LS-DYNA Manual Vol1 971R700

LS-DYNA
KEYWORD USER'S MANUAL

VOLUME I

1anuary 30, 2013 (revision: 2645)
LS-DYNA R7.0

LIVERMORE SOFTWARE TECHNOLOGY CORPORATION (LSTC)
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Corporate Address
Livermore Software Technology Corporation
P. O. Box 712
Livermore, California !""1#$712
Support Addresses
7%7! La& Po&ita& 'oa(
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Tel) 2"#!!#2"$$ * +ax) 2"#!!#2"$7
Email: saleslstc.com
Website: www.lstc.com
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S-ite 1$$
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Tel) 2!/#0!#!72/ * +ax) 2!/#0!#0%2/
Disclaimer
Copyright 1 12#2$1% Livermore Software Technology Corporation. 2ll 'ight& 'e&erve(.
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an( LS#PrePo&t
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are regi&tere( tra(emar7& of Livermore Software Technology Corpo#
ration in the 8nite( State&. 2ll other tra(emar7&, pro(-ct name& an( 9ran( name& 9elong to their re&pective
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LSTC pro(-ct& are protecte( -n(er the following 8S patent&) 7"%"7/, 7!"!%2, 77$2!!, 77$2!$,
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Copyright 1 2$$1, 3r Brian >la(man ?9rg<gla(man.-7.net@, ,orce&ter, 8A. 2ll right& re&erve(.
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The free (i&tri9-tion an( -&e of thi& &oftware in 9oth &o-rce an( 9inary form i& allowe( Cwith or witho-t change&D pro#
vi(e( that)
1. (i&tri9-tion& of thi& &o-rce co(e incl-(e the a9ove copyright notice, thi& li&t of con(ition& an( the following (i&#
claimerE
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in the (oc-mentation an(For other a&&ociate( material&E
%. the copyright hol(erG& name i& not -&e( to en(or&e pro(-ct& 9-ilt -&ing thi& &oftware witho-t &pecific written per#
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Thi& &oftware i& provi(e( Ga& i&G with no explicit or implie( warrantie& in re&pect of any propertie&, incl-(ing, 9-t not
limite( to, correctne&& an( fitne&& for p-rpo&e.
#########################################################################
B&&-e 3ate) 21F$1F2$$2
Thi& file contain& the co(e for implementing the 7ey &che(-le for 2=S C'iHn(aelD for 9loc7 an( 7ey &iIe& of 10, 2!, an(
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N3=+B5=OS3OO'B=5T2TBO5 ............................................................................................ 1"#1"1
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N3=+B5=OSPJOTOOSPJOCO8PLB5>OPOPTIONQ ............................................................ 1"#1"!
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N=L=.=5TO>=5='2LBK=3OSJ=LL .................................................................................. 1/#27
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N=L=.=5TO>=5='2LBK=3OSOLB3 ................................................................................... 1/#%$
N=L=.=5TOB5='TB2OPOPTIONQ ........................................................................................ 1/#%2
N=L=.=5TOB5T='POL2TBO5OSJ=LL .............................................................................. 1/#%"
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NLO23O.OTBO5O5O3= ....................................................................................................... 27#!1
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LS-DYNA R7.0 $#1" CT2BL= O+ CO5T=5TSD
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N5O3=OT'25S+O'............................................................................................................... 2/#/
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NS=5SO' .................................................................................................................................................. %"#1
NS=5SO'OCO5T'OL ............................................................................................................... %"#%
NS=5SO'O3=+B5=O25>L= .................................................................................................... %"#0
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$#1/ CT2BL= O+ CO5T=5TSD LS-DYNA R7.0
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$#2$ CT2BL= O+ CO5T=5TSD LS-DYNA R7.0
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LS-DYNA R7.0 1#1 CB5T'O38CTBO5D
LS-DYNA USER`S MANUAL
INTRODUCTION
CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY
3452%3 originate( at the Lawrence Livermore 5ational La9oratory TJall;-i&t 170U. The early
application& were primarily for the &tre&& analy&i& of &tr-ct-re& &-9Hecte( to a variety of impact loa(#
ing. The&e application& re;-ire( what wa& then &ignificant comp-ter re&o-rce&, an( the nee( for a
m-ch fa&ter ver&ion wa& imme(iately o9vio-&. Part of the &pee( pro9lem wa& relate( to the ineffi#
cient implementation of the element technology which wa& f-rther aggravate( 9y the fact that &-per#
comp-ter& in 170 were m-ch &lower than to(ayV& PC. +-rthermore, the primitive &li(ing interface
treatment co-l( only treat logically reg-lar interface& that are -ncommon in mo&t finite element (i&#
cretiIation& of complicate( three#(imen&ional geometrie&E con&e;-ently, (efining a &-ita9le me&h for
han(ling contact wa& often very (iffic-lt. The fir&t ver&ion containe( tr-&&e&, mem9rane&, an( a
choice of &oli( element&. The &oli( element& range( from a one#point ;-a(rat-re eight#no(e( ele#
ment with ho-rgla&& control to a twenty#no(e( element with eight integration point&. 3-e to the
high co&t of the twenty no(e &oli(, the Iero energy mo(e& relate( to the re(-ce( /#point integration,
an( the high fre;-ency content which (rove the time &tep &iIe (own, higher or(er element& were all
9-t a9an(one( in later ver&ion& of 3452%3. 2 two#(imen&ional ver&ion, 345223, wa& (evel#
ope( conc-rrently.
2 new ver&ion of 3452%3 wa& relea&e( in 17 that wa& programme( to provi(e near optimal
&pee( on the C'24#1 &-percomp-ter&, containe( an improve( &li(ing interface treatment that per#
mitte( triang-lar &egment& an( wa& an or(er of magnit-(e fa&ter than the previo-& contact treatment.
The 17 ver&ion eliminate( &tr-ct-ral an( higher or(er &oli( element& an( &ome of the material
mo(el& of the fir&t ver&ion. Thi& ver&ion al&o incl-(e( an optional element#wi&e implementation of
the integral (ifference metho( (evelope( 9y ,il7in& et al. T17!U.
The 1/1 ver&ion TJall;-i&t 1/1aU evolve( from the 17 ver&ion. 5ine a((itional material mo(el&
were a((e( to allow a m-ch 9roa(er range of pro9lem& to 9e mo(ele( incl-(ing explo&ive#&tr-ct-re
an( &oil#&tr-ct-re interaction&. Bo(y force loa(& were implemente( for ang-lar velocitie& an( 9a&e
acceleration&. 2 lin7 wa& al&o e&ta9li&he( from the %3 =-lerian co(e, :O4 TCo-ch, et. al., 1/%U for
&t-(ying the &tr-ct-ral re&pon&e to impact& 9y penetrating proHectile&. 2n option wa& provi(e( for
&toring element (ata on (i&7 there9y (o-9ling the capacity of 3452%3.
The 1/2 ver&ion of 3452%3 TJall;-i&t 1/2U accepte( 345223 TJall;-i&t 1/$U material inp-t
(irectly. The new organiIation wa& &-ch that e;-ation& of &tate an( con&tit-tive mo(el& of any com#
plexity co-l( 9e ea&ily a((e(. Complete vectoriIation of the material mo(el& ha( 9een nearly
achieve( with a9o-t a 1$ percent increa&e in exec-tion &pee( over the 1/1 ver&ion.
Bn the 1/0 ver&ion of 3452%3 TJall;-i&t an( Ben&on 1/0U, many new feat-re& were a((e(, in#
cl-(ing 9eam&, &hell&, rigi( 9o(ie&, &ingle &-rface contact, interface friction, (i&crete &pring& an(
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1#2 CB5T'O38CTBO5D LS-DYNA R7.0
(amper&, optional ho-rgla&& treatment&, optional exact vol-me integration, an( M2LF M.S, BB.,
85BL, COS operating &y&tem& compati9ility, that greatly expan(e( it& range of application&.
3452%3 th-& 9ecame the fir&t co(e to have a general &ingle &-rface contact algorithm.
Bn the 1/7 ver&ion of 3452%3 TJall;-i&t an( Ben&on 1/7U metal forming &im-lation& an( com#
po&ite analy&i& 9ecame a reality. Thi& ver&ion incl-(e( &hell thic7ne&& change&, the Belyt&ch7o#T&ay
&hell element TBelyt&ch7o an( T&ay, 1/1U, an( (ynamic relaxation. 2l&o incl-(e( were non#
reflecting 9o-n(arie&, -&er &pecifie( integration r-le& for &hell an( 9eam element&, a layere( compo#
&ite (amage mo(el, an( &ingle point con&traint&.
5ew capa9ilitie& a((e( in the 1// 3452%3 TJall;-i&t 1//U ver&ion incl-(e( a co&t effective re#
&-ltant 9eam element, a tr-&& element, a C
$
triang-lar &hell, the BCBK triang-lar &hell TBaIeley et al.
10"U, mixing of element form-lation& in calc-lation&, compo&ite fail-re mo(eling for &oli(&, non#
iterative plane &tre&& pla&ticity, contact &-rface& with &pot wel(&, tie 9rea7 &li(ing &-rface&, 9eam &-r#
face contact, finite &tonewall&, &tonewall reaction force&, energy calc-lation& for all element&, a
cr-&ha9le foam con&tit-tive mo(el, comment car(& in the inp-t, an( one#(imen&ional &li(eline&.
By the en( of 1// it wa& o9vio-& that a m-ch more concentrate( effort wo-l( 9e re;-ire( in the (e#
velopment of thi& &oftware if pro9lem& in cra&hworthine&& were to 9e properly &olve(E therefore,
Livermore Software Technology Corporation wa& fo-n(e( to contin-e the (evelopment of
3452%3 a& a commercial ver&ion calle( LS#3452%3 which wa& later &hortene( to LS#3452.
The 1/ relea&e intro(-ce( many enhance( capa9ilitie& incl-(ing a one#way treatment of &li(e &-r#
face& with voi(& an( frictionE cro&&#&ectional force& for &tr-ct-ral element&E an optional -&er &peci#
fie( minim-m time &tep &iIe for &hell element& -&ing ela&tic an( ela&topla&tic material mo(el&E no(al
acceleration& in the time hi&tory (ata9a&eE a compre&&i9le .ooney#'ivlin material mo(elE a clo&e(#
form -p(ate &hell pla&ticity mo(elE a general r-99er material mo(elE -ni;-e penalty &pecification&
for each &li(e &-rfaceE external wor7 trac7ingE optional time &tep criterion for !#no(e &hell element&E
an( internal element &orting to allow f-ll vectoriIation of right#han(#&i(e force a&&em9ly.
3-ring the la&t ten year&, con&i(era9le progre&& ha& 9een ma(e a& may 9e &een in the chronology of
the (evelopment& which follow&.
Capa9ilitie& a((e( in 1/#1$)
ar9itrary no(e an( element n-m9er&,
fa9ric mo(el for &eat 9elt& an( air9ag&,
compo&ite gla&& mo(el,
vectoriIe( type % contact an( &ingle &-rface contact,
many more BFO option&,
all &hell material& availa9le for / no(e thic7 &hell,
&train rate (epen(ent pla&ticity for 9eam&,
f-lly vectoriIe( iterative pla&ticity,
interactive graphic& on &ome comp-ter&,
no(al (amping,
&hell thic7ne&& ta7en into acco-nt in &hell type % contact,
&hell thinning acco-nte( for in type % an( type ! contact,
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LS-DYNA R7.0 1#% CB5T'O38CTBO5D
&oft &tonewall&,
print &-ppre&&ion option for no(e an( element (ata,
ma&&le&& tr-&& element&, rivet& W 9a&e( on e;-ation& of rigi( 9o(y (ynamic&,
ma&&le&& 9eam element&, &pot wel(& W 9a&e( on e;-ation& of rigi( 9o(y (ynamic&,
expan(e( (ata9a&e& with more hi&tory varia9le& an( integration point&,
force limite( re&-ltant 9eam,
rotational &pring an( (amper&, local coor(inate &y&tem& for (i&crete element&,
re&-ltant pla&ticity for C
$
triang-lar element,
energy (i&&ipation calc-lation& for &tonewall&,
ho-rgla&& energy calc-lation& for &oli( an( &hell element&,
vi&co-& an( Co-lom9 friction with ar9itrary variation over &-rface,
(i&tri9-te( loa(& on 9eam element&,
Cowper an( Symon(& &train rate mo(el,
&egmente( &tonewall&,
&tonewall Co-lom9 friction,
&tonewall energy (i&&ipation,
air9ag& C1$D,
no(al rigi( 9o(ie&,
a-tomatic &orting of triang-lar &hell& into C
$
gro-p&,
ma&& &caling for ;-a&i &tatic analy&e&,
-&er (efine( &-9ro-tine&,
warpage chec7& on &hell element&,
thic7ne&& con&i(eration in all contact type&,
a-tomatic orientation of contact &egment&,
&li(ing interface energy (i&&ipation calc-lation&,
no(al force an( energy (ata9a&e for applie( 9o-n(ary con(ition&,
(efine( &tonewall velocity with inp-t energy calc-lation&,
Capa9ilitie& a((e( in 11#12)
rigi(F(eforma9le material &witching,
rigi( 9o(ie& impacting rigi( wall&,
&train#rate effect& in metallic honeycom9 mo(el 20,
&hell& an( 9eam& interface& incl-(e( for &-9&e;-ent component analy&e&,
external wor7 comp-te( for pre&cri9e( (i&placementFvelocityFacceleration&,
linear con&traint e;-ation&,
.P>S (ata9a&e,
.OMB= (ata9a&e,
Sli(eline interface file,
a-tomate( contact inp-t for all inp-t type&,
a-tomatic &ingle &-rface contact witho-t element orientation,
con&traint techni;-e for contact,
c-t plane& for re&-ltant force&,
cr-&ha9le cell-lar foam&,
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1#! CB5T'O38CTBO5D LS-DYNA R7.0
-rethane foam mo(el with hy&tere&i&,
&-9cycling,
friction in the contact entitie&,
&train& comp-te( an( written for the / no(e thic7 &hell&,
Xgoo(Y ! no(e tetrahe(ron &oli( element with no(al rotation&,
/ no(e &oli( element with no(al rotation&,
2x2 integration for the mem9rane element,
Belyt&ch7o#Schwer integrate( 9eam,
thin#walle( Belyt&ch7o#Schwer integrate( 9eam,
improve( T28'8S (ata9a&e control,
n-ll material for 9eam& to (i&play &pring& an( &eat9elt& in T28'8S,
parallel implementation on Cray& an( S>B comp-ter&,
co-pling to rigi( 9o(y co(e&,
&eat 9elt capa9ility.
Capa9ilitie& a((e( in 1%#1!)
2r9itrary Lagrangian =-lerian 9ric7 element&,
Belyt&ch7o#,ong#Chiang ;-a(rilateral &hell element,
,arping &tiffne&& in the Belyt&ch7o#T&ay &hell element,
+a&t J-ghe&#Li- &hell element,
+-lly integrate( thic7 &hell element,
3i&crete %3 9eam element,
>eneraliIe( (amper&,
Ca9le mo(eling,
2ir9ag reference geometry,
.-ltiple Het mo(el,
>eneraliIe( Hoint &tiffne&&e&,
=nhance( rigi( 9o(y to rigi( 9o(y contact,
Orthotropic rigi( wall&,
Time Iero ma&& &caling,
Co-pling with 8S2 C8n(erwater Shoc7 2naly&i&D,
Layere( &pot wel(& with fail-re 9a&e( on re&-ltant& or pla&tic &train,
+illet wel(& with fail-re,
B-tt wel(& with fail-re,
2-tomatic ero(ing contact,
=(ge#to#e(ge contact,
2-tomatic me&h generation with contact entitie&,
3raw9ea( mo(eling,
Shell& con&traine( in&i(e 9ric7 element&,
5BA=%3 co-pling for &pring9ac7,
BarlatV& ani&otropic pla&ticity,
S-perpla&tic forming option,
'igi( 9o(y &topper&,
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LS-DYNA R7.0 1#" CB5T'O38CTBO5D
Aeywor( inp-t,
2(aptivity,
+ir&t .PP C.a&&ively ParallelD ver&ion with limite( capa9ilitie&.
B-ilt in lea&t &;-are& fit for r-99er mo(el con&tit-tive con&tant&,
Large hy&tere&i& in hyperela&tic foam,
Bilh7-F3-9oi& foam mo(el,
>eneraliIe( r-99er mo(el,
Capa9ilitie& a((e( in 1")
Belyt&ch7o # Leviathan Shell
2-tomatic &witching 9etween rigi( an( (eforma9le 9o(ie&.
2cc-racy on S.P machine& to give i(entical an&wer& on one, two or more proce&&or&.
Local coor(inate &y&tem& for cro&&#&ection o-tp-t can 9e &pecifie(.
5-ll material for &hell element&.
>lo9al 9o(y force loa(& now may 9e applie( to a &-9&et of material&.
8&er (efine( loa(ing &-9ro-tine.
Bmprove( interactive graphic&.
5ew initial velocity option& for &pecifying rotational velocitie&.
>eometry change& after (ynamic relaxation can 9e con&i(ere( for initial velocitie&..
Melocitie& may al&o 9e &pecifie( 9y -&ing material or part B3V&.
Bmprove( &pee( of 9ric7 element ho-rgla&& force an( energy calc-lation&.
Pre&&-re o-tflow 9o-n(ary con(ition& have 9een a((e( for the 2L= option&.
.ore -&er control for ho-rgla&& control con&tant& for &hell element&.
+-ll vectoriIation in con&tit-tive mo(el& for foam, mo(el& "7 an( 0%.
3amage mechanic& pla&ticity mo(el, material /1,
>eneral linear vi&coela&ticity with 0 term prony &erie&.
Lea&t &;-are& fit for vi&coela&tic material con&tant&.
Ta9le (efinition& for &train rate effect& in material type 2!.
Bmprove( treatment of free flying no(e& after element fail-re.
2-tomatic proHection of no(e& in CO5T2CTOTB=3 to eliminate gap& in the &-rface.
.ore -&er control over contact (efa-lt&.
Bmprove( interpenetration warning& printe( in a-tomatic contact.
+lag for -&ing act-al &hell thic7ne&& in &ingle &-rface contact logic rather than the (efa-lt.
3efinition 9y exempte( part B3V&.
2ir9ag to 2ir9ag ventingF&egmente( air9ag& are now &-pporte(.
2ir9ag reference geometry &pee( improvement& 9y -&ing the reference geometry for the time
&tep &iIe calc-lation.
B&otropic air9ag material may now 9e (irectly for co&t efficiency.
2ir9ag fa9ric material (amping i& &pecifie( a& the ratio of critical (amping.
29ility to attach Het& to the &tr-ct-re &o the air9ag, Het&, an( &tr-ct-re to move together.
PM. ".1 .a(ymo co-pling i& availa9le.
.e&he& are generate( within LS#3452%3 for all &tan(ar( contact entitie&.
:oint (amping for tran&lational motion.
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2ng-lar (i&placement&, rate& of (i&placement&, (amping force&, etc. in :5T+O'C file.
Lin7 9etween LS#5BA=%3 to LS#3452%3 via NB5BTB2LOST'=SS 7eywor(&.
Trim c-rve& for metal forming &pring9ac7.
Spar&e e;-ation &olver for &pring9ac7.
Bmprove( me&h generation for B>=S an( M32 provi(e& a me&h that can (irectly 9e -&e( to
mo(el tooling in metal &tamping analy&e&.
Capa9ilitie& a((e( in 10#17 in Mer&ion !$)
PartF.aterial B3V& may 9e &pecifie( with / (igit&.
'igi( 9o(y motion can 9e pre&cri9e( in a local &y&tem fixe( to the rigi( 9o(y.
5onlinear lea&t &;-are& fit availa9le for the Og(en r-99er mo(el.
Lea&e &;-are& fit to the relaxation c-rve& for the vi&coela&ticity in r-99er.
+-#Chang rate &en&itive foam.
0 term Prony &erie& expan&ion for rate effect& in mo(el "7#now 7%
Mi&coela&tic material mo(el 70 implemente( for &hell element&.
.echanical thre&hol( &tre&& C.TSD pla&ticity mo(el for rate effect&.
Thermoela&tic#pla&tic material mo(el for J-ghe&#Li- 9eam element.
'am9erg#O&goo( &oil mo(el
Bnvariant local coor(inate &y&tem& for &hell element& are optional.
Secon( or(er acc-rate &tre&& -p(ate&.
+o-r no(e(, linear, tetrahe(ron element.
Co#rotational &oli( element for foam that can invert witho-t &ta9ility pro9lem&.
Bmprove( &pee( in rigi( 9o(y to rigi( 9o(y contact&.
Bmprove( &earching for the aO%, aO" an( a1$ contact type&.
Bnvariant re&-lt& on &hare( memory parallel machine& with the aOn contact type&.
Thic7ne&& off&et& in type / an( tie 9rea7 contact algorithm&.
B-c7et &ort fre;-ency can 9e controlle( 9y a loa( c-rve for air9ag application&.
Bn a-tomatic contact each part B3 in the (efinition may have -ni;-e)
o Static coefficient of friction
o 3ynamic coefficient of friction
o =xponential (ecay coefficient
o Mi&co-& friction coefficient
o Optional contact thic7ne&&
o Optional thic7ne&& &cale factor
o Local penalty &cale factor
2-tomatic 9eam#to#9eam, &hell e(ge#to#9eam, &hell e(ge#to#&hell e(ge an( &ingle &-rface
contact algorithm.
'elea&e criteria may 9e a m-ltiple of the &hell thic7ne&& in type& aO%, aO", a1$, 1%, an( 20
contact.
+orce tran&(-cer& to o9tain reaction force& in a-tomatic contact (efinition&. 3efine( man-al#
ly via &egment&, or a-tomatically via part B3V&.
Searching (epth can 9e (efine( a& a f-nction of time.
B-c7et &ort fre;-ency can 9e (efine( a& a f-nction of time.
Bnterior contact for &oli( CfoamD element& to prevent Znegative vol-me&.Z
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Loc7ing Hoint
Temperat-re (epen(ent heat capacity a((e( to ,ang#5ef&7e inflator mo(el&.
,ang Jy9ri( inflator mo(el T,ang, 10U with Hetting option& an( 9ag#to#9ag venting.
2&piration incl-(e( in ,angV& hy9ri( mo(el T5-&holtI, ,ang, ,ylie, 10U.
=xten(e( ,angV& hy9ri( inflator with a ;-a(ratic temperat-re variation for heat capacitie&
T5-&holtI, 10U.
+a9ric poro&ity a((e( a& part of the air9ag con&tit-tive mo(el .
Bloc7age of vent hole& an( fa9ric in contact with &tr-ct-re or it&elf con&i(ere( in venting
with lea7age of ga&.
Option to (elay air9ag liner with -&ing the reference geometry -ntil the reference area i&
reache(.
Birth time for the reference geometry.
.-lti#material =-lerF2L= fl-i(&,
o 2n( or(er acc-rate form-lation&.
o 2-tomatic co-pling to &hell, 9ric7, or 9eam element&
o Co-pling -&ing LS#3452 contact option&.
o =lement with fl-i( [ voi( an( voi( material
o =lement with m-lti#material& an( pre&&-re e;-ili9ri-m
5o(al inertia ten&or&.
23 plane &tre&&, plane &train, rigi(, an( axi&ymmetric element&
23 plane &train &hell element
23 axi&ymmetric &hell element.
+-ll contact &-pport in 23, tie(, &li(ing only, penalty an( con&traint techni;-e&.
.o&t material type& &-pporte( for 23 element&.
Bnteractive reme&hing an( graphic& option& availa9le for 23.
S-9&y&tem (efinition& for energy an( moment-m o-tp-t.
Bo-n(ary element metho( for incompre&&i9le fl-i( (ynamic& an( fl-i(#&tr-ct-re interaction
pro9lem&.
Capa9ilitie& a((e( (-ring 17#1/ in Mer&ion "$)
2(aptive refinement can 9e 9a&e( on tooling c-rvat-re with +O'.B5> contact.
The (i&play of (raw9ea(& i& now po&&i9le &ince the (raw9ea( (ata i& o-tp-t into the
3%PLOT (ata9a&e.
2n a(aptive 9ox option, N3=+B5=OBOLO232PTBM=, allow& control over the refinement
level an( location of element& to 9e a(apte(.
2 root i(entification file, 232PT.'B3, give& the parent element B3 for a(apte( element&.
3raw 9ea( 9ox option,N3=+B5=OBOLO3'2,B=23, &implifie& (raw9ea( inp-t.
The new control option, CO5T'OLOB.PLBCBT, activate& an implicit &ol-tion &cheme.
23 2r9itrary#Lagrangian#=-lerian element& are availa9le.
23 a-tomatic contact i& (efine( 9y li&ting part B3G&.
23 r#a(aptivity for plane &train an( axi&ymmetric forging &im-lation& i& availa9le.
23 a-tomatic non#interactive reIoning a& in LS#345223.
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1#/ CB5T'O38CTBO5D LS-DYNA R7.0
23 plane &train an( axi&ymmetric element with 2x2 &elective#re(-ce( integration are imple#
mente(.
Bmplicit 23 &oli( an( plane &train element& are availa9le.
Bmplicit 23 contact i& availa9le.
The new 7eywor(, N3=L=T=OCO5T2CTO2328TO, allow& the (eletion of 23 a-tomatic
contact (efinition&.
The 7eywor(, NLO23OB=2. i& a((e( for pre&&-re 9o-n(ary con(ition& on 23 element&.
2 vi&copla&tic &train rate option i& availa9le for material&)
o N.2TOPL2STBCOAB5=.2TBC
o N.2TO:OJ5SO5OCOOA
o N.2TOPO,='OL2,OPL2STBCBT4
o N.2TOST'2B5O'2T=O3=P=53=5TOPL2STBCBT4
o N.2TOPB=C=,BS=OLB5=2'OPL2STBCBT4
o N.2TO'2T=OS=5SBTBM=OPO,='L2,OPL2STBCBT4
o N.2TOK='BLLB#2'.ST'O5>
o N.2TOPL2STBCBT4O,BTJO32.2>=
o N.2TOPL2STBCBT4OCO.P'=SSBO5OT=5SBO5
.aterial mo(el, N.2TOPla&ticityOwithO32.2>=, ha& a piecewi&e linear (amage c-rve
given 9y a loa( c-rve B3.
The 2rr-(a#Boyce hyper#vi&coela&tic r-99er mo(el i& availa9le, &ee N.2TO2''832
OBO4C=.
Tran&ver&e#ani&otropic#vi&coela&tic material for heart ti&&-e, &ee N.2TOJ=2'TOTBSS8=.
L-ng hyper#vi&coela&tic material, &ee N.2TOL85>OTBSS8=.
Compre&&ionFten&ion pla&ticity mo(el, &ee N.2TOPla&ticityOCO.P'=SSBO5OT=5SBO5.
The L-n( &train rate mo(el, N.2TOST=B5B='>OL853, i& a((e( to Stein9erg#>-inan
pla&ticity mo(el.
'ate &en&itive foam mo(el, N.2TO+8OCJ25>O+O2., ha& 9een exten(e( to incl-(e en#
gineering &train rate&, etc.
.o(el, N.2TO.O3B+B=3OPiecewi&eOLinearOPla&ticity, i& a((e( for mo(eling the fail-re
of al-min-m.
.aterial mo(el, N.2TOSP=CB2LOO'TJOT'OPBC, a((e( for televi&ion &ha(ow ma&7
pro9lem&.
=ro&ion &train i& implemente( for material type, N.2TO9ammanO(amage.
The e;-ation of &tate, N=OSO:,LB, i& availa9le for mo(eling the expan&ion of explo&ive
ga&e&.
The reference geometry option i& exten(e( for foam an( r-99er material& an( can 9e -&e( for
&tre&& initialiIation, &ee NB5BTB2LO+O2.O'=+='=5C=O>=O.=T'4.
2 vehicle po&itioning option i& availa9le for &etting the initial orientation an( velocitie&, &ee
NB5BTB2LOM=JBCL=OAB5=.2TBCS.
2 9o-n(ary element metho( i& availa9le for incompre&&i9le fl-i( (ynamic& pro9lem&.
The thermal material& wor7 with in&tantaneo-& coefficient& of thermal expan&ion)
o N.2TO=L2STBCOPL2STBCOTJ='.2L
o N.2TOO'TJOT'OPBCOTJ='.2L
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LS-DYNA R7.0 1# CB5T'O38CTBO5D
o N.2TOT=.P='2T8'=O3=P=53=5TOO'TJOT'OPBC
o N.2TO=L2STBCO,BTJOMBSCOSBT4
2ir9ag interaction flow rate ver&-& pre&&-re (ifference&.
Contact &egment &earch option, T9ric7& fir&t optionalU
2 thro-gh thic7ne&& >a-&& integration r-le with 1#1$ point& i& availa9le for &hell element&.
Previo-&ly, " were availa9le.
Shell element form-lation& can 9e change( in a f-ll (ec7 re&tart.
The tie( interface which i& 9a&e( on con&traint e;-ation&, TB=3OS8'+2C=OTO
OS8'+2C=, can now fail ifO+2BL8'=, i& appen(e(.
2 general fail-re criteria for &oli( element& i& in(epen(ent of the material type, &ee N.2T
O233O='OSBO5
Loa( c-rve control can 9e 9a&e( on thinning an( a flow limit (iagram, &ee N3=+B5=
OC8'M=O+==3B2CA.
2n option to filter the &potwel( re&-ltant force& prior to chec7ing for fail-re ha& 9een a((e(
the the option, NCO5ST'2B5=3OSPOT,=L3, 9y appen(ing,O+BLT='=3O+O'C=, to the
7eywor(.
B-l7 vi&co&ity i& availa9le for &hell type& 1, 2, 1$, an( 10.
,hen (efining the local coor(inate &y&tem for the rigi( 9o(y inertia ten&or a local coor(inate
&y&tem B3 can 9e -&e(. Thi& &implifie& (-mmy po&itioning.
Pre&cri9ing (i&placement&, velocitie&, an( acceleration& i& now po&&i9le for rigi( 9o(y no(e&.
One way flow i& optional for &egmente( air9ag interaction&.
Pre&&-re time hi&tory inp-t for air9ag type, LB5=2'O+L8B3, can 9e -&e(.
2n option i& availa9le to in(epen(ently &cale &y&tem (amping 9y part B3 in each of the glo9#
al (irection&.
2n option i& availa9le to in(epen(ently &cale glo9al &y&tem (amping in each of the glo9al (i#
rection&.
2((e( option to con&train glo9al 3O+ along line& parallel with the glo9al axe&. The 7ey#
wor( i& NCO5ST'2B5=3O>LOB2L. Thi& option i& -&ef-l for a(aptive reme&hing.
Beam en( co(e relea&e& are availa9le, &ee N=L=.=5TOB=2..
2n initial force can 9e (irectly (efine( for the ca9le material, N.2TOC2BL=O3BSC'=T=
OB=2.. The &pecification of &lac7 i& not re;-ire( if thi& option i& -&e(.
2ir9ag pop pre&&-re can 9e activate( 9y accelerometer&.
Termination may now 9e controlle( 9y contact, via NT='.B52TBO5OCO5T2CT.
.o(ifie( &hell element& type& /, 1$ an( the warping &tiffne&& option in the Belyt&ch7o#T&ay
&hell to en&-re orthogonality with rigi( 9o(y motion& in the event that the &hell i& 9a(ly
warpe(. Thi& i& optional in the Belyt&ch7o#T&ay &hell an( the type 1$ &hell.
2 one point ;-a(rat-re 9ric7 element with an exact ho-rgla&& &tiffne&& matrix ha& 9een im#
plemente( for implicit an( explicit calc-lation&.
2-tomatic file length (etermination for 3%PLOT 9inary (ata9a&e i& now implemente(. Thi&
in&-re& that at lea&t a &ingle &tate i& containe( in each 3%PLOT file an( eliminate& the pro9#
lem with the &tate& 9eing &plit 9etween file&.
The (-mp file&, which can 9e very large, can 9e place( in another (irectory 9y &pecifying
d=/home/user /test/d3dump on the exec-tion line.
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1#1$ CB5T'O38CTBO5D LS-DYNA R7.0
2 print flag control& the o-tp-t of (ata into the .2TS8. an( 'B3O8T file& 9y part B3G&.
The option, P'B5T, ha& 9een a((e( a& an option to the NP2'T 7eywor(.
+lag ha& 9een a((e( to (elete material (ata from the 3%TJ3T file. See N32T2B2S=
O=LT=5TOBB52'4 an( col-mn 2" of the 1th control car( in the &tr-ct-re( inp-t.
2fter (ynamic relaxation complete&, a file i& written giving the (i&place( &tate which can 9e
-&e( for &tre&& initialiIation in later r-n&.
Capa9ilitie& a((e( (-ring 1/#2$$$ in Mer&ion 0$. .o&t new capa9ilitie& wor7 on 9oth the .PP
an( S.P ver&ion&E however, the capa9ilitie& that are implemente( for the S.P ver&ion only, which
were not con&i(ere( critical for thi& relea&e, are flagge( 9elow. The&e S.P -ni;-e capa9ilitie& are
9eing exten(e( for .PP calc-lation& an( will 9e availa9le in the near f-t-re. The implicit capa9ili#
tie& for .PP re;-ire the (evelopment of a &cala9le eigenval-e &olver, which i& -n(er (evelopment
for a later relea&e of LS#3452.
Bncompre&&i9le flow &olver i& availa9le. Str-ct-ral co-pling i& not yet implemente(.
2(aptive me&h coar&ening can 9e (one 9efore the implicit &pring9ac7 calc-lation in metal
forming application&.
Two#(imen&ional a(aptivity can 9e activate( in 9oth implicit an( explicit calc-lation&. CS.P
ver&ion onlyD
2n internally generate( &mooth loa( c-rve for metal forming tool motion can 9e activate(
with the 7eywor() N3=+B5=OC8'M=OS.OOTJ.
Tor&ional force& can 9e carrie( thro-gh the (eforma9le &pot wel(& 9y -&ing the contact type)
NCO5T2CTOSPOT,=L3O,BTJOTO'SBO5 CS.P ver&ion only with a high priority for
the .PP ver&ion if thi& option prove& to 9e &ta9le.D
Tie 9rea7 a-tomatic contact i& now availa9le via the NCO5T2CTO28TO.2TBCO...
OTB=B'=2A option&. Thi& option can 9e -&e( for gl-e( panel&. CS.P onlyD
NCO5T2CTO'B>B3OS8'+2C= option i& now availa9le for mo(eling roa( &-rface& CS.P
ver&ion onlyD.
+ixe( rigi( wall& PL252' an( PL252'O+B5BT= are repre&ente( in the 9inary o-tp-t file
9y a &ingle &hell element.
Bnterference fit& can 9e mo(ele( with the B5T='+='=5C= option in contact.
2 layere( &hell theory i& implemente( for &everal con&tit-tive mo(el& incl-(ing the compo#
&ite mo(el& to more acc-rately repre&ent the &hear &tiffne&& of laminate( &hell&.
3amage mechanic& i& availa9le to &mooth the po&t#fail-re re(-ction of the re&-ltant force& in
the con&tit-tive mo(el N.2TOSPOT,=L3O32.2>=.
+inite ela&tic &train i&otropic pla&ticity mo(el i& availa9le for &oli( element&. N.2TO+B5BT=
O=L2STBCOST'2B5OPL2STBCBT4.
2 &hape memory alloy material i& availa9le) N.2TOSJ2P=O.=.O'4.
'eference geometry for material, N.2TO.O3B+B=3OJO5=4CO.B, can 9e &et at ar9i#
trary relative vol-me& or when the time &tep &iIe reache& a limiting val-e. Thi& option i&
now availa9le for all element type& incl-(ing the f-lly integrate( &oli( element.
5on orthogonal material axe& are availa9le in the air9ag fa9ric mo(el. See N.2TO+2B'BC.
Other new con&tit-tive mo(el& incl-(e for the 9eam element&)
o N.2TO.O3B+B=3O+O'C=OLB.BT=3
o N.2TOS=BS.BCOB=2.
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o N.2TOCO5C'=T=OB=2.
for &hell an( &oli( element&)
o N.2TO=L2STBCOMBSCOPL2STBCOTJ='.2L
for the &hell element&)
o N.2TO>8'SO5
o N.2TO>=PL2STBCOS'2T=2$$$
o N.2TO=L2STBCOMBSCOPL2STBCOTJ='.2L
o N.2TOCO.POSBT=OL248P
o N.2TOCO.POSBT=OL248P
o N.2TOCO.POSBT=O3B'=CT
for the &oli( element&)
o N.2TO:OJ5SO5OJOL.S8BSTOC='2.BCS
o N.2TO:OJ5SO5OJOL.S8BSTOCO5C'=T=
o N.2TOB5MOJ4P='BOLBCOSB5
o N.2TO85B+B=3OC'==P
o N.2TOSOBLOB'BCA
o N.2TO3'8CA='OP'2>='
o N.2TO'COSJ=2'O,2LL
an( for all element option& a very fa&t an( efficient ver&ion of the :ohn&on#Coo7 pla&ticity
mo(el i& availa9le)
N.2TOSB.PLB+B=3O:OJ5SO5OCOOA
2 f-lly integrate( ver&ion of the type 10 &hell element i& availa9le for the re&-ltant con&tit-#
tive mo(el&.
2 nonlocal fail-re theory i& implemente( for pre(icting fail-re in metallic material&. The
7eywor( N.2TO5O5LOC2L activate& thi& option for a &-9&et of ela&topla&tic con&tit-tive
mo(el&.
2 (i&crete Airchhoff triang-lar &hell element C3ATD for explicit analy&i& with three in plane
integration point& i& flagge( a& a type 17 &hell element. Thi& element ha& m-ch 9etter 9en(#
ing 9ehavior than the C$ triang-lar element.
2 (i&crete Airchhoff linear triang-lar an( ;-a(rilateral &hell element i& availa9le a& a type 1/
&hell. Thi& &hell i& for extracting normal mo(e& an( &tatic analy&i&.
2 C$ linear !#no(e ;-a(rilateral &hell element i& implemente( a& element type 2$ with (rill#
ing &tiffne&& for normal mo(e& an( &tatic analy&i&.
2n a&&-me( &train linear 9ric7 element i& availa9le for normal mo(e& an( &tatic&.
The f-lly integrate( thic7 &hell element ha& 9een exten(e( for -&e in implicit calc-lation&.
2 f-lly integrate( thic7 &hell element 9a&e( on an a&&-me( &train form-lation i& now availa#
9le. Thi& element -&e& a f-ll %3 con&tit-tive mo(el which incl-(e& the normal &tre&& compo#
nent an(, therefore, (oe& not -&e the plane &tre&& a&&-mption.
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The !#no(e con&tant &train tetrahe(ron element ha& 9een exten(e( for -&e in implicit calc-la#
tion&.
'elative (amping 9etween part& i& availa9le, &ee N32.PB5>O'=L2TBM= CS.P onlyD.
Preloa( force& are can 9e inp-t for the (i&crete 9eam element&.
O9Hective &tre&& -p(ate& are implemente( for the f-lly integrate( 9ric7 &hell element.
2cceleration time hi&torie& can 9e pre&cri9e( for rigi( 9o(ie&.
Pre&cri9e( motion for no(al rigi( 9o(ie& i& now po&&i9le.
>eneraliIe( &et (efinition&, i.e., S=TOSJ=LLO>=5='2L etc. provi(e m-ch flexi9ility in
the &et (efinition&.
The comman( Z&w!.Z will write a &tate into the (ynamic relaxation file, 3%3'L+, (-ring the
(ynamic relaxation pha&e if the 3%3'L+ file i& re;-e&te( in the inp-t.
2((e( ma&& 9y P2'T B3 i& written into the .2TS8. file when ma&& &caling i& -&e( to
maintain the time &tep &iIe, CS.P ver&ion onlyD.
8pon termination (-e to a large ma&& increa&e (-ring a ma&& &cale( calc-lation a print &-m#
mary of 2$ no(e& with the maxim-m a((e( ma&& i& printe(.
=igenval-e analy&i& of mo(el& containing rigi( 9o(ie& i& now availa9le -&ing BCSLBB#=LT
&olver& from Boeing. CS.P ver&ion onlyD.
Secon( or(er &tre&& -p(ate& can 9e activate( 9y part B3 in&tea( of glo9ally on the
NCO5T'OLO2CC8'2C4 inp-t.
Bnterface frictional energy i& optionally comp-te( for heat generation an( i& o-tp-t into the
interface force file CS.P ver&ion onlyD.
The interface force 9inary (ata9a&e now incl-(e& the (i&tance from the contact &-rface for
the +O'.B5> contact option&. Thi& (i&tance i& given after the no(e& are (etecte( a& po&&i#
9le contact can(i(ate&. CS.P ver&ion onlyD.
Type 1! aco-&tic 9ric7 element i& implemente(. Thi& element i& a f-lly integrate( ver&ion of
type /, the aco-&tic element CS.P ver&ion onlyD.
2 floo(e( &-rface option for aco-&tic application& i& availa9le CS.P ver&ion onlyD.
2ttachment no(e& can 9e (efine( for rigi( 9o(ie&. Thi& option i& -&ef-l for 5MJ applica#
tion&.
CO5ST'2B5=3OPOB5TS tie any two point& together. The&e point& m-&t lie on a &hell el#
ement&.
Soft con&traint i& availa9le for e(ge to e(ge contact in type 20 contact.
CO5ST2B5=3OB5T='POL2TBO5 option for 9eam to &oli( interface& an( for &prea(ing
the ma&& an( loa(&. CS.P ver&ion onlyD.
2 (ata9a&e option ha& 9een a((e( that allow& the o-tp-t of a((e( ma&& for &hell element& in#
&tea( of the time &tep &iIe.
2 new contact option allow& the incl-&ion of all internal &hell e(ge& in contact type
NCO5T2CTO>=5='2L, type 20. Thi& option i& activate( 9y a((ingOB5T='BO' after the
>=5='2L 7eywor(.
2 new option allow& the -&e (eviatoric &train rate& rather than total rate& in material mo(el
2! for the Cowper#Symon(& rate mo(el.
The C23+=. option for 2SCBB (ata9a&e& i& now the (efa-lt. Their option incl-(e& more
&ignificant fig-re& in the o-tp-t file&.
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LS-DYNA R7.0 1#1% CB5T'O38CTBO5D
,hen -&ing (eforma9le &pot wel(&, the a((e( ma&& for &pot wel(& i& now printe( for the
ca&e where glo9al ma&& &caling i& activate(. Thi& o-tp-t i& in the log file, 3%JSP file, an(
the .=SS2> file.
Bnitial penetration warning& for e(ge#to#e(ge contact are now written into the .=SS2> file
an( the 3%JSP file.
=ach compilation of LS#3452 i& given a -ni;-e ver&ion n-m9er.
+inite length (i&crete 9eam& with vario-& local axe& option& are now availa9le for material
type& 00, 07, 0/, %, an( ". Bn thi& implementation the a9&ol-te val-e of SCOO' m-&t 9e
&et to 2 or % in the NS=CTBO5OB=2. inp-t.
5ew (i&crete element con&tit-tive mo(el& are availa9le)
o N.2TO=L2STBCOSP'B5>O3BSC'=T=OB=2.
o N.2TOB5=L2STBCOSP'B5>O3BSC'=T=OB=2.
o N.2TO=L2STBCO03O+OSP'B5>O3BSC'=T=OB=2.
o N.2TOB5=L2STBCO03O+OSP'B5>O3BSC'=T=OB=2.
The latter two can 9e -&e( a& finite length 9eam& with local coor(inate &y&tem&.
.oving SPCG& are optional in that the con&traint& are applie( in a local &y&tem that rotate&
with the % (efining no(e&.
2 moving local coor(inate &y&tem, CB3, can 9e -&e( to (etermine orientation of (i&crete
9eam element&.
.o(al &-perpo&ition analy&i& can 9e performe( after an eigenval-e analy&i&. Stre&& recovery
i& 9a&e( on type 1/ &hell an( 9ric7 CS.P onlyD.
'ayleigh (amping inp-t factor i& now inp-t a& a fraction of critical (amping, i.e. $.1$. The
ol( metho( re;-ire( the fre;-ency of intere&t an( co-l( 9e highly -n&ta9le for large inp-t
val-e&.
2ir9ag option ZSB.PL=OP'=SS8'=OMOL8.=Z allow& for the con&tant C5 to 9e replace(
9y a loa( c-rve for initialiIation. 2l&o, another loa( c-rve can 9e (efine( which allow& C5
to vary a& a f-nction of time (-ring (ynamic relaxation. 2fter (ynamic relaxation C5 can 9e
-&e( a& a fixe( con&tant or loa( c-rve.
Jy9ri( inflator mo(el -tiliIing CJ=.AB5 an( 5BST (ata9a&e& i& now availa9le. 8p to ten
ga&e& can 9e mixe(.
Option to trac7 initial penetration& ha& 9een a((e( in the a-tomatic S.P contact type& rather
than moving the no(e& 9ac7 to the &-rface. Thi& option ha& 9een availa9le in the .PP con#
tact for &ome time. Thi& inp-t can 9e (efine( on the fo-rth car( of the NCO5T'OL
OCO5T2CT inp-t an( on each contact (efinition on the thir( optional car( in the
NCO5T2CT (efinition&.
Bf the average acceleration flag i& active, the average acceleration for rigi( 9o(y no(e& i& now
written into the 3%TJ3T an( 5O3O8T file&. Bn previo-& ver&ion& of LS#3452, the ac#
celeration& on rigi( no(e& were not average(.
2 capa9ility to initialiIe the thic7ne&& an( pla&tic &train in the cra&h mo(el i& availa9le
thro-gh the option NB5CL83=OST2.P=3OP2'T, which ta7e& the re&-lt& from the LS#
3452 &tamping &im-lation an( map& the thic7ne&& an( &train (i&tri9-tion onto the &ame
part with a (ifferent me&h pattern.
2 capa9ility to incl-(e finite element (ata from other mo(el& i& availa9le thro-gh the option,
NB5CL83=OT'25S+O'.. Thi& option will ta7e the mo(el (efine( in an B5CL83= file)
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1#1! CB5T'O38CTBO5D LS-DYNA R7.0
off&et all B3G&E tran&late, rotate, an( &cale the coor(inate&E an( tran&form the con&tit-tive con#
&tant& to another &et of -nit&.
.any new capa9ilitie& were a((e( (-ring 2$$1#2$$2 to create ver&ion 7$ of LS#3452. Some of
the new feat-re&, which are al&o li&te( 9elow, were al&o a((e( to later relea&e& of ver&ion 0$. .o&t
new explicit capa9ilitie& wor7 for 9oth the .PP an( S.P ver&ion&E however, the implicit capa9ili#
tie& for .PP re;-ire the (evelopment of a &cala9le eigenval-e &olver an( a parallel implementation
of the con&traint e;-ation& into the glo9al matrice&. Thi& wor7 i& -n(erway. 2 later relea&e of ver#
&ion 7$ i& planne( in 2$$% that will 9e &cala9le for implicit &ol-tion&.
Below i& li&t of new capa9ilitie& an( feat-re&)
.PP (ecompo&ition can 9e controlle( -&ing NCO5T'OLO.PPO3=CO.POSBTBO5 com#
man(& in the inp-t (ec7.
The .PP ar9itrary Lagrangian#=-lerian fl-i( capa9ility now wor7& for air9ag (eployment in
9oth S.P an( .PP calc-lation&.
=-ler#to#=-ler co-pling i& now availa9le thro-gh the 7eywor( NCO5ST'2B5=3O=8L='
OTOO=8L='.
8p to ten 2L= m-lti#material gro-p& may now 9e (efine(. The previo-& limit wa& three
gro-p&.
Mol-me fraction& can 9e a-tomatically a&&igne( (-ring initialiIation of m-lti#material cell&.
See the >=O.=T'4 option of NB5BTB2LOMOL8.=O+'2CTBO5.
2 new 2L= &moothing option i& availa9le to acc-rately pre(ict &hoc7 front&.
32T2B2S=O+SB activate& o-tp-t of fl-i(#&tr-ct-re interaction (ata to 2SCBB file 3B+SB.
Point &o-rce& for air9ag inflator& are availa9le. The origin an( ma&& flow vector of the&e in#
flator& are permitte( to vary with time.
2 maHority of the material mo(el& for &oli( material& are availa9le for calc-lation& -&ing the
SPJ CSmooth Particle Jy(ro(ynamic&D option.
The =lement +ree >aler7in metho( C=+> or me&hfreeD i& availa9le for two#(imen&ional an(
three#(imen&ional &oli(&. Thi& new capa9ility i& not yet implemente( for .PP application&.
2 9inary option for the 2SCBB file& i& now availa9le. Thi& option applie& to all 2SCBB file&
an( re&-lt& in one 9inary file that contain& all the information normally &prea( 9etween a
large n-m9er of &eparate 2SCBB file&.
.aterial mo(el& can now 9e (efine( 9y n-m9er& rather than long name& in the 7eywor( in#
p-t. +or example the 7eywor( N.2TOPB=C=,BS=OLB5=2'OPL2STBCBT4 can 9e re#
place( 9y the 7eywor() N.2TO$2!.
2n em9e((e( 52ST'25 rea(er for (irect rea(ing of 52ST'25 inp-t file& i& availa9le.
Thi& option allow& a typical inp-t file for 52ST'25 to 9e rea( (irectly an( -&e( witho-t
a((itional inp-t. See the NB5CL83=O52ST'25 7eywor(.
5ame& in the 7eywor( inp-t can repre&ent n-m9er& if the NP2'2.=T=' option i& -&e( to
relate the name& an( the corre&pon(ing n-m9er&.
.o(el (oc-mentation for the maHor 2SCBB o-tp-t file& i& now optional. Thi& option allow&
(e&criptor& to 9e incl-(e( within the 2SCBB file& that (oc-ment the content& of the file.
B3V& have 9een a((e( to the following 7eywor(&)
o NBO8532'4OP'=SC'BB=3O.OTBO5
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LS-DYNA R7.0 1#1" CB5T'O38CTBO5D
o NBO8532'4OP'=SC'BB=3OSPC
o NCO5ST'2B5=3O>=5='2LBK=3O,=L3
o NCO5ST'2B5=3O:OB5T
o NCO5ST'2B5=3O5O3=OS=T
o NCO5ST'2B5=3O'BM=T
o NCO5ST'2B5=3OSPOT,=L3
o N32T2B2S=OC'OSSOS=CTBO5
o N=L=.=5TO.2SS
The N32T2B2S=O232.S 7eywor( i& availa9le to o-tp-t a mo(al ne-tral file (%mnf.
Thi& will i& availa9le -pon c-&tomer re;-e&t &ince it re;-ire& lin7ing to an 232.S li9rary
file.
Penetration warning& for the contact option, ignore initial penetration, \ are a((e( a& an op#
tion. Previo-&ly, no penetration warning& were written when thi& contact option wa& activat#
e(.
Penetration warning& for no(e& in#plane with &hell mi(#&-rface are printe( for the 28TO#
.2TBC contact option&. Previo-&ly, the&e no(e& were ignore( &ince it wa& a&&-me( that
they 9elonge( to a tie( interface where an off&et wa& not -&e(E con&e;-ently, they &ho-l( not
9e treate( in contact.
+or the ar9itrary &pot wel( option, the &pot wel(e( no(e& an( their contact &egment& are op#
tionally written into the 3%JSP file. See NCO5T'OLOCO5T2CT.
+or the ar9itrary &pot wel( option, if a &egment cannot 9e fo-n( for the &pot wel(e( no(e, an
option now exi&t& to error terminate. See NCO5T'OLOCO5T2CT.
Spot wel( re&-ltant force& are written into the S,+O'C file for &oli( element& -&e( a& &pot
wel(&.
Soli( material& have now 9een a((e( to the faile( element report.
2 new option for terminating a calc-lation i& availa9le, NT='.B52TBO5OC8'M=.
2 1$#no(e( tetrahe(ron &oli( element i& availa9le with either a ! or " point integration r-le.
Thi& element can al&o 9e -&e( for implicit &ol-tion&.
2 new ! no(e linear &hell element i& availa9le that i& 9a&e( on ,il&onV& plate element com#
9ine( with a Pian#S-mihara mem9rane element. Thi& i& &hell type 21.
2 &hear panel element ha& 9een a((e( for linear application&. Thi& i& &hell type 22. Thi& el#
ement can al&o 9e -&e( for implicit &ol-tion&.
2 n-ll 9eam element for vi&-aliIation i& availa9le. The 7eywor( to (efine thi& n-ll 9eam i&
N=L=.=5TOPLOT=L. Thi& element i& nece&&ary for compati9ility with 52ST'25.
2 &calar no(e can 9e (efine( for &pring#ma&& &y&tem&. The 7eywor( to (efine thi& no(e i&
N5O3=OSC2L2'. Thi& no(e can have from 1 to 0 &calar (egree&#of#free(om.
2 thermal &hell ha& 9een a((e( for thro-gh#thic7ne&& heat con(-ction. Bnternally, / a((i#
tional no(e& are create(, fo-r a9ove an( fo-r 9elow the mi(#&-rface of the &hell element. 2
;-a(ratic temperat-re fiel( i& mo(ele( thro-gh the &hell thic7ne&&. Bnternally, the thermal
&hell i& a 12 no(e &oli( element.
2 9eam O++S=T option i& availa9le for the N=L=.=5TOB=2. (efinition to permit the
9eam to 9e off&et from it& (efining no(al point&. Thi& ha& the a(vantage that all 9eam form-#
lation& can now 9e -&e( a& &hell &tiffener&.
2 9eam O'B=5T2TBO5 option for orienting the 9eam& 9y a vector in&tea( of the thir( no(e
i& availa9le in the N=L=.=5TOB=2. (efinition for 52ST'25 compati9ility.
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5on#&tr-ct-ral ma&& ha& 9een a((e( to 9eam element& for mo(eling trim ma&& an( for 52S#
T'25 compati9ility.
2n optional chec7ing of &hell element& to avoi( a9normal termination& i& availa9le. See
NCO5T'OLOSJ=LL. Bf thi& option i& active, every &hell i& chec7e( each time &tep to &ee if
the (i&tortion i& &o large that the element will invert, which will re&-lt in an a9normal termi#
nation. Bf a 9a( &hell i& (etecte(, either the &hell will 9e (elete( or the calc-lation will termi#
nate. The latter i& controlle( 9y the inp-t.
2n off&et option i& a((e( to the inertia (efinition. See N=L=.=5TOB5='TB2OO++S=T
7eywor(. Thi& allow& the inertia ten&or to 9e off&et from the no(al point.
Pla&tic &train an( thic7ne&& initialiIation i& a((e( to the (raw 9ea( contact option. See
NCO5T2CTO3'2,B=23OB5BTB2LBK=.
Tie( contact with off&et& 9a&e( on 9oth con&traint e;-ation& an( 9eam element& for &oli( el#
ement& an( &hell element& that have % an( 0 (egree&#of#free(om per no(e, re&pectively. See
B=2.OO++S=T an( CO5ST'2B5=3OO++S=T contact option&. The&e option& will not
ca-&e pro9lem& for rigi( 9o(y motion&.
The &egment#9a&e( CSO+T]2D contact i& implemente( for .PP calc-lation&. Thi& ena9le&
air9ag& to 9e ea&ily (eploye( on the .PP ver&ion.
Bmprovement& are ma(e to &egment#9a&e( contact for e(ge#to#e(ge an( &li(ing con(ition&,
an( for contact con(ition& involving warpe( &egment&.
2n improve( interior contact ha& 9een implemente( to han(le large &hear (eformation& in
the &oli( element&. 2 &pecial interior contact algorithm i& availa9le for tetrahe(ron element&.
Co-pling with .234.O 0.$ -&e& an exten(e( co-pling that allow& -&er& to lin7 mo&t
.234.O geometric entitie& with LS#3452 +=. &im-lation&. Bn thi& co-pling .234#
.O contact algorithm& are -&e( to calc-late interface force& 9etween the two mo(el&.
'elea&e flag& for (egree&#of#free(om for no(al point& within no(al rigi( 9o(ie& are availa9le.
Thi& ma7e& the no(al rigi( 9o(y option nearly compati9le with the 'B=2 option in 52S#
T'25.
+a&t -p(ate& of rigi( 9o(ie& for metalforming application& can now 9e accompli&he( 9y ig#
noring the rotational (egree&#of#free(om in the rigi( 9o(ie& that are typically inactive (-ring
&heet metal &tamping &im-lation&. See the 7eywor() NCO5T'OLO'B>B3.
Center of ma&& con&traint& can 9e impo&e( on no(al rigi( 9o(ie& with the SPC option in ei#
ther a local or a glo9al coor(inate &y&tem.
:oint fail-re 9a&e( on re&-ltant force& an( moment& can now 9e -&e( to &im-late the fail-re
of Hoint&.
CO5ST'2B5=3O:OB5TOSTB++5=SS now ha& a T'25SL2TBO52L option for the tran&#
lational an( cylin(rical Hoint&.
:oint friction ha& 9een a((e( -&ing ta9le loo7#-p &o that the frictional moment can now 9e a
f-nction of the re&-ltant tran&lational force.
The no(al con&traint option& NCO5ST'2B5=3OB5T='POL2TBO5 an( NCO5ST'2B5=3
OLB5=2' now have a local option to allow the&e con&traint& to 9e applie( in a local coor(i#
nate &y&tem.
.e&h coar&ening can now 9e applie( to a-tomotive cra&h mo(el& at the 9eginning of an
analy&i& to re(-ce comp-tation time&. See the new 7eywor() NCO5T'OLOCO2'S=5.
+orce ver&-& time &eat9elt preten&ioner option ha& 9een a((e(.
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Both &tatic an( (ynamic coefficient& of friction are availa9le for &eat 9elt &lip ring&. Previ#
o-&ly, only one friction con&tant co-l( 9e (efine(.
N.2TOSPOT,=L3 now incl-(e& a new fail-re mo(el with rate effect& a& well a& a((ition#
al fail-re option&.
Con&tit-tive mo(el& a((e( for the (i&crete 9eam element&)
o N.2TO13O+O>=5='2LBK=3OSP'B5>
o N.2TO>=5='2LO5O5LB5=2'O0(ofO3BSC'=T=OB=2.
o N.2TO>=5='2LO5O5LB5=2'O1(ofO3BSC'=T=OB=2.
o N.2TO>=5='2LOSP'B5>O3BSC'=T=OB=2.
o N.2TO>=5='2LO:OB5TO3BSC'=T=OB=2.
o N.2TOS=BS.BCOBSOL2TO'
o N.2TOpla&ticityOwithO(amageOortho
o N.2TO&implifie(OHohn&onOcoo7OorthotropicO(amage
o N.2TOJBLLO%'
o N.2TO>8'SO5O'C3C
o N.2TOSPOT,=L3
o N.2TOJBLLO+O2.
o N.2TO,OO3
o N.2TOMBSCO=L2STBCOJBLLO+O2.
o N.2TOLO,O3=5SBT4OS45TJ=TBCO+O2.
o N.2TO'2T=OS=5SBTBM=OPOL4.='
o N.2TOS82SBLB5=2' MBSCO=L2STBC
o N.2TOT'25SM='S=L4O25BSOT'OPBCOC'8SJ2BL=O+O2.
o N.2TOM2C88.
o N.2TO.O3B+B=3OC'8SJ2BL=O+O2.
o N.2TOPBTK='OC'8SJ2BL= +O2.
o N.2TO:OB5T=3O'OCA
o N.2TOSB.PLB+B=3O'8BB='
o N.2TO+J,2OSOBL
o N.2TOSCJ,='O.8''24OC2PO.O3=L
+ail-re time a((e( to .2TO='OSBO5 for &oli( element&.
3amping in the material mo(el& N.2TOLO,O3=5SBT4O+O2. an( N.2TOLO,
O3=5SBT4OMBSCO8SO+O2. can now 9e a ta9-late( f-nction of the &malle&t &tretch ratio.
The material mo(el N.2TOPL2STBCBT4O,BTJO32.2>= allow& the ta9le (efinition&
for &train rate.
Bmprovement& in the option NB5CL83=OST2.P=3OP2'T now allow all hi&tory (ata to 9e
mappe( to the cra&h part from the &tampe( part. 2l&o, &ymmetry plane& can 9e -&e( to allow
the -&e of a &ingle &tamping to initialiIe &ymmetric part&.
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1#1/ CB5T'O38CTBO5D LS-DYNA R7.0
=xten&ive improvement& in trimming re&-lt in m-ch 9etter element& after the trimming i&
complete(. 2l&o, trimming can 9e (efine( in either a local or glo9al coor(inate &y&tem.
Thi& i& a new option in N3=+B5=OC8'M=OT'B..
2n option to move part& clo&e 9efore &olving the contact pro9lem i& availa9le, &ee
NCO5T2CTO28TOO.OM=.
2n option to a(( or remove (i&crete 9eam& (-ring a calc-lation i& availa9le with the new
7eywor() NP2'TOS=5SO'.
.-ltiple Hetting i& now availa9le for the Jy9ri( an( Chem7in air9ag inflator mo(el&.
5early all con&traint type& are now han(le( for implicit &ol-tion&.
Calc-lation of con&traint an( attachment mo(e& can 9e ea&ily (one 9y -&ing the option)
NCO5T'OLOB.PLBCBTO.O3=S.
Penalty option, &ee NCO5T'OLOCO5T2CT, now applie& to all N'B>B3,2LL option& an(
i& alway& -&e( when &olving implicit pro9lem&.
Soli( element& type& % an( !, the ! an( / no(e element& with 0 (egree&#of#free(om per no(e
are availa9le for implicit &ol-tion&.
The warping &tiffne&& option for the Belyt&ch7o#T&ay &hell i& implemente( for implicit &ol-#
tion&. The Belyt&ch7o#,ong#Chang &hell element i& now availa9le for implicit application&.
The f-ll proHection metho( i& implemente( (-e to it acc-racy over the (rill proHection.
'igi( to (eforma9le &witching i& implemente( for implicit &ol-tion&.
2-tomatic &witching can 9e -&e( to &witch 9etween implicit an( explicit calc-lation&. See
the 7eywor() NCO5T'OLOB.PLBCBTO>=5='2L.
Bmplicit (ynamic& rigi( 9o(ie& are now implemente(. See the 7eywor( NCO5T'OL
OB.PLBCBTO3452.BC.
=igenval-e &ol-tion& can 9e intermittently calc-late( (-ring a tran&ient analy&i&.
2 linear 9-c7ling option i& implemente(. See the new control inp-t) NCO5T'OL
OB.PLBCBTOB8CAL=
Bmplicit initialiIation can 9e -&e( in&tea( of (ynamic relaxation. See the 7eywor(
NCO5T'OLO3452.BCO'=L2L2TBO5 where the parameter, B3+L>, i& &et to ".
S-perelement&, i.e., N=L=.=5TO3B'=CTO.2T'BLOB5P8T, are now availa9le for implic#
it application&.
There i& an exten&ion of the option, NBO8532'4OC4CLBC, to &ymmetry plane& in the
glo9al Carte&ian &y&tem. 2l&o, a-tomatic &orting of no(e& on &ymmetry plane& i& now (one
9y LS#3452.
.o(eling of wheel#rail contact for railway application& i& now availa9le, &ee N'2BL
OT'2CA an( N'2BLOT'2B5.
2 new, re(-ce( CP8, element form-lation i& availa9le for vi9ration &t-(ie& when element&
are aligne( with the glo9al coor(inate &y&tem. See NS=CTBO5OSOLB3 an( NS=CTBO5
OSJ=LL form-lation /.
2n option to provi(e approximately con&tant (amping over a range of fre;-encie& i& imple#
mente(, &ee N32.PB5>O+'=S8=5C4O'25>=.
.any new capa9ilitie& were a((e( (-ring 2$$%#2$$" to create ver&ion 71 of LS#3452. Bnitially,
the intent wa& to ;-ic7ly relea&e ver&ion 71 after 7$ with the implicit capa9ilitie& f-lly f-nctional
for (i&tri9-te( memory proce&&ing -&ing .PB. 8nfort-nately, the effort re;-ire( for parallel implicit
wa& gro&&ly -n(ere&timate(, an(, a& a re&-lt, the relea&e ha& 9een (elaye(. Beca-&e of the (elay, ver#
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&ion 71 ha& t-rne( into a maHor relea&e. Some of the new feat-re&, li&te( 9elow, were al&o a((e( to
later relea&e& of ver&ion 7$. The new explicit capa9ilitie& are implemente( in the .PP ver&ion an(
except for one ca&e, in the S.P ver&ion a& well.
2 &implifie( metho( for -&ing the 2L= capa9ility with air9ag& i& now availa9le with the
7eywor( N2B'B2>O2L=.
Ca&e control -&ing the NC2S= 7eywor(, which provi(e& a way of r-nning m-ltiple loa( ca&#
e& &e;-entially within a &ingle r-n
5ew option to forming contact) NCO5T2CTO+O'.B5>OO5=O,24OS8'+2C=OTO
OS8'+2C=OS.OOTJ, which -&e fitte( &-rface in contact calc-lation.
B-tt wel( (efinition 9y -&ing the NCO5ST'2B5=3OB8TTO,=L3 option which ma7e& the
(efinition of 9-tt wel(& &imple relative to the option) NCO5ST'2B5=3O>=5='2LBK=3
O,=L3OB8TT.
J#a(aptive f-&ion i& now po&&i9le a& an option with the control inp-t, NCO5T'OL
O232PTBM=.
2((e( a parameter on, NCO5T'OLO232PTBM=, to &pecify the n-m9er of element& gener#
ate( aro-n( a $ (egree ra(i-&. 2 new option to 9etter calc-late the c-rvat-re wa& al&o im#
plemente(.
2((e( a new 7eywor() NCO5T'OLO232PTBM=OC8'M=, to refine the element along
trimming c-rve&
Birth an( (eath time& for implicit (ynamic& on the 7eywor( NCO5T'OLOB.PLBCBT
O3452.BCS.
2((e( an option to &cale the &pot wel( fail-re re&-ltant& to acco-nt for the location of the
wel( on the &egment &-rface, &ee NCO5T'OLOSPOT,=L3OB=2..
2((e( an option which a-tomatically replace& a &ingle 9eam &pot wel( 9y an a&&em9ly of
&oli( element& -&ing the &ame B3 a& the 9eam that wa& replace(, &ee NCO5T'OL
OSPOT,=L3OB=2..
Bo-n(ary con&traint in a local coor(inate &y&tem -&ing NCO5ST'2B5=3OLOC2L 7ey#
wor(.
2 c-9ic &pline interpolation element i& now availa9le, NCO5ST'2B5=3OSPLB5=.
Static implicit analy&e& in of a &tr-ct-re with rigi( 9o(y mo(e& i& po&&i9le -&ing the option,
NCO5T'OLOB.PLBCBTOB5='TB2O'=LB=+.
Shell element thic7ne&& -p(ate& can now 9e limite( to part B3V& within a &pecifie( &et B3, &ee
the NCO5T'OLOSJ=LL 7eywor(. The thic7ne&& -p(ate for &hell& can now 9e optionally
limite( to the pla&tic part of the &train ten&or for 9etter &ta9ility in cra&h analy&i&.
Soli( element &tre&&e& in &pot wel(& are optionally o-tp-t in the local &y&tem -&ing the
S,LOCL parameter on the NCO5T'OLOSOLB3 7eywor(.
SPOTJB5 option on the NCO5T'OLOCO5T2CT 7eywor( car(& locally thin& the &pot
wel(e( part& to prevent premat-re 9rea7age of the wel( 9y the contact treatment&.
5ew f-nction) NCO5T'OLO+O'.B5>OP'O:=CT, which can initial move the penetrating
&lave no(e& to the ma&ter &-rface
5ew f-nction NCO5T'OLO+O'.B5>OT=.PL2T=, which allow& -&er to ea&ily &et -p in#
p-t (ec7. Bt& f-nction incl-(e& a-to#po&ition, (efine travel c-rve, termination time, an( mo&t
of the forming parameter& for mo&t of the typical forming proce&&.
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1#2$ CB5T'O38CTBO5D LS-DYNA R7.0
5ew f-nction NCO5T'OLO+O'.B5>O8S=', NCO5T'OLO+O'.B5>OPOSBTBO5, an(
NCO5T'OLO+O'.B5>OT'2M=L, when -&e( together, can allow the -&er to (efine atypi#
cal forming proce&&.
2((e( new contact type NCO5T2CTO>8B3=3OC2BL=.
Circ-lar c-t plane& are availa9le for N32T2B2S=OC'OSSOS=CTBO5 (efinition&.
5ew 9inary (ata9a&e +SB+O' for fl-i( &tr-ct-re co-pling.
2((e( N32T2B2S=OBB52'4O3%P'OP for writing the material an( property (ata to the
fir&t 3%PLOT file or to a new (ata9a&e 3%P'OP.
32T2B2S=O=LT=5TOBB52'4 ha& new flag& to o-tp-t pea7 pre&&-re, &-rface energy
(en&ity, no(al ma&& increa&e from ma&& &caling, thermal fl-xe&, an( temperat-re& at the o-ter
&-rface& of the thermal &hell.
=ight#character alphan-meric la9el& can now 9e -&e( for the parameter& S=CB3, .B3, =O#
SB3, J>B3, an( T.B3 on the NP2'T 7eywor(.
Two 5O3O8T file& are now written) one for high fre;-ency o-tp-t an( a &econ( for low
fre;-ency o-tp-t.
5o(al ma&& &caling information can now 9e optionally written to the 3%PLOT file.
2((e( option, .2SSOP'OP='TB=S, to incl-(e the ma&& an( inertial propertie& in the
>LST2T an( SSST2T file&.
2((e( option in NCO5T'OLOCP8 to o-tp-t the cp- an( elap&e( time into the >LST2T
file.
2((e( an option, B='O3=, on the NCO5T'OLOO8TP8T 7eywor( to incl-(e ero(e( ener#
gie& 9y part B3 into the .2TS8. file. L-mpe( ma&& 7inetic energy i& al&o in the
.2TS8. file a& part B3 $.
2((e( an option, T=T1$, on the NCO5T'OLOO8TP8T 7eywor( to o-tp-t ten connectivity
no(e& into 3%PLOT (ata9a&e rather than !.
5ew 7eywor(, N=L=.=5TOSOLB3OT!TOT1$ to convert ! no(e tetrahe(ron element& to
1$ no(e tetrahe(ron element&.
5ew 7eywor(, N=L=.=5TO.2SSOP2'T (efine& the total a((itional non#&tr-ct-ral ma&&
to 9e (i&tri9-te( 9y an area weighte( (i&tri9-tion to all no(e& of a given part B3.
5ew 7eywor( option, S=T, for NB5TB2LOST'=SSOSJ=LLOS=T allow& a &et of &hell& to 9e
initialiIe( with the &tate of &tre&&.
5ew option allow& the n-m9er of cp-V& to 9e &pecifie( on the NA=4,O'3 inp-t.
T-9-lar (raw9ea( 9ox option for (efining the element& that are incl-(e( in the (raw9ea(
contact, &ee N3=+B5=OBOLO3'2,B=23.
5ew f-nction) N3=+B5=OC8'M=O3'2,B=23, allow -&er to conveniently (efine (raw#
9ea( 9y -&ing c-rve& Cin x, y format or ige& formatD
5ew f-nction) N3=+B5=O3'2,B=23OB=2., which allow& -&er to conveniently (efine
(raw9ea( 9y -&ing 9eam part B3, an( &pecify the (raw9ea( force.
2nalytic f-nction can 9e -&e( in place of loa( c-rve& with the option N3=+B5=OC8'M=
O+85CTBO5.
+riction can now 9e (efine( 9etween part pair -&ing the N3=+B5=O+'BCTBO5 inp-t.
5ew 7eywor() N3=+B5=OC8'M=OT'B.O%3, to allow trimming happen& 9a&e( on 9lan7
element normal, rather than -&e pre#(efine( (irection
2 new trimming algorithm wa& a((e() N3=+B5=OC8'M=OT'B.O5=,, which allow &ee(
no(e to 9e inp-t an( i& m-ch fa&ter then the original algorithm.
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2 new 7eywor(, N3=+B5=OJ=LOSPOT,=L3O2SS=.BL4, i& availa9le to (efine a cl-&#
ter of &oli( element& that compri&e a &ingle &pot wel(.
The (efinition of a vector, &ee N3=+B5=OM=CTO', can 9e (one 9y (efining coor(inate& in
a local coor(inate &y&tem.
The (efinition of a fail-re criteria 9etween part pair& i& po&&i9le with a ta9le (efine( -&ing
the 7eywor(, N3=+B5=OSPOT,=L3O+2BL8'=O'=S8LT25TS.
2 new 7eywor(, N3=+B5=OCO55=CTBO5OP'OP='TB=S i& availa9le for (efining fail-re
propertie& of &pot wel(&.
2((e( N3=+B5=OS=TO232PTBM= to allow the a(aptive level an( element &iIe to 9e &peci#
fie( 9y part B3 or element &et B3.
Static r-pt-re &tre&&e& for 9eam type &pot wel(& can 9e (efine( in the 7eywor( inp-t,
N3=+B5=OSPOT,=L3O'8PT8'=OST'=SS.
Section propertie& can 9e (efine in the N=L=.=5TOB=2. (efinition& for re&-ltant 9eam
element& -&ing the S=CTBO5 option.
Phy&ical off&et& of the &hell reference &-rface can 9e &pecifie( on the &hell element car(&, &ee
the O++S=T option on N=L=.=5TOSJ=LL.
+ile name& can 9e locate( in remote (irectorie& an( acce&&e( thro-gh the NB5CL83=OP2'T
7eywor(.
5ew feat-re& to NB5CL83=OST2.P=3OP2'T) two (ifferent mirror option&, -&er#(efine(
&earching ra(i-&.
NB5TB2LOST'=SSOS=CTBO5 allow& for &tre&& initialiIation acro&& a cro&&#&ection, which
con&i&t& of &oli( element&.
2n option, BM2T5, i& availa9le for &etting the velocitie& of &lave( no(e& an( part& for 7ey#
wor(, NB5BTB2LOM=LOCBT4O>=5='2TBO5.
Twenty#two 9-ilt#in cro&&#&ection are now availa9le in the (efinition of 9eam integration
r-le&, &ee NB5T=>'2TBO5OB=2..
The po&&i9ility of changing material type& i& now availa9le for &hell& -&ing the -&er (efine(
integration r-le, &ee NB5T=>'2TBO5OSJ=LL.
The interface &pring9ac7 file create( 9y -&ing the 7eywor(, NB5T='+2C=OSP'B5>B2CA
i& now optionally written a& a 9inary file.
2n optional inp-t line for NA=4,O'3 allow& the (efinition of a prefix for all file name&
create( (-ring a &im-lation. Thi& allow& m-ltiple Ho9& to 9e exec-te( in the &ame (irectory.
Bo(y force loa(& can now 9e applie( in a local coor(inate &y&tem for NLO23OBO34.
2 pre&&-re loa(ing feat-re allow& moving pre&&-re& to 9e applie( to a &-rface to &im-late
&praying a &-rface with &tream of fl-i( thro-gh a noIIle. See 7eywor( NLO23O.OMB5>
OP'=SS8'=.
Thermal expan&ion can 9e a((e( to any material 9y the 7eywor(, N.2TO233OTJ='.2L
O=LP25SBO5.
C-rve& can now 9e -&e( in&tea( of eight (igitiIe( (ata point& in the material mo(el N.2T
O=L2STBCO,BTJOMBSCOSBT4OC8'M=
5ew option& for &pot wel( fail-re in N.2TOSPOT,=L3, which apply to 9eam an( &oli(
element&.
+ail-re criteria 9a&e( on pla&tic &train to fail-re i& a((e( to material N.2TO25BSOT'OPBC
OMBSCOPL2STBC.
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Strain rate fail-re criterion i& a((e( to material N.2TO.O3B+B=3OPB=C=,BS=OLB5=2'
OPL2STBCBT4.
Strain rate &caling of the yiel( &tre&& can now 9e (one (ifferently in ten&ion an( compre&&ion
in material with &eparate pre&&-re c-t#off& in ten&ion an( compre&&ion in material mo(el
N.2TOPL2STBCBT4OT=5SBO5OCO.P'=SSBO5.
The 'C3C mo(el i& now availa9le to pre(ict fail-re in material N.2TOPL2STBCBT4
O,BTJO32.2>=.
Two a((itional yiel( &-rface& have 9een a((e( to material N.2TO.O3B+B=3
OJO5=4CO.B to provi(e more acc-rate pre(iction& of the 9ehavior of honeycom9 9arrier
mo(el&.
8ni;-e coor(inate &y&tem& can 9e a&&igne( to the two no(al point& of material N.2TO13O+
O>=5='2LBK=3OSP'B5>.
Poi&&onV& ratio effect& are availa9le in foam (efine( 9y loa( c-rve& in the material N.2T
OSB.PLB+B=3O'8BB='F+O2.
+ail-re effect& are availa9le in the r-99erFfoam material (efine( 9y loa( c-rve& in the N.2T
OSB.PLB+B=3O'8BB='F+O2.O,BTJO+2BL8'=.
The material option N.2TO233O='OSBO5 now allow& the maxim-m pre&&-re at fail-re
an( the minim-m principal &train at fail-re to 9e &pecifie(.
Strain& rather than (i&placement& can now 9e -&e( with the material mo(el for (i&crete
9eam&, N.2TO>=5='2LO5O5LB5=2'O03O+O3BSC'=T=OB=2..
5ew option for .2TOT'25SM='S=L4O25BSOT'OPBCO=L2STBCOPL2STBC
OC=CJ25>=D, which allow two way& to change the 4o-ngV& mo(-l-& (-ring forming &im-#
lation.
5ew .aterial mo(el) N.2TOJBLLO%') incl-(e& the &hear term in the yiel( &-rface calc-la#
tion 9y -&ing JillV& 1!/ an#i&otropic material mo(el.
5ew .aterial mo(el) N.2TOAB5=.2TBCOJ2'3=5B5>OT'25SM='S=L4
O25BSOT'OPBC) which integrate& .at ^%7 with 4o&hi(aV& two#&-rface 7inematic har(en#
ing mo(el.
Bmprove( form-lation for the fa9ric material, N.2TO+2B'BC for form-lation& 2, %, an( !.
The improve( form-lation& are type& 12, 1%, an( 1!.
Con&tit-tive mo(el& a((e( for tr-&& element&)
o N.2TO.8SCL=
+or 9eam element&
o N.2TO.O.=5TOC8'M2T8'=
+or &hell element&
o N.2TO'=S8LT25TO25BSOT'OPBC
o N.2TO'2T=OS=5SBTBM=OCO.POSBT=O+2B'BC.
o N.2TOS2.P#1
o N.2TOSJ2P=O.=.O'4 i& now implemente( for &hell&.
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LS-DYNA R7.0 1#2% CB5T'O38CTBO5D
o N.2TOB2'L2TO4L32$$$ for ani&otropic al-min-m alloy&.
o N.2TOSB.PLB+B=3O'8BB='O,BTJO32.2>=
o N.2TOMBSCO=L2STBCOTJ='.2L
o N.2TOTJ='.OO=L2STOOMBSCOPL2STBCOC'==P
o N.2TO2'8PO23J=SBM=
o N.2TOB'2B5OLB5=2'OMBSCO=L2STBC.
o N.2TOCSC. for mo(eling concrete.
o N.2TOPL2STBCBT4OCO.P'=SSBO5OT=5SBO5O=OS for mo(eling ice.
o N.2TOCOJ=SBM=O=L2STBC
o N.2TOCOJ=SBM=OTJ
o N.2TOCOJ=SBM=O>=5='2L
o N.2TO=OSO>2SA=T
o N.2TOSB.PLB+B=3O:OJ5SO5OCOOA i& now implemente( for &oli(&.
o N.2TOPL2STBCBT4O,BTJO32.2>= i& now implemente( for &oli(&.
o N.2TOSPOT,=L3O32B.L='CJ'4SL='
8&er (efine( e;-ation&#of#&tate are now availa9le.
There i& now an interface with the .OL3+LO, co(e.
3amping (efine( in N32.PB5>OP2'TOSTB++5=SS now wor7& for the Belyt&ch7o W
Schwer 9eam element.
The option N5O3=OT'25S+O'.2TBO5 allow& a no(e &et to 9e tran&forme( 9a&e( on a
tran&formation (efine( in N3=+B5=OT'25S+O'.2TBO5.
Parameter& can 9e (efine( in +O'T'25 li7e expre&&ion& -&ing NP2'2.=T='
O=LP'=SSBO5.
2 part can 9e move( in a local coor(inate &y&tem in NP2'TO.OM=.
2 &implifie( metho( for (efining compo&ite lay-p& i& availa9le with NP2'TOCO.POSBT=
The rigi( 9o(y inertia can 9e change( in re&tart via NCJ25>=O'B>B3OBO34OB5='TB2.
2 part &et can now 9e (efine( 9y com9ining other part &et& in NS=TOP2'TO233.
Termination of the calc-lation i& now po&&i9le if a &pecifie( n-m9er of &hell element& are (e#
lete( in a give part B3. See NT='.B52TBO5O3=L=T=3OSJ=LLS.
2((e( ho-rgla&& control type 7 for &oli( element& for -&e when mo(eling hyperela&tic mate#
rial&.
Shell form-lation& !, 11, 10, an( 17 can now mo(el r-99er material&.
2((e( a new &eat9elt preten&ioner type 7 in which the preten&ioner an( retractor force& are
calc-late( in(epen(ently an( a((e(.
2 new compo&ite tetrahe(ron element ma(e -p from 12 tetrahe(ron i& now availa9le a& &oli(
element type 17.
Shell thic7ne&& off&et& for NS=CTBO5OSJ=LL now wor7& for mo&t &hell element&, not H-&t
the J-ghe&#Li- &hell.
The J-ghe&#Li- 9eam ha& 9een exten(e( to incl-(e warpage for open cro&&#&ection&.
2 re&-ltant 9eam form-lation with warpage i& availa9le a& 9eam type 12.
Two nonlinear &hell element& are availa9le with / (egree&#of#free(om per no(e to incl-(e
thic7ne&& &tretch.
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1#2! CB5T'O38CTBO5D LS-DYNA R7.0
Tetrahe(ron type 1%, which -&e& no(al pre&&-re&, i& now implemente( for implicit applica#
tion&.
Cohe&ive &oli( element& are now availa9le for treating fail-re.
Seat9elt &hell element& are availa9le for -&e with the all &eat9elt capa9ilitie&.
S-perelement& can now &hare (egree&#of#free(om an( are implemente( for implicit applica#
tion& -n(er .PB.
2 -&er (efine( element interface i& availa9le for &oli( an( &hell element&.
Thermal &hell& are availa9le for treating heat flow thro-gh &hell element&.
=+> &hell form-lation& !1 an( !2 are implemente( for explicit analy&i&.
=+>P2CA i& implemente( in a((ition to BCSLBB#=LT &olver on the 7eywor( NCO5T'OL
O=+>.
=+> .PP ver&ion i& availa9le for explicit analy&i&.
=+> fa&t tran&formation metho( i& implemente( in the =+> &oli( form-lation.
=+> Semi#Lagrangian 7ernel an( =-lerian 7ernel option& are a((e( for the foam material&.
=+> %3 a(aptivity i& implemente( for the metal material&.
=+> =.O.S. an( N.2TO=L2STBCO+L8B3 material& are incl-(e( in the !#no(e( 9ac7#
gro-n( element form-lation.
2ir9ag &im-lation& 9y -&ing 2L= metho( can 9e &witche( to control vol-me metho( 9y
N2L=OCMOS,BTCJ.
N.2TO2L=OMBSCO8S now &-pport& 5on#5ewtonian vi&co&ity 9y power law or loa(
c-rve.
N32T2B2S=OBB52'4O+SB+O' o-tp-t& fl-i(#&tr-ct-re interaction (ata to 9inary file.
N32T2B2S=O+SBOS=5SO' o-tp-t& 2L= element pre&&-re to 2SCBB file (9&or.
N.2TO>2SO.BLT8'= &-pport& nonlinear heat capacitie&.
NB5BTB2LOMOL8.=O+'2CTBO5O>=O.=T'4 -&e& an enhance( algorithm to han(le
9oth concave an( convex geometrie& an( &-9&tantially re(-ce r-n time.
2 new 7eywor( N3=L=T=O+SB allow& the (eletion of co-pling (efinition&.
Convection heat tran&fer activate& 9y NLO23O2L=OCO5M=CTBO5 in 2L= +SB analy&i&.
N2L=O+SBOS,BTCJO..> i& implemente( to &witch 9etween 2L= m-lti#material gro-p&
to treat immer&e( +SB pro9lem&.
Type option i& a((e( in N2L=O'=+='=5C=OS4ST=.O>'O8P to (eal complex 2L=
me&h motion& incl-(ing tran&lation, rotation, expan&ion an( contraction, etc.
o 5ew option& in NCO5ST'2B5=3OL2>'25>=OB5OSOLB3
o Shell thic7ne&& option for co-pling type !.
o B-l7 mo(-l-& 9a&e( co-pling &tiffne&&.
o Shell ero&ion treatment.
o =na9leF(i&a9le interface force file.
5ew co-pling metho( for fl-i( flowing thro-gh poro-& me(ia are implemente( a& type 11
C&hellD an( type 12 C&oli(D in NCO5ST'2B5=3OL2>'25>=OB5OSOLB3.
N2L=O.O3B+B=3OST'2B5 allow& m-ltiple &train fiel(& in certain 2L= element& to &olve
&tic7ing 9ehavior in +SB. C.PP -n(er(evelopmentD
N2L=O+SBOP'O:=CTBO5 i& a((e( a& a new con&traint co-pling metho( to &olve &mall
pre&&-re variation pro9lem. C.PP -n(er(evelopmentD
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LS-DYNA R7.0 1#2" CB5T'O38CTBO5D
NBO8532'4OP'=SC'BB=3OO'B=5T2TBO5O'B>B3 i& a((e( a& a mean& to pre&cri9e
a& a f-nction of time the general orientation of a rigi( 9o(y -&ing a variety of metho(&. Thi&
feat-re i& availa9le in relea&e '% an( higher of Mer&ion 71.
NBO8532'4OP'=SC'BB=3O2CC=L='O.=T='O'B>B3 i& a((e( a& a mean& to pre#
&cri9e the motion of a rigi( 9o(y 9a&e( -n experimental (ata gathere( from accelerometer&
affixe( to the rigi( 9o(y. . Thi& feat-re i& availa9le in relea&e '% an( higher of Mer&ion 71.
.any new capa9ilitie& were a((e( (-ring 2$$/#2$11 to create Mer&ion 71, 'elea&e 0, of LS#
3452. 3-ring the la&t fo-r year& the implicit capa9ilitie& are now &cala9le to a large n-m9er of
core&E therefore, LS#3452 ha& achieve( a maHor goal over 1" year& of em9e((ing a &cala9le implic#
it &olver. 2l&o, in a((ition to the progre&& ma(e for implicit &ol-tion& many other new an( -&ef-l
capa9ilitie& are now availa9le.
The 7eywor( N2L=O2.BB=5TOJ43'OST2TBC initialiIe& the hy(ro&tatic pre&&-re fiel(
in the am9ient 2L= (omain (-e to an acceleration li7e gravity.
The 7eywor( N2L=O+2BLOS,BTCJO..> allow& &witching an 2L= m-lti#material#gro-p
B3 C2..>B3D if the material fail-re criteria occ-r&.
The 7eywor( N2L=O+'2>.=5T2TBO5 allow &witching from the 2L= m-lti#material#
gro-p B3, 2..>B3, C+'O..>D of thi& faile( material to another 2..>B3 CTOO..>D.
Thi& feat-re may typically 9e -&e( in &im-lating fragmentation of material&.
The 7eywor( N2L=O'=+B5= refine& 2L= hexahe(ral &oli( element& a-tomatically.
The 7eywor( NBO8532'4O2L=O.2PPB5> map& 2L= (ata hi&torie& from a previo-&
r-n to a region of element&. 3ata are rea( from or written to a mapping file with a file name
given 9y the prompt Xmap]Y on the comman( line &tarting the exec-tion.
The 7eywor( NBO8532'4OPO'=O+L8B3 i& -&e( to (efine part& that contain pore fl-i(
where (efa-lt& are given on NCO5T'OLOPO'=O+L8B3 inp-t.
,ith the 7eywor(, NBO8532'4OP'=SC'BB=3O+B52LO>=O.=T'4, the final (i&#
place( geometry for a &-9&et of no(al point& i& (efine(. The no(e& of thi& &-9&et are (i&#
place( from their initial po&ition& &pecifie( in the N5O3= inp-t to the final geometry along a
&traight line traHectory. 2 loa( c-rve (efine& a &cale factor a& a f-nction of time that i&
9o-n(e( 9etween Iero an( -nity corre&pon(ing to the initial an( final geometry, re&pective#
ly. 2 -ni;-e loa( c-rve can 9e &pecifie( for each no(e, or a (efa-lt loa( c-rve can apply to
all no(e&.
The 7eywor(, NBO8532'4OP,P, (efine& pre&&-re 9o-n(ary con(ition& for pore water at
the &-rface of the &oftware.
The 7eywor(, NCO5ST'2B5=3O:OB5TOCOO', (efine& a Hoint 9etween two rigi( 9o(ie&.
The connection coor(inate& are given in&tea( of the no(al point B3& -&e( in
NCO5ST'2B5=3O:OB5T.
The 7eywor(, NCO5ST'2B5=3OSP'2, (efine& a &elf#piercing rivet with fail-re. Thi& mo(#
el for a &elf#piercing rivet CSP'2D incl-(e& a pla&tic#li7e (amage mo(el that re(-ce& the force
an( moment re&-ltant& to Iero a& the rivet fail&. The (omain of infl-ence i& &pecifie( 9y a (i#
ameter, which &ho-l( 9e approximately e;-al to the rivetV& (iameter. The location of the riv#
et i& (efine( 9y a &ingle no(e at the center of two rivete( &heet&.
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Thro-gh the 7eywor(, NCO5T'OLOB8LAOMBSCOSBT4, 9-l7 vi&co&ity i& optional for the
J-ghe&#Li- 9eam an( 9eam type 11 with warpage. Thi& option often provi(e& 9etter &ta9il#
ity, e&pecially in ela&tic re&pon&e pro9lem&.
The 7eywor(, NCO5T'OLOB.PLBCBTOLB5=2'OP2'TS, provi(e& an exten&ion to the im#
plicit &ol-tion option of the explicit NP2'TO.O3=S capa9ility
The (i&play of no(al rigi( 9o(ie& i& activate( 9y the parameter, PLOT=L, on the
NCO5T'OLO'B>B3 7eywor(.
The mortar contact, invo7e( 9y appen(ing the &-ffix .O'T2' to either +O'.B5>
OS8'+2C=OTOOS8'+2C=, 28TO.2TBCOS8'+2C=OTOOS8'+2C= or 28TO.2T#
BCOSB5>L=OS8'+2C=, i& a &egment to &egment penalty 9a&e( contact. +or two &egment&
on each &i(e of the contact interface that are overlapping an( penetrating, a con&i&tent no(al
force a&&em9ly ta7ing into acco-nt the in(ivi(-al &hape f-nction& of the &egment& i& per#
forme(. Bn thi& re&pect the re&-lt& with thi& contact may 9e more acc-rate, e&pecially when
con&i(ering contact with element& of higher or(er. By appen(ing the &-ffix TB=3 to the
CO5T2CTO28TO.2TBCOS8'+2C=OTOOS8'+2C=O.O'T2' 7eywor(, thi& i& treat#
e( a& a tie( contact interface. Thi& contact i& inten(e( for implicit analy&i& in partic-lar 9-t
i& neverthele&& &-pporte( for explicit analy&i& a& well.
Bn the (ata9a&e, =LO8T, the n-m9er of hi&tory varia9le& can 9e &pecifie( for o-tp-t each in#
tegration point in the &oli(, &hell, thic7 &hell, an( 9eam element&. The n-m9er of varia9le& i&
given on the N32T2B2S=O=LO8T 7eywor( (efinition.
2 new option i& availa9le in N32T2B2S=O=LT=5TOBB52'4. 8ntil now only one &et of
integration point& were o-tp-t thro-gh the &hell thic7ne&&. The lamina &tre&&e& an( hi&tory
varia9le& were average( for f-lly integrate( &hell element&, which re&-lt& in le&& (i&7 &pace
for the 3%PLOT family of file&, 9-t ma7e& it (iffic-lt to verify the acc-racy of the &tre&& cal#
c-lation after averaging. 2n option i& now availa9le to o-tp-t all integration point &tre&&e& in
f-lly integrate( &hell element&) ! x ^ of thro-gh thic7ne&& integration point& in &hell type& 0,
7, 10, 1/#21, an( % x ^ of thro-gh thic7ne&& integration point& in triang-lar &hell type& %, an(
17.
The 7eywor( N32T2B2S=OP'O+BL= allow& plotting the (i&tri9-tion or profile of (ata
along x, y, or I#(irection.
The p-rpo&e of the 7eywor(, N3=+B5=O232PTBM=OSOLB3OTOOSPJ, i& to a(aptively
tran&form a Lagrangian &oli( Part or Part Set to SPJ particle& when the Lagrange &oli( ele#
ment& compri&ing tho&e part& fail. One or more SPJ particle& Celement&D will 9e generate(
for each faile( element to. The SPJ particle& replacing the faile( element inherit all of the
propertie& of faile( &oli( element, e.g. ma&&, 7inematic varia9le&, an( con&tit-tive propertie&.
,ith the 7eywor(& 9eginning with, N3=+B5=OBOL, a LOC2L option i& now availa9le.
,ith thi& option the (iagonal corner coor(inate& are given in a local coor(inate &y&tem (e#
fine( 9y an origin an( vector pair.
The 7eywor(, N3=+B5=OC8'M=O38PLBC2T=, (efine& a c-rve 9y optionally &caling an(
off&etting the a9&ci&&a an( or(inate& of another c-rve (efine( 9y the N3=+B5=OC8'M=
7eywor(.
The 7eywor(, N3=+B5=O=L=.=5TO3=2TJ, i& availa9le to (elete a &ingle element or an
element &et at a &pecifie( time (-ring the calc-lation.
The p-rpo&e of the 7eywor(, N3=+B5=O+'BCTBO5OO'B=5T2TBO5, i& to allow for the
(efinition of (ifferent coefficient& of friction CCO+D in &pecific (irection&, &pecifie( -&ing a
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vector an( angle& in (egree&. Bn a((ition, CO+ can 9e &cale( accor(ing to the amo-nt of
pre&&-re generate( in the contact interface.
,ith the new 7eywor(, N3=+B5=O+85CTBO5, an arithmetic expre&&ion involving a com#
9ination of in(epen(ent varia9le& an( other f-nction&, i.e., fCa,9,cD ] aN2 [ 9Nc [ &;rtCaNcD i&
(efine( where a, 9, an( c are the in(epen(ent varia9le&. Thi& option i& implemente( for a
&-9&et of 7eywor(&
o N=L=.=5TOS=2TB=LTOSLBP'B5>
o NLO23OB=2.
o NLO23O.OTBO5O5O3=
o NLO23O.OMB5>OP'=SS8'=
o NLO23O5O3=
o NLO23OS=>.=5T
o NLO23OS=>.=5TO5O585B+O'.
o NLO23OS=T.=5TOS=TO5O585B+O'.
o NBO8532'4OP'=SC'BB=3O.OTBO5
Bf a c-rve B3 i& not fo-n(, then the f-nction B3V& are chec7e(.
The 7eywor(, N3=+B5=OSPJOTOOSPJOCO8PLB5>, (efine& a penalty 9a&e( contact to
9e -&e( for the no(e to no(e contact& 9etween SPJ part&.
The 7eywor(, N3=+B5=OT2BL=O23, permit& the &ame c-rve B3 to 9e reference( 9y m-lti#
ple ta9le&, an( the c-rve& may 9e (efine( anywhere in the inp-t.
The 7eywor(, N3=+B5=OT2BL=O%3, provi(e& a way of (efining a three#(imen&ional ta9le.
2 23 ta9le B3 i& &pecifie( for each a9&ci&&a val-e (efine( for the %3 ta9le.
The 7eywor(, N=L=.=5TOB=2.OP8LL=4, allow& the (efinition of a p-lley for tr-&&
9eam element& C&ee NS=CTBO5OB=2., =L+O'.]%D. C-rrently, the 9eam p-lley i& im#
plemente( for N.2TO$$1 an( N.2TO1"0. P-lley& allow contin-o-& &li(ing of a &tring of
tr-&& 9eam element thro-gh a &harp change of angle.
The p-rpo&e of the 7eywor(, N=L=.=5TO.2SSO.2T'BL, i& to (efine a 0x0 &ymmetric
no(al ma&& matrix a&&igne( to a no(al point or each no(e within a no(e &et.
The 7eywor(, N=L=.=5TO3BSC'=T=OSPJ='=, allow& the (efinition of a (i&crete &pher#
ical element for (i&crete element calc-lation&. =ach particle con&i&t& of a &ingle no(e with it&
ma&&, ma&& moment of inertia, an( ra(i-&. Bnitial coor(inate& an( velocitie& are &pecifie( via
the no(al (ata.
The two 7eywor(&, N=L=.=5TOSJ=LLOCO.POSBT= an( N=L=.=5TOTSJ=LL
OCO.POSBT=, are -&e( to (efine element& for a general compo&ite &hell part where the
&hell& within the part can have an ar9itrary n-m9er of layer&. The material B3, thic7ne&&, an(
material angle are &pecifie( for the thic7ne&& integration point& for each &hell in the part
The 7eywor(, N=OSO8S='O3=+B5=3, allow& a -&er to &-pply their own e;-ation#of#&tate
&-9ro-tine.
The new 7eywor( N+'=S8=5C4O3O.2B5 provi(e& a way of (efining an( &olving fre#
;-ency (omain vi9ration an( aco-&tic pro9lem&. The relate( 7eywor( car(& given in alpha#
9etical or(er are)
o N+'=S8=5C4O3O.2B5O2CO8STBCOB=.OPOPTIONQ
o N+'=S8=5C4O3O.2B5O2CO8STBCO+=.
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1#2/ CB5T'O38CTBO5D LS-DYNA R7.0
o N+'=S8=5C4O3O.2B5O+'+
o N+'=S8=5C4O3O.2B5O'253O.OMBB'2TBO5
o N+'=S8=5C4O3O.2B5O'=SPO5S=OSP=CT'8.
o N+'=S8=5C4O3O.2B5OSS3
The 7eywor(, NB5BTB2LO2B'B2>OP2'TBCL=, initialiIe& pre&&-re in a clo&e( air9ag vol#
-me, (oor cavitie& for pre&&-re &en&ing &t-(ie&, an( tire&.
The 7eywor( NB5BTB2LO2L=OJ43'OST2TBC initialiIe& the hy(ro&tatic pre&&-re fiel( in
an 2L= (omain (-e to an acceleration li7e gravity.
The 7eywor( NB5BTB2LO2L=O.2PPB5> map& 2L= (ata hi&torie& from a previo-& r-n.
3ata are rea( from a mapping file with a file name given 9y the prompt Xmap]Y on the
comman( line &tarting the exec-tion.
The 7eywor(, NB5BTB2LO2LB2LO+O'C=OB=2., provi(e& a &implifie( metho( to mo(el
initial ten&ile force& in 9olt&.
The 7eywor(, NB5BTB2LO+B=L3OSOLB3, i& a &implifie( ver&ion of the NB5BTB2LOST'=SS
OSOLB3 7eywor( which can 9e -&e( with hyperela&tic material&. Thi& 7eywor( i& -&e( for
hi&tory varia9le inp-t. 3ata i& -&-ally in the form of the eigenval-e& of (iff-&ion ten&or (ata.
The&e are expre&&e( in the glo9al coor(inate &y&tem.
The e;-ation#of#&tate, N=OSO.B=O>'85=BS=5, type 10, i& a .ie#>r-nei&en form with a
p#_ compaction mo(el.
The 7eywor(, NLO23OBL2STO=5J25C=3, (efine& an air 9la&t f-nction for the applica#
tion of pre&&-re loa(& (-e the explo&ion of conventional charge. ,hile &imilar to NLO23
OBL2ST thi& feat-re incl-(e& enhancement& for treating reflecte( wave&, moving warhea(&
an( m-ltiple 9la&t &o-rce&. The loa(& are applie( to facet& (efine( with the 7eywor( NLO23
OBL2STOS=>.=5T. 2 (ata9a&e containing 9la&t pre&&-re hi&tory i& al&o availa9le C&ee
N32T2B2S=OBB52'4OBLST+O'D.
The 7eywor(, NLO23O='O3B5>OP2'TOS=T, create& pre&&-re loa(& on the expo&e( &-r#
face compo&e( of &oli( element& that ero(e, i.e., pre&&-re loa(& are a((e( to newly expo&e(
&-rface &egment& a& &oli( element& ero(e.
The 7eywor(, NLO23OS=>.=5TOS=TO25>L=, applie& traction loa(& over a &egment &et
that i& (epen(ent on the orientation of a vector. 2n example application i& applying a pre&#
&-re to a cylin(er a& a f-nction of the cran7 angle in an a-tomo9ile engine
The 7eywor(, NLO23OST=234OST2T=O'OLLB5>, i& a generaliIation of NLO23
OBO34, allowing the -&er to apply 9o(y loa(& to part &et& (-e to tran&lational an( rotational
acceleration& in a manner that i& more general than the NLO23OBO34 capa9ility. The
NLO23OST=234OST2T=O'OLLB5> 7eywor( may 9e invo7e( an ar9itrary n-m9er of
time& in the pro9lem a& long a& no part ha& the option applie( more than once an( they can
9e applie( to ar9itrary me&he&. Thi& option i& fre;-ently -&e( to initialiIe &tre&&e& in tire.
The 7eywor(& B5T='+2C=OSSB, B5T='+2C=OSSBO28L, B5T='+2C=OSSBO28L
O=.B=33=3 an( B5T='+2C=OSSBOST2TBC are -&e( to (efine the &oil#&tr-ct-re inter#
face appropriately in vario-& &tage& of &oil#&tr-ct-re interaction analy&i& -n(er earth;-a7e
gro-n( motion.
The 7eywor(, NLO23OS=BS.BCOSSB, i& -&e( to apply earth;-a7e loa(& (-e to free#fiel(
earth;-a7e gro-n( motion at certain location& ` (efine( 9y either no(e& or coor(inate& `
on a &oil#&tr-ct-re interface. Thi& loa(ing i& -&e( in earth;-a7e &oil#&tr-ct-re interaction
analy&i&. The &pecifie( motion& are -&e( to comp-te a &et of effective force& in the &oil ele#
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ment& a(Hacent to the &oil#&tr-ct-re interface, accor(ing to the effective &ei&mic inp-tW
(omain re(-ction metho(.
The 7eywor( N3=+B5=O>'O853O.OTBO5 i& -&e( to &pecify a gro-n( motion to 9e -&e(
in conH-nction with NLO23OS=BS.BCOSSB.
.aterial type& N.2TO$$" an( N.2TO$"7 now accept ta9le inp-t to allow the &tre&& ;-anti#
ty ver&-& the &train mea&-re to 9e (efine( a& a f-nction of temperat-re.
The material option N.2TO233O='OSBO5, can now 9e applie( to all nonlinear &hell,
thic7 &hell, f-lly integrate( &oli(&, an( 23 &oli(&. 5ew fail-re criteria are availa9le.
The >BSS.O (amage mo(el, now availa9le a& an option in N.2TO233O='OSBO5, i& a
phenomenological form-lation that allow& for an incremental (e&cription of (amage acc-m-#
lation, incl-(ing &oftening an( fail-re. Bt i& inten(e( to provi(e a maxim-m in varia9ility for
the (e&cription of (amage for a variety of metallic material& Ce.g. N.2TO$2!, N.2TO$%0,
RD. The inp-t of parameter& i& 9a&e( on ta9-late( (ata, allowing the -&er to (irectly convert
te&t (ata to n-merical inp-t.
The 7eywor(, N.2TO'B>B3O3BSC'=T= or .2TO22$, eliminate& the nee( to (efine a
-ni;-e rigi( 9o(y for each particle when mo(eling a large n-m9er of rigi( particle&. Thi&
give& a large re(-ction in memory an( wall cloc7 time over &eparate rigi( 9o(ie&. 2 &ingle
rigi( material i& (efine( which contain& m-ltiple (i&Hoint piece&. Bnp-t i& &imple an( -n#
change(, &ince all (i&Hoint rigi( piece& are i(entifie( a-tomatically (-ring initialiIation.
The 7eywor(, N5O3=O.='>=, ca-&e& no(e& with i(entical coor(inate& to 9e replace( (-r#
ing the inp-t pha&e 9y the no(e enco-ntere( that ha& the &malle&t B3.
The 7eywor(,NP2'TO255=2L, i& -&e( to initialiIe the &tre&& &tate& at integration point&
within a &pecifie( part to Iero at a given time (-ring the calc-lation. Thi& option i& vali( for
part& that -&e con&tit-tive mo(el& where the &tre&& i& incrementally -p(ate(. Thi& option al&o
applie& to the J-ghe&#Li- 9eam element&, the integrate( &hell element&, thic7 &hell element&,
an( &oli( element&.
The 7eywor(, NP2'TO38PLBC2T=, provi(e& a metho( of (-plicating part& or part &et&
witho-t the nee( to -&e the NB5CL83=OT'25S+O'. option.
To a-tomatically generate element& to vi&-aliIe rigi( wall& the 3BSPL24 option i& now
availa9le for N'B>B3,2LLOPL252' an( N'B>B3,2LLO>=O.=T'BC.
2 one point integrate( pentahe(ron &oli( element with ho-rgla&& control i& implemente( a&
element type 11" an( can 9e reference( in NS=CTBO5OSOLB3. 2l&o, the 2 point pentahe#
(ron &oli(, type 1", no longer ha& a &ing-lar mo(e.
The 7eywor( NS=CTBO5O2L=13 (efine& &ection propertie& for 13 2L= element&.
The 7eywor( NS=CTBO5O2L=23 (efine& &ection propertie& for 23 2L= element&.
The 7eywor(& NS=TOB=2.OB5T='S=CT, NS=TOSJ=LLOB5T='S=CT, NS=TOSOLB3
OB5T='S=CT, NS=TO5O3=OB5T='S=CT, an( NS=TOS=>.=5TOB5T='#S=CT, allow&
the (efinition of a &et a& the inter&ection, a, of a &erie& of &et&. The new &et, SB3, contain& all
common mem9er&.
The 7eywor(, NS=TOS=>.=5TO233, i& now availa9le for (efining a new &egment &et 9y
com9ining other &egment &et&.
The two 7eywor(&, N3=+B5=O=L=.=5TO>=5='2LBK=3OSJ=LL an( N3=+B5=O
=L=.=5TO>=5='2LBK=3OSOLB3, are -&e( to (efine general &hell an( &oli( element
form-lation& to allow the rapi( prototyping of new element form-lation&. They are -&e( in
com9ination with the new 7eywor(& N=L=.=5TO>=5='LBK=3OSJ=LL an(
N=L=.=5TO>=5='2LBK=3OSOLB3.
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1#%$ CB5T'O38CTBO5D LS-DYNA R7.0
The two 7eywor(&, N=L=.=5TOB5T='POL2TBO5OSJ=LL an( N=L=.=5TO
B5T='POL2TBO5OSOLB3, are -&e( to interpolate &tre&&e& an( other &ol-tion varia9le&
from the generaliIe( &hell an( &oli( element form-lation& for vi&-aliIation. They are -&e(
together with the new 7eywor( NCO5ST'2B5=3O5O3=OB5T='POL2TBO5.
The 7eywor(, N=L=.=5TOSJ=LLO58'BSOP2TCJ, i& -&e( to (efine %3 &hell element&
9a&e( on 58'BS C5on#8niform 'ation B#SplineD 9a&i& f-nction&. C-rrently fo-r (ifferent
element form-lation&, with an( witho-t rotational (egree& of free(om are availa9le.
The 7eywor( LO23OSPC+O'C i& -&e( to apply e;-ivalent SPC loa(&, rea( in from the
(%(-mp file (-ring a f-ll#(ec7 re&tart, in place of the original con&traint& in or(er to facilitate
the cla&&ical non#reflecting 9o-n(ary on an o-t&i(e &-rface.
5ew capa9ilitie& were a((e( (-ring 2$12 to create Mer&ion 71, 'elea&e 0.1, of LS#3452.
2 new 7eywor( N.2TOTJ='.2LO3BSC'=T=OB=2. (efine& thermal propertie& for
=L+O'. 0 9eam element&.
2n option NCO5T'OLOTJ='.2LOSOLM=', invo7e( 9y TS+?$, give& the thermal
&pee(-p factor via a c-rve. Thi& feat-re i& -&ef-l when artificially &caling velocity in metal
forming.
2 nonlinear form of 3arcyG& law in N.2TO233OPO'=O2B' allow& c-rve& to (efine the re#
lation&hip 9etween pore air flow velocity an( pore air pre&&-re gra(ient.
2n extention to the P2'T option in NS=TOS=>.=5TO>=5='2L allow& reference to a
9eam part. Thi& allow& for creation of 23 &egment& for traction application.
Option& ZS=TOSJ=LLZ, ZS=TOSOLB3Z, ZS=TOB=2.Z, ZS=TOTSJ=LLZ, ZS=TOSP'B5>Z
are a((e( to NS=TO5O3=O>=5='2L &o -&er& can (efine a no(e &et -&ing exi&ting element
&et&.
Option& ZS=TOSJ=LLZ, ZS=TOSOLB3Z, ZS=TOSL3BOZ, ZS=TOTSJ=LLZ, ZS=TOTSJBOZ
are a((e( to NS=TOS=>.=5TO>=5='2L &o -&er& can -&e exi&ting element &et& to (efine
a &egment &et.
NBO8532'4OP'=SC'BB=3O.OTBO5OS=TOBOL pre&cri9e& motion to no(e& that fall
in&i(e a (efine( 9ox.
BP5B5T@1 in NCO5T'OLOO8TP8T ca-&e& (%h&p to li&t the BP5B5T &malle&t element
time&tep& in a&cen(ing or(er.
Section an( material title& are echoe( to (%h&p.
2 new parameter .O2'+L in N3=+B5=OCO55=CTBO5OP'OP='TB=S permit& re(-ction
in mo(ele( area (-e to &hear.
2 new option J2L+OSP2C= in N+'=S8=5C4O3O.2B5O2CO8STBCOB=. ena9le&
treatment of a half#&pace in 9o-n(ary element metho(, fre;-ency (omain aco-&tic analy&i&.
2 &hell &cript Z7illO9yOpi(Z i& create( (-ring .PP &tart-p. ,hen exec-te(, thi& &cript will
r-n Z7ill #Z on every LS#3452 proce&& &tarte( a& part of the .PP Ho9. Thi& i& for -&e at the
en( of &-9mi&&ion &cript&, a& a Zfail &afeZ clean-p in ca&e the Ho9 a9ort&.
2 new parameter B2MBS in NCO5T'OLOSPJ &elect& the artificial vi&co&ity form-lation for
the SPJ particle&. Bf &et to $, the .onaghan type artificial vi&co&ity form-lation i& -&e(. Bf
&et to 1, the &tan(ar( artificial vi&co&ity form-lation for &oli( element& i& -&e( which may
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provi(e a 9etter energy 9alance 9-t i& le&& &ta9le in &pecific application& &-ch a& high veloci#
ty impact.
Contact friction may 9e incl-(e( in NCO5T2CTO23O5O3=OTOOSOLB3 for SPJ.
2 new 7eywor( N2L=OCO8PLB5>O5O32LOCO5ST'2B5T provi(e& a co-pling mecha#
ni&m 9etween 2L= &oli(& an( non#2L= no(e&. The no(e& can 9e from virt-ally any non#
2L= element type incl-(ing 3BSC'=T=OSPJ='=, =+>, an( SPJ, a& well a& the &tan(ar(
Lagrangian element type&. Bn many ca&e&, thi& co-pling type may 9e a 9etter alternative to
NCO5ST'2B5=3OL2>'25>=OB5OSOLB3.
The 7eywor( N2L=O=SS=5TB2LOBO8532'4 a&&ign& e&&ential 9o-n(ary con(ition& to
no(e& of the 2L= 9o-n(ary &-rface. The comman( can 9e repeate( m-ltiple time& an( i&
recommen(e( over -&e of =BC in NCO5T'OLO2L=..
The 7eywor( N3=L=T=O2L=CPL in a &mall re&tart (ec7 (elete& co-pling (efine( with
N2L=OCO8PLB5>O5O32LOCO5ST'2B5T. The comman( can al&o 9e -&e( to rein&tate
the co-pling in a later re&tart.
N3=+B5=OM=CTO'O5O3=S (efine& a vector with two no(e point&.
NCO5T2CTO28TO.2TBCOSB5>L=OS8'+2C=OTB=3 allow& for the calc-lation of ei#
genval-e& an( eigenvector& for mo(el& that incl-(e NCO5T2CTO28TO.2TBCOSB5>L=
OS8'+2C=.
2 new parameter 'BS.S in NCO5T'OLO'B>B3 affect& rigi( 9o(y treatment in Selective
.a&& Scaling CNCO5T'OLOTB.=ST=PD. ,hen rigi( 9o(ie& are in any manner connecte(
to (eforma9le element&, 'BS.S]$ C(efa-ltD re&-lt& in &p-rio-& inertia (-e to improper
treatment of the no(e& at the interface. 'BS.S]1 alleviate& thi& effect 9-t an a((itional co&t
i& inc-rre(.
2 new parameter T1$:TOL in NCO5T'OLOSOLB3 &et& a tolerance for i&&-ing a warning
when :OminF:Omax goe& 9elow thi& tolerance val-e Ci.e., ;-otient 9etween minim-m an(
maxim-m :aco9ian val-e in the integration point&D for tetrahe(ron type 10. Thi& ;-otient
&erve& a& an in(icator of poor tetrahe(ral element me&he& in implicit that might ca-&e con#
vergence pro9lem&.
2 new option .BS.2TCJ for NBO8532'4O2CO8STBCOCO8PLB5> han(le& co-pling
of &tr-ct-ral element face& an( aco-&tic vol-me element& C=L+O'.& / an( 1!D in the ca&e
where the co-pling &-rface& (o not have coinci(ent no(e&.
2 poro&ity lea7age form-lation in N.2TO+2B'BC CN.2TO$%!, +LC?$D i& now availa9le
for particle ga& air9ag& CN2B'B2>OP2'TBCL=D.
NBO8532'4OP'=SC'BB=3O2CC=L='O.=T=' i& (i&a9le( (-ring (ynamic relaxa#
tion.
2 new parameter CM'P=' in NBO8532'4OP2P (efine& poro&ity of a cover material en#
ca&ing a &oli( part.
2 parameter TB=3B3 in NCO5T2CTOTB=3OS8'+2C=OTOOS8'+2C= offer& an optional
incremental normal -p(ate in S.P to eliminate &p-rio-& contact force& that may appear in
&ome application&.
2 new option SPOTSTP]% in NCO5T'OLOCO5T2CT retain& &pot wel(& even when the
&pot wel(& are not fo-n( 9y NCO5T2CTOSPOT,=L3.
The S.P con&i&tency option Cncp-?$D now pertain& to the O'TJOO+'BCTBO5 contact op#
tion.
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+orce& from NCO5T2CTO>8B3=3OC2BL= are now written to ncforc C9oth 2SCBB an(
9ino-tD.
3i&crete 9eam material& 7$, 71, 7!, !, 121 calc-late axial force 9a&e( on change in length.
O-tp-t the change in length in&tea( of Iero axial relative (i&placement to 2SCBB file (i&9o-t
CN32T2B2S=O3BSBO8TD.
N32T2B2S=O'C+O'CO.O.=5T i& now &-pporte( in implicit.
2fter the fir&t implicit &tep, the o-tp-t of proHecte( cp- an( wall cloc7 time& i& written an(
the termination time i& echoe(.
N32T2B2S=O.2SSO8T i& -pgra(e( to incl-(e a &-mmary ta9le an( to optionally a((
ma&& for no(e& 9elonging to rigi( 9o(ie&.
>enerate an( &tore re&-ltant force& for the La>range .-ltiplier Hoint form-lation &o a& to
give correct o-tp-t to Hntforc CN32T2B2S=O:5T+O'CD.
Control the n-m9er of me&&age& for (elete( an( faile( element& -&ing parameter .S>.2L
in NCO5T'OLOO8TP8T.
5o(al an( re&-ltant force o-tp-t i& written to no(for for no(e& (efine( in N32T2B2S=
O5O32LO+O'C=O>'O8P in N+'=S8=5C4O3O.2B5OSS3 analy&i& CS.P onlyD.
5cforc (ata i& now written for g-i(e( ca9le& CNCO5T2CTO>8B3=3OC2BL=D in .PP.
:o9i( han(ling i& improve( in l2a -tility &o that 9ino-t file& from m-ltiple Ho9&, with or with#
o-t a Ho9i(#prefix, can 9e converte( with the &ingle comman( Zl2a #H N9ino-tNZ. The o-tp-t
contain& the correct prefix accor(ing to the Ho9i(.
2L=O.8LTB#.2T='B2LO>'O8P C2..>D info i& written to mat&-m C9oth 2SCBB an(
9ino-tD.
Shell form-lation 1! i& &witche( to 1" CNS=CTBO5OSJ=LLD in mo(el& that incl-(e ax#
i&ymmetric SPJ.
N=L=.=5TOB=2.OP8LL=4 i& permitte( with N.2TOC2BL=O3BSC'=T=OB=2..
2 warning (-ring initialiIation i& written if a -&er create& 3AT triangle&, either 9y
=L+O'.]17 on NS=CTBO5OSJ=LL or =SO'T]2 on NCO5T'OLOSJ=LL, that are
thic7er than the maxim-m e(ge length.
2cco-nt i& ta7en of (egenerate aco-&tic element& with =L+O'. /. Tria an( ;-a( face& at
aco-&tic#&tr-ct-re 9o-n(ary are han(le( appropriately accor(ing to &hape.
The compre&&ion elimination option for 23 &eat9elt&, CS=]2 in N.2TOS=2TB=LT i& im#
prove(.
3etaile( material fail-re CN.2TO233O='OSBO5D me&&age& in me&&ag an( (%h&p are &-p#
pre&&e( when n-m9er of me&&age& @ .S>.2L CNCO5T'OLOO8TP8TD.
Bmplement S.P con&i&tency Cncp-?$D in N.2TOCOJ=SBM=O>=5='2L CN.2TO1/0D
&oli(& an( &hell&.
Mi&coela&tic mo(el in N.2TO$77OO now allow& -p to twelve term& in Prony &erie& in&tea(
of &tan(ar( &ix.
Large c-rve B3G& for friction ta9le CNCO5T2CTO... with +S]2D are ena9le(.
=fficiency of >BSS.O (amage in N.2TO233O='OSBO5 i& improve(.
N.2TO233OP='.=2BBLBT4OO'TJOT'OPBC i& now availa9le for pore pre&&-re analy#
&i& CN...OPO'=O+L8B3D.
+or N.2TO22! &oli(& an( &hell&, material (amage &erve& a& the fail-re varia9le in
NCO5ST'2B5=3OTB=3O5O3=SO+2BL8'=.
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The 9ehavior of N.2TO2CO8STBC i& mo(ifie( when -&e( in com9ination with (ynamic
relaxation C3'D. 2co-&tic (omain now remain& -npert-r9e( in the 3' pha&e 9-t hy(ro&tatic
pre&&-re from the aco-&tic (omain i& applie( to the &tr-ct-re (-ring 3'.
Option for %3 to 23 mapping i& a((e( in NB5BTB2LO2L=O.2PPB5>.
NCO5T2CTO='O3B5>O5O3=SOTOOS8'+2C= contact may 9e -&e( with SPJ particle&.
Total Lagrangian SPJ form-lation 7 CNCO5T'OLOSPJD i& now availa9le in .PP.
The o-tp-t format& for linear e;-ation &olver &tati&tic& now accommo(ate very large n-m#
9er& a& &een in large mo(el&.
NCO5T'OLOO8TP8T 7eywor( parameter 5POPT i& now applica9le to thermal (ata. Bf
5POPT]1, then printing of the following inp-t (ata to (%h&p i& &-ppre&&e()
o NB5BTB2LOT=.P='2T8'=
o NBO8532'4OT=.P='2T8'=
o NBO8532'4O+L8L
o NBO8532'4OCO5M=CTBO5
o NBO8532'4O'23B2TBO5
o NBO8532'4O=5CLOS8'=O'23B2TBO5
Beam energy 9alance information i& written to TP'B5T file.
.PP performance for LS#3452F.a(ymo co-pling i& improve(.
Shell a(aptivity CNCO5T'OLO232PTBM=D i& improve( to re(-ce the n-m9er of element&
along c-rve( &-rface& in forming &im-lation&.
One#&tep -nfol(ing CNCO5T'OLO+O'.B5>OO5=ST=PD i& improve( to accommo(ate
9lan7& with &mall initial hole&.
=fficiency of +O'. % i&ogeometric &hell& i& improve(.
The proce&&ing of NS=TOxxxO>=5='2L i& fa&ter.
NA=4,O'3O:OBB3 now wor7& even when -&ing the NC2S= comman(.
Part& may 9e repo&itione( in a &mall re&tart 9y incl-(ing N3=+B5=OT'25S+O'.2TBO5
an( N5O3=OT'25S+O'. in the &mall re&tart (ec7 to move no(e& of a &pecifie( no(e &et
prior to contin-ing the &im-lation.
MATERIAL MODELS
Some of the material mo(el& pre&ently implemente( are)
ela&tic,
orthotropic ela&tic,
7inematicFi&otropic pla&ticity TArieg an( Aey 170U,
thermoela&topla&tic TJall;-i&t 17U,
&oil an( cr-&ha9leFnon#cr-&ha9le foam TAey 17!U,
linear vi&coela&tic TAey 17!U,
BlatI#Ao r-99er TAey 17!U,
high explo&ive 9-rn,
hy(ro(ynamic witho-t (eviatoric &tre&&e&,
ela&topla&tic hy(ro(ynamic,
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temperat-re (epen(ent ela&topla&tic TStein9erg an( >-inan 17/U,
i&otropic ela&topla&tic,
i&otropic ela&topla&tic with fail-re,
&oil an( cr-&ha9le foam with fail-re,
:ohn&onFCoo7 pla&ticity mo(el T:ohn&on an( Coo7 1/%U,
p&e-(o T=5SO' geological mo(el TSac7ett 1/7U,
ela&topla&tic with fract-re,
power law i&otropic pla&ticity,
&train rate (epen(ent pla&ticity,
rigi(,
thermal orthotropic,
compo&ite (amage mo(el TChang an( Chang 1/7a 1/79U,
thermal orthotropic with 12 c-rve&,
piecewi&e linear i&otropic pla&ticity,
invi&ci(, two invariant geologic cap TSan(ler an( '-9in 17, Simo et al, 1//a
1//9U,
orthotropic cr-&ha9le mo(el,
.ooney#'ivlin r-99er,
re&-ltant pla&ticity,
force limite( re&-ltant form-lation,
clo&e( form -p(ate &hell pla&ticity,
+raIer#5a&h r-99er mo(el,
laminate( gla&& mo(el,
fa9ric,
-nifie( creep pla&ticity,
temperat-re an( rate (epen(ent pla&ticity,
ela&tic with vi&co&ity,
ani&otropic pla&ticity,
-&er (efine(,
cr-&ha9le cell-lar foam& T5eil&en, .organ, an( Arieg 1/7U,
-rethane foam mo(el with hy&tere&i&,
an( &ome more foam an( r-99er mo(el&, a& well a& many material& mo(el& for &pring& an( (amper&.
The hy(ro(ynamic material mo(el& (etermine only the (eviatoric &tre&&e&. Pre&&-re i& (etermine(
9y one of ten e;-ation& of &tate incl-(ing)
linear polynomial T,oo(r-ff 17%U,
:,L high explo&ive T3o9ratI 1/1U,
Sac7 XT-e&(ayY high explo&ive T,oo(r-ff 17%U,
>r-nei&en T,oo(r-ff 17%U,
ratio of polynomial& T,oo(r-ff 17%U,
linear polynomial with energy (epo&ition,
ignition an( growth of reaction in J= TLee an( Tarver 1/$, Cochran an( Chan 17U,
ta9-late( compaction,
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ta9-late(,
T=5SO' pore collap&e TB-rton et al. 1/2U.
The ignition an( growth =OS wa& a(apte( from AOM=C T,oo(r-ff 17%UE the other &-9ro-tine&,
programme( 9y the a-thor&, are 9a&e( in part on the cite( reference& an( are nearly 1$$ percent vec#
toriIe(. The form& of the fir&t five e;-ation& of &tate are al&o given in the AOM=C -&erV& man-al
an( are retaine( in thi& man-al. The high explo&ive programme( 9-rn mo(el i& (e&cri9e( 9y >iro-x
TSimo et al. 1//U.
The orthotropic ela&tic an( the r-99er material &-9ro-tine& -&e >reen#St. Menant &train& to comp-te
&econ( Piola#Airchhoff &tre&&e&, which tran&form to Ca-chy &tre&&e&. The :a-mann &tre&& rate for#
m-lation i& -&e( with all other material& with the exception of one pla&ticity mo(el which -&e& the
>reen#5agh(i rate.
SPATIAL DISCRETIZATION
are pre&ently availa9le. C-rrently &pring&, (amper&, 9eam&, mem9rane&, &hell&, 9ric7&, thic7 &hell&
an( &eat9elt element& are incl-(e(.
The fir&t &hell element in 3452%3 wa& that of J-ghe& an( Li- TJ-ghe& an( Li- 1/1a, 1/19,
1/1cU, implemente( a& (e&cri9e( in TJall;-i&t et al. 1/", Jall;-i&t an( Ben&on 1/0U. Thi& ele#
ment T(e&ignate( a& JLU wa& &electe( from among a &-9&tantial 9o(y of &hell element literat-re 9e#
ca-&e the element form-lation ha& &everal (e&ira9le ;-alitie&)
Bt i& incrementally o9Hective Crigi( 9o(y rotation& (o not generate &train&D, allowing for the
treatment of finite &train& that occ-r in many practical application&.
Bt i& compati9le with 9ric7 element&, 9eca-&e the element i& 9a&e( on a (egenerate( 9ric7 el#
ement form-lation. Thi& compati9ility allow& many of the efficient an( effective techni;-e&
(evelope( for the 3452%3 9ric7 element& to 9e -&e( with thi& &hell elementE
Bt incl-(e& finite tran&ver&e &hear &train&E
2 thro-gh#the#thic7ne&& thinning option C&ee TJ-ghe& an( Carnoy 1/1UD i& al&o availa9le.
2ll &hell& in o-r c-rrent LS#3452 co(e m-&t &ati&fy the&e (e&ira9le trait& to at lea&t &ome extent to
9e -&ef-l in metalforming an( cra&h &im-lation&.
The maHor (i&a(vantage of the JL element t-rne( o-t to 9e co&t relate( an(, for thi& rea&on, within a
year of it& implementation we loo7e( at the Belyt&ch7o#T&ay TBTU &hell TBelyt&ch7o an( T&ay 1/1,
1/%, 1/!U a& a more co&t effective, 9-t po&&i9ly le&& acc-rate alternative. Bn the BT &hell the ge#
ometry of the &hell i& a&&-me( to 9e perfectly flat, the local coor(inate &y&tem originate& at the fir&t
no(e of the connectivity, an( the co#rotational &tre&& -p(ate (oe& not -&e the co&tly :a-mann &tre&&
rotation. ,ith the&e an( other &implification&, a very co&t effective &hell wa& (erive( which to(ay
ha& 9ecome perhap& the mo&t wi(ely -&e( &hell element& in 9oth metalforming an( cra&h applica#
tion&. 'e&-lt& generate( 9y the BT &hell -&-ally compare favora9ly with tho&e of the more co&tly
JL &hell. Triang-lar &hell element& are implemente(, 9a&e( on wor7 9y Belyt&ch7o an( co#wor7er&
TBelyt&ch7o an( .archerta& 17!, BaIeley et al. 10", Belyt&ch7o et al. 1/!U, an( are fre;-ently
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1#%0 CB5T'O38CTBO5D LS-DYNA R7.0
-&e( &ince collap&e( ;-a(rilateral &hell element& ten( to loc7 an( give very 9a( re&-lt&. LS#3452
a-tomatically treat& collap&e( ;-a(rilateral &hell element& a& C
$
triang-lar element&.

