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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 18, NO.

3, JULY 2003

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Review of Harmonic Load Flow Formulations


Sergio Herraiz, Luis Sainz, and Jordi Clua
AbstractThis paper is a review of the different single and three-phase harmonic load flow formulations of the bibliography. It presents the data, unknowns, and equations of these formulations in balanced network consideration. The influence of the main harmonic load flow hypothesis (harmonic interaction and fundamental power consumption consideration) in the final load flow results is studied in an example. Index TermsHarmonic interaction, network harmonics, power flow studies.

NOMENCLATURE EPS CLF NR NLD HP CLF VN IHP IHA GS SHLF HA: CHLF CHLF NL1 NL2 Electric power system. Conventional load flow. NewtonRaphson. Nonlinear device. Harmonic penetration. Conventional load flow (modified). Voltage nodes method. Iterative harmonic penetration. Iterative harmonic analysis. GaussSeidel. Simplified harmonic load flow. Harmonic analysis. Complete harmonic load flow (fundamental). Complete harmonic load flow (harmonic). Nonlinear load 1 (6-p ac/dc converter). Nonlinear load 2 (three-phase uncontrolled rectifier). I. INTRODUCTION OAD flow is the procedure used for obtaining the steady state voltages of electric power systems (EPS) at fundamental frequency. Much effort has been expended in research and development of the formulation of this problem in the bibliography [1][4]. In the last few years, there has been a growing interest in obtaining steady state network voltages at harmonic frequencies due to the increase of nonlinear devices in electric power networks. The procedures for analyzing the harmonic problem could be classified into frequency domain [3][5] and time domain [6]. Frequency domain methods are the most widely used for the harmonic problem formulation. They are a reformulation of the conventional load flow in order to include the nonlinear device treatment and the calculation of harmonic voltages.
Manuscript received December 7, 2001. The authors are with the Department of Electrical Engineering (Barcelona Division) of the Universitat Politcnica de Catalunya, Barcelona 08028, Spain (e-mail: herraiz@ee.upc.es; sainz@ee.upc.es; jordi.clua@upc.es). Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TPWRD.2003.813604

During EPS operation, three-phase voltage at terminals of the loads is expected to be symmetric; for this reason, the harmonic load flow problem study, in balanced conditions, was the habitual procedure, but a more accurate harmonic load flow study must consider the network unbalanced conditions. The great number of unknowns to solve in the harmonic studies leads authors to tackle the problem in several ways in order to reach a compromise between the simplicity and reliability of the formulation. The simplest way assumes no harmonic interaction between network and nonlinear devices [3], [7], [8]. The well-known iterative harmonic analysis is the first modification when considering harmonic voltage influence on the nonlinear device behavior [4], [5], [9][12]. There are other studies that aim to improve convergence in the iterative harmonic analysis [13][17]. A limitation of the method mentioned before is that the fundamental voltages are assumed to be unaffected by harmonic voltages; therefore, other formulations are developed to solve this problem [18][21]. Originally, reformulations of the conventional load flow in order to include nonlinear devices on it were implemented [22][24]. This formulation is a natural modification of the load flow where the nonlinear device treatment and the harmonic voltage calculation have been included [25]. In this way, it can be assumed that fundamental and harmonic voltages produce power consumption. A comparison between the last two formulations was analyzed in [26]. The paper provides a bibliography review of the above formulations under balanced and unbalanced conditions developing the data, unknowns, and constraint equations in the balanced harmonic problem. An example to show the influence of the harmonic interaction and fundamental power consideration in the final results is also analyzed. II. CONVENTIONAL LOAD FLOW Steady state network voltage calculation at fundamental frequency from the constraints on power and/or voltage is essential to determine the static operating condition of an EPS. This method is known as conventional load flow (CLF). The CLF is performed in power-system planning, operational planning, and operation/control; therefore, it has been studied in the bibliography widely [1][4]. The resolution of the CLF aims to obtain the fundamental bus voltages of network from generation and load (slack, PV, and PQ buses). The data and unknown variables for a bus system are summarized in Table I.

