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Dissertation Report
on
Solar Shading & Tracking
as a Key Code for
Building Integrated Photovoltaic Application
in
Indian Tropical Context
Sumanyu Vasist
0441731604
University School of Architecture and Planning
Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University
Kashmere Gate, Delhi
University School of Architecture and Planning
Kashmere Gate, Delhi-6
Dissertation Title
Solar Shading & Tracking
as a Key Code for
Building Integrated Photovoltaic Application
in
Indian Tropical Context
Approval Certificate
subject, carried out, and presented in a manner sufficiently satisfactory to warrant its
acceptance.
therein, but approve the study only for the purpose for which it is submitted and
0441731604
Introduction 01
The Setting
The Central Concept 03
The Tropics 05
Indian Solar Context 06
Case Studies 10
1. Denmark: Brundtland Centre 11
2. Spain: Univer 12
3. The Netherlands: Energy Research 13
Foundation
4. Italy: The Children’s Museum of Rome 14
5. Japan: S.B.I.C East Building 15
6. Germany: Fraunhofer ISE 16
7. The Netherlands: Le Donjon 17
8. UK: Jubilee Campus Nottingham University 18
9. A Chart: Features of case studies 19
Lessons Learned 20
Conclusions 23
1
hands, promotes elegant design. The goals of integration in PV are just those of
sustainable development.
Photovoltaic is a technology whereby sunshine is converted into
electricity. Just as plants use chlorophyll to photosynthesize the sun's irradiation
in order to provide energy for their growth, a building can use particular
composite solar components to meet the energy needs of its occupants. Only 14.4
per cent of sunshine survives filtering from the Earth's atmosphere and falls on
land where it can be harvested. This is, however, 2,800 times more than our
energy needs!
With intent of thinking beyond oil and emerging awareness towards
harnessing renewable sources of energy, Building Integrated Photovoltaic
provides a great option. This is altogether a new concept and idea. Hence, its
viability in different parts of the world is a serious concern.
As we know that the sun behaves differently in different parts of the
world, thereby specific and directed strategies must be adopted for the
application of Integrated Photovoltaic. This would help to develop a dedicated
code for the specific regions of the world, hence maximizing the efficiency of
harnessing this free, clean and silent solar energy in that specific region of the
world.
Since, every region is unique not only in terms of its solar geometry but
also true to its regional aspects like incorporation of scientific and technological
breakthroughs, government schemes policies and intents, support for research
and development, vision towards sustainability and solar power, vision of that
region for the future at large.
The above forms the broader setting of this dissertation and the research
at large. This dissertation is directed towards architects, designers, clients, policy
makers, students and people in instrumental positions who are sensitive towards
the greater idea of sustainable future by incorporation of technological
advancement and breakthroughs in most efficient, clean and bionic ways.
2
The Central Concept
Solar power is the most reliable source of electricity in the world today.
Photovoltaic modules generate electricity when they are exposed to sunlight. The
actual creation of usable electrical current in a solar cell takes place at the atomic
level. The most commonly available solar cells are made from high-grade silicon
that is treated with negatively and positively charged semi-conductors,
phosphorus and boron. This process is called `doping’. When light energy
(photons) strikes the face of the cell, it excites the electrons within the cell. This
flow of electrons (current) from the negative semi-conductor (phosphorus) to the
positive semi-conductor (boron) is what we call the photovoltaic (PV) effect.
3
The Building Integration Attributes to Photovoltaic
Of the various renewable energy sources, photovoltaic power is the only one
whose hardware lends itself to composite manufacture with conventional
building materials such as glass, metal and plastics [See Appendix-1]. From the
point of view of the architect & engineer considering the incorporation of PV, the
product is available in the same way as any other building component, but also
in a variety of forms and with very particular installation requirements.
It is this ability to offer the same attributes as a conventional building component
and its versatility in application that makes PV uniquely suitable for building
integration
4
The Tropics
The tropics are the geographic region of the Earth where the sun passes
through the zenith twice during the solar year (once as the sun appears to go
north and once as it appears to go south). At the limits, called the tropics of
Cancer and Capricorn, this occurs once at the relevant solstice.
This area is centered on the equator and limited in latitude by the Tropic
of Cancer in the northern hemisphere, at approximately 23°26' (23.4°) N latitude,
and the Tropic of Capricorn in the southern hemisphere at 23°26' (23.4°) S
latitude.
