng di ng, Nhiu chun cng trin khai dch v nhanh ngh , kh khn khi trin khai trn din rng T c cao. Nhiu cp ng dng. Chi ph thit b cao. Phm vi ng dng h n ch. Ph thuc vo c ly v anten Cp quang PLC Ln 18 Mbps Ln 45 Mbps T c cao, ch t lng Gi thnh t kt ni cao C mt khp ni trn Cha c chun chung ng dy in lc Nhiu nhau chun khc Tc rt chm u im Nhc im
Dial-up (V90) xDSL (ADSL) Modem Cp
Cu trc v bng tn phi chia s
Thay i
B ng 1.2 So snh v gi thnh cc cng ngh Cng ngh Cp quang Chi ph h th ng Cao Lp t cp Cn thit Thun li Khng thun li
Ch t lng cao Mng n nh Bng thng rng
Chi ph qu cao i hi phi ri cp Kh to mng con Cht lng ph thu c vo cht lng ng truyn Kh to mng con
xDSL
Cao
Khng
Bng thng rng Kh n nh Khng cn ri cp
Modem Cp LMDS
Trung bnh
Cn thit
Kh n nh Bng thng rng
Cht lng ph thu c vo s thu bao Kh to mng con
Cao
Khng
D dng mng con
truy nhp Vn ang pht trin Chi ph cao Thit b mi n nh v kh nng tng thch gia cc nh cung cp thit b cha cao
Khng yu cu cp Wimax Ch p nhn Khng c Trin khai nhanh chng
PLC
Th p
Khng
D dng truy cp m ng Cha xc nh c n gin ch cm vo s ph thuc s thu in bao kt n i vo mng. Khng cn lp cp
10
CHNG 2
H CNG NGH xDSL
H cng ngh xDSL ang c s dng rng ri bi nhng u im v kinh t v k thut ca chng. Chng ny trnh by chi tit v kin trc ca h thng s dng h cng ngh xDSL, cc cng ngh trong h v kh nng ng dng ca chng, n i dung c a chng 2 gm: q q q q q q Cng ngh trong h xDSL Kin trc h thng ADSL, ADSL2, ADSL2+ HDSL, HDSL2, SHDSL, HDSL4 VDSL & VDSL2 Tnh hnh trin khai ti Vit Nam
11
2.1 CNG NGH TRONG H xDSL

VDSL: T1.424 In-line filter: T1.421 ADSL2:G992.4 ADSL G992.3 SHDSL: G991.2 HDSL4
2000
T1 pointer-G992.2
T1 pointer-G992.1
TIU CHUN QUN L BNG TN
G.hs
1999
UAWG ADSL lite G992.2 Khng c b chia ADSL dmt G992.1 CHUN QUC T HDSL2 T1.41B TC-PAM Bng tn xc nh SDSL
1998
ADSL T1.413 phin bn 2 ATM Gim mo u Thch ng tc
1995
ADSL T1.413 Bt i xng a tc
1992
HDSL B DSP hiu nng cao
1986
ISDN T1.601
Modem bng tn thoi
DDS, T1 v E1
Hnh 2.1 Lch s pht trin ca cc cng ngh trong h xDSL Nh cp ch ng 1, xDSL l h cng ngh ng dy thu bao s gm nhiu cng ngh c tc , khong cch truyn d n khc nhau v c ng dng vo cc dch v khc nhau, vi x thay cho cc k t : A, H, V, I, S, Lch s pht trin c a cc cng ngh trong h c th hin trong hnh 2.1 .
12
CHNG 2 - H CNG NGH xDSL
C th phn loi xDSL theo c tnh truyn dn gia hai chiu ln v xung nh sau (bng 2.1 tng kt c im ca mt s cng ngh trong h): Truyn d n hai chiu i xng gm: HDSL/HDSL2, SHDSL c chun ho v nhng phin b n khc nh: SDSL, IDSL Truyn dn hai chiu khng i xng gm ADSL/ADSL. Lite (G.Lite), ADSL2, ADSL2+ c chun ho v m t s tn gi khc cha c chun ho nh: RADSL, UADSL, CDSL. Cng ngh VDSL, VDSL2 cung cp c dch v truyn d n i xng v khng i xng.
HDSL/HDSL 2: Cng ngh ng dy thu bao s truyn t c d liu cao HDSL s dng 2 i dy ng trong m i i dy s dng hon ton sng cng cung cp dch v T1 (1,544 Mbps), 2 hoc 3 i dy cung cp dch v E1 (2,048 Mbps) SDSL: Cng ngh DSL m t i dy truyn i xng tc 784 Kbps trn mt i dy, ghp knh thoi v s liu trn cng mt ng dy, s dng m 2B1Q. Cng ngh ny cha c cc tiu chun th ng nh t nn khng c ph bin cho cc d ch v tc cao. SDSL ch c ng dng trong vic truy cp trang Web, ti nhng tp d liu v thoi ng thi vi t c 128 Kbps vi khong cch nh hn 6,7 Km v t c ti a l 1024 Kbps trong khong 3,5 Km. SHDSL: L cng ngh kt hp ca HDSL 2 v SDSL vi tc thay i t 192Kbps n 2,134 Mbps, khong cch tng ng vi t c ti a l 2km. Trong thc t, n c th cu hnh dng 2 i dy cung cp t c t 384Kbps n 4,264Mbps. ADSL,ADSL2 v ADSL2+: Cng ngh DSL khng i xng, ADSL cung cp t c truyn d n khng i xng ln ti 8 Mb/s lung xung v 16- 640 Kb/s lung ln vi kho ng cch truyn dn 5km v gim i khi tc ln cao. Mt dng ADSL khc gi l ADSL Lite hay ADSL khng s dng b lc xut hin t u nm 1998 ch yu cho ng dng truy cp Internet tc cao. ADSL2 thm nhng ci tin v iu ch v m ha lm tng hiu qu s dng bng thng. ADSL2+ m rng bng tn cho chiu xung ti 2.2 Mhz. ReachDSL l cng ngh DSL i xng p ng nhu cu ca thu bao cc khong cch xa. b sung cho cng ngh ADSL tiu chun (DMT hay G.lite), cc sn phm ReachDSL cung cp tc d liu t 128 Kbps n 1 Mbps v c thit k lm vic vi iu kin ng dy v i dy trong nh d di hn. M t trong cc li ch c a ReachDSL l khng cn phi lp t cc b tch dch v thoi, iu ny cho php khch hng hon ton c th t lp t cc b l c. Khc vi cc h thng ADSL c di vng thu bao gii hn trong khong 6 Km k t tng i, cc h thng ReachDSL m rng dch v n hn 6,5Km v hin nay c cc ng dy vt qu 10 Km.
13
VDSL: Cng ngh DSL t c d liu rt cao l cng ngh ph hp cho kin trc mng truy nhp s dng cp quang ti cm dn c. VDSL truyn tc d liu cao qua cc ng dy ng xon i khong cch ngn. T c lung xung ti a t ti 52 Mbps trong chiu di 300 m. Vi t c lung xung th p 1,5 Mbps th chiu di cp t ti 3,6 km. Tc lung ln trong ch khng i xng l 1,6- 2,3 Mbps. B ng 2.1 Cc cng ngh trong h xDSL Cng ngh IDSL T c Kho ng cch truyn dn 5km S i dy 1 i ng dng
144 Kbps i xng 1,544Mbps i xng 2,048Mbps i xng 1,544Mbps i xng 2,048Mbps i xng 768Kbps i xng
Truyn thoi v s liu Cp lumgT1/E1 truy xut WAN. LAN, truy xut server Cp lumg T1/E1 truy xut WAN. LAN, truy xut server
HDSL
3,6 km 4,5 2 i km 3 i
HDSL2
3,6 km 4,5 1 i km
SDSL
1,544Mbps ho c 2,048Mbps chiu
7 km m t 3 km 7 km 3 km 1 i
Nh HDSL nhng thm phn truy xut i xng.
SHDSL
5.6Mbps ln/xung
1, 2 i
Kt ni server Truy xut Internet, Video theo yu cu, tng tc a phng tin, truy xut LAN t xa.
ADSL
5km (tc 8 Mbps xung, 800 cng cao th 1 i Kbps ln khong cch cng ngn )
ADSL2
5km (tc Truy xut Internet, Video 8 Mb/s xung, 1 cng cao th nhiu i theo yu cu, tng tc a khong cch dy phng tin, truy xut LAN Mbps ln cng ngn ) t xa. 5km (tc 24 Mbps xung 1 cng cao th khong cch Mbps ln cng ngn ) m t hoc nhiu i dy (ti 32 i) Truy xut Internet, Video theo yu cu, tng tc a phng tin, truy xut LAN t xa.
ADSL2 +
14
ADSL2 -RE
8 Mbps xung 1 Mbps ln 26 Mb/s i xng
5km (tc cng cao th Reach khong cch Extende cng ngn )
Truy xut Internet, Video theo yu cu, tng tc a phng tin, truy xut LAN t xa.
VDSL
13 - 52 Mb/s lung 300 m - 1,5 km 1 i xung 1,5-2,3 Mb/s lung (tu tc ) ln 300 m - 1,5 100Mbps ln/xung km (tu t c 1 i G.993.2 )
Nh ADSL nhng thm HDTV
VDSL2
Nh ADSL nhng thm HDTV
Vi m t h cc k thu t DSL khc nhau, vic p dng chng sao cho ph h p v c hiu qu cao l m t vn cn xem xt. Mi loi k thut c nh ng tnh nng, c th v im mnh, im yu ring. Trong h xDSL th cc cng ngh b t i xng nh ADSL, ADSL2, ADSL2+ l nhng cng ngh c s dng nhiu nh t, ph bin nht trn th gii. Nh n xt nh gi v c im c a xDSL: Xy dng tnh mm do mc cn thit h tr cho cc ng dng. Tnh mm do th hin y l: Kh nng h tr nhiu lo i h nh dch v, kh n ng m rng pht trin t mt vi thu bao ti hng ngn thu bao, kh n ng qun l tin cy m ng im - im trong vic h tr nhng ng. Cho php mng c a nh cung cp dch v NPS v ngi s d ng dch v tn dng mt s c tnh ca cu trc c s h tng hin nay nh nhng giao thc lp 2, 3 ging nh Frame Relay, ATM v IP v tin cy nhng dch v mng. xDSL c th trin khai nhng dch v c da trn cc gi tin hoc t bo ging nh Frame Relay, IP hoc ATM hay trn nhng d ch v knh ng b bit. xDSL p ng c yu cu i hi th i gian thc, tc cao Kh nng xDSL ngy cng phong ph vi rt nhiu cc phin b n mi nh ADSL2, HDSL2 Qua nhng kt qu nghin cu, cc nh cung cp dch v th a nhn rng h cng ngh xDSL khng phi l th h tng lai c a m ng truy nhp m ch l gii php hin ti c a truy nhp mng.
2.2 KIN TRC H THNG
15
H thng xDSL bao gm nhng thit b pha nh cung cp d ch v, nhng thit b khch hng, nhng thit b ny c n i vi nhau thng qua mch vng ng dy thu bao. Hnh 2.2 th hin kin trc chung ca mt h thng s dng xDSL, hnh 2.3 th hin chi tit nhng thit b trong mt h thng ADSL thng dng, cc cng ngh khc trong c th c s dng vi cu h nh tng t (s khc bit ch yu l c th s dng b l c hoc khng tng ng vi vic c s dng d ch v thoi truyn thng hay khng).
PSTN
PSTN
Hnh 2.2 Kin trc chung ca h thng s dng h cng ngh xDSL
Thit b nh cung cp dch v kt ni

Gm c cc b chia c lp t ni cc mch vng thu bao kt cu i trn gi phi dy chnh MDF, u ra c hai i dy. i th nht kt ni ti mng chuyn mch thoi cung cp d ch v thoi truyn thng. i dy th hai kt ni ti khi kt cui ADSL trung tm ATU-C. truyn dn hiu qu , cc khi ATU-C c kt hp vi chc nng ghp knh to nn b ghp knh truy nh p DSL l DSLAM trong tng i trung tm v c kt ni ti mng cc nh cung cp dch v thng qua mng bng rng ATM ho c IP.
Pha khch hng

Bao gm cc b chia c lp t ni cc mch vng thu bao kt cui, u ra kt n i ti khi kt cui ADSL u xa ATU-R ti u cui khch h ng s dng ADSL v m t u ti u cui khch hng s dng thoi.
Mch vng thu bao

L mt i dy ng xo n i n i thu bao v tng i trung tm. Tuy nhin, h thng ADSL c th trin khai c trn thc t, th ta phi xem xt c s tng thch ph c a cc dch v ADSL trn m ch vng thu bao v n nh hng su sc ti ch t lng dch v ADSL. 16
Mng bng rng
Chuyn mch ATM/IP

ADSL.
DSLAM
ATU-C
B chia
MDF
B chia
ATU-R
POTS/ISDN
Chuyn mch CO
Cc ng khng phi xDSL
PSTN
Hnh 2.3 Cu trc h thng ADSL.
2.3 ADSL, ADSL2, ADSL2+

ADSL cng ngh DSL khng i xng c pht trin t khi xut hin cc nhu cu truy nhp Internet tc cao, cc dch v trc tuyn, video theo yu cu...vo u nhng nm 90. ADSL cung cp tc truyn dn khng i xng ln ti 8 Mb/s lung xung v 16- 640 Kb/s lung ln vi khong cch truyn dn 5km v gim i khi tc ln cao. u im ni b t ca ADSL l cho php khch hng s dng ng thi mt ng dy tho i cho c 2 dch v: thoi v s liu. Mt dng ADSL khc gi l ADSL Lite hay ADSL khng s dng b lc xut hin t u nm 1998 ch yu cho ng dng truy cp Internet t c cao, k thu t ny khng i h i b lc pha thu bao nn gi thnh thit b v chi ph lp t gim i tuy nhin t c lung xung ch cn 1,5 Mb/s. ADSL2 thm nhng ci tin v iu ch v m ha lm tng hiu qu s dng bng thng. ADSL2+ m rng bng tn cho chiu xung ti 2.2 Mhz. 2.3.1 ADSL ng dy thu bao s b t i xng ADSL l cng ngh truyn dn mch vng ni ht ng thi truyn ti trn cng mt i dy cc dch v sau: Tc bit thu (v pha thu bao) ln ti gn trn di 8 Mbit/s. 17
Tc bit pht (v pha mng) ln ti 1 Mbit/s. Dch v in thoi truyn thng POTS.
H thng truyn d n c thit k hot ng trn cp ng xon i, nhiu c dy h n h p. Cng ngh ADSL c xy dng da trn iu kin khng c cun gia cm v c m t vi trng hp h n ch c a nhnh r c chp nhn. Nhng p dng cng ngh tin tin nng cao tc truyn d n, c th cung cp cho thu bao dch v bng rng mt chiu nh dch v truyn h nh s cht lng cao HDTV, dch v trao i s liu tc trung bnh v dch v in tho i thng th ng.
K thut iu ch
Hin c 3 k thu t iu ch c s dng l QAM, CAP v DMT, trong k thut iu ch a tn ri rc DMT c s dng rng ri. iu ch DMT l k thut iu ch a sng mang. DMT chia ph tn s thnh cc bng tn nh. M i bng tn nh c th c iu ch c th mang mt s lng bt nht nh ty thuc vo cht lng knh truyn ti bng tn . C th trong ADSL, trong gii ph t 26 KHz n 1,1 MHz c chia thnh cc knh kho ng 4 KHz, gi l cc knh con, cc bt c iu ch trong mi knh con bng k thut QAM, hnh 2.4.
Tn hiu
256 Knh Khong knh 4.3125 kHz
25
138
Tn s [kHz] Lung xung
1 104
Lu ng ln
Hnh 2.4 Phn chia bng tn ADSL khi s dng k thut FDM
K thut truyn dn song cng

Trong ADSL s d ng m t i dy cho vic truyn song cng nn phi chia bng tn hot ng thnh bng tn t tng i ti thu bao v bng tn t thu bao ti tng 18
i (n gin l k thut ghp knh theo tn s FDM) ho c ph i s dng k thut trit ting vng EC. Trong cng ngh ADSL c FDM v k thu t trit ting vng EC c th c s dng kt hp ng th i iu ny l do s khng i xng ca bng tn ADSL, cc d i tn c th g i chng ln nhau nhng khng trng kht vo nhau. y l c th ring c a ADSL so vi cc cng ngh DSL khc.
K thut ghp knh theo tn s.

K thut ny cho php d i tn pht tch khi di tn thu trnh t xuyn m v c di tn b o v gia chng. Phng php ny c u im sau: Trit tiu c NEXT v hai di tn s cch nhau bng bng tn bo v. Khng cn s ng b gia pht v thu. c pht trin t lu nn t c s chn mu i cng ngh. Tuy nhin vn cn tn ti mt s nhc im: Khng s dng hiu qu bng thng v lung ln v xung 2 di tn khc bit nhau v cn c di tn bo v. Tc lung xung d i tn cao nn b gim nhanh chng khi c ly truyn dn tng do suy hao min tn s cao nhanh. Vn xy ra hin tng NEXT mc d trng h p l tng cc b cp u cng loi nhng vn c cc h thng DSL khc nhau hot ng trong cng b cp .
K thut trit ting vng EC

K thu t ny s dng m t knh duy nht cho c pht v thu nn ph tn hiu c a chng trm ln nhau v tn ti ting vng ca tn hiu pht ln trong tn hiu thu nn cn mt b kh ting vng ti pha thu. Ting vng gm t hp hai lo i: ting vng u gn v u xa. Mc ch ca b trit ting vng l trit ting vng u gn cn tn hiu u xa nh hng khng ng k nn c th b qua. Nh vy, k thu t ny cho php hai modem s dng ton b bng thng c sn trn c hai hng. u im: Tn dng hiu qu bng thng v ph hai hng trm ln nhau. Ci thin ng k tc truyn nht l khi c ly di v tn hiu hng xung c s dng bng tn thp l vng m suy hao nh hn.
Nhc im:
19
Khng loi b c NEXT do c nhiu h thng khc nhau lm vic trong cng b cp m b trit ting vng khng th loi b c xuyn m t chng. Vic ch to nhng b lc s thch ng rt phc tp nht l khi lm vic vi tn s cao. V v y, cc modem ADSL hin nay vn s dng kiu FDM khi yu cu tc cao cha gay gt lm.
Nguyn l thu pht

tm hiu r hn v nhng k thu t m ha v iu ch c s dng trong ADSL ta c th tm hiu s nguyn ca b thu pht ADSL (nm trong ATU-C v ATU-R) hnh 2.5, vi chc nng ca tng kh i c m t chi tit sau y.
Data CRC EOC AOC Bit ch ch th B to khung CRC Tr Trn M ha RS Tr Trn M ha RS an xen Sp xp v m ha ch chm im
I D F T
Th Thm Tin t vng
D/A
CRC B gi gii khung
Gi Gii tr trn
Gi Gii m
Gi Gii an xen
CRC
Gi Gii tr trn
Gi Gii m
Gi Gii m gi gii sp xp
F D Q
D F T
Tch tin t vng
TDQ
ADC+ fillter
Hnh 2.5 S khi thu v pht ADSL Khi to khung: Nhn cc knh d liu, EOC, AOC v cc bt ch th ri to khung v siu khung theo t c tho thun sau qu trnh khi to. S liu trn ng truyn dn ADSL c b tr thnh cu trc siu khung. CRC: To 8 bt kim tra li v t trong khung th nht ca mi siu khung. Trong m t lung, CRC s kim tra tt c cc bt chuyn qua tr cc byte FEC, CRC ca siu khung trc v khung ng b. CRC gip pht hin c bao nhiu siu khung sau khi thu xut hin mt l i khng th sa c bng FEC. Khi trn: Thc hin trn lung nhanh v lung chm mt cch c lp nhm mc ch trnh cc cc bt ging nhau xu t hin lin tip. Ti u thu qu trnh din ra ngc li vi cng qui lut. Khi FEC: Thm bt d vo phn d liu nhm sa m t s bt b li sau b gii iu ch pha thu ( y s dng m Reed Solomon). 20
Khi an xen: Ch tn ti trong lung xen, phn tn l i cm ti cc t m khc nhau sao cho s byte b li lin tip n m trong kh nng sa li ca loi m . Tt nhin, lc ny thng tin s b tr hn so vi khng an xen. Sp xp tone: L qu trnh tch mt s bt nht nh ri gn vo mt tone nht nh. Sau qu trnh kh i to, s lng bt gn cho m i tone c quyt nh (c gi tr t 0 n 15 bt). D liu t hai ngun nhanh, chm c a vo sp xp tone trc khi a n b m ho DMT. M ho: Sau khi sp xp tone, mi bin phi thc hin m ho cc bt ny. Ngoi ra, khi m ho cn c chc nng iu chnh li knh cho tng bin nh bng gi tr bit/tone v li bin. Khi IDFT: Sau khi sp xp tone v m ho s to ra m t s phc. Nh vy, s c nhiu nht l 256 s phc. Khi IDFT s chuyn cc s phc trong min tn s ny sang tn hiu trong min th i gian. Khi thm tin t vng: to ra knh gi tu n hon gip qu trnh cn b ng trong min tn s pha thu thun li hn. Khi bin i s-tng t DAC v l c dng: Chuyn i cc mc tn hiu sang mc in p v pha khc nhau trn ng truyn. B l c gii h n tn hiu pht trong bng thng c a ADSL .. 2.3.2 ADSL2
Gii thiu chung

ADSL2 l th th hai ca ADSL c chun ho trong ITU G.992.3 v G992.4 da trn chu n ca th h th nht ITU G.992.1 v G.992.2. Tuy nhin ADSL2 c nhiu ci tin so vi ADSL th h th nht. Nh nhng ci tin nu trn m ADSL2 ci thin ng k v tc v khong cch so vi ADSL. Vi ADSL2 c th t c tc ng xung trn 8Mbps v ng ln ti 800Kbps trn mt i dy in thoi. So vi ADSL, ADSL2 tng tc ng xung khong t 50 n 196Kbps v tng tc ng ln khong t 32 n 64Kbps. Mt khc, vi cng tc s liu nh ADSL, ADSL2 tng kho ng cch so vi ADSL t 150 n 300m. Trn ng y in thoi c cng di so vi ADSL th ADSL2 c tc s liu tng khong 50Kbps. C c kt qu ny l do ADSL2 ci thin hiu qu iu ch, gim tiu khung, t c li m ho cao hn, ci thin trng thi khi to v tng cng thut ton x l tn hiu... So vi ADSL, ADSL2 b xung mt s tnh nng mi, l nhng tnh nng lin quan n cc tnh nng lin quan n ng dng, cc tnh nng lin quan n PMS-TC v cc tnh n ng lin quan n PMD.
Cc tnh nng lin quan n ng dng