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TABLE I CLF FORMULATION

The PV bus constraints are

(1) The PQ bus constraints are


Fig. 1. HP flowchart. TABLE II HP FORMULATION

(2)

is the element of network fundamental admittance where . matrix The numerical resolution of the above set of nonlinear equations provides us with the unknown variables. The algorithm of NewtonRaphson (NR) being the most generally used procedure in the bibliography. III. HARMONIC LOAD FLOW The recent appearance of nonlinear devices (NLD) in the EPS provoked harmonic distortion in the network voltages. This fact and the increasing number of applications with NLD has led us to analyze the steady state harmonic problem. CLF must be replaced to calculate the fundamental bus voltages; the harmonic bus voltages; the parameters which characterize the NLD state. starting from CLF and NLD behavior data. The procedures used for analyzing the harmonic problem could be classified into two groups: time domain methods and frequency domain methods. There are hybrid methods too. They work in both domains to benefit from the advantages of each one of them. Time domain methods, such as the EMTP [6], are based on the numerical resolution of the differential equations that represent the system behavior. These methods are very useful for the NLD treatment but the calculation effort necessary to reach the steady state solution could be considerable and they do not allow the inclusion of power consumption in the definition of the problem. Frequency domain methods are a reformulation of CLF, which includes NLD. They are the most widely used methods for the harmonic problem resolution [3][5]. First, a nonlinear set of equations must be outlined to obtain the unknown variables as in CLF. The resolution of these equations could present several difficulties such as long execution time, numerical convergence problems, and considerable PC-memory effort due to the elevated number of unknowns. This fact leads authors to tackle the harmonic problem in the frequency domain in several ways in order to reach a compromise between the simplicity and reliability of the formulation. A. Harmonic Penetration The first and simplest method is harmonic penetration (HP) [Fig. 1], which assumes no harmonic interaction between network and NLD (i.e., it considers that harmonic voltages have no influence on the NLD behavior [3], [7], [8]). This consideration ). is extended to the power definition (i.e., The no interaction hypothesis allows the NLD treatment to be approached considering the fundamental voltages and NLD data dependence, thus facilitating their incorporation to the CLF. Once the fundamental steady state network and the NLD behavior are characterized with the modified CLF (CLF , the harmonic voltages can be calculated with the voltage nodes method (VN). The HP data and unknown variables for an bus system are summarized in Table II, where and with are generic NLD data and parameters, respectively; and with are the reactances of the slack and PV bus generators at fundamental frequency. CLF is based on the simultaneous resolution of the PV bus and PQ bus constraint (1) and (2) with the expression (2) applied to the NLD buses and the expressions that define the NLD behavior

(3)

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The current consumed by the NLD can be calculated as a function, which depends on the fundamental bus voltage and the NLD parameters

(4) and thus allowing the NLD consumed power with the harmonic currents injected by the NLD to be obtained. Finally, the PQ load admittances can be determined from the CFL solution too

Fig. 2.

IHP flowchart. TABLE III IHP FORMULATION

(5) is a function which depends on the harmonic admitwhere tance model [7], [8], [25]. The expressions (3)(5) depend on the fundamental voltages only because of the hypotheses of no harmonic voltage influence on power consumption and NLD behavior. The VN is based on the resolution of the linear system corresponding to current continuity expression for the harmonic frequencies . The VN must be completed by incorporating NLD injected currents to bus current vector , and the load and generator harmonic admittances . to network admittance matrix This formulation allows the harmonic problem to be tackled in a way as simple as CLF but NLD sensitiveness to harmonic voltages results in an overestimation of their polluting effect. Therefore, the need to study the problem in a more accurate way leads us to consider harmonic interaction between network and NLD and to develop a new set of formulations. These methods still take into consideration the fundamental wave dependence of the power definition. At present, the majority of harmonic load flow formulations are based on both considerations: Harmonic interaction: The expressions (3) and (4) which characterize the NLD behavior and consumed harmonic , must be modified to reflect harcurrents monic voltage dependence

(6)