Sunlight in the tropical regions has a typical nature, the sunrays fall quite
normal to the surface [See Appendix-2]. The sun angle is very less hence
restricting the exposure of sun to vertical elements, which in turn restrict the
exposure of the sunlight to the vertical parts of the buildings such as facades.
Hence the integration of PV is most efficient in the horizontal elements of the
building for maximum exposure.
Tropical regions have longer exposure to light as the daylight remains for
longer period of the day [See Appendix-3] which is really an added advantage
which is only there in the tropical regions of the world for the installation of PV
Because of the above set-up, application of PV in solar shading [see
Appendix-4] becomes an impotent aspect for the tropical regions as it not only
catches sun (give shade and shelter) but is very efficient as it gets maximum
exposure to the sunlight.
5
The Indian Solar Context
Indian tropical context is more or less same to the tropical context of the
world. It also posses same features like of sun angles, longer day lengths and
high radiations.
India's power sector has a total installed capacity of approximately
1,44,913 Megawatt (MW) of which 60% is coal-based, 25% hydro, and the balance
is the gas and nuclear-based. Power shortages are estimated at about 11% of total
energy and 15% of peak capacity requirements and are likely to increase in the
coming years. In the next 10 years, another 10,000 MW of capacity and
investment of about Rs. 24 lakh crore are required.
Fortunately, India lies in sunny regions of the world. Most parts of India
receive 4-7 kWh of solar radiation per square meters per day with 250-300 sunny
days in a year [See Appendix-5]. India has abundant solar resources, as it
receives about 3000 hours of sunshine every year, equivalent to over 5,000 trillion
kWh. India can easily utilize the solar energy or Solar Power. Today the
contribution of Solar power with an installed capacity of 9.84 MW, is a fraction
(less than 0.1 percent) of the total renewable energy installed 12,632.67 MW (as
on 31march 2008 by MNRE).
Also there are numerable rebates and tax benefits available [See
Appendix-6] for the production, manufacture, distribute and market the
products related to solar power. Also special customs and excise duty benefits
are provided as part of the overall policy to develop, promote and encourage the
use of solar power in India.
The Research and Development (R&D) efforts in the Solar Photovoltaic
technology have been aimed[ See Appendix-7] at development of materials used
in fabrication of Solar cells and modules, different types of Solar cell device
6
structures, module designs, components, sub-systems and systems, with a view
to reduce the cost and improve the overall efficiency at different stages.
Truly, Indian solar context gives an apt setting (geographical and
intentional) for the incorporation of solar technologies which addresses the
greater idea of sustainability at large.
7
The Issue
In the circumstance of the present global state of affairs, it is palpable to give
importance and preference to the technological aspects which respond and
respect the greater notion of sustainability. With the idea of thinking beyond oil,
the pressure of developing and incorporating new technologies relating to
energy conservation are greater than ever. There is an extended pressure on large
oil importing nations like India to harness their renewable sources of energy to
greater extends.
India lies in the sunny regions of the world. Moreover, the intentional set-up is
very favorable, where governmental policies, vision, support of research and
development, etc. all provide a platform for the implementation of energy
related concepts. Hence the emergence of solar electric architecture in India is
inevitable. One of the obvious technological options available is Building
Integrated Photovoltaic, which respects, reflects and relates to the larger idea of
sustainable developments at large.
Since, there are exclusive aspects for the Indian tropical context; it would have an
obvious reason to explore the codes for the same and combining them with the
advanced technology available. Hence, the need for the code for application of
Building Integrated Photovoltaic was felt.
Since in the Indian set-up, the code must be highly efficient and multi-
dimensional, so as to discount the factor of affordability (an important issue in
India). Moreover, the code must be true to its regional qualities so that it is
accepted with least resistance. Under above formwork, it was realized that Solar
Shading and tracking is a key code for the application of Building Integrated
photovoltaic in the Indian Tropical Context.
Solar shading which is an integral part of the Indian architectural language and
expression and truly respond to the Indian solar context is taken as a key code
for its regional qualities and acceptance. Also, it’s obvious that these are the
elements which are used to catch the sun and also give shelter.
Solar tracking is seen as a code as it increases the efficiency hugely, which was
very much required for this part of the world.