H tr ng dng ch hon ton s
21
ADSL a ra mt ch tu chn cho php truyn s liu ADSL trn bng tn thoi do tng thm 256Kbps cho tc d liu ng ln. H tr ng dng thoi trn bng tn ADSL C ba phng thc c bn truyn lu lng thoi trn ng dy cp ng s dng bng tn DSL l: Thoi qua ch truyn dn cn ng b (VoATM), tho i qua giao thc internet (VoIP) v thoi phn knh trn DSL (CVoDSL). CVoDSL l mt ci tin ca cng ngh ng dy thu bao s. Phng thc ny truyn lu lng thoi TDM m t cch trong su t qua bng tn DSL. CVoDSL l duy nht gia cc gii php thoi qua DSL trong n truyn thoi trong lp vt l, cho php truyn cc knh thoi trn bng tn DSL trong khi vn duy tr c POTS v truy nhp Internet tc cao. y l m t phng thc n gin, linh hot, hiu qu v m t chi ph cho php thit b th h sau c ch c nng thoi. H tr chc nng ghp ngc ATM (IMA) trong ATM TPS-TC: Tc s liu ti khch hng c th tng ng k b ng cch ghp nhiu ng in thoi cng nhau. thc hin vic ghp, chun ADSL2 h tr chc nng ghp ngc ATM (IMA) c trin khai cho cu trc ATM truyn thng. Thng qua IMA, ADSL2 c th ghp hai hoc nhiu i dy ng trong mt tuyn ADSL. Kt qu l t c tc ng xung linh hot hn c th l : 20 Mbps trn 2 i ghp, 30 Mbps trn 3 i ghp, 40 Mbps trn 4 i ghp.
Cc tnh nng lin quan n PMS-TC

Vic phn khung linh hot hn, h tr ti 4 khung mang, 4 ng S liu c truyn khc nhau c th c tp hp vo cc cu trc khc nhau khi chng truyn qua chc nng PMS-TC pht. Nhm cu trc ny c g i l cu trc khung. Gim tiu khung H th ng ADSL2 gim tiu khung bng cch s dng khung vi cc tiu ca khung c th lp trnh c. Do , khng nh trong chu n ADSL th h th nht s bit tiu trn khung l c nh v chim 32Kbps c a ti s liu thc t, trong chun. ADSL2 s bit tiu chun trong khung c th lp trnh c chim t 4 n 32Kbp. Trong cc h thng ADSL th h th nh t, trn cc ng dy in tho i c tc s liu thp (v d 128Kbps) th 32Kbps (hoc 25% t c s liu tng) c cung cp pht c nh cho thng tin tiu . Trong cc h thng ADSL2, tc s liu tiu c th gim xung cn 4Kbps, do cung cp thm 28Kbps cho ti s liu.
Cc tnh nng lin quan n PMD

Chun on B thu pht ADSL2 c tng cng kh nng chun on. Kh nng chu n on cung cp cc cng c gii quyt nhng vng mc trong v sau khi to, gim st trong khi cung cp dch v v nng cao nng lc. Do cc b thu pht ADSL2 22
cung cp kh nng thc hin o tp m ng dy, suy gim mch vng v t s tn hiu trn tp m ti hai u ng dy. Kt qu ca nhng php o ny c tp h p li b ng cch s dng ch kim tra chun on c bit ngay c khi ch t lng ng dy l qu ti c th hon thnh kt ni ADSL2. Ngoi ra, ADSL2 cn cung cp c kh nng gim st hiu nng thi gian thc, kh nng ny cung cp thng tin v cht lng ng dy v iu kin tp m ti hai u ng dy. Thch ng tc Cc ng dy in thoi c b n vi nhau trong b cp nhiu i ch a 25 hoc nhiu hn cc i dy xon. Kt qu l tn hiu in t mt i gy ra t trng trn cc i gn k trong b cp. Hin tng ny c gi l xuyn m v c th cn tr c tnh tc s liu ADSL. Kt qu l nhng thay i ca cc mc xuyn m c th lm t kt ni trong ADSL. Xuyn m ch l mt nguyn nhn gy t kt ni trn h thng ADSL. Cc nguyn nhn khc c th l do nhiu sng v tuyn AM, nhng thay i v nhit v nc trong b cp. ADSL2 gii quyt vn ny bng cch thch ng lin tc tc s liu theo thi gian th c. Ci tin ny, c gi l thch ng tc lin t c (SRA), cho php h thng ADSL2 thay i tc ca kt ni trong khi cung cp d ch v m khng lm ngt dch v hoc gy li bit. ADSL2 pht hin ra nhng thay i trong iu kin knh (v d, m t trm v tuyn AM n i ht ngng pht vo bui ti) v thch ng tc s liu vi iu kin mi trong su t vi ngi s dng. Khi to nhanh Kh i to b thu pht ADSL c yu cu cho kt ni gia ATU-C v ATU-R thit lp m t tuyn thng tin gia chng. ADSL th h th nht ch h tr ch khi to thng thng. Tuy nhin ADSL2 h tr c hai ch : ch khi to thng thng v ch khi to nhanh. Th t c khi to thng thng mt kho ng t 10 ti 15 giy trong khi th tc kh i to nhanh ch m t khong t 2 ti 3 giy. C c iu ny l do th t c khi to nhanh da vo vic lu tr v s dng li cc tham s truyn dn t khi to thng thng trc nh gim ng k thi gian iu khin. Ci thin v mt cng sut Cc b thu pht ADSL th h th nht hot ng ch cng su t ln nht sut ngy m ngay c khi khng c s dng. p ng vn ny, chu n ADSL2 a ra ch qun l cng su t gip gim cng sut tiu th trong khi vn duy tr chc nng lun lun kt ni c a ADSL cho ngi s dng. 2.3.3 ADSL2+
Gii thiu chung
23
Cng ngh ADSL2+ l thnh vin mi nht trong h cc chun ADSL. ADSL2+ c chun ho trong ITU G.992.5 vo thng 5 nm 2003. C th coi ADSL2+ l ADSL th h th ba ho c l phin bn delta ca ADSL th h th hai ADSL2. Cng ging nh ADSL2, ADSL2+ s dng i dy ng xon truyn ng thi thoi v s liu t c cao gia kt cui mng (ATU-C) v kt cu i khch hng (ATUR). Tuy nhin, trong khi ADSL2 s dng bng tn t 0-1,1Mhz th ADSL2+ s dng bng tn t 0-2,2Mhz. Cng ging nh ADSL2, ADSL2+ dnh bng tn c s truyn thoi, bng tn thp truyn s liu ng ln v bng tn cao truyn s liu ng xung. Vi bng tn ng xung c a ADSL2+ gp i so vi bng tn ng xung ca ADSL2, nn ADSL2+ tng ng k t c s liu trn ng dy in thoi c khong cch nh hn 3 km. C th l ADSL2+ c th t c tc s liu ng xung ti 25Mbps, trn ng dy c khong cch 1 km tc s liu ng xung c th t c 24Mbps v c th t c 20Mbps vi khong cch l 1.5 km, hnh 2.6.
Tc d liu (Mbps)
di mch vng ( Kilofeet) Hnh 2.6 Tc s liu ng xung ca ADSL2+ so vi ADSL2 ADSL2+ l ADSL2 vi b ng tn m rng n c chun ho da trn chun ca ADSL2. Do , ADSL2+ mang y cc c tnh ca ADSL2. Tuy nhin, ADSL2+ cn c thm mt s tnh n ng mi nhm p ng tc s liu cao hn trn mch vng c kho ng cch ngn hn l m rng bng tn, ghp t t c cao hn v mt s tnh nng khc c a ADSL2+.
M rng bng tn
Trong khi hai thnh vin trong h cc chun ADSL2 l G.992.3(G.dmt.bis) v G.992.4(G.lite.bis) s dng bng tn ng xung ti 1,1Mhz v 552Mhz tng ng 24
th ADSL2+ s dng bng tn ng xung ti 2.208Mhz tng ng vi 512 sng mang con. Nh vy bng tn c a ADSL2+ tng gp i so vi bng tn ng xung c a ADSL2 cn bng tn ng ln ca ADSL2+ khng thay i so vi ADSL2. Chi tit v ci thin tc ca ADSL2+ so vi ADSL2 c th hin trn hnh 2.6.
Ghp t tc cao hn
K thu t ghp nhiu ng dy in thoi nhm mc ch t t c s liu cao hn v ci thin khong cch l k thut mi c a ra trong cng ngh ADSL2. Cng ging nh ADSL2, vic ghp ADSL2+ cng th c hin ghp nhiu ng ADSL2+. Chi tit v so snh tc khi ghp c th hin trn hnh 2.7.
ADSL2+ ghp 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5
Tc d liu (Mbps)
ADSL2+ ADSL
0 1
4 5
7 8 9
10 11 12 13 14 15
di mch vng (Kilofeet) Hnh 2.7 Ghp hai ng ADSL2+ Vic ghp nhiu i dy in thoi trong ADSL2+ c mt s c im nh sau: Vic ghp h tr kh nng t ng gii phng v khi phc cc i dy m khng vn s can thip ca con ngi. Mt khc, vic ghp c th c thc hin t ng b ng phn m m. Vic ghp h tr cc tc s liu khc nhau (vi t l 4/1) gia cc i dy. iu ny rt c ngha trong trng hp cc ng dy ng c dung lng thp hn cc ng dy khc th khng cn thit phi gim tc s liu trn cc ng dy c dung lng cao hn. C th ghp ti 32 i dy. Cc cng trn cart thu bao ADSL2+ c ghp mt cch ngu nhin. Ngh a l vic ghp c th c hin bng cch kt hp bt k cng no v vic ghp rt m m do. Chun ghp ATM c s dng trn bt k lp vt l no. Ngoi ADSL2+, n c th c s dng cho cc dch v DSL khc.
Mt s tnh nng khc ca ADSL2+

25
Ngoi cc tnh nng mi c trnh by trn, ADSL2+ cn c thm mt s tnh nng mi nh sau: ADSL2+ c kh nng h tr ti 3 t m trn mt k hiu, trong khi ADSL2 ch c th h tr ti a 2 t m/trn k hiu. Gi tr ny c quy nh khc nhau trong chun ITU G.992.3 v G.992.5. C th l G.992.3 quy nh s khung ghp s liu trn k t v s t m FEC trn k hiu cc i l 2. Trong khi , G.992.5 quy nh s khung ghp s liu trn k hiu v s t m trn k hiu cc i l 3. Di s iu khin ca ngi vn hnh thng qua CO-MIB, vic iu khin ph ng xung vi PSD pht cc i ti im tham chiu U-C trn sng mang ph cho php vic cu h nh theo yu cu ca tng vng (v d, Bc M, Chu u hoc Nh t Bn) v cu hnh theo cc mi trng trin khai (v d, trm trung tm (CO) hoc trm u xa (RT)). Vic nh dng ph ng xung trong thi gian showtime (d ng PSD pht trong bng thng l khng phng) ci thin linh hot ca PSD pht ng xung.
2.4 HDSL, HDSL2,SHDSL, HDSL4

2.4.1 HDSL
HDSL nguyn bn
Khi nim ban u v ng dy thu bao s t c cao HDSL xut hin vo nm 1986 phng th nghim AT&T Bell v Bellcore. Cc thit k thit b thu pht HDSL thc cht l thit k ISDN c bn mc cao hn. H thng HDSL m u xu t hin nm 1989. Thit b HDSL u tin c Bell Canada a vo hot ng vo nm 1992 do cng ty Tellabs Operation Inc sn xut. Thng 10 nm 1998, ITU thng qua khuyn ngh G.991.1 cho HDSL th h th nht, tiu chun ny da trn tiu chun ETSI TM03036. ITU bt u nghin cu xy d ng khuyn ngh HDSL th h th 2 (HDSL2) l G.991.2, a ra nm 2000. HDSL c a dng hn T1 truyn thng l bi v HDSL cung cp cc c tnh chun on (bao gm o SNR) v HDSL gy xuyn m t h n cc h thng truyn d n khc do tn hiu truyn c hn ch trong bng tn h p hn T1 truyn thng.
Kh nng v ng dng HDSL

HDSL truyn ti hai hng 1,544Mbit/s hoc 2,048 Mbit/s trn ng dy in thoi di n 3,7 km vi dy 0,5 mm (24 AWG) i dy xon khng c b lp trung gian v c th tng chiu di ln gp i vi 1 b lp trung gian. HDSL l phng thc truyn dn tin cy cho tt c cc vng phc v vi t l li bt l 10-9 n 10 -10. H thng HDSL DS1 (1,544 Mb/s) s dng hai i dy, mi i dy truyn 768 kbit/s ti hiu d ng (784 kbit/s) trn m i hng. H thng HDSL E1 (2048 kbit/s) c th la chn s dng hai hoc 3 i dy, mi i dy s dng hon ton song cng. HDSL 26
2,048 Mbit/s 3 i dy s dng b thu pht rt ging b thu pht h thng 1,544 Mbit/s. Mch vng HDSL 2,048 Mbit/s c th c mch r nhng khng c cun cn bng.
Truyn dn HDSL
C m t vi gii php c la chn cho h thng HDSL nguyn thu: song cng n, n cng kp v song cng kp. Song cng n ch cn s dng m t i dy v m t cp thit b thu pht mi u c a ng dy. Hai hng truyn dn c th c tch bit bng ghp knh theo tn s hoc bng trit ting vng. H thng HDSL 1,544 Mbit/s trn i dy n (i khi gi gi l SDSL) pht trin vo u nhng nm 90 c di mch vng nh h n 1,8km trn i dy 26 AWG; khong ngn ny h n ch rt ln kh n ng s dng c a n. Ch vi k thu t tin tin xu t hin vo cui n m 90 th truyn dn 1,544 Mbit/s n song cng mi tr thnh hin thc. HDSL2, m t sau y, p dng truyn dn song cng n. Truyn d n n cng kp s dng hai i dy, vi mt i dy truyn ton b ti theo mt hng v i dy th hai truyn ton b ti theo hng ngc li. Phng php ny rt n gin tch tn hiu hai hng khc nhau ca truyn d n. Khai thc T1 truyn thng s dng truyn dn n cng kp. Truyn d n n cng kp c nhc im truyn tn hiu c bng tn ln do c suy hao ln v xuyn m tn s cao. Do c xuyn m cc tn hiu truyn trn hai i dy khng hon ton tch bit. Do cc thit b thu pht n cng kp c th n gin hn nhng hot ng km hn song cng kp. Truyn d n song cng kp ci tin di mch vng v tng thch ph bng cch gi m t na thng tin trn mi i dy. HDSL gim bng tn ca tn hiu truyn bng cch s dng truyn dn ECHO truyn hai hng cng m t bng tn. Nng lng tn hiu truyn c a HDSL song cng kp gim dn i vi tn s ln hn 196 kHz v kt qu l tn hiu xuyn m v suy hao gim. Mt u im khc ca truyn dn song cng kp l s dng mt i dy c th d dng cung cp h thng truyn dn na tc . 2.4.2 HDSL2 Tiu chun cho cng ngh HDSL th h th hai xut hin vo nm 1995 c tc bit v di m ch vng ging nh HDSL th h th nht ch khc l s dng mt i dy thay v hai i dy. Gim s lng i dy l rt quan trng bi v rt nhiu LECs thiu cc i dy d mt s vng. HDSL2 c k thut m ho cao v iu ch phc tp hn, c s la chn k cng tn s pht v thu cho HDSL2 chng li xuyn m. Cc phin bn mi c a HDSL mn nhiu tng t ADSL. Ngi ta ang xem xt t bng tn s cho HDSL ln trn bng tn thoi tng t hoc trn ISDN c bn. 2.4.3 SHDSL
27
SHDSL l cng ngh kt hp ca HDSL 2 v SDSL vi t c thay i t 192kbps n 2,134 Mbps, khong cch tng ng vi tc ti a l 2km. Trong thc t, n c th cu hnh dng 2 i dy cung cp t c t 384kbps n 4,264Mbps. 2.4.4 HDSL4 S dng 4 i dy truyn tc nh trong HDSL2 do vy n c th gim bng tn s dng, ko di c ly truyn dn, gim s lng trm lp, do vy n c th t c c li l 3,4km thay v 2,7km nh HDSL2, ng thi n cng lm gim tc ng nhin n cc h thng khc.
2.5 VDSL v VDSL2

2.5.1 VDSL L mt cng ngh trong h xDSL VDSL cung cp cc ng thu bao s vi tc rt cao. Cng nh cc cng ngh khc trong h xDSL nh ADSL, HDSL, SDSL cng ngh VDSL c s dng cung cp cc dch v bng rng nh cc knh tivi, truy nhp d liu vi tc rt cao, hi ngh qua video, video tng tc, truyn t h p d liu v tn hiu video trn cng mt ng dy cho cc thu bao dn c v kinh doanh trong lc cha lp t c mng cp quang n tn nh thu bao. Hnh 2.8 m t cc m hnh h thng s dng cng ngh VDSL. Cng ngh VDSL s dng phng thc truyn dn gi ng nh ADSL nhng cng ngh VDSL c kh nng cung cp s liu vi t c rt cao gn gp 10 ln tc truyn d n c a ADSL. Tc truyn dn ca VDSL lung xung t ti 52 Mb/s trong chiu di khong 300m, v lung xung t t c th p 1,5 Mb/s vi chiu di cp 3,6km. Tc lung ln trong ch khng i xng l 1,6- 2,3 Mbps, tc lung trong ch i xng l 26 Mbps. Trong VDSL c hai knh s liu u hot ng tn s cao hn tn s s dng cho thoi v ISDL nn cho php cung cp cc dch v VDSL bn cnh cc d ch v ang tn ti. Khi cn tng tc lung xung hoc ch i xng th h thng VDSL s dng trit ting vng.
Dch v
Cp quang
ONU
VDSL
Mng vng Cp ng
VDSL
H U B
TE
STM Chuyn mch gi ATM ATM Ton b ATM STM Chuyn mch gi
Hnh 2.8 M hnh h thng s dng VDSL 28

Ngoi vic c kh n ng cung cp tc cao hn nhiu so vi tc truyn dn c a ADSL, VDSL cn yu cu kho ng ng nh hn ADSL nn k thut truyn dn c a VDSL khng phc tp bng k thut truyn dn ADSL. Mc d c nhiu u im nh vy nhng k thut ny vn cha c s dng rng ri l v cha la chn c c ch iu ch , bng tn, phng php ghp knh thch hp. Hn na, mt s chipset ca modem s dng cng ngh VDSL vn cn t n n cng ngh ny ch a c s d ng nhiu trong thc t. Tuy nhin y l mt cng ngh ha hn trong mt vi nm tip theo y. Trong ngh a l b c m tin ti mng truy nh p quang (APON, BPON, GPON), VDSL c s dng trong cc mch vng ni h t truyn tn hiu t khi mng quang ONU ti cc thu bao. Bng 2.2 m t tc v khong cch t ONU ti thu bao. B ng 2.2 Tc khong cch cc loi VDSL Tc thu (Mbit/s) 52 26 26 13 13 2.5.2 VDSL2 L cng ngh m i nht trong h xDSL n c th cung cp tc ln ti 250Mbps, n c thit k cung cp kt ni cho cc dnh v voice, video, data, HDTV v game tng tc. VDSL2 c miu t trong chun G993.2, n l s m rng c a chun G993.1 dnh cho VDSL, n cung cp cc tc bt bt i xng, i xng (song cng) ln ti 250Mbps vi bng tn s dng ln ti 30MHz. VDSL2 s gim t c rt nhanh t 250Mbps ti ngun n 100Mbps ti khong cch 500m, 50Mbps ti khong cch c 1km, sau vi c ly t 1,6km th tc c a n nh l ADSL2+. VDSL2 cng cho php h tr tc lung xung t 1 n 4Mbps trong khong cch t 4 n 5km, do vy n khng ging nh VDSL n c th c s dng cho c nhng c li trung b nh. T c pht (Mbit/s) 6,4 3,2 26 13 26 Khong cch (met) 1000- 300 2500- 800 1000- 300 1800- 600 3750- 1200
29
2.6 Tnh hnh trin khai ti Vitnam

Qung Ninh
Hng Yn
B Hi Phng
Hi Dng
Pha 1+
B H Ni B
Pha 1
Pha 2
Ngh An
Tng s thu bao n thng 2nm 2006 l 96392
Hu
Nng
xDSL
Pha 3 64/64
k Lk Lm ng
Bnh B nh Dng ng Nai
Khnh Ha
B Ra - Vng Tu
An Giang
Kin Giang
B Tp. HCM
Cn Th
Pha 1+
Hnh 2.9 Tnh hnh trin khai xDSL ti Vit nam ca VNPT xDSL c ng dng n l trong cc lnh vc Vit nam ngay t nhng ngy u ra i, n nm 2002 VNPT bt u th nghim trin khai trn din rng vi hai h thng s dng IP-DSLAM v ATM-DSLAM. Chi tit v tng bc trin khai c th hin trn h nh v 2.9.
30
CHNG 3
CNG NGH TRUY NHP QUANG
Vi gi thnh ngy cng gim, cng ngh truy nhp quang th ng v ang c s dng rng ri. Chng ny gii thiu tng quan cc cng ngh truy nhp quang th ng v tp trung vo trnh by vo cng ngh EPON v kin trc v t chc c a m ng truy nhp s dng quang th ng, ni dung chnh chng 3 gm: q q q q Cc mng quang th ng PON APON EPON Metrro Ethernet
31
3.1 CC MNG QUANG TH NG PON