CONTACT-IMPACT INTERFACES
&li(ing only for fl-i(F&tr-ct-re or ga&F&tr-ct-re interface&
tie(
&li(ing, impact, friction
&ingle &-rface contact
(i&crete no(e& impacting &-rface
(i&crete no(e& tie( to &-rface
&hell e(ge tie( to &hell &-rface
no(e& &pot wel(e( to &-rface
tie9rea7 interface
one way treatment of &li(ing, impact, friction
9oxFmaterial limite( a-tomatic contact for &hell&
Shells
Solids
Beams
Trusses
Lumped Masses
Damper
Springs
+ig-re 1#1. =lement& in LS#3452. Three#(imen&ional plane &tre&& con&tit-tive &-9ro-#
tine& are implemente( for the &hell element& which iteratively -p(ate the &tre&& ten&or &-ch
that the &tre&& component normal to the &hell mi(&-rface i& Iero. 2n iterative -p(ate i&
nece&&ary to acc-rately (etermine the normal &train component which i& nece&&ary to pre#
(ict thinning. One con&tit-tive eval-ation i& ma(e for each integration point thro-gh the
&hell thic7ne&&.
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LS-DYNA R7.0 1#%7 CB5T'O38CTBO5D
a-tomatic contact for &hell& Cno a((itional inp-t re;-ire(D
a-tomatic &ingle &-rface with 9eam& an( ar9itrary orientation&
&-rface to &-rface ero(ing contact
no(e to &-rface ero(ing contact
&ingle &-rface ero(ing contact
&-rface to &-rface &ymmetric con&traint metho( TTaylor an( +lanagan 1/U
no(e to &-rface con&traint metho( TTaylor an( +lanagan 1/U
rigi( 9o(y to rigi( 9o(y contact with ar9itrary forceF(eflection c-rve
rigi( no(e& to rigi( 9o(y contact with ar9itrary forceF(eflection c-rve
e(ge#to#e(ge
(raw 9ea(&
INTERFACE DEFINITIONS FOR COMPONENT ANALYSIS
Since the Belyt&ch7o#T&ay element i& 9a&e( on a perfectly flat geometry, warpage i& not con&i(ere(.
2ltho-gh thi& generally po&e& no maHor (iffic-ltie& an( provi(e& for an efficient element, incorrect
re&-lt& in the twi&te( 9eam pro9lem an( &imilar &it-ation& are o9taine( where the no(al point& of the
element& -&e( in the (i&cretiIation are not coplanar. The J-ghe&#Li- &hell element con&i(er& non#
planar geometrie& an( give& goo( re&-lt& on the twi&te( 9eam. The effect of neglecting warpage in a
typical application cannot 9e pre(icte( 9eforehan( an( may lea( to le&& than acc-rate re&-lt&, 9-t the
latter i& only &pec-lation an( i& (iffic-lt to verify in practice. O9vio-&ly, it wo-l( 9e 9etter to -&e
&hell& that con&i(er warpage if the a((e( co&t& are rea&ona9le an( if thi& -n7nown effect i& eliminat#
e(. 2nother &hell p-9li&he( 9y Belyt&ch7o, ,ong, an( Chiang TBelyt&ch7o, ,ong, an( Chiang
1/, 12U propo&e& inexpen&ive mo(ification& to incl-(e the warping &tiffne&& in the Belyt&ch7o#
T&ay &hell. 2n improve( tran&ver&e &hear treatment al&o allow& the element to pa&& the Airchhoff
patch te&t. Thi& element i& now availa9le in LS#3452. 2l&o, two f-lly integrate( &hell element&,
9a&e( on the J-ghe& an( Li- form-lation, are availa9le in LS#3452, 9-t are rather expen&ive. 2
m-ch fa&ter f-lly integrate( element which i& e&&entially a f-lly integrate( ver&ion of the Belyt&ch7o,
,ong, an( Chiang element, type 10, i& a more recent a((ition an( i& recommen(e( if f-lly integrat#
e( element& are nee(e( (-e to it& co&t effectivene&&.
Kero energy mo(e& in the &hell an( &oli( element& are controlle( 9y either an ho-rgla&& vi&co&ity or
&tiffne&&. =ight no(e thic7 &hell element& are implemente( an( have 9een fo-n( to perform well in
many application&. 2ll element& are nearly 1$$b vectoriIe(. 2ll element cla&&e& can 9e incl-(e( a&
part& of a rigi( 9o(y. The rigi( 9o(y form-lation i& (oc-mente( in TBen&on an( Jall;-i&t 1/0U.
'igi( 9o(y point no(e&, a& well a& concentrate( ma&&e&, &pring& an( (a&hpot& can 9e a((e( to thi&
rigi( 9o(y.
.em9rane element& can 9e either (efine( (irectly a& &hell element& with a mem9rane form-lation
option or a& &hell element& with only one point for thro-gh thic7ne&& integration. The latter choice
incl-(e& tran&ver&e &hear &tiffne&& an( may 9e inappropriate. +or air9ag material a &pecial f-lly in#
tegrate( three an( fo-r no(e mem9rane element i& availa9le.
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Two (ifferent 9eam type& are availa9le) a &tre&& re&-ltant 9eam an( a 9eam with cro&& &ection inte#
gration at one point along the axi&. The cro&& &ection integration allow& for a more general (efinition
of ar9itrarily &hape( cro&& &ection& ta7ing into acco-nt material nonlinearitie&.
Spring an( (amper element& can 9e tran&lational or rotational. .any 9ehavior option& can 9e (e#
fine(, e.g., ar9itrary nonlinear 9ehavior incl-(ing loc7ing an( &eparation.
Soli( element& in LS#3452 may 9e (efine( -&ing from ! to / no(e&. The &tan(ar( element& are
9a&e( on linear &hape f-nction& an( -&e one point integration an( ho-rgla&& control. 2 &elective#
re(-ce( integrate( Ccalle( f-lly integrate(D / no(e &oli( element i& availa9le for &it-ation& when the
ho-rgla&& control fail&. 2l&o, two a((itional &oli( element&, a ! no(e( tetrahe(ron an( an / no(e(
hexahe(ron, with no(al rotational (egree& of free(om, are implemente( 9a&e( on the i(ea of 2llman
T1/!U to replace the no(al mi(&i(e tran&lational (egree& of free(om of the element& with ;-a(ratic
&hape f-nction& 9y corre&pon(ing no(al rotation& at the corner no(e&. The latter element&, which (o
not nee( ho-rgla&& control, re;-ire many n-merical operation& compare( to the ho-rgla&& controlle(
element& an( &ho-l( 9e -&e( at place& where the ho-rgla&& element& fail. Jowever, it i& well 7nown
that the element& -&ing more than one point integration are more &en&itive to large (i&tortion& than
one point integrate( element&.
The thic7 &hell element i& a &hell element with only no(al tran&lation& for the eight no(e&. The a&#
&-mption& of &hell theory are incl-(e( in a non#&tan(ar( fa&hion. Bt al&o -&e& ho-rgla&& control or
&elective#re(-ce( integration. Thi& element can 9e -&e( in place of any fo-r no(e &hell element. Bt
i& favora9ly -&e( for &hell#9ric7 tran&ition&, a& no a((itional con&traint con(ition& are nece&&ary.
Jowever, care ha& to 9e ta7en to 7now in which (irection the &hell a&&-mption& are ma(eE therefore,
the n-m9ering of the element i& important.
Seat9elt element& can 9e &eparately (efine( to mo(el &eat9elt action& com9ine( with (-mmy mo(el&.
Separate (efinition& of &eat9elt&, which are one#(imen&ional element&, with accelerometer&, &en&or&,
preten&ioner&, retractor&, an( &lipring& are po&&i9le. The action& of the vario-& &eat9elt (efinition&
can al&o 9e ar9itrarily com9ine(.
The three#(imen&ional contact#impact algorithm wa& originally an exten&ion of the 5BA=23
TJall;-i&t 17U two#(imen&ional algorithm. 2& c-rrently implemente(, one &-rface of the interface
i& i(entifie( a& a ma&ter &-rface an( the other a& a &lave. =ach &-rface i& (efine( 9y a &et of three or
fo-r no(e ;-a(rilateral &egment&, calle( ma&ter an( &lave &egment&, on which the no(e& of the &lave
an( ma&ter &-rface&, re&pectively, m-&t &li(e. Bn general, an inp-t for the contact#impact algorithm
re;-ire& that a li&t of ma&ter an( &lave &egment& 9e (efine(. +or the &ingle &-rface algorithm only
the &lave &-rface i& (efine( an( each no(e in the &-rface i& chec7e( each time &tep to en&-re that it
(oe& not penetrate thro-gh the &-rface. Bnternal logic TJall;-i&t 177, Jall;-i&t et al. 1/"U i(enti#
fie& a ma&ter &egment for each &lave no(e an( a &lave &egment for each ma&ter no(e an( -p(ate& thi&
information every time &tep a& the &lave an( ma&ter no(e& &li(e along their re&pective &-rface&. Bt
m-&t 9e note( that for general a-tomatic (efinition& only part&Fmaterial& or three#(imen&ional 9oxe&
have to 9e given. Then the po&&i9le contacting o-ter &-rface& are i(entifie( 9y the internal logic in
LS#3452. .ore than 2$ type& of interface& can pre&ently 9e (efine( incl-(ing)
Bnterface friction can 9e -&e( with mo&t interface type&. The tie( an( &li(ing only interface option&
are &imilar to the two#(imen&ional algorithm -&e( in LS#345223 TJall;-i&t 170, 17/, 1/$U.
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8nli7e the general option, the tie( treatment& are not &ymmetricE therefore, the &-rface which i& more
coar&ely Ione( &ho-l( 9e cho&en a& the ma&ter &-rface. ,hen -&ing the one#way &li(e &-rface with
rigi( material&, the rigi( material &ho-l( 9e cho&en a& the ma&ter &-rface.
+or geometric contact entitie&, contact ha& to 9e &eparately (efine(. Bt m-&t 9e note( that for the
contact of a rigi( 9o(y with a flexi9le 9o(y, either the &li(ing interface (efinition& a& explaine(
a9ove or the geometric contact entity contact can 9e -&e(. C-rrently, the geometric contact entity
(efinition i& recommen(e( for metalforming pro9lem& (-e to high acc-racy an( comp-tational effi#
ciency.
Bnterface (efinition& for component analy&e& are -&e( to (efine &-rface&, no(al line&, or no(al point&
CNB5T='+2C=OCO.PO5=5TSD for which the (i&placement an( velocity time hi&torie& are &ave(
at &ome -&er &pecifie( fre;-ency CNCO5T'OLOO8TP8TD. Thi& (ata may then -&e( to (rive inter#
face& CNB5T='+2C=OLB5AB5>D in &-9&e;-ent analy&e&. Thi& capa9ility i& e&pecially -&ef-l for
&t-(ying the (etaile( re&pon&e of a &mall mem9er in a large &tr-ct-re. +or the fir&t analy&i&, the
mem9er of intere&t nee( only 9e (i&cretiIe( &-fficiently that the (i&placement& an( velocitie& on it&
9o-n(arie& are rea&ona9ly acc-rate. 2fter the fir&t analy&i& i& complete(, the mem9er can 9e finely
(i&cretiIe( an( interface& (efine( to corre&pon( with the fir&t analy&i&. +inally, the &econ( analy&i&
i& performe( to o9tain highly (etaile( information in the local region of intere&t.
,hen &tarting the analy&i&, &pecify a name for the interface &egment file -&ing the K ] parameter on
the LS#3452 comman( line. ,hen &tarting the &econ( analy&i&, the name of the interface &egment
file Ccreate( in the fir&t r-nD &ho-l( 9e &pecifie( -&ing the L ] parameter on the LS#3452 comman(
line.
+ollowing the a9ove proce(-re, m-ltiple level& of &-9#mo(eling are ea&ily accommo(ate(. The in#
terface file may contain a m-ltit-(e of interface (efinition& &o that a &ingle r-n of a f-ll mo(el can
provi(e eno-gh interface (ata for many component analy&e&. The interface feat-re repre&ent& a
powerf-l exten&ion of LS#3452V& analy&i& capa9ility.
MODEL SIZING
Storage allocation i& (ynamic. The only limit that exi&t& on the n-m9er of 9o-n(ary con(ition car(&,
n-m9er of material car(&, n-m9er of pre&&-re car(&, etc., i& the capacity of the comp-ter. Typical
LS#3452 calc-lation& may have 1$,$$$ to "$$,$$$ element&. .emory allocation i& (ynamic an(
can 9e controlle( (-ring exec-tion.
PRECISION
The explicit time integration algorithm& -&e( in LS#3452 are in general m-ch le&& &en&itive to ma#
chine preci&ion than other finite element &ol-tion metho(&. Con&e;-ently, (o-9le preci&ion i& not
-&e(. The 9enefit& of thi& are greatly improve( -tiliIation of memory an( (i&7. ,hen pro9lem& have
9een fo-n( we have -&-ally 9een a9le to overcome them 9y reorganiIing the algorithm or 9y con#
verting to (o-9le preci&ion locally in the &-9ro-tine where the pro9lem occ-r&. 2 few of the 7nown
pro9lem& incl-(e) (32-bit computers only!):
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'o-n(#off error& can ca-&e (iffic-ltie& with extremely &mall (eflection pro9lem&. C.axi#
m-m vi9ration amplit-(e& are ?1$
#0
time& no(al coor(inate&D.
,or7aro-n() Bncrea&e the loa(.
B-c7ling pro9lem&, which are very &en&itive to &mall imperfection&.
Jowever, the -&er& of LS#3452 have to 9e aware of potential pro9lem&.
2 maHor reorganiIation of LS#3452 ha& le( to a ver&ion -&ing (o-9le preci&ion thro-gho-t the f-ll
program. 2& memory an( (i&7 &pace of the comp-ter i& le&& of a pro9lem, we prefer to provi(e thi&
ver&ion for all machine&. Bt al&o allow& LS#3452 to ta7e a(vantage of the 0!#9it technology of#
fere( 9y many comp-ter man-fact-rer&.
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LS-DYNA R7.0 2#1 C>SD
GETTING STARTED
DESCRIPTION OF KEYWORD INPUT
The 7eywor( inp-t provi(e& a flexi9le an( logically organiIe( (ata9a&e that i& &imple to -n(er&tan(.
Similar f-nction& are gro-pe( together -n(er the &ame 7eywor(. +or example, -n(er the 7eywor(
N=L=.=5T are incl-(e( &oli(, 9eam, &hell element&, &pring element&, (i&crete (amper&, &eat 9elt&,
an( l-mpe( ma&&e&. .any 7eywor(& have option& that are i(entifie( a& follow&) XOPTIONSY an(
XPOPTIONSQY. The (ifference i& that XOPTIONSY re;-ire& that one of the option& m-&t 9e &electe(
to complete the 7eywor( comman(. The option ?BL25A@ i& incl-(e( when PQ are -&e( to f-rther
in(icate that the&e partic-lar option& are not nece&&ary to complete the 7eywor(.
LS#3452 8&erV& .an-al i& alpha9etically organiIe( in logical &ection& of inp-t (ata. =ach logical
&ection relate& to a partic-lar inp-t. There i& a control &ection for re&etting LS#3452 (efa-lt&, a
material &ection for (efining con&tit-tive con&tant&, an e;-ation#of#&tate &ection, an element &ection
where element part i(entifier& an( no(al connectivitie& are (efine(, a &ection for (efining part&, an(
&o on. 5early all mo(el (ata can 9e inp-t in 9loc7 form. +or example, con&i(er the following where
two no(al point& with their re&pective coor(inate& an( &hell element& with their part i(entity an(
no(al connectivitie& are (efine()
c 3=+B5= T,O 5O3=S
c
N5O3=
1$1$1 x y I
1$2$1 x y I
c 3=+B5= T,O SJ=LL =L=.=5TS
c
N=L=.=5TOSJ=LL
1$2$1 pi( n1 n2 n% n!
1$%$1 pi( n1 n2 n% n!
2lternatively, accepta9le inp-t co-l( al&o 9e of the form)
c 3=+B5= O5= 5O3=
c
N5O3=
1$1$1 x y I
c 3=+B5= O5= SJ=LL =L=.=5T
c
N=L=.=5TOSJ=LL
1$2$1 pi( n1 n2 n% n!
c
c 3=+B5= O5= .O'= 5O3=
c
N5O3=
1$2$1 x y I
c 3=+B5= O5= .O'= SJ=LL =L=.=5T
c
N=L=.=5TOSJ=LL
1$%$1 pi( n1 n2 n% n!
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2#2 C>SD LS-DYNA R7.0
2 (ata 9loc7 9egin& with a 7eywor( followe( 9y the (ata pertaining to the 7eywor(. The next 7ey#
wor( enco-ntere( (-ring the rea(ing of the 9loc7 (ata (efine& the en( of the 9loc7 an( the 9eginning
of a new 9loc7. 2 7eywor( m-&t 9e left H-&tifie( with the XNY containe( in col-mn one. 2 (ollar
&ign XcY in col-mn one prece(e& a comment an( ca-&e& the inp-t line to 9e ignore(. 3ata 9loc7& are
not a re;-irement for LS#3452 9-t they can 9e -&e( to gro-p no(e& an( element& for -&er conven#
ience. .-ltiple 9loc7& can 9e (efine( with each 7eywor( if (e&ire( a& &hown a9ove. Bt wo-l( 9e
po&&i9le to p-t all no(al point& (efinition& -n(er one 7eywor( N5O3=, or to (efine one N5O3=
7eywor( prior to each no(e (efinition. The entire LS#3452 inp-t i& or(er in(epen(ent with the
exception of the optional 7eywor(, N=53, which (efine& the en( of inp-t &tream. ,itho-t the
N=53 termination i& a&&-me( to occ-r when an en(#of#file i& enco-ntere( (-ring the rea(ing.
+ig-re 2#1 attempt& to &how the general philo&ophy of the inp-t organiIation an( how vario-& enti#
tie& relate to each other. Bn thi& fig-re the (ata incl-(e( for the 7eywor(, N=L=.=5T, i& the ele#
ment i(entifier, =B3, the part i(entifier, PB3, an( the no(al point& i(entifier&, the 5B3V&, (efining the
element connectivity) 51, 52, 5%, an( 5!. The no(al point i(entifier& are (efine( in the N5O3=
&ection where each 5B3 &ho-l( 9e (efine( H-&t once. 2 part (efine( with the NP2'T 7eywor( ha& a
-ni;-e part i(entifier, PB3, a &ection i(entifier, SB3, a material or con&tit-tive mo(el i(entifier, .B3,
an e;-ation of &tate i(entifier, =OSB3, an( the ho-rgla&& control i(entifier, J>B3. The NS=CTBO5
7eywor( (efine& the &ection i(entifier, SB3, where a &ection ha& an element form-lation &pecifie(, a
&hear factor, SJ'+, a n-merical integration r-le, 5BP, an( &o on. The con&tit-tive con&tant& are (e#
fine( in the N.2T &ection where con&tit-tive (ata i& (efine( for all element type& incl-(ing &oli(&,
9eam&, &hell&, thic7 &hell&, &eat 9elt&, &pring&, an( (amper&. =;-ation& of &tate, which are -&e( only
with certain N.2T material& for &oli( element&, are (efine( in the N=OS &ection. Since many ele#
ment& in LS#3452 -&e -niformly re(-ce( n-merical integration, Iero energy (eformation mo(e&
may (evelop. The&e mo(e& are controlle( n-merically 9y either an artificial &tiffne&& or vi&co&ity
which re&i&t& the formation of the&e -n(e&ira9le mo(e&. The ho-rgla&& control can optionally 9e -&er
&pecifie( -&ing the inp-t in the NJO8'>L2SS &ection.
3-ring the 7eywor( inp-t pha&e where (ata i& rea(, only limite( chec7ing i& performe( on the (ata
&ince the (ata m-&t fir&t 9e co-nte( for the array allocation& an( then reor(ere(. Con&i(era9ly more
chec7ing i& (one (-ring the &econ( pha&e where the inp-t (ata i& printe( o-t. Since LS#3452 ha&
retaine( the option of rea(ing ol(er non#7eywor( inp-t file&, we print o-t the (ata into the o-tp-t file
3%JSP C(efa-lt nameD a& in previo-& ver&ion& of LS#3452. 2n attempt i& ma(e to complete the
inp-t pha&e 9efore error terminating if error& are enco-ntere( in the inp-t. 8nfort-nately, thi& i& not
alway& po&&i9le an( the co(e may terminate with an error me&&age. The -&er &ho-l( alway& chec7
either o-tp-t file, 3%JSP or .=SS2>, for the wor( X=rrorY.
The inp-t (ata following each 7eywor( can 9e inp-t in free format. Bn the ca&e of free format inp-t
the (ata i& &eparate( 9y comma&, i.e.,
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N5O3=
1$1$1,x ,y ,I
1$2$1,x ,y ,I
N=L=.=5TOSJ=LL
1$2$1,pi(,n1,n2,n%,n!
1$%$1,pi(,n1,n2,n%,n!
,hen -&ing comma&, the format& must not 9e violate(. 2n B/ integer i& limite( to a maxim-m po&i#
tive val-e of , an( larger n-m9er& having more than eight character& are -naccepta9le. The
format of the inp-t can change from free to fixe( anywhere in the inp-t file. The inp-t i& ca&e in&en#
&itive an( 7eywor(& can 9e given in either -pper or lower ca&e. TJ= 2ST='BSAS XNY P'=C=3B5> =2CJ
A=4,O'3 .8ST B= B5 COL8.5 O5=.
To provi(e a 9etter -n(er&tan(ing 9ehin( the 7eywor( philo&ophy an( how the option& wor7, a 9rief
review the 7eywor(& i& given 9elow.
ÀIRBAG
The geometric (efinition of air9ag& an( the thermo(ynamic propertie& for the air9ag inflator mo(el&
can 9e ma(e in thi& &ection. Thi& capa9ility i& not nece&&arily limite( to the mo(eling of a-tomotive
air9ag&, 9-t it can al&o 9e -&e( for many other application& &-ch a& tire& an( pne-matic (amper&.
ÀLE
Thi& 7eywor( provi(e& a way of (efining inp-t (ata pertaining to the 2r9itrary#Lagrangian#=-lerian
capa9ility.
`BOUNDARY
Thi& &ection applie& to vario-& metho(& of &pecifying either fixe( or pre&cri9e( 9o-n(ary con(ition&.
+or compati9ility with ol(er ver&ion& of LS#3452 it i& &till po&&i9le to &pecify &ome no(al 9o-n(a#
ry con(ition& in the N5O3= car( &ection.
*NODE
*ELEMENT EID PID N1 N2 N3 N4
*PART PID SID MID EOSID HGID
*SECTION_SHELL SID ELFORM SHRF NIP PROPT QR ICOMP
*MAT_ELASTIC MID RO E PR DA DB
*EOS EOSID
HGID *HOURGLASS
NID X Y Z
+ig-re 2#1. OrganiIation of the 7eywor( inp-t.
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`CASE
Thi& 7eywor( option provi(e& a way of r-nning m-ltiple loa( ca&e& &e;-entially. ,ithin each ca&e,
the inp-t parameter&, which incl-(e loa(&, 9o-n(ary con(ition&, control car(&, contact (efinition&,
initial con(ition&, etc., can change. Bf (e&ire(, the re&-lt& from a previo-& ca&e can 9e -&e( (-ring
initialiIation. =ach ca&e create& -ni;-e file name& for all o-tp-t re&-lt& file& 9y appen(ing XCIDn.Y
to the (efa-lt file name.
`COMPONENT
Thi& &ection contain& analytical rigi( 9o(y (-mmie& that can 9e place( within vehicle an( integrate(
implicitly.
`CONSTRAINED
Thi& &ection applie& con&traint& within the &tr-ct-re 9etween &tr-ct-ral part&. +or example, no(al
rigi( 9o(ie&, rivet&, &pot wel(&, linear con&traint&, tying a &hell e(ge to a &hell e(ge with fail-re,
merging rigi( 9o(ie&, a((ing extra no(e& to rigi( 9o(ie& an( (efining rigi( 9o(y Hoint& are all option&
in thi& &ection.
`CONTACT
Thi& &ection i& (ivi(e( in to three main &ection&. The NCO5T2CT &ection allow& the -&er to (efine
many (ifferent contact type&. The&e contact option& are primarily for treating contact of (eforma9le
to (eforma9le 9o(ie&, &ingle &-rface contact in (eforma9le 9o(ie&, (eforma9le 9o(y to rigi( 9o(y
contact, an( tying (eforma9le &tr-ct-re& with an option to relea&e the tie 9a&e( on pla&tic &train. The
&-rface (efinition for contact i& ma(e -p of &egment& on the &hell or &oli( element &-rface&. The
7eywor( option& an( the corre&pon(ing n-m9er& in previo-& co(e ver&ion& are)
ST'8CT8'=3 B5P8T T4P= B3 A=4,O'3 52.=
1 SLB3B5>OO5L4
p 1 SLB3B5>OO5L4OP=52LT4
2 TB=3OS8'+2C=OTOOS8'+2C=
% S8'+2C=OTOOS8'+2C=
a % 28TO.2TBCOS8'+2C=OTOOS8'+2C=
! SB5>L=OS8'+2C=
" 5O3=SOTOOS8'+2C=
a " 28TO.2TBCO5O3=SOTOOS8'+2C=
0 TB=3O5O3=SOTOOS8'+2C=
7 TB=3OSJ=LLO=3>=OTOOS8'+2C=
/ TB=B'=2AO5O3=SOTOOS8'+2C=
TB=B'=2AOS8'+2C=OTOOS8'+2C=
1$ O5=O,24OS8'+2C=OTOOS8'+2C=
a 1$ 28TO.2TBCOO5=O,24OS8'+2C=OTOOS8'+2C=
1% 28TO.2TBCOSB5>L=OS8'+2C=
a 1% 2B'B2>OSB5>L=OS8'+2C=
1! ='O3B5>OS8'+2C=OTOOS8'+2C=
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LS-DYNA R7.0 2#" C>SD
ST'8CT8'=3 B5P8T T4P= B3 A=4,O'3 52.=
1" ='O3B5>OSB5>L=OS8'+2C=
10 ='O3B5>O5O3=SOTOOS8'+2C=
17 CO5ST'2B5TOS8'+2C=OTOOS8'+2C=
1/ CO5ST'2B5TO5O3=SOTOOS8'+2C=
1 'B>B3OBO34OT,OO,24OTOO'B>B3OBO34
2$ 'B>B3O5O3=SOTOO'B>B3OBO34
21 'B>B3OBO34OO5=O,24OTOO'B>B3OBO34
22 SB5>L=O=3>=
2% 3'2,B=23
The NCO5T2CTO=5TBT4 &ection treat& contact 9etween a rigi( &-rface, -&-ally (efine( a& an ana#
lytical &-rface, an( a (eforma9le &tr-ct-re. 2pplication& of thi& type of contact exi&t in the metal
forming area where the p-nch an( (ie &-rface geometrie& can 9e inp-t a& M32 &-rface& which are
treate( a& rigi(. 2nother application i& treating contact 9etween rigi( 9o(y occ-pant (-mmy hyper#
ellip&oi(& an( (eforma9le &tr-ct-re& &-ch a& air9ag& an( in&tr-ment panel&. Thi& option i& partic-lar#
ly val-a9le in co-pling with the rigi( 9o(y occ-pant mo(eling co(e& .234.O an( C2L%3. The
NCO5T2CTO13 i& for mo(eling re9ar& in concrete &tr-ct-re.
`CONTROL
Option& availa9le in the NCO5T'OL &ection allow the re&etting of (efa-lt glo9al parameter& &-ch a&
the ho-rgla&& type, the contact penalty &cale factor, &hell element form-lation, n-merical (amping,
an( termination time.
`DAMPING
3efine& (amping either glo9ally or 9y part i(entifier.
`DATABASE
Thi& 7eywor( with a com9ination of option& can 9e -&e( for controlling the o-tp-t of 2SCBB (ata#
9a&e& an( 9inary file& o-tp-t 9y LS#3452. ,ith thi& 7eywor( the fre;-ency of writing the vario-&
(ata9a&e& can 9e (etermine(.
`DEFINE
Thi& &ection allow& the -&er to (efine c-rve& for loa(ing, con&tit-tive 9ehavior&, etc.E 9oxe& to limit
the geometric extent of certain inp-t&E local coor(inate &y&tem&E vector&E an( orientation vector& &pe#
cific to &pring an( (amper element&. Btem& (efine( in thi& &ection are reference( 9y their i(entifier&
thro-gho-t the inp-t. +or example, a coor(inate &y&tem i(entifier i& &ometime& -&e( on the
NBO8532'4 car(&, an( loa( c-rve& are -&e( on the N2B'B2> car(&.
`DEFORMABLE_TO_RIGID
Thi& &ection allow& the -&er to &witch part& that are (efine( a& (eforma9le to rigi( at the &tart of the
analy&i&. Thi& capa9ility provi(e& a co&t efficient metho( for &im-lating event& &-ch a& rollover
event&. ,hile the vehicle i& rotating the comp-tation co&t can 9e re(-ce( &ignificantly 9y &witching
(eforma9le part& that are not expecte( to (eform to rigi( part&. :-&t 9efore the vehicle come& in con#
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tact with gro-n(, the analy&i& can 9e &toppe( an( re&tarte( with the part &witche( 9ac7 to (eforma#
9le.
ÈF
=xchange factor& characteriIe ra(iative heat tran&fer 9etween collection& of flat &-rface&, the -nion
of which i& a clo&e( &-rface Can enclo&-reD. LS#3452 can calc-late exchange factor& an( then -&e
them a& 9o-n(ary con(ition& for thermal r-n&. The Ci,HD
th
element of an exchange factor matrix, =
iH
,
i& the fraction of the Stefan#BoltIman &-rface energy ra(iate( from &-rface i that i& a9&or9e( 9y &-r#
face H. LS#3452 employ& a .onte Carlo algorithm to calc-late the&e exchange factor&. +or each
&-rface, LS#3452 &im-late& photon emi&&ion one photon at a time. +or each photon, LS#3452
generate& a ran(om initial po&ition on the emitting &-rface& a& well a& a ran(om initial (irection that
point& into the enclo&-re. LS#3452 ray trace& each photon -ntil it i& a9&or9e(. The path of a &im-#
late( photon can 9e complex involving m-ltiple (iff-&e an( &pec-lar reflection& a& well a& m-ltiple
(iff-&e an( &pec-lar tran&mi&&ion&. The re&-lt& of thi& .onte Carlo algorithm are -&e( to a&&em9le a
matrix that i& relate( to the exchange factor matrix, for which, the Ci,HD
th
entry contain& the n-m9er of
photon& emitte( from &-rface i that are a9&or9e( 9y &-rface H. +rom thi& matrix LS#3452 then a&#
&em9le& the exchange factor matrix.
ÈLEMENT
3efine i(entifier& an( connectivitie& for all element& which incl-(e &hell&, 9eam&, &oli(&, thic7
&hell&, &pring&, (amper&, &eat 9elt&, an( concentrate( ma&&e& in LS#3452.
ÈOS
Thi& &ection rea(& the e;-ation& of &tate parameter&. The e;-ation of &tate i(entifier, =OSB3, point&
to the e;-ation of &tate i(entifier on the NP2'T car(.
`HOURGLASS
3efine& ho-rgla&& an( 9-l7 vi&co&ity propertie&. The i(entifier, J>B3, on the NJO8'>L2SS car(
refer& to J>B3 on NP2'T car(.
ÌNCLUDE
To ma7e the inp-t file ea&y to maintain, thi& 7eywor( allow& the inp-t file to 9e &plit into &-9file&.
=ach &-9file can again 9e &plit into &-9#&-9file& an( &o on. Thi& option i& 9eneficial when the inp-t
(ata (ec7 i& very large.
ÌNITIAL
Bnitial velocity an( initial moment-m for the &tr-ct-re can 9e &pecifie( in thi& &ection. The initial
velocity &pecification can 9e ma(e 9y NB5BTB2LOM=LOCBT4O5O3= car( or NB5BTB2L
OM=LOCBT4 car(&. Bn the ca&e of NB5BTB2LOM=LOCBT4O5O3= no(al i(entifier& are -&e( to
&pecify the velocity component& for the no(e. Since all the no(e& in the &y&tem are initialiIe( to Ie#
ro, only the no(e& with non#Iero velocitie& nee( to 9e &pecifie(. The NB5BTB2LOM=LOCBT4 car(
provi(e& the capa9ility of 9eing a9le to &pecify velocitie& -&ing the &et concept or 9oxe&.
ÌNTEGRATION
Bn thi& &ection the -&er (efine( integration r-le& for 9eam an( &hell element& are &pecifie(. B'B3 re#
fer& to integration r-le n-m9er B'B3 on NS=CTBO5OB=2. an( NS=CTBO5OSJ=LL car(& re&pec#
tively. S-a(rat-re r-le& in the NS=CTBO5OSJ=LL an( NS=CTBO5OB=2. car(& nee( to 9e &peci#
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fie( a& a negative n-m9er. The a9&ol-te val-e of the negative n-m9er refer& to -&er (efine( integra#
tion r-le n-m9er. Po&itive r-le n-m9er& refer to the 9-ilt in ;-a(rat-re r-le& within LS#3452.
ÌNTERFACE
Bnterface (efinition& are -&e( to (efine &-rface&, no(al line&, an( no(al point& for which the (i&#
placement an( velocity time hi&torie& are &ave( at &ome -&er &pecifie( fre;-ency. Thi& (ata may
then -&e( in &-9&e;-ent analy&e& a& an interface B3 in the NB5T='+2C=OLB5AB5>O3BSC'=T=
O5O3= a& ma&ter no(e&, in NB5T='+2C=OLB5AB5>OS=>.=5T a& ma&ter &egment& an( in
NB5T='+2C=OLB5AB5>O=3>= a& the ma&ter e(ge for a &erie& of no(e&. Thi& capa9ility i& e&pe#
cially -&ef-l for &t-(ying the (etaile( re&pon&e of a &mall mem9er in a large &tr-ct-re. +or the fir&t
analy&i&, the mem9er of intere&t nee( only 9e (i&cretiIe( &-fficiently that the (i&placement& an( ve#
locitie& on it& 9o-n(arie& are rea&ona9ly acc-rate. 2fter the fir&t analy&i& i& complete(, the mem9er
can 9e finely (i&cretiIe( in the region 9o-n(e( 9y the interface&. +inally, the &econ( analy&i& i& per#
forme( to o9tain highly (etaile( information in the local region of intere&t. ,hen 9eginning the fir&t
analy&i&, &pecify a name for the interface &egment file -&ing the K]parameter on the LS#3452 exe#
c-tion line. ,hen &tarting the &econ( analy&i&, the name of the interface &egment file create( in the
fir&t r-n &ho-l( 9e &pecifie( -&ing the L]parameter on the LS#3452 comman( line. +ollowing the
a9ove proce(-re, m-ltiple level& of &-9#mo(eling are ea&ily accommo(ate(. The interface file may
contain a m-ltit-(e of interface (efinition& &o that a &ingle r-n of a f-ll mo(el can provi(e eno-gh
interface (ata for many component analy&e&. The interface feat-re repre&ent& a powerf-l exten&ion
of LS#3452V& analy&i& capa9ilitie&. 2 &imilar capa9ility -&ing NB5T='+2C=OSSB may 9e -&e( for
&oil#&tr-ct-re interaction analy&i& -n(er earth;-a7e excitation.
`KEYWORD
+lag& LS#3452 that the inp-t (ec7 i& a 7eywor( (ec7. To have an effect thi& m-&t 9e the very fir&t
car( in the inp-t (ec7. 2lternatively, 9y typing X7eywor(Y on the exec-te line, 7eywor( inp-t for#
mat& are a&&-me( an( the XNA=4,O'3Y i& not re;-ire(. Bf a n-m9er i& &pecifie( on thi& car( after
the wor( A=4,O'3 it (efine& the memory &iIe to -&e( in wor(&. The memory &iIe can al&o 9e &et
on the comman( line. 5OT= TJ2T TJ= .=.O'4 SP=CB+B=3 O5 TJ= =L=C8TBO5 LB5=
OM=''B3=S .=.O'4 SP=CB+B=3 O5 TJ= NA=4,O'3 C2'3.
`LOAD
Thi& &ection provi(e& vario-& metho(& of loa(ing the &tr-ct-re with concentrate( point loa(&, (i&#
tri9-te( pre&&-re&, 9o(y force loa(&, an( a variety of thermal loa(ing&.
`MAT
Thi& &ection allow& the (efinition of con&tit-tive con&tant& for all material mo(el& availa9le in
LS#3452 incl-(ing &pring&, (amper&, an( &eat 9elt&. The material i(entifier, .B3, point& to the
.B3 on the NP2'T car(.
`NODE
3efine no(al point i(entifier& an( their coor(inate&.
`PARAMETER
Thi& option provi(e& a way of &pecifying n-merical val-e& of parameter name& that are reference(
thro-gho-t the inp-t file. The parameter (efinition&, if -&e(, &ho-l( 9e place( at the 9eginning of the
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2#/ C>SD LS-DYNA R7.0
inp-t file following NA=4,O'3. NP2'2.=T='O=LP'=SSBO5 permit& general alge9raic ex#
pre&&ion& to 9e -&e( to &et the val-e&.
`PART
Thi& 7eywor( &erve& two p-rpo&e&.
1. 'elate& part B3 to NS=CTBO5, N.2T='B2L, N=OS an( NJO8'>L2SS &ection&.
2. Optionally, in the ca&e of a rigi( material, rigi( 9o(y inertia propertie& an( initial con(ition&
can 9e &pecifie(. 3eforma9le material repo&itioning (ata can al&o 9e &pecifie( in thi& &ection
if the repo&ition option i& invo7e( on the NP2'T car(, i.e., NP2'TO'=POSBTBO5.
`PERTURBATION
Thi& 7eywor( provi(e& a way of (efining (eviation& from the (e&igne( &tr-ct-re &-ch a&, 9-c7ling
imperfection&.
`RAIL
Thi& 7eywor( provi(e& a way of (efining a wheel#rail contact algorithm inten(e( for railway appli#
cation& 9-t can al&o 9e -&e( for other p-rpo&e&. The wheel no(e& C(efine( on N'2BLOT'2B5D repre#
&ent the contact patch 9etween wheel an( rail.
`RIGIDWALL
'igi( wall (efinition& have 9een (ivi(e( into two &eparate &ection&,OPL252' an(O>=O.=T'BC.
Planar wall& can 9e either &tationary or moving in tran&lational motion with ma&& an( initial velocity.
The planar wall can 9e either finite or infinite. >eometric wall& can 9e planar a& well a& have the
geometric &hape& &-ch a& rectang-lar pri&m, cylin(rical pri&m an( &phere. By (efa-lt, the&e wall&
are &tationary -nle&& the option .OTBO5 i& invo7e( for either pre&cri9e( tran&lational velocity or
(i&placement. 8nli7e the planar wall&, the motion of the geometric wall i& governe( 9y a loa( c-rve.
.-ltiple geometric wall& can 9e (efine( to mo(el com9ination& of geometric &hape& availa9le. +or
example, a wall (efine( with theOC4LB53=' option can 9e com9ine( with two wall& (efine( with
theOSPJ='BC2L option to mo(el hemi&pherical &-rface cap& on the two en(& of a cylin(er. Con#
tact entitie& are al&o analytical &-rface& 9-t have the &ignificant a(vantage that the motion can 9e in#
fl-ence( 9y the contact to other 9o(ie&, or pre&cri9e( with &ix f-ll (egree&#of#free(om.
`SECTION
Bn thi& &ection, the element form-lation, integration r-le, no(al thic7ne&&e&, an( cro&& &ectional prop#
ertie& are (efine(. 2ll &ection i(entifier& CS=CB3V&D (efine( in thi& &ection m-&t 9e -ni;-e, i.e., if a
n-m9er i& -&e( a& a &ection B3 for a 9eam element then thi& n-m9er cannot 9e -&e( again a& a &ec#
tion B3 for a &oli( element.
`SENSOR
Thi& 7eywor( provi(e& a convenient way of activating an( (eactivating 9o-n(ary con(ition&, air#
9ag&, (i&crete element&, Hoint&, contact, rigi( wall&, &ingle point con&traint&, an( con&traine( no(e&.
The &en&or capa9ility i& new in the &econ( relea&e of ver&ion 71 an( will evolve in later relea&e& to
encompa&& many more LS#3452 capa9ilitie& an( replace &ome of the exi&ting capa9ilitie& &-ch a&
the air9ag &en&or logic.
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LS-DYNA R7.0 2# C>SD
`SET
2 concept of gro-ping no(e&, element&, material&, etc., in &et& i& employe( thro-gho-t the
LS#3452 inp-t (ec7. Set& of (ata entitie& can 9e -&e( for o-tp-t. So#calle( &lave no(e& -&e( in
contact (efinition&, &lave& &egment &et&, ma&ter &egment &et&, pre&&-re &egment &et& an( &o on can
al&o 9e (efine(. The 7eywor(, NS=T, can 9e (efine( in two way&)
1. OptionOLBST re;-ire& a li&t of entitie&, eight entitie& per car(, an( (efine a& many car(& a&
nee(e( to (efine all the entitie&.
2. OptionOCOL8.5, where applica9le, re;-ire& an inp-t of one entity per line along with -p
to fo-r attri9-te val-e& which are nee(e( to &pecify, for example, fail-re criterion inp-t that
i& nee(e( for NCO5T2CTOCO5ST'2B5TO5O3=SOTOOS8'+2C= .
`TERMINATION
Thi& 7eywor( provi(e& an alternative way of &topping the calc-lation 9efore the termination time i&
reache(. The termination time i& &pecifie( on the NCO5T'OLOT='.B52TBO5 inp-t an( will
terminate the calc-lation whether or not the option& availa9le in thi& &ection are active.
`TITLE
Bn thi& &ection a title for the analy&i& i& (efine(.
ÙSER_INTERFACE
Thi& &ection provi(e& a metho( to provi(e -&er control of &ome a&pect& of the contact algorithm& in#
cl-(ing friction coefficient& via -&er (efine( &-9ro-tine&.
RESTART
Thi& &ection of the inp-t i& inten(e( to allow the -&er to re&tart the &im-lation 9y provi(ing a re&tart
file an( optionally a re&tart inp-t (efining change& to the mo(el &-ch a& (eleting contact&, material&,
element&, &witching material& from rigi( to (eforma9le, (eforma9le to rigi(, etc.
NRIGID_TO_DEFORMABLE
Thi& &ection &witche& rigi( part& 9ac7 to (eforma9le in a re&tart to contin-e the event of a vehicle
impacting the gro-n( which may have 9een mo(ele( with a rigi( wall.
`STRESS_INITIALIZATION
Thi& i& an option availa9le for re&tart r-n&. Bn &ome ca&e& there may 9e a nee( for the -&er to a((
contact&, element&, etc., which are not availa9le option& for &tan(ar( re&tart r-n&. 2 f-ll inp-t con#
taining the a((ition& i& nee(e( if thi& option i& invo7e( -pon re&tart.
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2#1$ C>SD LS-DYNA R7.0
SUMMARY OF COMMONLY USED OPTIONS
The following ta9le give& a li&t of the commonly -&e( 7eywor(& relate( 9y topic.
Topic Component Keyword
>eometry 5o(e&
=lement&