(7) Fundamental power: It allows to calculate the load admittances by expression (5), which decouples the CLF solution and harmonic interaction holding the HP original idea. B. Iterative Harmonic Penetration Iterative harmonic penetration (IHP) is the first modification from the HP which takes into consideration harmonic influence on NLD behavior [4], [5], [9][12]. Both algorithms have the

same structure but the VN method is complemented by iterative harmonic analysis (IHA) in IHP (Fig. 2). In IHA, the ac linear network is reduced to the NLD buses from the CLF solution and voltage pollution and NLD behavior are solved by considering NLD harmonic voltage dependence. Therefore, the aim of the IHA application is to calculate NLD harmonic voltages as VN and correct the CLF solution (i.e., NLD parameters) considering the harmonic influence. For this reason, IHA must be an iterative procedure between NLD harmonic voltages and obtaining the parameters. The IHP data and unknown variables for an bus system are summarized in Table III. The CLF is the same as in HP and provides fundamental voltages and NLD parameters considering no harmonic interaction. Once the CLF solution is reached, the PV loads are replaced by their reactances, and the conventional PQ loads by their impedances, (5), in the same way as in HP. The passive harmonic characteristic of generators and PQ loads and the fundamental power hypothesis allow to be calculated and incorporated into , building matrix . network admittance matrix Subsequently, the system is reduced to NLD buses (Fig. 4) by Gaussian elimination of the modified admittance matrix linear . This procedure allows elements, thus obtaining matrix . the study to be reduced to buses with NLD The IHA obtains the unknowns by solving linear system with the GaussSeidel algorithm (GS). That

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is to say, assuming constant fundamental voltages at each are iteration , the last values of the harmonic voltages ( with , (6) and the used to update NLD state ( injected currents (7)

(8) The currents are then used to derive the ac voltage harmonics for the following iteration:

Fig. 3. SHLF flowchart.

(9)

Once the NLD behavior is characterized and their injected currents are known, VN is applied to obtain the harmonic volt. ages of linear buses The fixed-point iteration technique, GS, used in the IHP could present convergence problems which different authors have tried to solve [13], [14]. Nevertheless, the best convergence has been obtained by linearizing the interaction between the ac and the dc systems. This linearization has been performed by NLD Norton equivalents [15], [23], [24] and by the ABCD parameters model [16], [17]. The general limitation of IHP, however, is that CLF conditions (fundamental bus voltages) are assumed to be constant in IHA (i.e., the CLF solution is assumed to be unaffected by the introduction of harmonics). In this way, iterative techniques between both formulations are therefore necessary to solve the harmonic problem [18], [19]. C. Simplified Harmonic Load Flow The above idea is developed and improved in the simplified harmonic load flow (SHLF) [20], [21]. A fixed-point iteration of two NR procedures is used: one for CLF and the other for harmonic analysis (HA) [Fig. 3]. This GS algorithm has two steps that are executed successively. The first step is the typical CLF in which NLD are included as PQ loads. In the second step, HA, the ac linear network, is reduced to the NLD buses from the CLF solution as in IHP and voltage pollution and NLD behavior are solved by taking into consideration NLD harmonic voltage dependence. There are two important differences between HA and IHA. Fundamental voltages consideration: The procedure corrects not only harmonic voltages and NLD parameters but also fundamental voltages. Then, the convergence of CLF and HA is checked by comparing their fundamental voltage solutions.

Fig. 4.

IHA procedure (h = 3; 5; . . .).

NR numerical method: The HA equations are solved by NR method. It implies the set of equations more complex but process convergence is much better. The SHLF data and unknown variables for an bus system are summarized in Table IV. In CLF, the NLD are considered known current sources in . order to calculate their consumed power as Their fundamental currents are determined by (7).

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TABLE IV SHLF FORMULATION

voltage calculation have been included [25]. It is based on the simultaneous resolution of power constraints, harmonic current balance, and NLD equations. This formulation allows the problem to be tackled as a unique set of nonlinear equations the numerical resolution of which provides the unknowns although their number increases when the harmonic voltages at linear buses are included. Moreover, this formulation allows the power consumption to be considered depending on the harmonic and fundamental voltages (12) since the ac system reduction is not necessary. Hence, there exist two possible formulations [25]: Complete harmonic load flow considering the power at fundamental frequency (CHLF ). Complete harmonic load flow considering the power at fundamental and harmonic frequency (CHLF ). The CHLF data and unknown variables for an bus system are summarized in Table V. The set of nonlinear equations used to solve the problem is The PV bus constraints