Ta c th phn mng truy nhp quang thnh h thng tch cc v th ng ph thuc vo cc c tnh ca thit b gia trm trung tm v nh c a thu bao. Hu ht cc mng vin thng ngy nay u da trn cc thit b tch cc, ti tng i c a nh cung cp dch v ln thit b u cui ca khch hng cng nh cc trm lp, cc thit b chuyn tip v m t s cc thit b khc trn ng truyn. Tch cc c ngha l cc thit b ny cn phi cung cp ngun cho m t s thnh phn, thng l b x l, cc chp nhvv. Vi mng quang th ng PON tt c cc th nh phn tch cc gia nt dch v v ngi s dng s khng cn m thay vo l cc thit b quang th ng, iu hng cc lu lng trn mng da trn vic phn tch nng lng ca hoc cc bc sng quang h c ti cc im u cui trn ng truyn. Vic thay th cc thit b tch cc s tit kim chi ph cho cc nh cung cp dch v v h khng cn cn n nng lng v cc thit b ch ng trn ng truyn na. Cc b ghp/tch th ng ch lm cc cng vic n thun nh cho i qua hoc chn nh sng li V th, khng cn n ng lng hay cc ng tc x l tn hiu no v t , gn nh ko di v hn thi gian trung b nh gia hai ln li MTBF, gim chi ph b o tr tng th cho cc nh cung cp d ch v. M t h thng mng PON thng thng bao gm cc thit b kt cui knh quang OLT t ti CO v b cc n v mng quang ONU c t ti nh ngi s dng. Gia chng l h thng mng phn phi quang ODN bao gm cp quang, cc thit b ghp/tch th ng, h nh 3.1. Cng ngh truy nhp quang c th c nhn nhn theo mc cp quang ha mng truy nhp vi khi nim v kin trc mng FTTx theo kiu cu hnh sao, bao gm h cc kin trc sau: Cp quang ti tn Office FTTO. Cp quang ti tn khu dn c FTTC. Cp quang ti tn khu cng s FTTB. Cp quang ti tn h gia nh FTTH.
Ngoi ra, nh trn hnh 3.2, cn c vo vic phn tch thng tin ca ngi dng ta c th phn chia cc mng PON nh sau: Mng WDMA PON, do gi c ca gii php ny t cho nn cha l mt gii php cho mng truy nh p ti mc cng ngh hin nay. C mt vi gii php ci tin nh l WRPON (gii php ny s dng m t AWG thay v mt b hp tch quang d a trn bc sng), mc d vy gi c cng khng phi l r. Mng TDMA PON s dng gn cc khe thi gian cho cc thu bao khc nhau v s dng hai bc sng cho lung ln v lu ng xung. TDMA PON c bit n ban u l APON v sau c thay th bi tn l BPON nm 2001.
32
CHNG 3 - CNG NGH TRUY NHP QUANG
Hnh 3.1 S logic h thng mng PON Nm 1997 FSAN xut ln ITU-T v sau m t thi gian ITU-T cng b b chun lin quan n BPON c th l : G983.1 : Nm 1998, trnh by v lp vt l ca h thng APON/BPON. G983.2: Nm 1999, c tnh ca giao din iu khin v qu n l ONT G983.3: Ph chun nm 2001, c tnh m rng cung cp nhng dch v thng qua phn b b c sng. G983.4 : Thng qua nm 2001, m t nhng c ch cn thit h tr phn b bng tn ng trong cc ONT ca cng mt m ng PON. G983.5: Thng qua nm 2002, xc nh nhng c ch chuyn mch b o v cho BPON G983.6: Thng qua nm 2002, nh ngh a nhng m rng cho giao din iu khin cn thit cho qun l nhng chc nng chuyn mch ti ONT G983.7: Thng qua nm 2001, nh ngh a nhng m rng cho giao din iu khin cn thit cho qun l nhng chc nm DBA ti ONT. G983.8: Thng qua nm 2003, xc nh nhng m rng cho giao din iu khin cn thit cho qun l nhng dch v m rng ti ONT.
Sau vt qua ngng t c 622Mbps c a BPON v tng tnh hiu qu c a BPON cho nhng lu lng s liu, nm 2001 FSAN a ra GPON s dng th tc nh khung chung GFP, cho php hot ng ch khung thay i v t bo ATM. Nm 2003- 2004, da trn nhng xut c a FSAN, ITU-T a ra h thng chun v GPON (G984.1, G984.2 v G984.3), chi tit v chu n ny c th tham kho a chu n ITU-T nm 2004, vi nhng c im c b n sau: G984.1: m t nhng c tnh chung c a h thng GPON nh l kin trc, tc bit, bo v v b o mt G984.2: Xc nh nhng thng s c a GPON ti t c ln l (155Mbps, 622Mbps, 1,5Gbps, 2, 5GBps ), xung l (1,5Gbps v 2,5Gbps) 33
G984.3 : M t nhng c tnh v khung hi t truyn d n c a GPON; b n tin, phng php xc nh khong, hot ng, gim st, nhng chc nng bo dng, v bo mt.
Vi mt hng pht trin khc, khi m Ethernet pht trin rng khp, mng quang th ng da trn Ethernet EPON h nh thnh nm 2001, ng gi d liu trong khung Ethernet theo chun IEEE 802.3, s dng m ng 8b/10b hot ng vi tc 1G s dng MAC ca 802.3. Sau nay nhng phin bn tip theo cho php EPON hot ng nhng tc cao hn na.
(a) Cu trc hnh cy (s d ng b chia 1xN)
(b) Cu trc bus (s d ng b chia 1x2)
(c) Cu trc vng (s dng b chia 2x2)
Hnh 3.2 Cu h nh chung ca mt m ng PON Trong cc gii php mng PON, gii php EPON c h tr v pht trin nhanh nht. Nhiu nh cung cp d ch v chn gii php ny lm mng truy nh p v truyn ti lu lng mng Metro (MEN) cung cp a dch v. Tuy nhin c ch duy tr v phc hi mng ca gii php EPON cn ch m nn ch c th p dng cho mng c quy m va v nh . Bng 1.1 m t nh ng so snh c b n c a cc cng ngh PON hin nay: B ng 3.1 So snh cc gii php mng PON APON
Tiu chu n FSAN ITU-T G.983
BPON
FSAN ITU-T G.983
EPON
EFM IEEE 802.3ah
GPON
FSAN ITU-T G.984 GPON Kiu gi ng
WDM PON
Cha
Khung
ATM
ATM, Ethernet, Ethernet Phn b Vodeo
Khng thuc
ph
34
T c xu ng
622-1244 M
1,244 G
1-10 G
2,488 G
1-10 G n knh 1/10 G n knh 100s
T c ln
155-622 M
622 M
1-10 G
2,488 G
S thu 16 bao/nhnh Bng tn/ Thu bao Dch Video Gi thnh v 20 M
32
16
64
20 M
60 M
40 M
1-10 G
RF Thp
RF Thp
RF/IP Thp nht
RF/IP Trung bnh
RF/IP Cao
3.2 APON
APON l s kt h p gia phng thc truyn ti khng ng b ATM vi mng truy nhp quang th ng PON. Mng APON s dng cng ngh ATM l giao thc truyn tin. Cng ngh ATM cung cp s m m do theo khi nim trong sut dch v v phn b bng tn, ngoi ra cn c nhng tnh nng rt hu ch cho hot ng khai thc v bo dng cc kt ni t u cui n u cui nh gim c chi ph hot ng ca mng. Cc u im ca ATM c kt hp vi mi trng truyn dn l si quang vi ti nguyn bng tn dng nh l v h n to ra m t mng truy nhp bng rng c bit ti nh l BPON. 3.2.1 Kin trc phn lp APON M h nh phn lp m ng ATM c trnh by trn hnh 3.3 gm c lp mi trng truyn d n v lp ng, lp mi trng truyn d n phn chia thnh lp mi trng vt l v lp hi t truyn d n . Trong mng ATM-PON lp ng tng ng vi lp ng o ca lp ATM Lp di cng l lp phng tin vt l th c hin giao tip vi phn quang c a m ng (hay chnh l m ng phn ph i quang ODN). Lp ny thc hin cc chc nng: chuyn i in-quang, nhn/truyn cc tn hiu n/i phng tin vt l ti mt trong ba bc sng quang (1310, 1490, 1550nm), kt ni vi si quang c a ODN. Cu trc ca lp tun theo tp cc tham s quang in c chun ha. Lp ng L p Lp Chuyn i t bo ATM v cc khung d liu ngi dng Lp con Thch ng Lp thch ng ca B-ISDN
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Mi trng truyn d n
hi t truyn dn
-Xp xp -Cp pht khe t bo Lp con truyn dn -Cp pht bng tn PON -Bo mt v an ton -ng chnh khung -ng b cm(Burst) -ng b bit/byte
Lp vt l
-Tng thch E/O -Ghp bc sng -Kt n i si quang
Hnh 3.3 Cu trc phn lp mng APON Gia lp phng tin vt l v lp ng (giao in m qua t bo ATM c phn ph i ti lp khch hng) l lp hi t truyn dn TC (tng ng vi lp 2 trong m hnh OSI). Lp TC c phn chia thnh lp con truyn d n PON v lp con thch ng nm trn, tng ng vi lp con hi t truyn dn ca m h nh B-ISDN. Lp con thch ng c chun ha da trn chun ATM trn c s cp ng truyn th ng [ITU I.732]. Chc nng c a lp ny l chuyn i gia khung 125s mc ngi dng (n v d liu giao thc PDU) v t bo ATM. 3.2.2 Lp vt l Lp ny khng ging nh cc lp trn l cc thnh phn phn cng ch khng phi l phn mm. Phn cng ny c nh ngha bi cc chu n [G.983.1 & G.983.3] v tun theo cc tham s sau: Tc bit: 155.52 hoc 622.08Mb/s ng xung v 155.52Mb/s ng ln Bc sng: 1260 n 1360nm ng ln, 1480 n 1580nm ng xung Dng lu lng: s c hai hng, h tr tng t ng xung T l chia cng sut quang: ln n 32, con s ny b gii h n bi suy hao ODN
3.2.3 Lp h i t truyn dn TC
Lp con truyn dn PON ca lp hi t truyn dn

Lp con truyn dn TS hon ton lm vic vi t bo. Theo hng v, lp ny nhn cc t bo t tn hiu in do lp phng tin vt l a n, ng b ti mc bit v byte, gii h n t bo v khung c xc nh, mo u c tch v x l, chuyn cc lung t bo ln lp cao hn tip theo. Theo hng i, qu trnh x l din ra ngc li. Trong lp ny, giao thc sp xp c s dng m bo rng cc t bo 36
n t cc ONU khc nhau khng chng lp ln nhau. Ngoi ra n cn thc hin hai chc nng quan trng khc l gn bng tn ng (DBA) v mt m ha.
Lp con thch ng ca lp hi t truyn dn

y l lp m c s chuyn i din ra gia t bo ATM v PDU (c th l: SONET/SDH, xDSL, cc PDU d a trn khung 125s [ITU I.732] ca cc cng ty in thoi). Lp ny khng cung cp giao din vi cc lu lng trn c s gi nh Ethernet hay IP. cung cp nhng giao din ny ta phi c 1 phn mm chuyn i thm vo, phn ny khng trong phm vi chun.
3.3 EPON
3.3.1 Kin trc EPON Kin trc IEEE 802 cho rng tt c mi trm truyn thng trong tng ph n c a mt mng LAN u c kt ni ti mt thit b dng chung. Trong mt thit b dng chung, tt c cc trm u c coi nh thuc v mt phm vi truy nh p n, y phn ln cc trm c th pht tn hiu mt thi gian v tt c cc trm khc c th nhn tn hiu trong ton b khong thi gian . Nh ng vng a truy nhp c th c ni lin vi nhau bng m t thit b c gi l bridge. Nh ng bridge la chn chuyn tip nhng gi tin to ra mt cu trc ca mng LAN bao gm ton b cc vng truy nh p. Vic la chn chuyn tip s ngn ch n vic truyn dn m t gi tin trong nhng vng m khng cha bt c mt trm ch ca gi tin ny. Cu ni ca nhiu LAN uc s dng m rng cung cp kh nng qun l c lp c a nhng vng truy nhp, tng s trm hoc phm vi vt l c a m t mng xa hn gii hn ca nhng phn LAN ring bit v ci thin s lng u vo. Trong m t trng hp xa, m t vng truy nhp c th bao gm mt trm. Tiu biu l nhiu vng trm n c kt n i b ng lin kt im - im (P2P) ti mt bridge, cu hnh ca mt LAN chuyn mch. Da vo khi nim vng truy nhp, nhng bridge khng bao gi chuyn tip mt khung tr li cng li vo ca n. Trong trng hp vng truy nhp bao gm nhiu trm, n c cho rng ton b cc trm kt n i ti cng ging nhau trn bridge c th lin lc vi mt trm khc khng thng qua bridge. Trong trung hp LAN chuyn mch, khng th c s d dng tip nhn trong vng truy nhp ca n i gi, v khng c khung no c chuyn tip tr li. C mt vn cn quan tm trong phng thc hot ng bridge ny l: Ngi dng kt ni ti nhng ONU khc trong cng mt PON khng th thuc cng LAN v khng c kh nng lin lc vi m t ngi dng khc lp 2 (lp lin kt d liu). Nguyn nhn l phng tin PON khng cho php cc ONU lin lc theo m t hng khc, bi tnh nh hng ca nhng b tch/ghp th ng. OLT ch c mt cng n kt ni ti tt c cc ONU, v mt bridge c t vo trong OLT s khng bao gi
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chuyn tip mt khung d liu tr li cng m n i vo. Nhim v trong IEEE 802.3ah, vn ny t ra m t cu hi v EPON tun theo kin trc IEEE 802, c bit vi cu n i P802.1D. Trong EPON c nhng cu hnh nh sau : M hnh cu hnh im im (P2PE). M hnh chia s phng tin (SME) M hnh kt hp P2PE v SME. Gii php cui cng
3.3.2 M hnh ngn xp EPON Ngn xp ca EPON c mt s thay i ln so vi Ethernet 802.3 ban u bi v nhng nhng chun cu hnh c a cc PON. ln xut bn trc ca chun 802.3 s dng cu hnh im - im (P2P) m y cc mng PON yu cu cu hnh im a im (P2MP). Ngn xp EPON mi vi mt s thch ng cho P2MP c ch ra hnh 3.4. y c b sung lp iu khin MAC a im. 3.3.3 Giao thc EPON. x l cc yu cu v lu lng trong lung ln, EPON s dng giao thc iu khin a im MPCP. y l giao th c da trn vic truyn cc khung, da trn vic truyn cc bn tin iu khin lp MAC 64 byte. Cc b n tin ny kt h p vi lu lng ng xung cung cp vic truyn dn ty cho cc khung Ethernet 802.3. Cc chc nng c a MPCP l : Yu cu v phn b bng tn Tha thun cc tham s Qu n l v nh th i lu ng xung t cc ONU trnh ng Sp xp v ti u ha cc khe thi gian lung xung gim st tr T ng khi phc v ng k cc ONU
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CHNG 3 - CNG NGH TRUY NHP QUANG LAN Lp CSMA/CD
M hnh tham chiu OSI

Mng Lin kt d liu Vt l
Nhng lp cao hn LLC hoc MAC khc OAM (ty chn) iu khin MAC a im MAC Ha hp
MAC : iu khin truy nhp mi trng CSMA/CD: a truy nhp cm nhn sng mang/ pht hin xung t. GMII: Giao din c lp mi trng Gigabit PCS: Lp con m ha vt l PMD: Ph thuc mi trng vt l
GMII PCS PMA PMD MDI Mi trng PON
Hnh 3.4 Ngn xp EPON. 3.3.4 Bo mt trong EPON Cc k thut PON rt h n ch trong vic chng nghe ln v chng n cp cc dch v, nhng xut v c cu bo mt trong tiu chun 802.3ah khng c c nhng h tr cn thit, thay vo l cc tiu chun v c cu b o mt trong 802.1ae. Do cc tiu chun ny khng hon thnh vo ng lc cc tiu chun v EPON ra i nn hu ht cc mng EPON c trin khai trn th gii hin nay u s dng mt c ch bo mt duy nh t. Trong vi trng hp, cc nh cung cp dch v vin thng ln a ra c ch b o mt ring ca mnh, c ch ny khng nhng p ng c cc yu cu k thut cn thit m cn c th c coi l mi tr ng gim st ni ht. V d, h thng mt m ha thng tin AES khng c k hoch bo mt khi c ng dng ti Trung Quc v cc nh cung cp EPON phi s dng phng php xo trn do cng ty vin thng Trung Qu c cung cp b o mt cho ng xung. C cu mt m ha ca EPON c da trn thut ton m t m ha tin tin AES do vin k thut v tiu chu n c a Hoa K xut bn [FIPS197]. AES cho php s dng cc t kha 128 bit, 192 bit hay 256 bit. Cu trc khung Ethernet bao gm c phn m u v IPG khng b thay i ph h p vi cc tiu chu n c a IEEE v trnh nhng b sung sau ny c a tiu chun IEEE 802.3. m bo tnh c nhn cao, phng php ny mt m ha ton b mt khung Ethernet, bao gm c phn tiu c a Ethernet v trng FCS. Cc b n tin OAM v MPCP cng c mt m ha. 3.3.5 Nhng bc pht trin tip theo
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Nhng tim n ng ca EPON l g? Cu h i ny c tr li b i nhm lm vic IEEE 802.3 vo thng 3 nm 2006 khi h thnh cng trong vic nghin cu t c cu hnh EPON 10 Gb/s. EPON 10 Gb/s l mt bc tin mi trong vic tng dung lng, n h tr hiu qu cho vic truyn tn hiu truyn h nh ch t lng cao v nhu cu h tr mng ng trc v tuyn th h k tip. Nghin cu ca IEEE 802.3 v EPON 10 Gb/s tp trung vo nh ngh a mt lp vt l im a im mi, duy tr lp MAC, iu khin MAC v tt c cc lp bn trn khng b thay i theo phm vi rng nht c th. iu ny c ngha l cc sng mang vn c kin trc nh c v c tng thch vi h thng qun l mng NMS, cc hot ng c a lp PON, qun l v h thng OAM... Nhm nghin cu EPON 10 Gb/s t ra nhng mc tiu cho c truyn d n trn ng dy i xng v bt i xng. H thng i xng s ho t ng tc 10 Gb/s c lung ln v lung xung. H thng bt i xng s dng lung xung 10 Gb/s v lung ln 1 Gb/s, a s ging nh cc tiu chun sn c c a IEEE 802.3ah cho lung ln. im nhn mnh ca cu trc i xng l hot ng truyn dn theo ch cm t c 10 Gb/s. M ha ng dy 64b/66b c dng trong lp vt l Ethernet 10 Gb/s l cn thit FEC. EPON 10 Gb/s c nh gi l c tnh hiu qu kinh t cao, n cung cp bng thng ln hn mng CATV s dng DOSIS 3.0. y chnh l nguyn nhn ch yu lm cho EPON 10 Gb/s l m t cng ngh c kh nng thay th cho cc mng CATV th h tip theo. N cng cho php thay i mt cch t bin bng thng d liu sn c cho cc thu bao m khng cn vic ngi qun l ng dy thay i cch phn phi video sn c.
3.4 METRO ETHERNET

3.4.1 Li ch khi dng dch v Ethernet Nhiu nh cung cp dch v cung cp dch v Metro Ethernet. Mt s nh cung cp m rng dch v Ethernet vut xa phm vi mng ni th (MAN) v vun n phm vi m ng din rng (WAN). Hng ngn thu bao c s dng dch v Ethernet v s lng thu bao ang tng ln mt cch nhanh chng. Nhng thu bao ny b thu ht bi nhng li ch c a d ch v Ethernet em li, bao gm: - Tnh d s dng - Hiu qu v chi ph - Linh hot. 3.4.2 M hnh dch v Ethernet Tt c cc dch v Ethernet s c m t vi thu c tnh chung, nhng dch v khc nhau s khc nhau v mt s cc thu c tnh. Dch v Ethernet c cung cp bi mng MEN ca nh cung cp. Thit b khch hng CE gn vo mng MEN qua giao tip 40
ngi s dng-mng UNI s dng chun giao din Ethernet chun vi tc 10Mbit/s, 100Mbit/s, 1Gbit/s ho c 10Gbit/s. C th c nhiu UNIs kt n i n MEN t m t v tr. Nhng d ch v c xc nh theo quan im ca thu bao. Nhng d ch v ny dng cc cng ngh truyn dn hay cc giao thc MEN khc nhau nh SONET, DWDM, MPLS, GFP, Tuy nhin, di gc thu bao, kt n i mng v pha thu bao c a giao din UNI l Ethernet.
Kt ni Ethernet o
Mt thu c tnh c bn ca dch v Ethernet l kt n i Ethernet o EVC. EVC c nh ngha bi MEF l mt s kt hp ca hai hay nhiu UNIs trong UNI l mt giao din Ethernet, l im ranh gii gia thit b khch hng v mng MEN ca nh cung cp d ch v . Ni mt cch n gin, EVC thc hin 2 ch c nng: Kt n i hai hay nhiu v tr thu bao (chnh xc l UNIs), cho php truyn cc frame Ethernet gia chng. Ngn chn d liu truyn gia nhng v tr thu bao (UNI) khng cng EVC tng t. Kh nng ny cho php EVC cung cp tnh ring t v s b o mt tng t knh o c nh PVC trong Frame Relay hay ATM. im - im a im - a im
MEF nh ngh a 2 kiu c a EVCs. -
EVC c th c dng xy dng mng ring o lp 2
Khun kh nh ngha dch v Ethernet.

Hin ti MEF v ang xc nh (v cha thnh chun) hai kiu dch v Ethernet: Kiu dch v E-Line l dch v im-im Kiu dch v E-LAN l dch v a im - a im
Kiu dch v Ethernet Line Kiu dch v E-Line l dch v cung cp kt ni Ethernet o im-im gia 2 UNIs. Dng n gin nht, dch v E-Line c th cung cp bng thng i xng cho d liu gi nhn trn hai hng khng c cc m bo t c gia hai UNI 10 Mbps. Dng phc tp hn, d ch v E-line c th cung cp tc thng tin cam kt CIR v thuc tnh v tr, jitter, Ghp dch v cho php kt hp nhiu EVC trn mt cng vt l UNI duy nh t. Mt d ch v E-Line c th cung cp im n im EVCs gia UNIs tng t nh vic s dng Frame Relay PVCs ni lin cc site vi nhau. Mt d ch v E-Line cng cung cp vic kt ni im ti im gia UNIs tng t vi mt dch v thu knh ring TDM.
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Tm li, mt E-Line Service c th c dng xy dng nhng dch v tng t nh Frame Relay hay thu knh ring. Tuy nhin, bng thng Ethernet v vic kt n i th tt h n nhiu. Kiu dch v Ethernet LAN Kiu dch v E-LAN cung cp kt ni a im, tc l n c th kt n i 2 hoc hn nhiu UNIs. D liu ca thu bao c gi t mt UNI c th c nh n ti mt hoc nhiu d liu c a UNIs khc. Mi site (UNI) c kt ni vi m t a im EVC. Khi nhng site mi (UNIs) c thm vo, chng s c lin kt vi a im EVC nu trn do vy nn n gin ha vic cung cp v kch hot dch v. T pha thu bao, d ch v E LAN lm cho MEN trng ging m t mng LAN o. Tm li, MEF nh ngha hai kiu dch v chnh E-Line v E-LAN, tuy nhin cc hng, t chc tham gia MEF c cch s dng tn cho hai lai dch v ny khc nhau. V d nh Cisco a ra cc dch v chuyn tip Ethernet (ERS) v d ch v hu tuyn Ethernet (EWS) cho lo i E-Line; dch v a im chuyn tip Ethernet (ERMS) v dch v a im Ethernet (EMS) cho loi E-LAN 3.4.3 Tnh hnh trin khai
Hnh 3.5 Mng MAN th nghip ti thnh ph H Ch Minh Hin nay VNPT c chu trng v trin khai th nghip m ng MAN s d ng Metro Ethernet ti nhng tnh thnh ln trong c n c. Trn hnh di y m t cu
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hnh th nghim ti thnh ph H Ch Minh v Ninh Bnh c trng cho thnh ph ln v tnh thng thng.
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Hnh 3.6 Mng MAN ti Ninh Bnh
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CHNG 3- CNG NGH TRUY NHP QUANG
3.4.4 Nhng cng ngh c s dng Nh chng ta c th thy trn m hnh trin khai nhng cng ngh c th c s dng dng l : Truyn ti Ethernet qua SDH, EOS RPR EPON vi cng ngh c th l GE MPLS v GMPLS
Truyn ti Metro Ethernet qua SONET/SDH