3i&crete =lement&
N5O3=
N=L=.=5TOB=2.
N=L=.=5TOSJ=LL
N=L=.=5TOSOLB3
N=L=.=5TOTSJ=LL
N=L=.=5TO3BSC'=T=
N=L=.=5TO.2SS
N=L=.=5TOS=2TB=LTOOption
.aterial& Part Cwhich i& compo&e( of
.aterial an( Section,
e;-ation of &tate an(
ho-rgla&& (ataD
.aterial
Section&

3i&crete &ection&

=;-ation of &tate
Jo-rgla&&
NP2'T

N.2TOOption
NS=CTBO5OB=2.
NS=CTBO5OSJ=LL
NS=CTBO5OSOLB3
NS=CTBO5OTSJ=LL
NS=CTBO5O3BSC'=T=
NS=CTBO5OS=2TB=LT
N=OSOOption
NCO5T'OLOJO8'>L2SS
NJO8'>L2SS
Contact& an(
'igi( wall&
3efa-lt& for contact&
3efinition of contact&
3efinition of rigi( wall&
NCO5T'OLOCO5T2CT
NCO5T2CTOOption
N'B>B3,2LLOOption
Bo-n(ary
Con(ition& d
Loa(ing&
'e&traint&

>ravity C9o(yD loa(
Point loa(
Pre&&-re loa(

Thermal loa(
Loa( c-rve&
N5O3=
NBO8532'4OSPCOOption
NLO23OBO34OOption
NLO23O5O3=OOption
NLO23OS=>.=5TOOption
NLO23OSJ=LLOOption
NLO23OTJ='.2LOOption
N3=+B5=OC8'M=
Con&traint& an(
&pot wel(&
Con&traine( no(e&
,el(&

'ivet
NCO5ST'2B5=3O5O3=OS=T
NCO5ST'2B5=3O>=5='2LBK=3O,=L3O
Option
NCO5ST'2B5=3OSPOTO,=L3
NCO5ST'2B5=3O'BM=T
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Topic Component Keyword
O-tp-t Control 3efa-lt&
2SCBB time hi&tory file&
Binary plot, time hi&tory an(
re&tart file&
Btem& in time hi&tory 9loc7&
5o(e& for no(al reaction o-t#
p-t
NCO5T'OLOO8TP8T
N32T2B2S=OOption
N32T2B2S=OBB52'4OOption

N32T2B2S=OJBSTO'4OOption
N32T2B2S=O5O32LO+O'C=O>'O8P
Termination Termination time
Termination cycle
CP8 termination
3egree of free(om
NCO5T'OLOT='.B52TBO5
NCO5T'OLOT='.B52TBO5
NCO5T'OLOCP8
NT='.B52TBO5O5O3=
Table 2.1. Aeywor(& for the mo&t commonly -&e( option&.
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EXECUTION SYNTAX
The interactive exec-tion line for LS#3452 i& a& follow&)
LS#3452 B]inf O]otf >]ptf 3]dpf +]thf T]tpf 2]rrd .]sif S]iff K]isf1 L]isf2 B]rlf ,]root
=efl L]scl C]cpu A]kill M]vda 4]c3d BEMbof KEYWORD] THERMAL] COUPLE]
INIT] CASE] .=.O'4nwds 5CP8 ncpu P2'2para =53TB.=time 5C4CL=ncycle
:OBB3]jobid 3%P'OP]d3prop >.B5Pgminp >.O8Tgmout .CJ=CA]y
D3PLOT
Time History
Interface Force
Dynamic Relaxation
Others...
Printer File
"messag"
Input Echo
Text Output
E=
O=d3hsp
Interface Segment
Running Dump
Restart Dump
Restart Files
Z=
D=d3dump
A=runrsf
Stress Initialization
CAL3D Input
Thermal File
VDA Geometry
LSDYNA
L=
Y
=
Interface Segment
Restart
Input
T
=
V
=
R
=
M
=
I
=
Binary Output
Files: Input and Output
B=d3drfl
S=
F=d3dht
G=d3plot
+ig-re 2#2. +ile& Bnp-t an( O-tp-t.
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LS-DYNA R7.0 2#1% C>SD
where
inf ] inp-t file C-&er &pecifie(D
otf ] high &pee( printer file C(efa-lt]3%JSPD
ptf ] 9inary plot file for graphic& C(efa-lt]3%PLOTD
dpf ] (-mp file for re&tarting C(efa-lt]3%38.PD. Thi& file i& written at the en( of every
r-n an( (-ring the r-n a& re;-e&te( in the inp-t. To &top the generation of thi& file
&et the file name to 5O38.P.
thf ] 9inary plot file for time hi&torie& of &electe( (ata C(efa-lt]3%TJ3TD
tpf ] optional temperat-re file
rrd ] r-nning re&tart (-mp file C(efa-lt]'85'S+D
sif ] &tre&& initialiIation file C-&er &pecifie(D
iff ] interface force file C-&er &pecifie(D
isf1 ] interface &egment &ave file to 9e create( C-&er &pecifie(D
isf2 ] exi&ting interface &egment &ave file to 9e -&e( C-&er &pecifie(D
rlf ] 9inary plot file for (ynamic relaxation C(efa-lt]3%3'+LD
efl ] echo file containing optional inp-t echo with or witho-t no(eFelement (ata
root ] root file name for general print option
scl ] &cale factor for 9inary file &iIe& C(efa-lt]7D
cpu ] c-m-lative cp- time limit in &econ(& for the entire &im-lation, incl-(ing all re&tart&,
if cpu i& po&itive. Bf cpu i& negative, the a9&ol-te val-e of cpu i& the cp- time limit
in &econ(& for the fir&t r-n an( for each &-9&e;-ent re&tart r-n.
kill ] if LS#3452 enco-nter& thi& file name it will terminate with a re&tart file
C(efa-lt]3%ABLD
vda ] M32FB>=S (ata9a&e for geometrical &-rface&
c3d ] C2L%3 inp-t file
bof ] N+'=S8=5C4O3O.2B5O2CO8STBCOB=. o-tp-t file
nwds ] 5-m9er of wor(& to 9e allocate(. On engineering wor7&tation& a wor( i&
-&-ally %29it&. This number overwrites the memory size specified on the
`KEYWORD card at the beginning of the input deck.
ncpu ] Overri(e& NCPU an( CONST (efine( in NCO5T'OLOP2'2LL=L. 2 po&itive
val-e &et& CO5ST]2 an( a negative val-e& &et& CO5ST]1. See the
NCO5T'OLOP2'2LL=L comman( for an explanation of the&e parameter&. The
NA=4,O'3 comman( provi(e& an alternative way to &et the n-m9er of CP8&.
para ] Overri(e& PARA (efine( in NCO5T'OLOP2'2LL=L.
time ] Overri(e& ENDTIM (efine( in NCO5T'OLOT='.B52TBO5.
ncycle ] Overri(e& ENDCYC (efine( in NCO5T'OLOT='.B52TBO5.
jobid ] Character &tring which act& a& a prefix for all o-tp-t file&. .axim-m length i& 72
character&. Do not incl-(e the following character&) D CN F e f.
d3prop ] See N32T2B2S=OBB52'4O3%P'OP inp-t parameter B+BL= for option&.
gminp ] Bnp-t file for rea(ing recor(e( motion& in NB5T='+2C=OSSB C(efa-lt]>.BB5D.
gmout ] O-tp-t file for writing recor(e( motion& in NB5T='+2C=OSSBO28L C(e#
fa-lt]>.BB5D.
Bn or(er to avoi( -n(e&ira9le or conf-&ing re&-lt&, each LS#3452 r-n &ho-l( 9e performe( in a &ep#
arate (irectory, -nle&& -&ing the comman( line parameter XHo9i(Y (e&cri9e( a9ove. Bf rer-nning a
Ho9 in the &ame (irectory, ol( file& &ho-l( fir&t 9e remove( or rename( to avoi( conf-&ion &ince the
po&&i9ility exi&t& that the 9inary (ata9a&e may contain re&-lt& from 9oth the ol( an( new r-n.
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2#1! C>SD LS-DYNA R7.0
By incl-(ing KEYWORD anywhere on the exec-te line or in&tea( if `KEYWORD i& the fir&t car(
in the inp-t file, the 7eywor( format& are expecte(E otherwi&e, the ol(er &tr-ct-re( inp-t file will 9e
expecte(.
To r-n a co-ple( thermal analy&i& the comman( COUPLE m-&t 9e in the exec-te line. 2 thermal
only analy&i& may 9e r-n 9y incl-(ing the wor( THERMAL in the exec-tion line.
The INIT Cor sw1. can 9e -&e( in&tea(D comman( on the exec-tion line ca-&e& the calc-lation to r-n
H-&t one cycle followe( 9y termination with a f-ll re&tart file. 5o e(iting of the inp-t (ec7 i& re#
;-ire(. The calc-lation can then 9e re&tarte( with or witho-t any a((itional inp-t. Sometime& thi&
option can 9e -&e( to re(-ce the memory on re&tart if the re;-ire( memory i& given on the exec-tion
line an( i& &pecifie( too large in the 9eginning when the amo-nt of re;-ire( memory i& -n7nown.
>enerally, thi& option wo-l( 9e -&e( at the 9eginning of a new calc-lation.
Bf the wor( CASE appear& on the comman( line, then `CASE &tatement& will 9e han(le( 9y the
9-ilt in (river ro-tine&. Otherwi&e they &ho-l( 9e proce&&e( 9y the external l&ca&e(river program,
an( if any `CASE &tatement& are enco-ntere( it will ca-&e an error.
Bf MCHECK]y i& given on the comman( line, the program &witche& to Xmo(el chec7Y mo(e. Bn
thi& mo(e the program will r-n only 1$ cycle& W H-&t eno-gh to verify that the mo(el will &tart. +or
implicit pro9lem&, all initialiIation i& performe(, 9-t exec-tion halt& 9efore the fir&t cycle. Bf the
networ7 licen&e i& 9eing -&e(, the program will attempt to chec7 o-t a licen&e -n(er the program
name XLS#3452.CY &o a& not to -&e -p one of the normal 3452 licen&e&. Bf thi& fail&, a normal
exec-tion licen&e will 9e -&e(.
Bf the wor( MEMORY i& fo-n( anywhere on the exec-tion line an( if it i& not &et via CnwdsD
LS#3452 will give the (efa-lt &iIe of memory, re;-e&t, an( then rea( in the (e&ire( memory &iIe.
Thi& option i& nece&&ary if the (efa-lt val-e i& in&-fficient memory an( termination occ-r& a& a re#
&-lt. Occa&ionally, the (efa-lt val-e i& too large for exec-tion an( thi& option can 9e -&e( to lower
the (efa-lt &iIe. .emory can al&o 9e &pecifie( on the `KEYWORD car(.
SENSE SWITCH CONTROLS
The &tat-& of an in#progre&& LS#3452 &im-lation can 9e (etermine( 9y -&ing the &en&e &witch. On
85BL ver&ion&, thi& i& accompli&he( 9y fir&t typing a XgCY CControl#CD. Thi& &en(& an interr-pt to
LS#3452 which i& trappe( an( the -&er i& prompte( to inp-t the &en&e &witch co(e. LS#3452 ha&
nine terminal &en&e &witch control& that are ta9-late( 9elow)
Type Response
SW1. 2 re&tart file i& written an( LS#3452 terminate&.
SW2. LS#3452 re&pon(& with time an( cycle n-m9er&.
SW3. 2 re&tart file i& written an( LS#3452 contin-e&.
SW4. 2 plot &tate i& written an( LS#3452 contin-e&.
SW5. =nter interactive graphic& pha&e an( real time vi&-aliIation.
SW7. T-rn off real time vi&-aliIation.
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LS-DYNA R7.0 2#1" C>SD
Type Response
SW8. Bnteractive 23 reIoner for &oli( element& an( real time vi&-aliIation.
SW9. T-rn off real time vi&-aliIation Cfor option S,/D.
SWA. +l-&h 2SCBB file 9-ffer&.
lprint =na9leF3i&a9le printing of e;-ation &olver memory, cpre;-irement&.
nlprint =na9leF3i&a9le printing of nonlinear e;-ili9ri-m iteration information.
iter =na9leF3i&a9le o-tp-t of 9inary plot (ata9a&e Z(%iterZ &howing me&h after
each e;-ili9ri-m iteration. 8&ef-l for (e9-gging convergence pro9lem&.
conv Temporarily overri(e nonlinear convergence tolerance&.
stop Jalt exec-tion imme(iately, clo&ing open file&.
On 85BLFLB58L &y&tem& the &en&e &witche& can &till 9e -&e( if the Ho9 i& r-nning in the 9ac7#
gro-n( or in 9atch mo(e. To interr-pt LS#3452 &imply create a file calle( 3%ABL containing the
(e&ire( &en&e &witch, e.g., Z&w1.Z LS#3452 perio(ically loo7& for thi& file an( if fo-n(, the &en&e
&witch containe( therein i& invo7e( an( the 3%ABL file i& (elete(. 2 n-ll 3%ABL file i& e;-ivalent to
a Z&w1.Z
,hen LS#3452 terminate&, all &cratch file& are (e&troye() the re&tart file, plot file&, an( high#&pee(
printer file& remain on (i&7. Of the&e, only the re&tart file i& nee(e( to contin-e the interr-pte( anal#
y&i&.
Procedure for LS-DYNA/MPP
2& (e&cri9e( a9ove the &erialFS.P co(e &-pport& the -&e of the SB>B5T &ignal C-&-ally Ctrl#CD to
interr-pt the exec-tion an( prompt the -&er for a Z&en&e &witch.Z The .PP co(e al&o &-pport& thi&
capa9ility. Jowever, on many &y&tem& a &hell &cript or front en( program Cgenerally Zmpir-nZD i&
re;-ire( to &tart .PB application&. Pre&&ing Ctrl#C on &ome &y&tem& will 7ill thi& proce&&, an( th-&
7ill the r-nning .PP#3452 exec-ta9le. 2& a wor7aro-n(, when the .PP co(e 9egin& exec-tion it
create& a file name( Z9gO&witchZ in the c-rrent wor7ing (irectory. Thi& file contain& the following
&ingle line)
r&h ?machine name@ 7ill #B5T ?PB3@
where ?machine name@ i& the ho&tname of the machine on which the root .PP#3452 proce&& i&
r-nning, an( ?PB3@ i& it& proce&& i(. Con JP &y&tem&, Zr&hZ i& replace( 9y Zrem&hZD. Th-&, &imply
exec-ting thi& file will &en( the appropriate &ignal.
+or more information a9o-t r-nning the LS#3452F.PP Mer&ion &ee 2ppen(ix O.
+ile name& m-&t 9e -ni;-e. The interface force file i& create( only if it i& &pecifie( on the exec-tion
line CS]iffD. On large pro9lem& the (efa-lt file &iIe& may not 9e large eno-gh for a &ingle file to hol(
either a re&tart (-mp or a plot &tate. Then the file &iIe may 9e increa&e( 9y &pecifying the file &iIe
on the exec-te line -&ing L]scl. The (efa-lt file &iIe hol(& &even time& one#million octal wor(
C2021!!D or 1/%"$$/ wor(&. Bf the core re;-ire( 9y LS#3452 re;-ire& more &pace, it i& recom#
men(e( that the scl 9e increa&e( appropriately. 8&ing C]cpu (efine& the maxim-m cp- -&age al#
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lowe( that if excee(e( will ca-&e LS#3452 to terminate with a re&tart file. 3-ring a re&tart, cpu
&ho-l( 9e &et to the total cp- -&e( -p to the c-rrent re&tart pl-& whatever amo-nt of a((itional time i&
wante(.
,hen restarting from a dump file, the exec-tion line 9ecome&
LS#3452 B]inf O]otf >]ptf 3]dpf ']rtf +]thf T]tpf 2]rrd S]iff K]isf1 L]isf2 B]rlf ,]root
=efl L]scl C]cpu A]kill S]option KEYWORD MEMORYnwds
where
rtf ] re&tart filename.
The a(aptive (-mp file& contain all information re;-ire( to &-cce&&f-lly re&tart &o that no other file&
are nee(e( except when C23 &-rface (ata i& -&e(. ,hen re&tarting a pro9lem that -&e& M32FB>=S
&-rface (ata, the v(a inp-t file m-&t 9e &pecifie(, e.g.)
LS#3452 ']d3dump01 M]vda ...........
Bf the (ata from the la&t r-n i& to 9e remappe( onto a new me&h, then &pecify) S]remap. The remap
file i& the (-mp file from which the remapping (ata i& ta7en. The remap option i& availa9le for 9ric7
element& only. +ile name (ropo-t& are permitte(E for example, the following exec-tion line& are ac#
cepta9le.
LS#3452 B]inf
LS#3452 ']rtf
3efa-lt name& for the o-tp-t file, 9inary plot file&, an( the (-mp file are 3%JSP, 3%PLOT,
3%TJ3T, an( 3%38.P, re&pectively.
+or an analy&i& -&ing interface &egment& the exec-tion line in the fir&t analy&i& i& given 9y)
LS#3452 Iinf Zisf1
an( in the &econ( 9y)
LS#3452 Iinf Lisf1
Batch execution in &ome in&tallation& Ce.g., >.D i& controlle( 9y file 52.=S on -nit //. 52.=S
i& a 2 line file in which the &econ( line i& 9lan7. The fir&t line of 52.=S contain& the exec-tion
line)
Iinf
if thi& i& the initial r-n. +or a re&tart the exec-tion line 9ecome&)
Iinf Rrtf
'emar7) 5o &tre&& initialiIation i& po&&i9le at re&tart. 2l&o the M32 file& an( the C2L%3 file& can#
not 9e change(.
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RESTART ANALYSIS
The LS#3452 re&tart capa9ility allow& analy&e& to 9e 9ro7en (own into &tage&. 2fter the comple#
tion of each &tage in the calc-lation a Xre&tart (-mpY i& written that contain& all information nece&#
&ary to contin-e the analy&i&. The &iIe of thi& X(-mpY file i& ro-ghly the &ame &iIe a& the memory
re;-ire( for the calc-lation. 'e&-lt& can 9e chec7e( at each &tage 9y po&t#proce&&ing the o-tp-t (a#
ta9a&e& in the normal way, &o the chance of wa&ting comp-ter time on incorrect analy&e& i& re(-ce(.
The re&tart capa9ility i& fre;-ently -&e( to mo(ify mo(el& 9y (eleting exce&&ively (i&torte( ele#
ment&, material& that are no longer important, an( contact &-rface& that are no longer nee(e(. O-tp-t
fre;-encie& of the vario-& (ata9a&e& can al&o 9e altere(. Often, the&e &imple mo(ification& permit
the calc-lation to contin-e on to a &-cce&&f-l completion. 'e&tarting can al&o help to (iagno&e why a
mo(el i& giving pro9lem&. By re&tarting from a (-mp that i& written 9efore the occ-rrence of a n-#
merical pro9lem an( o9taining o-tp-t at more fre;-ent interval&, it i& often po&&i9le to i(entify
where the fir&t &ymptom& appear an( what a&pect of the mo(el i& ca-&ing them.
The format of the re&tart inp-t file i& (e&cri9e( in thi& man-al. Bf, for example, the -&er wi&he& to
re&tart the analy&i& from (-mp &tate nn, containe( in file 3!"Pnn, then the following proce(-re
i& followe()
1. Create the re&tart inp-t (ec7, if re;-ire(, a& (e&cri9e( in the 'e&tart Section of thi& man#
-al. Call thi& file restartinput#

2. By invo7ing the exec-tion line)
LS#3452 B]restartinput ']3!"Pnn
exec-tion 9egin&. Bf no alteration& to the mo(el are ma(e, then the exec-tion line)
LS#3452 ']3!"Pnn
will &-ffice. Of co-r&e, the other o-tp-t file& &ho-l( 9e a&&igne( name& if the (efa-lt&
have 9een change( in the original r-n.
The ']3%38.Pnn on the &tat-& line inform& the program that thi& i& a re&tart analy&i&.
The f-ll (ec7 re&tart option allow& the -&er to 9egin a new analy&i&, with (eforme( &hape&
an( &tre&&e& carrie( forwar( from a previo-& analy&i& for &electe( material&. The new analy&i& can
9e (ifferent from the original, e.g., more contact &-rface&, (ifferent geometry Cof part& which are not
carrie( forwar(D, etc. =xample& of application& incl-(e)
h Cra&h analy&i& contin-e( with extra contact &-rface&E
h Sheet metalforming contin-e( with (ifferent tool& for mo(eling a m-lti#&tage forming
proce&&.
2&&-me an analy&i& i& r-n -&ing the inp-t file, Ho91.inf, an( a re&tart (-mp name( (%(-mp$1 i& cre#
ate(. 2 new inp-t file Ho92.inf i& generate( an( &-9mitte( a& a re&tart with '](%(-mp$1 a& the (-mp
file. The inp-t file Ho92.inf contain& the entire mo(el in it& original -n(eforme( &tate 9-t with more
contact &-rface&, new o-tp-t (ata9a&e&, an( &o on. Since thi& i& a re&tart Ho9, information m-&t 9e
given to tell LS#3452 which part& of the mo(el &ho-l( 9e initialiIe( in the f-ll (ec7 re&tart. ,hen
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2#1/ C>SD LS-DYNA R7.0
the calc-lation 9egin& the re&tart (ata9a&e containe( in the file (%(-mp$1 i& rea(, an( a new (ata#
9a&e i& create( to initialiIe the mo(el in the inp-t file, Ho92.inf. The (ata in file Ho92.inf i& rea( an(
the LS#3452 procee(& thro-gh the entire inp-t (ec7 an( initialiIation. 2t the en( of the initialiIa#
tion proce&&, all the part& &electe( are initialiIe( from the (ata &ave( from (%(-mp$1. Thi& mean&
that the (eforme( po&ition an( velocitie& of the no(e& on the element& of each part, an( the &tre&&e&
an( &train& in the element& Can(, if the material of the part i& rigi(, the rigi( 9o(y propertie&D will 9e
a&&igne(.
Bt i& a&&-me( (-ring thi& proce&& that any initialiIe( part ha& the &ame element&, in the &ame or(er,
with the &ame topology, in Ho91 an( Ho92. Bf thi& i& not the ca&e, the part& cannot 9e initialiIe(.
Jowever, the part& may have (ifferent i(entifying n-m9er&.
+or (i&crete element& an( &eat 9elt&, the choice i& all or nothing. 2ll (i&crete an( 9elt element&, re#
tractor&, &lipring&, preten&ioner& an( &en&or& m-&t exi&t in 9oth file& an( will 9e initialiIe(.
.aterial& which are not initialiIe( will have no initial (eformation& or &tre&&e&. Jowever, if initial#
iIe( an( non#initialiIe( material& have no(e& in common, the no(e& will 9e move( 9y the initialiIe(
material ca-&ing a &-((en &train in the non#initialiIe( material. Thi& effect co-l( give ri&e to &-((en
&pi7e& in loa(ing.
Point& to note are)
h Time an( o-tp-t interval& are contin-o-& with Ho91, i.e., the time i& not re&et to Iero.
h 3onVt try to -&e the re&tart part of the inp-t to change anything &ince thi& will 9e over#
written 9y the new inp-t file.
h 8&-ally, the complete inp-t file part of Ho92.in1 will 9e copie( from Ho91.inf, with the
re;-ire( alteration&. ,e again mention that there i& no nee( to -p(ate the no(al coor(i#
nate& &ince the (eforme( &hape& of the initialiIe( material& will 9e carrie( forwar( from
Ho91.
h Completely new (ata9a&e& will 9e generate( with the time off&et.
VDA/IGES DATABASES
M32 &-rface& are &-rface& of geometric entitie& which are given in the form of polynomial&. The
format of the&e &-rface& i& a& (efine( 9y the >erman a-tomo9ile an( &-pplier in(-&try in the M32
g-i(eline&, TM32 1/7U.
The a(vantage of -&ing M32 &-rface& i& twofol(. +ir&t, the pro9lem of me&hing the &-rface of the
geometric entitie& i& avoi(e( an(, &econ(, &mooth &-rface& can 9e achieve( which are very important
in metalforming. ,ith &mooth &-rface&, artificial friction intro(-ce( 9y &tan(ar( facete( me&he&
with corner& an( e(ge& can 9e avoi(e(. Thi& i& a 9ig a(vantage in &pring9ac7 calc-lation&.
2 very &imple an( general han(ling of M32 &-rface& i& po&&i9le allowing ar9itrary motion an( gen#
eration of &-rface&. +or a (etaile( (e&cription, &ee 2ppen(ix L.
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LS-PrePost

LS#3452 i& (e&igne( to operate with a variety of commercial pre# an( po&t#proce&&ing pac7age&.
C-rrently, (irect &-pport i& availa9le from T'8=>'B3, P2T'25, etaFMP>, J4P='.=SJ, =2Si#
C'2SJ 3452 an( +=.2P. Several thir(#party tran&lation program& are availa9le for P2T'25
an( B3=2S.
2lternately, the pre# an( po&t#proce&&or LS#PrePo&t i& availa9le from LSTC an( i& &pecialiIe( for
LS#3452. LS#PrePo&t i& an a(vance( pre# an( po&t#proce&&or that i& (elivere( free with LS#
3452. The -&er interface i& (e&igne( to 9e 9oth efficient an( int-itive. LS#PrePo&t r-n& on ,in#
(ow&, Lin-x, an( 8nix, -tiliIing Open>L graphic& to achieve fa&t mo(el ren(ering an( L4 plotting.
Some of the capa9ilitie& availa9le in LS#PrePo&t are)
h Complete &-pport for all LS#3452 7eywor( (ata.
h Bmporting an( com9ining m-ltiple mo(el& from many &o-rce& CLS#3452 7eywor(,
B3=2S ne-tral file, 52ST'25 9-l7 (ata, STL a&cii, an( STL 9inary format&D.
h Bmprove( ren-m9ering of mo(el entitie&.
h .o(el .anip-lation) Tran&late, 'otate, Scale, ProHect, Off&et, 'eflect
h LS#3452 =ntity Creation) Coor(inate Sy&tem&, Set&, Part&, .a&&e&, C5'B&, Boxe&,
Spot wel(&, SPC&, 'igi(wall&, 'ivet&, Bnitial Melocity, 2ccelerometer&, Cro&& Section&,
etc.
h .e&h >eneration) 23me&h S7etch9oar(, nLine .e&hing, Line &weep into &hell, Shell
&weep into &oli(, Tet#.e&hing, 2-tomatic &-rface me&hing of B>=S an( M32 (ata,
.e&hing of &imple geometric o9Hect& CPlate, Sphere, Cylin(erD
h Special 2pplication&) 2ir9ag fol(ing, 3-mmy po&itioning, Seat9elt fitting, Bnitial pene#
tration chec7, Spot wel( generation -&ing .2TO1$$
h Complete &-pport of LS#3452 re&-lt& (ata file) (%plot file, (%th(t file, 2ll a&cii time
hi&tory (ata file, Bnterface force file
LS#PrePo&t proce&&e& o-tp-t from LS#3452. LS#PrePo&t rea(& the 9inary plot#file& generate( 9y
LS#3452 an( plot& conto-r&, fringe&, time hi&torie&, an( (eforme( &hape&. Color conto-r& an(
fringe& of a large n-m9er of ;-antitie& may 9e interactively plotte( on me&he& con&i&ting of plate,
&hell, an( &oli( type element&. LS#PrePo&t can comp-te a variety of &train mea&-re&, reaction force&
along con&traine( 9o-n(arie&.
LS#3452 generate& three 9inary (ata9a&e&. One contain& information for complete &tate& at infre#
;-ent interval&E "$ to 1$$ &tate& of thi& &ort i& typical in a LS#3452 calc-lation. The &econ( con#
tain& information for a &-9&et of no(e& an( element& at fre;-ent interval&E 1$$$ to 1$,$$$ &tate& i&
typical. The thir( contain& interface (ata for contact &-rface&.
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2#2$ C>SD LS-DYNA R7.0

EXECUTION SPEEDS
The relative exec-tion &pee(& for vario-& element& in LS#3452 are ta9-late( 9elow)

=lement Type 'elative Co&t
/ no(e &oli( with 1 point integration an( (efa-lt ho-rgla&& con#
trol
!
a& a9ove 9-t with +lanagan#Belyt&ch7o ho-rgla&& control "
con&tant &tre&& an( +lanagan#Belyt&ch7o ho-rgla&& control, i.e.,
the +lanagan#Belyt&ch7o element
7
! no(e Belyt&ch7o#T&ay &hell with fo-r thic7ne&& integration
point&
!
+ig-re 2#%. +ile OrganiIation
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=lement Type 'elative Co&t
! no(e Belyt&ch7o#T&ay &hell with re&-ltant pla&ticity %
BCBK triang-lar &hell with fo-r thic7ne&& integration point& 7
C
o
triang-lar &hell with fo-r thic7ne&& integration point& !
2 no(e J-ghe&#Li- 9eam with fo-r integration point&
2 no(e Belyt&ch7o#Schwer 9eam 2
2 no(e &imple tr-&& element& 1
/ no(e &oli(#&hell with fo-r thic7ne&& integration point& 11
The&e relative timing& are very approximate. =ach interface no(e of the &li(ing interface& i& ro-ghly
e;-ivalent to one#half Ione cycle in co&t. +ig-re 2#!. ill-&trate& the relative co&t of the vario-& &hell
form-lation& in LS#3452.
BT BTW BL BWC CHL HL
2.45
0
10
20
30
11.071.251.281.49
Element Type
Performance
FBT
2.80
CFHL FHL
8.84
20.01
Fully int egrat ed element s

+ig-re 2#!. 'elative co&t of the fo-r no(e( &hell& availa9le in LS#3452 where BT i& the Be#
lyt&ch7o#T&ay &hell, BT, i& the Belyt&ch7o#T&ay &hell with the warping &tiffne&&
ta7en from the Belyt&ch7o#,ong#Chiang, B,C, &hell. The BL &hell i& the Be#
lyt&ch7o#Leviathan &hell. CJL (enote& the J-ghe&#Li- &hell, JL, with one point
;-a(rat-re an( a co#rotational form-lation. +BT i& a Belyt&ch7o#T&ay li7e &hell with
f-ll integration, +JL i& the f-lly integrate( J-ghe&#Li- &hell, an( the C+JL &hell i&
it& co#rotational ver&ion.
UNITS
The -nit& in LS#3452 m-&t 9e con&i&tent. One way of te&ting whether a &et of -nit& i& con&i&tent i&
to chec7 that)
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1 Cforce -nitD ] 1 Cma&& -nitD x 1 Cacceleration -nitD
an( that 1 Cacceleration -nitD ]
1(IcngthunIt)
|1(tImcunIt)]
2

=xample& of &et& of con&i&tent -nit& are)
(a) (b) (c)
Length -nit meter millimeter millimeter
Time -nit &econ( &econ( milli&econ(
.a&& -nit 7ilogram tonne 7ilogram
+orce -nit 5ewton 5ewton 7ilo5ewton
4o-ngV& .o(-l-& of Steel 21$.$=[$ 21$.$=[$% 21$.$
3en&ity of Steel 7./"=[$% 7./"=W$ 7./"=W$0
4iel( &tre&& of .il( Steel 2$$.$=[$0 2$$.$ $.2$$
2cceleration (-e to gravity ./1 ./1=[$% ./1=#$%
Melocity e;-ivalent to %$ mph 1%.! 1%.!=[$% 1%.!
GENERAL CARD FORMAT
The following &ection& &pecify for each 7eywor( the car(& that m-&t 9e (efine( an( tho&e car(& that
are optional. =ach car( i& (e&cri9e( in it& fixe( format form an( i& &hown a& a n-m9er of fiel(& in an
/$ character &tring. ,ith the exception of Xlong formatY inp-t a& (e&cri9e( 9elow, mo&t car(& are /
fiel(& with a length of 1$ an( a &ample car( i& &hown 9elow. The car( format i& clearly &tate( if it i&
other than eight fiel(& of 1$.
2& an alternative to fixe( format, a car( may 9e free format with the val-e& of the varia9le& &eparat#
e( 9y comma&. ,hen -&ing comma#(elimite( val-e& on a car(, the n-m9er of character& -&e( to
&pecify a val-e m-&t not excee( the fiel( length for fixe( format. +or example, an B/ n-m9er i& lim#
ite( to a n-m9er of an( larger n-m9er& with more than eight character& are -naccepta9le.
+ixe( an( free format& can 9e mixe( thro-gho-t the (ec7 an( even within (ifferent car(& of a &ingle
comman( 9-t not within a car(.
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LS-DYNA R7.0 2#2% C>SD
Card Format
1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 5SB3 PSB3 21 22 2% A2T
Type B B + + + B
3efa-lt none none 1.$ 1.$ $ 1
'emar7& 1 2 %
Bn the example &hown a9ove, the row la9ele( XTypeY give& the varia9le type an( i& either +, for
floating point or B, for an integer. The row la9ele( X3efa-ltY reveal& the (efa-lt val-e &et for a vari#
a9le if Iero i& &pecifie(, the fiel( i& left 9lan7, or the car( i& not (efine(. The X'emar7&Y row refer&
to en-merate( remar7& at the en( of the &ection.
Long Format Input)
To accommo(ate larger or more preci&e val-e& for inp-t varia9le& than are allowe( 9y the &tan(ar(
format inp-t a& (e&cri9e( a9ove, a Xlong formatY inp-t option i& availa9le. One way of invo7ing
long format 7eywor( inp-t i& 9y a((ing Xlong]yY to the exec-tion line. 2 &econ( way i& to a((
Xlong]yY to the NA=4,O'3 comman( in the inp-t (ec7.
long]y) rea( long 7eywor( inp-t (ec7E write long &tr-ct-re( inp-t (ec7.
long]&) rea( &tan(ar( 7eywor( inp-t (ec7E write long &tr-ct-re( inp-t (ec7.
long]7) rea( long 7eywor( inp-t (ec7E write &tan(ar( &tr-ct-re( inp-t (ec7.
The Xlong]&Y option may 9e helpf-l in the rare event that the 7eywor( inp-t i& of &tan(ar( format
9-t LS#3452 report& an inp-t error an( the (yna.&tr file C&ee NCO5T'OLOST'8CT8'=3D re#
veal& that one of more varia9le& i& incorrectly written to (yna.&tr a& a &erie& of a&teri&7& (-e to ina(e#
;-ate fiel( lengthC&D in (yna.&tr.
The Xlong]7Y option really &erve& no practical p-rpo&e.
,hen long format i& invo7e( for 7eywor( inp-t, inp-t fiel(& for each varia9le 9ecome 2$ character&
long with a maxim-m of fo-r fiel(& per line. Bn long format, only fo-r varia9le& can 9e (efine( per
line, i.e., a Xcar(Y that re;-ire& eight varia9le& an( normally wo-l( fit on a &ingle line m-&t 9e &prea(
over two line& of inp-t.
4o- can mix long an( &tan(ar( format within one inp-t (ec7 9y -&e of X[Y or X#X &ign& within the
(ec7. Bf the exec-tion line in(icate& &tan(ar( format, yo- can a(( Z [Z at the en( of any 7eywor(& to
invo7e long format H-&t for tho&e 7eywor(&. +or example, XN5O3= [Y in place of XN5O3=Y in#
vo7e& a rea( format of two line& per no(e CB2$,%=2$.$ on the fir&t line an( 2+2$.$ on the &econ(
lineD.
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2#2! C>SD LS-DYNA R7.0
Similarly, if the exec-tion line in(icate& long format, yo- can a(( Z#Z at the en( of any 7eywor(& to
invo7e &tan(ar( format for tho&e 7eywor(&. +or example, XN5O3= WX in place of XN5O3=Y in#
vo7e& the &tan(ar( rea( format of one line per no(e C B/,%=10.$,2+/.$D.
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ÀIRBAG
LS-DYNA R7.0 %#1 C2B'B2>D
ÀIRBAG
P-rpo&e) 3efine an air9ag or control vol-me.
The 7eywor( N2B'B2> provi(e& a way of (efining thermo(ynamic 9ehavior of the ga& flow into
the air9ag a& well a& a reference config-ration for the f-lly inflate( 9ag. The 7eywor( car(& in thi&
&ection are (efine( in alpha9etical or(er)
ÀIRBAG_OPTION1_POPTION2QOPOPTION3QOPOPTION4Q
ÀIRBAG_ADVANCED_ALE
ÀIRBAG_ALE
ÀIRBAG_INTERACTION
ÀIRBAG_PARTICLE
ÀIRBAG_REFERENCE_GEOMETRY_OPTIONOOPTION
ÀIRBAG_SHELL_REFERENCE_GEOMETRY
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ÀIRBAG ÀIRBAG
%#2 C2B'B2>D LS-DYNA R7.0
ÀIRBAG_OPTION1OPOPTION2QOPOPTION3QOPOPTION4Q
OPTION1 &pecifie& one of the following thermo(ynamic relation&hip&)
SIMPLE_PRESSURE_VOLUME
SIMPLE_AIRBAG_MODEL
ADIABATIC_GAS_MODEL
WANG_NEFSKE
WANG_NEFSKE_1ETTING
WANG_NEFSKE_MULTIPLE_1ETTING
LOAD_CURVE
LINEAR_FLUID
HYBRID
HYBRID_1ETTING
HYBRID_CHEMKIN
OPTION2 &pecifie& that an a((itional line of (ata i& rea( for the ,25>O5=+SA= type thermo(y#
namic relation&hip&. The a((itional (ata control& the initiation of exit flow from the air9ag. OP$
TION2 ta7e& the &ingle option)
POP
OPTION3 &pecifie& that a con&tant moment-m form-lation i& -&e( to calc-late the Hetting loa( on the
air9ag an a((itional line of (ata i& rea( in) OPTION3 ta7e& the &ingle option)
CM
OPTION4 given 9y)
ID
Specifie& that an air9ag B3 an( hea(ing information will 9e the fir&t car( of the air9ag (efinition.
Thi& B3 i& a -ni;-e n-m9er that i& nece&&ary for the i(entification of the air9ag& in the (efinition of
air9ag interaction via N2B'B2>OB5T='2CTBO5 7eywor(. The n-meric B3G& an( hea(ing are
written into the 2BST2T an( 3%JSP file&.
The following card is read if and only if the ID option is specified.