In HA, the ac linear network is represented by a generalized Thevenin equivalent with respect to the NLD buses, obtained from the CLF solution

(10)

will be built as in IHP thanks to the pasPreviously, matrix sive harmonic characteristic of the generators and PQ loads and the fundamental power hypothesis (Fig. 5). Note that Thevenin since there are not harmonic voltages are equal to zero for generators. The nonlinear set of equations based on the Thevenin equivalent must be outlined to obtain the unknown variables. The voltage constraints are

(13)

The PQ bus constraints

(14)

(11) is the NLD injected current calculated by expression where (7). And the expressions which define the NLD behavior, (6). Once the NLD behavior is characterized and their injected currents are known, VN is applied to obtain the harmonic volt. ages of linear buses It is observed that SHLF follows to benefit of the power consumption at fundamental frequency consideration in order to apply the bus reduction in HA. The GS algorithm could present convergence problems depending on the degree of decoupling between the two NR procedures CLF and HA [26]. This convergence could be improved by the techniques proposed in IHP. D. Complete Harmonic Load Flow Originally, a reformulation of the CLF in order to include NLD was implemented [22]. This formulation is a natural modification of the CLF where the NLD treatment and the harmonic

The balance of harmonic currents at linear buses

(15) are the harmonic admittances of generators where and PQ loads. Load admittances can be calculated by (5) thanks to the fundamental frequency power consideration. The balance of harmonic currents at NLD buses is

(16) is the NLD injected current which can be calcuwhere lated by expression (7). The expressions which define the NLD behavior (6). The CHLF data and unknown variables for an bus system are summarized in Table VI. The harmonic and fundamental power consideration leads to add the PQ fundamental admittances as unknowns because they cannot be calculated by (5).

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Fig. 5. HA procedure (k

1; 3; 5; . . .

and h

= 3; 5; . . .

).

TABLE V CHLF FORMULATION

TABLE VI CHLF FORMULATION

The PQ bus constraints

The set of nonlinear equations used to solve the problem is The PV bus constraints

(18) The balance of harmonic currents at linear and nonlinear buses (15) and (16). The expressions which define the NLD behavior (6). The relationships between the PQ load and their admittances (19)

(17)

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TABLE VII DATA AND UNKNOWNS OF THE EXAMPLE

Fig. 6. Studied system.

where . These relationships must be included in the set of nonlinear equations in order to obtain fundamental admittance. The numerical resolution of the CHLF and CHLF set of nonlinear equations provides us with the unknown variables, NR being the most generally used procedure in the bibliography. Further, other complete formulation based on the NLD Norton equivalents and the separate NR resolution for each harmonic was proposed in [23], [24]. Recently, a study that compares and discusses about the convergence properties of the decoupled method SHLF and the unified Newton method CHLF has been presented in [26]. According to this study, SHLF could present convergence problems owed to the GS technique and the CHLF is faster and displays a more robust convergence. IV. EXAMPLE The example studies the two main hypotheses of the harmonic load flow formulations consideration of the harmonic interaction between NLD and network; consideration of the power consumption at fundamental frequency only. On this way, the three-bus system presented in Fig. 6 is solved by three different formulations: HP which considers no-harmonic interaction and power consumption at fundamental frequency only; complete harmonic load flow considering the power at fundamental frequency CHLF ; Complete harmonic load flow considering the power at fundamental and harmonic frequencies CHLF . The comparison between HP and CHLF results allows a study of the first hypothesis and the comparison between CHLF and CHLF allows a study of the second hypothesis. The data and unknown variables of the studied system are summarized in Table VII for the three different formulations. , the number of harmonics in the system, the Considering number of unknowns to obtain in the different formulations is