Consequently, this code will (a) give shade and shelter (because of its application
in shading elements) (b) give useable energy (because of the PV application on
those areas) (c) give very high efficiency (because of the tracking of the sun).
This dissertation claims: Solar Shading and Tracking as a Key Code for the
Application of Building Integrated Photovoltaic in Indian Tropical Context.
8
Methodology
This dissertation aims to develop a code for the PV application in Indian
Tropical Context. In accordance to the hypothesis, it was appreciated that Solar
shading and tracking is the code for the same.
The methodology adopted would be the careful analysis of different case
studies taken up from various sources. These case studies form the basis of this
dissertation. The case studies would stringently be filtered through the two main
concepts of solar shading and tracking. They will be chosen which seem to
demonstrate the hypothesis.
General heads of the case studies would include the objective or intent of
the client, type of integration, specific material technology and costing.
Under the formwork of the above, the inferences will be drawn. The inferences
will show what all lessons are learned from the matrix of the case studies. These
lessons learned would be the background of the conclusion for this dissertation.
9
Case Study 01
Fig 04: View of atrium
DENMARK: BRUNDTLAND
CENTRE
PV Design
Two types of PV system were used in the building envelope. A PV array was
integrated into the roof of the atrium, a central space connecting the adjacent
two-storey buildings. Another array of PV modules was mounted on the
southeast facade of the office section. The atrium roof, incorporating
transparent PV modules, stretches out above the entrance of the building,
creating a large canopy. The steel truss roof, combined with the alternating
pattern of dark, round cells against the transparent glazing, gives the atrium a
high-tech atmosphere. Special attention was paid to providing a soft diffuse
quality of daylight in the interior of the atrium. The vivid blue color of the PV
system integrated in the facade has an even greater impact on the building's
image.
SPAIN: UNIVER
PV Design
The installation is divided into four PV sub-generators with different
architectural solutions and configurations (PV generators and inverters). ). The
intention was to analyze the performance of different PV modules (mono- and
poly-crystalline), inverters (central inverter or string oriented inverters) and
the potential for use on buildings such as pergolas, parking canopies and
facades in the south of Spain, especially in Jaen.
The pergolas provide shade and shelter to the area, hence giving double
benefit. The idea of incorporation of PV in parking canopies is a smart
decision as these canopies are used to catch the sun and give shade to the cars
below and also act as a power generator
11
Case Study 03
Fig 06: View of Front
PV Design
The three-dimensional form of the building has been developed in response to
the solar geometry of that region. The solar photovoltaic at the roof level
would be used to run the lighting and cooling systems. On cloudy days, it
would have two day battery back-up to run machines.
The introduction of building integrated PV in the roof area is not only a design
feature but also provide diffused light beneath it. This way the PV panels
provide double benefit of producing free and clean energy for the users and
also creating a semi-shaded space for the office block
12
Case Study 04
Fig 08: Lamella Shading System
PV Design
PV Design include lamellas as shading devices. Each metal lamella was to be
about 840 mm wide, 3000 mm long and covered by three standard poly-
crystalline PV modules. The lamella at eye-height for a sitting person working
in the interior is moveable, to allow exterior views. The rear of the metal
lamellas has holes for ventilation of the PV panels. Each string consists of 42
standard modules from the lamellas and 12 transparent modules from the
canopy. These shading elements give both shade and power. With the
incorporation of the tracking system the efficiency increased hugely.
Fig 09: Lamella Shading System with Fig 10: Integration of PV molecules
elevation and section into metal shading system
13
Case Study 05
Fig 11: View of skylight
Project 15 kWp
Location/City Rome
Country Italy
Type of PV building Roof and canopy (tracking) integrated systems
Building Type Commercial
New/ Retrofit Retrofit
Sunshine Hours Yearly average = 4.3 hours per day
PV Design
The first PV design approach proposed a moveable 3 kWp PV roof structure
that would shelter the large skylight, and 12 kWp moveable canopies shaped
like a 'Meccano' toy, placed along the south facade. The cost analysis
demonstrated that the solution of replacing conventional glass with double-
glazed PV modules in the skylight reduced the cost of the PV installation and
also eliminated the cost of maintenance of the mechanical roof structure. The
PV skylight also contributes significantly to improving the overall indoor
comfort and the aesthetic quality of the roof.