Note: An ID is necessary for ÀIRBAG_INTERACTION.
Optional 1 2
Maria9le 2BB3 J=23B5>
Type B 27$

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ÀIRBAG ÀIRBAG
LS-DYNA R7.0 %#% C2B'B2>D
Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le SB3 SB3T4P 'BB3 MSC2 PSC2 MB5B .,3 SPS+
Type B B B + + + + +
3efa-lt none $ $ 1. 1. $. $. $.
'emar7& optional

VARIABLE DESCRIPTION
2BB3
2ir9ag B3. Thi& m-&t 9e a -ni;-e n-m9er.
J=23B5>
2ir9ag (e&criptor. Bt i& &-gge&te( that -ni;-e (e&cription& 9e -&e(.
SB3
Set B3
SB3T4P
Set type)
=S.$) &egment,
5=.$) part &et B3.
'BB3
'igi( 9o(y part B3 for -&er (efine( activation &-9ro-tine)
=S.#'BB3) Sen&or &-9ro-tine flag& initiate& the inflator. Loa( c-rve&
are off&et 9y initiation time,
=S.$) the control vol-me i& active from time Iero,
=S.'BB3) 8&er &en&or &-9ro-tine flag& the &tart of the inflation. Loa(
c-rve& are off&et 9y initiation time. See 2ppen(ix 3.
MSC2
Mol-me &cale factor, M
&ca
C(efa-lt]1.$D
PSC2
Pre&&-re &cale factor, P
&ca
C(efa-lt]1.$D
MB5B
Bnitial fille( vol-me, M
ini

.,3
.a&& weighte( (amping factor, 3
SPS+
Stagnation pre&&-re &cale factor, u <= y <= 1
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ÀIRBAG ÀIRBAG
%#! C2B'B2>D LS-DYNA R7.0
Remarks:
The fir&t car( i& nece&&ary for all air9ag option&. The &e;-ence for the following car(& which i& (if#
ferent for each option i& explaine( on the next page&.
L-mpe( parameter control vol-me& are a mechani&m for (etermining vol-me& of clo&e( &-rface& an(
applying a pre&&-re 9a&e( on &ome thermo(ynamic relation&hip&. The vol-me i& &pecifie( 9y a li&t
of polygon& &imilar to the pre&&-re 9o-n(ary con(ition car(& or 9y &pecifying a material &-9&et
which repre&ent& &hell element& which form the clo&e( 9o-n(ary. 2ll polygon normal& m-&t 9e ori#
ente( to face o-twar(& from the control vol-me. Bf hole& are (etecte(, they are a&&-me( to 9e cov#
ere( 9y planar &-rface&.
M
&ca
an( P
&ca
allow for -nit &y&tem change& from the inflator to the finite element mo(el. There are
two &et& of vol-me an( pre&&-re -&e( for each control vol-me. +ir&t, the finite element mo(el com#
p-te& a vol-me CM
femo(el
D an( applie& a pre&&-re CP
femo(el
D. The thermo(ynamic& of a control vol#
-me may 9e comp-te( in a (ifferent -nit &y&temE th-&, there i& a &eparate vol-me CM
cvol-me
D an(
pre&&-re CP
cvol-me
D which are -&e( for integrating the (ifferential e;-ation& for the control vol-me.
The conver&ion i& a& follow&)
I
coIumc
= (I
scu
I
]cmodcI
) -I

P
]cmodcI
= P
scu
P
coIumc

3amping can 9e applie( to the &tr-ct-re enclo&ing a control vol-me 9y -&ing a ma&& weighte( (amp#
ing form-la)
F
d
= m
(:
-:
cg
)
where F
i
J
i& the (amping force, m
i
i& the no(al ma&&, v
i& the velocity for a no(e, :

cg
i& the ma&&
weighte( average velocity of the &tr-ct-re enclo&ing the control vol-me, an( i& the (amping fac#
tor.
2n alternative, &eparate (amping i& 9a&e( on the &tagnation pre&&-re concept. The &tagnation pre&#
&-re i& ro-ghly the maxim-m pre&&-re on a flat plate oriente( normal to a &tea(y &tate flow fiel(.
The &tagnation pre&&-re i& (efine( a& p = ypI
2
where % i& the normal velocity of the control vol#
-me relative to the am9ient velocity, i& the am9ient air (en&ity, an( y i& a factor which varie& from
$ to 1 an( ha& to 9e cho&en 9y the -&er. Small val-e& are recommen(e( to avoi( exce&&ive (amping.
Sensor Input to Activate Inflator
Define if and only if RBID nonzero.
S7ip thi& inp-t if &'I]$. Bf the rigi( 9o(y B3 i& non#Iero then (efine either the inp-t for the -&er
(efine( &en&or &-9ro-tine C2D or (efine the (ata for the (efa-lt &en&or CBD.
The &en&or i& mo-nte( on a rigi( 9o(y which i& attache( to the &tr-ct-re. The motion of the &en&or i&
provi(e( in the local coor(inate &y&tem (efine( for the rigi( 9o(y in the (efinition of the rigi( mate#
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LS-DYNA R7.0 %#" C2B'B2>D
rial, &ee N.2TO'B>B3. Thi& i& important &ince the (efa-lt local &y&tem i& ta7en a& the principal ax#
e& of the inertia ten&or. The local &y&tem rotate& an( tran&late& with the rigi( material. ,hen the -&er
(efine( criterion i& met for the (eployment of the air9ag, a flag i& &et an( the (eployment 9egin&. 2ll
loa( c-rve& relating to the ma&& flow rate ver&-& time are then &hifte( 9y the initiation time.
A. Sensor Input for User Subroutine (RBID>0)
See Appendix D. A user supplied subroutine must be provided.
3efine the following car( &et& which provi(e the inp-t parameter& for the -&er (efine( &-9ro-tine.
8p to 2" parameter& may 9e -&e( with each control vol-me.

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 5
Type B
3efa-lt none

Card Format (Define up to 25 constants for the user subroutine. Input only the number of
cards necessary, i.e. for nine constants use 2 cards)
Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le C1 C2 C% C! C"
Type + + + + +
3efa-lt $. $. $. $. $.

5
5-m9er of inp-t parameter& Cnot to excee( 2"D.
C1,...C5
8p to 2" con&tant& for the -&er &-9ro-tine.
B. LS-DYNA Sensor Input (RBID<0)
3efine three car(& which provi(e the inp-t parameter& for the 9-ilt in &en&or &-9ro-tine.
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ÀIRBAG ÀIRBAG
Acceleration/Velocity/Displacement Activation

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 2L 24 2K 2.2> T38'
Type + + + + +
3efa-lt $. $. $. $. $.

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 3ML 3M4 3MK 3M.2>
Type + + + +
3efa-lt $. $. $. $.

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 8L 84 8K 8.2>
Type + + + +
3efa-lt $. $. $. $.

2L
2cceleration level in local x#(irection to activate inflator. The a9&ol-te
val-e of the x#acceleration i& -&e(.
=S.$) inactive.
24
2cceleration level in local y#(irection to activate inflator. The a9&ol-te
val-e of the y#acceleration i& -&e(.
=S.$) inactive.
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ÀIRBAG ÀIRBAG
2K
2cceleration level in local I#(irection to activate inflator. The a9&ol-te
val-e of the I#acceleration i& -&e(.
=S.$) inactive.
2.2>
2cceleration magnit-(e re;-ire( to activate inflator.
=S.$) inactive.
T38'
Time (-ration acceleration m-&t 9e excee(e( 9efore the inflator activate&.
Thi& i& the c-m-lative time from the 9eginning of the calc-lation, i.e., it i&
not contin-o-&.
3ML
Melocity change in local x#(irection to activate the inflator. CThe a9&ol-te
val-e of the velocity change i& -&e(.D
=S.$) inactive.
3M4
Melocity change in local y#(irection to activate the inflator. CThe a9&ol-te
=S.$) inactive.
3MK
Melocity change in local I#(irection to activate the inflator. CThe a9&ol-te
=S.$) inactive.
3M.2>
Melocity change magnit-(e re;-ire( to activate the inflator.
=S.$) inactive.
8L
3i&placement increment in local x#(irection to activate the inflator. CThe
a9&ol-te val-e of the x#(i&placement i& -&e(.D
=S.$) inactive.
84
3i&placement increment in local y#(irection to activate the inflator. CThe
a9&ol-te val-e of the y#(i&placement i& -&e(.D
=S.$) inactive.
8K
3i&placement increment in local I#(irection to activate the inflator. CThe
a9&ol-te val-e of the I#(i&placement i& -&e(.D
=S.$) inactive.
8.2>
3i&placement magnit-(e re;-ire( to activate the inflator.
=S.$) inactive.
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ÀIRBAG ÀIRBAG_SIMPLE_PRESSURE_VOLUME
%#/ C2B'B2>D LS-DYNA R7.0

SIMPLE_PRESSURE_VOLUME option)

Additional card required for SIMPLE_PRESSURE_VOLUME option
Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le C5 B=T2 LCB3 LCB33'
Type + + B B
3efa-lt none none none $

C5
Coefficient. 3efine if the loa( c-rve B3, LCB3, i& -n&pecifie(.
LT.$.$) iC5i i& the loa( c-rve B3, which (efine& the coefficient a& a
f-nction of time.
B=T2
Scale factor, [. 3efine if a loa( c-rve B3 i& not &pecifie(.
LCB3
Optional loa( c-rve B3 (efining pre&&-re ver&-& relative vol-me.
LCB33'
Optional loa( c-rve B3 (efining the coefficient, C5, a& a f-nction of time
(-ring the (ynamic relaxation pha&e.
Remarks:
The relation&hip i& the following)
Piessuie = [
CN
Relative volume

Relative volume =
Cuiient volume
Initial volume

The pre&&-re i& then a f-nction of the ratio of c-rrent vol-me to the initial vol-me. The con&tant,
C5, i& -&e( to e&ta9li&h a relation&hip 7nown from the literat-re. The &cale factor i& &imply -&e( to
&cale the given val-e&. Thi& &imple mo(el can 9e -&e( when an initial pre&&-re i& given an( no lea7#
age, no temperat-re, an( no inp-t ma&& flow i& a&&-me(. 2 typical application i& the mo(eling of air
in a-tomo9ile tire&.
The loa( c-rve, LCB33', can 9e -&e( to ramp -p the pre&&-re (-ring the (ynamic relaxation pha&e in
or(er to avoi( o&cillation& after the (e&ire( ga& pre&&-re i& reache(. Bn the 3=+B5=OC8'M= &ection
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ÀIRBAG_SIMPLE_PRESSURE_VOLUME ÀIRBAG
LS-DYNA R7.0 %# C2B'B2>D
thi& loa( c-rve m-&t 9e flagge( for (ynamic relaxation. 2fter initialiIation either the con&tant or
loa( c-rve B3, iC5i i& -&e( to (etermine the pre&&-re.
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ÀIRBAG ÀIRBAG_SIMPLE_AIRBAG_MODEL
%#1$ C2B'B2>D LS-DYNA R7.0
SIMPLE_AIRBAG_MODEL option)

Additional cards required for SIMPLE_AIRBAG_MODEL option
Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le CM CP T LCB3 .8 2 P= 'O
Type + + + B + + + +
3efa-lt none none none none none none none none

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le LO8 T=LT 2 B ., >2SC
Type B + + + + +
3efa-lt $ $. $. $. $. $.
'emar7& $ optional optional optional optional optional

CM
Jeat capacity at con&tant vol-me
CP
Jeat capacity at con&tant pre&&-re
T
Temperat-re of inp-t ga&
LCB3
Loa( c-rve B3 &pecifying inp-t ma&& flow rate. See N3=+B5=OC8'M=.
.8
Shape factor for exit hole, p:
LT.$.$) |p| i& the loa( c-rve n-m9er (efining the &hape factor a& a f-nc#
tion of a9&ol-te pre&&-re.
2
=xit area, 2)
>=.$.$) 2 i& the exit area an( i& con&tant in time,
LT.$.$) i2i i& the loa( c-rve n-m9er (efining the exit area a& a f-nction
of a9&ol-te pre&&-re.
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ÀIRBAG_SIMPLE_AIRBAG_MODEL ÀIRBAG
P=
2m9ient pre&&-re, p
e

'O
2m9ient (en&ity, p
LO8
Optional loa( c-rve B3 giving ma&& flow o-t ver&-& ga-ge pre&&-re in 9ag.
See N3=+B5=OC8'M=.
T=LT
2m9ient temperat-re. C3efine if an( only if CM]$.D
2
+ir&t heat capacity coefficient of inflator ga& Ce.g., :o-le&FmoleF
o
AD. C3e#
fine if an( only if CM]$.D
B
Secon( heat capacity coefficient of inflator ga&, Ce.g., :o-le&FmoleF
o
A
2
D.
C3efine if an( only if CM]$.D
.,
.olec-lar weight of inflator ga& Ce.g., AgFmoleD. C3efine if an( only if
CM]$.D
>2SC
8niver&al ga& con&tant of inflator ga& Ce.g., /.%1! :o-le&FmoleF
o
AD. C3e#
fine if an( only if CM]$.D
Remarks:
The gamma law e;-ation of &tate -&e( to (etermine the pre&&-re in the air9ag)
p = (y -1)p c
where p i& the pre&&-re, i& the (en&ity, c i& the &pecific internal energy of the ga&, an( i& the ratio
of the &pecific heat&)
y =
c
p
c

+rom con&ervation of ma&&, the time rate of change of ma&& flowing into the 9ag i& given a&)
JH
Jt
=
JH
n
Jt
-
JH
out
Jt

The inflow ma&& flow rate i& given 9y the loa( c-rve B3, LCB3. Lea7age, the ma&& flow rate o-t of
the 9ag, can 9e mo(ele( in two alternative way&. One i& to give an exit area with the corre&pon(ing
&hape factor, then the loa( c-rve B3, LO8, m-&t 9e &et to Iero. The other i& to (efine a ma&& flow
o-t 9y a loa( c-rve, then p an( 2 have to 9oth 9e &et to Iero.
Bf CM]$. then the con&tant#pre&&-re &pecific heat i& given 9y)
c
p
=
(o +bI)
Hw

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ÀIRBAG ÀIRBAG_SIMPLE_AIRBAG_MODEL
an( the con&tant#vol-me &pecific heat i& then fo-n( from)
c
= c
p
-
R
Hw
D
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ÀIRBAG_ADIABATIC_GAS_MODEL ÀIRBAG
LS-DYNA R7.0 %#1% C2B'B2>D
ADIABATIC_GAS_MODEL option)

Additional card required for ADIABATIC_GAS_MODEL option
Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le PS+ LCB3 >2..2 P$ P= 'O
Type + B + + + +
3efa-lt 1.$ none none none none none

PS+
Pre&&-re &cale factor
LCB3
Optional loa( c-rve for preloa( flag. See N3=+B5=OC8'M=.
>2..2
'atio of &pecific heat&
P$
Bnitial pre&&-re Cga-geD
P=
2m9ient pre&&-re
'O
Bnitial (en&ity of ga&
Remarks:
The optional loa( c-rve B3, LCB3, (efine& a preloa( flag. 3-ring the preloa( pha&e the f-nction
val-e of the loa( c-rve ver&-& time i& Iero, an( the pre&&-re in the control vol-me i& given a&)
p = PSF p
0

,hen the first nonzero f-nction val-e i& enco-ntere(, the preloa( pha&e &top& an( the i(eal ga& law
applie& for the re&t of the analy&i&. Bf LCB3 i& Iero, no preloa( i& performe(.
The gamma law e;-ation of &tate for the a(ia9atic expan&ion of an i(eal ga& i& -&e( to (etermine the
pre&&-re after preloa()
p = (y -1) p c
where p i& the pre&&-re, i& the (en&ity, e i& the &pecific internal energy of the ga&, an( y i& the ra#
tio of the &pecific heat&)
y =
c
p
c

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ÀIRBAG ÀIRBAG_ADIABATIC_GAS_MODEL
%#1! C2B'B2>D LS-DYNA R7.0
The pre&&-re a9ove i& the a9&ol-te pre&&-re, the re&-ltant pre&&-re acting on the control vol-me i&)
p
s
= PSF(p -p
c
)
where PS+ i& the pre&&-re &cale factor. Starting from the initial pre&&-re p
0
an initial internal energy
i& calc-late()
c
0
=
p
0
+p
c
p(y -1)
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ÀIRBAG_WANG_NEFSKE ÀIRBAG
LS-DYNA R7.0 %#1" C2B'B2>D
WANG_NEFSKE option&)

Additional 4 cards are required for all WANG_NEFSKE models
Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le CM CP T LCT LC.T TMOL LC3T B2BT
Type + + + B B + B +
3efa-lt none none $. $ none $. $. not -&e(

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le C2% LCC2% 22% LC22% CP2% LCCP2% 2P2% LC2P2%
Type + B + B + B + B
3efa-lt none $ none $ none $ $.$ $

Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le P= 'O >C LC=+' POM=' PPOP OPT A5A35
Type + + + B + + + B
3efa-lt none none none $ $.$ $.$ $.$ $

If the inflator is modeled, LCMT0, define, the following card. If not, define but leave blank.
Car( ! 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le BOC BO2 BMOL B'O BT LCB+
Type + + + + + B
3efa-lt none none none none none none

D
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ÀIRBAG ÀIRBAG_WANG_NEFSKE
Define the following card if and only if CV0. This option allows temperature dependent heat
capacities to be defined. See below.
Car( " 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le T=LT 2 B ., >2SC JCO5M
Type + + + + + +

Define the following card if and only if the POP option is specified. Use this option to specify
additional criteria for initiating exit flow from the airbag.
Car( " 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le T3P 2LP 24P 2KP 2.2>P T38'P T32 'BB3P
Type + + + + + + + B
3efa-lt $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ none

CM
Jeat capacity at con&tant vol-me
CP
Jeat capacity at con&tant pre&&-re
T
Temperat-re of inp-t ga&. +or temperat-re variation& a loa( c-rve, LCT,
may 9e (efine(.
LCT
Optional loa( c-rve n-m9er (efining temperat-re of inp-t ga& ver&-& time.
Thi& overri(e& col-mn& T.
LC.T
Loa( c-rve &pecifying inp-t ma&& flow rate or tan7 pre&&-re ver&-& time. Bf
the tan7 vol-me, TMOL, i& nonIero the c-rve B3 i& a&&-me( to 9e tan7 pre&#
&-re ver&-& time. Bf LC.T]$, then the inflator ha& to 9e mo(ele(, &ee
Car( !. 3-ring the (ynamic relaxation pha&e the air9ag i& ignore( -nle&&
the c-rve i& flagge( to act (-ring (ynamic relaxation.
TMOL
Tan7 vol-me which i& re;-ire( only for the tan7 pre&&-re ver&-& time
c-rve, LC.T.
LC3T
Loa( c-rve for time rate of change of temperat-re C(TF(tD ver&-& time.
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B2BT
Bnitial air9ag temperat-re. COptional, generally not (efine(.D
C2%
Ment orifice coefficient which applie& to exit hole. Set to Iero if LCC2% i&
(efine( 9elow.
LCC2%
The a9&ol-te val-e, iLCC2%i, i& a loa( c-rve B3. Bf the B3 i& po&itive, the
loa( c-rve (efine& the vent orifice coefficient which applie& to exit hole a&
a f-nction of time. Bf the B3 i& negative, the vent orifice coefficient i& (e#
fine( a& a f-nction of relative pre&&-re, P
u
P
bug
, &ee T2nagonye an(
,ang 1U. Bn a((ition, LCC2% can 9e (efine( thro-gh 3=+B5=
OC8'M=O+85CTBO5. 2 nonIero val-e for C2% overri(e& LCC2%.
22%
Bf (efine( a& a po&itive n-m9er, 22% i& the vent orifice area which applie&
to exit hole. Bf (efine( a& a negative n-m9er, the a9&ol-te val-e i22%i i& a
part B3, &ee T2nagonye an( ,ang, 1U. The area of thi& part 9ecome&
the vent orifice area. 2ir9ag pre&&-re will not 9e applie( to part i22%i rep#
re&enting venting hole& if part i22%i i& not incl-(e( in SB3, the part &et rep#
re&enting the air9ag. Set 22% to Iero if LC22% i& (efine( 9elow.
LC22%
Loa( c-rve n-m9er (efining the vent orifice area which applie& to exit hole
a& a f-nction of a9&ol-te pre&&-re, or LC22% can 9e (efine( thro-gh 3=#
+B5=OC8'M=O+85CTBO5. 2 nonIero val-e for 22% overri(e& LC22%.
CP2%
Orifice coefficient for lea7age Cfa9ric poro&ityD. Set to Iero if LCCP2% i&
(efine( 9elow.
LCCP2%
Loa( c-rve n-m9er (efining the orifice coefficient for lea7age Cfa9ric po#
ro&ityD a& a f-nction of time, or LCCP2% can 9e (efine( thro-gh 3=+B5=
OC8'M=O+85CTBO5. 2 nonIero val-e for CP2% overri(e& LCCP2%.
2P2%
2rea for lea7age Cfa9ric poro&ityD
LC2P2%
Loa( c-rve n-m9er (efining the area for lea7age Cfa9ric poro&ityD a& a
f-nction of Ca9&ol-teD pre&&-re, or LC2P2% can 9e (efine( thro-gh 3=#
+B5=OC8'M=O+85CTBO5. 2 nonIero val-e for 2P2% overri(e& LC2P2%.
P=
2m9ient pre&&-re
'O
2m9ient (en&ity
>C
>ravitational conver&ion con&tant Cman(atory # no (efa-ltD. Bf con&i&tent
-nit& are 9eing -&e( for all parameter& in the air9ag (efinition then -nity
&ho-l( 9e inp-t.
LC=+'
Optional c-rve for exit flow rate Cma&&FtimeD ver&-& Cga-geD pre&&-re
D
R
A
F
T
%#1/ C2B'B2>D LS-DYNA R7.0
POM='
Bnitial relative overpre&&-re Cga-geD, P
over
in control vol-me
PPOP
Pop Pre&&-re) relative pre&&-re Cga-geD for initiating exit flow, P
pop

OPT
+a9ric venting option, if nonIero CP2%, LCCP2%, 2P2%, an( LC2P2% are &et to
Iero.
=S.1) ,ang#5ef&7e form-la& for venting thro-gh an orifice are -&e(.
Bloc7age i& not con&i(ere(.
Bloc7age of venting area (-e to contact i& con&i(ere(.
=S.%) )Lea7age form-la& of >raefe, Ar-mmhe-er, an( SieHa7 T1$U are
-&e(. Bloc7age i& not con&i(ere(.
=S.!) Lea7age form-la& of >raefe, Ar-mmhe-er, an( SieHa7 T1$U are
-&e(. Bloc7age of venting area (-e to contact i& con&i(ere(.
=S.") Lea7age form-la& 9a&e( on flow thro-gh a poro-& me(ia are
=S.0) Lea7age form-la& 9a&e( on flow thro-gh a poro-& me(ia are
=S.7) Lea7age i& 9a&e( on ga& vol-me o-tflow ver&-& pre&&-re loa(
c-rve. Bloc7age of flow area (-e to contact i& not con&i(ere(.
29&ol-te pre&&-re i& -&e( in the poro-&#velocity#ver&-&#pre&&-re
loa( c-rve, given a& +2CCPD in the N.2TO+2B'BC car(.
=S./) Lea7age i& 9a&e( on ga& vol-me o-tflow ver&-& pre&&-re loa(
c-rve. Bloc7age of flow area (-e to contact i& con&i(ere(. 29&o#
l-te pre&&-re i& -&e( in the poro-&#velocity#ver&-&#pre&&-re loa(
c-rve, given a& +2CCPD in the N.2TO+2B'BC car(.
A5A35
Optional loa( c-rve B3 (efining the 7noc7 (own pre&&-re &cale factor ver#
&-& time. Thi& option only applie& to Hetting. The &cale factor (efine( 9y
thi& loa( c-rve &cale& the pre&&-re applie( to air9ag &egment& which
(o not have a clear line#of#&ight to the Het. Typically, at very early time&
thi& &cale factor will 9e le&& than -nity an( e;-al to -nity at later time&.
The f-ll pre&&-re i& alway& applie( to &egment& which can &ee the Het&.
BOC
Bnflator orifice coefficient
BO2
Bnflator orifice area
BMOL
Bnflator vol-me
B'O
Bnflator (en&ity
D
R
A
F
T
BT
Bnflator temperat-re
LCB+
Loa( c-rve (efining 9-rn fraction ver&-& time
T=LT
2m9ient temperat-re.
2
+ir&t heat capacity coefficient of inflator ga& Ce.g., :o-le&FmoleF
o
AD
B
Secon( heat capacity coefficient of inflator ga&, Ce.g., :o-le&FmoleF
o
A
2
D
.,
.olec-lar weight of inflator ga& Ce.g., AgFmoleD.
>2SC
8niver&al ga& con&tant of inflator ga& Ce.g., /.%1! :o-le&FmoleF
o
AD
JCO5M
=ffective heat tran&fer coefficient 9etween the ga& in the air 9ag an( the
environment at temperat-re T=LT. Bf JCO5M?$, then JCO5M (efine& a
loa( c-rve of (ata pair& Ctime, hconvD.
T3P
Time (elay 9efore initiating exit flow after pop pre&&-re i& reache(.
2LP
Pop acceleration magnit-(e in local x#(irection.
=S.$.$) Bnactive.
24P
Pop acceleration magnit-(e in local y#(irection.
=S.$.$) Bnactive.
2KP
Pop acceleration magnit-(e in local I#(irection.
=S.$.$) Bnactive.
2.2>P
Pop acceleration magnit-(e.
=S.$.$) Bnactive.
T38'P
Time (-ration pop acceleration m-&t 9e excee(e( to initiate exit flow. Thi&
i& a c-m-lative time from the 9eginning of the calc-lation, i.e., it i& not
contin-o-&.
T32
Time (elay 9efore initiating exit flow after pop acceleration i& excee(e( for
the pre&cri9e( time (-ration.
'BB3P
Part B3 of the rigi( 9o(y for chec7ing acceleration& again&t pop accelera#
tion&.
D
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A
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Remarks:
The gamma law e;-ation of &tate for the a(ia9atic expan&ion of an i(eal ga& i& -&e( to (etermine the
pre&&-re after preloa()
p = (y -1)p c
where p i& the pre&&-re, i& the (en&ity, e i& the &pecific internal energy of the ga&, an( i& the ratio
of the &pecific heat&)
y =
c
p
c

where c
v
i& the &pecific heat at con&tant vol-me, an( c
p
i& the &pecific heat at con&tant pre&&-re. 2
pre&&-re relation i& (efine()

=
p
c
p

where p
e
i& the external pre&&-re an( p i& the internal pre&&-re in the 9ag. 2 critical pre&&-re rela#
tion&hip i& (efine( a&)
ct
= _
2
y +1
]
y
y-1

where i& the ratio of &pecific heat&)
y =
c
p
c

Bf
S j S
crit
then S ] S
crit

,ang an( 5ef&7e (efine the ma&& flow thro-gh the vent& an( lea7age 9y
m
23
= C
23
A
23
p
RI
2

1
y
_2g
c
_
y R
y -1
] _1 -
y-1
y
]
an(

m'
23
= C'
23
A'
23
p
RI
2

1
y
_2g
c
_
y R
y -1
] _1 -
y-1
y
]

Bt m-&t 9e note( that the gravitational conver&ion con&tant ha& to 9e given in con&i&tent -nit&. 2& an
alternative to comp-ting the ma&& flow o-t of the 9ag 9y the ,ang#5ef&7e mo(el, a c-rve for the
exit flow rate (epen(ing on the internal pre&&-re can 9e ta7en. Then, no (efinition& for C2%, LCC2%,
22%, LC22%, CP2%, LCCP2%, 2P2%, an( LC2P2% are nece&&ary.
D
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The air9ag inflator a&&-me& that the control vol-me of the inflator i& con&tant an( that the amo-nt of
propellant reacte( can 9e (efine( 9y the -&er a& a ta9-late( c-rve of fraction reacte( ver&-& time. 2
pre&&-re relation i& (efine()
ct
=
p
c
p
= _
2
y +1
]
y
y-1

where p
c
i& a critical pre&&-re at which &onic flow occ-r&, p
I
, i& the inflator pre&&-re. The exha-&t
pre&&-re i& given 9y
p
c
= p
u
i p
u
p
c

p
c
= p
c
i p
u
< p
c

where p
u
i& the pre&&-re in the control vol-me. The ma&& flow into the control vol-me i& governe(
9y the e;-ation)
m
n
= C
0
A
0
2p
I
p
I
_
g
c
y _
2
y
-
y+1
y
]
y -1

where C
0
, A
0
, an( p
I
are the inflator orifice coefficient, area, an( ga& (en&ity, re&pectively.
Bf OPT i& (efine(, then for OPT &et to 1 or 2 the ma&& flow rate o-t of the 9ag, m
out
i& given 9y)
m
out
= g
c
_ (FIC(t)
n
FAC(p)
n
Arco
n
)
numuts
n=1
_ 2pp
_
y _
2
k
-
y+1
y
]
y -1

where, i& the (en&ity of air9ag ga&, nairmats i& the n-m9er of fa9ric& -&e( in the air9ag, an( (re$
a
n
i& the c-rrent -n9loc7e( area of fa9ric n-m9er n.
Bf OPT &et to % or ! then)
m
out
= _ (FIC(t)
n
FAC(p)
n
Arco
n
)
numuts
n=1
_ 2(p -p
cxt
)p
an( for OPT &et to " or 0)
m
out
= _ (FIC(t)
n
FAC(p)
n
Arco
n
)
numuts
n=1
_ (p -p
cxt
)
an( for OPT &et to 7 or / Cmay 9e compara9le to an e;-ivalent mo(el 2L= mo(elD)
D
R
A
F
T
m
out
= FIC(t)
n
FAC(p)
n
Arco
n
p
n
numuts
n=1

5ote that for (ifferent OPT &etting&, FAC(p)
n
ha& (ifferent meaning& Call -nit& &hown H-&t a&
(emon&tration&D)
+or OPT of 1, 2, % an( !, +2CCPD i& -nit#le&&.
+or OPT of " an( 0, +2CCPD ha& a -nit of C&FmD.
+or OPT of 7 or /, +2CCPD i& the ga& vol-me o-tflow thro-gh a -nit area per -nit time th-&
ha& the -nit of &pee(, i.e. :o l = m
3
(m
2
- s) = m s / / = :cl(P).
.-ltiple air9ag& may &hare the &ame part B3 &ince the area &-mmation i& over the air9ag &egment&
who&e corre&pon(ing part B3V& are 7nown. C-rrently, we a&&-me that no more than ten material& are
-&e( per 9ag for p-rpo&e& of the o-tp-t. Thi& con&traint can 9e eliminate( if nece&&ary.
The total ma&& flow o-t will incl-(e the portion (-e to venting, i.e., con&tant& C2% an( 22% or their
loa( c-rve& a9ove.
Bf CM]$. then the con&tant#pre&&-re &pecific heat i& given 9y)
c
p
=
(o +bI)
Hw

an( the con&tant#vol-me &pecific heat i& then fo-n( from)
c
= c
p
-
R
Hw

Further additional 2 cards are required for 1ETTING models
The following a((itional car(& are (efine( for the ,25>O5=+SA=O:=TTB5> an( ,25>
O5=+SA=O.8LTBPL=O:=TTB5> option&, two f-rther car(& are (efine( for each option. The Het
may 9e (efine( 9y &pecifying either the coor(inate& of the Het focal point, Het vector hea( an( &ec#
on(ary Het focal point, or 9y &pecifying three no(e& locate( at the&e po&ition&. The no(al point op#
tion i& recommen(e( when the location of the air9ag change& a& a f-nction of time.
D
R
A
F
T
3efine either car( 9elow 9-t not 9oth)

1st additional card of 2 required for WANG_NEFSKE_1ETTING option
Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le L:+P 4:+P K:+P L:MJ 4:MJ K:MJ C2 B=T2
Type + + + + + + + +
3efa-lt none none none none none none none 1.$
'emar7 1 1 1 1 1 1

1st additional card of 2 required for WANG_NEFSKE_MULTIPLE_1ETTING option
Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le L:+P 4:+P K:+P L:MJ 4:MJ K:MJ LC:'M B=T2
Type + + + + + + + +
3efa-lt none none none none none none none 1.$
'emar7 1 1 1 1 1 1

2nd additional card of 2 required for WANG_NEFSKE_1ETTING and WANG_NEFSKE
_MULTIPLE_1ETTING option
Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le LS:+P 4S:+P KS:+P PSB3 25>L= 5O3=1 5O3=2 5O3=%
Type + + + B + B B B
3efa-lt none none none none none $ $ $
'emar7 1 1 1

D
R
A
F
T
L:+P
x#coor(inate of Het focal point, i.e., the virt-al origin in +ig-re %#1. See
'emar7 1 9elow.
4:+P
y#coor(inate of Het focal point, i.e., the virt-al origin in +ig-re %#1.
K:+P
I#coor(inate of Het focal point, i.e., the virt-al origin in +ig-re %#1.
L:MJ
x#coor(inate of Het vector hea( to (efine( co(e centerline
4:MJ
y#coor(inate of Het vector hea( to (efine( co(e centerline
K:MJ
I#coor(inate of Het vector hea( to (efine( co(e centerline
C2
Cone angle, o, (efine( in ra(ian&.
LT.$.$) |o|i& the loa( c-rve B3 (efining cone angle a& a f-nction of time
LC:'M
Loa( c-rve B3 giving the &patial Het relative velocity (i&tri9-tion, &ee +ig#
-re& %#1 an( %#%. The Het velocity i& (etermine( from the inflow ma&& rate
an( &cale( 9y the loa( c-rve f-nction val-e corre&pon(ing to the val-e of
the angle . Typically, the val-e& on the loa( c-rve vary 9etween $ an(
-nity. See N3=+B5=OC8'M=.
B=T2
=fficiency factor, [, which &cale& the final val-e of pre&&-re o9taine( from
Berno-lliV& e;-ation.
LT.$.$) |[| i& the loa( c-rve B3 (efining the efficiency factor a& a f-nc#
tion of time
LS:+P
x#coor(inate of &econ(ary Het focal point, pa&&enger &i(e 9ag. Bf the coor(i#
nate& of the &econ(ary point are C$,$,$D then a conical Het C(riverV& &i(e air#
9agD i& a&&-me(.
4S:+P
y#coor(inate of &econ(ary Het focal point
KS:+P
I#coor(inate of &econ(ary Het focal point
PSB3
Optional part &et B3, &ee NS=TOP2'T. Bf Iero all element& are incl-(e( in
the air9ag.
25>L=
C-toff angle in (egree&. The relative Het velocity i& &et to Iero for angle&
greater than the c-toff. See +ig-re %#%. Thi& option applie& to the .8LTB#
PL= Het only.
5O3=1
5o(e B3 locate( at the Het focal point, i.e., the virt-al origin in +ig-re %#1.
See 'emar7 1 9elow.
5O3=2
5o(e B3 for no(e along the axi& of the Het.
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5O3=%
Optional no(e B3 locate( at &econ(ary Het focal point.
Remarks:
1. Bt i& a&&-me( that the Het (irection i& (efine( 9y the coor(inate metho( CL:+P, 4:+P, K:+PD
an( CL:MJ, 4:MJ, K:MJD -nle&& 9oth 5O3=1 an( 5O3=2 are (efine(. Bn which ca&e the
coor(inate& of the no(e& give 9y 5O3=1, 5O3=2 an( 5O3=% will overri(e CL:+P, 4:+P,
K:+PD an( CL:MJ, 4:MJ, K:MJD. The -&e of no(e& i& recommen(e( if the air9ag &y&tem i&
-n(ergoing rigi( 9o(y motion. The no(e& &ho-l( 9e attache( to the vehicle to allow for the
coor(inate& of the Het to 9e contin-o-&ly -p(ate( with the motion of the vehicle.
The Hetting option provi(e& a &imple mo(el to &im-late the real pre&&-re (i&tri9-tion in the
air9ag (-ring the 9rea7o-t an( early -nfol(ing pha&e. Only the &-rface& that are in the line
of &ight to the virt-al origin have an increa&e( pre&&-re applie(. ,ith the optional loa( c-rve
LC':M, the pre&&-re (i&tri9-tion with the co(e can 9e &cale( accor(ing to the &o#calle( rela#
tive Het velocity (i&tri9-tion.
+or pa&&enger &i(e air9ag& the cone i& replace( 9y a we(ge type &hape. The fir&t an( &econ(#
ary Het focal point& (efine the corner& of the we(ge an( the angle then (efine& the we(ge
angle.
Bn&tea( of applying pre&&-re to all &-rface& in the line of &ight of the virt-al originC&D, a part
&et can 9e (efine( to which the pre&&-re i& applie(.
2. Care m-&t 9e -&e( to place the Het focal point within the 9ag. Bf the focal point i& o-t&i(e the
9ag, in&i(e &-rface& will not 9e vi&i9le &o Hetting pre&&-re will not 9e applie( correctly.
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Virtual origin
Gaussian profile
Hole diameter
Airbag
Pressure is applied to sufaces that are
in the line of sight to the virtual origin
Cone center line
Node 1 Node 2
-small
-large

Ca.

Virtual origin
Gaussian profile
r
z
L
Node 1
Node 2
Node 3
Secondary jet focal point

C9.D
+ig-re %#1. :etting config-ration for Ca.D (riverG& &i(e air9ag Cpre&&-re applie( only if centroi( of
&-rface i& in line#of#&ightD an( C9.D the pa&&engerV& &i(e 9ag.
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.
+ig-re %#2. .-ltiple Het mo(el for (riverG& &i(e air9ag
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Further additional required for CM option.
The following a((itional car( i& (efine( for the ,25>O5=+SA=O:=TTB5>OC. an( ,25>
O5=+SA=O.8LTBPL=O:=TTB5>OC. option&.

Additional card required for_CM option
Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 5'=2CT
Type B
3efa-lt none
'emar7

5'=2CT
5o(e for reacting Het force. Bf Iero the Het force will not 9e applie(.
+ig-re %#%. 5ormaliIe( Het velocity ver&-& angle for m-ltiple Het (riverG& &i(e air9ag
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Remarks:
Compare( with the &tan(ar( LS#3452 Hetting form-lation, the Con&tant .oment-m option ha&
&everal (ifference&. Overall, the Hetting -&-ally ha& a more &ignificant effect on air9ag (eployment
than the &tan(ar( LS#3452 Hetting) the total force i& often greater, an( (oe& not re(-ce with (i&#
tance from the Het.
The velocity at the Het o-tlet i& a&&-me( to 9e a cho7e( C&onicD a(ia9atic flow of a perfect ga&. There#
fore the velocity at the o-tlet i& given 9y)
:
outIct
= (yRI) = _
(c
p
-c
)Ic
p
c

The (en&ity in the noIIle i& then calc-late( from con&ervation of ma&& flow.
p
0
v
outIct
A
outIct
= m
Thi& i& (ifferent from the &tan(ar( LS#3452 Hetting form-lation, which a&&-me& that the (en&ity of
the ga& in the Het i& the &ame a& atmo&pheric air, an( then calc-late& the Het velocity from con&erva#
tion of ma&& flow.
The velocity (i&tri9-tion at any ra(i-&, r, from the Het centerline an( (i&tance, , from the foc-&,
:
relate& to the velocity of the Het centerline, :
= u , in the &ame way a& the &tan(ar( LS#3452

Hetting option&)
:
= :
=0
c
-

2

The velocity at the Het centerline, :
= u, at the (i&tance, , from the foc-& of the Het i& calc-late(

&-ch that the moment-m in the Het i& con&erve(.
momentum at nole = momentum at
p
0
:
outIct
2
A
outIct
= p
0
:
ct
2
JA
ct

= p
0
:
=0
2
b +Fb

where, b =
()
2
2
, an( F i& the (i&tance 9etween the Het foci Cfor a pa&&enger HetD.
+inally, the pre&&-re exerte( on an air9ag element in view of the Het i& given a&)
p
= [p
0
:
2

By com9ining the e;-ation& a9ove
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%#%$ C2B'B2>D LS-DYNA R7.0
p
=
[m
-
:
outIct
c
-()
2
(o)
2
2
+F
(o)
2
2

The total force exerte( 9y the Het i& given 9y
F
ct
= m
-
:
outIct
,
which i& in(epen(ent of the (i&tance from the noIIle. .a&& flow in the Het i& not nece&&arily con#
&erve(, 9eca-&e ga& i& entraine( into the Het from the &-rro-n(ing vol-me. By contra&t, the &tan(ar(
LS#3452 Hetting form-lation con&erve& ma&& flow 9-t not moment-m. Thi& ha& the effect of ma7#
ing the Het force re(-ce with (i&tance from the noIIle.
The Hetting force& can 9e reacte( onto a no(e C5'=2CTD, to allow the reaction force thro-gh the
&teering col-mn or the &-pport 9rac7et& to 9e mo(ele(. The Hetting force i& written to the 2SCBB
2BST2T file an( the 9inary LT+ file.
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ÀIRBAG_LOAD_CURVE ÀIRBAG
LS-DYNA R7.0 %#%1 C2B'B2>D
LOAD_CURVE option)

Additional card required for LOAD_CURVE option
Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le STB.= LCB3 'O P= P$ T T$
Type + B + + + + +
3efa-lt $.$ none none none none none none

STB.=
Time at which pre&&-re i& applie(. The loa( c-rve i& off&et 9y thi& amo-nt.
LCB3
Loa( c-rve B3 (efining pre&&-re ver&-& time, &ee N3=+B5=OC8'M=.
'O
Bnitial (en&ity of ga& Cignore( if LCB3 @ $D
P=
2m9ient pre&&-re Cignore( if LCB3 @ $D
P$
Bnitial ga-ge pre&&-re Cignore( if LCB3 @ $D
T
>a& Temperat-re Cignore( if LCB3 @ $D
T$
29&ol-te Iero on temperat-re &cale Cignore( if LCB3 @ $D
Remarks:
,ithin thi& &imple mo(el the control vol-me i& inflate( with a pre&&-re (efine( a& a f-nction of
time or calc-late( -&ing the following e;-ation if LCB3 ] $.
P
totuI
= Cp(I -I
0
)
P
guugc
= P
totuI
-P
umbcnt

The pre&&-re i& -niform thro-gho-t the control vol-me.
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ÀIRBAG ÀIRBAG_LINEAR_FLUID
%#%2 C2B'B2>D LS-DYNA R7.0
LINEAR_FLUID option)

Additional card required for LINEAR_FLUID option
Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le B8LA 'O LCB5T LCO8TT LCO8TP LC+BT LCB8LA LCB3
Type + + B B B B B B
3efa-lt none none none optional optional optional optional none

If the next card is a ~` keyword card, the following card is not read.
Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le POLB.BT POLB.LC
Type + B
3efa-lt optional optional

B8LA
A, 9-l7 mo(-l-& of the fl-i( in the control vol-me. Con&tant a& a f-nction
of time. 3efine if LCB8LA]$.
'O
p, (en&ity of the fl-i(
LCB5T
F(t) inp-t flow c-rve (efining ma&& per -nit time a& a f-nction of time, &ee
N3=+B5=OC8'M=.
LCO8TT
(t), o-tp-t flow c-rve (efining ma&& per -nit time a& a f-nction of time.
Thi& loa( c-rve i& optional.

LCO8TP
(p), o-tp-t flow c-rve (efining ma&& per -nit time a& a f-nction of pre&#
&-re. Thi& loa( c-rve i& optional.

L+BT
I(t), a((e( pre&&-re a& a f-nction of time. Thi& loa( c-rve i& optional.

LCB8LA
C-rve (efining the 9-l7 mo(-l-& a& a f-nction of time. Thi& loa( c-rve i&
optional, 9-t if (efine(, the con&tant, B8LA, i& not -&e(.

LCB3
Loa( c-rve B3 (efining pre&&-re ver&-& time, &ee N3=+B5=OC8'M=.
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ÀIRBAG_LINEAR_FLUID ÀIRBAG
LS-DYNA R7.0 %#%% C2B'B2>D
POLB.BT
Limiting val-e on total pre&&-re CoptionalD.
POLB.LC
C-rve (efining the limiting pre&&-re val-e a& a f-nction of time. Bf nonIero,
POLB.BT i& ignore(.
Remarks:
Bf LCB3 ] $ then the pre&&-re i& (etermine( from)
P(t) = (t)ln_
I
0
(t)
I(t)
] +I(t)
where
P(t) Pre&&-re,
I(t) Mol-me of fl-i( in compre&&e( &tate,
I
0
(t) = I
0
(t) =
(t)
Mol-me of fl-i( in -ncompre&&e( &tate,

H(t) = H(u) +F(t)Jt -(t)Jt -(p)Jt C-rrent fl-i( ma&&,
H(u) = I(u)p .a&& of fl-i( at time Iero P(u) = u.
By &etting LCB3 k $ a pre&&-re time hi&tory may 9e &pecifie( for the control vol-me an( the ma&& of
fl-i( within the vol-me i& then calc-late( from the vol-me an( (en&ity.
Thi& mo(el i& for the &im-lation of hy(roforming proce&&e& or &imilar pro9lem&. The pre&&-re i&
controlle( 9y the ma&& flowing into the vol-me an( 9y the c-rrent vol-me. The pre&&-re i& -niform#
ly applie( to the control vol-me.
5ote the &ign& -&e( in the e;-ation for H(t). The ma&& flow &ho-l( alway& 9e (efine( a& po&itive
&ince the o-tp-t flow i& &-9tracte(.
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ÀIRBAG ÀIRBAG_HYBRID
%#%! C2B'B2>D LS-DYNA R7.0
HYBRID and HYBRID_1ETTING option&)

Additional cards required for HYBRID and HYBRID_1ETTING options
Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 2T.OST 2T.OSP 2T.OS3 >C CC JCO5M
Type + + + + + +
3efa-lt none none none none 1.$ none

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le C2% LCC2% 22% LC22% CP2% LCP2% 2P2% LC2P2%
Type + B + B + B + B
3efa-lt none $ none $ none $ none $

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le OPT PM=5T 5>2S LC=+' LCB3.$ M5TOPT
Type B + B B B B
3efa-lt none none none $ $ $

Define 2`NGAS cards below, two for each gas type.
Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le LCB3. LCB3T ., B5BT. 2 B C
Type B B + + + + + +
3efa-lt none none not -&e( none none none none none

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ÀIRBAG_HYBRID ÀIRBAG
LS-DYNA R7.0 %#%" C2B'B2>D
Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le +.2SS
Type +
3efa-lt none

2T.OST
2tmo&pheric temperat-re
2T.OSP
2tmo&pheric pre&&-re
2T.OS3
2tmo&pheric (en&ity
>C
8niver&al molar ga& con&tant
CC
Conver&ion con&tant
=S.$) Set to 1.$.
JCO5M
environment at temperat-re at 2T.OST. Bf JCO5M?$, then JCO5M (e#
fine& a loa( c-rve of (ata pair& Ctime, hconvD.
C2%
Ment orifice coefficient which applie& to exit hole. Set to Iero if LCC2% i&
(efine( 9elow.
LCC2%
The a9&ol-te val-e, iLCC2%i, i& a loa( c-rve B3. Bf the B3 i& po&itive, the
loa( c-rve (efine& the vent orifice coefficient which applie& to exit hole a&
a f-nction of time. Bf the B3 i& negative, the vent orifice coefficient i& (e#
fine( a& a f-nction of relative pre&&-re, P
u
P
bug
, &ee T2nagonye an(
,ang 1U. Bn a((ition, LCC2% can 9e (efine( thro-gh 3=+B5=
OC8'M=O+85CTBO5. 2 nonIero val-e for C2% overri(e& LCC2%.
22%
Bf (efine( a& a po&itive n-m9er, 22% i& the vent orifice area which applie&
to exit hole. Bf (efine( a& a negative n-m9er, the a9&ol-te val-e i22%i i& a
part B3, &ee T2nagonye an( ,ang 1U. The area of thi& part 9ecome& the
vent orifice area. 2ir9ag pre&&-re will not 9e applie( to part i22%i repre#
&enting venting hole& if part i22%i i& not incl-(e( in SB3, the part &et repre#
&enting the air9ag. Set 22% to Iero if LC22% i& (efine( 9elow.
LC22%
Loa( c-rve n-m9er (efining the vent orifice area which applie& to exit hole
a& a f-nction of a9&ol-te pre&&-re, or LC22% can 9e (efine( thro-gh 3=#
+B5=OC8'M=O+85CTBO5. 2 nonIero val-e for 22% overri(e& LC22%.
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%#%0 C2B'B2>D LS-DYNA R7.0
CP2%
Orifice coefficient for lea7age Cfa9ric poro&ityD. Set to Iero if LCCP2% i&
(efine( 9elow.
LCCP2%
Loa( c-rve n-m9er (efining the orifice coefficient for lea7age Cfa9ric po#
ro&ityD a& a f-nction of time, or LCCP2% can 9e (efine( thro-gh 3=+B5=
OC8'M=O+85CTBO5. 2 nonIero val-e for CP2% overri(e& LCCP2%.
2P2%
2rea for lea7age Cfa9ric poro&ityD
LC2P2%
Loa( c-rve n-m9er (efining the area for lea7age Cfa9ric poro&ityD a& a
f-nction of Ca9&ol-teD pre&&-re, or LC2P2% can 9e (efine( thro-gh 3=#
+B5=OC8'M=O+85CTBO5. 2 nonIero val-e for 2P2% overri(e& LC2P2%.
OPT
+a9ric venting option, if nonIero CP2%, LCCP2%, 2P2%, an( LC2P2% are &et to
Iero.
Bloc7age i& not con&i(ere(.
Bloc7age of venting area (-e to contact i& con&i(ere(.
=S.%) Lea7age form-la& of >raefe, Ar-mmhe-er, an( SieHa7 T1$U are
=S.!) Lea7age form-la& of >raefe, Ar-mmhe-er, an( SieHa7 T1$U are
=S.") Lea7age form-la& 9a&e( on flow thro-gh a poro-& me(ia are
-&e(. Bloc7age (-e to contact i& not con&i(ere(.
=S.0) Lea7age form-la& 9a&e( on flow thro-gh a poro-& me(ia are
-&e(. Bloc7age (-e to contact i& con&i(ere(.
=S.7) Lea7age i& 9a&e( on ga& vol-me o-tflow ver&-& pre&&-re loa(
c-rve. Bloc7age of flow area (-e to contact i& not con&i(ere(.
29&ol-te pre&&-re i& -&e( in the poro-&#velocity#ver&-&#pre&&-re
loa( c-rve, given a& +2CCPD in the N.2TO+2B'BC car(.
=S./) Lea7age i& 9a&e( on ga& vol-me o-tflow ver&-& pre&&-re loa(
c-rve. Bloc7age of flow area (-e to contact i& con&i(ere(.
PM=5T
>a-ge pre&&-re when venting 9egin&
5>2S
5-m9er of ga& inp-t& to 9e (efine( 9elow CBncl-(ing initial airD. The max#
im-m n-m9er of ga&e& i& 17.
LC=+'
Optional c-rve for exit flow rate Cma&&FtimeD ver&-& Cga-geD pre&&-re
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LS-DYNA R7.0 %#%7 C2B'B2>D
LCB3.$
Optional c-rve repre&enting inflatorV& total ma&& inflow rate. ,hen (e#
fine(, LCB3. in the following 2x5>2S car(& (efine& the molar fraction of
each ga& component a& a f-nction of time an( B5BT. (efine& the initial
molar ratio of each ga& component.
M5TOPT
2((itional option& for venting area (efinition,
=S.1) venting orifice area ] c-rrent area of part i22%i # area of part
i22%i at time]$. Thi& option applie& only when 22%?$.
=S.2) the area& of faile( element& at fail-re time& are a((e( to the
venting area (efine( 9y 22%.
=S.1$) 2ll of the a9ove option& are active
LCB3.
Loa( c-rve B3 for inflator ma&& flow rate Ce;. $ for ga& in the 9ag at
time]$D
>T.$) piece wi&e linear interpolation
LT.$) c-9ic &pline interpolation
LCB3T
Loa( c-rve B3 for inflator ga& temperat-re Ce;.$ for ga& in the 9ag at time
$D
BL25A
Cnot -&e(D
.,
.olec-lar weight
B5BT.
Bnitial ma&& fraction of ga& component
2
Coefficient for molar heat capacity of inflator ga& at con&tant pre&&-re,
Ce.g., :o-le&FmoleF
o
AD
B
Ce.g., :o-le&FmoleF
o
A
2
D
C
Ce.g., :o-le&FmoleF
o
A
%
D
+.2SS
+raction of a((itional a&pirate( ma&&.
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%#%/ C2B'B2>D LS-DYNA R7.0
Further additional cards are required for HYBRID_1ETTING and ._CM models
The following two a((itional car(& are (efine( for the J4B'B3O:=TTB5> option&. The Het may 9e
(efine( 9y &pecifying either the coor(inate& of the Het focal point, Het vector hea( an( &econ(ary Het
focal point, or 9y &pecifying three no(e& locate( at the&e po&ition&. The no(al point option i& rec#
ommen(e( when the location of the air9ag change& a& a f-nction of time.
Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le L:+P 4:+P K:+P L:MJ 4:MJ K:MJ C2 B=T2
Type + + + + + + + +
'emar7 1 1 1 1 1 1

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le LS:+P 4S:+P KS:+P PSB3 B38. 5O3=1 5O3=2 5O3=%
3efa-lt none none none none none $ $ $
'emar7 2 1 1 1

Additional card required for HYBRID_1ETTING_CM option
Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 5'=2CT
Type B
3efa-lt none
'emar7 !

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LS-DYNA R7.0 %#% C2B'B2>D
L:+P
x#coor(inate of Het focal point, i.e., the virt-al origin in +ig-re %#!. See
'emar7 1 9elow.
4:+P
y#coor(inate of Het focal point, i.e., the virt-al origin in +ig-re %#!.
K:+P
I#coor(inate of Het focal point, i.e., the virt-al origin in +ig-re %#!.
L:MJ
x#coor(inate of Het vector hea( to (efine( co(e centerline
4:MJ
y#coor(inate of Het vector hea( to (efine( co(e centerline
K:MJ
I#coor(inate of Het vector hea( to (efine( co(e centerline
C2
Cone angle, o, (efine( in ra(ian&.
LT.$.$) |o| i& the loa( c-rve B3 (efining cone angle a& a f-nction of
time
B=T2
=fficiency factor, [, which &cale& the final val-e of pre&&-re o9taine( from
Berno-lliV& e;-ation.
LT.$.$) |[| i& the loa( c-rve B3 (efining the efficiency factor a& a f-nc#
tion of time
LS:+P
x#coor(inate of &econ(ary Het focal point, pa&&enger &i(e 9ag. Bf the coor#
(inate of the &econ(ary point i& C$,$,$D then a conical Het C(riverV& &i(e air#
9agD i& a&&-me(.
4S:+P
y#coor(inate of &econ(ary Het focal point
KS:+P
I#coor(inate of &econ(ary Het focal point
PSB3
Optional part &et B3, &ee NS=TOP2'T. Bf Iero all element& are incl-(e( in
the air9ag.
B38.
3-mmy fiel( CMaria9le not -&e(D
5O3=1
5o(e B3 locate( at the Het focal point, i.e., the virt-al origin in +ig-re %#!.
See 'emar7 1 9elow.
5O3=2
5o(e B3 for no(e along the axi& of the Het.
5O3=%
Optional no(e B3 locate( at &econ(ary Het focal point.
5'=2CT
5o(e for reacting Het force. Bf Iero the Het force will not 9e applie(.
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%#!$ C2B'B2>D LS-DYNA R7.0
Remarks:
1. Bt i& a&&-me( that the Het (irection i& (efine( 9y the coor(inate metho( CL:+P, 4:+P, K:+PD
an( CL:MJ, 4:MJ, K:MJD -nle&& 9oth 5O3=1 an( 5O3=2 are (efine(. Bn which ca&e the
coor(inate& of the no(e& given 9y 5O3=1, 5O3=2 an( 5O3=% will overri(e CL:+P, 4:+P,
K:+PD an( CL:MJ, 4:MJ, K:MJD. The -&e of no(e& i& recommen(e( if the air9ag &y&tem i&
-n(ergoing rigi( 9o(y motion. The no(e& &ho-l( 9e attache( to the vehicle to allow for the
coor(inate& of the Het to 9e contin-o-&ly -p(ate( with the motion of the vehicle.
The Hetting option provi(e& a &imple mo(el to &im-late the real pre&&-re (i&tri9-tion in the
air9ag (-ring the 9rea7o-t an( early -nfol(ing pha&e. Only the &-rface& that are in the line
of &ight to the virt-al origin have an increa&e( pre&&-re applie(. ,ith the optional loa( c-rve
LC':M, the pre&&-re (i&tri9-tion with the co(e can 9e &cale( accor(ing to the &o#calle( rela#
tive Het velocity (i&tri9-tion.
+or pa&&enger &i(e air9ag& the cone i& replace( 9y a we(ge type &hape. The fir&t an( &econ(#
ary Het focal point& (efine the corner& of the we(ge an( the angle o then (efine& the we(ge
angle.
Bn&tea( of applying pre&&-re to all &-rface& in the line of &ight of the virt-al originC&D, a part
&et can 9e (efine( to which the pre&&-re i& applie(.
2. Thi& varia9le i& not -&e( an( ha& 9een incl-(e( to maintain the &ame format a& the ,25>
O5=+SA=O:=TTB5> option&.
%. Care m-&t 9e -&e( to place the Het focal point within the 9ag. Bf the focal point i& o-t&i(e the
9ag, in&i(e &-rface& will not 9e vi&i9le &o Hetting pre&&-re will not 9e applie( correctly.
!. See the (e&cription relate( to the ,25>O5=+SA=O:=TTB5>OC. option. +or the hy9ri(
inflator mo(el the heat capacitie& are comp-te from the com9ination of ga&e& which inflate
the 9ag.
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ÀIRBAG_HYBRID_CHEMKIN ÀIRBAG
LS-DYNA R7.0 %#!1 C2B'B2>D
HYBRID_CHEMKIN option)

Additional cards required for HYBRID_CHEMKIN model
The J4B'B3OCJ=.AB5 mo(el incl-(e& % control car(&. +or each ga& &pecie& an a((itional &et of
car(& m-&t follow con&i&ting of a control car( an( &everal thermo(ynamic property (ata car(&.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le LCB3. LCB3T 5>2S 32T2 2T.T 2T.P '>
Type B B B B + + +
3efa-lt none none none none none none none

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le JCO5M
Type +
3efa-lt $.

Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le C2% 22%
Type + +
3efa-lt $. $.

LCB3.
Loa( c-rve &pecifying inp-t ma&& flow rate ver&-& time.
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ÀIRBAG ÀIRBAG_HYBRID_CHEMKIN
%#!2 C2B'B2>D LS-DYNA R7.0
LCB3T
Loa( c-rve &pecifying inp-t ga& temperat-re ver&-& time.
5>2S
5-m9er of ga& inp-t& to 9e (efine( 9elow. CBncl-(ing initial airD
32T2
Thermo(ynamic (ata9a&e
=S.1) 5BST (ata9a&e C% a((itional property car(& are re;-ire( 9elowD
=S.2) CJ=.AB5 (ata9a&e Cno a((itional property car(& are re;-ire(D
=S.%) Polynomial (ata C1 a((itional property car( i& re;-ire( 9elowD
2T.T
2tmo&pheric temperat-re.
2T.P
2tmo&pheric pre&&-re
'>
8niver&al ga& con&tant
JCO5M
environment at temperat-re 2T.T. Bf JCO5M?$, then JCO5M (efine& a
loa( c-rve of (ata pair& Ctime, hconvD.
C2%
Ment orifice coefficient
22%
Ment orifice area
+or each ga& &pecie& incl-(e a &et of car(& con&i&ting of a control car( followe( 9y &everal thermo#
(ynamic property (ata car(&. The next ZNZ car( terminate& the rea(ing of thi& (ata.

Control Card
Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le CJ52.= ., LCB35 +.OL= +.OL=T
Type 2 + B + +
3efa-lt none none $ none $.

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LS-DYNA R7.0 %#!% C2B'B2>D
CJ52.=
Chemical &ym9ol for thi& ga& &pecie& Ce.g., 52 for nitrogen, 2' for argonD.
'e;-ire( for 32T2]2 CCJ=.AB5D, optional for 32T2]1 or 32T2]%.
.,
.olec-lar weight of thi& ga& &pecie&.
LCB35
Loa( c-rve &pecifying the inp-t mole fraction ver&-& time for thi& ga& &pe#
cie&. Bf @$, +.OL= i& not -&e(.
+.OL=
.ole fraction of thi& ga& &pecie& in the inlet &tream.
+.OL=T
Bnitial mole fraction of thi& ga& &pecie& in the tan7.
2((itional thermo(ynamic (ata car(& for each ga& &pecie&. 5o a((itional car(& are nee(e( if -&ing
the CJ=.AB5 (ata9a&e C32T2]2D.

If DATA1, include the following 3 cards for the NIST database. The required data can be
found on the NIST web site at http://webbook.nist.gov/chemistry/
Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le TLO, T.B3 TJB>J
Type + 2/ +
3efa-lt none none none

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le alow 9low clow (low elow flow hlow
Type + + + + + + +

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ÀIRBAG ÀIRBAG_HYBRID_CHEMKIN
%#!! C2B'B2>D LS-DYNA R7.0
Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le ahigh 9high chigh (high ehigh fhigh hhigh
Type + + + + + + +

TLO,
C-rve fit low temperat-re limit.
T.B3
C-rve fit low#to#high tran&ition temperat-re.
TJB>J
C-rve fit high temperat-re limit.
alow, . . , hlow
Low temperat-re range 5BST polynomial c-rve fit coefficient& C&ee 9elowD.
ahigh, . . , hhigh
Jigh temperat-re range 5BST polynomial c-rve fit coefficient& C&ee 9e#
lowD.

If DATA3, include the following card for the polynomial curve fit.
Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le a 9 c ( e
Type + + + + +
3efa-lt none $. $. $. $.

a
Coefficient, &ee 9elow.
9
c
(
e
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LS-DYNA R7.0 %#!" C2B'B2>D
Jeat capacity c-rve fit&)
5BST c
p
=
1
o +bI +cI
2
+JI
3
+
c
2

CJ=.AB5 c
p
=

(o +bI +cI
2
+JI
3
+cI
)
R
-niver&al ga& con&tant C/.%1! 5m F mole AD

" ] ga& molec-lar weight
Polynomial c
p
=
1
(o +bI +cI
2
+JI
3
+cI
)
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ÀIRBAG ÀIRBAG_ADVANCED_ALE
%#!0 C2B'B2>D LS-DYNA R7.0
P-rpo&e) Thi& N2B'B2>O23M25C=3O2L= C222D car( provi(e& an alternate, &implifie( ap#
proach to &im-lating air9ag (eployment with 2L= capa9ilitie&. Bt& inp-t i& tran&late( into 2L= 7ey#
wor(& internally in&i(e LS#3452 Cplea&e review an o-tp-t file calle( Xa(vale9ag.7wY which con#
tain& all the tran&late( 2L= comman(&D. Bt ha& an option to &tart the &im-lation with the 2L= meth#
o( then &witch to the control vol-me CCMD metho( at a cho&en &witch time. The CM inp-t (ata may
9e -&e( (irectly. 2 9a&ic Lagrangian air9ag &hell &tr-ct-re may con&i&t of an inflator compartment,
an air9ag, an( po&&i9ly vent hole&. The Lagrangian air9ag interact& with the 2L= inflator ga&. The
222 car( re;-ire&, at the minim-m, one or more N3=+B5=O2L=B2>OB5+L2TO' car(& Cone for
each inflatorD, an( one or more N3=+B5=O2L=B2>OB2> car(& Cone for each 9ag &tr-ct-reD. Bn
a((ition, one optional car(, N3=+B5=O2L=B2>OJOL=, may 9e -&e( to (efine each phy&ical vent
hole on the air9ag. .-ltiple fl-i(#to#&tr-ct-re interaction& may 9e &im-late( -&ing m-ltiple 222
(efinition&. Jowever, more complex co-pling& mo&t li7ely m-&t 9e mo(ele( via the tra(itional 2L=
approach Cremar7 1D.#

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le B2>B31 B2>B32 B2>B3% B2>B3! B2>B3" B2>B30 B2>B37 B2>B3/
Type B B B B B B B B
'emar7&

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le JOL=B31 JOL=B32 JOL=B3% JOL=B3! JOL=B3" JOL=B30 JOL=B37 JOL=B3/
'emar7&

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ÀIRBAG_ADVANCED_ALE ÀIRBAG
LS-DYNA R7.0 %#!7 C2B'B2>D
Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le B5+LB31 B5+LB32 B5+LB3% B5+LB3! B5+LB3" B5+LB30 B5+LB37 B5+LB3/
'emar7& /

Define information related to the automatic ALE mesh generation
Car( ! 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 5LFB32 54 5K -n-&e( 2'S5B3 B3C=5T =LSB3
Type B B B B B B
'emar7& ! ! !