Khi nim truyn d liu qua mng SONET/SDH l c cu truyn ti lu lng cung cp m t s chc nng v cc giao din nhm mc ch tng hiu qu ca vic truyn d liu qua m ng SONET/SDH. C cu c a truyn d liu qua mng SONET/SDH bao gm 3 giao thc chnh: Th tc ng khung tng qut GFR, lin kt chui o VCAT v c cu iu chnh dung lng ng truyn LCAS. C 3 giao th c ny c ITU-T chun ho ln lt bi cc tiu chun G7041/Y.1303, G.704, G.7042/Y.1305. Giao th c GFR cung cp th tc ng gi khung d liu cho cc dng lu lng khc nhau (Ethernet, IP/PPP, RPR..) vo cc phng tin truyn dn TDM nh l SONET/SDH hoc cc mng truyn ti quang. Giao thc VCAT cung cp cc th tc ci t bng thng cho knh kt ni mm do hn so vi nhng th t c p dng trong h thng truyn d n TDM trc . Giao thc LCAS cung cp th t c bo hiu u cu i ti u cui thc hin chc nng iu ch nh ng dung lng bng thng cho cc kt ni khi s dng VCAT trong kt ni SONET/SDH.
RPR
Thng 12 nm 2000, IEEE thnh lp m t nhm nghin cu v cng ngh mng vng gi ph c h i (IEEE 802.17) nhm a ra cc tiu chun cho giao thc RPR. Cng ngh RPR c s dng truyn ti cc gi s liu trn mng vng tc hng Gigabit/s. Gii php ny s dng cc Router kt ni cp quang vi cng ngh mi RPR h tr IP hoc thm ch MPLS p ng tt c cc dch v khc nhau. RPR l cng ngh ch o cho mng th th h mi ang c cc hng vin thng ln tp trung pht trin (50 nh sn xut thit b v chip - Cisco, Nortel, Siemens, Redstone, ). Cng ngh ny kt hp tnh u vit ca phng thc bo v ng nh cng ngh SDH cho php kh nng hi ph c tuyn cc nhanh mc 50 ms. Cng vi kh nng nh a ch kt ni theo a ch (dng a ch MAC) v phn lo i lu lng cho cht lng dch v nh cng ngh Ethernet lp 1. RPR tha k hai c trng quan trng c a mng SONET/SDH.
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- C th kt ni theo cu hnh RING. - C th khi ph c ng truyn nhanh khi ng cp quang b t <50ms. Ngoi ra, RPR cn c cc u im chnh: a dng phn lp dch v (CoS). S linh hot c a lp vt l: RPR c th tng thch vi cc tiu chun lp vt l ca Ethernet, SONET v DWDM. Cho php chuyn ti lu lng theo phng thc qung b . C kh nng m rng quy m mng cao. iu chnh bng thng gia cc ngi s dng (Fairness) v iu khin s tc ngh n lu lng trong mng.
RPR s dng vng song h ng gm hai si quang truyn ngc chiu nhau, c hai vng ng thi c s dng truyn d liu v iu khin. RPR cho php nh cung ng gim chi ph thit b phn cng cng nh thi gian gim st mng. Trong RPR khng c khi nim khe thi gian, ton b bng thng c n nh cho lu lng. Bng cch tnh kh nng mng v d bo yu cu lu lng, RPR ghp thng k v phn phi cng bng bng thng cho cc node trn vng trnh tc nghn c th mang li li ch h n nhiu so vi vng SDH/SONET da trn ghp knh phn chia theo thi gian. RPR l giao th c lp MAC vn hnh lp 2 ca m hnh OSI, n khng nhn bit lp 1 nn c lp vi truyn d n nn c th lm vic vi WDM, SDH hay truyn d n da trn Ethernet (s dng b chuyn i giao din Gigabit GBIC ngoi ra, RPR i t thit b a lp n dch v mng thng minh lp 3 nh MPLS, MPLS kt hp thit b ra mng IP lp 3 vi thit b lp 2 nh ATM, Frame relay. S kt hp tin cy v kh nng phc hi ca RPR vi u im qun l lu lng v kh nng m rng ca MPLS VPN v MPLS TE c xem l gii php xy d ng MAN trn th gii hin nay.
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CHNG 4
CC MNG TRUY NHP KHNG DY BNG RNG
Bn cnh cng ngh truy nhp quang th ng vi gi thnh h, bng thng ln v ch t lng kt ni cao, cc cng ngh kt ni v tuyn vi u im v kh nng di ng cng vi nhng ci tin rt nhanh v tc , n nh vi mc gi thnh c th ch p nhn c v ang khng nh l m t xu hng pht trin tt yu. Chng ny trnh by khi lc v cc cng ngh kt ni v tuyn c s dng trong mng truy nhp v xu hng pht trin ca n. Ni dung c trnh by trong chng ny v cc chng tip theo nhn m ng n nhng ng dng trong mng MAN v LAN, bao gm nhng ni dung chnh nh sau: q q q Gii thiu chung Pht trin ca truy nhp v tuyn hi t n 4G So snh nh gi cc cng ngh
47
4.1 GII THIU CHUNG

Chng ta c th nhn nhn truy nh p v tuyn theo quan im ca IEEE theo h nh 4.1 di y:
PAN
Mng vng c nhn Bluetooth 802.15
LAN
Mng vng ni ht 802.11b 802.11g 802.11a HiperLAN2
MAN
Mng vng trung tm 802.11 802.16 MMDS LMDS
WAN
Mng vng rng 2.5G/3G GSM/GPRS CDMA/1x/3x 4G
Tc s liu cao hn Tc s liu cao hn Tc s liu thp hn Tc s liu thp Khong cch ngn K/c trung bnh di hn Khong cch di hn K/c trung bnh Notebook/PC n th.b/ My tnh-My tnh Truy nhp n km Cc my cm tay & My in/Bn phm/.thoi v ti Internet cui cng, c nh th.b PDA n Internet
< 1 Mbps
2 n 54+ Mbps
22+ Mbps
10 n 384 Kbps n 1Gbps
Hnh 4.1 Cc cng ngh truy nhp v tuyn Theo cn c vo vng bao ph h thng thit b chng ta c cc mng din hp PAN vi nhng v d cng ngh nh Bluetooth, Wireless USB. Cc mng din ni h t vi in hnh l cng ngh WLAN vi nhng chun cho lp vt l 802.11a, 802.11b, 802.11g. Tip theo l cc mng din rng hn vi nhng ci tin c a chun 801.11, nhng mng truy nhp v tuyn a knh a im, a knh a im n i h t (MMDS v LMDS) vi xut pht im l dng qung b tn hiu truyn hnh. Cui cng l mng din rng vi cc th h ca in thoi t bo v cng thm vo h thng truy nhp s dng v tinh. Sau y chng ta s xem xt hng pht trin c a tng nhnh cng ngh mt, chng ta s lm sng t mt thc t rng cc h thng truy nh p v tuyn ang h i t li th h th 4 4G.
4.2 PHT TRIN CA TRUY NHP V TUYN HI T N 4G

Nh chng ta cp n t trn, tin ti th h th 4 mng truy nhp v tuyn s hi t li t hai hng, Hnh 4.2: Hng 1: t pha cc h thng c nhn, ni ht, thnh ph (vi nhng i din in h nh WLAN v Wimax). Hng 2: t pha cc h thng din rng (vi cc i din l GSM, IMT2000, WCDMA)
48
CHNG 4 - CC MNG TRUY NHP KHNG DY BNG RNG

1G (~95) Analog 2G (96~01) Digital 3G(02~04) Multimedia 4G (05~)
Analog Cellular Digital Cellular
Voice & Video Mobility Centric
IMT-2000 (UMTS) Wireless Multimedia (IP Based Voice/Video)

Outdoor 5.15-5.35GHz 2550Mbps Indoor 60-65GHz 155-622Mbps
Wired LAN
IEEE802.11b Wireless LAN
HiperLAN2 IEEE802.11a Bluetooth
High Speed Data / Stationary Centric
Hnh 4.2 Xu hng hi t ca cng ngh truy nhp v tuyn Trn hnh 4.2 m t r hai xu hng pht trin ny, hnh 4.3 nhng xu hng c miu t vi nhng m c thi gian c th .
4G Mobile Communications Network Evolution
IMT-2000 Roadmap IMT
OFDM-based Nomadic System
WLAN 3G Interworking
Capacity / Throughput
Mobile Grid Network/ OFDM-based Ubiquitous Network New Mobile Access
cdma2000 1x EV-DO
HSDPA Enhancement
4G Network
HSDPA cdma2000 1x EV-DV cdma2000 1x EV-DV Enhancement

Harmonization
W-CDMA cdma2000 1x
2002 2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2010 2013
Peak Data Rate
2015
Hnh 4.3 Mc lch s ca truy nhp v tuyn
4.2.1 H thng thng tin di ng 2G v nn tng CDMA
GSM
49
IS-136/CDPD
IS-136+(PRS)
EDGE/ IS-136HS HSDPA W-CDMA

Cdma2000 1x EV
GSM
HSCSD/GPRS
PDC
IS-95A
IS-95B
cdma2000(1x)
D liu gi tch hp a phng tin Di ng
7-28.8 kbps
57-115 kbps
0.144 ~2 Mbps
~ 10 Mbps
~ 100 Mbps /1Gbps
Th h th 2 (~ 1998)
Th h th 2,5 (~2000~)
Th h th 3 (2002~)
Th h th 4 (~2010~)
Hnh 4.4 S pht trin ln 4G t cc cng ngh WAN Trong nhng nm u c a thp k 1980, hi ngh vin thng v bu in chu u (CEPT) a ra nhm di ng c bit vi mc tiu l pht trin chun Pan-European cho thng tin t bo s . D n ny c tn l GSM v h thng thc hin cc chun tng ng, h thng ton cu cho thng tin di ng, cng c vit tt l GSM. T n nay, cc mng GSM, k c mng GSM theo khi nim g c hoc cc pht trin ca n, pht trin rng khp trn th gii v c nh gi l mt k hoch thnh cng. Cc h thng GSM hot ng di tn khong 900 MHz (GSM-900), 1.8 GHz (GSM-1800), hoc 1.9GHz (GSM-1900). GSM-900 l mng t bo GSM p ng cc vng rng ln v hot ng vi cc u cui ngun ln. GSM s dng TDMA vi tc d liu thp c trn di 10kbps.
IS-95
Vo cu i nhng nm 1980 v u nhng nm 1990, QUALCOMM, Inc. c a San Diego a ra a truy nhp phn chia theo m CDMA. Cc th nghim v vic ch to mng thnh cng c TIA v EIA chp nhn vi h thng QUALCOMM nh chun tm thi ca h, "TIA/EIA/IS-95 - chun tng thch gia trm gc -trm di ng cho h thng di ng tri ph bng rng hai ch ". Cc c im k thut ca TIA/EIA/IS-95 c thit lp h thng hot ng hai ch c bn (tng t v s), c hai ch trong cng di tn. Kh nng hot ng hai ch thun tin cho vic chuyn tip t mi trng tng t sang mi trng s. Mc d tng thch, cc h thng s v tng t kh khc nhau. TIA/EIA/IS-95 h tr k thu t tri ph lin tc trc tip vi cc knh kp bng thng 1.25 MHz. Vic hai h thng s v tng t cng tn ti tc l cc trm di ng hai ch c th t v nhn cc cuc gi t bt c h thng no v ngc li, tt c cc h thng c 50
th t v nhn cc cuc gi t b t c trm di ng no. Cc hot ng ngc li nh miu t trn yu cu mt s ch . M t trm di ng c th khi to m t cuc gi vi h thng CDMA v trong khi cu c g i vn ang trong qu trnh x l, n c th chuyn sang h thng tng t, nu c yu cu. Mt s i mi c a vo h thng CDMA so vi cc h thng t bo ban u. Chuyn giao mm chnh l mt im mi ngoi ra cn c nhng s i mi khc c a ra trng h thng CDMA nh l vic s dng cc b thu h thng nh v ton cu (GPS) ti cc trm g c. Cc h thng CDMA ban u c s dng vi cc c tnh k thut TIA/EIA/IS-95. Cc c tnh k thut ca phin bn A c pht trin ln TIA/EIA/IS-94B, trong cc c tnh mi c lin quan ti truyn d liu tc cao hn, cc thut ton chuyn giao mm, cc k thut iu khin nng lng. Tn CDMA-one c s dng xc nh ho t ng vi cng ngh CDMA vi k thut khc.
GPRS
h tr mt cch hiu qu m t vi loi lu lng to ra bi nhiu lo i ng dng, mng tng hp phi cung cp c cc dch v d liu gi. Vi m c tiu y, ba cng ngh d liu, c a vo cc h thng v tuyn, xut hin mt xen nhau s dng cho cc ng dng gi trong cc mng v tuyn: Dch v v tuyn gi chung (GPRS), TIA/EIA/IS-95B, v d liu t c cao (HDR). Vic a ra GPRS trong mng v tuyn di ng cho php ci thin kh nng c a h thng GSM sn c, m t s ci thin chnh l : - S dng c hai loi dch v chuyn mch knh v d ch v chuyn mch gi. - S dng ti nguyn v tuyn t t hn. - Tnh cc da trn dung lng. 4.2.2 H thng 3G
IMT-2000
Khi nim h thng di ng th h th 3 (3G) c a ra bi IMT-2000. V ct li, m t h thng 3G phi cung cp: Cc dch v a phng tin, trong cc hot ng ch knh v gi. Cc lnh vc ngi s dng nh t nhn, cng cng, thng mi, dn c, v cc lnh vc khc. Cc mng da trn mt t v v tinh. Thit b b ti c nhn, thit b trn xe c, v bt c u cui c bit khc.
51
ITU
CDMA ng b
Cdma2000 (TIA) - DS-CDMA - MC-CDMA CDMA I (TTA)
OHG
cdma2000
ITU-R TG8/1 (99.11)

IMT-2000 CDMA MC (IMT-MC)
IMT-2000 CDMA DS (IMT-DS)
CDMA cn ng b
W-CDMA (ETSI) W-CDMA (JPN) W-CDMA (USA) CDMA II (TTA) TD-CDMA (ETSI) TD-SCDMA (CHN)
W-CDMA
IMT-2000 TDD CDMA (IMT-TC)
TD-CDMA
IMT-2000 TDMA Single-Carrier (IMT-SC) IMT-2000 FDMA/TDMA (IMT-FT)
TDMA UWC-136 (USA)
Hnh 4.5 H thng IMT 2000 Cc c tnh xc nh c a IMT-2000 bao gm: - Mc tng ng cao trong cc thit k trn ton th gii. - Tnh tng thch ca cc dch v trong IMT-2000 v cc mng c nh. - Cht lng cao - u cu i nh c s dng rng ri. - Kh n ng ca cc ng dng a phng tin v d i rng c a cc d ch v v cc u cui IMT-2000 c th c thc hin nh mng c lp hoc nh mt phn tch hp c a cc mng c nh. Cc h thng 3G cung cp kh nng modul ho v c hai mt dung lng v chc nng. Tri ngc vi QoS c nh trong h thng v tuyn 1G v 2G (c xc nh nh s c gng t t nht), cc h thng 3G cung cp QoS mm d o. Cc ng dng ca n v ngi s dng c th c n nh m t QoS mc nh vi cc iu ch nh sao cho thch h p vi QoS mong mun. Cc ti nguyn khi c phn phi ty theo hng lot cc tham s nh cc hin trng QoS cn c bi s thu bao in thoi, ti h thng, cc iu kin truyn, loi lu lng (ci ny tu thu c vo ng dng), v cc yu t khc. Tm li, cc m c tiu chnh c a cc m ng 3G nh sau: 52 S chp nhn ton cu v tp cc chun nng c t cho giao din v tuyn. Thc y roaming ton cu. H tr hiu qu d i rng cc dch v d liu bao gm c a phng tin. h tr cc d ch v d liu gi vi tc v cht lng nh cc mng c nh. Cung cp truy nhp internet.
Trn thc t, cc h thng 3G c trin khai vi hai mc ch chnh:
GPP2 & CDMA2000

Giao din v tuyn a sng mang IMT-2000 CDMA c nhc n vi Cdma2000. N l giao din v tuyn tri ph bng rng c thit k t c cc yu cu ca h thng v tuyn 3G cng nh cc yu cu ca s pht trin ca cc chun h 2G TIA/EIA-95-B. Cdma2000 cung cp kh nng tng thch ngc li vi TIA/EIA-95-B. Kh nng tng thch ngc cho php c s h tng ca cdma2000 h tr cc trm di ng TIA/EIA-95-B v cho php cc trm di ng cdma2000 hot ng c vi cc h thng TIA/EIA-95-B. Cdma2000 xut ra kh nng tng thch ngc vi CdmaOne cung cp vic chuyn giao mm t cc mng 2G ln 3G. Mt kha cnh quan trng ca kh nng tng thch ngc l kh nng h tr vic bao ph cc mng Cdma2000 v CdmaOne vi cng ph. CDMA2000 thc hin cc yu cu truyn d n bng rng theo hai cch khc nhau. Vic truyn dn ln c th s dng hoc k thut tri ph trc tip hoc k thu t a sng mang. Vic thc hin a sng mang i vi ng ln ca Cdma2000 to iu kin thun li cho thit k chng lp CdmaOne v Cdma2000. Trong vic thc hin a sng mang, h thng Cdma2000 Nx1.25 Mhz (vi N=1,3,6,9, hoc 12) c th chng lp N sng mang lin t c ca CdmaOne, vi N l s tc phn tn SR . SR 2 c dng ch 1X v SR 3 ch 3X, l hai k thut c nh ngha trong cc chun Cdma2000. CDMA2000 cng h tr vic s dng li cc chu n d ch v c ca cdmaOne, nh cc dch v lin quan n thoi, cc d ch v d liu, cc dch v tin nhn,Vic chuyn giao y cc cu c gi d liu v thoi t m t h thng ti mt h thng khc l c im rt hay c h tr bi cdmaOne v cdma2000. Kh nng thc hin chuyn giao mm gia h th ng cdmaOne v cdma200 cho php cc nh hot ng xy dng dn d n cc mng Cdma2000 khi c nhu cu tng cng d ch v v thm dung lng. 4.2.3 WLAN Cng ngh hu tuyn Ethernet c gii thiu vo nm 1970, vi tc 10 Mbps, hn hn tc c a cc cng ngh khng dy khc hin c th i im . Vo nm 1985 FCC cho php pht trin cho thng m i h thng WLAN s dng bng tn ISM. Bng tn ISM rt hp dn cc i l cung cp khi khng cn phi c s cp php c a FCC hot ng trong bng tn n y. Mng v tuyn b ng rng u tin, WLAN c xy dng trn c s h cc chun IEEE 802.11. Chun IEEE 802.11 u tin c pht hnh vo 1997, chim 83.5MHz bng thng trong bng tn 2.4GHz khng cp php. N s dng iu ch PSK vi tri ph nhy tn FHSS v tri ph chu i trc tip DSSS. Tc d liu ln n 2Mbps c h tr vi CSMA/CA, s d ng cho truy nhp ngu nhin. Chu n u tin c m rng vo 1999 to ra chun 802.11b, hot ng trong cng bng tn nhng ch s dng DSSS. Cung cp tc knh truyn cc i ln n 11Mbps vi t c d
53
liu ngi dng cc i kho ng 1.6Mbps. Phm vi truyn dn t ti 150m. Kin trc mng trong 802.11b l hnh sao hoc ngang cp, mc d c tnh ngang cp khng c s dng in hnh. Chun ny c trin khai v s dng rng ri vi cc nh sn xut thit b tch hp cc card 802.11b vo cc my tnh xch tay. Chun 802.11a c hon thnh vo 1999 nh m t s m rng ca 802.11b ci thin t c d liu c a 802.11b. Chun 802.11a chim 300MHz ph trong bng NII 5GHz. Thc t, 300MHz ph c phn chia thnh ba bng con 100MHz. M t bng thp t 5.15-5.25GHz, mt bng gia t 5.25-5.35GHz, mt bng trn t 5.7255.825GHz. Mi knh chim 20MHz, ngo i tr cc phn cu i c a bng gia v bng thp l 30MHz. C ba mc cng su t pht cc i c ch ra l 40mW cho bng thp, 200mW cho bng gia v 800mW cho bng cao. Nhng gii hn ny nh m m ch rng bng thp h u nh ch ph h p cho cc ng dng trong nh, bng gia cho ngoi tri v trong nh cn bng cao cho ngo i tri. iu ch v m ha t l bin i c s dng cho mi knh. Cc lo i iu ch bin i qua BPSK, QPSK, 16QAM v 64QAM v cc t l m ha xo n bin i qua 1/2, 2/3 v 3/4. iu n y dn n tc d liu cc i mi knh l 54MHz. Vi cc h thng trong nh, sng mang 5GHz kt hp vi gii hn cng su t trong bng thp gim phm vi c a 802.11a so vi 802.11b v cng kh hn tn hiu xuyn qua cc bc tng v cc vt cn khc. Chun 802.11a s dng a truy nhp OFDM thay v FHSS v DSSS. Chu n 802.11g c hon thnh vo 2003, kt hp u im ca 802.11a v 802.11b vi tc d liu ln n 54Mbps trong bng tn 2.5GHz cho phm vi ln hn. Chun ny tip tc tng thch vi 802.11b v th cc im truy nh p 802.11g s lm vic vi cc b thch ng mng v tuyn 802.11a. Tuy nhin, 802.11g s dng OFDM, lc iu ch v m ha c a 802.11a. C cc im truy nhp v cc Card LAN u ph hp vi c ba chun trnh khng tng thch. H chun 802.11a/b/g c xem nh l Wi-Fi, cho tin cy v tuyn. 4.2.4 Wimax Wimax l kh nng khai thc lin m ng ton cu i vi truy nhp vi ba. Wimax l m t cng ngh khng dy da trn chu n 802.16 cung cp cc kt ni bng rng thng lng cao qua khong cch xa. Cng ngh Wimax bao gm cc sng vi ba truyn d liu khng dy. Wimax c dng cho mt s ng dng nh kt n i bng rng u cui, cc hotspot v cc kt ni tc cao cho cc khch hng kinh doanh. N cung cp kt ni mng vng thnh th khng dy MAN vi tc ln ti 70Mbps v cc trm g c Wimax trung b nh c th bao ph t 5 n 10km. Cc chun c nh v di ng u c s dng trong c bng tn cp php v khng cp php. Tuy nhin min tn s cho chun c nh l 2-11GHz trong khi chun di ng l di 6GHz. IEEE 802.16 nh ngh a cc lp vt l khc nhau: 54 Wireless MAN-SC layer
Wireless MAN-SCa layer Wireless MAN-OFDM Layer Wireless MAN-OFDMA Layer Wireless HUMAN
Nh ng lp vt l c nh ngh a chi tit bao gm 5 loi trong hin nay s dng ch yu loi th 3 v th t. Hai loi ny da ch yu trn nguyn l OFDM v OFDMA Cc c tnh chnh c a lp vt l ny bao gm: H tr TDD v FDD TDMA UL TDM DL iu ch khi thch ng v m ha FEC cho c ng UL v DL Truyn theo khung ci thin s cn bng (mt chiu) v thc hin c lng knh qua NLOS v m rng mi trng tr tri ph . K hiu c ng thnh gi. M ha son FEC s dng m Reed Solomon v chn Pragmatic TCM FEC s dng ty chn BTC v CTC Khng s dng FEC ty chn s dng ARQ iu khin li. Ty chn tnh phn tp chuyn tip STC. Ngo i tr cc yu cu khc, qu trnh truyn tin tng t cho c hng ng ln UL v ng xung DL.
Lp vt l v tuyn MAN-OFDM da trn iu ch OFDM c thit k hot ng cho ng truyn trong phm vi khng truyn thng NLOS trong di tn t 2-11 GHz. H tr song cng TDD, FDD. Lp vt l v tuyn MAN-OFDMA: d a trn k thut iu ch OFDMA c thit k hot ng i vi ng truyn khng trong tm nhn thng NLOS trong di tn 2-11 GHz. Trong di tn c cp php, hai phng php song cng c s dng l FDD v TDD, FDD SSs c th l bn song cng (H-FDD). Trong di tn khng cp php, s dng phng php song cng TDD. 4.2.5 H thng 4G Ngay c trc khi cc mng 3G c khai trng v a vo s dng hon ton, nhiu nhm nghin cu khc nhau xem xt n dng tip theo ca cng ngh t bo, hay cn gi l 4G. Cho n by gi cha c nh d ng chung cho 4G, nhng mng th h mi c th l da trn IP, cung cp tc d liu ln ti 100 Mbps v h tr kh nng di d ng ton cu. Mt l trnh hng ti mng ny l s h i t ca cc cng ngh nh t bo 3G v Wireless LANs (WLANs).
55
4.3 SO SNH NH GI CC CNG NGH