There was not a specific requirement to use photovoltaic, but the exposure of
children to alternative energy was considered to be an effective illustration of
the basic aim of this museum: to heighten awareness of the quality of urban
life through 'a transparent guided itinerary' of everyday activities.
14
Case Study 06
Fig 12 : PV vertical Louvers
Project 15 kWp
Location/City Rome
Country Italy
Type of PV building Roof and canopy (tracking) integrated systems
Building Type Commercial
New/ Retrofit Retrofit
Sunshine Hours Yearly average = 4.3 hours per day
PV Design
The SBIC East building has four types of BiPV: eave-type array on pergola;
inclined-type array on roof; furring-type array on parapet; and shade louver-
type array.
15
Case Study 07
Fig 15: View of roof
PV Design
The main entrance foyer is dominated by an atrium with a saw-toothed roof
and integrated PV modules. External blinds with a light-redirecting function
provide solar control. The saw-toothed roof over the atrium offers some 70
square meters of area for PV modules and is a good example to illustrate the
design process. Good daylighting conditions are essential for the use and the
aesthetic effect of an atrium. . The first geometry was chosen yielding an
inclination of the shed-skylights near the optimum of 35°.
There was special attention given to the semi-shaded space beneath the
skylight. The skylight was designed to give an architecturally pleasing feel
and responsive to the solar geometry to give pleasing architectural expression
and generate usable energy
16
Case Study 08
Fig 16: North Facade
THE NETHERLANDS: LE
DONJON
Project Le Donjon
Location/City Gouda
Country Netherlands
Type of PV building PV canopy above facades Office building
Building Type Office building
New/ Retrofit New
Sunshine Hours Yearly average = 4.05 hours per day
PV Design
The PV modules are produced as custom-sized frameless laminates. The
transparent back foil allows a semi-transparent visual appearance. The use of
PV modules as little roofs above walls for buildings with flat roofs was a good
strategy, especially as the roofs are small and the attic walls will shade part of
the roof. The PV modules therefore:
•function as rain protection for the attic walls and substitute a horizontal
metal covering;
•protect the facade from rainwater;
•Could function as sunscreens.
For design reasons (rainwater flush) the PV canopy was designed to run
around the roof with a uniform inclination of 5° to the horizon. For that
reason, the PV elements are all inclined to the centre of the roof, so the PV
modules on the south side are 5° inclined to the north and so forth.
17
Case Study 09
Fig 17: Roof showing solar shading
PV Design
The PV cells are an integral part of the atria roofs within the school of
management, the department for computer science and the faculty of
education. They provide shading to the spaces below and replace the glazing
system with laminated glass panels with integrated square PV cells.
It was realized that the application of shaded PV application is also extended
to the connecting corridors and spaces, which enhances the scope of Building
integrated PV applications.
This strategy not only provide the required shade and shelter to the
connecting spaces but also generates usable power.
18
Lessons Learned
We are already aware of the significance of solar shading & tracking (as a
concept) in the Indian tropical regions. Giving it a designation of a key code was
inevitable and obvious. Hence, solar shading & tracking as a key code for
Building Integrated Photovoltaic application in the Indian tropical scenario come
up with a Triple bonus (a) Provides shading, which is the basic function, (b)
Provides power, as it catches sun and convert its energy into usable form, (c)
High efficiency, as it tracks the sun. Demonstration of the same was seen in the
previous chapter.
Each case study and example is peculiar in nature and provides us with a
valuable and viable input which would eventually help in drawing key code for
the Integrated Photovoltaic application. Numerous lessons were learned during
the compilation of the case studies which in turn provided a great formwork of
this dissertation.
20
not only electricity for the use, but also a pleasing and semi-shaded atrium
beneath. Also See Case Study [3] where a remarkable architectural expression
was achieved by the incorporation of these PV modules in the skylight roof
providing enough daylighting requirements, architecturally pleasant semi-lit
space and of coarse generation of power. Its relevance extend to the connecting
corridors and spaces, see Case Study [9] where an expressive connecting space is
realized by the incorporation of PV array into the glazed roof. This integration
also try to demonstrate an idea to the viewer/user and make him conscious of
the building systems, see Case Study [5] were the skylight is integrated with PV
to demonstrate an idea of conservation of solar power in addition to the obvious
reasons.