Optional, only define if NX & NY & NZ are nonzero, for automatic ALE mesh generation)
Car( ! 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le LL L4 LK BT'25S 8B32B'
Type + + + B B
'emar7&

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%#!/ C2B'B2>D LS-DYNA R7.0
Parameters for defining ambient environment CV ÀIRBAG_PARAMETERS
Car( " 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 2T.OST 2T.OSP -n-&e( >C CC -n-&e( .,3 SPS+
Type + + + + + +
3efa-lt $. $. none 1.$ $.$ $.$
'emar7& " "

Parameters for defining ambient environment CV ÀIRBAG_PARAMETERS
Car( 0 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le S,TB.= -n-&e( J> 52B'
Type + + B
3efa-lt $. $. $
'emar7& 0

Define air: repeat this card ~NAIR times. NAIR is defined in Card 6
Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le -n-&e( -n-&e( -n-&e( .,2B' B5BT. 2B'2 2B'B 2B'C
Type + + + + +
3efa-lt $ $ $ $. $.
'emar7& 2

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LS-DYNA R7.0 %#! C2B'B2>D
B2>B3^
=ach B2>B3 refer& to an air9ag (efinition (efine( via a corre&pon(ing
N3=+B5=O2L=B2>OB2> C32BD car(. =ach 32B car( (efine& CaD one
Lagrangian &hell &tr-ct-re repre&enting an air9ag Cor part of oneD, C9D it&
venting characteri&tic&, an( CcD it& co-pling 9ehavior..
JOL=B3^
=ach JOL=B3 refer& to a vent hole (efinition (efine( via a corre&pon(ing
N3=+B5=O2L=B2>OJOL= C32JD car(. =ach 32J (efine& the infor#
mation re;-ire( for mo(eling a phy&ical venting hole incl-(ing the &witch#
ing of the 2L= m-lti#material gro-p C2..>D B3 when a ga& pa&&e&
thro-gh thi& vent hole. The information in 32J i& tran&late( into a &impli#
fie( form of the N2L=O+SBOS,BTCJO..>OB3 C2+S.D car(.
B5+LB3^
=ach B5+LB3 refer& to one inflator (efinition (efine( via a corre&pon(ing
N3=+B5=O2L=B2>OB5+L2TO' C32BD car(. =ach 32B (efine& the in#
formation re;-ire( for the mo(eling of a phy&ical inflator Cwhich p-mp& a
ga& mixt-re in to inflate the air9agD.
5LFB32
Option 1) 5L i& (efine( a& the n-m9er of 2L= element& to 9e generate( 9y
LS#3452 a-tomatically in the x (irection. Bf option 1 i& cho&en, option 1
m-&t al&o 9e -&e( for 54 an( 5K, an( car( !B m-&t al&o 9e (efine(.
Option 2) B32 i& the Part B3 of the initial 9ac7gro-n( air me&h Cremar7& !
an( D. Bf B32 i& a negative integer, the PB3 of the air me&h i& the &ame a&
the one -&e( in a previo-& 222 car(. Thi& approach i& only -&e( in the
ca&e& of CaD 9ag#in#9ag or C9D 9ag#to#9ag mo(el where there may 9e more
than one 222 car( (efine(.
54
Option 1) 54 i& (efine( a& the n-m9er of 2L= element& to 9e generate( 9y
LS#3452 a-tomatically in the y (irection. Bf option 1 i& cho&en, option 1
m-&t al&o 9e -&e( for 5L an( 5K, an( car( !B m-&t al&o 9e (efine(.
Option 2) Leave 9lan7 or $ Cremar7 !D.
5K
Option 1) 5K i& (efine( a& the n-m9er of 2L= element& to 9e generate( 9y
LS#3452 a-tomatically in the I (irection. Bf option 1 i& cho&en, option 1
m-&t al&o 9e -&e( for 5L an( 54, an( car( !B m-&t al&o 9e (efine(
Option 2) Leave 9lan7 or $ Cremar7 !D.
2'S5B3
2n B3 a&&ociate( with an N2L=O'=+='=5C=OS4ST=.O5O3= car(
(efining % no(e& ma7ing -p a local coor(inate &y&tem. The 2L= me&h &y&#
tem will a-tomatically follow thi& local coor(inate &y&tem. Bf there i& me&h
expan&ion, an( if B3C=5T @ $, the expan&ion will occ-r along the&e local
axe&. =l&e if B3C=5T i& not (efine( C$D, the expan&ion will occ-r along the
glo9al coor(inate axe&.
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%#"$ C2B'B2>D LS-DYNA R7.0
B3C=5T
2 Lagrangian no(e B3 (efine& the center of expan&ion for the 2L= me&h
&y&tem. +or example, thi& no(e may 9e locate( on a rigi( &ection of a
&teering wheel, near the inflator region. The 2L= me&h can then move
with the &teering wheel a& it expan(&. Thi& provi(e& a &imilar expan&ion
mechani&m the N2L=O'=+='=5C=OS4ST=.O>'O8P comman(
CP'T4P=]D.
=LSB3
2 part B3 which ma7e& -p a portion of the overall the 2L= me&h &y&tem to
9e excl-(e( from expan&ion. Thi& part can &till move with the re&t of the
2L= &y&tem, 9-t will not expan( with the re&t. Thi& may 9e -&e( to ex#
cl-(e the inner 2L= me&h region &-rro-n(ing the inflator Cwhich i& typical#
ly finer re&ol-tion to 9etter re&olve the inflator ga& inflow at the orifice&D.
LL
29&ol-te length in the glo9al L#coor(inate of the 2L= me&h
L4
29&ol-te length in the glo9al 4#coor(inate of the 2L= me&h
LK
29&ol-te length in the glo9al K#coor(inate of the 2L= me&h
BT'25S
2n integer B3 pointing an B3 of a N3=+B5=OT'25S+O'.2TBO5 car(
which may 9e -&e( to po&ition the a-tomatically generate( 2L= me&h at it&
cho&en location an( orientation. The me&h i& fir&t generate( with re&pect to
the origin of the glo9al coor(inate &y&tem. Then it i& move( to the t]$ po#
&ition via thi& N3=+B5=OT'25S+O'.2TBO5 car(.
8B32B'
8&er#(efine( PB3 n-m9er for the 9ac7gro-n( 2L= air me&h. Bf thi& i& left
9lan7, LS#3452 will a&&ign a PB3 for thi& a-tomatically generate( 2L=
me&h. Thi& may 9e -&e( to actively (efine the PB3 n-m9er for the 2L=
me&h2T.OST2tmo&pheric am9ient temperat-re CSee 'emar7 "D.
2T.OST
2tmo&pheric am9ient temperat-re CSee 'emar7 "D.
2T.OSP
2tmo&pheric am9ient pre&&-re CSee 'emar7 "D.
>C
8niver&al molar ga& con&tant.
CC
Conver&ion con&tant.
=S.$.$) Set to 1.$.
.,3
.a&& weighte( (amping factor, 3
SPS+
Stagnation pre&&-re &cale factor.
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LS-DYNA R7.0 %#"1 C2B'B2>D
S,TB.=
Time to &witch from 2L= metho( to control vol-me CCMD metho(. Once
&witche(, the air9ag inflation i& &im-late( 9y a control vol-me metho( &im#
ilar to that -&e( 9y the N2B'B2>OJ4B'B3 car( CSee 'emar7 0D.
=S.$.$) &witch to CM metho( at time ] $.$.
=S.9lan7) &witch time i& &et at 1.$=10 C2L= metho( i& -&e(D.
=S.t) &witch from 2L= to CM metho( at time ] t.
J>
Jo-rgla&& coefficient for 2L= fl-i( me&hCe&D. 2 typical val-e on the or(er
of 1.$=#" or 1.$=#0 may 9e -&e( for ga&e& an( li;-i(&.
52B'
5-m9er of &pecie& for air. Bf air i& (efine( a& 1 &ingle ga& then 52B']1.
Car( 7 i& repeate( X52B'Y n-m9er of time&, one for each &pecie&. +or ex#
ample, 52B']2 for a 2#component air mo(el containing /$b of 52 an(
2$b of O2. Then car( 7 i& (efine( twice.
.,2B'
.olec-lar weight of thi& air component
B5BT.+2
Bnitial .a&& +raction of thi& air component
2B'2
+ir&t Coefficient of molar heat capacity at con&tant pre&&-re
Ce.g., :FmoleFA, See 'emar7 2D.
2B'B
Secon( Coefficient of molar heat capacity at con&tant pre&&-re
Ce.g., :FmoleFA
2
D.
2B'C
Thir( Coefficient of molar heat capacity at con&tant pre&&-re
Ce.g., :FmoleFA
%
D.
Remarks:
1. Thi& car( (efine& information for &im-lating an air9ag (eployment. Bt (efine&)
# The B3& of the 9ag&, vent hole&, an( inflator&E
# Bnformation a9o-t the 2L= 9ac7gro-n( CairD me&hE
# Ba&ic am9ient con(ition C&imilar to that from N2B'B2>OJ4B'B3DE
# Switch time Ctime for &witching from 2L= to CM metho(DE
# .aterial propertie& of air an( &ome other mi&cellaneo-& information.
2& the inp-t to thi& comman(, N2B'B2>O23M25C=3O2L=, i& &imply tran&late( into the
tra(itional 2L= 7eywor(&, thi& comman( will not have all the flexi9ilitie& that the general
2L= metho( allow&. Bt (oe& not provi(e a grammatical framewor7 for -n(er&tan(ing the
mo(eling of fl-i( &tr-ct-re interaction. Bt i& recommen(e( that the -&er& familiariIe them#
&elve& with the tra(itional metho( of mo(eling air9ag (eployment -&ing the 2L= metho(.
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%#"2 C2B'B2>D LS-DYNA R7.0
Thi& i& critical in -n(er&tan(ing the interaction& 9etween the 2L= inflator ga& an( the Lagran#
gian air9ag &tr-ct-re.
2. The per#ma&&#-nit, temperat-re#(epen(ent, con&tant#pre&&-re heat capacity i&
C
p
(I) =
|A + - I +C - I
2
]
Hw
~
[
kg -
A = C
P0
~[ (molc - ) /

~[ (molc -
2
) /
C~[ (molc -
3
) /

The -nit& &hown are only for (emon&tration of the e;-ation.
%. Bn general, it i& 9e&t to locate a point &o-rce near the center of an 2L= element. 2&&ociate(
wi(th each point &o-rce i& an area an( a vector in(icating flow (irection. =ach point &o-rce
&ho-l( occ-py 1 2L= element 9y it&elf, an( there &ho-l( 9e at lea&t 2 empty 2L= element& 9e#
tween any 2 point &o-rce&. 2 point &o-rce &ho-l( 9e locate( at lea&t % element& away from the
free &-rface of an 2L= me&h for &ta9ility C&ee `SECTION_POINT_SOURCE_MIXTURE
car(D
!. There are 2 option& for (efining the 2L= me&h for an air9ag (eployment &im-lation. Option 1
let& LS#3452 generate the 9ac7gro-n( 2L= me&h. 5L, 54 an( 5K m-&t 9e (efine(. Car( !9
m-&t al&o 9e (efine(. Option 2 -&e& an exi&ting 2L= me&h for the 9ac7gro-n( air. The PB3 of
thi& 2L= me&h i& (efine( via B32 C&ame a& the 5L fiel(D. Bn thi& ca&e, the 9ac7gro-n( 2L= air
me&h &ho-l( envelope the air9ag (eployment &pace. There i& no nee( to (efine car( !9. Bf B32
i& a negative integer, the PB3 for the air me&h i& the &ame a& the one -&e( in another 222 car(
Cm-ltiple 222 car(& implie(D.
". 2tmo&pheric (en&ity for the am9ient ga& CairD can 9e comp-te( from
p
umb
= P
umb
(R - I
umb
) / . Thi& car( i& &imilar to the 1
&t
a((itional car( for the N2B'B2>
OJ4B'B3 comman( with 2 a((itional parameter& C.,3 d SPS+D from the 1
&t
car( of the
N2B'B2>Ocomman(.
0. Since 2LL 2L= relate( activitie& will 9e t-rne( off after the &witch from 2L= metho( to con#
trol#vol-me metho(, no other 2L= co-pling will exi&t 9eyon( t]S,TB.=. 8&ing the tra(itional
2L= mo(eling metho(, thi& &witching can al&o 9e mo(ele( via the comman( N2L=O8P
OS,BTCJ. The -&er &ho-l( review it& -&age a& it can provi(e exten&ively more co-pling con#
trol& for general air9ag mo(eling.
7. The N2B'B2>O23M25C=3O2L= C222D car( may 9e con&i(ere( an alternate approach for
inp-tting the information re;-ire( 9y the tra(itional 2L= car()

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LS-DYNA R7.0 %#"% C2B'B2>D
Air
`PART (AMMG2)
`SECTION_SOLID
`MAT_GAS_MIXTURE
Gas
`PART (AMMG1)
`SECTION_POINT_SOURCE_MIXTURE
`MAT_GAS_MIXTURE
Multiple Couplings `CONSTRAINED_LAGRANGE_IN_SOLID
CV ÀIRBAG_HYBRID
Multiple Vents
Venting definitions as in
`CONSTRAINED_LAGRANGE_IN_SOLID
Multiple airbags
structure

Defined separately in
`DEFINE_ALEBAG_BAG
Multiple inflators
Defined separately in
`DEFINE_ALEBAG_INFLATOR
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ÀIRBAG ÀIRBAG_ALE
%#"! C2B'B2>D LS-DYNA R7.0
ÀIRBAG_ALE
P-rpo&e) The inp-t in thi& &ection provi(e& a &implifie( approach to (efining the (eployment of the
air9ag -&ing the 2L= capa9ilitie& with an option to &witch from the initial 2L= metho( to control
vol-me CCMD metho( CN2B'B2>OJ4B'B3D at a cho&en time. 2n enclo&e( air9ag Can( po&&i9ly the
air9ag cani&terFcompartment an(For a &imple repre&entation of the inflatorD &hell &tr-ct-re interact&
with the inflator ga&Ce&D. Thi& (efinition provi(e& a &ingle fl-i( to &tr-ct-re co-pling for the air9ag#
ga& interaction (-ring (eployment in which the CM inp-t (ata may 9e -&e( (irectly.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le SB3 SB3T4P .,3 SPS+
Type B B + +
3efa-lt none none $ $
'emar7& 1

SB3
Set B3 a& (efine( on N2B'B2> car(. Thi& &et B3 contain& the Lagrangian
element& C&egment&D which ma7e -p the air9ag an( po&&i9ly the air9ag can#
i&terFcompartment an(For a &imple repre&entation of the inflator. See 'e#
mar7 1.
SB3T4P
Set type)
=S.$) Segment &et.
=S.1) Part &et.
.,3
.a&& weighte( (amping factor, 3. Thi& i& -&e( (-ring the CM pha&e for
N2B'B2>OJ4B'B3.
SPS+
Stagnation pre&&-re &cale factor, u y 1. Thi& i& -&e( (-ring the CM
pha&e for N2B'B2>OJ4B'B3.

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ÀIRBAG_ALE ÀIRBAG
LS-DYNA R7.0 %#"" C2B'B2>D
Parameters for defining ambient environment.
Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 2T.OST 2T.OSP >C CC T5AMOL T5A+B5P
Type + + + + + +
3efa-lt $. $. none 1.$ $.$ $.$
'emar7& 2 2 1$ 1$

2T.OST
2tmo&pheric am9ient temperat-re. See 'emar7 2.
2T.OSP
2tmo&pheric am9ient pre&&-re. See 'emar7 2.
>C
8niver&al molar ga& con&tant.
CC
Conver&ion con&tant. Bf =S) .$ Set to 1.$.
T5AMOL
Tan7 vol-me from the inflator tan7 te&t W or W Bnflator cani&ter vol-me.
See remar7 1$.
Option 1) CLCM=L ] $D Thi& i& (efine( a& Tan7 vol-me Cm-&t al&o (efine
T5A+B5PD. Bnlet ga& velocity i& e&timate( 9y LS#3452 metho( Cte&tingD.
Option 2) CLCM=L ] $D Thi& i& (efine( a& e&timate( inflator cani&ter vol#
-me Cm-&t 5OT (efine T5A+B5PD. Bnlet ga& velocity i& e&timate( a-to#
matically 9y the Lian#Bhal&o(#Olov&&on metho(.
Option %) CLCM=L .5=. $D Thi& m-&t 9e left 9lan7.
T5A+B5P
Tan7 final pre&&-re from the inflator tan7 te&t (ata. Only (efine thi& param#
eter for option 1 of T5AMOL (efinition a9ove. See 'emar7 1$.

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%#"0 C2B'B2>D LS-DYNA R7.0
Parameters for coupling, see keyword `CONSTRAINED_LAGRANGE_IN_SOLID.
Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 5S823 CT4P= P+2C +'BC +'C.B5 5O'.T4P BL=2A PL=2A
Type B B + + + B B +
3efa-lt ! ! $.1 $.$ $.% $ 2 $.1
'emar7& 1% 1% 1!

5S823
5-m9er of C;-a(rat-reD co-pling point& for co-pling Lagrangian &lave
part& to 2L= ma&ter &oli( part&. Bf 5S823]n, then nLn co-pling point&
will 9e parametrically (i&tri9-te( over the &-rface of each Lagrangian &lave
&egment C(efa-lt]!D. See 'emar7 1%.
CT4P=
Co-pling type C(efa-lt]!, &ee 'emar7 1%D)
=S.!) C(efa-ltD penalty co-pling with 3B'=C]2 implie(.
=S.0) penalty co-pling in which 3B'=C i& a-tomatically &et to 3B#
'=C]1 for the -nfol(e( region an( 3B'=C]2 for fol(e( region.
P+2C
Penalty factor. P+2C i& a &cale factor for &caling the e&timate( &tiffne&& of
the interacting Cco-plingD &y&tem. Bt i& -&e( to comp-te the co-pling force&
to 9e (i&tri9-te( on the &lave an( ma&ter part&.
Bf po&itive real)+raction of e&timate( critical &tiffne&& C(efa-lt]$.1D.
Bf negative integer, #n)'efer& to loa( c-rve B3 n. The c-rve (efine& the rel#
ative co-pling pre&&-re Cy#axi&D a& a f-nction of the tolera9le fl-i( penetra#
tion (i&tance Cx#axi&D.
+'BC
Co-pling coefficient of friction.
+'C.B5
.inim-m fl-i( vol-me fraction in an 2L= element to activate co-pling
C(efa-lt i& $.%D.
5O'.T4P
Penalty co-pling &pring (irection C3B'=C 1 an( 2D)
=S.$) normal vector& are interpolate( from no(al normal& C(efa-ltD
=S.1) normal vector& are interpolate( from &egment normal&.
BL=2A
Lea7age control flag. 3efa-lt]2 Cwith energy compen&ationD.
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LS-DYNA R7.0 %#"7 C2B'B2>D
PL=2A
Lea7age control penalty factor C(efa-lt]$.1D

Parameters for airbag venting hole
Car( ! 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le BMS=TB3 BMT4P= BBLOCA M5TCO+
Type B B B +
3efa-lt $ $ $ $.$
'emar7& ! " 0

BMS=TB3
Set B3 (efining the venting hole &-rfaceC&D. See 'emar7 !.
BMT4P=
Set type of BMS=TB3)
=S.$) Part Set C(efa-ltD.
=S.1) Part B3.
=S.2) Segment Set.
BBLOCA
+lag for con&i(ering 9loc7age effect& for poro&ity an( vent& C&ee 'emar7
"D)
=S.$) no C9loc7age i& 5OT con&i(ere(, (efa-ltD.
=S.1) ye& C9loc7age i& con&i(ere(D.
M5TCO+
Ment Coefficient for &caling the flow. See 'emar7 0.

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ÀIRBAG ÀIRBAG_ALE
%#"/ C2B'B2>D LS-DYNA R7.0
Parameters for ALE mesh automatic definition and its transformation.
Car( " 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 5LFB32 54FB3> 5K .OM='5 KOO.
Type B B B B B
3efa-lt none none none $ $
'emar7& 7 7 7 /

5LFB32B'
Option 1) 5L i& (efine( Ca& the n-m9er of 2L= element& to 9e
generate( in the x (irectionD. Thi& m-&t goe& together with
option 1 for 54 an( 5K.
Option 2) B32B' i& (efine( a& Part B3 of the initial air me&h.
See remar7 7.
54FB3>2S
Option 1) 54 i& (efine( Ca& the n-m9er of 2L= element& to 9e
generate( in the y (irectionD. Thi& m-&t goe& together with
option 1 for 5L an( 5K.
Option 2) B3>2S i& (efine( a& Part B3 of the initial ga& me&h.
See remar7 7.
5K
Option 1) 5K i& (efine( Ca& the n-m9er of 2L= element& to 9e
generate( in the I (irectionD. Thi& m-&t goe& together with
option 1 for 5L an( 54.
Option 2) Leave 9lan7.
See remar7 7.
.OM='5
2L= me&h a-tomatic motion option C&ee 'emar7 /D)
=S.$) 2L= me&h i& fixe( in &pace.
>T.$) 5o(e gro-p i() See N2L=O'=+='=5C=OS4ST=.O5O3=
2L= me&h can 9e move( with P'T4P]", me&h motion follow& a
coor(inate &y&tem (efine( 9y % reference no(e&.
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ÀIRBAG_ALE ÀIRBAG
LS-DYNA R7.0 %#" C2B'B2>D
KOO.
2L= me&h a-tomatic expan&ion option C&ee 'emar7 D)
=S.$) (o not expan( 2L= me&h
=S.1) =xpan(Fcontract 2L= me&h 9y 7eeping all air9ag part& containe(
within the 2L= me&h Ce;-ivalent to P'T4P]D.

Define card 5a and 5b if NZ > 0
Car( "a 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le L$ 4$ K$ L1 41 K1 BP2B' BP>2S
Type + + + + + + B B

Car( "9 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le L2 42 K2 K% 4% K%
Type + + + + + +

L$, 4$, K$
Coor(inate& of origin for 2L= me&h generation Cno(e$D.
L1, 41, K1
Coor(inate& of point 1 for 2L= me&h generation Cno(e1D. no(e$]@no(e1 ]
x
L2, 42, K2
Coor(inate& of point 2 for 2L= me&h generation Cno(e2D. no(e$]@no(e2 ]
y
L%, 4%, K%
Coor(inate& of point % for 2L= me&h generationCno(e%D.
no(e$]@no(e% ] I
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ÀIRBAG ÀIRBAG_ALE

Car( 0 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le S,TB.= J> 52B' 5>2S 5O'B+ LCM=L LCT
Type + + B B B B B
3efa-lt $. $. $ $ $ $ $
'emar7& % 1$ 11

S,TB.=
Time to &witch from 2L= metho( to control vol-me CCMD metho(. Once
&witche(, a metho( &imilar to that -&e( 9y the N2B'B2>OJ4B'B3 car( i&
-&e(.
=S.$.$) &witch to CM metho( at time]$.$.
=S.9lan7) &witch time i& &et at 1.$=10 C2L= metho( i& -&e(D.
=S.t) &witch from 2L= to CM metho( at time]t.
J>
Jo-rgla&& control for 2L= fl-i( me&hCe&D.
52B'
5-m9er of 2ir component&. +or example, thi& e;-al& 2 in ca&e air contain&
/$b of 52 an( 2$b of O2. Bf air i& (efine( a& 1 &ingle ga& then 52B']1.
5>2S
5-m9er of inflator >a& component&.
+ig-re %#!.
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ÀIRBAG_ALE ÀIRBAG
5O'B+
5-m9er of point &o-rce& or orifice& C(efine( 9elowD
=S.n) will re;-ire n line& of car( (efinition& 9elow, one for each point
&o-rce.
LCM=L
Loa( c-rve B3 for inlet velocity C&ee al&o T5AMOL d T5A+B5P of car( 2
a9oveD. Thi& i& the &ame e&timate( velocity c-rve -&e( in NS=CTBO5
OPOB5TOSO8'C=O.BLT8'= car(.
LCT
Loa( c-rve B3 for inlet ga& temperat-re C&ee N2B'B2>OJ4B'B3D.

Define NAIR cards below for air component
Car( 7 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le .,2B' B5BT. 2B'2 2B'B 2B'C
Type + + + + +
3efa-lt $ $ $ $. $.
'emar7& 12 12 12

.,2B'
.olec-lar weight of air component
B5BT2
Bnitial .a&& +raction of 2ir componentC&D
2B'2
+ir&t Coefficient of molar heat capacity at con&tant pre&&-re Ce.g., :FmoleFA,
remar7 12D.
2B'B
Secon( Coefficient of molar heat capacity at con&tant pre&&-re Ce.g.,
:FmoleFA
2
, remar7 12D.
2B'C
Thir( Coefficient of molar heat capacity at con&tant pre&&-re Ce.g.,
:FmoleFA
%
, remar7 12D.

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Define NGAS cards below for the GAS components
Car(& /R 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le LC.+ .,>2S >2S2 >2SB >2SC
Type B + + + +
3efa-lt none $ $ $. $.
'emar7& 11 12 12 12

LC.+
Loa( c-rve B3 for ma&& flow rate C&ee N2B'B2>OJ4B'B3, e.g., 7gF&D.
.,>2S
.olec-lar weight of inflator ga& component&.
>2S2
+ir&t Coefficient of molar heat capacity at con&tant pre&&-re Ce.g., :FmoleFA,
remar7 12D.
>2SB
Secon( Coefficient of molar heat capacity at con&tant pre&&-re Ce.g.,
:FmoleFA
2
, remar7 12D.
>2SC
Thir( Coefficient of molar heat capacity at con&tant pre&&-re Ce.g.,
:FmoleFA
%
, remar7 12D.

Define NORIF cards below for each point source
Car(& R 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 5O3=B3 M=CB3 O'B+2'=
Type B B B
3efa-lt $ $ $

5O3=B3
The no(e B3 (efining the point &o-rce.
M=CB3
The vector B3 (efining the (irection of flow at the point &o-rce.
O'B+2'=
The orifice area at the point &o-rce.
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ÀIRBAG_ALE ÀIRBAG
Remarks:
1. Thi& &et B3 typically contain& the Lagrangian &egment& of the % part& that are co-ple( to the
inflator ga&) air9ag, air9ag cani&ter CcompartmentD, inflator. 2& in all control#vol-me, orien#
tation of element& repre&enting 9ag an( cani&ter &ho-l( point o-twar(. 3-ring the 2L=
pha&e the &egment normal will 9e rever&e( a-tomatically for fl-i(#&tr-ct-re co-pling# )o*$
e+er, the orientation o- in-.ator e.ement norma. +e/tors shou.d point to its /enter# See +ig-re
%#".
2. 2tmo&pheric (en&ity for the am9ient ga& CairD can 9e comp-te( from
p
umb
= P
umb
(R - I
umb
) /
%. Since 2LL 2L= relate( activitie& will 9e t-rne( off after the &witch from 2L= metho( to
control#vol-me metho(, no other 2L= co-pling will exi&t 9eyon( t]S,TB.=.
!. Ment (efinition will 9e -&e( for 2L= venting. 8pon &witching area of the &egment& will 9e
-&e( for venting a& a2% in N2B'B2>OJ4B'B3.
". +a9ric poro&ity for 2L= an( N2B'B2>OJ4B'B3 can 9e (efine( on .2TO+2B'BC. 3e#
fine +LC an( +2C on N.2TO+2B'BC. +MOPT 7 an( / will 9e -&e( for 9oth 2L= an(
N2B'B2>OJ4B'B3. BBLOCA]$ will -&e +MOPT]7 an( BBLOCA]1 will -&e +MOPT]/.
0. MCO+ will 9e -&e( to &cale the vent area for 2L= venting an( thi& coefficient will 9e -&e( a&
vent coefficient c2% for N2B'B2>OJ4B'B3 -pon &witching.
7. Bf 5I, 5y an( 5I are (efine( Coption 1D, car( "a an( car( "9 &ho-l( 9e (efine( to let LS#
3452 generate the me&h for 2L=. 2lternatively if 5I i& $ Coption 2D, then 5x]B32B' an(
5y]B3>2S. Bn the later ca&e the -&er nee( to &-pply the 2L= me&h who&e PB3]B32B'.
/. Bf the air9ag move& with the vehicle, &et .OM='5]>'O8PB3, thi& >'O8PB3 i& (efine(
-&ing N2L=O'=+='=5C=OS4ST=.O5O3=. The % no(e& (efine( in 2L=O'=+='=5C=
OS4ST=.O5O3= will 9e -&e( to tran&form the 2L= me&h. The point &o-rce& will al&o fol#
low thi& motion. Thi& &im-late& P'T4P]" in the N2L=O'=+='=5C=OS4ST=.O>'O8P
car(.
. 2-tomatic expan&ionFcontraction of the 2L= me&h to follow the air9ag expan&ion can 9e
t-rne( on 9y &etting Ioom]1. Thi& feat-re i& partic-larly -&ef-l for f-lly fol(e( air9ag& re#
;-iring very fine ale me&h initially. 2& the air9ag inflate& the ale me&h will 9e a-tomatically
&cale( &-ch that the air9ag will 9e containe( within the 2L= me&h. Thi& &im-late&
P'T4P] in the N2L=O'=+='=5C=OS4ST=.O>'O8P car(.
1$. There are % metho(& for (efining the inlet ga& velocity)
Option 1) (efine LCM=L ] $ T5AMOL ] Tan7 vol-me, an( T5A+B5P ] Tan7 final
pre&&-re from tan7 te&t (ata. Bnlet ga& velocity i& e&timate( 9y LS3452 metho( Cte&tingD.
Option 2) (efine LCM=L ] $ T5AMOL ] inflator can vol-me, an( T5A+B5P ] 9lan7.
Bnlet ga& velocity i& e&timate( a-tomatically 9y Lian#Bhal&o(#Olov&&on metho(.
Option 3) (efine LCM=L ] n T5AMOL ]$, an( T5A+B5P ] $. Bnlet ga& velocity i& (e#
fine( 9y -&er via a loa( c-rve B3 ] n.
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ÀIRBAG ÀIRBAG_ALE
11. LCT an( LCB3. &ho-l( have the &ame n-m9er of &ampling point&.
12. The per#ma&&#-nit, temperat-re#(epen(ent, con&tant#pre&&-re heat capacity i&
C
p
(I) =
|A + - I +C - I
2
]
Hw
~
[
kg -
A = C
P0
~[ (molc - ) /

~[ (molc -
2
) /
C~[ (molc -
3
) /

The -nit& &hown are only for (emon&tration of the e;-ation.
1%. Sometime& CT4P=]0 may 9e -&e( for complex fol(e( air9ag. 5S823]2 may 9e -&e( a& a
&tarting val-e an( increa&e a& nece&&ary (epen(ing on the relative me&h re&ol-tion& of the
Lagrangian an( 2L= me&he&.
1!. 8&e a loa( c-rve for P+2C whenever po&&i9le. Bt ten(& to 9e more ro9-&t.

- AIRBAu _ALE -
`
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
AIR - _
- PART(ANNu2)
- SECTI0N _S0LIB
- NAT _uAS _NIXT0RE
uAS - _
- PART(ANNu1)
- SECTI0N _P0INT _S00RCE _NIXT0RE
- NAT _uAS _NIXT0RE
Couplings - - C0NSTRAINEB _LAuRANuE _IN _S0LIB
ALE Nesh motion - - ALE _REFERENCE _SYSTEN _uR00P
Cv - - AIRBAu _BYBRIB
vENT - venting Befinitions

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Example 1)
$...|....1....|....2....|....3....|....4....|....5....|....6....|....7....|....8
*AIRBAG_ALE
$#1 SID SIDTYPE NONE NONE NONE NONE MD SPS!
123 1 " " " " "." "."
$#2 ATMOST ATMOSP NONE G# ## TN$%OL TN$!P
2&8.15 1."132E'4 " 8.314 "." "." "."
$#3 N()AD #TYPE P!A# !RI# !R#MIN NORMTYPE ILEA$ PLEA$
4 4 '1""" "." ".3 " 2 ".1
$#4 %SETID I%SETTYP IBLO#$ %ENT#OE!
1 2 " 1.""
$#5N*IDAIR NYIDGAS N+ MO%ERN +OOM
5"""" 5"""3 " " "
$#6 STIME NONE ,G NAIR NGAS NORI! L#%EL L#T
1"""."" ".""" 1.-'4 1 1 8 2""2 2""1
$#7 AIR NONE NONE MAIR INITM AIRA AIRB AIR#
" " " "."28&7 1."" 2&.1"" ".""""" "."""""
$#8 GASL#M NONE NONE MGAS NONE GASA GASB GAS#
2""3 " " "."235 " 28.""" ".""""" "."""""
$#& NODEID %E#TID ORI!AREA
1"""1& 1 13.5"""""
1"""2" 2 13.5"""""
1"""21 3 13.5"""""
1"""22 4 13.5"""""
1"""23 5 13.5"""""
1"""24 6 13.5"""""
1"""17 7 13.5"""""
1"""18 8 13.5"""""
+ig-re %#".
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$ P!A# #)R%E . /-01234 5163o7 6879-.
*DE!INE_#)R%E
$ 26:; <:;7 <51 <5o o551 o55o ;1334/
1""" " "." 2." "." "."
$ 11 o1
"." ".""""""""
1.""""""" 4."13"""-'"4
*SET_SEGMENT_TITLE
9-03 <-=>-03< ?;-5:0-; :0 I%SETID@
1 "." "." "." "."
1735 1736 661 16&7 "." "." "." "."
1735 2337 1&&3 1736 "." "." "." "."
1735 1&6& 1&88 2337 "." "." "." "."
1735 16&7 656 1&6& "." "." "." "."
*DE!INE_%E#TOR
$# 9:; A3 43 B3 AC 4C BC
1 "." "."'16.25"""" 21.2132"" 21.2132""'16.25""""
2 "." "."'16.25"""" 3".""""""'1."""-'"6'16.25""""
3 "." "."'16.25"""" 21.2132""'21.2132""'16.25""""
4 "." "."'16.25""""'1."""-'"6'3".""""""'16.25""""
5 "." "."'16.25""""'21.2132""'21.2132""'16.25""""
6 "." "."'16.25""""'3".""""""1.""""-'"6'16.25""""
7 "." "."'16.25""""'21.2132"" 21.2132""'16.25""""
8 "." "."'16.25""""1.""""-'"6 3".""""""'16.25""""
$...|....1....|....2....|....3....|....4....|....5....|....6....|....7....|....8
Bn thi& example, pre#exi&ting 9ac7gro-n( air me&h with part B3 "$$$$ an( ga& me&h with part B3
"$$$% are -&e(. Th-& 5K ] $. There i& no me&h motion nor expan&ion allowe(. 2n inlet ga& ve#
locity c-rve i& provi(e(.
Example 2:
$...|....1....|....2....|....3....|....4....|....5....|....6....|....7....|....8
$ SIDTYPD ".SGSIDE 1.PSID
*AIRBAG_ALE
$#1 SID SIDTYPE NONE NONE NONE NONE MD SPS!
1 1 " ". ". ". ". ".
$#2 ATMOST ATMOSP NONE G# ## TN$%OL TN$!P
2&8. 1"1325. "." 8.314 1. 6."E'5 "
$#3 N()AD #TYPE P!A# !RI# !R#MIN NORMTYPE ILEA$ PLEA$
2 6 '321 "." ".3 1 2 ".1
$#4 %SETID I%SETTYP IBLO#$ %ENT#OE!
" " " "
$#5N*IDAIR NYIDGAS N+ MO%ERN +OOM
11 11 &
$5F A" 4" B" A1 41 B1 NOT')SED NOT')SED
'".3 '".3 '".135 ".3 '".3 '".135
$56 A2 42 B2 A3 43 B3 NOT')SED NOT')SED
'".3 ".3 '".135 '".3 '".3 ".3&
$#6 STIME NONE ,G NAIR NGAS NORI! L#%EL L#T
"."4""" ".""5 1.-'4 2 1 1 " 2
$#7 AIR NONE NONE MAIR INITM AIRA AIRB AIR#
"."28 ".8" 27.2&6 ".""523
"."32 ".2" 25.723 "."12&8
$#8 GASL#M NONE NONE MGAS NONE GASA GASB GAS#
1 "."24& 2&.68" ".""88"
$#& NODEID %E#TID ORI!AREA
&272 1 1.""-'4
$ L1=710=:10 <C-22 <3786387- 3o F- 6o8/2-; 3o 3C- :05213o7 =1<
*SET_PART_LIST
1 "." "." "." "."
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ÀIRBAG_ALE ÀIRBAG
1 2 3
*DE!INE_%E#TOR
$".1"""""EG"1H 1"."""""""""
$ 9:; A3 43 B3 AC 4C BC
1 "." "." "." "." "." ".1"""""
$ F1= /-0-3713:o0 I 1 >> J....K P_6o8/ I 5""""" /1<612 ..K I 5 13>
*DE!INE_#)R%E
$ 26:; <:;7 <51 <5o o551 o55o ;1334/
321 " "." "." "." "."
$ 11 o1
"." "."
".""1""""" 5."""""""-G"5
$...|....1....|....2....|....3....|....4....|....5....|....6....|....7....|....8
Bn thi& example, LS#3452 a-tomatically create& the 9ac7gro-n( 2L= me&h with)
5L ] 11 element& in the x (irection.
54 ] 11 element& in the y (irection.
5K ] element& in the I (irection.
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ÀIRBAG ÀIRBAG_INTERACTION
ÀIRBAG_INTERACTION
P-rpo&e) To (efine two connecte( air9ag& which vent into each other.

Define one card for each airbag interaction definition
Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 2B1 2B2 2'=2 S+ PB3 LCB3 B+LO,
Type B B + + B B B
3efa-lt none none none none $ $ $

2B1
+ir&t air9ag B3, a& (efine( on N2B'B2> car(.
2B2
Secon( air9ag B3, a& (efine( on N2B'B2> car(.
2'=2
Orifice area 9etween connecte( 9ag&.
LT.$.$) i2'=2i i& the loa( c-rve B3 (efining the orifice area a& a f-nc#
tion of a9&ol-te pre&&-re.
=S.$.$) 2'=2 i& ta7en a& the &-rface area of the part B3 (efine( 9elow.
S+
Shape factor.
LT.$.$) iS+i i& the loa( c-rve B3 (efining vent orifice coefficient a& a
f-nction of relative time.
PB3
Optional part B3 of the partition 9etween the interacting control vol-me&.
2'=2 i& 9a&e( on thi& part B3.
LCB3
Loa( c-rve B3 (efining ma&& flow rate ver&-& pre&&-re (ifference, &ee
N3=+B5=OC8'M=. Bf LCB3 i& (efine( 2'=2, S+ an( PB3 are ignore(.
B+LO,
+low (irection
LT.$) One way flow from 2B1 to 2B2 only.
=S.$) Two way flow 9etween 2B1 an( 2B2.
>T.$) One way flow from 2B2 to 2B1 only.
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ÀIRBAG_INTERACTION ÀIRBAG
Remarks:
.a&& flow rate an( temperat-re loa( c-rve& for the &econ(ary cham9er& m-&t 9e (efine( a& n-ll
c-rve&, for example, in the 3=+B5=OC8'M= (efinition& give two point& C$.$,$.$D an( C1$$$$.,$.$D.
2ll inp-t option& are vali( for the following air9ag type&)
N2B'B2>OSB.PL=O2B'B2>O.O3=L
N2B'B2>O,25>O5=+SA=
N2B'B2>O,25>O5=+SA=O:=TTB5>
N2B'B2>O,25>O5=+SA=O.8LTBPL=O:=TTB5>
N2B'B2>OJ4B'B3
N2B'B2>OJ4B'B3O:=TTB5>
The LCB3 (efining ma&& flow rate v&. pre&&-re (ifference may a((itionally 9e -&e( with)
N2B'B2>OLO23OC8'M=
N2B'B2>OLB5=2'O+L8B3
Bf the 2'=2, S+, an( PB3 (efine( metho( i& -&e( to (efine the interaction then the air9ag& m-&t
contain the &ame ga&, i.e. C
p
, C
v
an( g m-&t 9e the &ame. The flow 9etween 9ag& i& governe( 9y
form-la& which are &imilar to tho&e of ,ang#5ef&7e.
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ÀIRBAG ÀIRBAG_PARTICLE
ÀIRBAG_PARTICLE_OPTION1]_OPTION2]
2vaila9le option& incl-(e)
OPTION1 give& extra option& &pecifically for .PP implementation.
MPP
OPTION2 provi(e& a mean& to &pecify an air9ag B3 n-m9er an( a hea(ing for the air9ag.
ID
TITLE
P-rpo&e) To (efine an air9ag -&ing the particle metho(.
The following card is read if and only if the MPP option is specified.
Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le SL S4 SK
Type + + +

SL, S4, SK
Scale factor for each (irection -&e for .PP (ecompo&ition of particle (o#
main

The following card is read if and only if the ID or TITLE option is specified.
Optional 1 2#7
Maria9le BagOB3 J=23B5>
Type B 20$
The BagOB3 i& reference( in, e.g., NB5BTB2LO2B'B2>OP2'TBCL=OPOSBTBO5..

BagOB3
2ir9ag B3. Thi& m-&t 9e a -ni;-e n-m9er.
J=23B5>
2ir9ag (e&criptor. Bt i& &-gge&te( that -ni;-e (e&cription& 9e -&e(.
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ÀIRBAG_PARTICLE ÀIRBAG

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le SB31 ST4P=1 SB32 ST4P=2 BLOCA 5P32T2 +'BC B'P3
Type B B B B B B + B
3efa-lt none $ $ $ $ $.$ $.$ $

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 5P 85BT MBS+L> T2T. P2T. 5M=5T T=53 TS,
Type + B B + + B + +
3efa-lt 2$$,$$$ $ $ 2%A 1 atm $ 1.$=[1$ 1.$=[1$

Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le B2B' 5>2S 5O'B+ 5B31 5B32 5B3% CJ. C3O=LT
Type B B B B B B B +
3efa-lt $ none none $ $ $ none $.

Optional Cards if STYPE22- Define SID2 cards, one for each internal part or part set.
Optional 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le SB38P ST48P P+'2C LB5AB5>
Type B B + B
3efa-lt none none $. none

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Optional Cards if NPDATA>0 - Define NPDATA cards, one for each heat convection part or
part set.
Optional 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le SB3J ST4P=J JCO5M P+'BC S3+BLA AP
Type B B + + + +
3efa-lt none none none none 1.$ $.

Optional Cards if NVENT>0 - Define NVENT cards, one for vent hole.
Optional 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le SB3% ST4P=% C2% LCTC2% LCPC2% =5JOM PPOP
Type B B + B B B +
3efa-lt $ none 1.$ $ $ $ $.$

Optional Cards if IAIR> 0
Optional 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le P2B' T2B' L.2B' 22B' B2B' C2B' 5PO2B' 5PO'=L2L
Type + + + + + + B B
3efa-lt P2T. T2T. none none $.$ $.$ $ $

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NGAS Cards (i1,2,...,n)
Optional 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le LC.i LCTi L.i 2i Bi Ci B5+>i
Type B B + + + + B
3efa-lt none none none none $.$ $.$ 1

NORIF Cards (i1,2,...,n)
Optional 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 5B3i 25i M3i C2i B5+Oi B.O. B25> CJ.OB3
Type B + B + B B B B
3efa-lt none none none %$ 3eg 1 $ $ $

SB31
Part or part &et B3 (efining the complete air9ag.
ST4P=1
Set type)
=S.$) Part
=S.1) Part &et
SB32
Part or part &et B3 (efining the internal part& of the air9ag.
ST4P=2
Set type)
=S.$) Part
=S.1) Part &et
=S.2) 5-m9er of part& to rea( C5ot recommen(e( for general -&eD
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BLOCA
Bloc7ing.
=S.$$
=S.$1
=S.1$
=S.11
The 1V& (igit control& the treatment of lea7age.
$) 2lway& con&i(er poro&ity lea7age witho-t con&i(ering 9loc7age
(-e to contact.
1) Chec7 if air9ag no(e i& in contact or not. Bf ye&, 1F! C;-a(D or 1F%
CtriaD of the &egment &-rface will not have poro&ity lea7age (-e
to contact.
The 1$V& (igit control& the treatment of particle& that e&cape (-e to (e#
lete( element& Cparticle& are alway& trac7e( an( mar7e(D.
$) 2ctive particle. Particle& will 9e p-t 9ac7 into the 9ag.
1) Lea7e( thro-gh vent. C&ee remar7 !D
5P32T2
5-m9er of part& or part &et& (ata.
+'BC
+riction factor. C3efa-lt ]$.$, &ee remar7 %D
B'P3
3ynamic &caling of particle ra(i-&.
=S.$) Off
=S.1) On
5P
5-m9er of particle&. C3efa-lt ]2$$,$$$D
85BT
8nit &y&tem)
=S.$) 7g#mm#m&#A
=S.1) SB
=S.2) tonne#mm#&#A
MBS+L> Mi&i9le particle&. Conly &-pport CP. (ata9a&e, &ee remar7 0D
=S.$) 3efa-lt to 1
=S.1) O-tp-t particleG& coor(inate&, velocitie&, ma&&, ra(i-&, &pin ener#
gy, tran&lational energy
=S.2) O-tp-t re(-ce (ata &et with coor(inate& only
=S.%) S-ppre&& CP. (ata9a&e
T2T.
2tmo&pheric temperat-re. C3efa-lt ]2%AD
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P2T.
2tmo&pheric pre&&-re. C3efa-lt]1 2T.D
5M=5T
5-m9er of vent hole part& or part &et&
T=53
Time when all C5PD particle& have entere( 9ag. C3efa-lt]1.$=[1$D
TS,
Time for &witch to control vol-me calc-lation. C3efa-lt]1.$=[1$D
B2B'
Bnitial ga& in&i(e 9ag con&i(ere()
=S.$) 5o
=S.1) 4e& C-&ing control vol-me metho(D
=S.2) 4e& C-&ing particle metho(D
5>2S
5-m9er of ga& component&
5O'B+
5-m9er of orifice&
5B31#5B3%
Three no(e& (efining a moving coor(inate &y&tem for the (irection of flow
thro-gh the ga& inlet noIIle& C3efa-lt]fixe( &y&temD
CJ.
Cham9er B3 -&e( in N3=+B5=OCP.OCJ2.B='. CSee remar7 /D
C3O=LT
3rag coefficient for external air. Bf the val-e i& not Iero, the inertial effect
from external air will 9e con&i(ere( an( force& will 9e applie( in the normal
(irection on the exterior air9ag &-rface.
SB38P
Part or part &et B3 (efining the internal part& that pre&&-re will 9e applie(
to. Thi& internal &tr-ct-re act& a& a valve to control the external vent hole
area. Pre&&-re will 9e applie( only after &witch to 8P C-niform pre&&-reD
-&ing TS,.
ST48P
Set type)
=S.$) Part
=S.1) Part &et
P+'2C
+raction of pre&&-re to 9e applie( to the &et C$.$ to 1.$D.Bf P+'2C]$, no pre&#
&-re i& applie( to internal part&.
LB5AB5>
Part B3 of an internal part that i& co-ple( to the external vent (efinition. The
minim-m area of thi& part or the vent hole will 9e -&e( for act-al venting area.
SB3J
Part or part &et B3 (efining part (ata.
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ST4P=J
Set type)
=S.$) Part
=S.1) Part &et
JCO5M
Jeat convection coefficient -&e( to calc-late heat lo&& from the air9ag ex#
ternal &-rface to am9ient C,FFAm2D. See N2B'B2>OJ4B'B3 (evelop#
ment& C'e&p. P.O. .ar7l-n(D.
P+'BC
+riction factor.C3efa-lt i& +'BC from 1
&t
car( 7
th
fiel(D.
S3+BLA
Scale (own factor for 9loc7age factor C3efa-lt]1, no &cale (ownD. The vali(
factor will 9e C$,1U. Bf $, it will &et to 1.
AP
Thermal con(-ctivity of the part C&ee remar7 11D
SB3%
Part or part &et B3 (efining vent hole&.
ST4P=%
Set type)
=S.$) Part
=S.1) Part &et
C2%
Ment hole coefficient, a parameter of ,ang#5ef&7e lea7age. C3efa-lt]1.$,
&ee remar7 1D
LCTC2%
Loa( c-rve (efining vent hole coefficient a& a f-nction of time. CSee re#
mar7& 1 an( 2D
LCPC2%
Loa( c-rve (efining vent hole coefficient a& a f-nction of pre&&-re. CSee
remar7& 1 an( 2D
=5JOM
=nhance( venting option. CSee remar7 1$D
=S.$) Off C(efa-ltD
=S.1) On
PPOP
Pre&&-re (ifference 9etween interior an( am9ient pre&&-reCP2T.D to open
the vent hole&. Once the vent& are open, they will &tay open.
P2B'
Bnitial pre&&-re in&i(e 9ag. C3efa-lt P2B']P2T.D
T2B'
Bnitial temperat-re in&i(e 9ag. C3efa-lt, T2B']T2T.D
L.2B'
.olar ma&& of ga& initially in&i(e 9ag.
22B'#C2B'
Con&tant, linear, an( ;-a(ratic heat capacity parameter&.
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5PO2B'
5-m9er of particle for air. CSee remar7 7D
5PO'=L2L
5-m9er of cycle& to reach thermal e;-ili9ri-m.CSee remar7 7D
LT.$) Bf more than "$b of the colli&ion to fa9ric i& from initial air parti#
cle, the contact force will not apply to the fa9ric &egment in or(er
to 7eep it& original &hape.
LC.i
.a&& flow rate c-rve for ga& component i.
LCTi
Temperat-re c-rve for ga& component i.
L.i
.olar ma&& of ga& component i.
2i#Ci
Con&tant, linear, an( ;-a(ratic heat capacity parameter& for ga& compo#
nent i.
B5+>i
Bnflator B3 for thi& ga& component. C3efa-lt]1D
5B3i
5o(e B3 (efining the location of noIIle i.
25i
2rea of noIIle i. C3efa-lt) all noIIle& are a&&igne( the &ame areaD
M3i
Mector B3. CBnitial (irection of ga& inflow at noIIle iD
C2i
Cone angle in (egree&. C3efa-lt]%$ (egree&D Thi& option i& only vali(
when B25> e;-al& to 1.
B5+Oi
Bnflator B3 for thi& orifice. C3efa-lt]1D
B.O.
Bnflator reaction force C'".1.1 relea&e an( laterD.
=S.$) Off
=S.1) On
B25>
2ctivation for cone angle to -&e for friction cali9rationCnot normally -&e(E
eliminate& thermal energy of particle& from inflatorD.
=S.$) Off C3efa-ltD
=S.1) On
CJ.OB3
Cham9er B3 where the inflator no(e re&i(e&. CSee remar7 D
Remarks
1. Total vent hole coefficient ] C2%hLCTC2%hLCPC2%.
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2. Bf not &pecifie(, a con&tant val-e of 1.$ i& a&&-me(.
%. +riction factor to &im-late the &-rface ro-ghne&&. Bf the &-rface i& frictionle&& the particle in#
coming angle o
1
i& e;-al to the (eflection angle o
2
C&ee fig-re 9elowD.

Con&i(ering &-rface ro-ghne&& F
an( the total angle o will have the following rela#

tion&hip&)
u F
1
o = o
1
+o
2

+or the &pecial ca&e when
F
= 1
The incoming particle will 9o-nce 9ac7 from it& incoming (irection,
o = u
+or negative F

-1 F
< u
Particle& will 9o-nce towar(& the &-rface 9y the following relation&hip
o = 2jo
1
-F
4
-
o
1
2
[
!. Setting the 1$V& (igit to 1 allow& for phy&ical hole& in an air9ag. Bn thi& ca&e, particle& that
are far away from the air9ag are (i&a9le(. Bn mo&t ca&e, the&e are particle& that have e&#
cape( thro-gh -nclo&e( &-rface& (-e to phy&ical hole&, faile( element&, etc. Thi& re(-ce&
the 9-c7et &ort &earch (i&tance.
". The change in energy (-e to convection i& given 9y
JE
Jt
= A BC0Nv (I
bag
-I
atm
).
,here,
A i& part area.
JCO5M i& the -&er (efine( heat convection coefficient.
I
bag
i& the weighte( average temperat-re of the particle& impacting the part.
I
utm
i& the am9ient temperat-re.
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T
0. Particle time hi&tory (ata i& alway& o-tp-t to (%plot (ata9a&e now. LS#PrePo&t 2.% an( lat#
er can (i&play an( fringe thi& (ata. Bn or(er to re(-ce r-ntime memory re;-irement&,
MBS+L> &ho-l( 9e &et to $ C(i&a9le(D. +or LS#3452 71 '0.1 an( later, MBS+L> only
affect& Mer&ion ! CP. o-tp-t C&ee N32T2B2S=OCP.D.
7. Total n-m9er of particle& -&e( in each car( i& 5P [ 5PO2B'. Since the initial air particle& are
place( at the &-rface of the air9ag &egment& with correct velocity (i&tri9-tion initially, particle&
are not ran(omly (i&tri9-te( in &pace. Bt re;-ire& a finite n-m9er of relaxation cycle&, 5P
O'=L2L, to allow particle& to move an( pro(-ce 9etter &patial (i&tri9-tion.
/. By (efa-lt initial air particle& will 9e evenly place( on air9ag &egment& which cannot &en&e the
local vol-me. Thi& will create incorrect pre&&-re fiel( if the 9ag ha& &everal (i&tinct poc7et&.
N3=+B5=OCP.OCJ2.B=' allow& the -&er to initialiIe air particle& 9y vol-me ratio& of re#
gion& of air9ag. The particle& will 9e (i&tri9-te( proportional to the (efine( cham9er vol-me to
achieve 9etter pre&&-re (i&tri9-tion.
. Cham9er& an( cham9er B3& are (efine( -&ing N3=+B5=OCP.OCJ2.B='.
1$. ,hen enhance( venting i& on, the vent holeV& e;-ivalent ra(i-& C'Oe;D will 9e calc-late(.
Particle& within 'Oe;on the high pre&&-re &i(e from the vent hole geometry center will 9e
move( towar( the hole. Thi& will increa&e the colli&ion fre;-ency near the vent for parti#
cle& to (etect &mall &tr-ct-ral feat-re& an( pro(-ce 9etter flow thro-gh the vent hole.
11. Bf the thermal con(-ctivity, AP, i& given, then the effective convection heat tran&fer coefficient
i& given 9y
c]]
= _
1.u
BC0Nv
+
shell thickness
KP
]
-1

where the part thic7ne&& come& from the S=CTBO5 (ata9a&e. Bf AP i& not given,
c]]
(efa-lt&
to JCO5M.
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ÀIRBAG ÀIRBAG_REFERENCE_GEOMETRY
%#/$ C2B'B2>D LS-DYNA R7.0
ÀIRBAG_REFERENCE_GEOMETRY_POPTIONQOCOPTIONQ
<BLANK>
BIRTH
RDT
The reference geometry 9ecome& active at time BB'TJ. 8ntil thi& time the inp-t geometry i& -&e(
to inflate the air9ag. 8ntil the 9irth time i& reache( the act-al geometry i& -&e( to (etermine the time
&tep &iIe even if '3T i& active.
Bf '3T i& active the time &tep &iIe will 9e 9a&e( on the reference geometry once the &ol-tion time
excee(& the 9irth time. Thi& option i& -&ef-l for &hr-n7en 9ag& where the 9ag (oe& not carry com#
pre&&ive loa(& an( the element& can freely expan( 9efore &tre&&e& (evelop. Bf thi& option i& not &peci#
fie(, the time &tep &iIe will 9e 9a&e( on the c-rrent config-ration an( will increa&e a& the area of the
element& increa&e. The (efa-lt may 9e m-ch more expen&ive 9-t po&&i9ly more &ta9le.
P-rpo&e) Bf the reference config-ration of the air9ag i& ta7en a& the fol(e( config-ration, the geomet#
rical acc-racy of the (eploye( 9ag will 9e affecte( 9y 9oth the &tretching an( the compre&&ion of el#
ement& (-ring the fol(ing proce&&. S-ch element (i&tortion& are very (iffic-lt to avoi( in a fol(e(
9ag. By rea(ing in a reference config-ration &-ch a& the final -n&tretche( config-ration of a (e#
ploye( 9ag, any (i&tortion& in the initial geometry of the fol(e( 9ag will have no effect on the final
geometry of the inflate( 9ag. Thi& i& 9eca-&e the &tre&&e& (epen( only on the (eformation gra(ient
matrix)
F
=
ox
oX

where the choice of X
may coinci(e with the fol(e( or -nfol( config-ration&. Bt i& thi& -nfol(e(
config-ration which may 9e &pecifie( here.
5ote that a reference geometry which i& &maller than the initial air9ag geometry will not in(-ce ini#
tial ten&ile &tre&&e&.
Bf a liner i& incl-(e( an( the parameter L5'C &et to 1 in N.2TO+2B'BC, compre&&ion i& (i&a9le(
in the liner -ntil the reference geometry i& reache(, i.e., the fa9ric element 9ecome& ten&ile.

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ÀIRBAG_REFERENCE_GEOMETRY ÀIRBAG
LS-DYNA R7.0 %#/1 C2B'B2>D
Define the follow card if and only if the option BIRTH is specified in the keyword.
Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le BB'TJ
Type +
3efa-lt $.$

Card Format (I8,3E16.0) The next ~` keyword card terminates this input.
Car( 2,... 1 2 % ! " 0 7 / 1$
Maria9le 5B3 L 4 K
Type B + + +
3efa-lt none $. $. $.
'emar7&

BB'TJ
Time at which the reference geometry activate& C(efa-lt]$.$D
5B3
5o(e B3 for which a reference config-ration i& (efine(. 5o(e& (efine( in
thi& &ection m-&t al&o appear -n(er the N5O3= inp-t. Bt i& only nece&&ary
to (efine the reference coor(inate& of no(al point&, if their coor(inate& are
(ifferent than tho&e (efine( in the N5O3= &ection.
L
x coor(inate
4
y coor(inate
K
I coor(inate
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ÀIRBAG ÀIRBAG_SHELL_REFERENCE_GEOMETRY
%#/2 C2B'B2>D LS-DYNA R7.0
ÀIRBAG_SHELL_REFERENCE_GEOMETRY
P-rpo&e) 8&-ally, the inp-t in thi& &ection i& not nee(e(E however, &ometime& it i& convenient to -&e
(i&Hoint pre#c-t air9ag part& to (efine the reference geometrie&. Bf the reference geometry i& 9a&e(
only on no(al inp-t, thi& i& not po&&il9le &ince in the a&&em9le( air9ag the 9o-n(ary no(e& are
merge( 9etween part&. By incl-(ing the &hell connectivity with the reference geometry, the refer#
ence geometry can 9e 9a&e( on the pre#c-t air9ag part& in&tea( of the a&&em9le( air9ag. The ele#
ment&, which are (efine( in thi& &ection, m-&t have i(entical element B3V& a& tho&e (efine( in the
N=L=.=5TOSJ=LL inp-t, 9-t the no(al B3V&, which may 9e -ni;-e, are only -&e( for the refer#
ence geometry. The&e no(e& are (efine( in the N5O3= &ection, 9-t can al&o 9e a((itionally (efine(
a9ove -n(er N2B'B2>O'=+='=5C=O>=O.=T'4. The element orientation an( n1#n! or(ering
m-&t 9e i(entical to the N=L=.=5TOSJ=LL inp-t.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 / 1$
Maria9le =B3 PB3 51 52 5% 5!
Type B B B B B B
'emar7& % % % %

=B3
=lement B3
PB3
Optional part B3, &ee NP2'T, the part B3 i& not -&e( in thi& &ection.
51
5o(al point 1
52
5o(al point 2
5%
5o(al point %
5!
5o(al point !
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ÀLE
LS-DYNA R7.0 !#1 C2L=D
ÀLE
The 7eywor( N2L= provi(e& a way of (efining inp-t (ata pertaining to the 2r9itrary#Lagrangian#
=-lerian capa9ility. The 7eywor( car(& in thi& &ection are (efine( in alpha9etical or(er)
ÀLE_AMBIENT_HYDROSTATIC
ÀLE_FAIL_SWITCH_MMG
ÀLE_FRAGMENTATION
ÀLE_FSI_PRO1ECTION
ÀLE_FSI_SWITCH_MMG_POPTIONQ
ÀLE_MULTI-MATERIAL_GROUP
ÀLE_REFERENCE_SYSTEM_CURVE
ÀLE_REFERENCE_SYSTEM_GROUP
ÀLE_REFERENCE_SYSTEM_NODE
ÀLE_REFERENCE_SYSTEM_SWITCH
ÀLE_REFINE
ÀLE_SMOOTHING
ÀLE_TANK_TEST
ÀLE_UP_SWITCH
+or other inp-t information relate( to the 2L= capa9ility, &ee 7eywor(&)
N2L=OT25AOT=ST
NBO8532'4O2.BB=5TO=OS
NCO5ST'2B5=3O=8L='OB5O=8L='
NCO5ST'2B5=3OL2>'25>=OB5OSOLB3
NCO5T'OLO2L=
N32T2B2S=O+SB
NB5BTB2LOMOB3
NB5BTB2LOMOL8.=O+'2CTBO5
NB5BTB2LOMOL8.=O+'2CTBO5O>=O.=T'4
NS=CTBO5OSOLB3
NS=CTBO5OPOB5TOSO8'C= Cfor ga& onlyD
NS=CTBO5OPOB5TOSO8'C=O.BLT8'=
NS=TO.8LTB#.2T='B2LO>'O8POLBST
NCO5ST'2B5=3O=8L='OB5O=8L='

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ÀLE
!#2 C2L=D LS-DYNA R7.0
SINGLE GASEOUS MATERIAL MULTIPLE GASEOUS MATERIAL
N=OSOLB5=2'OPOL45O.B2L
N=OSOB3=2LO>2S
N.2TO58LL
N.2TO>2SO.BLT8'=
NB5TB2LO>2SO.BLT8'=
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ÀLE_AMBIENT_HYDROSTATIC ÀLE
LS-DYNA R7.0 !#% C2L=D
ÀLE_AMBIENT_HYDROSTATIC
P-rpo&e) ,hen an 2L= mo(el contain& one or more am9ient Cor re&ervoir#typeD 2L= part&
C=L+O'.]11 an( 2=T]!D, thi& comman( may 9e -&e( to initialiIe the hy(ro&tatic pre&&-re fiel( in
the am9ient 2L= (omain (-e to gravity. The NLO23OBO34OCOPTBO5D 7eywor( m-&t 9e (efine(.
The a&&ociate( NB5BTB2LOJ43'OST2TBCO2L= 7eywor( may 9e -&e( to (efine a &imilar initial
hy(ro&tatic pre&&-re fiel( for the reg-lar 2L= (omain Cnot re&ervoir#type regionD.
Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 2L=SB3 ST4P= M=CB3 >'2M PB2S= '2.PTLC
Type B B B B B B B
3efa-lt $ $ $ $ $ $ $

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 5B3 ..>BLO
Type + +
3efa-lt $.$ 1.=[1$

2L=SB3
2L=SB3 (efine& the re&ervoir#type 2L= (omainFme&h who&e hy(ro&tatic
pre&&-re fiel( (-e to gravity i& 9eing initialiIe( 9y thi& 7eywor(.
ST4P=
2L=SB3 &et type
=S.$) Part &et B3 CPSB3D,
=S.1) Part B3 CPB3D.
M=CB3 Mector B3 of a vector (efining the (irection of gravity.
>'2M
.agnit-(e of the gravitational acceleration Cfor example, in metric >'2M
m ./$00" mF&
2
D
PB2S= 5ominal or reference pre&&-re at the top &-rface of all fl-i( layer&. By con#
vention, the gravity (irection point& from the top layer to the 9ottom layer.
=ach fl-i( layer m-&t 9e repre&ente( 9y an 2L= m-lti#material gro-p B3
C2..>B3 or ..>D. . Plea&e &ee remar7 1.
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ÀLE ÀLE_AMBIENT_HYDROSTATIC
!#! C2L=D LS-DYNA R7.0
'2.PTLC 2 ramping time f-nction loa( c-rve B3. Thi& c-rve Cvia N3=+B5=
OC8'M=D (efine& how gravity i& rampe( -p a& a f-nction of time. >iven
>'2M val-e a9ove, the c-rveV& or(inate varie& from $.$ to 1.$, an( it& a9#
&ci&&a i& the CrampingD time. Plea&e &ee remar7 2.
5B3
5o(e B3 (efining the top of an 2L= fl-i( C2..>D layer.
..>BLO
2..> B3 of the fl-i( layer imme(iately 9elow thi& 5B3. =ach no(e i&
(efine( in a&&ociation with one 2..> layer 9elow it.
Remarks:
1. 2&&-ming a mo(el with m-lti#layer& of 2L= fl-i(&, given the pre&&-re at the top &-rface of the
top fl-i( layer CPB2S=D, the hy(ro&tatic pre&&-re i& comp-te( a& following
P = P
busc
+ p
N
AMMG-lcjcrs
=1
gb

2. Bf '2.PTLC i& activate( Ci.e. not e;-al to X$YD, then the hy(ro&tatic pre&&-re i& effectively
rampe( -p over a -&er#(efine( (-ration an( 7ept &tea(y. ,hen thi& loa( c-rve i& (efine(, (o not
(efine the a&&ociate( NB5BTB2LOJ43'OST2TBCO2L= car( to initialiIe the hy(ro&tatic pre&#
&-re for the non#re&ervoir 2L= (omain. The hy(ro&tatic pre&&-re in the reg-lar 2L= region will
9e initialiIe( in(irectly a& a con&e;-ence of the hy(ro&tatic pre&&-re generate( in the re&ervoir#
type 2L= (omain. The &ame loa( c-rve &ho-l( 9e -&e( to ramp -p gravity in a corre&pon(ing
NLO23OBO34OCOPTBO5D car(. Mia thi& approach, any &-9merge( Lagrangian &tr-ct-re co-#
ple( to the 2L= fl-i(& will have time to e;-ili9rate to the proper hy(ro&tatic con(ition.
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ÀLE_AMBIENT_HYDROSTATIC ÀLE
LS-DYNA R7.0 !#" C2L=D
Example:
.o(el S-mmary) Con&i(er a mo(el con&i&ting of 2 2L= part&, air on top of water.
J% ] 2..>1 ] 2ir part a9ove.
J! ] 2..>2 ] ,ater part 9elow.

$...|....1....|....2....|....3....|....4....|....5....|....6....|....7....|....8
$ ALE >13-7:12< ?528:;<@ 2:<3-; 57o> 3o/ 3o Fo33o>D
$
$ NID AT TOP O! A LAYER S)R!A#E ALE MATERIAL LAYER BELO T,IS NODE
$ TOP O! 1
<3
LAYER '''''' 1681 ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
$ A:7 1Fo9- . PID 3 . ,3 . AMMG1 ?AET.4@
$ TOP O! 2
0;
LAYER '''''' 1671 ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
$ 13-7 F-2oL . PID 4 . ,4 . AMMG2 ?AET.4@
$ BOTTOM ''''''''''''''''''' ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
$...|....1....|....2....|....3....|....4....|....5....|....6....|....7....|....8
*ALE_AMBIENT_,YDROSTATI#
$ ALESID STYPE %E#ID GRA% PBASE RAMPTL#
34 " 11 &.8"665 1"1325." 9
$ NID MMGBLO
1681 1
1671 2
*SET_PART_LIST
34
3 4
*ALE_M)LTI'MATERIAL_GRO)P
3 1
4 1
*DE!INE_%E#TOR
$ %ID *T YT +T *, Y, +, #ID
11 "." 1." "." "." "." "."
*DE!INE_#)R%E
9
".""" "."""
".""1 1."""
1".""" 1."""
*LOAD_BODY_Y
$ L#ID S! L#IDDR *# Y# +#
9 &.8"665 " "." "." "."
$...|....1....|....2....|....3....|....4....|....5....|....6....|....7....|....8
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ÀLE ÀLE_COUPLING_NODAL_CONSTRAINT
ÀLE_COUPLING_NODAL_CONSTRAINT
P-rpo&e) Thi& comman( provi(e& the co-pling mechani&m 9etween 2L= fl-i( an( Lagrange no(e&.
The Lagrange no(e& can 9e either from contin--m element& &-ch a& &oli(, &hell, thic7#&hell element&
or (i&crete element& a& (efine( 9y N=L=.=5TO3BSC'=T=OSPJ='=. =+> an( SPJ no(e& &ho-l(
9e -&e( with ca-tion a& generally me&hle&& metho( (oe&nVt &ati&fy e&&ential 9o-n(ary con(ition&.
Thi& comman( can al&o apply con&traint con(ition& in reinforce( concrete. 8&er& are enco-rage( to
-&e thi& comman( in&tea( of NCO5ST'2B5=3OL2>'25>=OB5OSOLB3 with ctype]2.
To (efine a co-pling Ccar(D B3 n-m9er an( title for each co-pling car(. Bf a title i& not (efine( LS#
3452 will a-tomatically create an internal title for thi& co-pling (efinition.