Qua nhng phn trnh by trn th khi m h thng 4G cha a vo khai thc trn din rng th mi vng hot ng vn cn c s cnh tranh gia nhng cng ngh n t nhng hng pht trin khc nhau (xem h nh 4.6) l CDMA 2000, WCDMA (GSM), l CDMA v Wimax, v WLAN v Wimax. C nhiu kin khi Wimax mi ra i vi u vit v t c v c li bao ph c th nh bi nhng i th khc, tuy nhin vn qun l khai thc dch v v bo mt li cn tr n trin khai trn din rng vu t ra kh i phm vi ng dng cho truy nh p s liu ni ht.
2001 2002 2003 2004 2010 ?
2G
8 ~ 64kbps 144kbps CDMA2000 (1X) GPRS
3G
384kbps ~ 2Mbps CDMA2000 (1X EV-DO) WCDMA WLAN
54M(5GHz)
4G
~ 100Mbps CDMA2000 (1X EV-DV)
IS-95A/B
4G
GSM
WLAN
2M(2.4GHz)
WLAN
11M(2.4GHz)
Wimax
STC a anten
Knh MIMO
iu ch a sng mang
X l khng gian thi gian STP

Hnh 4.6 Cc cng ngh truy nhp v tuyn cnh tranh
56
CHNG 5
TRUY NHP QUA V TINH
Cng ngh truy nh p v tinh vi u im v phm vi ph kt n i ln s rt pht trin khi gi thnh s dng dch v thp. Chng 5 gii thiu s lc v cc loi kt ni v tinh v mt h thng ang c s dng rng ri Vit Nam, ni dng chnh c a chng ny bao gm: q q q Gii thiu chung H thng VSAT H thng thng tin v tinh IP - STAR
57
5.1 GII THIU CHUNG

Mt knh v tinh truyn thng trc tip c th d dng hot ng tc d liu 23 Mbps. Tuy nhin, tc ph bin nh t l khong 400 kbps (dch v Direct PC). Cc h thng hin nay s dng cc qu o a tnh (GEO) cao 22500 dm (khong m t phn m t phn mi khong cch t qu t n mt trng). Khong cch ln ny lm tng thi gian tr c a d ch v hai chiu tc cc d ch v tng tc. Tuy nhin, cc h thng v tinh nhn to th h mi nh h th ng v tinh nhn to Iridium v h thng v tinh nhn to Teledesic s dng cc qu o thp hn nhin LEO c thi gian tr nh nht v tiu th nng lng my pht nh hn. Mt vn ln c a cc nh cung cp d ch v qua h thng thng tin v tinh l gi c. u im ln nht v c bit c a cc h thng GEO l tm ph sng rng. V tinh nhn to lm cho vng ph sng tr nn ln nht. Thng tin v tinh hon ton khng ph thuc vo iu kin a l nh thung lng, ni non, bin c,...Thng tin v tinh ph v khng b nh hng bi khong cch. Mt v tinh nhn to phc v cc im cch xa nhau hng ngn cy s cng ging vi khi phc v cho hai nh hng xm. iu ny vn ng khi no cc a im phc v c a h thng thng tin v tinh vn cn n m trong tm ph sng c a n. Mt khc h thng thng tin v tinh cng c nhng nhc im trm trng v m t k thu t ca n. Cc d ch v da vo thng tin c th b my bay che khut v d nhin cng c th b cc v tinh c qu o thp hn che khut. nh sng m t tri cng c th tc ng ln tn hiu v tn hiu c th b m t mt thi gian khi mt tri i qua sau cc v tinh trong cc ngy ng ch v h ch. Mt vi hiu ng m t tri lm cho b u kh quyn phng ln v cc v tinh c qu o thp phi chuyn ng u n trnh khi b kh quyn li ko. Tui th ca mt v tinh c xc nh bi lng nhin liu n mang theo. Tc ng nh c a trng trng phi c cn b ng bng vic t nh k tn la. Khi nhin liu cn kit th v tinh nhn to tr nn v dng. Tr ngi cu i cng ca cc h thng thng tin v tinh l s c mt c a qu nhiu v tinh cng gy ra rc ri. Cc v tr v tinh thun li c a cc v tinh GEO c chim gi t nhiu nm qua. Tnh hnh cng s xy ra tng t i vi cc v tinh LEO. D nhin, vic chia nhau d i thng hn ch gia lng ngi s dng khng l s tr thnh m t bi ton nan gii. C mt vi h thng LEO nh: Iridium c 66 v tnh c mc ch ca h thng v tinh nhn to Iridium l dng cho h thng in thoi di ng cu hnh s dng c th hin trn h nh 5.1 Teledesic cng g i l Internet trn tri (Internet in the sky) li ch ch nhm vo dch v truy xut Internet bao gm 288 v tinh nhn to ca Teledesic c gi thnh xp x 9 t dollar.
58
CHNG 5 - TRUY NHP QUA V TINH
Globalstar, m t cng ty con c a hng Loral and Qualcomm c h thng 48 v tinh vi gi thnh 2,6 t dollar vi mc ch chnh l dng cho cc ng dng d liu truyn thng, in thoi v fax. Skybridge d kin s phng 64 v tinh vi gi thnh tng cng l 3,5 t dollar.
IridiumSatelites Ka-band Ka-band
L-band Acronautical Ka-band IridiumGatew ay Iridium Pager IridiumGatew ay Wireless Customers TerrestrialSw ittch Iridium Telephone
Hnh 5.1 in thoi di ng Iridium Mt s h thng GEO nh : H thng Direct PC c a Hughes Communications vn l mng truy nhp Internet qua v tinh ln nht hin nay (Hnh 5.2). Tc truy xut Internet theo chiu downstream t 200 kbps n 400 kbps s c m rng bng h thng GEO d kin Hughes Spaceway g m 8 v tinh nhn to hot ng tc 6 Mbps vi gi thnh tng cng l 3 t dollar. H thng Expressway gm 14 v tinh nhn to c gi thnh 4 t dollar cho php truy xut theo chiu downstream ln n 1,5 Mbps.
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D ir e c t P C
Sa
it e tel l h d is
Send R e c e i ve
Inte rne t
Hnh 5.2 Nguyn l hot ng ca DirectPC
5.2 H THNG VSAT

VSAT xut pht t ng knh ca a parabol m n s dng n c c t 0.5m n 2.5 m. Mt mng VSAT bao gm mt trm mt t v tinh v nhng kt cui VSAT. Thng thng VSAT cung cp kt ni vi tc l 56Kbps, c th t c tc ca lung T1 hoc E1. VSAT c ng c th cung cp thng tin mang tnh th i gian thc trong mt khong thi gian ngn. C 3 l do ngi ta s dng VSAT l: Kinh t Thit lp mng ring Cung cp kt ni ch t lng trong khi iu kin xung quan khng m bo
Chi tit hn v nhng thng s k thut c a VSAT c th tham kho thm ti liu [6].
5.3 H THNG THNG TIN V TINH IP - STAR

5.3.1 H th ng VSAT IP IPSTAR l h thng thng tin v tinh bng rng c cu trc mng hnh sao s dng k ngh chuyn mch gi b ng rng. H thng bao gm 3 thnh phn c bn l trm cng Gateway, v tinh IPSTAR v cc trm v tinh thu bao UT. Cc gi d liu t trm Gateway gi ti trm UT theo phng thc ghp knh TDM kt hp vi OFDM. t c hiu sut truyn dn cao cc knh ny c m ho TPC. Hng ngc li t UT n Gateway, cc knh s dng t c thp s dng cng phng php truyn dn kt hp k thut a truy nhp da trn nhu cu s dng c a khch hng
V tinh IPSTAR
H thng VSAT-IP lin lc qua v tinh IPSTAR-1 (Thaicom 4), l v tinh bng rng u tin trong khu vc chu - Thi Bnh Dng do tp on Shin Satellite Plc 60
c a Thi Lan vn hnh v khai thc. V tinh ny c ch to bi Space Systems/Loral c 114 b pht p vi tng dung lng ln ti 45Gbps, tui th ho t ng l 12 nm, v tinh mi c phng vo ngy 11/8/2005 v tr qu o 120 ng.
Hnh 5.3 Vng ph sng ca v tinh IPSTAR V tinh IPSTAR c 4 bp ph hp bao ph ton b lnh th Vit Nam v 1 bp ph qung b, hot ng bng tn Ka v Ku vi dung lng thit k khong 2 Gbps (cho c 2 chiu ln, xung).
Trm cng
Trm Gateway lm vic bng tn Ka, c thit k hot ng theo cu hnh d phng (1+1) cho phn cao tn, anten chnh v d phng c phn tp theo khng gian, cch nhau t 40 n 60 km, trnh nh hng ca thi tit ln ng thi ti hai a im. Trm Gateway chnh t ti Qu Dng - H Ty v trm d phng ti Hoa Sen - H Nam. H thng cao tn ti hai a im c kt n i trc tip vi nhau bng cp quang. H thng trm mt t c kt n i vi cc mng vin thng hin ti ca Tng Cng ty Bu chnh vin thng Vit Nam (VNPT) cung cp cc dch v truy nhp Internet bng rng, d ch v thoi, dch v Intranet/VPN, d ch v m ng thu ring v dch v mobile GSM trunking. Trm gateway thc hin chc chuyn mch v nh tuyn lu lng gia cc phn t m ng, hi t cc tiu chu n c a mt mng IP nh HTTP, FTP cho cc ng dng dch v bng rng WEB, FTP v cc ng dng truyn thng a phng tin. Hng truyn d n t Gateway n UT c gi l TOLL Link, thng qua thit b TOLL trm gateway c kh nng cung cp knh truyn dn cho cc trm UT vi t c rt ln. M t TOLL Link dung lng tng ng dung lng mt b pht p v tinh ty theo nhu cu dung lng, cu h nh trm gateway c 1 hoc nhiu chiu TOLL. Mi m t TOLL c phn chia linh hot thnh nhiu knh, cc knh c cc khe th i gian ti a l 16 knh/ TOLL, 256 timeslot/knh.
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Hng truyn t UT n gateway c gi l STAR Link, trm gateway tip nhn d liu t cc UT thng qua thit b D STAR (Tip nhn 2 STAR ng thi). C nhiu D-STAR trong mt m t trm gateway ng thi. Dung lng bng tn DSTAR Link chim 4Mhz cng nh TOLL Link, STAR Link c phn chia thnh nhiu knh mt cch linh hot.
Giao tip khng gian

ng ln S d ng phng php ghp knh phn chia tn s trc giao m ho TPC, l mt lung b ng thng rng, sng mang kt hp iu ch OFDM 54 MHz, t c d liu c a ngi s d ng c rng bng thng t 8 Kbps n 8 Mbps, t c d liu t trm cng ln n 139Mbps. ng v Cc thit b u cu i n trm cng s dng cc phng php truyn dn hiu su t cao gm k thu t iu ch TPC i hi cao hn v FDM vi k thut tri TDM, l cc sng mang a tn bng thng hp, tc d liu ngi s dng t 1,8 Kbps n 4 Mbps. ng truyn dn t UT n Gateway gi l STAR Link, ch 3 k thut truy nhp Slotted Aloha, Aloha, TDMA dng cho hng truyn ny. M i m t phng thc truy nhp c s dng linh hot thng qua iu khin ca RRM ph hp cho lo i dch v hay lu lng gn cho mi UT. M t di tn 500MHz chia thnh 237 bng con, m i bng c rng 2.11MHz (gi l STAR band), mi STAR band c th c chia thnh mt trong nm loi knh tu vo c tnh lu lng v kiu truy nh p: 16 knh 132Khz ; 8 knh 264 KHz ; 4 knh 528KHz ; 2 knh 1.026MHz ; hoc 1 knh 2.11 MHz.
Thit b pha thu bao (UT)

Cc trm UT bao gm khi ODU v IDU, c th hin trong hnh 5.4 Khi ODU Bao g m anten v cc thit b cao tn nh BUC, LNB, feedhorn: BUC l kh i o tn ln, thng dng loi cng sut 1 W ho c 2 W, tn s pht t 13,75 n 14,5 GHz. LNB l khi khu ch i tp m thp, tn s thu t 10,7 n 12,75GHz.
Khi IDU Tc download t i a: 4Mbps Tc upload t i a: 2Mbps S dng cng su t pht v bng thng linh hot cho php phn b bng thng hp l da trn c im lu lng tng khch hng. S dng k thut iu ch QPSK, phng thc truy nhp SCPC, TDMA, Slotted ALOHA. 62
Giao din mng RJ45, USB Ngun in cung cp 100-240 VAC v 24DC Cng sut tiu th:70W
Hnh 5.4 Cu hnh tr m thu bao Thit b ODU v IDU c kt n i bng cp RG6 hoc RG11, khong cch dng cp RG6 cho php nh hn 35m, s dng cp RG11 kho ng cch cho php t ti 100m. Tn s IF thu t LNB n Modem t 1550 n 2050MHz hoc t 1650 n 2150 MHz, tn s IF pht t Modem n ODU t 950 n 1450 MHz. Cc trm thu bao cung cp cc d ch v tch h p theu yu cu c th c a khch hng. Cc loi ng dng v c im m t dch v c th hin phn sau. 5.3.2 Cc ng dng ca h thng VSAT IPSTAR
Dch v thoi
in thoi IP (VoIP) l dch v ngy cng c s dng rng ri do tnh thun tin v gi cc r. Dch v VoIP qua v tinh li rt thun tin v ph hp vi nhng vng xa xi ho lnh hay cc cng ty t chc c mng li c cc chi nhnh khp t nc. Bng thng yu cu cho cc cuc gi l 24Kbps cho chun G729; 22Kbps cho chun G723; v 80Kbps i vi G711.
Dch v truy cp Internet bng rng

Truy nhp bng rng Thng qua UT cc nh khai thc cung cp cho ngi s dng cc dch v vi kh nng kt n i mng tc cao. Trong nhiu trng hp c nhiu ngi s dng chung mt trm u cu i nh trong khch sn, chung c... th h thng VSAT IPSTAR s trang b thm thit b h tr cho php cung cp thm nhiu account truy nhp cho m t trm u cu i. Cng ging nh ADSL h thng IPSTAR cung cp ng truyn bng thng rng cho khch hng vi tc download ti 4 Mbps v upload ti 2Mbps.
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Truy cp bng rng cho cc im cng cng Dch v truy cp WLAN cng cng (hay cn gi l Hotspot) l d ch v cho php ngi s dng c th truy cp internet t nhng im truy cp cng cng. Dch v hotspot mang li cho ngi s dng nhiu thun tin, ch b ng mt accout ring khch hng c th truy cp dch v t bt k mt Hotspot no nm trong vng ph sng ca v tinh. Vi mt roaming account th khch hng c th truy cp c internet ti nh, vn phng, sn bay, bnh vin, qun cafe... ng dng truy cp bng rng Li th thng tin lin lc qua v tinh l vng ph sng rng, trin khai cc im lin lc nhanh do vy vic thit lp cc im lin lc bng rng tm th i qua VSAT IP phc v cng vic t xut. Chng ta c th s d ng h thng VSAT IP lm trung k truyn tn hiu TV nh video clip, hay tn hiu MPEG-4.
Dch v IPSTAR GRE VPN

Dch v IPSTAR GRE VPN l mt dch v IP Tunneling VPN, s dng giao thc GRE Tunneling. Cng ngh ny h tr cc tnh nng phn knh ngm nh coi mi trng v tinh nh mt m ng LAN. Tr s chnh s kt n i vi vi trm c ng VSAT IP bng mt knh thu ring v kt n i vi cc chi nhnh thng qua ng truyn v tinh. IPSTAR cung cp d ch v mng ring o theo m hnh im - a im. Trm Gateway kt n i vi Router khch hng qua knh thu ring.
Dch v IPSTAR Leased Circuit

Nh li th thng tin v tinh nn d ch v IPSTAR Leased Circuit c th kt ni b t k im lin lc no trong cng vng ph sng v tinh. mi v tr a l u c th lin lc thng qua v tinh. Vi ng dng ny cc chi nhnh c th kt ni vi tr s chnh tc cao ti 2Mbps ng ln v 4Mbps ng xung. Dch v ny c th ng dng cho truyn file v truy nh p Internet.
Dch v trung k di ng (GSM Trunking)

IPSTAR GSM Trunking c ng dng cho cc cng ty thng tin di ng mun m rng vng ph sng c a mnh ti cc vng su xa nhanh chng v t tn km. Dch v GSM Trunking c th h tr cc thu bao di ng vn c th s dng cc d ch v trn mng di ng GSM hin c nh Prepaid/Postpaid. Mt li th ca thng tin v tinh l trin khai lp t thit b nhanh khng gii hn v c ly khong cch tn dng li th ny IPSTAR cung cp gii php m rng mng thng tin di ng thit lp cc tuyn trung k n i ti cc im t BTS vng xa.
Dch v truyn hnh hi ngh

Dch v cung cp cho cc hi ngh im - im v im - a im. Tn hiu h nh nh v m thanh c truyn hnh trc tip b ng giao thc IP. Ngi tham gia hi ngh c th b t k u trong vng ph sng v tinh v bng tn v tinh c th c 64
s dng chung cho tt c cc im tham gia vo cuc h i ngh, y chnh l khc bit rt ln gia v tinh so vi cc phng tin truyn dn khc trn mt t. t ch c d ch v cn trang b m t b MCU nhn tn hiu hnh nh, m thanh t tt c cc im tng hp li v gi ti cc im theo thi gian thc.
Dch v o to t xa (I-Learn)
Gii php o to t xa qua IPSTAR l s kt hp gia truyn hnh hi ngh (VDC) v truyn hnh qung b. Gii php ny c th ng dng trong thng tin 2 chiu hay 1 chiu. Trong thng tin 2 chiu cc thu bao xa c th lin lc v trung tm qua vic s d ng chung mt d i b ng tn v tinh tit kim chi ph bng tn. M h nh ny c th ng dng cho cc trung tm o to hay cc c s gio dc mun thit lp m t mng li o to rng khp cho php ging vin c th giao tip vi cc hc vin xa thng qua v tinh. Li ch ca cc hc vin tham gia kha o to l khng phi i xa tit kim c chi ph i li m vn c hc ging vin ni ting.
Dch v IP2TV
y l dch v tch h p ng dng truy cp Internet v truyn h nh theo yu cu VoD thng qua cc thit b gm mn hnh hin th, cc thit b ph tr, bn phm khng dy. Ngoi ra vi cc ng dng VoD th ngi s dng cn phi c thit b lu tr cc chng trnh ti v. H thng c kh nng pht a im ti m t nhm cc a ch IP nh ch s dng mt di bng tn v tinh chung. Hn na ngi s dng c th ti cc chng trnh vo ban m khi nhu cu s dng v chi ph bng tn thp lm tng tnh hiu qu trong vic s d ng bng tn.
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CHNG 6
WLAN & WI-FI
Vi ch nhn mng vo cng ngh c s dung trong mng LAN, chng ny trnh by cng ngh WLAN vi nhng ni d ng chnh sau: q q q q q Gii thiu chung Cu hnh mng WLAN Chun cng ngh H thng thit b Bo mt
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CHNG 6 - WLAN & WI-FI
6.1 GI I THIU CHUNG

Lch s pht trin WLAN c th tm tt thnh ba th h nh sau : Th h u: hot ng ti bng tn 900-928 Mhz (bng ISM), vi t c nh hn 860 kbps. Do h n hp v bng tn (nhiu ng dng v tuyn khc cng chy trn bng tn ny) nn cc cng ngh giai on ny khng pht trin c. Th h th hai: hot ng ti bng 2,4 Ghz 2,483 Ghz, t c t 2 Mbps, s dng k thu t tri ph v ghp knh nhng cng b hn ch bng tn. Th h th ba: hot ng ti cc bng tn 2,4 Ghz (s dng cc phng php iu ch phc tp hn) t tc 11 Mbps, 5 Ghz v 17 Ghz, tc ln ti 54 Mbps.
Cc t chc tiu chun ln nh IEEE v ETSI lin tc a ra v cp nh t cc tiu chun cho WLAN 802.11, HiperLAN c a m nh. Mc chng nhn Wi-Fi l cung cp cho cc khch hng s m b o rng cc sn phm mang logo ny s hot ng cng vi nhau. Wi-Fi tr nn ng ngh a vi cng ngh v tuyn 802.11 trong nhiu bi bo lin quan n ch ny. Tuy nhin, Wi-Fi khng phi l mt tiu chun cng ngh, n ch m bo v kh nng hot ng tng tc gia cc nh sn xut thnh vin. Ni cch khc, ngi s dng c th c phn cng tun theo 802.11 m vn khng c coi l Wi-Fi.
6.2 CU HNH MNG WLAN

Ty vo ng dng c th Wlan c th c nhng cu hnh nh : Cu hnh m ng WLAN c lp Cu hnh m ng WLAN c s, c th dng thm trm lp Kin trc y ca WLAN
6.2.1 C u hnh m ng WLAN c lp V c bn, hai my tnh c trang b thm card thch ng v tuyn c th hnh thnh mt mng c lp khi chng trong di tn ca nhau. y l cu hnh mng ngang cp hay cn gi l mng ad hoc. Cc mng hnh thnh theo nhu cu nh vy khng cn thit phi qun l hay thit lp cu hnh t trc. Nt di ng c th truy cp vo cc ti nguyn c a cc my khc m khng phi qua mt my ch trung tm. Cu hnh m ng c lp c m t nh hnh 6.1.
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Hnh 6.1 Cu hnh mng WLAN c lp 6.2.2 Cu hnh m ng WLAN c s Mt im truy nhp c th m rng khong cch gia hai WLAN c lp khi n hot ng nh m t b lp lm tng hai ln c ly gia cc nt di ng. Cc im truy nhp AP s gn vi mng ng trc hu tuyn v giao tip vi cc thit b di ng trong vng ph sng ca m t . AP ng vai tr iu khin cell v iu khin lu lng ti mng (hnh 6.2). Trong cu hnh WLAN c s, cc thit b di ng khng giao tip trc tip vi nhau m giao tip vi cc im truy nhp.
v tuyn LAN ng trc
im truy nhp AP
Cc trm di ng
Hnh 6.2 Cu hnh mng WLAN c s. Nh vy, cu hnh WLAN c s s bao gm cc nt di ng c ni vo mng hu tuyn, chuyn dch t thng tin v tuyn sang thng tin hu tuyn thng qua mt im truy nhp. im truy nhp AP c th l trm gc ( i vi c s h tng hu tuyn) hoc cu v tuyn i vi c s h tng v tuyn. Cc b lp c th c s dng tng khong cch vng ph sng trong trng hp kt n i n mng ng trc kh thc hin. Vic ny yu cu chng ln 50% c a 68
AP trn mng ng trc v b lp. T c d liu s gim do th i gian thu v pht li (hnh 6.3).
Knh 1 LAN ng trc Knh 1

im truy nhp AP
v tuyn c trm lp
Cc trm di ng
H nh 6.3 Cu h nh WLAN dng b lp 6.2.3 Kin trc y ca WLAN Mng WLAN c kin trc y nh hnh v sau:
Hnh 6.4Kin trc WLAN y Trong mng WLAN cu hnh y cc thit b tp trung lu lng v m bo tnh ring t bo mt cho thu bao s liu khi kt ni vo mng c b xung thm vo.
6.3 CHUN CNG NGH