Canopy and Pergolas: The need for the canopies and pergolas are not only
for an advanced architectural experience and expression but also these elements
provide shade, shelter and cooling effect in the sunny regions of the world. See
Case Study [2] where the integration of PV in pergola and in parking canopy
makes a great architectural solution. Also see Case Study [5] where solar tracking
canopy forms an integral part of the design, making it very efficient. It was found
that the indoor climate and natural quality of the light would benefit
substantially from the mechanical moveable elements in the canopy.
21
Study [5] where the buildings are retrofit. Also see Case Study [6] in which the
idea of incorporating PV as a shading element came very late but worked
beautifully.
Hence, the flexibility and freedom which is given by this innovation is
immense and will clearly find way in any region of the world especially in
Indian Tropical set-up where solar shading concepts are inherent to the regional
architecture and expression.
There were many projects which were funded by different govt. & non
Govt. organizations, this reflect that the technology is expensive but the
governmental set-up want to promote this, as it feels that it is good for the future.
Moreover as the cell technologies and efficiencies are developed, the factor of
affordability is discounted.
22
Conclusions
The energy demand in the emerging economies of the world – including
India and China – is projected to be double over the next quarter- century. Hence
there is a pressure on these economies to extend, develop and incorporate the use
of technological advancements and breakthroughs to their advantage and
harness the renewable sources of energy (like solar power through Building
Integrated Photovoltaic).
Being a tropical nation, India provides an apt solar setting for the
application of the same. Nevertheless, India always reflect, respect and responds
to the vision of sustainable growth at large. Hence provide a pertinent setting
(both geographically/climatically and intentionally) for the application of the
Integrated PV in buildings. Because of India’s unique context, the need for codes
for the PV application in Building was felt. This dissertation deals with the same.
Numerous lessons were learned during the compilation of case studies (as
stated in the previous chapter) and it was comprehended that solar shading and
tracking have the potential to be a Key code for the application of Building
Integrated Photovoltaic in Indian Tropical Context. Architects, designers,
engineers have done this in many part of the world but this concept of
Application of PV with shading & tracking holds a strong viability in this part of
the world.
23
As a consequence of adopting the stated strategy, many challenges seem to be
addressed like;
Cost: Since the code clearly reflects the idea of high efficiency and less
payback time, the cost and the affordability factor is discounted.
Land: Since the application is an integral part of the build-up area no extra
land is required for its application.
Integration: The code truly integrates with the coherent aspect of the
Indian architectural language that is solar shading. Also the modules can be well
integrated with existing and new structures in an architecturally pleasing way, as
seen in case studies.
Expression: Its integration truly reflects and respects the larger idea of
energy consciousness and sustainability.
Efficiency: Not only solar tracking but also the integration of PV in
building add to the efficiency, as it discounts the transmission and distribution
costs of electricity.
Harnessing the renewable (solar) energy: This way it can produce a free,
clean and silent power with minimal dependence on conventional sources of
energy and save/ reduce the emission of huge amount of harmful gases into the
atmosphere.
Plays nature’s idea: like tree leaves gives shade and shelter and also
generates energy for its own. Similarly, PV applications give shade and shelter
beneath and also generate useable power for the building, truly a bio-mimicked
concept and idea.
This dissertation would achieve its mission if it can attract the interest of
its target group, namely architects, designers, clients, policy makers, students
and people in instrumental positions who are sensitive towards the greater idea
of sustainable future by incorporation of technological advancement and
breakthroughs in most efficient, clean and bionic ways.
24
Appendix 1
25
Appendix 2
Appendix 3
26
Appendix 4
Appendix 5
27
Appendix 6
Tax Benefits
Accelerated Depreciation benefits allowed for solar products
• Silicon in all forms, that is, polycrystalline silicon or ingots, for the manufacture of undiffused
silicon wafers; NIL
• Undiffused silicon wafers, for The manufacture of solar cells or Solar cell modules;
2. Photovoltaic cells whether or not assembled in modules or made up into panels NIL
28
4. Equiment gadgets based on solar energy 7.50%
5. Specified raw materials for manufacture of solar cells and module Nil
29
Appendix 7
• The Solar Energy Centre has been established by Government of India as a part of MNRE
to undertake activities related to design, development, testing, standardization, consultancy, and
training and information dissemination in the field of Solar Energy.