HP: A nonlinear system with eight unknowns and a linear unknowns; system with six unknowns; CHLF : A nonlinear system with 8 6 unknowns. CHLF : A nonlinear system with 10 6 It can be noticed the considerable difference between the HP formulation and the other two formulations owed to the noninteraction hypothesis. In another way, the possibilities of calculating the fundamental admittance of the PQ-load according to ), in the CHLF allows a (5) (i.e., reduction of the number of unknowns with respect to CHLF . The parameters of the six-pulse ac/dc converter are the ac , the dc side converter current , short-circuit reactance which is assumed to be perfectly smooth, and the firing angle . The parameters of the three-phase uncontrolled rectifier are , the the ac short-circuit impedance , and the load . dc capacitor The unknowns of the single-phase converter are the zero crossing of the commutation voltage and the overlap angle of the ac line current. They are obtained from the commutating voltages and the ac line current condition. The unknowns of the three-phase uncontrolled rectifier are the commutation times and , which are obtained from the change conditions of the dc capacitor voltage and the ac line current. These constraints depend on the NLD parameters and the fundamental voltage in HP or the harmonic and fundamental voltage in CHLF and CHLF . The obtained results with HP and CHLF are compared in Figs. 79. Figs. 7 and 8 show the harmonic distortion and the total harmonic distortion of the nonlinear device currents. In these figures, the nonlinear load parameters (zero crossing of the commutation voltage and overlap angle for the ac/dc

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The influence of harmonic interaction depends on the nonlinear load (i.e., three-phase uncontrolled rectifier is more sensitive to the distortion than the ac/dc converter). The results between CHLF and CHLF are quite similar. It can be explained with the ratio of the load harmonic power consumption to the load fundamental power consumption. The % for the 6p small value of this ratio (i.e., 100( ac/dc converter) indicates that the harmonic power consumption is negligible in front of fundamental power consumption, and the hypothesis of CHLF is acceptable. V. CONCLUSIONS
Fig. 7. Harmonics currents of the 6-p converter.

The increase of nonlinear devices in power systems led us to consider their influence on conventional load flow studies. In the same way, the authors tried to develop different formulations in order to reach a compromise between simplicity and reliability. A review of harmonic load flow formulations is presented in this paper. Frequency domain procedures can be classified as No harmonic interaction

Harmonic Penetration (HP)


Harmonic interaction Fundamental power consideration

Iterative Harmonic Penetration (IHP) Simpli ed Harmonic Load Flow (SHLF) Complete Harmonic Load Flow CHLF
Fig. 8. Harmonics currents of the three-phase rectifier.

Harmonic and fundamental power consideration Complete Harmonic Load Flow CHLF A complete review of data, unknowns and equations is presented for the above formulations considering balanced systems. The hypotheses of harmonic interaction and fundamental power consumption are studied in an example to analyze their influence in the load flow results. REFERENCES
[1] B. Stott, Review of load-flow calculation methods, Proc. IEEE, vol. 62, no. 7, pp. 916929, July 1974. [2] A. Keyhani, Evaluation of power flow techniques for personal computers, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 4, pp. 817826, May 1991. [3] G. T. Heydt, Electric Power Quality, 1991. Ed. Stars in a Circle Publications. [4] J. Arrillaga and C. P. Arnold, Computer Analysis of Power Systems. New York: Wiley, 1990. [5] J. Arrillaga, D. A. Bradley, and P. S. Bodger, Power System Harmonics. New York: Wiley, 1983. [6] H. W. Dommel, Electromagnetic Transients ProgramsReference Manual. Portland, OR: EMTP Theory Book, 1986. [7] T. J. Densen, P. S. Bodger, and J. Arrillaga, Three-phase transmission system for harmonic penetration studies, IEEE Trans. Power Apparat. Syst., vol. PAS-103, pp. 310317, Feb. 1984. [8] A. A. Mahmoud and R. D. Shultz, A method for analyzing harmonic distribution in AC power systems, IEEE Trans. Power Apparat. Syst., vol. PAS-101, pp. 18151824, June 1982. [9] B. C. Smith, J. Arrillaga, A. R. Wood, and N. R. Watson, A review of iterative harmonic analysis for AC-DC power systems, IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, vol. 13, pp. 180185, Jan. 1998. [10] R. Yacamini and J. C. Oliveira, Harmonics in multiple converter systems: A generalized approach, Proc. Inst. Elect. Eng., pt. B, vol. 127, no. 2, pp. 96106, Mar. 1980.

Fig. 9.

Voltage harmonic distortion at bus 3.

converter and the zero crossing of the current and for the three-phase uncontrolled rectifier) are also shown. Fig. 9 shows the harmonic distortion and the total harmonic distortion of the voltage at bus 3. The above figures allow a study of the influence of the harmonic interaction in the results of the harmonic load flow. The consideration of no-harmonic interaction leads to overestimating harmonic voltage and currents if the harmonic distortion is high.