Nm 1990, Hip hi cc k s in v in t IEEE thnh lp mt t ch c pht trin tiu chun cho WLAN hot ng t c 1 v 2 Mbps. Nm 1992, Vin tiu chun vin thng Chu u thnh lp mt hip hi xy dng tiu chun WLAN tc cao hot ng t c khong 20 Mbps. T n nay hai t chc ny lin t c a ra cc phin b n mi c a cc tiu chun cho WLAN. Tiu chun ang thng dng
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nht hin nay l IEEE 802.11b. Cc tiu chun WLAN 802.11 b nh hng rt nhiu c a cc thit b WLAN ang c trn th trng. Do mc d cng vic tiu chun tin hnh trong mt thi gian di hon thin (do s lng nhiu nh sn xu t thit b khc nhau) nhng n vn l tiu chun ph thng nht. Hin nay c rt nhiu tiu chun p dng cho WLAN, bng sau s tm tt cc chun WLAN hin ang ph bin trn th gii. Bng 6.1 Tm t t cc tiu chu n WLAN trn th gii Chu n IEEE 802.11 IEEE 802.11b Tn s 900 MHz 2,4 GHz 900 MHz IEEE 802.11a 5 GHz 54 Mbps T c 300 Kbps 11 Mbps Ghp knh FHSS DSSS FHSS OFDM c s dng ph bin nht Mi hn, nhanh hn, dng tn s cao hn Ghi ch
IEEE 802.11e IEEE 802.11g
5 GHz UNII 2,4 GHz ISM
54 Mbps 54 Mbps
OFDM DSSS FHSS Nhanh v tng thch vi 802.11b
IEEE 802.11h IEEE 802.11i IEEE/ETSI 802.11j ETSI HiperLAN 5,15-5,3 GHz 23,5 Mbps 54 Mbps 1 Mbps 10 Mbps 1,6 Mbps 350 000 GHz 4 Mbps 5 GHz UNII 54 Mbps
OFDM OFDM OFDM GMSK
ETSI HiperLAN 17,1-17,3 GHz 2 SIG Bluetooth HomeRF OpenAir LAN hng ngoi 2,4 GHz 2,4 GHz
GMSK
Dng cho Voice/ Video Dng cho mng c nhn (PAN) QoS, m t m tt
FHSS FHSS FHSS
Ch dng trong m t phng, khng nh hng ti sc kho
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Tiu chun WLAN IEEE 802.11 c a ra bi hip h i LMSC 802 c a IEEE. Tiu chun c pht trin qua su phin bn d tho v phin bn cui cng c thng qua ngy 26/06/1997. Tiu chu n cho php nhiu nh cung cp thit b pht trin cc thit b kt ni LAN trn phm vi ton cu i vi bng tn cng nghip, khoa hc, y t 2,4 GHz. Vic tiu chun ho vn ang c tip t c t c chng ch tiu chun ISO/IEC v tiu chun IEEE. Nm 1997 IEEE chp nhn tiu chun u tin cho WLAN-IEEE Std 802.111997. Tiu chun ny c sa cha v b xung vo nm 1999. IEEE Std 802.111997 xc nh MAC, cc giao thc qun l MAC v cc dch v , v ba lp vt l . Ba lp vt l bao gm PHY bng tn c s hng ngoi, mt PHY v tuyn tri ph chui trc tip DSSS trong bng 2.4 GHz v m t PHY tri ph nhy tn FHSS trong bng 2,4 GHz. Tt c 3 lp vt l m t hai hot ng t c 1 v 2 Mbps. Hin nay nhm nghin cu IEEE 802.11 ang pht trin hai lp PHY mi. Th nht IEEE 802.11a nghin cu ghp knh min tn s trc giao OFDM trong bng tn UNII vn chuyn d liu ln ti 54 Mbps. Th hai l tiu chu n IEEE 802.11b ang nghin cu m rng PHY DSSS trong b ng 2,4 GHz truyn d liu vi tc ti 11 Mbps. Tiu chun IEEE 802.11 xc nh kt ni v tuyn i vi cc nt c nh, cc thit b cm tay v thit b di ng trong mt vng a l nht nh. c bit n xc nh mt giao din gia trm v tuyn v mt im truy nhp cng nh gia cc trm v tuyn vi nhau. Cng ging nh cc tiu chun IEEE 802.x khc, tiu chun IEEE 802.11 xc nh PHY v MAC. Tuy nhin lp MAC 802.11 cng thc hin cc chc nng m thng lin quan ti cc giao thc lp cao hn (v d nh phn on, khi phc li, qun l di ng v tiu th ngun). Cc chc nng b xung ny cho php lp MAC giu cc c trng c a lp vt l v tuyn i vi cc lp trn. V c b n lp MAC l chng trnh ti b x l, n qun l v duy tr lin lc gia card giao tip mng NIC v AP qua vic sp xp truy cp n cc knh v tuyn c chia s. Mc tiu ca lp MAC l cung cp cc chc nng: sp xp a ch, pht v kim tra cc khung kim sot cho mi trng c chia s c a lp vt l. MAC c nhim v iu chnh vic s dng mi trng v tuyn v vic ny c thc hin thng qua c chd truy nhp knh, chia cc ti nguyn chnh gia cc nt, knh v tuyn. Lp vt l PHY l giao tip trung gian gia MAC v thit b v tuyn, c nhim v chuyn v nhn khung d liu qua vic chia s thit b v tuyn. PHY cung cp 3 chc nng. Th nht l cung cp vic trao i khung gia MAC v PHY qua s iu khin cc giao th c hi t lp vt l PLCP, l lp con gia MAC v lp ph thu c phng tin vt l PMD. Th hai, PHY s dng tn hiu v k thut tri ph truyn cc khung d liu trn thit b trung gian vi s iu khin ca PMD. Th ba, PHY cung cp vic cm ng mi trng cho lp MAC.
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Nu cn c vo phn lp theo m hnh OSI ta c cc chun trong h 802.11 c s dng c t cc thng s trong cc lp nh trong hnh v sau:
Nhng lp cao hn hn
820.11c 820.11f 820.11d 820.11e 820.11h 820.11i 820.11a 820.11b 820.11g
MAC
PHY
Hnh 6.5 Cc chun trong h 802.11
6.4 H THNG THIT B

6.4.1 Cc card giao din m ng v tuyn Ging nh cc card bin i thch ng cc card giao din v tuyn trao i thng tin vi h thng iu hnh mng thng qua mt b iu khin chuyn dng, qua cho php cc ng dng s dng mng v tuyn truyn d liu. Tuy nhin n khc vi card bin i thch ng l khng cn bt k dy cp no ni chng vi mng v cho php t li cc nt mng m khng cn thay i cp m ng hoc thay i cc kt n i ti cc hub. 6.4.2 Cc im truy nhp v tuy n Cc vng ph sng c to ra xung quanh cc im truy nhp, cc vng ny lin kt gia cc nt di ng v c s h tng hu tuyn. N lm cho WLAN bin thnh m t phn m rng ca m ng hu tuyn. V cc im truy nhp cho php m rng cc vng ph sng nn cc WLAN rt n nh v cc im truy nhp b xung c th trin khai trong c to nh hay mt khun vin trng i hc to ra cc vng truy nhp v tuyn r ng ln (h nh 6.6). Ngoi chc n ng trao i thng tin vi cc mng khng dy m cn lc lu lng v thc hin cc chc nng cu n i tiu chun. Do bng thng bng thng ghp i khng i xng gia thng tin v tuyn v hu tuyn nn cn mt im truy nhp c b m thch hp v cc ti nguyn ca b nh. Cc b m cng ch yu dng lu cc gi d liu im truy nh p khi m t nt di ng c gng di chuyn kh i vng ph sng hoc khi mt nt di ng hot ng ch cng sut thp.
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LAN ng trc AP
Cc trm di ng
Hnh 6.6 im truy nhp AP Cc im truy nhp trao i vi nhau qua mng hu tuyn qun l cc nt di ng. V cc im truy nhp c kt n i vi mng hu tuyn nn mi nt di ng s truy nhp vo cc ti nguyn ca my ch cng nh cc nt di ng khc. M i im truy cp c th phc v nhiu nt di ng, s lng c th ph thuc vo s lng v bn cht c a truyn dn. Nhiu ng dng thc t bao gm mt im truy nhp n v 15-50 nt di ng Mt im truy nh p khng cn iu khin truy nh p t nhiu nt di ng (c ngh a l n c th hot ng vi mt giao thc truy nhp ngu nhin phn tn nh l CSMA). Tuy nhin mt giao thc a truy nhp tp trung c iu khin bi mt im truy nh p s c nhiu thun li. Cc la chn giao din mng hu tuyn chung ti im truy nhp gm c 10 base2, 10 baseT, modem cp v modem ADSL, ISDN. Mt s card giao din mng v tuyn c th s dng kt hp vi cc im truy nhp v tuyn. 6.4.3 C u n i v tuyn t xa Cc cu v tuyn t xa tng t nh cc im truy nh p tr trng hp chng c s dng cho cc knh bn ngoi. Ph thuc vo khong cch v vng m c th cn ti cc anten ngoi. Cc cu ny c thit k kt n i cc mng vi nhau, c bit trong cc to nh v xa khong 32km. Chng cung cp mt la chn nhanh chng v r tin so vi lp t cp hoc ng in thoi thu ring, v thng c s dng khi cc kt n i truyn thng khng kh thi (v d qua cc sng, vng a h nh, cc khu vc ring, ng cao tc, minh ho trong hnh 6.7). Khc vi cc lin kt cp v cc m ch in thoi chuyn dng cc cu v tuyn c th lc lu lng v m bo rng cc mng c kt n i khng mt cc lu lng cn thit.
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Hnh 6.7 Cu ni v tuyn
6.5 BO MT
Khng ging nh cc h thng hu tuyn c bo v vt l, cc mng v tuyn khng c nh trong mt phm vi. Chng ta c di chuyn ra xa kho ng mt 1000 bc chn ngoi ranh gii ca v tr gc vi mt laptop v m t anten thu. Nhng iu ny lm cho m ng WLAN rt d b xm phm v kh khn trong b o mt. 802.11 c ba phong th c c b n bo m t cho WLAN l s dng tp dch v SSID, giao thc tng ng hu tuyn WEP v v lc a ch MAC. 6.5.1 Tp dch v ID (SSID) SID l mt chui c s dng nh ngha mt vng ph bin xung quanh cc im truy nhp nhn. S khc nhau gia cc SSID trn cc AP c th cho php chng ch p cc mng v tuyn. SSID l mt tng v m t mt khu gc m khng c n cc my tnh (my khch) khng th kt ni mng. Tuy nhin, yu cu ny c th d dng b gt qua m t bn b i v cc AP qung b SSID nhiu ln trong m t giy v b t k cng c phn tch 802.11 no nh l Airmagnet, NetStumbler, hay Wildpackets Airopeek c th c s dng c n. Bi v nhng ngi s dng thng nh cu hnh cc my khch, iu ny lm cho cc mt khu c bit rng ri. Nhng ngi s dng c nn thay i SSID ca h khng? Tt nhin, m c d SSID khng b sung bt k lp bo mt no, n nn c thay i khi cc gi tr mc nh v rng n lm cho nhng ngi khc khng th ngu nhin s dng mng ca ngi s dng hp php. 6.5.2 Giao thc bo mt tng ng hu tuyn (WEP) Tiu chun 802.11 nh ngha mt phng thc mt m ho v nhn thc gi l giao thc bo m t tng ng hu tuyn WEP gim nh nhng lo lng v bo mt. Ni chung, nhn thc c s dng bo v chng li nhng truy nhp tri php ti mng, trong khi mt m ho c s dng nh b i nhng ngi nghe trm khi c gng thc hin gii mt m thu c. 802.11 s dng WEP cho c m t m ho v nhn th c. C bn tu chn sn c khi s dng WEP: 74
Khng s dng WEP S dng WEP ch mt m ha. S dng WEP ch nhn thc. S dng WEP nh n thc v m ho.
Mt m ha WEP da trn thut ton RC4, thut ton ny s d ng m t kho 40 bit cng vi mt vec t kh i to ngu nhin 24 bit m ha vic truyn dn d liu v tuyn. Nu c php, cng mt kho WEP phi c s dng trn tt c cc my khch v cc AP cho cc truyn thng. ngn ch n truy nhp tri php, WEP cng nh ngh a mt giao thc nhn thc. C hai dng nhn thc c nh ngha bi 802.11 l : Nhn thc h thng m v Nh n thc kho dng chung. Nh n thc h thng m cho php bt k my khch 802.11b kt hp vi AP v b qua qu trnh nhn thc. Khng din ra nhn thc my khch hoc mt m ho d liu. N c th c s dng cho truy nhp WLAN cng cng, truy nhp WLAN cng cng c th tm thy trong cc ca hng cafe, sn bay, cc khc sn, cc trung tm hi ngh, v cc nhng ni gp g tng t khc. y, tnh cng cng c yu cu cho s dng mng. Mng m nhn thc ngi s dng da trn tn mt kh u ngi s dng trn mt trang Web ng nhp an ton. khp kn cc m ng, ch ny c th c s dng khi cc phng thc nh n thc khc c cung cp. Trong vic s dng nhn thc kho dng chung, AP gi m t challenge phrase ti m t radio khch yu cu nh n thc. Radio khch m ha challenge phrase da vo kho dng chung v tr n v cho AP. Nu AP gii m thnh cng n tr v bn tin challenge g c, n chng t rng my khch c kho ring chnh xc. Khi my khch c to mt kt ni m ng. i vi ngi quan st ngu nhin, dng nh th y rng qu trnh nhn th c kho dng chung l an ton hn qu trnh nhn thc kho m. Tuy nhin, c challenge phrase (c gi trong m t vn b n khng m ho) v challenge l sn c, m t hacker c th tm thy kho WEP. V th khng phi nhn thc h thng m m cng khng phi nhn thc kha ring l an ton. Bi v tiu chun 802.11 da vo cc dch v qun l kho ngoi phn phi cc kho b mt ti mi trm v khng chi r cc dch v phn phi kho, hu ht cc my khch 802.11 truy nh p cc Card v cc AP da trn phn phi kho nhn cng. iu ny ngha l cc kho gi nguyn khng thay i tr khi nh qun l thay i chng. Nh ng kh khn do trng thi khng thay i ca cc kho v qu trnh qun l kho nhn cng cng nh vic thay i cc kho trn m i trm trong m t mng ln c th tiu tn rt nhiu th i gian. Hn na, do tnh di ng vn c c a dn s v khng c m t phng php hp l qun l tc v ny, nh qun l mng c th phi chu p lc rt ln hon thnh vic ny trong mt khung thi gian hp l. 75
Mt lo lng khc l sc mnh ca WEP v rng n ch cung cp b n kho mt m tnh dng chung. iu ny ngha l bn kho mt m ha l ging nhau cho tt c cc my v cc AP ti mi th i im mt my khch truy nh p vo mng. Vi thi gian, s gn gi (trng thi v thi gian v khng gian), v cc cng c ti v t Web, cc hackers c th xc nh kho mt m s dng v gii m d liu. T vic WEP c th b b gy, ngi s dng c nn s dng WEP khng? nu ngi s dng khng c ci g khc, th vn nn dng WEP v n s gy kh kh n h n cho cc Hacker. 6.5.3 Lc a ch MAC Ngoi hai c ch bo mt c bn m 802.11 cung cp, nhiu cng ty trin khai lc a chi MAC trong cc sn phm ca h . C ch ny l khng hon h o. B lc a ch MAC bao gm cc a ch MAC c a cc Card giao din mng v tuyn (NIC), c th kt hp vi AP cho b t k. Mt s nh cung cp cung cp cc cng c t ng qu trnh nh p v cp nht; mt khc, y l mt x l nhn cng hon ton. M t b lc MAC cng khng phi l mt cng c bo mt mnh bi v n d dng tm ra cc a ch MAC tt vi mt Niffer (tn chng trnh phn tch mng), khi bng vic s dng cc driver Linux sn c trn Internet cho h u ht cc Card truy nh p my khch 802.11, ngi s dng c th xc nh cu hnh a ch MAC c phn tch vo trong Card v ginh quyn truy nhp ti mng. Mc d khng bo mt hon ho, l c a ch MAC c tc dng lm cho ai kh khn hn khi ginh quyn truy nh p mng. C hai phng thc khc cp bi Wi-Fi, s dng cc kho phin v mt h thng VPN, c th trin khai c cho b o mt Wi-Fi. m hiu c mc bo mt bao nhiu l cn thit cho mt ng dng thc t, iu quan trng l phi hiu cc m i e do v cc tn cng c th xy ra.
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CHNG 7
WMAN-IEEE 802.16-WIMAX
Vi ch nhn m nh vo cng ngh truy nhp v tuyn c ng dng trong mng MAN, chng ny trnh by v cng ngh WMAN vi cc c im chung c a IEEE 802.16 v WMAX, n i dung chnh c a chng 7 gm: q q q q q q q Gii thiu chung Kin trc Wimax Chun cng ngh M t s c im k thut ca Wimax H thng thit b Bo mt Tnh hnh trin khai ti Vit Nam
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7.1 GII THIU CHUNG

Chng ta bit n cc cng ngh truy cp Internet ph bin hin nay nh quay s qua Modem thoi, hay cc ng thu knh ring, hoc s dng cc h thng v tuyn nh in thoi di ng hay mng Wi-Fi. Mi phng php truy nh p c c im ring. i vi Modem thoi th tc qu thp, ADSL th t c c th ln ti 8Mbps nhng cn c ng kt ni ring th gi thnh t m gp nhiu kh khn trong qu trnh trin khai i vi nhng khu vc c a hnh ph c tp. H thng thng tin in thoi di ng hin nay cung cp tc 9.6Kbps thp so vi nhu cu ca ngi s dng, ngay c vi cc mng th h sau GSM nh GPRS (2.5G) cho php truy cp tc ln ti 171.2Kb/s hay EDGE khong 300-400Kb/s cng cha th p ng nhu cu ngy cng tng khi s dng cc dch v Internet. H thng in thoi di ng tip theo 3G th tc truy cp Internet cng khng vt qua 2Mb/s. Vi Wi-Fi (chnh l mng LAN khng dy) ch c th p dng cho cc my tnh trao i thng tin vi khong cch ngn. Vi thc t nh vy, Wimax ra i nhm cung cp mt phng tin truy nh p Internet khng dy tng hp c th thay th cho ADSL v Wi-Fi. M h nh ph sng c a mng Wimax tng t nh mng in thoi t bo. Bn cnh , Wimax cng hot ng m m do nh Wi-Fi khi truy cp mng. Cc chun c nh v di ng c a Wimax u c s dng trong c bng tn cp php v khng cp php. Tuy nhin min tn s cho chu n c nh l 2-11GHz trong khi chun di ng l di 6GHz. Wimax h tr c tm nhn thng LOS phm vi ln n 50km v tm nhn khng thng NLOS khong t 6-10km cho thit b truyn thng c nhn CPE c nh. Tc d liu nh cho chun c nh s h tr ln n 70Mbps m i thu bao, trong ph 20MHz nhng tc d liu tiu chun s hn 20-30Mbps. Cc ng d ng di ng s cng c h tr tc d liu nh 30Mbps m i thu bao trong ph 10MHz, t c tiu chun 3-5Mbps. Cc trm gc s h tr 280Mbps p ng nhu cu ca hng ngn ngi s dng cng mt lc. 7.1.1 Lch s Wimax Nhm cng tc IEEE 802.16 l nhm u tin chu trch nhim pht trin chu n 802.16 bao g m giao din v tuyn cho truy nhp khng dy bng rng. Hot ng c a nhm khi u trong mt cu c hp vo 08/1998. Ban u nhm tp trung vo vic pht trin cc chun v giao din v tuyn cho bng tn 10-60GHz. Sau d n sa i dn n vic tn thnh chun IEEE 802.16a tp trung vo bng tn 2-11GHz. Cc chi tit k thut giao din v tuyn 802.16a c ph chu n cui cng vo 01/2003. ETSI a ra chun MAN khng dy cho bng tn 2-11GHz vo 10/2003 cn c gi l HiperMAN. Chun HiperMAN v c bn l theo hng ca 802.16. Chun HiperMAN cung cp vic truyn thng cho mng khng dy trong cc bng tn 2-11GHz Chu u. Nhm lm vic HiperMAN tn dng lc iu ch 78
WIMAX
OFDM FFT 256 im. l m t trong nhng lc iu ch c nh ngha trong chun IEEE 802.16a. Wimax Forum gi vai tr lin minh tng t nh s lin minh Wi-Fi trong WLAN, h tr pht trin cc sn phm MAN v tuyn da trn cc chun ca IEEE v ETSI. Wimax Forum tin rng m t chun chung cho truy nhp v tuyn bng rng (BWA) s lm gim chi ph thit b v thc y vic ci thin hiu nng. Bn cnh , cc nh khai thc BWA s khng b rng buc vi mt nh cung cp thit b duy nh t do cc trm g c BS s tng thch vi thit b truyn thng c nhn CPE ca nhiu nh cung cp. Wimax Forum ban u tp trung vo truyn thng c nh cho d i tn 10-66GHz, vic m rng quy m ln bt u vo 01/2003 v chuyn sang c lnh vc di ng. Wimax da trn c s tng thch ton cu c kt hp b i cc chun IEEE 802.16-2004 v IEEE 802.16e ca IEEE v ETSI HiperMAN ca ETSI. Trong IEEE 802.16-2004 cho c nh v IEEE 802.16e cho d liu di ng tc cao. 7.1.2 Bng tn IEEE 802.16-2004 da trn k thut OFDM v c thit k cho cc hot ng trong cc bng tn 2-11GHz h tr cc lc iu ch thch ng v m ha. y l m t gii php khng dy cho truy nhp Internet b ng rng c nh, cung cp s tng tc, gii php phn loi sng mang cho cc thit b u cui. N c th c dng trong cc bng tn c cp php v khng cp php. Cc bng tn c cp php 2.3GHz (2.3-2.4) 2.5GHz (2.5-2.7) 3.5GHz (3.4-3.7) 3.5GHz(3.65-3.70) 5.8GHz (5.725-5.85)
Cc bng tn khng cp php
IEEE 802.16e hot ng trong bng tn khng cp php 2.3GHz, 2.5GHz v 3.5GHz.
7.2 KIN TRC WIMAX