• Recently, development of polycrystalline silicon thin film Solar cells and small area Solar
cells concluded at the Indian Association for Cultivation of Science at Jadavpur University.
• The National Physical Laboratory, New Delhi is working on development of materials
and process to make dye sensitized nano-crystalline TiO2 thin films.
• The Centre for Materials for Electronics, Pune has been working on development of
phosphorous paste for diffusion of impurities in Solar cells.
• Under a joint R&D project of MNRE and Department of Science & Technology (DST), the
Indian Association for Cultivation of Science (IACS), Kolkata continued to work on optimization
of process for fabrication of large area double junction amorphous silicon modules.
• Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore to develop efficient electronic system for
connecting small PV systems to the grid.
• Indian Institute of Technology Bombay to work on development and testing of low
concentration PV systems.
• The scientists at the Indian Association for Cultivation of Sciences, Jadavpur continued
their work on development of nano and multi junction silicon thin film Solar cells and
optimization of the performance of multi junction thin film Solar cells through computer
modeling.
• A proto type solar car was successfully developed and demonstrated by the students of
Delhi college of Engineering. The car operates on Solar power, which is stored in storage
batteries. In one charge the car is capable of traveling about 70 km. The maximum speed of the
car was demonstrated at 60 km/hr. The Solar car was also displayed in the 9th Auto Expo held in
New Delhi during 10-17th January, 2009.
30
8. List of Figures and photographs
Title/ Description Page
Cover Page PV incorporated, ENC Building 42, The Netherlands Cover
Photographer: John Lewis Marshall
Fig 01 Diagram of PV effect 3
Source: Internet
Fig 02 Tropical Regions of the world 5
Source: Internet (www.wikipedia.com)
Fig 03 Quote of Hon Prime Minister of India on solar energy 6
Source: Internet (www.solarindiaonline.com)
Fig 04 View of atrium 10
Source: Book, Recent experiences in Building Integrated PV.
Fig 05 View of pergola 11
Source: Internet( www.ujaen.es)
Fig 06 View of Front of PEDA 12
Source: Internet
Fig 07 View of Interior of PEDA 12
Source: Energy-efficient Buildings in India
Fig 08 Lamella Shading System 13
Source: Architectural Quality of Building Integration of Solar Energy
– Case studies in The Netherlands.
Fig 09 Lamella Shading System with elevation and section 13
Source: Architectural Quality of Building Integration of Solar Energy
– Case studies in The Netherlands
Fig 10 Integration of PV molecules into metal shading system 13
Source: Architectural Quality of Building Integration of Solar Energy
– Case studies in The Netherlands
Fig 11 View of skylight 14
Source: ), La Stampa
Fig 12 PV vertical Louvers 15
Source: Building Integrated Photovoltaic designs for commercial &
Institutional Structures – A sourcebook for Architects
Fig 13 PV Shade Louvers 15
Source: Building Integrated Photovoltaic designs for commercial &
Institutional Structures – A sourcebook for Architects
Fig 14 PV Eave Type Array on pergola 15
Source: Building Integrated Photovoltaic designs for commercial &
Institutional Structures – A sourcebook for Architects
Fig 15 View of roof 16
Source: Internet (www.ise.fhg.de)
Fig 16 North façade 17
Source: Architectural Quality of Building Integration of Solar Energy
– Case studies in The Netherlands.
Fig 17 Roof showing solar shading 18
Source: Building Integrated Photovoltaic designs for commercial &
Institutional Structures – A sourcebook for Architects
31
9. References
Introduction
David Lloyd-jones,Steven strong,Tjerk Reijenga; (2005), Designing with Solar Power
The Tropics
] Koenigsberger, Ingersoli, Mayhew, Szokolay (2001) Manual of Tropical Housing and Building-
Climatic Data. Orient Longman Limited
] Patrick l. Osborne.(2000). Tropical ecosystems and Ecological concepts. Cambridge University
Press
32
Case Study 6, JAPAN: SBIC EAST BUILDING
Eiffert. P & Kiss. G.J; (2005), Building Integrated Photovoltaic designs for commercial &
Institutional Structures – A sourcebook for Architects
33
Acknowledgements
Sumanyu Vasist
(0441731604)
University School of Architecture and Planning