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[11] R. Yacamini and J. C. Oliveira, Comprehensive calculation of converter harmonics with system impedances and control representation, Proc. Inst. Elect. Eng., pt. B, vol. 133, no. 2, pp. 95102, Mar. 1986. [12] J. P. Tamby and V. I. John, QHARMA harmonic powerflow program for small power systems, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 3, pp. 949955, Aug. 1988. [13] C. D. Callaghan and J. Arrillaga, Convergence criteria for iterative harmonic analysis and its application to static convertors, in Proc. Int. Conf. Harmonics Power Syst., Romania, Oct. 1990, pp. 3843. [14] R. Carbone, M. Fantauzzi, F. Gagliardi, and A. Testa, Some considerations on the iterative harmonic analysis convergence, IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, vol. 8, pp. 487493, Apr. 1993. [15] J. Arrillaga, A. Medina, M. L. V. Lisboa, M. A. Cavia, and P. Snchez, The harmonic domain. A frame of reference for power system harmonic analysis, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 10, pp. 433440, Feb. 1995. [16] E. V. Larsen, D. H. Baker, and J. C. McIver, Low order harmonic interaction on AC/DC systems, IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, vol. 4, pp. 493501, Jan. 1989. [17] S. G. Jalali and R. H. Lasseter, A study of nonlinear harmonic interaction between a single-phase line commutated converter and a power system, IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, vol. 9, pp. 16161624, July 1994. [18] J. Arrillaga and C. D. Callaghan, A double iterative algorithm for the analysis of power and harmonic flows at AC-DC converter terminals, Proc. Inst. Elect. Eng., pt. C, vol. 136, no. 6, pp. 319324, Nov. 1989. [19] J. Arrillaga and C. D. Callaghan, Three phase AC/DC load and harmonic load flows, IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, vol. 6, pp. 238244, Jan. 1991. [20] M. Valcrcel, Steady-state analysis of electrical power systems with nonlinear elements by means of an harmonic power flow method, Ph.D. dissertation (in Spanish), Universidad Politcnica de Madrid, Spain, 1991. [21] M. Valcrcel and J. G. Mayordomo, Harmonic power flow for unbalanced systems, IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, vol. 8, pp. 20522059, Oct. 1993. [22] D. Xia and G. T. Heydt, Harmonic power flow studies. Part I and II, IEEE Trans. Power Apparat. Syst., vol. PAS-101, pp. 12571270, June 1982. [23] W. Xu, J. R. Marti, and H. W. Dommel, A multiphase harmonic load flow solution technique, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 6, pp. 174182, Feb. 1991.

[24] W. Xu, J. E. Drakos, Y. Mansour, and A. Chang, A three-phase converter model for harmonic analysis of HVDC systems, IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, vol. 9, pp. 17241731, July 1994. [25] L. Sainz, Study of the harmonic load flow formulation and resolution, Ph.D. dissertation (in Spanish), Universitat Politcnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain, 1995. [26] B. C. Smith and J. C. Arrillaga, Power flow constrained harmonic analysis in AC-DC power systems, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 14, pp. 12511261, Nov. 1999.

Sergio Herraiz was born in Barcelona, Spain, in 1972. He received the industrial engineering degree and a doctorate in engineering from the Universitat Politcnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain, in 1997 and 2002, respectively. Currently, he is a Professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering at the Universitat Politcnica de Catalunya. His research interest is in the area of power system harmonics.

Luis Sainz was born in Barcelona, Spain, in 1965. He received the industrial engineering degree and a doctorate in engineering from the Universitat Politcnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain, in 1990 and 1995, respectively. Currently, he is a Professor in the Electrical Engineering Department at the Universitat Politcnica de Catalunya. His research interest is in the area of power systems harmonics.

Jordi Clua was born in Barcelona, Spain, in 1970. He received the industrial engineering degree from the Universitat Politcnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain, in 1997. Currently, he is a Professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering at the Universitat Politcnica de Catalunya. His research interest includes the area of power systems harmonics.

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