The following card is read if and only if the TITLE option is specified.
Optional 1 2
Maria9le CO8PB3 TBTL=
Type B 27$

Card 1 is mandatory for all coupling definitions.
Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le SL2M= .2ST=' SST4P .ST4P CT4P= .CO8P
Type B B B B B B
3efa-lt none none $ $ 1 $

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le ST2'T =53 +'C.B5
Type + + +
3efa-lt $ 1.$=1$ $."

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ÀLE_COUPLING_NODAL_CONSTRAINT ÀLE
CO8PB3
Co-pling Ccar(D B3 n-m9er CB1$D. Bf not (efine(, LS3452 will a&&ign an
internal co-pling B3 9a&e( on the or(er of appearance in the inp-t (ec7.
TBTL=
2 (e&cription of thi& co-pling (efinition C27$D.
SL2M=
Slave &et B3 (efining a part, part &et or &egment &et B3 of the Lagrangian or
&lave &tr-ct-re C&ee NP2'T, NS=TOP2'T or NS=TOS=>.=5TD. See 'e#
mar7 1.
.2ST='
.a&ter &et B3 (efining a part or part &et B3 of the 2L= or ma&ter &oli( ele#
ment& C&ee NP2'T or NS=TOP2'T, an( &ee 'emar7 1D.
SST4P
Slave &et type of XSL2M=Y)
=S.$) part &et B3 CPSB3D.
=S.1) part B3 CPB3D.
=S.2) &egment &et B3 CS>SB3D.
.ST4P
.a&ter &et type of X.2ST='Y)
CT4P=
Co-pling type)
=S.1) con&traine( velocity only.
=S.2) con&traine( acceleration an( velocity.
.CO8P
.-lti#material option C&ee 'emar7D.
=S.$) co-ple with all m-lti#material gro-p&,
=S.#n) refer& to a &et B3 of an 2L= m-lti#material gro-p& (efine( in
NS=TO.8LTB#.2T='B2LO>'O8P car( in which it& &et
B3]n.
ST2'T
Start time for co-pling.
=53
=n( time for co-pling.
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ÀLE ÀLE_COUPLING_NODAL_CONSTRAINT
!#/ C2L=D LS-DYNA R7.0
+'C.B5
Only to 9e -&e( with nonIero .CO8P. .inim-m vol-me fraction of the
fl-i( material& incl-(e( in the li&t of 2..>& to activate co-pling. 3efa-lt
val-e i& $.". 'e(-cing +'C.B5 Ctypically, 9etween $.1 an( $.%D wo-l(
t-rn on co-pling earlier to prevent lea7age in hypervelocity impact ca&e&.
Remarks:
,hen .CO8P i& a negative integer, &ay for example .CO8P] #12%, then an 2L= m-lti#material
&et#B3 C2..SB3D of 12% m-&t exi&t. Thi& i& an B3 (efine( 9y a NS=TO.8LTB#.2T='B2L
O>'O8POLBST car(.
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ÀLE_ESSENTIAL_BOUNDARY ÀLE
LS-DYNA R7.0 !# C2L=D
ÀLE_ESSENTIAL_BOUNDARY
P-rpo&e) Thi& comman( applie& an( -p(ate& e&&ential 9o-n(ary con(ition& on 2L= 9o-n(ary &-r#
face no(e&. 8p(ating the 9o-n(ary con(ition& i& important if the 2L= me&h move& accor(ing to
N2L=O'=+='=5C=OS4ST=.O>'O8P. Bf the me&h (oe& not move, itV& more correct to call it an
=-lerian me&h rather than an 2L= me&h, 9-t N2L=O=SS=5TB2LOBO8532'4 can 9e applie(
nonethele&&.
Certain engineering pro9lem& nee( to con&train the flow along the 2L= me&h 9o-n(ary. 2 &imple
example wo-l( 9e water flowing in a c-rve( t-9e. 8&ing the N2L=O=SS=5TB2LOBO8532'4
approach, the t-9e material i& not mo(ele( an( there i& no force co-pling 9etween the fl-i( an( the
t-9e, rather the interior vol-me of the t-9e i& repre&ente( 9y the location of the 2L= me&h. 3efining
SPC 9o-n(ary con(ition& with a local coor(inate &y&tem at each 2L= 9o-n(ary no(e wo-l( 9e ex#
tremely inconvenient in &-ch a &it-ation. The N2L=O=SS=5TB2LOBO8532'4 comman( applie&
the (e&ire( con&traint& along the 2L= &-rface me&h a-tomatically. The -&er only nee(& to &pecify
the partC&D or &egment &etC&D corre&pon(ing to the 2L= 9o-n(ary &-rface& an( the type of con&traint
(e&ire(.
The following car( may 9e repeate( m-ltiple time&
.

Card is mandatory for all definitions.
Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le B3 B3T4P= BCT4P= B=LCL
Type B B B B
3efa-lt none none 1 none

B3
Set B3 (efining a part, part &et or &egment &et B3 of the 2L= me&h 9o-n(a#
ry.
B3T4P=
Type of &et B3)
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ÀLE ÀLE_ESSENTIAL_BOUNDARY
!#1$ C2L=D LS-DYNA R7.0
BCT4P=
Con&traint type)
=S.1) 5o flow thro-gh all (irection&.
=S.2) 5o flow thro-gh normal (irection. C&lip con(itionD
B=LCL
Segment Set B3 to 9e excl-(e( from applying 2L= e&&ential 9o-n(ary
con(ition. +or example, inletFo-tlet &egment&.
Remarks:
+or BCT4P=]2, the con&traine( (irectionC&D at each &-rface no(e come& in part from 7nowing
whether the no(e i& a &-rface no(e, an e(ge no(e, or a corner no(e. Bf the 2L= me&h 9o-n(ary i&
i(entifie( 9y partC&D CB3T4P=]$F1D, e(geFcorner no(e& are a-tomatically (etecte( (-ring the &eg#
ment generation proce&&. Jowever, thi& a-tomatic (etection i& not foolproof for complicate( geome#
trie&. B(entifying the 2L= me&h 9o-n(ary -&ing &egment &et& CB3T4P=]2D i& generally preferre( for
complicate( geometrie& in or(er to avoi( mi&i(entification of e(geFcorner no(e&. ,hen &egment
&et& are -&e(, the e(geFcorner no(e& are i(entifie( 9y their pre&ence in m-ltiple &egment &et& where
each &egment &et (e&cri9e& a more or le&& &mooth, contin-o-& &-rface. Bn &hort, the H-nct-re& or in#
ter&ection& of the&e &-rface& i(entify e(geFcorner no(e&.
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ÀLE_FAIL_SWITCH_MMG ÀLE
ÀLE_FAIL_SWITCH_MMG_POPTIONQ
P-rpo&e) Thi& car( i& -&e( to allow the &witching of an 2L= m-lti#material#gro-p B3 C2..>B3D if
a fail-re criteria i& reache(. Bf thi& car( i& not -&e( an( N.2TOM2C88. ha& a m-lti#material gro-p
in the inp-t (ec7, faile( 2L= gro-p& are replace( 9y the gro-p for N.2TOM2C88..
<BLANK>
ID
2n B3 n-m9er C-p to / (igit&D may 9e (efine( for thi& &witch comman( in the fir&t 1$#character
&pace.
or
TITLE
2 title for the car( may 9e inp-t 9etween the 11
th
an( /$
th
character on the title#B3 line. The option#
al title line prece(e& all other car(& for thi& comman(.
The -&er can explicitly (efine a title for thi& co-pling.

Title Card Format
Optional 1 2
Maria9le B3 TBTL=
Type B1$ 27$

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le +'O..> TOO..>
Type B B
3efa-lt none none

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ÀLE ÀLE_FAIL_SWITCH_MMG
+'O..>
Thi& i& the 2..>#SB3 9efore the &witch. The 2..>#SB3 corre&pon(&
to the SB3 (efine( -n(er the NS=TO.8LTB#.2T='B2LO>'O8POLBST
CS..>LD car(. Thi& SB3 point& to one or more 2..>&. See 'emar7 1.
TOO..>
Thi& i& the 2..>#SB3 after the &witch. The 2..>#SB3 corre&pon(& to
the SB3 (efine( -n(er the NS=TO.8LTB#.2T='B2LO>'O8POLBST
car(. Thi& SB3 point& to one or more 2..>&. See 'emar7 1.
Remarks:
1. There i& a corre&pon(ence 9etween the +'O..> an( TOO..>. Con&i(er an example
where)
a. The +'O..> SB3 point& to a SB3]12 Cthe SB3 of it& S..>L car( i& 12, an( thi&
SB3 contain& 2..> 1 an( 2..> 2D
9. The TOO..> point& to a SB3]%! Cthe SB3 of the S..>L car( i& %!, an( thi& SB3
contain& 2..> % an( 2..> !D
Then, 2..> 1, if &witche(, will 9ecome 2..> %, an( 2..> 2, if &witche(, will 9e#
come 2..> !.
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ÀLE_FSI_PRO1ECTION ÀLE
LS-DYNA R7.0 !#1% C2L=D
ÀLE_FSI_PRO1ECTION
P-rpo&e) Thi& car( provi(e& a co-pling metho( for &im-lating the interaction 9etween a Lagrangian
material &et C&tr-ct-reD an( 2L= material &et Cfl-i(D. The neare&t 2L= no(e& are proHecte( onto the
Lagrangian &tr-ct-re &-rface at each time &tep. Thi& metho( (oe& not con&erve energy, a& ma&& an(
moment-m are tran&ferre( via con&traine( 9a&e( approach.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le L2>SB3 2L=SB3 LSB3T4P 2SB3T4P S..>B3 BCO''=C B5O'.
Type B B B B B B B
3efa-lt $ $ $ $ $ $ $

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le BB'TJ 3=2TJ
Type + +
3efa-lt $.$ 1.=[1$

L2>SB3
2 &et B3 (efining the Lagrangian partC&D for thi& co-pling C&tr-ct-re&D.
2L=SB3
2 &et B3 (efining the 2L= partC&D for thi& co-pling Cfl-i(&D.
LSB3T4P
Lagrangian &et B3 type
2SB3T4P
2L= &et B3 type
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ÀLE ÀLE_FSI_PRO1ECTION
!#1! C2L=D LS-DYNA R7.0
S..>B3
2 &et B3 referring to a gro-p of one or more 2L=#.-lti#.aterial#>ro-p
C2..>D B3& which repre&ent& the 2L= material& interacting with the La#
grangian &tr-ct-re. Thi& S..>B3 i& a &et B3 (efine( 9y NS=TO.8LTB#
.2T='B2LO>'O8POLBST.
BCO''=C
2(vection error correction metho( CSee 'emar7 1D.
=S.1) 2L= ma&& i& con&erve() Lea7e( ma&& i& move(,
=S.2) 2L= ma&& i& almo&t con&erve(,
=S.%) 5o correction performe( C(efa-ltD. 2L= ma&& i& con&erve(.
Some lea7age may occ-r. Thi& may 9e the 9e&t &ol-tion.
B5O'.
Type of co-pling.
=S.$) Co-ple in all (irection&,
=S.1) Co-ple in compre&&ion an( ten&ion Cfree &li(ingD,
=S.2) Co-ple in compre&&ion only Cfree &li(ingD. Thi& choice re;-ire&
BCO''=C]%.
BB'TJ
3=2TJ
Remarks:
1. 2& the 2L= no(e& are proHecte( onto the clo&e&t Lagrangian &-rface, there may 9e &ome a(vec#
tion error& intro(-ce(. The&e error& may re&-lt in a &mall element ma&& fraction 9eing pre&ent on
the XwrongY &i(e of the co-ple( Lagrangian &-rface. There are % po&&i9le &cenario&)
a. .a&& on the wrong &i(e of the Lagrangian &tr-ct-re may 9e move( to the right &i(e. Thi&
may ca-&e P o&cillation&. 5o lea7age will occ-r.
9. .a&& on the wrong &i(e i& (elete(. .a&& on the right &i(e i& &cale( -p to compen&ate for the
lo&t ma&&. 5o lea7age will occ-r.
c. .a&& on the wrong &i(e i& allowe( Cno correction performe(D. Some lea7age may occ-r.
Thi& may 9e the mo&t ro9-&t an( &imple&t approach.
Example:
.o(el S-mmary)
J1 ] 2..>1 ] 9ac7gro-n( air me&h.
J2 ] 2..>2 ] fl-i( in&i(e container S%.
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ÀLE_FSI_PRO1ECTION ÀLE
LS-DYNA R7.0 !#1" C2L=D
S% ] cylin(er containing 2..>2.
S! ] (-mmy target cylin(er for impact.
The ga& in&i(e S% i& 2..>2. S% i& given an initial velocity an( it will impact S!.

$...|....1....|....2....|....3....|....4....|....5....|....6....|....7....|....8
1 1
2 1
*SET_M)LTI'MATERIAL_GRO)P_LIST
22
2
*ALE_!SI_PROME#TION
$ LAGSID ALESID LSIDTYP ASIDTYP SMMGID I#ORRE# INORM
3 1 1 1 22 3 2
$ BIRT, DEAT,
"." 2"."
$...|....1....|....2....|....3....|....4....|....5....|....6....|....7....|....8
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ÀLE ÀLE_FRAGMENTATION
ÀLE_FRAGMENTATION
P-rpo&e) ,hen a material reache& fail-re criteria a&&ociate( with it& material mo(el, thi& car( i&
-&e( to allow the &witching from the 2L= m-lti#material#gro-p B3, 2..>B3, C+'O..>D of thi&
faile( material to another 2..>B3 CTOO..>D. Thi& feat-re may typically 9e -&e( in &im-lating
fragmentation of material&.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le +'O..> TOO..> +'2>T4P
Type B B B

+'O..>
Thi& i& the 2..>B3 of the material that H-&t fail&, 9efore the &witch.
TOO..>
Thi& i& the 2..>B3 that the faile( material i& 9eing &witche( to Cplea&e
&ee remar7 1D.
+'2>T4P
+lag (efining the choice of faile( material treatment C&ee remar7 1D.
=S.1) =;-ivalent to the (efa-lt metho( where all faile( material vol-me
fraction i& &witche( from +'O..> to TOO..>.
=S.2) Only the vol-me fraction increment that faile( i& &witche( from
+'O..> to TOO..>.
Remarks:
1. Bn a m-lti#material 2L= element, one of the material& may reach fail-re criteria. The
2..>B3 of thi& CoriginalD faile( material may 9e &witche( to another 2..>B3.
=xample 1, con&i(er an 2L= metal 9ar C2..>1D i& 9eing &tretche( to the point of fail-re.
The 2L= &pace &-rro-n(ing thi& 9ar i&, &ay, vac--m C2..>2D. ,hen the 2..>1 vol-me
fraction i& (etecte( to fail, it i& &witche( to 2..>2, 9ac7gro-n( vac--m, a-tomatically.
=xample 2, if the 2L= &pace &-rro-n(ing thi& 9ar i& not vac--m, &ay, air C2..>2D, then an
a((itional (-mmy part with N.2TOM2C88. C2..>%D i& (efine(. The faile( material
vol-me fraction i& &witche( from 2..>1 to 2..>% a-tomatically
So example& 1 an( 2 a9ove are the tra(itional or (efa-lt faile( material treatment option&, i.e.
witho-t the nee( for thi& N2L=O+'2>.=5T2TBO5 car(.
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ÀLE_FRAGMENTATION ÀLE
Bf the N2L=O+'2>.=5T2TBO5 car( i& (efine( an()
+'2>T4P]1, then the treatment i& &imilar to the (efa-lt treatment, that i&, when the +'
O..> vol-me fraction i& (etecte( to fail, it i& &witche( to TOO..>. So the &light (iffer#
ence i& the control of the 2..>B3 of the vac--m material to &witch to.
+'2>T4P]2 i& an a(vance( option where when the vol-me fraction increment i& (etecte(
to reach fail-re, only thi& vol-me fraction increment i& &witche( from the +'O..> to the
TOO..>. The ma&& of the faile( material i& con&erve(. Thi& i& &imilar to in&erting a vac-#
-m gap into the &pace which if the material i& to expan( into wo-l( fail.
Example:
Con&i(er a &imple 9ar exten&ion example)
J" ] 2..>1 ] .etal 9ar ] +'O..>
J0 ] 2..>2 ] 2ir &pace &-rro-n(ing the 9ar ] 9ac7gro-n( me&h
J7 ] 2..>% ] 3-mmy vac--m part CmaterialD ] TOO..>
$...|....1....|....2....|....3....|....4....|....5....|....6....|....7....|....8
*ALE_FRAGMENTATION
$ FR_MMG TO_MMG FRAGTYP
1 3 2
$...|....1....|....2....|....3....|....4....|....5....|....6....|....7....|....8
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ÀLE ÀLE_FSI_SWITCH_MMG
!#1/ C2L=D LS-DYNA R7.0
ÀLE_FSI_SWITCH_MMG_POPTIONQ
P-rpo&e) Thi& car( i& -&e( to allow the &witching of an 2L= m-lti#material#gro-p B3 C2..>B3D
of a fl-i( a& that fl-i( pa&&e& acro&& a monitoring &-rface. Thi& monitoring &-rface may 9e a Lagran#
gian &hell &tr-ct-re, or a &egment &et. Bt (oe& not have to 9e incl-(e( in the &lave &et of the co-pling
car( CCLBSD.
<BLANK>
ID
2n B3 n-m9er C-p to / (igit&D may 9e (efine( for thi& &witch comman( in the fir&t 1$#character
&pace.
or
TITLE
2 title for the car( may 9e inp-t 9etween the 11
th
an( /$
th
character on the title#B3 line. The option#
al title line prece(e& all other car(& for thi& comman(.
The -&er can explicitly (efine a title for thi& co-pling.

Title Card Format
Optional 1 2
Maria9le B3 TBTL=
Type B1$ 27$

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le SB3 ST4P= 5S823 LO++ BTB.= 3TB.= 5+'=S 5+OL3
Type B B B + + + B B
3efa-lt none $ 1 $.$ $.$ 1.$=2$ 1 $

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ÀLE_FSI_SWITCH_MMG ÀLE
Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le +'O..> TOO..> LL=5
Type B B +
3efa-lt none none $.$

SB3
2 &et B3 (efining a monitoring &-rface over which an 2L= fl-i( flow&
acro&&, an( it& 2L= m-lti#material#gro-p#B3 C2..>B3D i& &witche(. The
monitoring &-rface may 9e a Lagrangian &hell &tr-ct-re, or a &egment &et.
Thi& &-rface, if Lagrangian, (oe& not have to 9e incl-(e( in the co-pling
(efinition C&ee remar7 !D.
ST4P=
Set B3 type of the a9ove SB3.
=S.$) Part &et B3 CPSB3D C(efa-ltD.
=S.2) Segment &et B3 CS>SB3D.
5S823
The n-m9er of flow#&en&or point& to 9e (i&tri9-te( over each monitoring
&-rfaceF&egment. There &ho-l( 9e eno-gh &en&or point& (i&tri9-te( to mon#
itor the flow in each 2L= element inter&ecte( 9y thi& monitoring &-rface
C(efa-lt]1, &ee remar7 %D.
LO++
2n off&et (i&tance away from the monitoring &-rface, 9eyon( which the
2..>B3 &witching occ-r&. The (irection of LO++ i& (efine( 9y the
normal vector of the monitoring &egment. Thi& off&et (i&tance, in general,
&ho-l( 9e at lea&t 2 2L= element wi(th& away from, an( 9eyon( the moni#
toring interface C(efa-lt]$.$D.
BTB.=
Start time for the 2..>B3 &witch to 9e activate( C(efa-lt]$.$D.
3TB.=
=n(ing time for the 2..>B3 &witch C(efa-lt]1.$=2$D.
5+'=S
5-m9er of comp-tational cycle& 9etween 2L= &witch chec7 C(efa-lt]1D.
5+OL3
+lag for chec7ing fol(ing logic C(efa-lt]$]offD. Bf 5+OL3]1]on, then
LS#3452 will chec7 if the monitoring &egment i& in the fol(, applica9le to
air9ag. Bf the monitoring &egment i& &till locate( within a fol(e( C&hellD re#
gion, then no &witching i& allowe( yet -ntil it ha& -nfol(e(.
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ÀLE ÀLE_FSI_SWITCH_MMG
!#2$ C2L=D LS-DYNA R7.0
+'O..>
Thi& i& the 2..>#SB3 9efore the &witch. The 2..>#SB3 corre&pon(&
to the SB3 (efine( -n(er the NS=TO.8LTB#.2T='B2LO>'O8POLBST
CS..>LD car(. Thi& SB3 point& to one or more 2..>&. See 'emar7 1.
TOO..>
Thi& i& the 2..>#SB3 after the &witch. The 2..>#SB3 corre&pon(& to
the SB3 (efine( -n(er the NS=TO.8LTB#.2T='B2LO>'O8POLBST
car(. Thi& SB3 point& to one or more 2..>&. See 'emar7 1.
LL=5
Thi& i& an a9&ol-te (i&tance for (i&tri9-ting the flow &en&or point& over the
2L= element&. To ma7e &-re that at lea&t 1 &en&or point, (efine( on each
Lagrangian &egment, i& pre&ent in each 2L= element to trac7 the flow of an
2..>, LL=5 may 9e e&timate( a& ro-ghly half the length of the &malle&t
2L= element in the me&h. See 'emar7 %.
Remarks:
1. There i& a corre&pon(ence 9etween the +'O..> an( TOO..>. Con&i(er an example
where)
a. The +'O..> SB3 point& to a SB3]12 Cthe SB3 of it& S..>L car( i& 12, an( thi&
SB3 contain& 2..> 1 an( 2..> 2D
9. The TOO..> point& to a SB3]%! Cthe SB3 of the S..>L car( i& %!, an( thi& SB3
contain& 2..> % an( 2..> !D
Then, 2..> 1, if &witche(, will 9ecome 2..> %, an( 2..> 2, if &witche(, will 9e#
come 2..> !.
2. The B3 option m-&t 9e activate( if the parameter S,B3 i& -&e( in the N32T2B2SO+SB car(.
Then the acc-m-late( ma&& of an 2..> that goe& thro-gh a trac7ing &-rface, an( 9eing
&witche(, will 9e reporte( via the parameter XPL=2AY in the X(9f&iY 2SCBB o-tp-t file Cor
e;-ivalently the XPO'OSBT4Y parameter in&i(e LS#Prepo&t 2SCBB plotting optionD.
%. ,hen 9oth 5S823 an( LL=5 are (efine(, whichever give& &maller &en&or#point interval
(i&tance will 9e -&e(. LL=5 may give 9etter control a& in the ca&e of a n-ll &hell acting a&
the monitoring &-rface. 2& thi& n-ll &hell i& &tretche(, 5S823 (i&tri9-tion of &en&or#point&
may not 9e a(e;-ate, 9-t LL=5 wo-l( 9e.
!. The monitoring &-rface (oe& not have to 9e incl-(e( in the &lave &et of the co-pling car(.
Jowever, at lea&t one co-pling car( m-&t 9e pre&ent in the mo(el. The monitoring &egment
&et can 9e ma(e -p of Lagrangian or 2L= no(e&.
Example:
Con&i(er a &imple air9ag mo(el with % part B3&)
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ÀLE_FSI_SWITCH_MMG ÀLE
J2" ] 2..>1 ] Bnflator ga& inHecte( into the air9ag.
J2! ] 2..>2 ] 2ir o-t&i(e the air9ag ] 9ac7gro-n( me&h
J20 ] 2..>% ] 3-mmy 2..> of inflator ga& after it pa&&e& thro-gh a vent hole.
S ] 2 Lagrangian &hell part repre&enting a vent hole.
S1 ] 2 Lagrangian &hell part repre&enting the top half of an air9ag.
S2 ] 2 Lagrangian &hell part repre&enting the 9ottom half of an air9ag.
The inflator ga& in&i(e the air9ag i& (i&ting-i&he( from the inflator ga& that ha& pa&&e( thro-gh the
monitoring &-rface Cvent holeD to the o-t&i(e of the air9ag 9y a&&igning (ifferent 2L= m-lti#material
gro-p &et B3 to each. The (-mmy fl-i( part CJ20D &ho-l( have the &ame material an( =OS mo(el
B3& a& the 9efore#&witche( fl-i( CJ2"D.
+rO..>]1 ]]@ point& to 2..>B3]1 ]]@ point& to J2" Cinflator ga& if in&i(eD
ToO..>]2 ]]@ point& to 2..>B3]% ]]@ point& to J20 Cinflator ga& if o-t&i(eD
$...|....1....|....2....|....3....|....4....|....5....|....6....|....7....|....8
*ALE_MULTIMATERIAL_GROUP
25 1
24 1
26 1
*DATAA!E_F!I
$ TOUT "!TYPE# $%P!ID & 1%PID & 2%!G!ID'
$.1$$$
$ DF!I_ID !ID !TYPE AMMG!(ID LD)ON*ID
1 1 1
2 2 1
3 9 1 9$$$$
*!ET_MULTIMATERIAL_GROUP_LI!T
125
1
126
3
*ALE_F!I_!(IT)+_MMG_ID
9$$$$
$ !ID !IDTYPE N,UAD -OFF TIME DTIME NFRE, FOLD
9 1 3 2$.$ 5.$ $.$ 1 1
$ F._MMG T/_MMG -)LEN
125 126 5.
$...|....1....|....2....|....3....|....4....|....5....|....6....|....7....|....8
Note:
1. The N32T2B2S=O+SB car( trac7& % &-rface entitie&) CaD top half of an air9ag, C9D 9ottom
half of an air9ag, an( CcD the vent hole monitoring &-rface where the 2..>B3 of the inflat#
or ga& i& &witche(.
2. The amo-nt of ma&& pa&&ing thro-gh the vent hole (-ring the &witch i& o-tp-t to a parameter
calle( Xplea7Y in a X(9f&iY 2SCBB file. See N32T2B2S=O+SB.
%. The N2L=O+SBOS,BTCJO..>OB3 car( trac7 any flow acro&& S an( &witch the 2..>#
SB3 from 12" C2..> 1D to 120 C2..> %D.
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ÀLE ÀLE_FSI_TO_LOAD_NODE
ÀLE_FSI_TO_LOAD_NODE
P-rpo&e) Thi& car( allow& to o-tp-t in a 7eywor( file the 2L= co-pling force& that can 9e applie( a&
NLO23O5O3= in another r-n.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 3T 5SB3 BOPT
Type B B B
3efa-lt none none $

3T
O-tp-t interval&
5SB3
5o(e Set B3. See NS=TO5O3=.
BOPT
Option& to create the 7eywor( file alef&iloa(no(e.7 CSee 'emar7 1D)
=S.$) The 7eywor( i& create( at the en( of the r-n 9y LS#3452.
=S.1) The (ata9a&e of co-pling force& i& (-mpe( witho-t the conver#
&ion in 7eywor( file at the en( of the r-n. The (ata9a&e i& then
treate( 9y a program Calef&iloa(no(e.exeD to write alef&iloa(#
no(e.7.
=S.2) The (ata9a&e of co-pling force& i& rea( 9ac7 from the temporary
file& create( 9y BOPT]1 to (irectly apply the no(al force& witho-t
-&ing NLO23O5O3=. The parameter& 3T an( 5SB3 are not
rea(.
Remarks:
1. The name of the o-tp-t 7eywor( file i& alef&iloa(no(e.7 . +or each no(e, thi& file contain&
three NLO23O5O3= for each glo9al (irection an( three N3=+B5=OC8'M= for the co-#
pling force hi&torie&.
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ÀLE_MULTI-MATERIAL_GROUP ÀLE
LS-DYNA R7.0 !#2% C2L=D
ÀLE_MULTI-MATERIAL_GROUP
P-rpo&e) Thi& comman( (efine& the appropriate 2L= material gro-ping& for interface recon&tr-ction
when many 2L= .-lti#.aterial >ro-p& C2..>D are pre&ent in a mo(el. Thi& car( i& re;-ire(
when =L+O'.]11 in the NS=CTBO5OSOLB3 car(. Thi& i& the 2L= .-lti#.aterial element for#
m-lation re;-iring at lea&t 2 2L= material& to 9e pre&ent in a mo(el. =ach (ata line repre&ent& 1
2L= m-lti#material gro-p C2..>D, with the fir&t line referring to gro-p 1, &econ( line gro-p 2, etc.
=ach 2..> repre&ent& one -ni;-e Xfl-i(Y which may -n(ergo interaction with any Lagrangian
&tr-ct-re in the mo(el.

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le SB3 B3T4P=
Type B B
3efa-lt none $
'emar7& 1

SB3
Set B3.
B3T4P=
Set type)
=S.$) Part &et,
=S.1) Part.
Remarks:
1. ,hen =L+O'.]12 in the NS=CTBO5OSOLB3 car( C&ingle material an( voi(D, thi& car(
&ho-l( not 9e -&e(. Bn one mo(el, =L+O'.]12 cannot 9e -&e( together with =L+O'.]11.
Bf po&&i9le, it i& recommen(e( that =L+O'.]11 9e -&e( a& it i& the mo&t ro9-&t an( ver&atile
form-lation for treating m-lti#material 2L= part&.
2. =ach 2..> i& given an B3 C2..>B3D, an( con&i&t& of one or more P2'T B3V&. The inter#
face of each 2..>B3 i& recon&tr-cte( a& it evolve& (ynamically. =ach 2..>B3 i& repre#
&ente( 9y one material conto-r color in LS#P'=POST.
%. The maxim-m n-m9er of 2..>B3& allowe( ha& 9een increa&e( to 2$. Jowever, there may
9e 2, at mo&t %, 2..>& in&i(e an 2L= element at anytime. Bf there are more than % 2..>&
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ÀLE ÀLE_MULTI-MATERIAL_GROUP
!#2! C2L=D LS-DYNA R7.0
in&i(e any 1 2L= element, the 2L= me&h nee(& refinement. Better acc-racy i& o9taine( with
2 2..>& in mixe( element&.
!. To plot the&e 2..>B3& in LS#P'=POST)
T+CO.PU = T.BSCU = TMOL8.= +'2CTBO5 O+ 2..>B3 Û = T2PPL4U
C5ote) Conto-r (efinition& may9e (ifferent for ga& mixt-re applicationD
". Bt i& very important to (i&ting-i&h among the
CaD Phy&ical material&,
C9D P2'T B3&, an(
CcD 2..>B3&.
2 NP2'T may 9e any me&h component. Bn 2L= form-lation, it i& &imply a geometric entity
an( a time]$ concept. Thi& mean& a NP2'T may 9e a me&h region that can 9e fille( with one
or more 2..>B3& at time Iero, via a vol-me filling comman( CNB5BTB2LOMOL8.=
O+'2CTBO5O>=O.=T'4D. 2n 2..>B3 repre&ent& a phy&ical material gro-p which i&
treate( a& one material entity Crepre&ente( 9y 1 material color conto-r in LS#P'=POST plot#
tingD. 2..>B3 i& -&e( in (ealing with m-ltiple 2L= or =-lerian material&. +or example, it
can 9e -&e( to &pecify a ma&ter 2L= gro-p in a co-pling car(.
Example 1:
Con&i(er a p-rely =-lerian mo(el containing % container& containing 2 (ifferent phy&ical material&
Cfl-i(& 1 an( 2D. 2ll &-rro-n(e( 9y the 9ac7gro-n( material Cmay9e airD. The container& are ma(e
of the &ame material, &ay, metal. 2&&-me that the&e container& explo(e an( &pill the fl-i(&. ,e want
to trac7 the flow an( po&&i9ly mixing of the vario-& material&. 5ote that all 7 part& have
=L+O'.]11 in their NS=CTBO5OSOLB3 car(&. So we have total of 7 PB3&, 9-t only ! (ifferent
phy&ical material&.
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ÀLE_MULTI-MATERIAL_GROUP ÀLE
LS-DYNA R7.0 !#2" C2L=D
!"ysi#al
$at erial 4
%!&' 77
!"ysi#al
$at erial 3
%!&' 44
!"ysi#al
$at erial 3
%!&' 55
!"ysi#al
$at erial 3
%!&' ((
!"ysi#al
$at erial 1
%!&' 11
!"ysi#al
$at erial 2
%!&' 22
!"ysi#al
$at erial 2
%!&' 33

Approach 1: Bf we want to trac7 only the interface& of the physical material&.
$...|....1....|....2....|....3....|....4....|....5....|....6....|....7....|....8
*!ET_PART
1
11
*!ET_PART
2
22 33
*!ET_PART
3
44 55 66
*!ET_PART
4
77
1 $ = 1
st
line = 1
st
AMMG = AMMGID=1
2 $ = 2
nd
line = 2
nd
AMMG = AMMGID=2
3 $ = 3
rd
line = 3
rd
AMMG = AMMGID=3
4 $ = 4
th
line = 4
th
AMMG = AMMGID=4
$...|....1....|....2....|....3....|....4....|....5....|....6....|....7....|....8
,ith thi& approach, we (efine only ! 2..>& C52L=>P]!D. So in LS#PrePo&t, when plotting the
material#gro-p Chi&tory varia9leD conto-r&, we will &ee ! color&, one for each material gro-p. One
implication i& that when the fl-i(& from part 22 an( part %% flow into the &ame element, they will co#
ale&ce an( no 9o-n(ary (i&tinction 9etween them i& maintaine( &-9&e;-ently. ,hile thi& may 9e ac#
cepta9le for fl-i(& at &imilar thermo(ynamic &tate&, thi& may not 9e int-itive for &oli(&. +or example,
if the &oli( container material& from part& !!, "" an( 00 flow into one element, they will coale&ce
Xli7e a &ingle fl-i(Y, an( no interface& among them are trac7e(. Bf thi& i& -n(e&ira9le, an alternate
approach may 9e ta7en. Bt i& pre&ente( next.
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ÀLE ÀLE_MULTI-MATERIAL_GROUP
Approach 2: Bf we want to recon&tr-ct a& many interface& a& nece&&ary, in thi& ca&e, we follow the
interface of each part.
$...|....1....|....2....|....3....|....4....|....5....|....6....|....7....|....8
1 1 = 1
st
line = 1
st
AMMG = AMMGID=1
2 1 = 2
nd
line = 2
nd
AMMG = AMMGID=2
3 1 = 3
rd
line = 3
rd
AMMG = AMMGID=3
4 1 = 4
th
line = 4
th
AMMG = AMMGID=4
5 1 = 5
th
line = 5
th
AMMG = AMMGID=5
6 1 = 6
th
line = 6
th
AMMG = AMMGID=6
7 1 = 7
th
line = 7
th
AMMG = AMMGID=7
$...|....1....|....2....|....3....|....4....|....5....|....6....|....7....|....8
There are 7 2..>& in thi& ca&e C52L=>P]7D. Thi& will involve more comp-tational co&t for the
a((itional trac7ing. 'eali&tically, acc-racy will 9e &ignificantly re(-ce( if there are more than % or !
material& in any one element. Bn that ca&e, higher me&h re&ol-tion may 9e re;-ire(.
Example 2:

OIL WATER AIR
>'O8P 1 >'O8P 2 >'O8P %
P2'T B3GS 1 253 2 P2'T B3 % P2'T B3GS ", 0, 253 7
The a9ove example (efine& a mixt-re of three gro-p& of material& Cor Xfl-i(&YD, oil, water an( air,
that i&, the n-m9er of 2L= m-lti#material gro-p& C2..>&D 52L=>P]%.
The fir&t gro-p contain& two part& Cmaterial&D, part B3G& 1 an( 2.
The &econ( gro-p contain& one part CmaterialD, part B3 %.
The thir( gro-p contain& three part& Cmaterial&D, part B3G& ", 0 an( 7.
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ÀLE_REFERENCE_SYSTEM_CURVE ÀLE
ÀLE_REFERENCE_SYSTEM_CURVE
P-rpo&e) Thi& comman( (efine& a motion an(For a (eformation pre&cri9e( for a geometric entity
Cwhere a geometric entity may 9e any part, part &et, no(e &et, or &egment &etD. The motion or (efor#
mation may 9e completely (efine( 9y 12 parameter& C&hown in the e;-ation 9elowD. The&e 12 pa#
rameter& are (efine( in term& of 12 loa( c-rve&. Thi& comman( i& re;-ire( only when P'T4P=]%
in the N2L=O'=+='=5C=OS4ST=.O>'O8P C2'S>D comman(.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le B3
Type B
3efa-lt none

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le LCB31 LCB32 LCB3% LCB3! LCB3" LCB30 LCB37 LCB3/

Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le LCB3 LCB31$ LCB311 LCB312
Type B B B B
3efa-lt none none none none

B3
C-rve gro-p B3.
LCB31...LCB312
Loa( c-rve B3G&.
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ÀLE ÀLE_REFERENCE_SYSTEM_CURVE
!#2/ C2L=D LS-DYNA R7.0
Remarks:
1. The velocity of a no(e at coor(inate (x y ) i& (efine( a&)
_
x
y
z
_ = _
J
1
J
5
J
9
_ +_
J
2
J
3
J
4
J
J
7
J
8
J
1
J
11
J
12
_
x
y
z

1
(t) i& the val-e of loa( c-rve LCB31 at time t etc. 5ote that
1
(t)
5
(t)
9
(t) corre&pon( to the
tran&lation component& in glo9al x, y, an( I (irection, re&pectively.
2
(t)
7
(t) anu
12
(t) corre#
&pon( to the expan&ion or contraction component. The remaining f-nction& give rotation contri9-#
tion.
Example 1:
Con&i(er a motion that con&i&t& of tran&lation in the x an( y (irection only. Th-& only
1
(t) an(
5
(t) are re;-ire(. Jence only 2 loa( c-rve B3V& nee( 9e (efine()
$...|....1....|....2....|....3....|....4....|....5....|....6....|....7....|...8
*ALE_REFEREN)E_!Y!TEM_GROUP
$ !ID !TYPE PRTYP PRID )TRAN )E-P )ROT I)OORD
1 $ 3 11 $ 7 $
$ -) Y) 0) E-PLIM
$ $ $ $
*ALE_REFEREN)E_!Y!TEM_)UR*E
$ )UR*E!ID
11
$ L)ID1 L)ID2 L)ID3 L)ID4 L)ID5 L)ID6 L)ID7 L)ID8
111 $ $ $ 222 $ $ $
$ L)ID9 L)ID1$ L)ID11 L)ID12
$ $ $ $
*DEFINE_)UR*E
$ 1234 534. 567 56/ /667 /66/ 47889:
111
$ 71 /1
$.$$ 5.$
$.15 4.$
*DEFINE_)UR*E
$ 1234 534. 567 56/ /667 /66/ 47889:
222
$ 71 /1
$.$$ 1.$
$.15 5.$
$...|....1....|....2....|....3....|....4....|....5....|....6....|....7....|....8
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ÀLE_REFERENCE_SYSTEM_GROUP ÀLE
ÀLE_REFERENCE_SYSTEM_GROUP
P-rpo&e) Thi& car( i& -&e( to a&&ociate a geometric entity to a reference &y&tem type. 2 geometric
entity may 9e any part, part &et, no(e &et, or &egment &et of a mo(el Cor a collection of me&he&D. 2
reference &y&tem type refer& to the po&&i9le tran&formation allowe( for a geometric entity Cor me&hD.
Thi& comman( (efine& the type of reference &y&tem or tran&formation that a geometric entity -n(er#
goe&. Bn other wor(&, it pre&cri9e& how certain me&h can tran&late, rotate, expan(, contract, or 9e
fixe( in &pace, etc.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le SB3 ST4P= P'T4P= P'B3 BCT'25 BC=LP BC'OT BC'F5B3
3efa-lt none $ $ $ $ $ $ $

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le LC 4C KC =LPLB. =+2C +'CP23 B=LP53
Type + + + + + + B
3efa-lt $.$ $.$ $.$ inf. $.$ $.1 $

Optional
Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le BPB3LCL BPB3T4P
Type B B
3efa-lt $ $

SB3
Set B3.
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ÀLE ÀLE_REFERENCE_SYSTEM_GROUP
!#%$ C2L=D LS-DYNA R7.0
ST4P=
Set type)
=S.$) part &et,
=S.1) part,
=S.2) no(e &et,
=S.%) &egment &et.
P'T4P=
'eference &y&tem type CSee 'emar7 1 9elowD
=S.$) =-lerian,
=S.1) Lagrangian,
=S.2) 5ormal 2L= me&h &moothing,
=S.%) Pre&cri9e( motion following loa( c-rve&, &ee N2L=
O'=+='=5C=OS4ST=.OC8'M=,
=S.!) 2-tomatic me&h motion following ma&& weighte( average veloci#
ty in 2L= me&h,
=S.") 2-tomatic me&h motion following a local coor(inate &y&tem (e#
fine( 9y three -&er (efine( no(e&, &ee N2L=O'=+='=5C=
OS4ST=.O5O3=,
=S.0) Switching in time 9etween (ifferent reference &y&tem type&, &ee
N2L=O'=+='=5C=OS4ST=.OS,BTCJ,
=S.7) 2-tomatic me&h expan&ion in or(er to enclo&e -p to twelve -&er
(efine( no(e&, &ee N2L=O'=+='=5C=OS4ST=.O5O3=.
=S./) .e&h &moothing option for &hoc7 wave&, where the element gri(
contract& in the vicinity of the &hoc7 front) Thi& may 9e referre(
to a& the 3elaye(#2L= option. Bt control& how m-ch the me&h i&
to 9e move( (-ring the remap &tep. Thi& option re;-ire& the (efi#
nition of the "th parameter in the 2n( car(, =+2CE &ee 9elow for
(efinition.
=S.) 2llowing the 2L= me&hCe&D to)
#Tran&late an(For rotate to follow a local Lagrangian reference
coor(inate &y&tem Cwho&e N2L=O'=+='=5C=OS4ST=.
O5O3= car( B3 i& (efine( 9y the BCT'25 parameterD
#=xpan( or contract to enclo&e a Lagrangian part#&et B3 (efine(
9y the P'B3 parameter.
#Ja& a Lagrangian no(e B3 9e (efine( 9y the BC'F5B3 parameter
to 9e the center of the 2L= me&h expan&ion.
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LS-DYNA R7.0 !#%1 C2L=D
P'B3
2 parameter giving a((itional information (epen(ing on the reference &y&#
tem CP'T4P=D choice)
P'T4P=] %) P'B3 (efine& a loa( c-rve gro-p B3 &pecifying an N2L=
O'=+='=5C=OS4ST=.OC8'M= car( for me&h tran&lation. Thi& (e#
fine& -p to 12 c-rve& which pre&cri9e the motion of the &y&tem.
P'T4P=] ") P'B3 (efine& a no(e gro-p B3 &pecifying an N2L=
O'=+='=5C=OS4ST=.O5O3= car(, via which, three no(e& forming a
local coor(inate &y&tem are (efine(.
P'T4P=] 0) P'B3 (efine& a &witch li&t B3 &pecifying an N2L=
O'=+='=5C=OS4ST=.OS,BTCJ car(. Thi& (efine& the &witch time&
an( the reference &y&tem choice& for each time interval 9etween the &witch#
e&.
P'T4P=] 7) P'B3 (efine& a no(e gro-p B3 &pecifying an N2L=
O'=+='=5C=OS4ST=.O5O3= car(. 8p to 12 no(e& in &pace forming
a region to 9e envelope( 9y the 2L= me&h are (efine(.
P'T4P=] ) P'B3 (efine& a Lagrangian part &et B3 CPSB3D (efining the
Lagrangian partC&D who&e range of motion i& to 9e envelope( 9y the 2L=
me&hCe&D. Thi& i& -&ef-l for air9ag mo(eling.
BCT'25
+or P'T4P= ! d ") BCT'25 i& a tran&lational con&traint Cremar7 %D.
=S.$) no con&traint&,
=S.1) con&traine( x tran&lation,
=S.2) con&traine( y tran&lation,
=S.%) con&traine( I tran&lation,
=S.!) con&traine( x an( y tran&lation,
=S.") con&traine( y an( I tran&lation,
=S.0) con&traine( I an( x tran&lation,
=S.7) con&traine( x, y, an( I tran&lation.
+or P'T4P=] ) BCT'25 (efine& a no(e gro-p B3 (efine( 9y N2L=
O'=+='=5C=OS4ST=.O5O3= car( pre&cri9ing a local coor(inate &y&#
tem C% no(e B3&D who&e motion i& to 9e followe( 9y the 2L= me&hCe&D.
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!#%2 C2L=D LS-DYNA R7.0
BC=LP
+or P'T4P=] ! d 7) BCT'25 i& an expan&ion con&traint Cremar7 %D.
=S.1) con&traine( x expan&ion,
=S.2) con&traine( y expan&ion,
=S.%) con&traine( I expan&ion,
=S.!) con&traine( x an( y expan&ion,
=S.") con&traine( y an( I expan&ion,
=S.0) con&traine( I an( x expan&ion,
=S.7) con&traine( x, y, an( I expan&ion.
BC'OT
+or P'T4P=] !) BC'OT i& a rotational con&traint Cremar7 %D.
=S.1) con&traine( x rotation,
=S.2) con&traine( y rotation,
=S.%) con&traine( I rotation,
=S.!) con&traine( x an( y rotation,
=S.") con&traine( y an( I rotation,
=S.0) con&traine( I an( x rotation,
=S.7) con&traine( x, y, an( I rotation.
BC'F5B3
2 flag (efining the center of me&h expan&ion an(For rotation Cremar7 %D.
P'T4P=]!) BC' i& a center of me&h expan&ion an( rotation flag,
=S.$) The center i& at center of gravity of the 2L= me&h.
=S.1) The center i& at CLC, 4C, KCD, H-&t a point in &pace Cit (oe& not
have to 9e a (efine( no(eD
P'T4P=]) 5B3 Cno(e B3D i& a Lagrangian 5B3. LS3452 -&e& thi& no(e
a& an anchore( center of 2L= me&h expan&ion Cremar7 2D.
LC,4C,KC
Center of me&h expan&ion if P'T4P=] !. Thi& &-pplement& the BC' pa#
rameter a9ove.
=LPLB.
Limit ratio for me&h expan&ion an( contraction. =ach Carte&ian (irection i&
treate( &eparately. The (i&tance 9etween the no(e& i& not allowe( to in#
crea&e 9y more than a factor =LPLB., or (ecrea&e to le&& than a factor
1F=LPLB.. Thi& flag applie& only for P'T4P=]!.
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LS-DYNA R7.0 !#%% C2L=D
=+2C
Bnitial me&h remapping factor for P'T4P=]/ only, ranging 9etween $.$
an( 1.$. ,hen =+2C approache& 1.$, the remapping approache& p-re =-#
lerian 9ehavior. The &maller the val-e of =+2C, the clo&er the me&h will
initially follow the material flow in the vicinity of a &hoc7 front, i.e. ap#
proaching Lagrangian 9ehavior. Th-&, a very &mall val-e might lea( to &e#
vere me&h (i&tortion& 9eca-&e the me&h m-&t (eform &everely to follow the
material flow initially. =vent-ally over time, the me&h &moothing 9ehavior
will approach an =-lerian &y&tem.
+'CP23
+or P'T4P=]) Thi& i& an 2L= me&h pa((ing fraction ranging from $.$1
to $.2. Bf the characteri&tic Lagrange me&h (imen&ion C(L
L
D excee(& C1#2N
+'CP23D time& the characteri&tic 2L= me&h (imen&ion C(L
2
D, then the
2L= me&h i& expan(e( &o that (L
2
] (L
L
F1#2N +'CP23D. Thi& provi(e&
extra few layer& of 2L= element& 9eyon( the maxim-m Lagrangian range
of motion.
=S.$.$1) (L2 ] (LL F $./ ] (LLN 1.$2$!$/
=S.$.2$) (L2 ] (LL F $.0$ ] (LLN 1.000007
B=LP53
Bf P'T4P=]) Thi& i& an 2L= me&h expan&ion control flag.
=S.$) Both me&h expan&ion an( contraction are allowe(.
=S.1) Only me&h expan&ion i& allowe()
BPB3LCL
2n 2L= &et B3 to 9e excl-(e( from the expan&ion an(For contraction only.
Tran&lation an( rotation are allowe(. +or example, thi& may 9e -&e( to
prevent the 2L= me&h Cor partD at the inflator ga& inlet region from expan(#
ing too m-ch. Jigh 2L= me&h re&ol-tion i& -&-ally re;-ire( to re&olve the
high &pee( flow of the ga& into the air9ag via point &o-rce& Cremar7 2D.
BPB3T4P=
Set B3 type of BPB3LCL) $ ] PSB3E 1 ] PB3
Remarks:
1. Some P'T4P may re;-ire a &-pplemental (efinition (efine( via corre&pon(ing P'B3. +or
example, P'T4P]% re;-ire& a N2L=O'=+='=5C=OS4ST=.OC8'M= car(. Bf P'B3]n,
then in the corre&pon(ing N2L=O'=+='=5C=OS4ST=.OC8'M= car(, B3]n. Similar a&#
&ociation applie& for any P'T4P Ci.e. %, ", 0, or 7D which re;-ire& a (efinition for it& corre#
&pon(ing P'B3 parameter.
2. +or P'T4P=]) BC'F5B3 can 9e -&ef-l to 7eep a high (en&ity 2L= me&h centere( on the re#
gion of greate&t intere&t, C&-ch a& the inflator orifice& region in an air9ag mo(elD. +or exam#
ple, in the ca&e of non&ymmetrical air9ag (eployment, a&&-ming that the 2L= me&h i& initial#
ly finer near the inlet orifice&, an( gra(-ally coar&ene( away from it. 3efining an Xanchor
no(eY at the center of the orifice location will 7eep the fine 2L= me&h region centere( on
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!#%! C2L=D LS-DYNA R7.0
the orifice region. So that thi& fine 2L= me&h region will not 9e &hifte( away Cfrom the
point &o-rce&D (-ring expan&ion an( tran&lation. The 2L= me&h can move an( expan( o-t#
war( to envelop the Lagrangian air9ag in &-ch a way that the inlet i& well re&olve( thro-gh#
o-t the (eployment.
%. The ta9le 9elow &how& the applica9ility of the vario-& choice& of P'T4P=. Simple (e(-c#
tion& from the f-nctional (efinition& of the P'T4P= choice& will clarify the application& of
the vario-& con&traint&. +or example, when P'T4P]%, no(al motion of the 2L= me&h i&
completely controlle( 9y the 12 c-rve&. Therefore, no con&traint& are nee(e(.
P'T4P= BC'F5B3 BCT'25 BC'OT BC=LP
% 5O 5O 5O 5O
! 4=S CBC'D 4=S 4=S 4=S
" 5O 4=S 5O 5O
0 5O 5O 5O 5O
7 5O 5O 5O 4=S
/ 5O 5O 5O 5O
4=S C5B3D 5O 5O 5O
Example 1:
Con&i(er a 9ir(#&tri7e mo(el containing 2 2L= part&) a 9ir( i& &-rro-n(e( 9y air Cor voi(D. 2 part#
&et B3 1 i& (efine( containing 9oth part&. To allow for the me&he& of the&e 2 part& to move with their
com9ine( ma&&#weighte(#average velocity, P'T4P=]! i& -&e(. 5ote that BC=LP]7 in(icating
me&h expan&ion i& con&traine( in all glo9al (irection&.
$...|....1....|....2....|....3....|....4....|....5....|....6....|....7....|...8
1 $ 4 $ $ 7 $
$ -) Y) 0) E-PLIM
$ $ $ $
$...|....1....|....2....|....3....|....4....|....5....|....6....|....7....|...8
Example 2:
Con&i(er a 9o-ncing 9all mo(el containing 2 2L= part&) a &oli( 9all CPB3 1D i& &-rro-n(e( 9y air or
voi( CPB3 2D. 2 part#&et B3 1 i& (efine( containing 9oth part&. To allow for the me&he& of the&e 2
part& to move with 2 reference &y&tem type&) CaD fir&t, they move with their com9ine( ma&&#
weighte(#average velocity 9etween $.$ an( $.$1 &econ(E an( &-9&e;-ently C9etween $.$1 an( 1$.$
&econ(&D their reference &y&tem i& &witche( to C9D an =-lerian &y&tem Cth-& the me&h i& fixe( in
&paceD, a reference &y&tem XS,BTCJY i& re;-ire(. Thi& i& (one 9y &etting P'T4P=]0. Thi&
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LS-DYNA R7.0 !#%" C2L=D
P'T4P= re;-ire& a corre&pon(ing N2L=O'=+='=5C=OS4ST=.OS,BTCJ car(. 5ote that
P'B3]11 in the N2L=O'=+='=5C=OS4ST=.O>'O8P car( corre&pon(& to the S,BTCJB3]11
in N2L=O'=+='=5C=OS4ST=.OS,BTCJ car(.
$...|....1....|....2....|....3....|....4....|....5....|....6....|....7....|....8
1 $ 6 11 $ 7 7
$ -) Y) 0) E-PLIM EULFA)T !MOOT+*M-
$ $ $ $ $.$
*ALE_REFEREN)E_!Y!TEM_!(IT)+
$ !(IT)+ID
11
$ 81 82 83 84 85 86 87
$.$1 1$.$
$ TYPE1 TYPE2 TYPE3 TYPE4 TYPE5 TYPE6 TYPE7 TYPE8
4 $
$ ID1 ID2 ID3 ID4 ID5 ID6 ID7 ID8
$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $
$...|....1....|....2....|....3....|....4....|....5....|....6....|....7....|....8
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ÀLE ÀLE_REFERENCE_SYSTEM_NODE
!#%0 C2L=D LS-DYNA R7.0
ÀLE_REFERENCE_SYSTEM_NODE
P-rpo&e) Thi& comman( (efine& a gro-p of no(e& that control the motion of an 2L= me&h. Bt i&
-&e( only when P'T4P=]" or 7 in a corre&pon(ing N2L=O'=+='=5C=OS4ST=.O>'O8P car(.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le B3
Type B
3efa-lt none

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 5B31 5B32 5B3% 5B3! 5B3" 5B30 5B37 5B3/

Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 5B3 5B31$ 5B311 5B312
Type B B B B

B3
5o(e gro-p B3 for P'T4P= " or 7, &ee N2L=O'=+='=5C=OS4ST=.
O>'O8P.
5B31...5B312
8&er &pecifie( no(e&.
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ÀLE_REFERENCE_SYSTEM_NODE ÀLE
LS-DYNA R7.0 !#%7 C2L=D
Remarks:
1. +or P'T4P=]" the 2L= me&h i& force( to follow the motion of a coor(inate &y&tem, which
i& (efine( 9y three no(e& C5B31, 5B32, 5B3%D. The&e no(e& are locate( at x
1
, x
2
an(
x
S
, re&pectively. The axe& of the coor(inate &y&tem, x
'
, y
'
, an(
'
, are (efine( a&)

x
i
=
x
2
-x
1
|x
2
-x
1
|

i
= x
i

x
3
-x
1
|x
i
(x
3
-x
1
)|
y
i
=
i
x
i

5ote that x
1
- x
2
i& the local x'axi&, x
1
- x
3
i& the local y' axi& an( x' cro&&e& y' give& the
local ' axi&. The&e % no(e& are -&e( to locate the reference &y&tem at any time. Therefore,
their po&ition& relative to each other &ho-l( 9e a& clo&e to an orthogonal &y&tem a& po&&i9le
for 9etter tran&formation acc-racy of the 2L= me&h.
2. +or P'T4P=]7, the 2L= me&h i& force( to move an( expan(, &o a& to enclo&e -p to twelve
-&er (efine( no(e& C5B31...5B312D. Thi& i& a rarely -&e( option.
Example 1:
Con&i(er mo(eling &lo&hing of water in&i(e a rigi( tan7. 2&&-ming there are 2 2L= part&, the water
CPB3 1D an( air or voi( CPB3 2D containe( in&i(e a rigi( CLagrangianD tan7 CPB3 %D. The o-ter
9o-n(ary no(e& of 9oth 2L= part& are merge( with the inner tan7 no(e&. 2 part#&et B3 1 i& (efine(
containing 9oth 2L= part& CPB3& 1 an( 2D. To allow for the me&he& of the 2 2L= part& to move with
the rigi( Lagrangian tan7, P'T4P=]" i& -&e(. The motion of the 2L= part& then follow& % refer#
ence no(e& on the rigi( tan7. The&e % reference no(e& m-&t 9e (efine( 9y a corre&pon(ing N2L=
O'=+='=5C=OS4ST=.O5O3= car(. Bn thi& ca&e the reference no(e& have the no(al B3& of ", 0
an( 7. 5ote that P'B3]12 in the
N2L=O'=+='=5C=OS4ST=.O>'O8P car( corre&pon(& to the SB3]12 in the N2L=
O'=+='=5C=OS4ST=.O5O3= car(.
$...|....1....|....2....|....3....|....4....|....5....|....6....|....7....|...8
1 $ 5 12
$ -) Y) 0) E-PLIM
$ $ $ $
*ALE_REFEREN)E_!Y!TEM_NODE
$ N!ID
12
$ N1 N2 N3 N4 N5 N6 N7 N8
5 6 7
$...|....1....|....2....|....3....|....4....|....5....|....6....|....7....|...8
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ÀLE ÀLE_REFERENCE_SYSTEM_SWITCH
!#%/ C2L=D LS-DYNA R7.0
ÀLE_REFERENCE_SYSTEM_SWITCH
P-rpo&e) The P'T4P= parameter in the N2L=O'=+='=5C=OS4ST=.O>'O8P C2'S>D car(
allow& many choice& of the reference &y&tem type& for any 2L= geometric entity. Thi& comman(
allow& for the time#(epen(ent &witche& 9etween the&e (ifferent type& of reference &y&tem&, i.e.,
&witching to m-ltiple P'T4P=& at (ifferent time& (-ring the &im-lation. Thi& comman( i& re;-ire(
only when P'T4P=]0 in 2'S> car(. Plea&e &ee example 2 in the 2'S> &ection.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le B3
Type B
3efa-lt none

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le T1 T2 T% T! T" T0 T7
Type + + + + + + +
3efa-lt $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$

Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le T4P=1 T4P=2 T4P=% T4P=! T4P=" T4P=0 T4P=7 T4P=/
3efa-lt $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $

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ÀLE_REFERENCE_SYSTEM_SWITCH ÀLE
LS-DYNA R7.0 !#% C2L=D
Car( ! 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le B31 B32 B3% B3! B3" B30 B37 B3/

B3
Switch li&t B3, &ee N2L=O'=+='=5C=OS4ST=.O>'O8P,
T1...T7
Time& for &witching reference &y&tem type. By (efa-lt, the reference &y&#
tem T4P=1 occ-r& 9etween time]$ an( time]T1, an( T4P=2 occ-r& 9e#
tween time]T1 an( time]T2, etc.
T4P=1...T4P=/
'eference &y&tem type& Cal&o &ee P'T4P= -n(er 2'S>D)
=S.$) =-lerian,
=S.1) Lagrangian,
=S.2) 5ormal 2L= me&h &moothing,
=S.%) Pre&cri9e( motion following loa( c-rve&, &ee N2L=
O'=+='=5C=OS4ST=.OC8'M=,
=S.!) 2-tomatic me&h motion following ma&& weighte( average veloci#
ty in 2L= me&h,
=S.") 2-tomatic me&h motion following a local coor(inate &y&tem (e#
fine( 9y three -&er (efine( no(e&, &ee N2L=O'=+='=5C=
OS4S=.O5O3=,
B31...B3/
The corre&pon(ing P'B3 parameter& &-pporting each P'T4P= -&e( (-ring
the &im-lation.
Remarks:
1. The 9eginning time i& a&&-me( to 9e t]$, an( the &tarting P'T4P= i& T4P=1. So at T1, the
1
&t
&witching time, P'T4P= i& &witche( from T4P=1 to T4P=2, an( &o forth. Thi& option
can 9e complex in nat-re &o it i& &el(om applie(.
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ÀLE ÀLE_REFINE
!#!$ C2L=D LS-DYNA R7.0
ÀLE_REFINE
See NCO5T'OLO'=+B5=O2L=.
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ÀLE_SMOOTHING ÀLE
LS-DYNA R7.0 !#!1 C2L=D
ÀLE_SMOOTHING
P-rpo&e) Thi& &moothing con&traint 7eep& a no(e at it& initial parametric location along a line 9e#
tween two other no(e&. Thi& con&traint i& active (-ring each me&h &moothing operation.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le S5B3 .5B31 .5B32 BP'= LCO 4CO KCO
Type B B B B + + +
3efa-lt none none none $ $.$ $.$ $.$

S5B3
Slave no(e B3, &ee +ig-re !#1.
.5B31
+ir&t ma&ter no(e B3.
.5B32
Secon( ma&ter no(e B3.
BP'=
=S.$) &moothing con&traint& are performe( after me&h relaxation,
=S.1) &moothing con&traint& are performe( 9efore me&h relaxation.
LCO
x#coor(inate of con&traint vector
4CO
y#coor(inate of con&traint vector
KCO
I#coor(inate of con&traint vector
Remarks:
1. 2r9itrary Lagrangian =-lerian me&he& are (efine( via the choice of the element type an( the
NCO5T'OLO2L= car(. Thi& can only 9e -&e( with &oli( element&.
h
h
h
1&t ma&ter no(e
2n( ma&ter no(e
&lave no(e

+ig-re !#1 Thi& &imple con&traint, which en&-re& that a &lave no(e remain& on a &traight line 9e#
tween two ma&ter no(e&, i& &ometime& nece&&ary (-ring 2L= &moothing.
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ÀLE ÀLE_TANK_TEST
!#!2 C2L=D LS-DYNA R7.0
ÀLE_TANK_TEST
P-rpo&e) Thi& comman( allow& for the air9ag information inp-t (m (t) I
gos
(t)) of the control vol#
-me CN2B'B2>OD approach to 9e -&e( a& inp-t for the 2L=F=-lerian fl-i(#&tr-ct-re interaction
mo(el of the air9ag. Bt complement& an( m-&t 9e -&e( together with theNS=CTBO5OPOB5T
OSO8'C= comman(. Plea&e &ee NS=CTBO5OPOB5TOSO8'C= for a((itional information.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le .3OTLC T25AM P2.B P+B52L .2CJL M=L.2L 2O'B+
Type B B B B + + +
3efa-lt $ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 2.>B3> 2.>B32 58.P5T
Type B B B
3efa-lt $ $ "$

.3OTLC
LCB3 for ma&& flow rate a& a f-nction of time. Thi& may 9e o9taine( (irect#
ly from the control#vol-me type inp-t (ata.
T25AM
Mol-me of the tan7 -&e( in a tan7 te&t from which the tan7 pre&&-re i&
mea&-re(, an( m (t)an( I
gus
(t) are comp-te( from thi& tan7 pre&&-re (ata.
P2.B
The pre&&-re in&i(e the tan7 9efore Hetting C-&-ally 19arD.
P+B52L
The final e;-ili9rate( pre&&-re in&i(e the tan7 from the tan7 te&t.
.2CJL
2 limiting .2CJ n-m9er for the ga& at the throat C.2CJ]1 preferre(D.
M=L.2L
.axim-m allowa9le ga& velocity acro&& the inflator orifice Cnot preferre(D.
2O'B+
Total inflator orifice area Coptional, only nee(e( if the NS=CTBO5OPOB5T
OSO8'C= car( i& not -&e(D.
2.>B3>
The 2L= m-lti#material gro-p B3 C2..>B3D of the ga&.
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ÀLE_TANK_TEST ÀLE
LS-DYNA R7.0 !#!% C2L=D
2.>B32
The 2L= m-lti#material gro-p B3 C2..>B3D of the air.
58.P5T
The n-m9er of point& in m (t)an( I
gus
(t) c-rve&. Bf 58.P5T]$, (efa-lt&
to "$ point&.
Remarks:
1. Bn an air9ag inflator tan7 te&t, the tan7 pre&&-re (ata i& mea&-re(. Thi& pre&&-re i& -&e( to
(erive m (t)an( the e&timate( I
gus
(t), -&-ally via a l-mpe(#parameter metho(, a &y&tem of
con&ervation e;-ation& an( =OS. The&e 2 c-rve& are -&e( a& the (irect inp-t for the control
vol-me metho( in LS#3452 via the N2B'B2>Ocar(&. Typically, I
gus
(t) i& the &tagnation
temperat-re of the incoming inflator ga&. Bn an 2L= or =-lerian fl-i(#&tr-ct-re interaction
analy&i&, the ga& velocity, :cl(t), an( (en&ity, p(t), at the inlet m-&t 9e comp-te(. Since
only m (t)i& 7nown, a((itional a&&-mption& a9o-t the inlet con(ition m-&t 9e ma(e to com#
p-te 9oth :cl(t) an( p(t) c-rve& from the information availa9le. Bf thi& comp-tation i& (one
o-t&i(e of LS#3452, then m (t)an( I
gus
(t)are -&e( to comp-te % c-rve& which are then
-&e( a& the inp-t for the 2L= mo(el) I
gus _cocctcd
(t), :cl(t) an( p(t). Thi& N2L=OT25A
OT=ST car( allow& for thi& inlet con(ition conver&ion to 9e (one in&i(e LS#3452. Th-&,
with thi& car( together with the NS=CTBO5OPOB5TOSO8'C= car(, LS#3452 can ta7e in
(irectly the control vol-me inp-t Cm (t)an( I
gus
(t)D an( perform& an 2L= or =-lerian fl-i(#
&tr-ct-re interaction analy&i&. The -&er& (o not have to (o the conver&ion them&elve&.
Bf the N2L=OT25AOT=ST car( i& pre&ent)
2. The (efinition& of the relative vol-me, :
(t) an( :cl(t) c-rve& in the NS=CTBO5OPOB5T

OSO8'C= car( will 9e ignore(. They are comp-te( internally in&i(e LS#3452.
%. The m (t)c-rve will 9e rea( in on N2L=OT25AOT=ST car(.
!. The I
gus
(t) c-rve C&tagnation temperat-reD will 9e rea( in on NS=CTBO5OPOB5T
OSO8'C= car( Cnot I
gus _cocctcd
(t)D. 2 fine (i&tinction 9etween the two temperat-re&
may 9e ma(e. I
gus
(t) i& (erive( (irectly from the tan7 pre&&-re (ata 9a&e( on a l-mp#
parameter approach. I
gus _cocctcd
(t) i& comp-te( from m (t)an( I
gus
(t) with a((itional
i&entropic an( &onic flow a&&-mption for the maxim-m velocity at an orifice
CI
gus _cocctcd
(t) i& the &tatic temperat-reD. The&e a&&-mption& are nece&&ary &ince in
m (t) = p(t) - :cl(t) - A, we only 7now m (t) C1 7nownD 9-t we nee( p(t) an( :cl(t) C2
-n7nown&D.
". The inflator area i& comp-te( from the NS=CTBO5OPOB5TOSO8'C= car( that ha& the
2..>B3 of the inflator ga& in the N2L=OT25AOT=ST car(. Bf the NBO8532'4
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ÀLE ÀLE_TANK_TEST
!#!! C2L=D LS-DYNA R7.0
O2.BB=5TO=OS car( i& -&e( in&tea( of the NS=CTBO5OPOB5TOSO8'C= car(, then the
area may 9e inp-t in thi& N2L=OT25AOT=ST car(.
0. The reference (en&ity of the propellant Xga&Y, p
0
, i& comp-te( internally an( a-tomatically
-&e( for the calc-lation. The p
0
val-e from the N.2TO58LL car( i& ignore(.
Example:
Con&i(er a tan7 te&t mo(el con&i&t& of the inflator ga& CPB3 1D an( the air in&i(e the tan7 CPB3 2D.
The following information from the control vol-me mo(el i& availa9le)
# m
(t) CLCB3 1 i& from control vol-me mo(el inp-tD.