7.2.1 C u hnh m ng Cng ngh Wimax h tr mng PMP v mt dng c a cu hnh mng phn tn l mng li MESH.
Cu hnh mng im- a im (PMP)

PMP l mt mng truy nhp vi mt hoc nhiu BS c cng su t ln v nhiu SS nh hn. Ngi dng c th ngay lp tc truy nh p mng ch sau khi lp t thit b ngi dng. SS c th s dng cc anten tnh hng n cc BS, cc BS c th c nhiu anten c hng tc dng theo mi hng hay m t cung.
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Vi cu hnh ny trm g c BS l im trung tm cho cc trm thu bao SS. hng xung c th l qung b, a im hay n im. Kt ni ca m t SS n BS c c trng qua nhn dng kt n i CID.
Hnh 7.1 Cu hnh im-a im (PMP)
Cu hnh mt li MESH
Vi cu hnh ny SS c th lin lc trc tip vi nhau. Trm gc Mesh BS kt ni vi m t mng bn ngoi mng MESH Kiu MESH khc PMP l trong kiu PMP cc SS ch lin h vi BS v tt c lu lng i qua BS trong khi trong kiu MESH tt c cc node c th lin lc vi mi node khc m t cch trc tip hoc b ng nh tuyn nhiu bc thng qua cc SS khc. Mt h thng vi truy nhp n m t kt n i backhaul c gi l Mesh BS, trong khi cc h thng cn li c g i l Mesh SS. D cho MESH c mt h thng c g i l Mesh BS, h thng ny cng phi phi hp qung b vi cc node khc. Backhaul l cc anten im-im c dng kt n i cc BS c nh v qua khong cch xa. Trong kiu MESH, phn loi QoS c thc hin trn nn tng tng gi hn l c kt hp vi cc lin kt nh trong kiu PMP. Do ch c mt lin kt gia gia hai node Mesh lin lc vi nhau.
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WIMAX
Hnh 7.2 Cu h nh m t li MESH 7.2.2 M hnh phn lp Hnh 7.3 miu t phn lp giao th c Wimax cho hai lp cui cng trong m hnh OSI: CS SAP Lp con hi t xc nh d ch v (CS) MAC MAC SAP Lp con phn chung ca MAC (MAC CPS) Lp con ring PHY SAP PHY Lp vt l (PHY)
Hnh 7.3 Cc phn lp giao thc Wimax cho hai lp cui cng
7.3 CHUN CNG NGH

Chun IEEE 802.16 c t lp vt l (PHY) v lp iu khin truy nh p mi trng (MAC) i vi truy nhp bng rng trong mt mng khu vc th (MAN). Chun IEEE 802.16 in y cc l hng gia lp lin kt logic IEEE 802.2 v giao din v tuyn. Cng vi kh nng ca bridging theo chun IEEE 802.1, cc chun ny v cc k thut truy nhp lp cao hn ca chng c th c s dng to ra mt mng c th inh tuyn. Trong khi chun 802.16 ch c t mt lp iu khin truy nhp mi trng (MAC), n tri qua hng lo t s sa i. S sa i ny thm vo s c t vi lp
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vt l khc nhau, nh v tr ph tn mi, c di tn cho php v di tn khng cho php cng xut hin. ngn cn s ln xn, mt b n tm tt ngn gn c a nhiu s m rng v phm vi di tn khc nhau ca cc chun c th hin di y.
Chun 802.16-2001
Chun IEEE 802.16-2001 c t s chun ha cc lp MAC v PHY dnh cho vic cung cp truy nh p v tuyn bng rng c nh trong cc kt n i im-im, im-a im. Vi k thu t iu ch sng mang n trong di tn 10-66GHz, 802.162001 cung cp s h tr cho c truyn song cng phn chia theo thi gian (TDD) v song cng phn chia theo tn s (FDD). cc phn lp con, IEEE802.16-2001 xc nh lp MAC c bn ph c v cho tt c cc s thay i c a cc chun. Trong khi 802.11 da vo CSMA/CA quyt nh khi cc node trong mng c ch p nhn truyn, lp MAC ca IEEE 802.162001 s dng ton b cc m h nh khc nhau iu khin truyn dn. Thi gian truyn d n, gia cc khong th i gian truyn dn v thi gian iu ch c gn bi mt trm g c v chia s vi ton b cc nt trong mng trong khun dng ca b n pht qung b ng ln hoc ng xung. Bng lc thi gian truyn, s khuy ng cc nt n c th trnh c. Cc thu bao ch cn nghe cc trm g c nhiu hn cc nt khc trong mng v tuyn c c b WLAN. Ngoi ra, thut ton lp danh m c n nh khi cc thu bao xy ra vn qu ti hoc cc vn lin quan ti qu ti. Trm thu bao c th m phn phn di thng c cp trong m t cm ti mt cm c b n, vi iu kin qu trnh lp danh mc mm do. Cc k thut iu ch bao gm QPSK, QAM-16 v QAM-64. Cc k thut ny c th thay i theo tng khung v theo tng SS ph thuc vo tnh trng ca kt ni. K thu t iu ch v FEC mm do trong cc iu kin ng truyn c th cho php mng thch ng nhanh vi cc iu kin thay i c a th i tit. Cc thng s truyn dn ban u c iu ch nh qua mt qu trnh tng tc xc nh khong ban u. Trong qu trnh ny, BS cung cp nng lng, iu ch v nh thi thng tin phn hi ti SS. Thc hin c song cng ca knh ng ln v ng xung, s dng k thu t TDD hoc FDD. Quan trng hn na, IEEE 802.16-2001 kt hp cht ch cc tnh nng cung cp QoS khc nhau xung ti lp vt l. H tr QoS xung quanh vic xy dng khi nim nhn dng cc lung dch v ra p ng yu cu ca ngi dng. Lung dch v c c trng b i cc tham s QoS ca chng, n c th c s dng nh r cc tham s nh gc tr ti a, jitter ph hp. Lung d ch v c th bt u BS hoc SS theo mt hng duy nht. cc lp cao hn, phi c phc v cng vi lung dch v m bo QoS t u cui ti u cu i v d nh Diff-Serv. Nhm l vic IEEE 802.16 c ng gii thiu vi c im bo mt. Bo mt trong IEEE 802.16 ch yu nm trong phn lp con phn ring. Mc tiu ca phn lp con phn ring l cung cp s bo mt dc theo cc kt ni v tuyn trong mng. hon 82
WIMAX
thnh iu ny, thc hin m ha d liu gia BS v SS. ngn chn k trm dch v, SS c th s dng X.509 kim sot cc SS. K c xc nhn l cc kha v a ch lp MAC c a cc SS cng cng. Chi tit c th c a phn lp con phn ring s c cp trong phn b o mt trong Wimax pha sau.
Chun 802.16a-2003
IEEE 802.16a l mt phin bn sa i t chun c bn, c thng qua bi chun bng rng IEEE trong 1/2003. Quan trng hn, chun IEEE 802.16a m rng thm s h tr trong bng tn cho php 2-11GHz, n m ra nhiu th trng cng ngh tim nng. Kh nng hot ng vi ng truyn NLOS tr thnh hin th c khi hot ng trong di tn 2-11 GHz, m rng vng a l c a m ng. Chun IEEE 802-16a bao gm c vic c t lp PHY v tng kh nng ca lp MAC ph h p vi vic truyn dn a ng v vic gim b t cc giao din. Cc c trng c thm vo cho php s dng cc k thut qun l cng su t tin tin v ma trn anten thch ng. Ngoi ra la chn OFDM nh l m t s la chn iu ch sng mang n. cung cp mt c cu cho vic gim cc giao din khi m xut hin nhiu mng, chu n IEEE 802.16a thm vo phng php iu ch OFDMA la chn trong phm vi di tn 2-11GHz hin c. Vi nhiu yu t yu cu cc c tnh ca phn lp con phn ring vn bo mt c ci thin. Cc c tnh ring c s dng chng minh chc chn ngi gi cc bn tin MAC. IEEE 802.16 thm vo s h tr ty chn cho cc mng hnh li, ni m lu lng c th nh tuyn t trm thu bao ti trm thu bao. l m t s thay i t m hnh im-a im (PMP), ni m lu lng ch c cho php gia BS v SS. IEEE 802.16 thm vo s c t lp MAC ph hp lm cho lc truyn dn c a SS l mt phn ca li, nhng n khng hin r ti SS.
Chun 802.16c-2002
Thng 12/2002, u ban cc tiu chun IEEE ph chun b sung chun IEEE 802.16c. S b sung ny hiu chnh m t vi li v s mu thun trong chun c bn, m t chi tit h thng trong di tn 10-60 GHz.
Chun 802.16d-2004
IEEE 802.16-2001, 802.16a v 802.16c c tch hp trong chu n IEEE 802.162004 c ch ng nh n trong 24/6/2004 v c cng b vo thng 12/2004. Phin bn ny bt u c pht trin nh vic c t m t h thng di ci tn IEEE 802.16-REVd nhng cng b nh l mt s ti b n thnh cng c a cc chun c bn IEEE 802.16. IEEE 802.16-2004 l mt phin b n c chun ha s dng cho vic chng nhn Wimax.
Chun 802.16e-2005
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Chun IEEE 802.16e-2005 c ch ng nhn vo cui thng 12/2005. IEEE 802.16e thm vo tnh di ng cho cc chun hin ti, s dng SOFDMA thay cho OFDM trong chun IEEE 802.16d. IEEE 802.16e cho php chuyn giao tn hiu t c cao cn thit cho truyn thng vi nhng ngi dng di chuyn t c ca phng tin giao thng.
7.4 MT S C IM K THU T CA WIMAX

7.4.1 Lp vt l
Bit ngun
Bit ngu nhin Ngu nhin ha
K hiu QAM nh x I FEC v QAM ng khung cm
Cc k hiu khung cm
Cc k hiu khung kp
ng khung kp
Lc pht
iu ch QAM
iu khin cng sut
Lc pht
Hnh 7.4 Qu trnh truyn dn IEEE 802.16 nh ngh a cc lp vt l khc nhau: Wireless MAN-SC layer Wireless MAN-SCa layer WirelessMAN-OFDM Layer WirelessMAN-OFDMA Layer Wireless HUMAN
Cc lp vt l ny s d ng cc k thu t iu ch m ha khc nhau nhng qu trnh truyn dn ca chng bao gi cng gm cc bc sau theo hnh 7.5. D liu ban u c ngu nhin ha, m ha FEC v c nh x thnh cc k hiu QAM. Cc k hiu QAM c sp sp trong cc khung trong mt cm bn tin. Cc cm k hiu ny s c ghp trong mt khung song cng. Cc thnh phn k hiu I v Q s c chn trong cc b l c d ng xung, c iu ch cu phng ti mt tn s sng mang, v thc hin iu khin bin v cng sut c cng sut u ra ph hp truyn i. Wireless MAN-SC layer: da trn cng ngh sng mang n c thit k cho ng truyn hot ng trong tm nhn thng LOS trong di tn s cao t 10-66GHz. H tr song cng TDD, FDD. Lp vt l v tuyn MAN-SCa: da trn cng ngh sng mang n v c thit k cho ng truyn NLOS trong bng tn 2-11 GHz. H tr song cng TDD, FDD. 84
WIMAX
Cc c tnh trong lp vt l ny bao gm: H tr TDD v FDD TDMA UL TDM DL iu ch khi thch ng v m ha FEC cho c ng UL v DL Truyn theo khung ci thin s cn bng (mt chiu) v th c hin c lng knh qua NLOS v m rng mi trng tr tri ph. K hiu c ng thnh gi. M ha son FEC s dng m Reed Solomon v chn Pragmatic TCM FEC s dng ty chn BTC v CTC Khng s dng FEC ty chn s dng ARQ iu khin li. Ty ch n tnh phn tp chuyn tip STC. Ngoi tr cc yu cu khc, qu trnh truyn tin tng t cho c hng ng ln UL v ng xung DL.
Lp vt l v tuyn MAN-OFDM da trn iu ch OFDM c thit k hot ng cho ng truyn trong phm vi khng truyn thng NLOS trong di tn t 2-11 GHz. H tr song cng TDD, FDD. Lp v t l v tuyn MAN-OFDMA: d a trn k thu t iu ch OFDMA c thit k hot ng i vi ng truyn khng trong tm nhn thng NLOS trong di tn 2-11 GHz. Trong di tn c cp php, hai phng php song cng c s dng l FDD v TDD, FDD SSs c th l bn song cng (H-FDD). Trong di tn khng cp php, s dng phng php song cng TDD. Lp vt l v tuyn HUMAN: Tn s knh trung tm theo cng thc: - Knh tn s trung tm (MHz) = 5000 + 5*nch (n= 0 - 199) - rng knh l 5 MHz, di tn cng tc l 5-6 GHz. Wimax Forum quyt nh rng cc m t phng kim tra tnh tng tc u tin v cc chng nhn cui cng s h tr FFT OFDM PHY 256 im (chung gia IEEE 802.16-2004 v ETSI HiperMAN) vi Wimax c nh v OFDMA, SOFDMA i vi Wimax di ng.
OFDMA cho lp vt l v tuyn MAN-OFDMA

Nh ta bit OFDM c th h tr vic truyn m t ngi dng hoc truy nhp nhiu ngi dng. Khi OFDM c kt hp vi TDMA chng ta c OFDMTDMA. Khi OFDM kt hp vi FDMA th to ra a truy nh p phn chia theo tn s trc giao OFDMA. K thut a truy nhp OFDM-TDMA n nh cc khe thi gian cho m i ngi dng. Trong m t khe thi gian, tt c cc sng mang con c dnh ring nh v cho mt ngi dng.
85
OFDMA cho php nhiu ngi dng truy nhp cc sng mang con cng mt lc. mi n v thi gian, tt c cc ngi dng c th truy nhp. Vic n nh cc sng mang con cho m t ngi dng c th thay i mi n v thi gian.
OFDMA theo t l (S-OFDMA)

y l mt c im b xung cho IEEE 802.16e h tr chuyn giao d dng. Trong OFDM-TDMA v OFDMA, s lng sng mang con thng c gi bng nhau vi ph c sn. S sng mang con khng thay i dn n khng gian sng mang con thay i trong cc h thng khc nhau. iu ny lm cho vic chuyn giao gia cc h thng gp kh khn. Ngoi ra, mi h thng cn m t thit k ring v chi ph cao. OFDMA theo t l (SOFDMA) gii quyt cc vn ny b ng cch gi cho khng gian sng mang con khng thay i. Ni cch khc, s sng mang con c th tng hoc gim vi nhng thay i trong mt bng tn cho trc. V d, n u mt bng tn 5MHz c chia thnh 512 sng mang con, mt bng tn 10MHz s c chia thnh 1024 sng mang con. Bi v khng gian sng mang con l gi nguyn trong S-OFDMA nn mt my di ng c th chuyn giao gia cc h thng mt cch sun s. Ngoi ra, vi khng gian sng mang con khng thay i, mt thit k l ph hp cho nhiu h thng v c th ti s dng. Chi ph cho thit k v sn phm s thp h n. IEEEE 802.16e-2005 kiu MAN-OFDMA v tuyn da trn c s n i dung ca SOFDMA. SOFDMA h tr mt phm vi bng tn rng cho vic cp pht ph mt cch linh ng v a dng cho cc nhu cu v cc yu cu s dng mi. Tnh quy m c h tr bng cch hiu chnh kch c FFT trong khi c nh khng gian tn s sng mang con 10.94kHz. Do n v ti nguyn l bng tn sng mang con v khong thi gian k hiu l c nh, nn tc ng n lp cao hn l ti thiu khi cng t l bng tn. Bng 7.1 Cc tham s ca SOFDMA Cc tham s Bng tn knh truyn h thng (MHz) Tn s ly mu ( MHz) Kch c FFT (NFFT) S knh con Khng gian t n s sng mang con Thi gian symbol hu ch (Tb=1/f) Thi gian bo v (Tg=Tb/8) 1.25 1.4 128 2 5 5.6 512 8 Cc gi tr 10 11.2 1024 16 20 22.4 2048 32
10.94kHz 91.4 micro giy 11.4 micro giy
86
WIMAX
Kho ng thi gian symbol OFDMA (Tg+Tb) S lng symbol OFDMA (khung 5ms)
102.9 micro giy 48
S-OFDMA cho php cc kch c FFT nh hn ci thin hiu su t cho cc knh truyn vi bng thng thp hn, c th gim kch c FFT nhng gi nguyn khng gian sng mang con l hng s c lp vi bng thng khi bng thng gim hon ton. S-OFDMA mang li mt thun li hn OFDMA. N t l kch c ca chuyn i Fourier nhanh vi bng tn knh gi cho khng gian sng mang khng i qua cc bng tn knh khc nhau. Khng gian sng mang khng i lm cho hiu sut dng ph cao hn trong cc knh rng v gim chi ph trong cc knh h p.
Knh con ha
a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s trc giao OFDMA cho php m t s cc sng mang con c gn cho cc ngi dng khc nhau. V d, sng mang con 1, 3 v 7 c th c gn cho ngi dng 1 v sng mang con 2, 5 v 9 cho ngi dng 2. Cc nhm sng mang con ny c xem nh cc knh con. Knh con ha nh ngh a cc knh con m c th cp pht cho cc thu bao khc nhau ty thu c vo iu kin knh truyn v cc yu cu d liu khc. iu ny mang li cho cc nh khai thc tnh mm d o cao hn trong qun l bng tn v cng su t pht ng thi s dng ti nguyn hiu qu hn. Knh con ha trong ng ln mang li s ci thin hiu nng, khi cng sut pht t thit b ngi dng c nhiu hn ch. Trong OFDM, cc thit b pht c a ngi dng s dng ton b khng gian sng mang. OFDMA h tr a truy nhp, cho php cc thit b ca ngi dng ch pht qua mt knh con c cp pht cho chng. Trong OFDMA vi 2048 sng mang v 32 knh con, nu ch mt knh con c cp pht cho mt thit b, tt c cng su t pht s c tp trung trong 1/32 ph c sn v c th mang li khuch i cao. a truy nhp tr nn thun li khi s dng cc knh rng. Trong OFDM cc thit b ngi dng c n nh cc khe thi gian cho truyn dn, nhng ch mt thit b ngi dng c th pht trong mt khe thi gian, hnh 7.5 .
87
Ngi dng 1
Cc sng mang
Ngi dng 2
Ngi dng 3
Ngi dng 4 K hiu FFT Thi gian
Hnh 7.5 n nh khe thi gian trong OFDM Trong OFDMA mi knh con cho php nhiu ngi dng c th pht cng mt thi im qua cc knh con c cp pht cho chng. 7.4.2 Lp MAC Lp MAC bao gm ba phn lp con, hnh 7.3: - Lp con h i t xc nh dch v (SSCS) - Lp con phn chung ca MAC(MAC CPS) - Lp con ring PS SSCS cung cp m i s bin i hay nh x d liu mng ngo i, nhn d liu mng ngoi qua im truy nhp d ch v CS SAP, cc MAC SDU (n v d liu d ch v) c nhn bi lp con phn chung MAC CPS thng qua MAC SAP. Bao gm vic phn loi cc SDU mng ngoi v kt hp chng vi nhn dng lung dch v MAC thch hp (SFID) v nhn d ng kt n i (CID). N c th c ng bao gm cc chc nng nh nn tiu ti trng (PHS). Nhiu chi tit k thut CS c cung cp cho giao din vi nhiu loi giao thc. nh dng bn trong ca ti trng CS l duy nht vi mi CS, v cc MAC CPS khng yu cu hiu dc nh dng ca n hay phn tch bt k thng tin no t ti trng CS. MAC CPS cung cp cc chc nng MAC chnh ca vic truy nhp h thng, cp pht rng di tn, thit lp v duy tr kt n i. N nhn d liu t nhiu CS thng qua MAC SAP, phn loi thnh cc kt ni MAC c th. QoS c p dng cho vic truyn v lp lch d liu thng qua lp PHY s dng 4 loi dch v c bn. PS cung cp cc chc nng bo mt
7.5 H THNG THIT B
88
WIMAX
Wimax l mt cng ngh mi ra i hot ng da theo chun IEEE 802.16. Mng s dng Wimax c nhiu tnh nng u vit hn cc m ng trc . Ngoi kh nng cung cp a dch v n cn c th cung cp cc kt ni b ng rng ty theo nhu cu s dng ca khch hng. Cc thit b sn xut theo chun th va mi c chng nhn, p ng nhu cu xy d ng mng ca cc nh cung cp. Thit b da trn chun IEEE 802.16-2004 c chng nhn vo 4/2005 cho php mng Wimax c th cung cp cc dch v c nh nh VoIP, Internet bng thng rng.Mc d c sn xut theo chun c nh nhng cc thit b ny c th d dng c nng cp bng phn mm theo chun 802.16e cung cp cc dch v cho khch hng m ang di chuyn. Mi y, Intel sn xut thnh cng chip da theo chun IEEE 802.16e v vo 8/2006 cc thit b Wimax da trn chun IEEE 802.16e c chng nhn, lm tng thm kh nng dng di ng cho khch hng. Mng da trn cc thit b ny c th cung cp cc dch v c tnh di ng cao, bng thng rng. Hin nay, nn cng nghip sn xut thit b cho Wimax ang c pht trin rt mnh m bi chnh nhng hng sn xut, cung ng cc thit b v tuyn in t hng u th gii. Thng hiu ca nhng hng cho trong b ng 7.2 di y. Bng 7.2 Thng hiu ca cc nh cung cp thit b Wimax Nh cung cp Adaptix AirSpan Alcatel AS4020 ASWipLL, AS4030 AS MAX OEM Alvarion WalkAIR, eMGW BreezeAcce ss Breeze2000 PacketWav e iBurst BreezeMA X PacketMA X a dch v Thit b Wimax2004 Wimax802.16e Motion 2100 AS.MAX road map Evolium Wimax base station BreezeMA X road map PacketMA X WiBRO Motion
Alvarion
Aperto Networks Arraycom Axcera Axxcelera AB Access
ExcelAir 70 ExcelMAX (3.5) AB Max 89
(5.8) Cambridge Broadband Ericsson Flarion/Qualc omm Harris IPWireless Motorola MOTOwi4 Canopy products MOTOwi4 UltraLite products RipWave MX Expedience Road map Road map LG/Nortel with joint Airspan venture MicroRed Tsunami AN100 TeraMAX RedMAX Road map RAS bs, CPEchips in existing terminals Tsunami MP.16 LG/Nortel joint venture ClearBurst MB VectaSTA R VectaMAX OEM Airspan Road map
Navini NextNet Nortel
PointRed Technologies Proxim Wireless Redline Samsung
Siemens
WayMAX @vantage SoftAir System AirStar Angel Symmetry
WayMAX Family road map Road map Symmetry
Soma SR Telecom 90
WIMAX
(named ONE changed to Symmetry ONE) Trango Broadband UTStarcom Vyyo V251,Wirel ess Modem, V3000 wireless hub LMS Family Space time processing technology Ultima 3, Libra MX AWE, Libra families ZXBWA3E Access 5830 and FOX
MX
WaveRider/ WaveWireless Wavion
Road map
WiLAN
ZTE
ZiMax
Cc nh cung cp thit b cho Wimax c th chia lm hai loi, l cc nh cung cp thit b Wimax c nh sau tin ti cung cp c thit b Wimax di ng v cc nh cung cp thit b cho Wimax nhng ch hng ti th trng Wimax di ng. Cc nh cung cp cc thit b Wimax m nhm ti cc thit b trng di ng ngay t u l: Adaptix Inc.; Alcatel; LG Electronics Inc.; Motorola Inc.; Navini Networks Inc.; Ericsson AB. Nokia Corp.; Nortel Networks Ltd; Posdata Co. Ltd; Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd; Lucent Technologies Inc.;
91
Cc nh cung cp thit b Wimax nhm ti th trng Wimax c nh sau chuyn hng sang cung cp cho th trng Wimax di ng l: Airspan Networks Inc.; Alvarion Ltd; Aperto Networks; Cambridge Broadband Ltd; Navini Networks Inc.; Proxim Corp.; C rt nhiu hng ln tham gia sn xut cc chip v thit b cho Wimax, l cc hng ni ting nh: Altera Corp.; Beceem Communications Inc.; Fujitsu Ltd.; Intel Corp.; Sequans Communications; TeleCIS Wireless Inc.; Wavesat Wireless Inc.; Xilinx Inc. Redline Communications Inc.; Siemens AG; SR Telecom Inc.; Wi-LAN Inc.; ZTE Corp.
Cc h ng ny mi cung cp c chip phc v cho vic sn xut cc thit b Wimax c nh, cn chip cho thit b Wimax di ng th mi ch a ra gii thiu, sn phm c sn xut theo chun ny cn rt hn ch . Chnh v th m trn th trng hin nay a s vn l cc thit b Wimax c nh. ph c v cho tnh di ng, cc thit b c sn xut theo chun c nh c th c nng cp b ng phn mm hot ng c trong mng di ng. cng l mt tnh nng c tch hp trong chip c nh khi chu n 802.16e c chng nhn. Sn phm thit b cho Wimax hu ht u hot ng trong cc d i tn s cng tc thuc di tn th p (2-11 GHz) tng ng vi hai lp 256 OFDM PHY v 2048 OFDMA PHY. Cc nhng thit b hot ng trong c di tn th p ny nhng cng c m t s thit b c a mt vi h ng c phn chia ra theo tn s sng mang, theo mt d i tn cng tc nht nh. c th thy r cc thit b trong m ng Wimax, chng ta c th xem cu trc mng c th c a mt hng sau. Nh hnh 7.6 trn ta c th thy, mt mng bt bu c phi c cc BS v CPE, ngoi ra n cn c cc bachaul v cc giao thc qun l mng hay cc b ghp lung lu lng.
92
WIMAX
Hnh 7.6 Kin trc h thng AS.MAX ca hngAirSpan
7.6 BO MT
Cng ging nh mi trng v tuyn khc, Wimax cng chu mt p lc v bo mt rt ln, do cc m hnh kinh doanh cha r rng nn nhng bin php b o mt y t pha cc nh qun tr m ng ch a c cp n, tuy nhin bn thn Wimax cng c nhng bin php b o mt ring. Lp con bo mt MAC 802.16 (lp con phn ring MAC) tp trung vo cc chc nng bo mt gn lin vi cc khung lp MAC. C th xem lp con ny gm hai giao thc thnh phn: Giao thc ng gi: Giao th c ny nh ngha tp cc b mt m h tr vic mt m gi d liu gia BS v SS. Cc b ny cha thng tin v m t m ha d liu v cc thut ton nhn th c, v cc qui tc p dng cc thut ton ny vo ti trng MAC PDU. Giao thc qun l kha: Giao thc ny thu c v vic qun l v phn phi vt liu kha t BS n SS. Giao thc c la chn y l giao thc qun l kha bo mt (PKM) c pht trin trong cc modem cp theo chun DOCSIS.
7.7 TNH HNH TRIN KHAI TI VIT NAM