# T
gax
(t) CLCB3 2 i& from control vol-me mo(el inp-tD.
# Mol-me of the tan7 -&e( in the inflator tan7 te&t.
# +inal e;-ili9rate( pre&&-re in&i(e the tan7.
# 2m9ient pre&&-re in the air.
2l&o availa9le are)
# The no(al B3& of the no(e& (efining the orifice hole& thro-gh which the ga& flow& into the
tan7.
# The area a&&ociate( with each hole Cthe no(e i& a&&-me( to 9e at the center of thi& areaD.
# The vector a&&ociate( with each hole (efining the (irection of flow.
Bn the inp-t 9elow LCB3 1 an( 2 are m
(t) an( T
gax
(t), re&pectively. LCB3 ! an( " will 9e ignore(
when the N2L=OT25AOT=ST car( i& pre&ent. Bf it i& not pre&ent, all % c-rve& in the NS=CTBO5
OPOB5TOSO8'C= car( will 9e -&e(. ,hen the NS=CTBO5OPOB5TOSO8'C= car( i& pre&ent, the
element form-lation i& e;-ivalent to an =L+O'.]11.
$...|....1....|....2....|....3....|....4....|....5....|....6....|....7....|...8
*PART
3;6178/. <75
$ PID !E)ID MID EO!ID +GID GRA* ADPOPT TMID
1 1 1 $ $ $ $ $
*PART
73. 3;534= 8>= 87;?
$ PID !E)ID MID EO!ID +GID GRA* ADPOPT TMID
2 2 2 $ $ $ $ $
*!E)TION_!OLID
$ !E)ID ELFORM AET
2 11 $
$ !ID !IDTYPE
1 1
2 1
*!E)TION_POINT_!OUR)E
$ !E)ID L)IDT L)ID*OLR L)ID*EL @% 3 2A.B=5 3; 8=C:B/1.B=1.? 631=
1 2 4 5
$ NODEID *E)TID AREA
24485 3 15.$66
...
24557 3 15.$66
*ALE_TAND_TE!T
$ MDOTL) TAND* PAM PFINAL MA)+L *ELMA- AORIF
1 6.$E7 1.$E4 5.288E4 1.$ $.$
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ÀLE_TANK_TEST ÀLE
LS-DYNA R7.0 !#!" C2L=D
$ AMGIDG AMGIDA NUMPNT
1 2 8$
$...|....1....|....2....|....3....|....4....|....5....|....6....|....7....|...8
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ÀLE ÀLE_UP_SWITCH
!#!0 C2L=D LS-DYNA R7.0
ÀLE_UP_SWITCH
P-rpo&e) +or the &im-lation of air9ag inflation proce&&, thi& car( allow& the &witching from an 2L=
comp-tation to a control vol-me CCMD or -niform pre&&-re C8PD metho( at a -&er#(efine( &witch
time.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 8PB3 S,TB.=
Type B +
3efa-lt $ 1.$e[10
'emar7& 1

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le +SBOB31 +SBOB32 +SBOB3% +SBOB3! +SBOB3" +SBOB30 +SBOB37 +SBOB3/
3efa-lt $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $
'emar7&

Optional Card 3 Format - input only if UPID0 or not defined.
Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le SB3 SB3T4P= ..>2B' ..>>2S
Type B B B B
3efa-lt $ $ $ $
'emar7&

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ÀLE_UP_SWITCH ÀLE
LS-DYNA R7.0 !#!7 C2L=D
8PB3
2n B3 (efine& a corre&pon(ing N2B'B2>OJ4B'B3OB3 car( for -&e in an
2L=#metho(#&witching#to#CM#metho( &im-lation. The &im-lation &tart&
with 2L= comp-tational metho(, then &witche& to a CM Cor 8PD metho( at
&ome given time.
=S.$) Cor 9lan7D The co(e will con&tr-ct an e;-ivalent N2B'B2>
OJ4B'B3OB3 car( a-tomatically internally, C(efa-ltD. The %r(
optional line i& then a re;-ire( inp-t.
5=.$) 2n B3 point& to a corre&pon(ing N2B'B2>OJ4B'B3OB3 car(
which m-&t 9e (efine( for -&e after the &witch. Bf 8PB3 i& (e#
fine(, (o not (efine the %r( optional car(.
S,TB.=
The time at which the comp-tation (oe& a &witch from an 2L=#metho(#to#
CM#metho(.
+SBOB31 ... B3/
Co-pling B3& for one or more 2L= fl-i(#&tr-ct-re#interaction C+SBD
NCO5ST'2B5=3OL2>'25>=OB5OSOLB3OB3 car(&. The&e co-pling&
are (elete( (-ring the 2
n(
, CM comp-tational pha&e.
SB3
2 &et B3 (efine& the Lagrangian part& which ma7e -p the air9ag.
SB3T4P=
Set B3 type for the a9ove S=TB3 Cfollowing the convention& in N2B'B2>
OJ4B'B3 car(D.
=S.$) SB3 i& a &egment &et B3 CS>SB3D.
5=.$) SB3 i& a part &et B3 CPSB3D.
..>2B'
The 2..> C2L= m-lti#material gro-pD B3 of &-rro-n(ing air.
..>>2S
The 2..> B3 of inflator ga& inHecte( into the air9ag.
Remarks:
1. Bf 8PB3 i& Iero or 9lan7, optional car( % m-&t 9e (efine(. LS3452 will con&tr-ct an
e;-ivalent N2B'B2>OJ4B'B3OB3 car( a-tomatically.
Example 1:
Con&i(er an air9ag mo(el with a 2#pha&e &im-lation) an 2L= calc-lation 9eing &witche( to a CM
metho(. 3-ring the CM pha&e, the &im-lation i& (efine( 9y an N2B'B2>OJ4B'B3OB3 car(.
$...|....1....|....2....|....3....|....4....|....5....|....6....|....7....|....8
*ALE_UP_!(IT)+
$ UP_ID !(_83C=
1$$$$$ 2.$$$$
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ÀLE ÀLE_UP_SWITCH
!#!/ C2L=D LS-DYNA R7.0
$ F!I_ID_1 F!I_ID_2 F!I_ID_3 F!I_ID_4 F!I_ID_5 F!I_ID_6 F!I_ID_7 F!I_ID_8
1 2
$*AIRAG
_+YRID_ID
$ ID
1$$$$$
$ !ID !IDTYP RID *!)A P!)A *INI M(D !P!F
2 1 $ 1.$ 1.$ $.$ $.$ $.$
$ 2 ATMT ATMP ATMD G) ))
293. 1.$13$=4 1.2$$E9 8.3143 1.
$ )23 L))23 A23 L)A23 )P23 L)P23 AP23 L)AP23

$ OPT P*ENT NGA!
4
$E72 L)IDM L)IDT NOTU!ED M( INITM A )
1$$1 1$$2 $.$288691 1.$ 28.98
$ FMA!!

$73. L)IDM L)IDT NOTU!ED M( INITM A )
16$$ 16$3 28.97E3 $.$ 26.38 8.178=3 1.612=6
$ FMA!!

$:9./L)IDM L)IDT NOTU!ED M( INITM A )
16$1 16$3 43.45E3 $.$ 32.87 2.127=2 5.193E6
$ FMA!!

$58/_L)IDM L)IDT NOTU!ED M( INITM A )
16$2 16$3 39.49E3 $.$ 22.41 2.865=3 6.995=7
$ FMA!!
$...|....1....|....2....|....3....|....4....|....5....|....6....|....7....|....8
Example 2:
Con&i(er the &ame air9ag mo(el with the &ame 2#pha&e &im-lation. Jowever, all the N2B'B2>
OJ4B'B3OB3 car( (efinition& are extracte( a-tomatically from the 2L= mo(el. There i& no nee( to
(efine the N2B'B2>OJ4B'B3OB3 car(. The %
r(
optional car( i& re;-ire(.
$...|....1....|....2....|....3....|....4....|....5....|....6....|....7....|....8
*ALE_UP_!(IT)+
$ UP_ID !(_83C=
$ 1$$$$$ 2.$$$$
$ 2.$$$$
$ F!I_ID_1 F!I_ID_2 F!I_ID_3 F!I_ID_4 F!I_ID_5 F!I_ID_6 F!I_ID_7 F!I_ID_8
1 2
$ !ETID !ETYPE MMG_AIR MMG_GA!
2 1 2 1
$...|....1....|....2....|....3....|....4....|....5....|....6....|....7....|....8
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`BOUNDARY
LS-DYNA R7.0 "#1 CBO8532'4D
`BOUNDARY
The 7eywor( NBO8532'4 provi(e& a way of (efining impo&e( motion& on 9o-n(ary no(e&. The
7eywor( control car(& in thi& &ection are (efine( in alpha9etical or(er)
`BOUNDARY_ACOUSTIC_COUPLING
`BOUNDARY_ACOUSTIC_MAPPING
`BOUNDARY_ALE_MAPPING
`BOUNDARY_AMBIENT_EOS
`BOUNDARY_CONVECTION_OPTION
`BOUNDARY_CYCLIC
`BOUNDARY_ELEMENT_METHOD_OPTION
`BOUNDARY_FLUX_OPTION
`BOUNDARY_MCOL
`BOUNDARY_NON_REFLECTING
`BOUNDARY_NON_REFLECTING_2D
`BOUNDARY_PAP
`BOUNDARY_PORE_FLUID_OPTION
`BOUNDARY_PRESCRIBED_ACCELEROMETER_RIGID
`BOUNDARY_PRESCRIBED_FINAL_GEOMETRY
`BOUNDARY_PRESCRIBED_MOTION_POPTION1Q_POPTION2Q
`BOUNDARY_PRESCRIBED_ORIENTATION_RIGID_OPTION
`BOUNDARY_PRESSURE_OUTFLOW_OPTION
`BOUNDARY_PWP_OPTION
`BOUNDARY_RADIATION_OPTION
`BOUNDARY_SLIDING_PLANE
`BOUNDARY_SPC_POPTION1Q_POPTION2QOPOPTION3Q
`BOUNDARY_SPH_FLOW
`BOUNDARY_SPH_SYMMETRY_PLANE
`BOUNDARY_SYMMETRY_FAILURE
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`BOUNDARY
"#2 CBO8532'4D LS-DYNA R7.0
`BOUNDARY_TEMPERATURE_OPTION
`BOUNDARY_THERMAL_WELD
`BOUNDARY_USA_SURFACE
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`BOUNDARY_ACOUSTIC_COUPLING `BOUNDARY
LS-DYNA R7.0 "#% CBO8532'4D
`BOUNDARY_ACOUSTIC_COUPLING_{OPTION}
There are two form& of thi& 7eywor( comman()
NBO8532'4O2CO8STBCOCO8PLB5> for co-pling of &-rface& with coinci(ent no(e&
NBO8532'4O2CO8STBCOCO8PLB5>O.BS.2TCJ for co-pling &-rface& witho-t coinci(ent
no(e&
P-rpo&e) 3efine a &egment &et for aco-&tic co-pling of &tr-ct-ral element face& an( aco-&tic vol-me
element& Ctype / an( type 1! &oli( element&.D
Bf the mi&match option i& not -&e(, then thi& comman( co-ple& either one &i(e of a &hell or &oli( ele#
ment &tr-ct-re or 9oth &i(e& of a &hell &tr-ct-re to aco-&tic element&. The &egment& in the &egment
&et &ho-l( (efine the &tr-ct-ral &-rface for which co-pling i& inten(e(. The no(al point& of the &tr-c#
t-ral &egment& m-&t 9e coinci(ent with the no(al point& for the fl-i( element face& on either &i(e of
the &tr-ct-ral &egment&. Bf fl-i( exi&t& on H-&t one &i(e of the &tr-ct-ral &egment&, an( the no(e& are
merge(, then the inp-t (ata in thi& &ection i& not re;-ire(. The co-pling will happen a-tomatically.
Jowever, if fl-i( i& on 9oth &i(e& of the &tr-ct-ral &egment&, then thi& inp-t (ata i& re;-ire( an( the
no(e& &ho-l( not 9e merge(E two#&i(e( co-pling will not properly apply loa(& when the interface
no(e& are merge( o-t.
Bf the mi&match option i& -&e(, then thi& comman( permit& the co-pling of aco-&tic fl-i( vol-me el#
ement& with one &i(e of a &tr-ct-ral element when the me&he& of the fl-i( an( &tr-ct-ral mo(el& are
mo(erately mi&matche(. Bn thi& ca&e, it i& po&&i9le that mo&t fl-i( an( &tr-ct-ral no(e& will not 9e
coinci(ent. 5one of the fl-i( an( &tr-ct-ral no(e& at the interface &ho-l( 9e merge( together. The
&egment& in the &egment &et &ho-l( (efine the &tr-ct-ral &-rface an(, following a right han( r-le, the
normal vector for the &egment& &ho-l( point at the fl-i( vol-me element& with which co-pling i& in#
ten(e(. Bf co-pling i& re;-ire( on 9oth &i(e& of a &tr-ct-ral &hell element, (-plicate &egment& with
oppo&ite normal vector& &ho-l( 9e (efine(. =very &egment in the &egment &et m-&t co-ple with the
fl-i( vol-me at &ome integration point, 9-t it i& not nece&&ary that all integration point& on the &eg#
ment co-ple with the fl-i(. The me&he& (o not have to 9e mi&matche( to -&e mi&matche( co-pling,
a& long a& the fl-i( an( &tr-ct-ral no(e& are not merge(.

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le SSB3
Type B
3efa-lt none

SSB3
Segment &et B3, &ee NS=TOS=>.=5T
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`BOUNDARY `BOUNDARY_ACOUSTIC_COUPLING
"#! CBO8532'4D LS-DYNA R7.0
Remarks:
1. +or the &ta9ility of the aco-&tic#&tr-ct-re co-pling, the following con(ition m-&t 9e &ati&fie()
2p
u
p
s
t
s
< S
where p
u
i& the (en&ity of the aco-&tic me(i-m, i& the total thic7ne&& of the aco-&tic ele#
ment& a(Hacent to the &tr-ct-ral element, p
s
i& the (en&ity, an( t
s
i& the thic7ne&& of the &tr-c#
t-ral &hell element. Bf the &tr-ct-ral element i& a &oli( or thic7 &hell element, then t
s
&ho-l(
9e half the thic7ne&& of the element. Bf co-pling i& on 9oth &i(e& of the &tr-ct-ral element&,
then t
s
&ho-l( al&o 9e half the thic7ne&& of the &tr-ct-ral element.
2. Bn mi&matche( co-pling, free fl-i( face& are con&i(ere( for co-pling with the &tr-ct-ral &eg#
ment& if they are near one another an( if they face each other. +ace& an( &egment& that (iffer
in orientation 9y more than !" (egree& are excl-(e(. Bn region& of high c-rvat-re the &-rfac#
e& therefore nee( to 9e more &imilar than when the &-rface& are flat. Bf a fl-i( face co-ple&
with any &tr-ct-ral &egment, then all fo-r integration point& on the fl-i( face m-&t co-ple
with &ome &tr-ct-ral &egment. +l-i( face& may not 9e partially co-ple(. Str-ct-ral &egment&
are allowe( to 9e partially co-ple(.

%. The mi&matche( co-pling proce&& (-mp& two LS#3452 file& that can 9e importe( into LS#
P'=POST for review of the re&-lt& of the co-pling proce&&. +ile X9acO&trOco-pling.(ynY
contain& &hell element& where &tr-ct-ral &egment& have co-ple( with the fl-i( an( ma&& ele#
ment& at &tr-ct-ral integration point& with co-pling. ,hen the me&&ag file in(icate& that
&ome &tr-ct-ral &egment& have partial co-pling, thi& file can 9e -&e( to chec7 the -nconnect#
e( &egment integration point&. +ile X9acOfl-Oco-pling.(ynY contain& &hell element& where
free fl-i( face& have co-ple( with the &tr-ct-ral &egment& an( ma&& element& at free fl-i(
face integration point& with co-pling. The&e file& are only for vi&-aliIation of the co-pling
an( &erve no other p-rpo&e.
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`BOUNDARY_ACOUSTIC_MAPPING `BOUNDARY
LS-DYNA R7.0 "#" CBO8532'4D
`BOUNDARY_ACOUSTIC_MAPPING
P-rpo&e) 3efine a &et of element& or &egment& on &tr-ct-re for mapping &tr-ct-ral no(al velocity to
aco-&tic vol-me 9o-n(ary.

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le SSB3 ST4P
Type B B
3efa-lt none $

SSB3
Set or part B3
ST4P
Set type)
=S.$) part &et B3, &ee NS=TOP2'T,
=S.1) part B3, &ee NP2'T,
=S.2) &egment &et B3, &ee NS=TOS=>.=5T.
Remarks:
!. Bf aco-&tic element& are not overlapping with &tr-ct-ral element&, thi& 7eywor( pa&&e& &tr-c#
t-ral velocity to aco-&tic vol-me 9o-n(ary, for &-9&e;-ent fre;-ency (omain aco-&tic com#
p-tation.
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`BOUNDARY `BOUNDARY_ALE_MAPPING
"#0 CBO8532'4D LS-DYNA R7.0
`BOUNDARY_ALE_MAPPING
P-rpo&e) Thi& car( map& 2L= (ata hi&torie& from a previo-& r-n to a region of element&. 3ata are
rea( or written in a mapping file calle( 9y the prompt Xmap]Y on the comman( line C&ee remar7 !
an( "D. To map (ata at the initial time Cnot the hi&torie&D to all the 2L= (omain Cnot H-&t a region of
element&D &ee NB5BTB2LO2L=O.2PPB5>.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le B3 T4P 2..SB3 BMOLT4P BB'TJ 3=2TJ 3TO8T B5B
Type B B B B + + + B
3efa-lt none none none none $.$ 1e2$ time &tep $

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le TJBCA '23B8S L1 41 K1 L2 42 K2
Type + + + + + + + +
3efa-lt $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$

Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le LO 4O KO M=CB3
Type + + + B
3efa-lt $.$ $.$ $.$ none

B3
Part B3 or part &et B3 or element &et B3
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`BOUNDARY_ALE_MAPPING `BOUNDARY
T4P
Type of XB3Y C&ee remar7 1D)
=S.$) part &et B3.
=S.1) part B3.
=S.2) &hell &et B3.
=S.%) &oli( &et B3.
2..SB3
Set B3 of 2L= m-lti#material gro-p& (efine( in NS=TO.8LTB#
.2T='B2LO>'O8P. See remar7 1.
BMOLT4P
Type of vol-me containing the &electe( element& for the mapping)
=S.1) Spherical &-rface with thic7ne&& CTJBCAD.
=S.2) Box.
=S.%) Cylin(rical &-rface with thic7ne&& CTJBCAD
=S.!) 2ll the element& (efine( 9y B3.
Bf ivoltyp?$, (ata from the mapping file are rea( for the element& of thi&
vol-me.
Bf ivoltyp@$, (ata from the element& of thi& vol-me are written in the map#
ping file.
BB'TJ
Birth time to write or rea( the mapping file. Bf a mapping file i& written, the
next r-n rea(ing thi& file will 9egin at time BB'TJ if thi& parameter for thi&
next r-n i& not larger.
3=2TJ
3eath time to write or rea( the mapping file. Bf a mapping file i& written,
the next r-n will &top to rea( thi& file at time 3=2TJ if thi& parameter for
thi& next r-n i& not &maller.
3TO8T
Time interval 9etween o-tp-t& in the mapping file. Thi& parameter i& only
-&e( to write in the mapping file.
B5B
+lag to initialiIe all the 2L= (omain of the next r-n)
=S.$) 5o initialiIation
=S.1) BnitialiIation. NB5BTB2LO2L=O.2PPB5> will have to 9e in the
inp-t (ec7 of the next r-n to rea( the (ata from the mapping file.
The initial time of the next r-n will 9e BB'TJ.
TJBCA
Thic7ne&& for the element &election -&ing &-rface&.
'23B8S
'a(i-& for a9&CivoltypD]1 an( a9&CivoltypD]2.
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"#/ CBO8532'4D LS-DYNA R7.0
L1
>eometric parameter (efine( 9y ivoltyp)
Bf a9&CivoltypD]1, L1 i& the L#coor(inate of the &phere center.
Bf a9&CivoltypD]2, L1 i& the L#coor(inate of the minim-m coor(inate of
the 9ox.
Bf a9&CivoltypD]%, L1 i& the L#coor(inate of a point on the cylin(er ax#
i&.
Bf a9&CivoltypD]!, L1 i& ignore(.
41
Bf a9&CivoltypD]1, 41 i& the 4#coor(inate of the &phere center.
Bf a9&CivoltypD]2, 41 i& the 4#coor(inate of the minim-m coor(inate of
the 9ox.
Bf a9&CivoltypD]%, 41 i& the 4#coor(inate of a point on the cylin(er ax#
i&.
Bf a9&CivoltypD]!, 41 i& ignore(.
K1
Bf a9&CivoltypD]1, K1 i& the K#coor(inate of the &phere center.
Bf a9&CivoltypD]2, K1 i& the K#coor(inate of the minim-m coor(inate of
the 9ox.
Bf a9&CivoltypD]%, K1 i& the K#coor(inate of a point on the cylin(er axi&.
Bf a9&CivoltypD]!, K1 i& ignore(.
L2
Bf a9&CivoltypD]1, L2 i& ignore(
Bf a9&CivoltypD]2, L2 i& the L#coor(inate of the maxim-m coor(inate
of the 9ox.
Bf a9&CivoltypD]%, L2 i& the L#coor(inate of a vector parallel to the cyl#
in(er axi&.
42
Bf a9&CivoltypD]1, 42 i& ignore(
Bf a9&CivoltypD]2, 42 i& the 4#coor(inate of the maxim-m coor(inate
of the 9ox.
Bf a9&CivoltypD]%, 42 i& the 4#coor(inate of a vector parallel to the cyl#
in(er axi&.
Bf a9&CivoltypD]!, 42 i& ignore(.
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`BOUNDARY_ALE_MAPPING `BOUNDARY
LS-DYNA R7.0 "# CBO8532'4D
K2
Bf a9&CivoltypD]1, K2 i& ignore(
Bf a9&CivoltypD]2, K2 i& the K#coor(inate of the maxim-m coor(inate of
the 9ox.
Bf a9&CivoltypD]%, K2 i& the K#coor(inate of a vector parallel to the cyl#
in(er axi&.
LO
Origin po&ition in glo9al L#(irection. See remar7 2.
4O
Origin po&ition in glo9al 4#(irection. See remar7 2.
KO
Origin po&ition in glo9al K#(irection. See remar7 2.
M=CB3
B3 of the &ymmetric axi& (efine( 9y N3=+B5=OM=CTO'. See remar7 %.
Remarks:
1. The ro-tine& of thi& car( nee( to 7now which me&h will 9e initialiIe( with the mapping (ata
an( more &pecifically which m-lti#material gro-p&. The fir&t 2 parameter& CB3 an( T4PD (e#
fine& the me&h an( the thir( one C2..SB3D call& the NS=TO.8LTB#.2T='B2LO>'O8P
OLBST car(. Thi& car( will (efine a li&t of material gro-p& in the c-rrent r-n. The ran7 in thi&
li&t &ho-l( match the ran7 of the m-lti#material gro-p& from the previo-& r-n Ca& a remin(er
the ran7& of m-lti#material gro-p& are (efine( 9y N2L=O.8LTB#.2T='B2LO>'O8PD.
LetV& ta7e an example. +or in&tance if the previo-& mo(el ha& % gro-p&, the c-rrent one ha& "
gro-p& an( the following mapping i& wante()
# The 1
&t
gro-p from the previo-& r-n i& mappe( on the %
r(
one in the c-rrent r-n,
# The 2
n(
gro-p from the previo-& r-n i& mappe( on the "
th
# The %
r(
gro-p from the previo-& r-n i& mappe( on the !
th
The NS=TO.8LTB#.2T='B2LO>'O8POLBST car( &ho-l( 9e &et a& follow&)

%$$
%,",!
2. The (ata can 9e mappe( in (ifferent part& of the me&h 9y (efining the origin of the coor(i#
nate &y&tem CLO,4O,KOD.
%. +or a mapping 9etween a 23 axi&ymmetric mo(el an( a %3 r-n the &ymmetric axi& orienta#
tion in the %3 mo(el nee(& to 9e (efine(.
!. To ma7e one mapping) only the prompt Xmap]Y i& nece&&ary. Bf BMOLT4P i& po&itive, the
mapping file will 9e create( an( 2L= (ata hi&torie& will 9e written in thi& file. Bf BMOLT4P
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"#1$ CBO8532'4D LS-DYNA R7.0
i& negative the mapping file will 9e rea( an( 2L= (ata hi&torie& will 9e -&e( to interpolate
the 2L= varia9le& of the &electe( element&.
". To ma7e &everal &-cce&&ive mapping) the prompt Xmap1]Y i& nece&&ary. Bf BMOLT4P i& po&#
itive an( the prompt Xmap1]Y i& in the comman( line, the 2L= (ata are written to the map#
ping file given 9y Xmap1]Y. Bf BMOLT4P i& negative an( the prompt Xmap]Y i& in the com#
man( line, 2L= (ata are rea( from the mapping file given 9y Xmap]Y.
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`BOUNDARY_AMBIENT_EOS `BOUNDARY
LS-DYNA R7.0 "#11 CBO8532'4D
`BOUNDARY_AMBIENT_EOS
P-rpo&e) Thi& comman( (efine& the B3& of 2 loa( c-rve&) C1D internal energy per -nit reference vol#
-me Cor temperat-re if -&ing N=OSOB3=2LO>2SD an( C2D relative vol-me. The&e 2 c-rve& com#
pletely pre&cri9e the thermo(ynamic &tate a& a f-nction of time for any 2L= or =-lerian part with an
Xam9ientY type element form-lation Cplea&e &ee 'emar7 !D.

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le PB3 LCB31 LCB32
Type B B B

PB3
The am9ient Part B3 for which the thermo(ynamic &tate i& 9eing (efine(.
LCB31
2 loa( c-rve B3 for internal energy per -nit reference vol-me Cplea&e rea(
the 9eginning of the =OS &ection for (etail&D. Bf N=OSOB3=2LO>2S i& 9e#
ing -&e(, thi& B3 then refer& to a temperat-re loa( c-rve B3.
LCB32
Loa( c-rve B3 for relative vol-me, :
0
=

0
. CPlea&e rea( the 9egin#

ning of the =OS &ection for (etail&D.
Remarks:
1. The term Xam9ientY refer& to a me(i-m that ha& pre(etermine( thermo(ynamic &tate
thro-gho-t the &im-lation. 2ll Xam9ientY part&Felement& will have it& thermo(ynamic &tate
re&et 9ac7 to thi& pre(etermine( &tate every cycle. Bf thi& &tate i& (efine( via the N=OSOcar(,
then thi& pre(etermine( thermo(ynamic &tate i& con&tant thro-gho-t the &im-lation. Bf it i&
(efine( via thi& car(, NBO8532'4O2.BB=5TO=OS, then it& thermo(ynamic &tate will
vary accor(ing to the&e (efine( loa( c-rve&. X2m9ientY part i& &ometime& al&o referre( to a&
Xre&ervoirY part a& it may 9e -&e( to &im-late &emi#infinite region.
2. Bn general, a thermo(ynamic &tate of a non#reacting an( no#pha&e#change material may 9e
(efine( 9y 2 thermo(ynamic varia9le&. By (efining CaD an internal energy per -nit reference
vol-me loa( c-rve Cor a temperat-re loa( c-rve if -&ing N=OSOB3=2LO>2SD an( C9D a rela#
tive vol-me loa( c-rve, the pre&&-re a& a f-nction of time for thi& am9ient part B3 can 9e
comp-te( (irectly via the e;-ation of &tate CN=OSOD.
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`BOUNDARY `BOUNDARY_AMBIENT_EOS
"#12 CBO8532'4D LS-DYNA R7.0
%. 2 reference &pecific vol-me, :
0
=
1
0
, i& the inver&e of a reference (en&ity, p
0
. The reference
(en&ity i& (efine( a& the (en&ity at which the material i& -n(er a reference or nominal &tate.
Plea&e refer to the N=OS &ection for a((itional explanation on thi&.
!. The internal energy per -nit reference vol-me may 9e (efine( a& e
|pu
=
C
u
T
u
.
The &pecific internal energy Cor internal energy per -nit ma&&D i& (efine( a& C
v
T.
". Thi& car( i& only to 9e -&e( with Xam9ientY element type a& (efine( 9y the parameter& -n(er
the NS=CTBO5OSOLB3 car()
# =L+O'. ] 7, or
# =L+O'. ] 11 an( 2=T]!, or
# =L+O'. ] 12 an( 2=T]!.
Example:
Con&i(er an am9ient 2L= part B3 1 which ha& it& internal energy per -nit reference vol-me in a loa(
c-rve B3 2 an( relative vol-me loa( c-rve B3 %)
$...|....1....|....2....|....3....|....4....|....5....|....6....|....7....|...8
*BO)NDARY_AMBIENT_EOS
$ PID -NT_L#ID 79o2_L#ID
1 2 3
$...|....1....|....2....|....3....|....4....|....5....|....6....|....7....|...8
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`BOUNDARY_CONVECTION `BOUNDARY
LS-DYNA R7.0 "#1% CBO8532'4D
`BOUNDARY_CONVECTION_OPTION
SEGMENT
SET
P-rpo&e) 3efine convection 9o-n(ary con(ition& for a thermal or co-ple( thermalF&tr-ct-ral analy#
&i&. Two car(& are (efine( for each option.
+or the SET option (efine the following car()

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le SSB3
Type B
3efa-lt none

For the SEGMENT option define the following card:
Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 51 52 5% 5!
Type B B B B

Define the following card for both options:
Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le JLCB3 J.8LT TLCB3 T.8LT LOC
Type B + B + B
3efa-lt none $. none $. $

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`BOUNDARY `BOUNDARY_CONVECTION
"#1! CBO8532'4D LS-DYNA R7.0
SSB3
Segment &et B3, &ee NS=TOS=>.=5T.
51,52...
5o(e B3V& (efining &egment.
JLCB3
Loa( c-rve B3 for heat tran&fer coefficient, h0
>T.$) f-nction ver&-& time,
=S.$) -&e con&tant m-ltiplier val-e, J.8LT,
LT.$) f-nction ver&-& temperat-re.
J.8LT
C-rve m-ltiplier for h#
TLCB3
Loa( c-rve B3 for I

ver&-& time, &ee N3=+B5=OC8'M=)
=S.$) -&e con&tant m-ltiplier val-e, T.8LT.
T.8LT
C-rve m-ltiplier for I

LOC
2pplication of &-rface for thermal &hell element&, &ee parameter, TJSJ=L,
in the NCO5T'OLOSJ=LL inp-t)
=S.#1) lower &-rface of thermal &hell element
=S.1) -pper &-rface of thermal &hell element
Remarks)
2 convection 9o-n(ary con(ition i& calc-late( -&ing q''
= b(I -I
) where
h heat tran&fer coefficient
(I -I
) temperat-re potential
Three alternative& are po&&i9le for the heat tran&fer coefficient which can 9e a f-nction of time, a
f-nction of temperat-re, or con&tant. 2l&o, the temperat-re of the 9o-n(ary I
can 9e either con#

&tant or a f-nction of time. +or 9oth c-rve&, m-ltiplier& can 9e -&e( to &cale the val-e&.
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`BOUNDARY_COUPLED `BOUNDARY
LS-DYNA R7.0 "#1" CBO8532'4D
`BOUNDARY_COUPLED
P-rpo&e) 3efine a 9o-n(ary that i& co-ple( with an external program. Two car(& are re;-ire( for
each co-ple( 9o-n(ary

Car( 1 1 2
Maria9le B3 TBTL=
Type B 27$

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le S=T T4P= P'O>
Type B B B

B3
B3 for thi& co-ple( 9o-n(ary
TBTL=
3e&criptive name for thi& 9o-n(ary
S=T
5o(e &et B3
T4P=
Co-pling type)
=S.1) no(e &et with force fee(9ac7
=S.2) no(e &et for m-lti&cale &potwel(&
P'O>
Program to co-ple to
=S.1) .PP#3452
Remarks)
Thi& option i& only availa9le in the .PP ver&ion, an( allow& for loo&e co-pling with other .PB pro#
gram& -&ing a Xm-ltiple programY exec-tion metho(. C-rrently it i& only -&ef-l when lin7ing with
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`BOUNDARY `BOUNDARY_COUPLED
"#10 CBO8532'4D LS-DYNA R7.0
.PP#3452 for the mo(eling of m-lti&cale &potwel(& Ctype]2, prog]1D. See NB5CL83=
O.8LTBSC2L=OSPOT,=L3 for information a9o-t -&ing thi& capa9ility.
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`BOUNDARY_CYCLIC `BOUNDARY
LS-DYNA R7.0 "#17 CBO8532'4D
`BOUNDARY_CYCLICOPOPTIONQ
OPTION allow& an optional B3 to 9e given that applie& each cyclic (efinition
ID
P-rpo&e) 3efine no(e& in 9o-n(ary plane& for cyclic &ymmetry.
The&e 9o-n(ary con(ition& can 9e -&e( to mo(el a &egment of an o9Hect that ha& rotational &ymmetry
&-ch a& an impeller, i.e., +ig-re "#1. The &egment 9o-n(ary, (enote( a& a &i(e 1 an( &i(e 2, may 9e
c-rve( or planar. Bn thi& &ection, a paire( li&t of point& are (efine( on the &i(e& that are to 9e Hoine(.

Optional 2
Maria9le B3 J=23B5>
Type B 27$

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le LC 4C KC 5SB31 5SB32 B>LOB2L BSO'T
Type + + + B B B B
3efa-lt none none none none none $ $

LC
x#component axi& vector of axi& of rotation
4C
y#component axi& vector of axi& of rotation
KC
I#component axi& vector of axi& of rotation
5SB31
5o(e &et B3 for fir&t 9o-n(ary C&i(e 1, &ee +ig-re "#1D.
5SB32
5o(e &et B3 for &econ( 9o-n(ary C&i(e 2, &ee +ig-re "#1D. =ach no(e in
thi& &et i& con&traine( to it& corre&pon(ing no(e in the fir&t no(e &et. 5o(e
&et& 5SB31 an( 5SB32 m-&t contain the &ame n-m9er of no(al point&. The
&hape of the two &-rface& forme( 9y the two no(e &et& nee( not 9e planar
9-t the &hape& &ho-l( match.
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`BOUNDARY `BOUNDARY_CYCLIC
"#1/ CBO8532'4D LS-DYNA R7.0
B>LOB2L
+lag for repeating &ymmetry)
=S.$) 2xi#&ymmetric cyclic &ymmetry C(efa-ltD
=S.1) 'epeating &ymmetry in plane& normal to glo9al L
=S.2) 'epeating &ymmetry in plane& normal to glo9al 4
=S.%) 'epeating &ymmetry in plane& normal to glo9al K
BSO'T
Set to 1 for a-tomatic &orting of no(e& in no(e &et&. See 'emar7 2.
Remarks:
1. =ach no(e &et &ho-l( generally 9e 9o-n(arie& of the mo(el.
2. Prior to ver&ion 7$, it wa& a&&-me( that the no(e& are correctly or(ere( within each &et, i.e.
the n
th
no(e in 5SB31 i& e;-ivalent to the n
th
no(e in 5SB32. Bn ver&ion 7$ an( later ver#
&ion&, if the BSO'T flag i& active, the no(e& in 5SB32 are a-tomatically &orte( to achieve
e;-ivalence, &o the no(e& can 9e pic7e( 9y the ;-ic7e&t availa9le metho(. Jowever, for axi#
&ymmetric cyclic &ymmetry CB>LOB2L]$D, it i& a&&-me( that the axi& pa&&e& thro-gh the
origin, i.e., only glo9ally (efine( axe& of rotation are po&&i9le.
Segment
Conforma9le
Bnterface
Si(e 1
S
i
(
e

1
S
i
(
e

2
S
i
(
e

2

+ig-re "#1 ,ith axi#&ymmetric cyclic &ymmetry only one &egment i& mo(ele(.
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`BOUNDARY_FLUX `BOUNDARY
`BOUNDARY_FLUX_OPTION
SEGMENT
SET
P-rpo&e) 3efine fl-x 9o-n(ary con(ition& for a thermal or co-ple( thermalF&tr-ct-ral analy&i&. Two
or more car(& are (efine( for each option. Ji&tory varia9le& can 9e a&&ociate( with the 9o-n(ary
con(ition which will invo7e a call to a -&er (efine( 9o-n(ary fl-x &-9ro-tine for comp-ting the fl-x.
+or the SET option (efine the following car()

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le SSB3
Type B
3efa-lt none

For the SEGMENT option define the following card:
Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 51 52 5% 5!
Type B B B B

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`BOUNDARY `BOUNDARY_FLUX
"#2$ CBO8532'4D LS-DYNA R7.0
Define the following card for both options:
Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le LCB3 .LC1 .LC2 .LC% .LC! LOC 5JBSM
Type B + + + + B B
3efa-lt none $. $. $. $. $ $

Define as many cards as necessary to initialize NHISV history variables.
Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le JBSM1 JBSM2 JBSM% JBSM! JBSM" JBSM0 JBSM7 JBSM/
Type + + + + + + + +
3efa-lt $. $. $. $. $. $. $. $.

SSB3
51,52...
5o(e B3V& (efining &egment
LCB3
Loa( c-rve B3 for heat fl-x, &ee N3=+B5=OC8'M=)
=S.$) -&e con&tant m-ltiplier val-e& at no(e&,
.LC1
C-rve m-ltiplier at no(e N
1
, &ee +ig-re "#2.
.LC2
2
, &ee +ig-re "#2.
.LC%
%
, &ee +ig-re "#2.
.LC!
!
, &ee +ig-re "#2.
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`BOUNDARY_FLUX `BOUNDARY
LS-DYNA R7.0 "#21 CBO8532'4D
LOC
5JBSM
5-m9er of hi&tory varia9le& a&&ociate( with the fl-x (efinition)
>T.$) 2 -&er (efine( &-9ro-tine will 9e calle( to comp-te the fl-x. See
'emar7 1.
JBSM1
Bnitial val-e of hi&tory varia9le 1
JBSM2
Bnitial val-e of hi&tory varia9le 2
.

.

JBSMn
Bnitial val-e of hi&tory varia9le n, where n ] 5JBSM
Remarks:
1. +l-x can 9e (efine( 9y)
aD a con&tant 9a&eline val-e (efine( 9y .LC1, .LC2, .LC%, .LC!
9D LCB3 W loa( c-rve i(
cD +B3 W f-nction i(
(D -&er &-9ro-tine
2. Bf 5JBSM i& a n-m9er greater than $, the -&er &-9ro-tine
<8F7o83:0- 8<7528A?52H52/HO@
will 9e calle( to comp-te the fl-x CflD (efine( a& heat CenergyD per time per &-rface area. +or
more (etail& &ee 2ppen(ix S.
%. Three (efinition& for heat fl-x are po&&i9le. Jeat fl-x can 9e a f-nction of time, a f-nction of
temperat-re, or con&tant val-e& that are maintaine( thro-gho-t the calc-lation. ,ith the (ef#
inition of m-ltiplier& at each no(e of the &egment, a 9ilinear &patial variation can 9e a&&-me(.
By convention, heat flow i& negative in the (irection of the &-rface o-twar( normal vector.
S-rface (efinition i& in accor(ance with the left han( r-le. The o-twar( normal vector point&
to the left a& one progre&&e& from no(e N
1#
N
2#
N
%
#N
!
. See +ig-re "#2.
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`BOUNDARY `BOUNDARY_FLUX
"#22 CBO8532'4D LS-DYNA R7.0
n2
;2
;%
;!
n!
n%
n1
;1
h
h
h
h

+ig-re "#2. 5o(al n-m9er (etermine& o-twar( normal.
!. Thi& 7eywor( i& &-pporte( in the SPJ element& to (efine the fl-x 9o-n(ary con(ition& for a
thermal or co-ple( thermalF&tr-ct-ral analy&i& too. n1, n2, n%, n! from the SPJ particle& or
&egment& &et (efine( from the SPJ particle& are -&e( to (efine the fl-x &egment&.
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`BOUNDARY_MCOL `BOUNDARY
LS-DYNA R7.0 "#2% CBO8532'4D
`BOUNDARY_MCOL
P-rpo&e) 3efine parameter& for .COL co-pling. The .COL Program i& a rigi( 9o(y mechanic&
program for mo(eling the (ynamic& of &hip&. See 'emar7 1 for more information.

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 5.COL .LST=P =53T.COL TS8BC P'T.COL
Type B B + + +
3efa-lt 2 none $.$ $.$ none
'emar7& 2

Card 2 must be defined for each ship
Car( 2 1 2 % ! "
Maria9le 'B.COL .COL+BL=
Type B 20$
3efa-lt none
'emar7&

5.COL
5-m9er of &hip& in .COL co-pling.
.LST=P
.axim-m of time &tep in .COL calc-lation. Bf the n-m9er of .COL time
&tep& excee(& .LST=P, then LS#3452 will terminate.
=53T.COL
8nco-pling termination time, &ee 'emar7 2 9elow.
=S.$.$) &et to LS#3452 termination time
TS8BC
Time interval for .COL &-9cycling.
=S.$.$) no &-9cycling
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`BOUNDARY `BOUNDARY_MCOL
"#2! CBO8532'4D LS-DYNA R7.0
P'T.COL
Time interval for o-tp-t of .COL rigi( 9o(y (ata.
'B.COL
LS#3452 rigi( 9o(y material a&&ignment for the &hip.
.COL+BL=
+ilename containing .COL inp-t parameter& for the &hip.
Remarks:
1. The 9a&i& for .COL i& a convol-tion integral approach for &im-lating the e;-ation& of mo#
tion. 2 ma&& an( inertia ten&or are re;-ire( a& inp-t for each &hip. The ma&&e& are then a-g#
mente( to incl-(e the effect& of the ma&& of the &-rro-n(ing water. 2 &eparate program (e#
termine& the vario-& term& of the (ampingF9-oyancy force form-la& which are al&o inp-t to
.COL. The co-pling i& accompli&he( in a &imple manner) at each time &tep LS#3452
comp-te& the re&-ltant force& an( moment& on the .COL rigi( 9o(ie& an( pa&&e& them to
.COL. .COL then -p(ate& the po&ition& of the &hip& an( ret-rn& the new rigi( 9o(y loca#
tion& to LS#3452. 2 more (etaile( theoretical an( practical (e&cription of .COL can 9e
fo-n( in a &eparate report Cto appearD.
2. 2fter the en( of the LS#3452 F .COL calc-lation, the analy&i& can 9e p-r&-e( -&ing
.COL alone. =53T.COL i& the termination time for thi& analy&i&. Bf =53T.COL i&
lower than the LS#3452 termination time, the -nco-ple( analy&i& will not 9e activate(.
%. The .COL o-tp-t i& &et to the file& .COLO8T C&hip po&itionD an( .COL=5='>4 Cener#
gy 9rea7(ownD. Bn LS#P'=POST, .COLO8T can 9e plotte( thro-gh the rigi( 9o(y time
hi&tory option an( .COL=5='>4.
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`BOUNDARY_NON_REFLECTING `BOUNDARY
LS-DYNA R7.0 "#2" CBO8532'4D
`BOUNDARY_NON_REFLECTING
P-rpo&e) 3efine a non#reflecting 9o-n(ary. Thi& option applie& to contin--m (omain& mo(ele(
with &oli( element&, a& in(efinite (omain& are -&-ally not mo(ele(. +or geomechanical pro9lem&
thi& option i& important for limiting the &iIe of the mo(el&.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le SSB3 23 2S
Type B + +
3efa-lt none $.$ $.$
'emar7& 1, 2 % %

SSB3
23
3efa-lt activation flag for (ilatational wave&.
=S.$.$) on
5=.$.$) off
2S
3efa-lt activation flag for &hear wave&.
=S.$.$) on
5=.$.$) off
Remarks:
1. 5on#reflecting 9o-n(arie& (efine( with thi& 7eywor( are only -&e( with three#(imen&ional
&oli( element&. Bo-n(arie& are (efine( a& a collection of &egment&, an( &egment& are
e;-ivalent to element face& on the 9o-n(ary. Segment& are (efine( 9y li&ting the corner
no(e& in either a cloc7wi&e or co-ntercloc7wi&e or(er.
2. 5on#reflecting 9o-n(arie& are -&e( on the exterior 9o-n(arie& of an analy&i& mo(el of an in#
finite (omain, &-ch a& a half#&pace to prevent artificial &tre&& wave reflection& generate( at
the mo(el 9o-n(arie& form reentering the mo(el an( contaminating the re&-lt&. Bnternally,
LS#3452 comp-te& an impe(ance matching f-nction for all non#reflecting 9o-n(ary &eg#
ment& 9a&e( on an a&&-mption of linear material 9ehavior. Th-&, the finite element me&h
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`BOUNDARY `BOUNDARY_NON_REFLECTING
"#20 CBO8532'4D LS-DYNA R7.0
&ho-l( 9e con&tr-cte( &o that all &ignificant nonlinear 9ehavior i& containe( within the (i&#
crete analy&i& mo(el.
%. ,ith the two optional &witche&, the infl-ence of reflecting wave& can 9e &t-(ie(.
!. 3-ring the (ynamic relaxation pha&e CoptionalD, no(e& on non#reflecting &egment& are con#
&traine( in the normal (irection. 5o(al force& a&&ociate( with the&e con&traint& are then ap#
plie( a& external loa(& an( hel( con&tant in the tran&ient pha&e while the con&traint& are re#
place( with the impe(ance matching f-nction&. Bn thi& manner, &oil can 9e ;-a&i#&tatically
pre&tre&&e( (-ring the (ynamic relaxation pha&e an( (ynamic loa(& Cwith non#reflecting
9o-n(arie&D &-9&e;-ently applie( in the tran&ient pha&e.
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`BOUNDARY_PAP `BOUNDARY
LS-DYNA R7.0 "#27 CBO8532'4D
`BOUNDARY_PAP
P-rpo&e) 3efine pre&&-re 9o-n(ary con(ition& for pore air flow calc-lation, e.g. at &tr-ct-re &-rface
expo&e( to atmo&pheric pre&&-re.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le S=>B3 LCB3 C.8LT CM.2SS BLOCA TBB'TJ T3=2TJ CM'P='
Type B + + + +
3efa-lt none none none none $.$ $.$ 1.e2$ 1.$
'emar7& 1,2 %

S=>B3
Segment &et B3
LCB3
Loa( c-rve giving pore air pre&&-re v&. time.
=S.$) con&tant pre&&-re a&&-me( e;-al to C.8LT
C.8LT
+actor on c-rve or con&tant pre&&-re hea( if LCB3]$
CM.2SS
Bnitial ma&& of a control vol-me next to the &egment &et S=TB3
BLOCA
Contact 9loc7age effect,
=S.$) ,hen all &egment& in S=>B3 are &-9Hect to the pre&&-re (efine(
9y LCB3 an( C.8LTE
=S.1) ,hen only element& in S=>B3 not involve( in contact are &-9Hect
to the pre&&-re (efine( 9y LCB3 an( C.8LT.
TBB'TJ
Time at which 9o-n(ary con(ition 9ecome& active
T3=2TJ
Time at which 9o-n(ary con(ition 9ecome& inactive
CM'P='
Permea9ility factor of cover material, where cover refer& to a &hell layer
coating the &-rface of the &oli(. 3efa-lt val-e i& 1.$ when it i& not (efine(.
See 'emar7 % 9elow.
$.$ j CM'P=' j 1.$
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`BOUNDARY `BOUNDARY_PAP
"#2/ CBO8532'4D LS-DYNA R7.0
Remarks:
1. 2ll &tr-ct-re &-rface& &-9Hect to &pecifie( pre&&-re have to 9e (efine(.
2. 2 non#Iero CM.2SS, together with a non#Iero C.8LT an( an -n#(efine( LCB3, can 9e
-&e( to &im-late air ma&& tran&fer 9etween a control vol-me an( a te&t &pecimen containing
pore air. The control vol-me i& a&&-me( to have a fixe( vol-me, an( have initial pre&&-re of
C.8LT an( initial ma&& of CM.2SS. 2ir ma&& tran&fer happen& 9etween control vol-me
an( it& neigh9oring &pecimen. S-ch ma&& tran&fer re&-lt& in pre&&-re change in control vol#
-me an( te&t &pecimen.

%. CM'P=' allow& -&er& to mo(el the poro&ity propertie& of the cover material. Bf S=>B3 i&
covere( 9y a material of very low permea9ility Ce.g., coate( fa9ricD, it i& appropriate to &et
CM'P=']$. Bn thi& ca&e, P
c
, the pre&&-re calc-late( a&&-ming no 9o-n(ary con(ition, i& ap#
plie( to S=>B3. Bf S=>B3 i& not covere( 9y any material, it i& appropriate to &et
CM'P=']1, the (efa-lt val-e. Bn thi& ca&e, the applie( pre&&-re 9ecome& P
9
, the 9o-n(ary
pre&&-re (etermine( 9y C.8LT an( LCB3.
Segment &et thro-gh which air flow occ-r&
Te&t &pecimen containing
pore air
Control vol-me with initial
pre&&-re ] C.8LT,
initial ma&& ] CM.2SS
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`BOUNDARY_NON_REFLECTING_2D `BOUNDARY
`BOUNDARY_NON_REFLECTING_2D
P-rpo&e) 3efine a non#reflecting 9o-n(ary. Thi& option applie& to contin--m (omain& mo(ele(
with two#(imen&ional &oli( element& in the xy plane, a& in(efinite (omain& are -&-ally not mo(ele(.
+or geomechanical pro9lem&, thi& option i& important for limiting the &iIe of the mo(el&.

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 5SB3
Type B
3efa-lt none
'emar7& 1, 2

5SB3
5o(e &et B3, &ee NS=TO5O3=. See +ig-re "#%.
Remarks:
1. 5on#reflecting 9o-n(arie& (efine( with thi& 7eywor( are only -&e( with two#(imen&ional
&oli( element& in either plane &train or axi&ymmetric geometrie&. Bo-n(arie& are (efine( a&
a &e;-ential &tring of no(e& moving co-ntercloc7wi&e aro-n( the 9o-n(ary.
2. 5on#reflecting 9o-n(arie& are -&e( on the exterior 9o-n(arie& of an analy&i& mo(el of an in#
finite (omain, &-ch a& a half#&pace to prevent artificial &tre&& wave reflection& generate( at
the mo(el 9o-n(arie& form reentering the mo(el an( contaminating the re&-lt&. Bnternally,
LS#3452 comp-te& an impe(ance matching f-nction for all non#reflecting 9o-n(ary &eg#
ment& 9a&e( on an a&&-mption of linear material 9ehavior. Th-&, the finite element me&h
&ho-l( 9e con&tr-cte( &o that all &ignificant nonlinear 9ehavior in containe( within the (i&#
crete analy&i& mo(el.
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`BOUNDARY `BOUNDARY_NON_REFLECTING_2D
"#%$ CBO8532'4D LS-DYNA R7.0
7
7[1
7[2
7[....
3efine the no(e& 7, 7[1, 7[2, ...,7[n
while moving co-ntercloc7wi&e aro-n(
the 9o-n(ary.
x
y

+ig-re "#%. ,hen (efining a tran&mitting 9o-n(ary in 23 (efine the no(e n-m9er& in the no(e
&et in con&ec-tive or(er while moving co-ntercloc7wi&e aro-n( the 9o-n(ary.
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`BOUNDARY_PORE_FLUID `BOUNDARY
LS-DYNA R7.0 "#%1 CBO8532'4D
`BOUNDARY_PORE_FLUID_OPTION
PART
SET
P-rpo&e) 3efine part& that contain pore fl-i(. 3efa-lt& are given on NCO5T'OLOPO'=O+L8B3.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le typeB3 ,T2BL= P+O'JO 2T4P= P+OB8LA 2C8'M= ,TC8' S8CLB.
Type B + + B + B B +
3efa-lt none N N N N $ $ $.
N 3efa-lt& are ta7en from NCO5T'OLOPO'=O+L8B3

PB3, PSB3
Part B3 CPB3D or Part &et B3, &ee NP2'T an( NS=TOP2'T. 2ll element&
within the part m-&t lie 9elow the water ta9le.
,T2BL=
K#coor(inate at which pore pre&&-re ] $ Cwater ta9leD
P+O'JO
3en&ity of pore water in &oil &7eleton)
=S.$) 3efa-lt (en&ity &pecifie( on NCO5T'OLOPO'=O+L8B3 car( i&
-&e(.
2T4P=
2naly&i& type for Part&)
=S.$) 3efa-lt to val-e &pecifie( on NCO5T'OLOPO'=O+L8B3
=S.1) 8n(raine( analy&i&
=S.2) 3raine( analy&i&
=S.%) Time (epen(ent con&oli(ation Cco-ple(D
=S.!) Con&oli(ate to &tea(y &tate C-nco-ple(D
=S.") 3raine( in (ynamic relaxation, -n(raine( in tran&ient
P+OB8LA
B-l7 mo(-l-& of pore fl-i()
=S.$) 3efa-lt to val-e &pecifie( on NCO5T'OLOPO'=O+L8B3
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`BOUNDARY `BOUNDARY_PORE_FLUID
"#%2 CBO8532'4D LS-DYNA R7.0
2C8'M=
C-rve of analy&i& type v& time C&ee note& 9elowD
,TC8'
C-rve of water ta9le CI#coor(inateD v& time
S8CLB.
S-ction limit C(efine( in hea(, i.e. length -nit&D. .-&t not 9e negative. See
remar7&.
Remarks:
Thi& car( m-&t 9e pre&ent for all part& having pore water.
The (en&ity on thi& car( i& -&e( only to calc-late pre&&-re hea(. To en&-re the correct gravity loa(#
ing, the (en&ity of the &oil material &ho-l( 9e increa&e( to incl-(e the ma&& a&&ociate( with the pore
water.
The y#axi& val-e& of the c-rve of analy&i& type v& time can only 9e 1, 2 or %. 3-ring (ynamic relaxa#
tion, the analy&i& type will 9e ta7en from the fir&t val-e on the c-rve
The (efa-lt for S8CLB. i& Iero, meaning that the pore fl-i( cannot generate &-ction. To allow -n#
limite( &-ction, &et thi& parameter to a large po&itive n-m9er.
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`BOUNDARY_PRECRACK `BOUNDARY
LS-DYNA R7.0 "#%% CBO8532'4D
`BOUNDARY_PRECRACK
P-rpo&e) 3efine pre#crac7& in fract-re analy&i&.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le PB3 CT4P= 5P
Type B B B
3efa-lt 1

+ollowing car(& give the coor(inate& of 5P point& (efining the pre#crac7)
Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le L 4 K
Type + + +
3efa-lt

PB3
Part B3 where the pre#crac7 i& locate(
CT4P=
Type of pre#crac7)
=S.1) &traight line
5P
5-m9er of point& (efining the pre#crac7
L,4,K
Coor(inate& of the point& (efining the pre#crac7
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`BOUNDARY `BOUNDARY_PRESCRIBED_ACCELEROMETER_RIGID
"#%! CBO8532'4D LS-DYNA R7.0
`BOUNDARY_PRESCRIBED_ACCELEROMETER_RIGID
P-rpo&e) Pre&cri9e the motion of a rigi( 9o(y 9a&e( on experimental (ata o9taine( from accelerom#
eter& affixe( to the rigi( 9o(y.
5ote) Thi& feat-re i& availa9le only in relea&e '% an( higher of Mer&ion 71.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le PB3 SOLM
Type B B
3efa-lt none 1

Card 2, 3, 4, etc. Define one card for each accelerometer affixed to the rigid body. Input is
terminated when a ~` card is found. A minimum of three accelerometers are required (see
Remarks below).
Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 5B3 CB3 LCB3L LCB34 LCB3K
Type B B B B B
3efa-lt none none none none none

PB3
Part B3 for rigi( 9o(y who&e motion i& pre&cri9e(.
SOLM
Solver type)
=S.1) >a-&&ian elimination C(efa-ltD,
=S.2) linear regre&&ion
5B3
5o(e B3 corre&pon(ing to the location of the accelerometer.
CB3
Coor(inate &y&tem B3 (e&cri9ing the orientation of the accelerometerV& lo#
cal axe& C&ee N3=+B5=OCOO'3B52T=DO5O3=SD. 2ll no(e& m-&t re&i(e
on the &ame part. Set +L2>]1.
LCB3L
Loa( c-rve B3 containing the local x#acceleration time hi&tory from the ac#
celerometer.
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`BOUNDARY_PRESCRIBED_ACCELEROMETER_RIGID `BOUNDARY
LS-DYNA R7.0 "#%" CBO8532'4D
LCB34
Loa( c-rve B3 containing the local y#acceleration time hi&tory from the ac#
celerometer.
LCB3K
Loa( c-rve B3 containing the local I#acceleration time hi&tory from the ac#
celerometer.
Remarks:
1. 2cceleration time hi&torie& from a minim-m of three accelerometer& each provi(ing o-tp-t
from three channel& are re;-ire(. Loa( c-rve& m-&t have the &ame n-m9er of point& an( (a#
ta m-&t 9e -niformly &pace(.
2. Local axe& of the accelerometer& m-&t 9e orthogonal.
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`BOUNDARY `BOUNDARY_PRESCRIBED_FINAL_GEOMETRY
"#%0 CBO8532'4D LS-DYNA R7.0
`BOUNDARY_PRESCRIBED_FINAL_GEOMETRY
The final (i&place( geometry for a &-9&et of no(al point& i& (efine(. The no(e& of thi& &-9&et are
(i&place( from their initial po&ition& &pecifie( in the N5O3= inp-t to the final geometry along a
&traight line traHectory. 2 loa( c-rve (efine& a &cale factor a& a f-nction of time that i& 9o-n(e( 9e#
tween Iero an( -nity corre&pon(ing to the initial an( final geometry, re&pectively. 2 -ni;-e loa(
c-rve can 9e &pecifie( for each no(e, or a (efa-lt loa( c-rve can apply to all no(e&. The external
wor7 generate( 9y the (i&placement fiel( i& incl-(e( in the energy ratio calc-lation for the >LST2T
file.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le BP+>B3 LCB3+ 3=2TJ3
Type B B +
3efa-lt $ $ infinity

Card Format (I8,3E16.0,I8,E16.0) The next ~` keyword card terminates this input.
Car( 2,... 1 2 % ! " 0 7 / 1$
Maria9le 5B3 L 4 K LCB3 3=2TJ
Type B + + + B +
3efa-lt none $. $. $. LCB3+ infinity

BP+>B3
B3 for thi& &et of impo&e( 9o-n(ary con(ition&
LCB3+
3efa-lt loa( c-rve B3. Thi& c-rve varie& 9etween Iero an( -nity.
3=2TJ3
3efa-lt (eath time. 2t thi& time the pre&cri9e( motion i& inactive an( the
no(al point i& allowe( to move freely.
5B3
5o(e B3 for which the final po&ition i& (efine(. 5o(e& (efine( in thi& &ec#
tion m-&t al&o appear -n(er the N5O3= inp-t.
L
x#coor(inate of final geometry
4
y#coor(inate of final geometry
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`BOUNDARY_PRESCRIBED_FINAL_GEOMETRY `BOUNDARY
LS-DYNA R7.0 "#%7 CBO8532'4D
K
I#coor(inate of final geometry
LCB3
Loa( c-rve B3. Bf Iero the (efa-lt c-rve B3, LCB3+, i& -&e(.
3=2TJ
3eath time. Bf Iero the (efa-lt val-e, 3=2TJ3, i& -&e(.
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`BOUNDARY `BOUNDARY_PRESCRIBED_MOTION
"#%/ CBO8532'4D LS-DYNA R7.0
`BOUNDARY_PRESCRIBED_MOTION_OPTION1_POPTION2Q
2vaila9le option& for OPTION1 incl-(e)
NODE
SET
SET_BOX
RIGID
RIGID_LOCAL
OPTION2 allow& an optional B3 to 9e given that applie& either to the &ingle no(e, no(e &et or a rigi(
9o(y)
ID
Bf a hea(ing i& (efine( with the B3, then the B3 with the hea(ing will 9e written at the 9eginning of
the 2SCBB file, B53O8T.
P-rpo&e) 3efine an impo&e( no(al motion Cvelocity, acceleration, or (i&placementD on a no(e or a
&et of no(e&. 2l&o velocitie& an( (i&placement& can 9e impo&e( on rigi( 9o(ie&. Bf the local option
i& active the motion i& pre&cri9e( with re&pect to the local coor(inate &y&tem for the rigi( 9o(y CSee
varia9le LCO for 7eywor( N.2TO'B>B3D. Tran&lational no(al velocity an( acceleration &pecifica#
tion& for rigi( 9o(y no(e& are allowe( an( are applie( a& (e&cri9e( at the en( of thi& &ection. +or
no(e& on rigi( 9o(ie& -&e the 5O3= option. 3o not -&e the 5O3= option in r#a(aptive pro9lem&
&ince the no(e B3G& may change (-ring the a(aptive &tep.

The following card is read if and only if the ID option is specified. The second card is required.
Optional 1 2
Maria9le B3 J=23B5>
Type B 27$

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le typeB3 3O+ M23 LCB3 S+ MB3 3=2TJ BB'TJ
Type B B B B + B + +
3efa-lt none none $ none 1. $ 1.=[2/ $.$

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`BOUNDARY_PRESCRIBED_MOTION `BOUNDARY
LS-DYNA R7.0 "#% CBO8532'4D
For the SET_BOX option, define the following additional card
Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le BOLB3 TO++S=T LCBCJA
Type B B B
3efa-lt none $ $

Card is required if DOF9,10,11 on the first card or VAD4. If DOF<9 and VAD<4, skip this
card.
Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le O++S=T1 O++S=T2 .'B 5O3=1 5O3=2
Type + + B B B
3efa-lt $. $. $ $ $

B3
Optional P'=SC'BB=3 .OTBO5 &et B3 to which thi& no(e, no(e &et, or
rigi( 9o(y 9elong&. Thi& B3 (oe& not nee( to 9e -ni;-e.
J=23B5>
2n optional (e&criptor for the given B3 that will 9e written into the 3%JSP
file an( the B53O8T file.
typeB3
5o(e B3 C5B3 in N5O3=D, no(al &et B3 CSB3 in NS=TO5O3=D , or part B3
CPB3 in NP2'TD for a rigi( 9o(y.
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"#!$ CBO8532'4D LS-DYNA R7.0
3O+
2pplica9le (egree&#of#free(om)
=S.1) x#tran&lational (egree#of#free(om,
=S.2) y#tran&lational (egree#of#free(om,
=S.%) I#tran&lational (egree#of#free(om,
=S.!) tran&lational motion in (irection given 9y the MB3. .ovement
on plane normal to the vector i& permitte(.
=S.#!) tran&lational motion in (irection given 9y the MB3. .ovement
on plane normal to the vector i& not permitte(. Thi& option
(oe& not apply to rigi( 9o(ie&.
=S.") x#rotational (egree#of#free(om,
=S.0) y#rotational (egree#of#free(om,
=S.7) I#rotational (egree#of#free(om,
=S./) rotational motion a9o-t a vector parallel to vector MB3. 'ota#
tion a9o-t the normal axe& i& permitte(.
=S.#/) rotational motion a9o-t a vector parallel to vector MB3. 'ota#
tion a9o-t the normal axe& i& not permitte(. Thi& option (oe&
not apply to rigi( 9o(ie&.
=S.) yFI (egree&#of#free(om for no(e rotating a9o-t the x#axi& at lo#
cation CO++S=T1,O++S=T2D in the yI#plane, point Cy,ID. 'a(i#
al motion i& 5OT permitte(. 5ot applica9le to rigi( 9o(ie&.
=S.#) yFI (egree&#of#free(om for no(e rotating a9o-t the x#axi& at lo#
cation CO++S=T1,O++S=T2D in the yI#plane, point Cy,ID. 'a(i#
al motion i& permitte(. 5ot applica9le to rigi( 9o(ie&.
=S.1$) IFx (egree&#of#free(om for no(e rotating a9o-t the y#axi& at lo#
cation CO++S=T1,O++S=T2D in the Ix#plane, point CI,xD. 'a(i#
al motion i& 5OT permitte(. 5ot applica9le to rigi( 9o(ie&.
=S.#1$) IFx (egree&#of#free(om for no(e rotating a9o-t the y#axi& at lo#
cation CO++S=T1,O++S=T2D in the Ix#plane, point CI,xD. 'a(i#
al motion i& permitte(. 5ot applica9le to rigi( 9o(ie&.
=S.11) xFy (egree&#of#free(om for no(e rotating a9o-t the I#axi& at lo#
cation CO++S=T1,O++S=T2D in the xy#plane, point Cx,yD. 'a#
(ial motion i& 5OT permitte(. 5ot applica9le to rigi( 9o(ie&.
=S.#11) xFy (egree&#of#free(om for no(e rotating a9o-t the I#axi& at lo#
cation CO++S=T1,O++S=T2D in the xy#plane, point Cx,yD. 'a#
(ial motion i& permitte(. 5ot applica9le to rigi( 9o(ie&.
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LS-DYNA R7.0 "#!1 CBO8532'4D
M23
MelocityF2ccelerationF3i&placement flag)
=S.$) velocity Crigi( 9o(ie& an( no(e&D,
=S.1) acceleration Crigi( 9o(ie& an( no(e&D,
=S.2) (i&placement Crigi( 9o(ie& an( no(e&D.
=S.%) velocity ver&-& (i&placement Crigi( 9o(ie& an( no(e&D
=S.!) relative (i&placement Crigi( 9o(ie& onlyD
LCB3
Loa( c-rve B3 to (e&cri9e motion val-e ver&-& time, &ee N3=+B5=
OC8'M=, N3=+B5=OC8'M=O+85CTBO5, or N3=+B5=O+85CTBO5.
Bf LCB3 refer& to N3=+B5=O+85CTBO5, the f-nction can have only time
a& an arg-ment, e.g., fCtD]1$.Nt. See BB'TJ 9elow.
S+
Loa( c-rve &cale factor. C(efa-lt]1.$D
MB3
Mector B3 for 3O+ val-e& of ! or /, &ee N3=+B5=OM=CTO'.
3=2TJ
Time impo&e( motionFcon&traint i& remove()
=S.$.$) (efa-lt &et to 1$2/
BB'TJ
Time impo&e( motionFcon&traint i& activate( &tarting from the initial a9&ci&#
&a val-e of the c-rve or f-nction CN3=+B5=O+85CTBO5D. ,arning)
BB'TJ i& ignore( if the LCB3 i& (efine( a& a f-nction, i.e., N3=+B5=
OC8'M=O+85CTBO5.
BOLB3
2 9ox B3 (efining a 9ox region in &pace in which the con&traint i& activat#
e(. Only the no(e& falling in&i(e the 9ox will 9e applie( the pre&cri9e(
motion. Bf LCBCJA i& not (efine(, the 9ox vol-me i& reeval-ate( every
time &tep to (etermine the no(e& for which the pre&cri9e( motion i& active.
Thi& reeval-ation of the vol-me i& referre( to a& a X9ox#chec7Y.
LCBCJA Optional loa( c-rve allowing more flexi9le an( efficient -&e of S=TOBOL
option. Bn&tea( of performing 9ox#chec7 at every time &tep, (i&crete 9ox#
chec7 time& co-l( 9e given a& L#val-e& of LCBCJA. LCBCJAV& 4#
val-e& &pecify corre&pon(ing (eath time&. +or example, a c-rve with
point& C2$,%$D an( C"$,7$D will re&-lt in two 9ox chec7&. The fir&t will oc#
c-r at 2$, an( the pre&cri9e( motion will 9e active from 2$ to %$. The &ec#
on( will occ-r at "$, an( the pre&cri9e( motion will 9e active from "$ to
7$. 2 4#val-e of X$Y mean& the pre&cri9e( motion will &tay active -ntil
next 9ox#chec7. +or example, an a((itional %
r(
point of C$,$D will lea( to
another 9ox#chec7 at $, an( the pre&cri9e( motion will 9e active from $
-ntil the en( of the &im-lation.
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"#!2 CBO8532'4D LS-DYNA R7.0
TO++S=T
Time off&et flag for the S=TOBOL option)
=S.1) the time val-e of the loa( c-rve, LCB3, will 9e off&et 9y the time
when the no(e enter& the 9ox,
=S.$) no time off&et i& applie( to LCB3
O++S=T1
Off&et for 3O+ type& #11 Cy, I, x (irectionD
O++S=T2
Off&et for 3O+ type& #11 CI, x, y (irectionD
.'B
.a&ter rigi( 9o(y for mea&-ring the relative (i&placement.
5O3=1
Optional orientation no(e, n1, for relative (i&placement
5O3=2
Optional orientation no(e, n2, for relative (i&placement
Remarks:
,hen 3O+]", 0, 7, or /, no(al rotational (egree&#of#free(om are pre&cri9e( in the ca&e of (eforma#
9le no(e& COPTION1]5O3= or S=TD wherea& 9o(y rotation& are pre&cri9e( in the ca&e of a rigi(
9o(y COPTION1]'B>B3D. Bn the ca&e of a rigi( 9o(y, the axi& of pre&cri9e( rotation alway& pa&&e&
thro-gh the 9o(yG& center of ma&&. +or i3O+i]/, the axi& of the pre&cri9e( rotation i& parallel to vec#
tor MB3. To pre&cri9e a 9o(y rotation of a &et of (eforma9le no(e&, with the axi& of rotation parallel
to glo9al axe& x, y, or I, -&e OPTION1]S=T with i3O+i ] , 1$, or 11, re&pectively. The loa( c-rve
&cale factor can 9e -&e( for &imple mo(ification& or -nit a(H-&tment&.
The relative (i&placement can 9e mea&-re( in either of two way&)
1. 2long a &traight line 9etween the ma&& center& of the rigi( 9o(ie&,
2. 2long a vector 9eginning at no(e n1 an( terminating at no(e n2.
,ith option 1, a po&itive (i&placement will move the rigi( 9o(ie& f-rther apart, an(, li7ewi&e a nega#
tive motion will move the rigi( 9o(ie& clo&er together. The ma&& center& of the rigi( 9o(ie& m-&t not
9e coinci(ent when thi& option i& -&e(. ,ith option 2 the relative (i&placement i& mea&-re( along
the vector, an( the rigi( 9o(ie& may 9e coinci(ent. 5ote that the motion of the ma&ter rigi( 9o(y i&
not (irectly affecte( 9y thi& option, i.e., no force& are generate( on the ma&ter rigi( 9o(y.
The activation time, BB'TJ, i& the time (-ring the &ol-tion that the con&traint 9egin& to act. 8ntil
thi& time, the pre&cri9e( motion car( i& ignore(. The f-nction val-e of the loa( c-rve& will 9e eval-#
ate( at the off&et time given 9y the (ifference of the &ol-tion time an( BB'TJ, i.e., C&ol-tion time#
BB'TJD. 'elative (i&placement& that occ-r prior to reaching BB'TJ are ignore(. Only relative (i&#
placement& that occ-r after BB'TJ are pre&cri9e(.
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LS-DYNA R7.0 "#!% CBO8532'4D
,hen the con&traine( no(e i& on a rigi( 9o(y, the tran&lational motion i& impo&e( witho-t altering
the ang-lar velocity of the rigi( 9o(y 9y calc-lating the appropriate tran&lational velocity for the
center of ma&& of the rigi( 9o(y -&ing the e;-ation)
v
cm
= v
nodc
- (x
cm
-x
nodc
)
where v
cm
i& the velocity of the center of ma&&, v
nodc
i& the &pecifie( no(al velocity, i& the ang-lar
velocity of the rigi( 9o(y, x
cm
i& the c-rrent coor(inate of the ma&& center, an( x
nodc
i& the c-rrent
coor(inate of the no(al point. =xtreme care m-&t 9e -&e( when pre&cri9ing motion of a rigi( 9o(y
no(e. Typically, for no(e& on a given rigi( 9o(y, the motion of no more than one no(e &ho-l( 9e
pre&cri9e( or -nexpecte( re&-lt& may 9e o9taine(.
,hen the 'B>B3 option i& -&e( to pre&cri9e rotation of a rigi( 9o(y, the axi& of rotation will alway&
9e &hifte( &-ch that it pa&&e& thro-gh the center#of#ma&& of the rigi( 9o(y. By -&ing NP2'T
OB5='TB2 or NCO5ST'2B5=3O5O32LO'B>B3OBO34OB5='TB2, one can overri(e the inter#
nally#calc-late( location of the center#of#ma&&.
,hen the 'B>B3OLOC2L option i& invo7e(, the orientation of the local coor(inate &y&tem rotate&
with time in accor(ance with rotation of the rigi( 9o(y.
2ng-lar (i&placement& are applie( in an incremental fa&hion hence it i& not po&&i9le to correctly pre#
&cri9e a &-cce&&ive &et of rotation& a9o-t m-ltiple axe&. Bn light of thi& the comman( NBO8532'4
OP'=SC'BB=3OO'B=5T2TBO5O'B>B3 &ho-l( 9e -&e( for the p-rpo&e of pre&cri9ing the general
orientation of a rigi( 9o(y.
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
$
$$$$ *BO)NDARY_PRES#RIBED_MOTION_SET
$
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
$
$ A <-3 o5 0o;-< :< =:9-0 1 /7-<67:F-; 3710<213:o012 9-2o6:34 :0 3C-
$ A';:7-63:o0 166o7;:0= 3o 1 </-6:5:-; 9-2'3:>- 6879- ?LC:6C :< <612-;@.
$
*BO)NDARY_PRES#RIBED_MOTION_SET
$
$...K....1....K....2....K....3....K....4....K....5....K....6....K....7....K....8
$ 0<:; ;o5 91; 26:; <5 9:; ;-13C
4 1 " 8 2."
$
$ 0<:; . 4 0o;12 <-3 ID 08>F-7H 7-P8:7-< 1 *SET_NODE_o/3:o0
$ ;o5 . 1 >o3:o0 :< :0 A'3710<213:o0
$ 91; . " >o3:o0 /7-<67:F-; :< 9-2o6:34
$ 26:; . 8 9-2o6:34 5o22oL< 2o1; 6879- 8H 7-P8:7-< 1 *DE!INE_#)R%E
$ <5 . 2." 9-2o6:34 </-6:5:-; F4 2o1; 6879- :< <612-; F4 2."
$ 9:; 0o3 8<-; :0 3C:< -A1>/2-
$ ;-13C 8<- ;-51823 ?-<<-03:1224 0o ;-13C 3:>- 5o7 3C- >o3:o0@
$
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
$

$
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"#!! CBO8532'4D LS-DYNA R7.0
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
$
$$$$ *BO)NDARY_PRES#RIBED_MOTION_RIGID
$
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
$
$ A 7:=:; Fo;4 :< =:9-0 1 /7-<67:F-; 7o313:o012 ;:</216->-03 1Fo83 3C-
$ B'1A:< 166o7;:0= 3o 1 </-6:5:-; ;:</216->-03'3:>- 6879-.
$
*BO)NDARY_PRES#RIBED_MOTION_RIGID
$
$...K....1....K....2....K....3....K....4....K....5....K....6....K....7....K....8
$ /:; ;o5 91; 26:; <5 9:; ;-13C
84 7 2 & 14."
$
$ /:; . 84 1//24 >o3:o0 3o /173 08>F-7 84
$ ;o5 . 7 7o313:o0 :< /7-<67:F-; 1Fo83 3C- B'1A:<
$ 91; . 2 3C- /7-<67:F-; >o3:o0 :< ;:</216->-03 ?10=8217@
$ 26:; . & 7o313:o0 5o22oL< 2o1; 6879- &H 7-P8:7-< 1 *DE!INE_#)R%E
$ ?7o313:o0 <Co82; F- :0 71;:10<@
$ <5 8<- ;-51823 ?<5 . 1."@
$ 9:; 0o3 8<-; :0 3C:< -A1>/2-
$ ;-13C . 14 /7-<67:F-; >o3:o0 :< 7->o9-; 13 14 >< ?1<<8>:0= 3:>- :< :0 ><@
$
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
$
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`BOUNDARY_PRESCRIBED_ORIENTATION_RIGID `BOUNDARY
LS-DYNA R7.0 "#!" CBO8532'4D
`BOUNDARY_PRESCRIBED_ORIENTATION_RIGID_OPTION
DIRCOS
ANGLES
EULERP
VECTOR
P-rpo&e) Pre&cri9e the orientation of rigi( 9o(y a& a f-nction of time. .
Card Formats:
Car( 1 i& common to all orientation metho(&.
Car(& 2 to % are -ni;-e for each orientation metho(.