u nm 2006, th tng chnh ph cho php cc t ng cng ty vin thng Vit Nam: Tng cng ty vin thng Vit Nam (VNPT), Tng cng ty truyn thng a phng tin (VTC), cng ty c phn vin thng FPT Telecom, tng cng ty vin thng qun i Viettel trin khai cc dch v Wimax. Hin nay, tp on bu chnh vin thng Vit Nam (VNPT) v mt s doanh nghip khc ang trong giai on tch cc trin khai th nghim cng ngh Wimax ti H Ni, thnh ph H Ch Minh, Nng, Bc Ninh v Lo Cai. VDC hp tc cng Intel kho st mt b ng v lp t thit b ti Lo Cai cho h thng Wimax c nh, h thng th nghim bao gm m t trm pht sng BTS v
93
modem khng dy ti 20 trm u cu i tip nhn dch v c phn b nhiu a phng. L cng b giai on th nghim chnh thc c t ch c vo thng 10/2006. Hai d ch v c th nghim l Internet bng thng rng v in thoi VoIP. V pha FPT Telecom, lnh o doanh nghip ny cho bit, FPT s cung cp c hai dng Mobile Wimax v Fixed Wimax cc di tn 2,3 GHz v 3.3 GHz. Hin nay, FPT ang trong giai on la chn thit b , th nghim k thu t v nghin cu cc d n tin th nghim. V pha Viettel Internet cho bit h s th nghim Mobile Wimax bi v Fixed c th nghim thnh cng nhiu nc. Bn nh cung cp Vit Nam hin ti (VNPT, FPT, VTC v Viettel) ch ang c cp php th nghim dch v Wimax c nh, trn tn s 3.3GHz n 3.4GHz. D kin, trong nm 2007, B BCVT s cp php cung cp d ch v Wimax di ng. Wimax di ng mi l trin vng ln nht c a Wimax. Vi cng ngh ny, ngi dng u cui c th c s dng Internet tc cao ln n 1Mbps, ti bt k ni no trong vng ph sng bn knh rng nhiu km. Thit b u cui c a dch v Wimax di ng c th l cc card PCMCIA, USB, hoc c tch hp sn vo trong con chip my tnh (kiu nh cng ngh Centrino ca Intel). Hin nay, ti Vit Nam ang tin hnh d n th im Fixed Wimax 802.16 - 2004 Rev.d vi tn s 3,3 GHz - 3,4 GHz ti Lo Cai do cng ty in ton v truyn s liu (VDC) h p tc cng C quan hp tc pht trin quc t Hoa K ti Vit Nam (USAID). Nhng ng d ng cng ngh v tuyn bng rng th h mi s c cung cp th im trong 6 thng (t thng 7 n thng 12), trong s dng m t trm pht chnh v khong 20 trm kt n i dn dng. C 18 a im ti Lo Cai c la chn tham gia th nghim gm 6 trng h c, m t s c s y t, im bu in vn ho x, y ban x, doanh nghip va v nh v m t gia nh nng dn cha tng tip xc vi cng ngh hin i. Cc dch v c a vo th nghim l tho i v Internet tc cao. D n c tng chi ph khong 500.000 - 600.000 USD, trong USAID h tr 250.000 USD. Theo nh cung cp dch v, cc chng trnh khc cng ang trong giai on lp k ho ch s dng v tinh kt ni, m rng Wimax n nhng vng xa kh n b ng ng b . S h p tc ny l m t phn ca chng trnh bng thng rng chu ABC ca Intel. Hng s cung cp kin thc su rng v bng thng rng v tuyn, cng ngh silicon v cc dch v cng ngh cho cc chnh ph , nhng nh qun l thng tin lin lc, cc c quan thuc lnh vc gio dc, y t v nng nghip cng nh nhng nh cung cp vin thng nhm gip chun b v thc hin th nghim cng ngh Wimax. So vi cng ngh hu tuyn th mng v tuyn c chi ph thp v xy d ng nhanh hn, do nh ng nh cung cp dch v c th linh ng hn trong vic mang n cho 94
WIMAX
cc cng ng thiu dch v ny mt nn kinh t tri thc hin i ton cu vi mc chi ph va phi. Vic th nghim c tin hnh trn hai lnh vc. Truy nh p Internet t c cao da trn m ng Wimax v ng dng g i in thoi qua giao th c IP.
95
THUT NG VIT TT
Thu t ng A AAA AAS ACK ADSL AES AK ANSI APON ARQ Authentication, authorization and Nhn thc, cp php v lp ti Account khon Adaptive Antenna System Acknowledgment H thng anten thch ng Xc nhn Ting Anh Ting Vit
Asymmetric Digital Subcriber ng dy thu bao s bt i Line xng Advance Ecryption Standard Authorization Key American Institute National Standards Chun mt m nng cao Kha nhn thc Vin Quc Gia M Mng quang th ng s dng ATM Yu cu truyn li t ng
ATM Passive Optical Network Automatic Request Retransmission
ASIC ASN ATM ATP B BER BPSK B-RAS BS 96
Cng ngh sn xut vi mch Application Specific Integrated tch hp cho tng ng dng Circuit c bit Access Service Network Asynchronuos Transfer Mode Access Termination Point Mng dch v truy nhp Phng thc truyn dn khng ng b im tham chiu u cu i truy nhp
Bit Error Ratio Binary Phase shift Keying BroadBand Server Base Station Remote
T s tn hiu trn nhiu Kha chuyn pha nh phn Access My ch truy nhp bng rng t xa Trm gc
THUT NG VIT TT
BWA C CAP CCI CDMA CO CPE CPS CRC CS CSMA CSN D DAMA DCF DES DFS DFT DHCP DL DMT DSC DSL DSLAM E
Broadband Wireless Access
Truy nhp khng dy bng rng
Carrierless Amplitude and Phase iu ch bin pha khng modulation sng mang Co-Channel Interference Code Division Multiple Access Central Office Customer Premises Equipment Common Part Sublayer Cyclic Redundancy Check Convergence Sublayer Carrier Sense Multiple Access Connection Service Network Nhiu knh lin kt a truy nhp phn chia theo m Trung tm chuyn m ch Thit b truyn thng c nhn Lp con phn chung Kim tra d vng tu n hon Lp con hi t a truy nhp cm nhn sng mang Mng dch v kt ni
Demand Access
Assigned
Multiple a truy nh p n nh theo nhu cu Chc nng iu khin phn tn Chun mt m ha d liu La chn tn s ng Bin i Fourier ri rc Giao thc cu hnh Host ng ng xung
Distributed Control Function Data Encryption Standard Dynamic Frequence Selecton Discrete Fourier Transform Dynamic Protocol Downlink Host Configuration
Discrete Multi-Tone Modulation iu ch a tn ri rc Dynamic Services Change Digital Subcriber Line DSL Access Module Chuyn i cc dch v ng ng dy thu bao s Khi truy nhp DSL
97
EAP EC EDCA EDGE EP PLT ETSI EV-DO F FDD FDM FEC FEXT FFT FSAN FTTC/B FTTCab FTTEx FTTH G GFP GPRS GSM
Extensible Protocol Echo Cancellation
Authentication
Giao thc nhn thc m rng Trit ting vng
Enhanced Distributed Access Enhanced Data Rates ETSI Project Telecommunication
Control Truy nhp iu khin phn tn nng cao Cc tc d liu c nng cp
Powerline D n v truyn thng s dng ng dy in lc
European Telecommunications Vin cc chu n vin thng Standards Institute Chu u Enhanced Version- Data Only Ch d liu-phin b n nng cao
Frequency Division Duplexing Frequence Division Mutiplexing Forward Error Correction Far-End Crosstalk Fast Fourier Transform Full Service Access Network Fiber To The Curb/Building Fiber To The Cabinet Fiber To The Exchange Fiber To The Home
Song cng phn chia theo tn s Ghp knh phn chia theo tn s Sa l i trc Xuyn m u xa Bin i Fourier nhanh T chc iu hnh mng truy nhp dch vu y Cp quang ti khu vc/cao c Cp quang n t phn phi Cp quang ti tng i Cp quang ti nh
Generic Framing Procedure Generalized Service Packet For Radio
Th tc nh khung chung Dch v v tuyn gi chung
Global System Communicatons
Mobile H thng ton cu cho truyn thng di ng
98
THUT NG VIT TT
H HDSL/HDSL 2 HFC HSDPA High data rate DSL Hybrid Fiber Coaxial ng dy thu bao s t c cao Mng lai cp quang cp ng trc
High Speed Downlink Packet Truy nhp gi ng xung Access tc cao High Speed Access Uplink Packet Truy nh p gi ng ln tc cao
HSUPA I IDFT IEEE IFFT IMT IP ISDN ISI ISP L LAN LOS LPF M MAC MAN MIMO
Inverse Discrete Transform
Fourier and
Bin i ngc Fourier ri rc Vin cc k s in v in t Bin i fourier ngc nhanh Vin thng di ng quc t Giao thc Internet
Institute of Electrical Electronic Engineers
Inverse Fast Fourier Transform International Telecommunications Internet Protocol Inergrated Network Service Digital Mobile
Mng s cc dch v tch hp Nhiu gia cc Symbol Nh cung cp d ch v Internet
Inter-Symbol Interference Internet Service Provider
Local Area Network Line Of Sight Low Pass Filter
Mng vng cc b Tm nhn thng B l c thng th p
Medium Access Control Metropolitan Area Network Multiple Input Multiple Output
iu khin truy nhp phng tin Mng vng thnh th Nhiu u vo nhiu u ra
99
MIP MISO MPLS MS MTBF N NAP NEXT NGN NLOS NTE O ODN OFDM OFDMA OLT ONU P PAN PDA PDU PKM PLMN PMD PMP PMS
Mobile Internet Protocol Multiple Input Single Output Multi Protocol Label Switching Mobile Station Mean Time Between Failures
Giao thc Internet di ng Nhiu u vo m t u ra Giao thc chuyn mch nhn n gin Trm di ng Thi gian trung b nh gia cc ln l i
Network Access Provider Near-End Crosstalk Next Generation Network Non Line Of Sight
Nh cung cp truy nhp mng Xuyn m u gn Mng th h sau Khng tm nhn thng
Network Termination Equipment Thit b u cu i mng
Optical distribution network
Mng phn ph i quang
Orthogonal Frequence Division Ghp knh phn chia theo tn Multiplexing s trc giao Orthogonal Frequence Division a truy nhp phn chia theo Multiple Access tn s trc giao Optical Line Terminal Optical Network Unit u cui ng dy quang n v mng quang
Personal Area Network Personal Digital Assistant Protocol Data Unit Privacy Key Management Public Land Mobile Network Physical Medium Dependent Point to Multipoint Physical Medium Specific
Mng c nhn H tr c nhn dng k thut s n v d liu giao thc Qun l kha b o mt Mng di ng mt t cng cng Mi trng vt l ph thuc im-a im c tnh mi trng vt l
100
THUT NG VIT TT
PON POTS PPP PSD PSTN PTP Q QAM QPSK R RFI RS S SA SAID SAP SDH SDSL SN SNR SOFDMA SOHO SONET SS
Passive Optical Network Plain Old Teliphone Service Point to Point Protocol Power Spectral Density Public Network Switch
Mng quang th ng Dch v truyn thng Giao thc im-im Mt ph cng sut
Telephone Mng in thoi chuyn mch cng cng im-im
Point to Point
Quadrature Modulation
Amplitude
iu ch bin cu phng Kha chuyn pha cu phng
Quadratura Phase Shift Keying
Radio Frequency Interference Reed-Solomon
Nhiu tn s v tuyn M Reed-Solomon
Security Association Security Association Identifier Service Access Point Synchronous Digital Hierarchy Single pair DSL Service Node Signal to Noise Ratio
Kt hp bo mt Nhn dng kt h p b o mt im truy nh p dch v H thng phn cp k thut s ng b Cng ngh DSL s dng m t i dy Nt d ch v T s tn hiu trn nhiu
Scalable Orthogonal Frequence Ghp knh phn chia theo tn Division Multiple Access s trc giao theo t l Small Office Home Office Synchronous Optical Network Subscriber Station Vn phng gia nh vn phng nh Chun xc nh truyn thng trn cp quang Trm thu bao 101
SSCS STC STM T TC TDD TDM TDMA TE TEK TLS U UMTS UMTS UTRA UNI UTRAN V VoIP VTU VTU-O VTU-R W WAN
Specify Sublayer
ServicesConvergence Lp con h i t cc dch v ring M khng gian thi gian Trng chuyn m ch ng b
Space Time Code Synchronuos Transfer Mode
Transmission Convergence
Lp h i t truyn d n
Time Division Duplex theo thi Song cng phn chia gian Time Division Multiplexing theo Ghp knh phn chia thi gian Time Division Multiple Access Termination Equipment Traffic Encryption Key Transport Layer Security a truy nhp phn chia theo m Thit b u cu i Kha mt m lu lng Bo mt lp truyn ti
Universal Mobile H thng vin thng di ng Telecommunication System ton cu UMTS terrestrial Radio Access User Network Interface Truy nh p v tuyn trn mt t Giao din ngi dng mng
UMTS terrestrial Radio Access Mng truy nhp v tuyn trn Network mt t UMTS
Voice Over IP VDSL Transmission Unit VDSL Transmission Unit CO VDSL Remote Transmission
Thoi qua IP Khi truyn dn VDSL Khi truyn dn VDSL pha tng i
Unit Khi truyn dn VDSL pha thu bao xa
Wide Area Network
Mng din rng
102
THUT NG VIT TT
WDM WEP Wi-Fi Wimax WLAN WMAN X xDSL
Wavelength Multiplexing
Division
Ghp knh a bc sng Bo mt ng lng hu tuyn Trung thc v tuyn
Wired Equivalent Privacy Wireless Fidelity Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access Wireless LAN Wireless MAN
Mng LAN khng dy Mng MAN khng dy
Digital Subcriber Line
H cng ngh DSL
103
TI LIU THAM KHO
TI LIU THAM KHO

1. Chinlon Lin, Broadband Optical Access Networks and Fiber-to-the-Home Systems Technologies and Deployment Strategies, John Wiley & Sons Ltd, 2006. 2. Nguyn Vit Hng, Cng ngh ADSL, Bi ging TTTBCVT 1, nm 2004, 2005, 2006. 3. Nguyn Vit Hng, Cng ngh truy nh p bng rng Wimax, Bi ging Trung Tm o To Bu chnh Vin thng I, thng 10 nm 2006. 4. Savo G. Glisic, Advanced Wireless Networks 4G Technologies, John Wiley and Sons, Jun.2006. 5. Philip Golden, Herv Dedieu, Krista Jacobsen, Fundamentals of DSL Technology, Taylor & Francis Group, 2006. 6. Roger L. Freeman, Fundamentals of Telecommunications, Second Edition , John Wiley & Sons Ltd, 2005. 7. David Tse, Pramod Viswanath, Fundamentals of Wireless Communication, Cambridge University Press, 2005. 8. Glen Kramer,Ethernet Passive Optical Networks, Mc Graw Hill, 2005. 9. Ashwin Gumaste, Tony Antony, First Mile Access Networks and Enabling Technologies, Cisco Press, 2004. 10. Halid Hrasnica Abdelfatteh Haidine Ralf Lehnert, Broadband Powerline Communications Networks, John Wiley & Sons Ltd, 2004. 11. Paul France, Local Access Network Technologies, Institution of Electrical Engineers , 2004. 12. Thomas Hardjono, Lakshminath R. Dondeti, Security in Wireless LANs and MANs, Artechouse, 2004. 13. Nguyn Qu S, Nguyn Vit Cng, K thut mng v cung cp dch v ADSL, Ti liu ging dy, Hc vin CNBCVT, thng 4 nm 2003. 14. Thomas Starr, Massimo Sorbara, Advances, Prentice Hall , 2002. John M. Cioffi, Peter J. Silverman, DSL
15. Shlomo Ovadia, Broadband Cable TV Access Networks: from technologies to applications, Prentice Hall, 2001. 16. Albert Azzam v Niel Ransom, Broad band Access Technologies, McGrawHill,1999.
104

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LI NI U

CC CNG NGH TRUY NHP TRONG MNG TH H SAU

Chng trnh bi dng kin thc IP v NGN cho k s TVT ca VNPT

CC CNG NGH TRUY NHP TRONG MNG TH H SAU

DANH SCH HNH

DANH SCH HNH

CC CNG NGH TRUY NHP TRONG MNG TH H SAU

Chng trnh bi dng kin thc IP v NGN cho k s TVT ca VNPT

DANH SCH BNG

DANH SCH BNG

Chng trnh bi dng kin thc IP v NGN cho k s TVT ca VNPT

Chng trnh bi dng kin thc IP v NGN cho k s TVT ca VNPT

CC CNG NGH TRUY NHP TRONG MNG TH H SAU

1.1 MNG TRUY NHP & MNG VIN THNG

Cc cng ngh truy nhp v mng NGN

Chng trnh bi dng kin thc IP v NGN cho k s TVT ca VNPT

Chng trnh bi dng kin thc IP v NGN cho k s TVT ca VNPT

CC CNG NGH TRUY NHP TRONG MNG TH H SAU

PSTN DLC EX EX DLC

1.2 CNG NGH TRUY NHP HU TUYN

Chng trnh bi dng kin thc IP v NGN cho k s TVT ca VNPT

CC CNG NGH TRUY NHP TRONG MNG TH H SAU

1.3 CNG NGH TRUY NHP V TUYN

IP hay MPLS xDSL Gateway truy nhp

IP hay MPLS switch-router

Hnh 1.4 Thit b truy nhp IP cho mng th h sau

1.4 NHNG CNG NGH TRUY NHP HU TUYN CNH TRANH

Chng trnh bi dng kin thc IP v NGN cho k s TVT ca VNPT

Chng trnh bi dng kin thc IP v NGN cho k s TVT ca VNPT

CC CNG NGH TRUY NHP TRONG MNG TH H SAU

1.5 SO SNH & NH GI CC CNG NGH TRUY NHP

Chng trnh bi dng kin thc IP v NGN cho k s TVT ca VNPT

Dial-up (V90) xDSL (ADSL) Modem Cp

Cu trc v bng tn phi chia s

Chng trnh bi dng kin thc IP v NGN cho k s TVT ca VNPT

CC CNG NGH TRUY NHP TRONG MNG TH H SAU

Ch t lng cao Mng n nh Bng thng rng

Bng thng rng Kh n nh Khng cn ri cp

Kh n nh Bng thng rng

Cht lng ph thu c vo s thu bao Kh to mng con

D dng mng con

Khng yu cu cp Wimax Ch p nhn Khng c Trin khai nhanh chng

D dng truy cp m ng Cha xc nh c n gin ch cm vo s ph thuc s thu in bao kt n i vo mng. Khng cn lp cp

Chng trnh bi dng kin thc IP v NGN cho k s TVT ca VNPT

H CNG NGH xDSL

Chng trnh bi dng kin thc IP v NGN cho k s TVT ca VNPT

CC CNG NGH TRUY NHP TRONG MNG TH H SAU

2.1 CNG NGH TRONG H xDSL

TIU CHUN QUN L BNG TN

ADSL T1.413 Bt i xng a tc

Modem bng tn thoi

Chng trnh bi dng kin thc IP v NGN cho k s TVT ca VNPT

CHNG 2 - H CNG NGH xDSL

CC CNG NGH TRUY NHP TRONG MNG TH H SAU

1,544Mbps ho c 2,048Mbps chiu

Nh HDSL nhng thm phn truy xut i xng.

Chng trnh bi dng kin thc IP v NGN cho k s TVT ca VNPT

CHNG 2 - H CNG NGH xDSL

8 Mbps xung 1 Mbps ln 26 Mb/s i xng

Nh ADSL nhng thm HDTV

Nh ADSL nhng thm HDTV

2.2 KIN TRC H THNG

Chng trnh bi dng kin thc IP v NGN cho k s TVT ca VNPT

CC CNG NGH TRUY NHP TRONG MNG TH H SAU