Required for all orientation methods.
Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le PB3B PB32 B5T'P BB'TJ 3=2TJ
Type B B B + +
3efa-lt none $ 1 $. 1.e2$

PB3B
Part B3 for rigi( 9o(y B who&e orientation i& pre&cri9e(.
PB32
Part B3 for rigi( 9o(y 2. Bf Iero then orientation of PB3B i& performe(
with re&pect to the glo9al reference frame.
B5T'P
Bnterpolation metho( -&e( on time hi&tory c-rve&)
=S.1) linear interpolation C(efa-ltD
=S.2) c-9ic &pline interpolation Cexperimental W -n(er (evelopmentD
BB'TJ
Prior to thi& time the 9o(y move& freely -n(er the action of other agent&.
3=2TJ
The 9o(y i& free( at thi& time an( &-9&e;-ently allowe( to move -n(er the
action of other agent&.

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`BOUNDARY `BOUNDARY_PRESCRIBED_ORIENTATION_RIGID
"#!0 CBO8532'4D LS-DYNA R7.0
Card 2 of 3 - Required for DIRCOS option.
Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le LCB3C11 LCB3C12 LCB3C1% LCB3C21 LCB3C22 LCB3C2% LCB3C%1 LCB3C%2

Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le LCB3C%%
Type B
3efa-lt none

LCB3CiH
Loa( c-rve B3 &pecifying (irection co&ine 1
i2
a& a f-nction of time. 1
i2
i&
(efine( a&)
C

where a
i
Ci]1,2,%D are m-t-ally perpen(ic-lar -nit vector& fixe( in PB32
an( b
2
C2]1,2,%D are m-t-ally perpen(ic-lar -nit vector& fixe( in PB3B. Bf
PB32]$ then a
2
C2]1,2,%D are -nit vector& aligne(, re&pectively, with the
glo9al axe& L, 4, an( K. See 'emar7 1.

Card 2 - Required for ANGLES option.
Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le LCB3S1 LCB3S2 LCB3S% BS=S BSJ+T BO34
Type B B B B B B
3efa-lt none none none none 1 $

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LS-DYNA R7.0 "#!7 CBO8532'4D
LCB3Si
Loa( c-rve B3 &pecifying the orientation angle 3
i
a& a f-nction of time. See 'emar7
1 an( 2.
BS=S
Specifie& the &e;-ence in which the rotation& are performe(. Bn thi& fir&t &et of &e#
;-ence& three -ni;-e axe& are involve(. Thi& &e;-ence i& a&&ociate( with what are
commonly calle( Car(an or Tait#Bryan angle&.
=S.12%) the fir&t rotation i& performe( a9o-t the x axi& an amo-nt ;1, the &econ(
a9o-t the y axi& an amo-nt ;2 an( the thir( a9o-t the I axi& an amo-nt
;%.
=S.2%1) the fir&t rotation i& performe( a9o-t the y axi& an amo-nt ;1, the &econ(
a9o-t the I axi& an amo-nt ;2 an( the thir( a9o-t the x axi& an amo-nt
;%.
=S.%12) the fir&t rotation i& performe( a9o-t the I axi& an amo-nt ;1, the &econ(
a9o-t the x axi& an amo-nt ;2 an( the thir( a9o-t the y axi& an amo-nt
;%.
=S.1%2) the fir&t rotation i& performe( a9o-t the x axi& an amo-nt ;1, the &econ(
a9o-t the I axi& an amo-nt ;2 an( the thir( a9o-t the y axi& an amo-nt
;%.
=S.21%) the fir&t rotation i& performe( a9o-t the y axi& an amo-nt ;1, the &econ(
a9o-t the x axi& an amo-nt ;2 an( the thir( a9o-t the I axi& an amo-nt
;%.
=S.%21) the fir&t rotation i& performe( a9o-t the I axi& an amo-nt ;1, the &econ(
a9o-t the y axi& an amo-nt ;2 an( the thir( a9o-t the x axi& an amo-nt
;%.
The &econ( &et of &e;-ence& involve only two -ni;-e axe& where the fir&t an( thir(
are repeate(. Thi& &e;-ence i& a&&ociate( with what are commonly calle( =-ler an#
gle&.
=S.121) the fir&t rotation i& performe( a9o-t the x axi& an amo-nt ;1, the &econ(
a9o-t the y axi& an amo-nt ;2 an( the thir( a9o-t the x axi& an amo-nt
;%.
=S.1%1) the fir&t rotation i& performe( a9o-t the x axi& an amo-nt ;1, the &econ(
a9o-t the I axi& an amo-nt ;2 an( the thir( a9o-t the x axi& an amo-nt
;%.
=S.212) the fir&t rotation i& performe( a9o-t the y axi& an amo-nt ;1, the &econ(
a9o-t the x axi& an amo-nt ;2 an( the thir( a9o-t the y axi& an amo-nt
;%.
=S.2%2) the fir&t rotation i& performe( a9o-t the y axi& an amo-nt ;1, the &econ(
a9o-t the I axi& an amo-nt ;2 an( the thir( a9o-t the y axi& an amo-nt
;%.
=S.%1%) the fir&t rotation i& performe( a9o-t the I axi& an amo-nt ;1, the &econ(
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`BOUNDARY `BOUNDARY_PRESCRIBED_ORIENTATION_RIGID
"#!/ CBO8532'4D LS-DYNA R7.0
;%.
=S.%2%) the fir&t rotation i& performe( a9o-t the I axi& an amo-nt ;1, the &econ(
;%.
BSJ+T
2ngle &hift.
=S.1) 2ngle c-rve& are -naltere(.
=S.2) Shift& angle (ata in the LCB3Si c-rve& a& nece&&ary to eliminate (i&conti#
n-itie&. Bf angle& are confine( to the range T#,U an( the (ata contain& ex#
c-r&ion& excee(ing then &et BSJ+T]2.
BO34
'eference axe&.
=S.1) 'otation& are performe( a9o-t axe& fixe( in PB32 Cextrin&ic rotationD.
=S.2) 'otation& are performe( a9o-t axe& fixe( in PB3B Cintrin&ic rotationD.

Card 2 - Required for EULERP option.
Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le LCB3=1 LCB3=2 LCB3=% LCB3=!
Type B B B B

LCB3=i
Loa( c-rve B3 &pecifying =-ler parameter e
i
a& a f-nction of time. The
=-ler parameter& are (efine( a& follow&. See 'emar7 1.

e
= b
(i = 12S)
e
cos
0
2

where i& the =-ler vector, a
i
an( b
i
Ci]1,2,%D are (extral &et& of -nit vec#
tor& fixe( in PB32 an( PB3B, re&pectively, an( 0 i& the angle a&&ociate(
with the rotation of PB3B in PB32 a9o-t =-ler vector. Bf PB32]$ then a
2
C2]1,2,%D are -nit vector& aligne(, re&pectively, with the glo9al axe& L, 4,
an( K.

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LS-DYNA R7.0 "#! CBO8532'4D
Card 2 - Required for VECTOR option.
Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le LCB3M1 LCB3M2 LCB3M% LCB3S M2LSPB5
Type B B B B +
3efa-lt none none none $ $.

LCB3Mi
Loa( c-rve B3 &pecifying the vector mea&-re n-m9er +
i
a& a f-nction of
time. The vector mea&-re n-m9er& are (efine( a& follow&. See remar7 1.

:
v n
(i = 12S)

where v i& a vector an( n
i
Ci]1,2,%D are -nit vector& aligne(, re&pectively,
with the glo9al axe& L, 4, an( K.
LCB3S
Loa( c-rve B3 which &pecifie& the &pin &pee( of PB3B a9o-t an axi& paral#
lel to the vector.
=S.$) a con&tant &pin &pee( a& (efine( 9y M2LSPB5 i& -&e(,
=S.n) &pin &pee( Cra(ian& per -nit timeD i& given 9y loa( c-rve n.
M2LSPB5
Mal-e for con&tant the &pin &pee( of PB3B Cra(ian& per -nit timeD. Thi& op#
tion i& 9ypa&&e( if the loa( c-rve n-m9er (efine( a9ove i& non#Iero.
Remarks:
1. 2ll loa( c-rve& m-&t contain the &ame n-m9er of point& an( the (ata m-&t 9e -niformly
&pace(.
2. 2ngle& are &pecifie( in ra(ian&.
%. LC$ in N.2TO'B>B3 &ho-l( 9e -&e( to i(entify a coor(inate &y&tem for each rigi( 9o(y.
The coor(inate &y&tem m-&t 9e (efine( with N3=+B5=OCOO'3B52T=O5O3=S an(
+L2>]1, 5o(e& -&e( in (efining the coor(inate &y&tem m-&t re&i(e on the &ame 9o(y.
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`BOUNDARY `BOUNDARY_PRESSURE_OUTFLOW
"#"$ CBO8532'4D LS-DYNA R7.0
`BOUNDARY_PRESSURE_OUTFLOW_OPTION
SEGMENT
SET
P-rpo&e) 3efine pre&&-re o-tflow 9o-n(ary con(ition&. The&e 9o-n(ary con(ition& are attache( to
&oli( element& -&ing the =-lerian am9ient form-lation Crefer to =L+O'. in NS=CTBO5OSOLB3
O2L=D an( (efine( to 9e pre&&-re o-tflow am9ient element& Crefer to 2=T in NS=CTBO5OSOLB3
O2L=D.

For the SET option define the following card
Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le SSB3
Type B
3efa-lt none

For the SEGMENT option define the following card
Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 51 52 5% 5!
Type B B B B

SSB3
Segment &et B3
51,52...
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`BOUNDARY_PWP `BOUNDARY
LS-DYNA R7.0 "#"1 CBO8532'4D
`BOUNDARY_PWP_OPTION
NODE
SET
TABLE
TABLE_SET
P-rpo&e) 3efine pre&&-re 9o-n(ary con(ition& for pore water, e.g. at &oil &-rface. The T2BL= op#
tion applie& to a whole Part, while the other option& apply to &pecifie( no(e&.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le typeB3 LC C.8LT LC3' TBB'TJ T3=2TJ
Type B + + B + +
3efa-lt none none $.$ none $.$ 1.$e2$

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le BPJ'= BTOT=L B3'+L2> T2BL=
Type B B B B
3efa-lt $ $ $ $

typeB3
5o(e B3 Coption]5O3=D or 5o(e &et B3 Coption]S=TD or Part B3 Cop#
tion]T2BL=D or Part Set B3 Coption]T2BL=OS=TD
LC
Loa( c-rve giving pore water pre&&-re hea( Clength -nit&D v& time.
=S.$) con&tant pre&&-re hea( a&&-me( e;-al to C.8LT
Cleave 9lan7 for T2BL= optionD
C.8LT
+actor on c-rve or con&tant pre&&-re hea( if LC]$
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`BOUNDARY `BOUNDARY_PWP
"#"2 CBO8532'4D LS-DYNA R7.0
LC3'
Loa( c-rve giving pore water pre&&-re hea( (-ring (ynamic relaxation.
=S.$) (-ring 3.', -&e fir&t pre&&-re hea( val-e on LC
TBB'TJ
Time at which 9o-n(ary con(ition 9ecome& active
T3=2TJ
Time at which 9o-n(ary con(ition 9ecome& inactive
BPJ'=
+lag =S.1 for phreatic 9ehavio-r Cwater can 9e remove( 9y the 9o-n(a#
ry con(ition 9-t not a((e(, e.g. at a &loping free &-rfaceD. 5ot applica#
9le to T2BL= option
BTOT=L
+lag for type of pre&&-re 9o-n(ary con(ition) C&ee note&D
=S.$) Total hea(
=S.1) =xce&& hea(
=S.2) Jy(ra-lic hea(
=S.!) K#coor( where hea(]$ CpieIometric levelD
B3'+L2>
2ctive flag)
=S.$) 2ctive only in tran&ient analy&i&
=S.1) 2ctive only in (ynamic relaxation
=S.2) 2ctive in all analy&i& pha&e&
T2BL=
Ta9le B3 for T2BL= option only. See note& 9elow.
Remarks:
Pre&&-re i& given a& pre&&-re hea(, i.e. pre&&-reFg.
5O3= an( S=T option& (o not affect the pore pre&&-re in 3raine( part& Cthe pore pre&&-re for the&e
i& &et on a part 9a&i& an( overri(e& any no(al 9o-n(ary con(ition&D. The T2BL= option &ho-l( 9e
-&e( only with 3raine( part&.
T2BL= an( T2BL=OS=T option&) The ta9le con&i&t& of a li&t of time& in a&cen(ing or(er, followe(
imme(iately 9y c-rve& of I#coor(inate ver&-& pore pre&&-re hea(. =ach c-rve repre&ent& the pore wa#
ter pre&&-re hea( (i&tri9-tion with I#coor(inate at the corre&pon(ing time. There m-&t 9e the &ame
n-m9er of c-rve& a& time val-e&, arrange( imme(iately after the N3=+B5=OT2BL= an( in the cor#
rect or(er to corre&pon( to the time val-e&. =ach c-rve &ho-l( 9e arrange( in a&cen(ing or(er of I#
coor(inate W they loo7 -p&i(e#(own on the page. The I#coor(inate i& the x#axi& of the c-rve, the pore
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`BOUNDARY_PWP `BOUNDARY
LS-DYNA R7.0 "#"% CBO8532'4D
water pre&&-re hea( Cin length -nit&D i& the y#axi&. =ach c-rve &ho-l( have the &ane I#coor(inate& Cx#
val-e&D. =n&-re that the range of I#coor(inate& in the c-rve excee(& 9y at lea&t "b the range of I#
coor(inate& of the no(e& 9elonging to the part& to which the 9o-n(ary con(ition i& applie(.
XPhreaticY mean& that water can 9e remove( 9y the 9o-n(ary con(ition 9-t not a((e(. The 9o-n(ary
con(ition enforce& that the pre&&-re hea( 9e le&& than or e;-al to the &tate( val-e. Thi& con(ition oc#
c-r& when the free &-rface of the &oil i& &loping &o that any water emerging from the &oil r-n& away
(own the &lope.
BTOT=L]$) val-e from c-rve or ta9le i& total hea(. Thi& may 9e -&e( with any pore pre&&-re analy#
&i& type.
BTOT=L]1) val-e from c-rve or ta9le i& exce&& hea(. Total hea( will 9e (etermine( 9y a((ing the
hy(ro&tatic hea(. Thi& option cannot 9e -&e( with (raine( analy&i&, which &et& exce&& hea( to Iero.
BTOT=L]2) val-e from c-rve or ta9le i& hy(ra-lic hea(, to which exce&& hea( may 9e a((e( (-e to
vol-me change in the &oil if the analy&i& type i& not (raine(.
BTOT=L]!) the c-rve val-e i& the I#coor(inate of the water &-rfaceE pore pre&&-re hea( at any no(e
in thi& 9o-n(ary con(ition i& given 9y CI
&-rface
#I
no(e
D. Thi& option allow& a &ingle 9o-n(ary con(ition
to 9e -&e( for no(e& at any (epth, provi(e( that the pre&&-re (i&tri9-tion i& hy(ro&tatic 9elow the
given &-rface. Thi& option i& not availa9le for the T2BL= option.
NBO8532'4OP,PO5O3= or S=T overri(e& pre&&-re hea( from NBO8532'4OP,POT2BL=
at no(e& where 9oth are pre&ent.
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`BOUNDARY `BOUNDARY_RADIATION
"#"! CBO8532'4D LS-DYNA R7.0
`BOUNDARY_RADIATION_OPTION1_POPTION2DOCOPTBO5%D
OPTION1 &pecifie& ra(iation 9o-n(ary &-rface (efinition 9y a &-rface &et (SET) or 9y a &egment li&t
(SEGMENT).
OPTION2 in(icate& the ra(iation 9o-n(ary &-rface i& part of an enclo&-re. OPTBO52 &pecifie& the
-&e of view factor& (VF) or exchange factor& (EF) for the ra(iation calc-lation&. The &-ffix (READ)
in(icate& that the view factor& &ho-l( 9e rea( from the file ~viewfl or exchange factor& from the file
~exchfl. The &-ffix (CALCULATE) in(icate& that the view factor& or exchange factor& &ho-l( 9e
calc-late(. The Stefan BoltImann con&tant m-&t 9e (efine( for ra(iation in an enclo&-re. See
NCO5T'OLOTJ='.2LOSOLM='.
OPTION3 i& the 7eywor( &-ffix '=ST2'T. Thi& i& only applica9le in com9ination with the 7ey#
wor( M+OC2LC8L2T=. Bn very long r-n&, it may 9e nece&&ary to halt exec-tion. Thi& i& accom#
pli&he( 9y entering Ctrl#C followe( 9y &w1. To re&tart the view factor calc-lation, a(( the &-ffix
'=ST2'T to all M+OC2LC8L2T= 7eywor(& in the inp-t file.
The &tat-& of an in#progre&& view factor calc-lation can 9e (etermine( 9y -&ing the &en&e &witch.
Thi& i& accompli&he( 9y fir&t typing Control#C followe( 9y)
&w1. Stop r-n an( &ave MB=,+L file for re&tart
&w2. Miewfactor r-n &tati&tic&
2 li&t of accepta9le 7eywor(& are)
`BOUNDARY_RADIATION_SEGMENT
`BOUNDARY_RADIATION_SEGMENT_VF_READ
`BOUNDARY_RADIATION_SEGMENT_VF_CALCULATE
`BOUNDARY_RADIATION_SET
`BOUNDARY_RADIATION_SET_VF_READ
`BOUNDARY_RADIATION_SET_VF_CALCULATE
`BOUNDARY_RADIATION_SET_EF_READ
`BOUNDARY_RADIATION_SET_EF_CALCULATE
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`BOUNDARY_RADIATION_SEGMENT `BOUNDARY
LS-DYNA R7.0 "#"" CBO8532'4D
`BOUNDARY_RADIATION_SEGMENT
Bncl-(e the following 2 car(& for each &egment. Thi& 7eywor( (efine& &-rface &egment& that tran&fer
energy 9y ra(iation to the environment. Setting T4P=]1 on Car( 1 9elow in(icate& that the &egment
tran&fer& energy to the environment.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 51 52 5% 5! T4P=
Type B B B B B
3efa-lt none none none none 1

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le +LCB3 +.8LT TBLCB3 TB.8LT LOC
Type B + B + B

51, 52, 5%, 5!
T4P=
'a(iation type)
=S.1) 'a(iation to environment
+LCB3
Loa( c-rve B3 for ra(iation factor - , &ee N3=+B5=OC8'M=
>T.$) f-nction ver&-& time
=S.$) -&e con&tant m-ltiplier val-e, +.8LT
LT.$) f-nction ver&-& temperat-re
+.8LT
C-rve m-ltiplier for - for -&e in the e;-ation q
]
TBLCB3
Loa( c-rve B3 for I

=S.$) -&e con&tant m-ltiplier, TB.8LT
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`BOUNDARY `BOUNDARY_RADIATION_SEGMENT
"#"0 CBO8532'4D LS-DYNA R7.0
TB.8LT

LOC
Shell &-rface flag for thermal &hell element&. See the parameter TJSJ=L
on the NCO5T'OLOSJ=LL 7eywor(.
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`BOUNDARY_RADIATION_SEGMENT_VF_OPTION `BOUNDARY
LS-DYNA R7.0 "#"7 CBO8532'4D
`BOUNDARY_RADIATION_SEGMENT_VF_OPTION
READ
CALCULATE
Bncl-(e the following 2 car(& for each &egment. Thi& 7eywor( (efine& &-rface &egment& that tran&fer
energy 9y ra(iation within an enclo&-re -&ing view factor&. Setting T4P=]2 on Car( 1 9elow &peci#
fie& that the &egment 9elong& to an enclo&-re. The file XviewflY m-&t 9e pre&ent for the READ op#
tion. The file XviewflY will 9e create( for the CALCULATE option. Bf the file XviewflY exi&t& when
-&ing the CALCULATE option, LS#3452 will terminate with an error me&&age to prevent over#
writing the file. The file XviewflY contain& the &-rface#to#&-rface areaNview factor pro(-ct& Ci.e.,
2i+iHD. The 2i+iH pro(-ct& are &tore( 9y row an( formatte( a& "=10.$.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 51 52 5% 5! T4P= BLOCA 5B5T
Type B B B B B B B
3efa-lt none none none none 2 $ $

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le S=LCB3 S=.8LT
Type B +
3efa-lt none $.
51, 52, 5%, 5!
T4P=
'a(iation type)
=S.2) 'a(iation within an enclo&-re
BLOCA
+lag in(icating if thi& &-rface 9loc7& the view 9etween any other 2 &-rface&.
=S.$) no 9loc7ing C(efa-ltD
=S.1) 9loc7ing
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`BOUNDARY `BOUNDARY_RADIATION_SEGMENT_VF
"#"/ CBO8532'4D LS-DYNA R7.0
5B5T
5-m9er of integration point& for viewfactor calc-lation
=S.$) LS#3452 (etermine& the n-m9er of integration point& 9a&e( on
the &egment &iIe an( &eparation (i&tance
1 5B5T 1$) 8&er &pecifie( n-m9er
S=LCB3
Loa( c-rve B3 for &-rface emi&&ivity, &ee N3=+B5=OC8'M=
=S.$) -&e con&tant m-ltiplier val-e, S=.8LT
S=.8LT
C-rve m-ltiplier for &-rface emi&&ivity, &ee N3=+B5=OC8'M=
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`BOUNDARY_RADIATION_SET `BOUNDARY
LS-DYNA R7.0 "#" CBO8532'4D
`BOUNDARY_RADIATION_SET
Bncl-(e the following 2 car(& for each &et. Thi& 7eywor( (efine& &-rface &egment &et& that tran&fer
energy 9y ra(iation to the environment. Setting T4P=]1 on Car( 1 9elow in(icate& that the &egment
tran&fer& energy to the environment.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le SSB3 T4P=
Type B B
3efa-lt none 1

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le +LCB3 +.8LT TBLCB3 TB.8LT LOC
Type B + B + B

SSB3
SSB3 &pecifie& the B3 for a &et of &egment& that compri&e a portion of, or
po&&i9ly, the entire enclo&-re. See NS=TOS=>.=5T.
T4P=
'a(iation type)
=S.1) 'a(iation to environment
+LCB3
Loa( c-rve B3 for ra(iation factor - , &ee N3=+B5=OC8'M=
=S.$) -&e con&tant m-ltiplier val-e, +.8LT
+.8LT
C-rve m-ltiplier for - for -&e in the e;-ation q
]
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`BOUNDARY `BOUNDARY_RADIATION_SET
"#0$ CBO8532'4D LS-DYNA R7.0
TBLCB3
Loa( c-rve B3 for I

=S.$) -&e con&tant m-ltiplier, TB.8LT
TB.8LT

LOC
Shell &-rface flag for thermal &hell element&. See the parameter TJSJ=L
on the NCO5T'OLOSJ=LL 7eywor(.
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`BOUNDARY_RADIATION_SET_EF `BOUNDARY
LS-DYNA R7.0 "#01 CBO8532'4D
`BOUNDARY_RADIATION_SET_EF_OPTBO5
READ
CACULATE
Bncl-(e the following car( for each &et. Thi& 7eywor( (efine& &-rface &egment &et& that tran&fer en#
ergy 9y ra(iation within an enclo&-re -&ing exchange factor&. The file XexchflY m-&t 9e pre&ent for
the READ option. The file XexchflY will 9e create( for the CALCULATE option. Bf the file Xex#
chflY exi&t& when -&ing the CACULATE option, LS#3452 will terminate with an error me&&age to
prevent overwriting the file. The file XexchfllY contain& the &-rface#to#&-rface emittanceNexchange
fraction pro(-ct& Ci.e.,
i
+
iH
D. The
i
+
iH
pro(-ct& are 9e &tore( 9y row an( formatte( a& "=10.$.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le SSB3 5.2T 5PJT =''.2L
Type B B B B
3efa-lt none none 1 1.$e#$2

SSB3
5.2T
5.2T &pecifie& the material type for the portion of the 9o-n(ary &pecifie(
9y SSB3. 5.2T m-&t 9e an exchange factor material B3. See the N=+
O.2T='B2L 7eywor(.
5PJT
The &egment& &pecifie( 9y SSB3 will emit 5PJTN5PJOTO5 photon&. See
the N=+OCO5T'OL 7eywor(.
=''.2L
=''.2L i& the convergence error tolerance for the &-rface.
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"#02 CBO8532'4D LS-DYNA R7.0
`BOUNDARY_RADIATION_SET_VFOOPTBO5
READ
CALCULATE
Bncl-(e the following 2 car(& for each &et. Thi& 7eywor( (efine& &-rface &egment &et& that tran&fer
energy 9y ra(iation within an enclo&-re -&ing view factor&. Setting T4P=]2 on Car( 1 9elow &peci#
fie& that the &egment &et 9elong& to an enclo&-re. The file XviewflY m-&t 9e pre&ent for the READ
option. The file XviewflY will 9e create( for the CALCULATE option. Bf the file XviewflY exi&t&
when -&ing the CACULATE option, LS#3452 will terminate with an error me&&age to prevent
overwriting the file. The file XviewflY contain& the &-rface#to#&-rface areaNview factor pro(-ct& Ci.e.,
2i+iHD. The 2i+iH pro(-ct& are &tore( 9y row an( formatte( a& "=10.$.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le SSB3 T4P= '23O>'P +BL=O5O BLOCA 5B5T
Type B B B B B B
3efa-lt none 2 $ $ $ $

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le S=LCB3 S=.8LT
Type B +
3efa-lt none $.

SSB3
T4P=
'a(iation type)
=S.2) 'a(iation within an enclo&-re
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`BOUNDARY_RADIATION_SET_VF_OPTION `BOUNDARY
LS-DYNA R7.0 "#0% CBO8532'4D
'23O>'P
'a(iation enclo&-re gro-p B3. The &egment &et& from all ra(iation enclo#
&-re (efinition& with the &ame gro-p B3 are a-gmente( to form a &ingle en#
clo&-re (efinition. Bf '23O>'P i& not &pecifie( or &et to Iero, then the
&egment& are place( in gro-p Iero. 2ll &egment& (efine( 9y the S=>#
.=5T option are place( in &et Iero.
+BL=O5O
+ile n-m9er for view factor file. +BL=O5O i& a((e( to viewfl_to form the
name of the file containing the view factor&. +or example if +BL=O5O i&
&pecifie( a& 22, then the view factor& are rea( from viewfl_22. +or ra(ia#
tion enclo&-re gro-p Iero +BL=O5O i& ignore( an( view factor& are rea(
from viewfl. The &ame file may 9e -&e( for (ifferent ra(iation enclo&-re
gro-p (efinition&.
BLOCA
+lag in(icating if thi& &-rface 9loc7& the view 9etween any other 2 &-rface&.
=S.$) no 9loc7ing C(efa-ltD
=S.1) 9loc7ing
5B5T
5-m9er of integration point& for viewfactor calc-lation
=S.$) LS#3452 (etermine& the n-m9er of integration point& 9a&e( on
the &egment &iIe an( &eparation (i&tance
1 5B5T 1$) 8&er &pecifie( n-m9er
S=LCB3
Loa( c-rve B3 for &-rface emi&&ivity, &ee N3=+B5=OC8'M=
=S.$) -&e con&tant m-ltiplier val-e, S=.8LT
S=.8LT
C-rve m-ltiplier for &-rface emi&&ivity, &ee N3=+B5=OC8'M=
Remarks:
. .-ltiple enclo&-re& can 9e mo(ele( when -&ing view factor&. Con&i(er the following exam#
ple inp-t. The or(er of &egment& in the view factor file follow& the or(er the &et& are a&&igne( to the
9o-n(ary ra(iation (efinition.
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
$
$$$$ *BO)NDARY_RADIATION_SET
$
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
$
$ M1Q- Fo80;174 -062o<87- 71;:13:o0 =7o8/< 8 10; &.
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"#0! CBO8532'4D LS-DYNA R7.0
$
*BO)NDARY_RADIATION_SET_%!_READ
* SSID TYPE RAD_GRP !ILE_NO
15 2 & 1"
1." 1."
12 2 & 1"
1." 1."
13 2 8 21
1." 1."
$
$
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
=nclo&-re ra(iation gro-p i& compo&e( of all the &egment& in &egment &et 1" followe( 9y tho&e in
&egment &et 12. The view factor& are &tore( in the file viewflO1$. =nclo&-re ra(iation gro-p / i&
compo&e( of the &egment& in &egment &et 1%. The view factor& are &tore( in the file viewflO21.
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`BOUNDARY_SLIDING_PLANE `BOUNDARY
LS-DYNA R7.0 "#0" CBO8532'4D
`BOUNDARY_SLIDING_PLANE
P-rpo&e) 3efine a &li(ing &ymmetry plane. Thi& option applie& to contin--m (omain& mo(ele( with
&oli( element&.

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 5SB3 ML M4 MK COPT
Type B + + + B
3efa-lt none $ $ $ $

5SB3
5o(al &et B3, &ee NS=TO5O3=
ML
x#component of vector (efining normal or vector
M4
y#component of vector (efining normal or vector
MK
I#component of vector (efining normal or vector
COPT
Option)
=S.$) no(e move& on normal plane,
=S.1) no(e move& only in vector (irection.
Remarks:
2ny no(e may 9e con&traine( to move on an ar9itrarily oriente( plane or line (epen(ing on the
choice of COPT. =ach 9o-n(ary con(ition car( (efine& a vector originating at C$,$,$D an( terminat#
ing at the coor(inate& (efine( a9ove. Since an ar9itrary magnit-(e i& a&&-me( for thi& vector, the
&pecifie( coor(inate& are non#-ni;-e an( (efine only a (irection. 8&e of NBO8532'4OSPC i&
preferre( over NBO8532'4OSLB3B5>OPL25= a& the 9o-n(ary con(ition& impo&e( via the latter
have 9een &een to 9rea7 (own &omewhat in lengthy &im-lation& owing to n-merical ro-n(off.
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`BOUNDARY `BOUNDARY_SPC
"#00 CBO8532'4D LS-DYNA R7.0
`BOUNDARY_SPC_OPTION1OPOPTION2QOPOPTION3Q
OPTION1 i& re;-ire( &ince it &pecifie& whether the SPC applie& to a &ingle no(e or to a &et. The two
choice& are)
NODE
SET
OPTION2 allow& optional 9irth an( (eath time& to 9e a&&igne( the &ingle no(e or no(e &et)
BIRTH_DEATH
Thi& option re;-ire& one a((itional line of inp-t. . The BB'TJO3=2TJ option i& inactive (-ring
the (ynamic relaxation pha&e, which allow& the SPC to 9e remove( (-ring the analy&i& pha&e. The
BB'TJO3=2TJ option can 9e -&e( only once for any given no(e an( if -&e(, no other
NBO8532'4OSPC comman(& can 9e -&e( for that no(e.

OPTION3 allow& an optional B3 to 9e given that applie& either to the &ingle no(e or to the entire &et)
ID
Bf a hea(ing i& (efine( with the B3, then the B3 with the hea(ing will 9e written at the 9eginning of
the 2SCBB file, SPC+O'C.
P-rpo&e) 3efine no(al &ingle point con&traint&. 3o not -&e thi& option in r#a(aptive pro9lem& &ince
the no(al point B3G& change (-ring the a(aptive &tep. Bf po&&i9le -&e CO5ST'2B5=3O>LOB2L
in&tea(.

Optional 1 2
Maria9le B3 J=23B5>
Type B 27$

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`BOUNDARY_SPC `BOUNDARY
LS-DYNA R7.0 "#07 CBO8532'4D
Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 5B3F5SB3 CB3 3O+L 3O+4 3O+K 3O+'L 3O+'4 3O+'K
3efa-lt none $ $ $ $ $ $ $

Read this card if the BIRTH_DEATH option is active.
Car( opt. 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Type + +
3efa-lt $.$ 1.=[2$

B3
Optional SPC &et B3 to which thi& no(e or no(e &et 9elong&. Thi& B3 (oe&
not nee( to 9e -ni;-e
J=23B5>
2n optional SPC (e&criptor that will 9e written into the 3%JSP file an( the
SPC+O'C file.
5B3F5SB3
5o(e B3 or no(al &et B3, &ee NS=TO5O3=.
CB3
Coor(inate &y&tem B3, &ee N3=+B5=OCOO'3B52T=OS4ST=..
3O+L
Bn&ert 1 for tran&lational con&traint in local x#(irection.
3O+4
Bn&ert 1 for tran&lational con&traint in local y#(irection.
3O+K
Bn&ert 1 for tran&lational con&traint in local I#(irection.
3O+'L
Bn&ert 1 for rotational con&traint a9o-t local x#axi&.
3O+'4
Bn&ert 1 for rotational con&traint a9o-t local y#axi&.
3O+'K
Bn&ert 1 for rotational con&traint a9o-t local I#axi&.
BB'TJ
2ctivation time for SPC con&traint. The 9irth time i& ignore( (-ring (y#
namic relaxation.
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`BOUNDARY `BOUNDARY_SPC
"#0/ CBO8532'4D LS-DYNA R7.0
3=2TJ
3eactivation time for the SPC con&traint. The (eath time i& ignore( (-ring
(ynamic relaxation.
Remarks:
Con&traint& are applie( if a val-e of 1 i& given for 3O+xx. 2 val-e of Iero mean& no con&traint. 5o
attempt &ho-l( 9e ma(e to apply SPC& to no(e& 9elonging to rigi( 9o(ie& C&ee N.2TO'B>B3 for
application of rigi( 9o(y con&traint&D.
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
$
$$$$ *BO)NDARY_SP#_NODE
$
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
$
$ M1Q- Fo80;174 6o0<371:03< 5o7 0o;-< 6 10; 542.
$
*BO)NDARY_SP#_NODE
$
$...K....1....K....2....K....3....K....4....K....5....K....6....K....7....K....8
$ 0:; 6:; ;o5A ;o54 ;o5B ;o57A ;o574 ;o57B
6 " 1 1 1 1 1 1
542 " " 1 " 1 " 1
$
$ No;- 6 :< 5:A-; :0 122 <:A ;-=7--< o5 57--;o> ?0o >o3:o0 122oL-;@.
$
$ No;- 542 C1< 1 <4>>-374 6o0;:3:o0 6o0<371:03 :0 3C- A'B /210-H
$ 0o >o3:o0 122oL-; 5o7 4 3710<213:o0H 10; A R B 7o313:o0.
$
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
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`BOUNDARY_SPH_FLOW `BOUNDARY
`BOUNDARY_SPH_FLOW
P-rpo&e) 3efine a flow of particle&. Thi& option applie& to contin--m (omain& mo(ele( with SPJ
element&.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le B3 ST4P 3O+ M23 LCB3 S+ 3=2TJ BB'TJ
Type B B B B B + + +
3efa-lt none none none $ none 1. 1.=[2$ $.$

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 5O3= MB3
Type B B
3efa-lt none $

5SB3, PB3
5o(al &et B3 C5SB3D, S== NS=TO5O3=, or part B3 CPB3D, &ee NP2'T.
ST4P
Set type)
=S.1) part &et B3, &ee NS=TOP2'T,
=S.%) no(e &et B3, &ee N5O3=OS=T,
3O+
=S.!) tran&lational motion in (irection given 9y the MB3.
.ovement on plane normal to the vector i& permitte(.
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`BOUNDARY `BOUNDARY_SPH_FLOW
"#7$ CBO8532'4D LS-DYNA R7.0
M23
MelocityF2ccelerationF3i&placement flag applie( to SPJ element& 9efore
activation)
=S.$) velocity,
=S.1) acceleration,
=S.2) (i&placement.
LCB3
OC8'M=.
S+
Loa( c-rve &cale factor. C(efa-lt]1.$D
3=2TJ
Time impo&e( motionFcon&traint i& remove()
=S.$.$) (efa-lt &et to 1$2$.
BB'TJ
Time impo&e( motionFcon&traint i& activate(.
5O3=
5o(e fixe( in &pace which (etermine& the 9o-n(ary 9etween activate(
particle& an( (eactivate( particle&.
MB3
Mector B3 for 3O+ val-e of !, &ee N3=+B5=OM=CTO'
Remarks:
Bnitially, the -&er (efine& the &et of particle& that are repre&enting the flow of particle& (-ring the
&im-lation. 2t time t]$, all the particle& are (eactivate( which mean& that no particle approximation
i& calc-late(. The 9o-n(ary of activation i& a plane (etermine( 9y the 5O3=, an( normal to the vec#
tor MB3. The particle& are activate( when they reache( the 9o-n(ary. Since they are activate(, parti#
cle approximation i& &tarte(.
+ig-re "#!. Mector VID (etermine& the orientation of the SPJ flow
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`BOUNDARY_SPH_SYMMETRY_PLANE `BOUNDARY
LS-DYNA R7.0 "#71 CBO8532'4D
`BOUNDARY_SPH_SYMMETRY_PLANE
P-rpo&e) 3efine a &ymmetry plane for SPJ. Thi& option applie& to contin--m (omain& mo(ele(
with SPJ element&.

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le MTL MT4 MTK MJL MJ4 MJK
Type + + + + + +
3efa-lt $. $. $. $. $. $.

MTL
x#coor(inate of tail of a normal vector originating on the wall CtailD an(
terminating in the 9o(y Chea(D Ci.e., vector point& from the &ymmetry plane
into the 9o(yD.
MT4
y#coor(inate of tail
MTK
I#coor(inate of tail
MJL
x#coor(inate of hea(
MJ4
y#coor(inate of hea(
MJK
I#coor(inate of hea(
Remarks:
1. 2 plane of &ymmetry i& a&&-me( for all SPJ element& (efine( in the mo(el.
2. The plane of &ymmetry ha& to 9e normal to either the x, y or I (irection.
%. +or axi#&ymmetric SPJ analy&i&, B3B. ] #2, a plane of &ymmetry centere( at the glo9al
origin an( normal to x (irection i& a-tomatically create( 9y l&#(yna.
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`BOUNDARY `BOUNDARY_SYMMETRY_FAILURE
"#72 CBO8532'4D LS-DYNA R7.0
`BOUNDARY_SYMMETRY_FAILURE
P-rpo&e) 3efine a &ymmetry plane with a fail-re criterion. Thi& option applie& to contin--m (o#
main& mo(ele( with &oli( element&.

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le SSB3 +S MTL MT4 MTK MJL MJ4 MJK
Type B + + + + + + +
3efa-lt none $. $. $. $. $. $. $.

SSB3
+S
Ten&ile fail-re &tre&& @ $.$. The average &tre&& in the element& &-rro-n(ing
the 9o-n(ary no(e& in a (irection perpen(ic-lar to the 9o-n(ary i& -&e(.
MTL
x#coor(inate of tail of a normal vector originating on the wall CtailD an(
terminating in the 9o(y Chea(D Ci.e., vector point& from the &ymmetry plane
into the 9o(yD.
MT4
y#coor(inate of tail
MTK
I#coor(inate of tail
MJL
x#coor(inate of hea(
MJ4
y#coor(inate of hea(
MJK
I#coor(inate of hea(
Remarks:
2 plane of &ymmetry i& a&&-me( for the no(e& on the 9o-n(ary at the tail of the vector given a9ove.
Only the motion perpen(ic-lar to the &ymmetry plane i& con&traine(. 2fter fail-re the no(e& are &et
free.
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`BOUNDARY_TEMPERATURE `BOUNDARY
LS-DYNA R7.0 "#7% CBO8532'4D
`BOUNDARY_TEMPERATURE_OPTION
NODE
SET
P-rpo&e) 3efine temperat-re 9o-n(ary con(ition& for a thermal or co-ple( thermalF&tr-ct-ral analy#
&i&.

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 5B3FSB3 LCB3 C.8LT LOC
Type B B + B
3efa-lt none $ $. $

5B3FSB3
5o(e B3F5o(e Set B3, &ee NS=TO5O3=OOPTION
LCB3
Loa( c-rve B3 for temperat-re ver&-& time)
=S.$) -&e the con&tant m-ltiplier val-e given 9elow 9y C.8LT.
C.8LT
C-rve m-ltiplier for temperat-re
LOC
=S.$) mi((le &-rface of thermal &hell element
Remarks:
Bf no loa( c-rve B3 i& given, then a con&tant 9o-n(ary temperat-re i& a&&-me(. C.8LT i& al&o -&e(
to &cale the loa( c-rve val-e&. Thi& 7eywor( can 9e -&e( to apply temperat-re 9o-n(ary con(ition&
to SPJ particle&. LCB3 can al&o point to a 3=+B5=O+85CTBO5 7eywor( 9y which the temperat-re
i& (efine( a& TCx,y,I,vx,vy,vI,timeD. The f-nction arg-ment& are eval-ate( at the no(e point.
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`BOUNDARY `BOUNDARY_THERMAL_BULKFLOW
"#7! CBO8532'4D LS-DYNA R7.0
`BOUNDARY_THERMAL_BULKFLOWOCOPTION1DOCOPTION2D
P-rpo&e) 8&e( to (efine 9-l7 fl-i( flow element&.
OPTION1 i& re;-ire( &ince it &pecifie& whether the B8LA+LO, applie& to an element or &et.
ELEMENT
SET
OPTION2 if -&e( t-rn& on the fl-i( -pwin( algorithm
UPWIND
Card Format
Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le =B3 F SB3 LCB3 .3OT
Type B B +

=B3 F SB3
Beam element B3 C=B3D for =L=.=5T option
Beam &et B3 CSB3D for S=T option
LCB3
Loa( C-rve B3 for ma&& flow rate ver&-& time.
.3OT
.a&& flow rate Ce.g. 7gF&ecD.
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`BOUNDARY_THERMAL_BULKNODE `BOUNDARY
LS-DYNA R7.0 "#7" CBO8532'4D
`BOUNDARY_THERMAL_BULKNODE
P-rpo&e) 8&e( to (efine thermal 9-l7 no(e&.

Card 1
Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 5B3 PB3 5B5S=> MOL LCB3 J 2=LP B=LP
Type B B B + B + + +
3efa-lt none none $ none $ $. $. $.

Cards 2, 3, 4, ., nbnseg+1 (include nbnseg additional cards).
Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 51 52 5% 5!
Type B B B B

5B3
B-l7 no(e n-m9er.
PB3
B-l7 no(e part B3.
MOL
B-l7 no(e vol-me.
5B5S=>
5-m9er of 9-l7 no(e &egment& attache( to thi& 9-l7 no(e.
51, 52, 5%, 5!
5o(al point n-m9er&
LCB3
Loa( c-rve B3 for J
J
Jeat tran&fer coefficient
2=LP
2 exponent
B=LP
B exponent
Remarks:
The heat flow 9etween a 9-l7 no(e CT
B
D an( a 9-l7 no(e &egment CT
S
D i& given 9y
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`BOUNDARY `BOUNDARY_THERMAL_BULKNODE
"#70 CBO8532'4D LS-DYNA R7.0
q = b(I
B
u
-I
B
u
)
b

1. +or convection, &et a ] 9 ] 1
2. +or ra(iation, &et a]!, 9]1
%. +or fl-x, &et a ] 9 ] $. .athematically, anything to the $ power i& 1. Thi& pro(-ce& the ex#
pre&&ion, (I
B
0
-I
S
0
)
0
= (1 -1)
0
= u
0
= 1. Jowever, &ome comp-ter operating &y&tem&
(onVt recogniIe $
$
. Bt i& &afer to &et a ] 9 ] very &mall n-m9er.
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`BOUNDARY_THERMAL_WELD `BOUNDARY
LS-DYNA R7.0 "#77 CBO8532'4D
`BOUNDARY_THERMAL_WELD
P-rpo&e) 3efine a moving heat &o-rce to mo(el wel(ing. Only applica9le for a co-ple( thermal#
&tr-ct-ral &im-lation& in which the wel( &o-rce or wor7 piece i& moving.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le PB3 PT4P 5B3 5+L2> L$ 4$ K$ 52B3
3efa-lt none 1 none 1 none none none none

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le a 9 cf cr LCB3 S +f +r
Type + + + + B + + +

Optional Card 3 Format (define this card only if N2ID -1 on card 1 above)
Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le tx ty tI
Type + + +

PB3
Part B3 or Part Set B3 to which wel( &o-rce i& applie(
PT4P
PB3 type)
=S.1) PB3 (efine& a &ingle part B3
=S.2) PB3 (efine& a part &et B3
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`BOUNDARY `BOUNDARY_THERMAL_WELD
"#7/ CBO8532'4D LS-DYNA R7.0
5B3
5o(e B3 giving location of wel( &o-rce
=S.$) location (efine( 9y CL$,4$,K$D 9elow
5+L2>
+lag controlling motion of wel( &o-rce
=S.1) &o-rce move& with no(e 5B3
=S.2) &o-rce i& fixe( in &pace at original po&ition of no(e 5B3
L$,4$,K$
Coor(inate& of wel( &o-rce, which remain& fixe( in &pace Coptional, ig#
nore( if 5B3 nonIero a9oveD
52B3
Secon( no(e B3 for wel( 9eam aiming (irection
>T.$) 9eam i& aime( from 52B3 to 5B3, move& with the&e no(e&
=S.#1) 9eam aiming (irection i& Ctx,ty,tID inp-t on optional car( %
a
,el( pool wi(th
9
,el( pool (epth Cin 9eam aiming (irectionD
cf
,el( pool forwar( (irection
cr
,el( pool rearwar( (irection
LCB3
Loa( c-rve B3 for wel( energy inp-t rate v&. time
=S.$) -&e con&tant m-ltiplier val-e S.
S
C-rve m-ltiplier for wel( energy inp-t rate TenergyFtime, e.g., ,attU
LT.$) -&e a9&ol-te val-e an( acc-rate integration of heat
+f
+orwar( (i&tri9-tion f-nction
+r 'ear (i&tri9-tion f-nction C5ote)F
f
+F
i
= 2.uD
tx,ty,tI
,el( 9eam (irection vector in glo9al coor(inate& C52B3 ] #1 onlyD
Remarks:
Thi& 9o-n(ary con(ition allow& &im-lation of a moving wel( heat &o-rce, following the wor7 of
>ol(a7, Cha7ravarti, an( Bi99y T1/!U. Jeat i& generate( in an ellip&oi(al region centere( at the
wel( &o-rce, an( (ecaying exponentially with (i&tance accor(ing to)
q =
6SF
obc
c
_
-3x
2
u
2
]
c
_
-3
2
b
2
]
c
_
-3
2
c
2
]

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`BOUNDARY_THERMAL_WELD `BOUNDARY
where)
q = welu souice powei uensity
(x y ) = cooiuinates of point p in welu mateiial
F = _
F
I
if point p is in fiont of beam
F
r
if point p is behinu beam

c = _
c
I
if point p is in fiont of beam
c
r
if point p is behinu beam

2 local coor(inate &y&tem i& con&tr-cte( which i& centere( at the heat &o-rce. The relative velocity
vector of the heat &o-rce (efine& the Zforwar(Z (irection, &o material point& that are approaching the
heat &o-rce are in ZfrontZ of the 9eam. The 9eam aiming (irection i& -&e( to comp-te the wel( pool
(epth. The wel( pool wi(th i& mea&-re( normal to the relative velocity # aiming (irection plane. Bf
S i& (efine( negative in the inp-t, then the form-la a9ove i& -&ing the a9&ol-te val-e of S, an( a
more acc-rate integration of the heat &o-rce i& performe( with &ome a((itional co&t in CP8 time.
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`BOUNDARY `BOUNDARY_USA_SURFACE
"#/$ CBO8532'4D LS-DYNA R7.0
`BOUNDARY_USA_SURFACE
P-rpo&e) 3efine a &-rface for co-pling with the 8S2 co(e T3e'-ntI 1%U. The o-twar( normal
vector& &ho-l( point into the fl-i( me(ia. The co-pling with 8S2 i& operational in explicit tran&ient
an( in implicit nat-ral fre;-ency analy&e&.

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le SSB3 ,=T3'4 5B=2.
Type B B B
3efa-lt none $ $

SSB3
,=T3'4
,et &-rface flag)
=S.$) 3ry, no co-pling for 8S2 322 analy&i&, or Bnternal fl-i( co-#
pling for 8S2 C2S= analy&i&
=S.1) ,et, co-ple( with 8S2 for 322 analy&i&, or =xternal fl-i( co-#
pling for 8S2 C2S= analy&i&
5B=2.
The n-m9er of no(e& to-che( 9y 8S2 S-rface#of#'evol-tion CSO'D ele#
ment&. Bt i& not nece&&ary that the LS#3452 mo(el ha& 9eam& where 8S2
ha& 9eam& Ci.e., SO' element&D, merely that the LS#3452 mo(el ha&
no(e& to receive the force& that 8S2 will ret-rn.
Remarks:
The -n(erwater &hoc7 analy&i& co(e i& an optional mo(-le. To (etermine availa9ility contact
&ale&<l&tc.com.
The wet &-rface of % an( !#no(e( 8S2 general 9o-n(ary element& i& (efine( in LS#3452 with a
&egment &et of !#no(e( &-rface &egment&, where the fo-rth no(e can (-plicate the thir( no(e to form
a triangle. The &egment normal vector& &ho-l( 9e (irecte( into the 8S2 fl-i(. Bf 8S2 overlay& are
going to 9e -&e( to re(-ce the &iIe of the 322 matrice&, the -&er &ho-l( nonethele&& (efine the wet
&-rface here a& if no overlay were 9eing -&e(. Bf S-rface#of #'evol-tion element& CSO'&D are 9eing
-&e( in 8S2, then 5B=2. &ho-l( 9e non#Iero on one an( only one car( in thi& &ection.
The wet &-rface (efine( here can cover &tr-ct-ral element& or aco-&tic fl-i( vol-me element&, 9-t it
can not to-ch 9oth type& in one mo(el.
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`BOUNDARY_USA_SURFACE `BOUNDARY
LS-DYNA R7.0 "#/1 CBO8532'4D
,hen r-nning a co-ple( pro9lem with 8S2, the proce(-re re;-ire& an a((itional inp-t file of 8S2
7eywor( in&tr-ction&. The&e are (e&cri9e( in a &eparate 8S2 man-al. The name of thi& inp-t file i&
i(entifie( on the comman( line with the -&a] flag)
LS3452.8S2 i]inf -&a]uin R
where uin i& the 8S2 7eywor( in&tr-ction file.
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`BOUNDARY_ELEMENT_METHOD `BOUNDARY
LS-DYNA R7.0 0#1 CBO8532'4D
`BOUNDARY_ELEMENT_METHOD_OPTION
CONTROL
FLOW
NEIGHBOR
SYMMETRY
WAKE
P-rpo&e) 3efine inp-t parameter& for 9o-n(ary element metho( analy&i& of incompre&&i9le fl-i( (y#
namic& or fl-i(#&tr-ct-re interaction pro9lem&.
The 9o-n(ary element metho( CB=.D can 9e -&e( to comp-te the &tea(y &tate or tran&ient fl-i( flow
a9o-t a rigi( or (eforma9le 9o(y. The theory which -n(erlie& the metho( C&ee the LS#3452 Theo#
ry .an-alD i& re&tricte( to invi&ci(, incompre&&i9le, attache( fl-i( flow. The metho( &ho-l( not 9e
-&e( to analyIe flow& where &hoc7& or cavitation are pre&ent.
Bn practice the metho( can 9e &-cce&&f-lly applie( to a wi(er cla&& of fl-i( flow pro9lem& than the
a&&-mption of invi&ci(, incompre&&i9le, attache( flow wo-l( imply. .any flow& of practical engi#
neering &ignificance have large 'eynol(& n-m9er& Ca9ove 1 millionD. +or the&e flow& the effect& of
fl-i( vi&co&ity are &mall if the flow remain& attache(, an( the a&&-mption of Iero vi&co&ity may not
9e a &ignificant limitation. +low &eparation (oe& not nece&&arily invali(ate the analy&i&. Bf well#
(efine( &eparation line& exi&t on the 9o(y, then wa7e& can 9e attache( to the&e &eparation line& an(
rea&ona9le re&-lt& can 9e o9taine(. The Pran(tl#>la-ert r-le can 9e -&e( to correct for non#Iero
.ach n-m9er& in a ga&, &o the effect& of aero(ynamic compre&&i9ility can 9e correctly mo(ele( Ca&
long a& no &hoc7& are pre&entD.
The BO8532'4O=L=.=5TO.=TJO3O+LO, car( t-rn& on the analy&i&, an( i& man(atory.
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`BOUNDARY `BOUNDARY_ELEMENT_METHOD_CONTROL
0#2 CBO8532'4D LS-DYNA R7.0
`BOUNDARY_ELEMENT_METHOD_CONTROL
P-rpo&e) Control the exec-tion time of the 9o-n(ary element metho( calc-lation. The CONTROL
option i& -&e( to control the exec-tion time of the 9o-n(ary element metho( calc-lation, an( the -&e
of thi& option i& &trongly recommen(e(. The B=. calc-lation& can ea&ily (ominate the total exec-#
tion time of a LS#3452 r-n -nle&& the parameter& on thi& car( Ce&pecially 3TB=. an(For B8P#
B=.D are -&e( appropriately.
3TB=. i& -&e( to increa&e the time increment 9etween call& to the B=. ro-tine&. Thi& can -&-ally
9e (one with little lo&& in acc-racy &ince the characteri&tic time& of the &tr-ct-ral (ynamic& an( the
fl-i( flow can (iffer 9y &everal or(er& of magnit-(e. The characteri&tic time of the &tr-ct-ral (ynam#
ic& in LS#3452 i& given 9y the &iIe of the &malle&t &tr-ct-ral element (ivi(e( 9y the &pee( of &o-n(
of it& material. +or a typical pro9lem thi& characteri&tic time might 9e e;-al to 1 micro&econ(.
Since the fl-i( in the 9o-n(ary element metho( i& a&&-me( to 9e incompre&&i9le Cinfinite &pee( of
&o-n(D, the characteri&tic time of the fl-i( flow i& given 9y the &treamwi&e length of the &malle&t &-r#
face in the flow (ivi(e( 9y the fl-i( velocity. +or a typical pro9lem thi& characteri&tic time might 9e
e;-al to 1$ milli&econ(&. +or thi& example 3TB=. might 9e &et to 1 milli&econ( with little lo&& of
acc-racy. Th-&, for thi& example, the 9o-n(ary element metho( wo-l( 9e calle( only once for every
1$$$ LS#3452 iteration&, &aving an enormo-& amo-nt of comp-ter time.
B8PB=. i& -&e( to increa&e the n-m9er of time& the B=. ro-tine& are calle( 9efore the matrix of
infl-ence coefficient& i& recomp-te( an( factore( Cthe&e are time#con&-ming proce(-re&D. Bf the mo#
tion of the 9o(y i& entirely rigi( 9o(y motion there i& no nee( to ever recomp-te an( factor the ma#
trix of infl-ence coefficient& after initialiIation, an( the exec-tion time of the B=. can 9e &ignifi#
cantly re(-ce( 9y &etting B8PB=. to a very large n-m9er. +or &it-ation& where the &tr-ct-ral (e#
formation& are mo(e&t an interme(iate val-e Ce.g., 1$D for B8PB=. can 9e -&e(.

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le L,2A= 3TB=. B8PB=. +2'B=.
Type B + B +
3efa-lt "$ $. 1$$ 2.$
'emar7 1 2

L,2A=
5-m9er of element& in the wa7e of lifting &-rface&. ,a7e& m-&t 9e (e#
fine( for all lifting &-rface&.
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`BOUNDARY_ELEMENT_METHOD_CONTROL `BOUNDARY
LS-DYNA R7.0 0#% CBO8532'4D
3TB=.
Time increment 9etween call& to the 9o-n(ary element metho(. The fl-i(
pre&&-re& comp-te( (-ring the previo-& call to the B=. will contin-e to 9e
-&e( for &-9&e;-ent LS#3452 iteration& -ntil a time increment of
3TB=. ha& elap&e(.
B8PB=.
The n-m9er of time& the B=. ro-tine& are calle( 9efore the matrix of in#
fl-ence coefficient& i& recomp-te( an( refactore(.
+2'B=.
5on(imen&ional 9o-n(ary 9etween near#fiel( an( far#fiel( calc-lation of
infl-ence coefficient&.
Remarks:
1. ,a7e& convect with the free#&tream velocity. The n-m9er of element& in the wa7e &ho-l( 9e
&et to provi(e a total wa7e length e;-al to "#1$ time& the characteri&tic &treamwi&e length of
the lifting &-rface to which the wa7e i& attache(. 5ote that each wa7e element ha& a &tream#
wi&e length e;-al to the magnit-(e of the free &tream velocity m-ltiplie( 9y the time incre#
ment 9etween call& to the 9o-n(ary element metho( ro-tine&. Thi& time increment i& con#
trolle( 9y 3TB=..
2. The mo&t acc-rate re&-lt& will 9e o9taine( with +2'B=. &et to " or more, while val-e& a&
low a& 2 will provi(e &lightly re(-ce( acc-racy with a "$b re(-ction in the time re;-ire( to
comp-te the matrix of infl-ence coefficient&.
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`BOUNDARY `BOUNDARY_ELEMENT_METHOD_FLOW
0#! CBO8532'4D LS-DYNA R7.0
`BOUNDARY_ELEMENT_METHOD_FLOW
P-rpo&e) T-rn on the 9o-n(ary element metho( calc-lation, &pecify the &et of &hell& which (efine
the &-rface of the 9o(ie& of intere&t, an( &pecify the on&et flow.
The NBO8532'4O=L=.=5TO.=TJO3O+LO, car( t-rn& on the B=. calc-lation. Thi& car(
al&o i(entifie& the &hell element& which (efine the &-rface& of the 9o(ie& of intere&t, an( the proper#
tie& of the on&et fl-i( flow. The on&et flow can 9e Iero for 9o(ie& which move thro-gh a fl-i( which
i& initially at re&t.

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le SSB3 ML M4 MK 'O PST2TBC .2CJ
Type B + + + + + +
3efa-lt none none none none none $. $.
'emar7 1 2 %

SSB3
Shell &et B3 for the &et of &hell element& which (efine the &-rface of the
9o(ie& of intere&t C&ee NS=TOSJ=LLD. The no(e& of the&e &hell& &ho-l( 9e
or(ere( &o that the &hell normal& point into the fl-i(.
ML, M4, MK
x, y, an( I component& of the free#&tream fl-i( velocity.
'O
+l-i( (en&ity.
PST2TBC
+l-i( &tatic pre&&-re.
.2CJ
+ree#&tream .ach n-m9er.
Remarks:
1. Bt i& recommen(e( that the &hell &egment& in the SSB3 &et -&e the 58LL material C&ee N.2T
O58LLD. Thi& will provi(e for the (i&play of fl-i( pre&&-re& in the po&t#proce&&or. +or trian#
g-lar &hell& the !th no(e n-m9er &ho-l( 9e the &ame a& the %r( no(e n-m9er. +or fl-i(#
&tr-ct-re interaction pro9lem& it i& recommen(e( that the 9o-n(ary element &hell& -&e the
&ame no(e& an( 9e coinci(ent with the &tr-ct-ral &hell element& Cor the o-ter face of &oli( el#
ement&D which (efine the &-rface of the 9o(y. Thi& approach g-arantee& that the 9o-n(ary el#
ement &egment& will move with the &-rface of the 9o(y a& it (eform&.
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`BOUNDARY_ELEMENT_METHOD_FLOW `BOUNDARY
LS-DYNA R7.0 0#" CBO8532'4D
2. 2 pre&&-re of PST2TBC i& applie( -niformly to all &egment& in the &egment &et. Bf the 9o(y
of intere&t i& hollow, then PST2TBC &ho-l( 9e &et to the free#&tream &tatic pre&&-re min-& the
pre&&-re on the in&i(e of the 9o(y.
%. The effect& of &-9&onic compre&&i9ility on ga& flow& can 9e incl-(e( -&ing a non#Iero val-e
for .2CJ. The pre&&-re& which ari&e from the fl-i( flow are increa&e( -&ing the Pran(tl#
>la-ert compre&&i9ility correction. .2CJ &ho-l( 9e &et to Iero for water or other li;-i(
flow&.
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`BOUNDARY `BOUNDARY_ELEMENT_METHOD_NEIGHBOR
0#0 CBO8532'4D LS-DYNA R7.0
`BOUNDARY_ELEMENT_METHOD_NEIGHBOR
P-rpo&e) 3efine the neigh9oring element& for a given 9o-n(ary element &egment.
The pre&&-re at the &-rface of a 9o(y i& (etermine( 9y the gra(ient of the (o-9let (i&tri9-tion on the
&-rface C&ee the LS#3452 Theory .an-alD. The X5eigh9or 2rrayY i& -&e( to &pecify how the gra#
(ient i& comp-te( for each 9o-n(ary element &egment. Or(inarily, the 5eigh9or 2rray i& &et -p a-#
tomatically 9y LS#3452, an( no -&er inp-t i& re;-ire(. The 5=B>JBO' option i& provi(e( for
tho&e circ-m&tance& when the -&er (e&ire& to (efine thi& array man-ally.
+or the NEIGHBOR option (efine the following car(&)

Cards 1, 2, 3, ... (The next ~` card terminates the input.)
Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 5=L=. 52BO'1 52BO'2 52BO'% 52BO'!
Type B B B B B

5=L=.
=lement n-m9er.
52BO'1
5eigh9or for &i(e 1 of 5=L=..
52BO'2
5eigh9or for &i(e 2 of 5=L=..
52BO'%
5eigh9or for &i(e % of 5=L=..
52BO'!
5eigh9or for &i(e ! of 5=L=..
Remarks:
=ach 9o-n(ary element ha& ! &i(e& C+ig-re 0#1D. Si(e 1 connect& the 1&t an( 2n( no(e&, &i(e 2 con#
nect& the 2n( an( %r( no(e&, etc. The !th &i(e i& n-ll for triang-lar element&.
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`BOUNDARY_ELEMENT_METHOD_NEIGHBOR `BOUNDARY
LS-DYNA R7.0 0#7 CBO8532'4D
no(e 1 no(e 2
no(e % no(e !
&i(e 1
&i(e 2
&i(e %
&i(e !

+ig-re 0#1. =ach &egment ha& ! &i(e&.
+or mo&t element& the &pecification of neigh9or& i& &traightforwar(. +or the typical ca&e a ;-a(rilat#
eral element i& &-rro-n(e( 9y ! other element&, an( the neigh9or array i& a& &hown in +ig-re0#2.
&i(e 1
&i(e 2
&i(e %
&i(e !
&egment H
neigh9orC2, HD neigh9orC!, HD
neigh9orC%, HD
neigh9orC1, HD

+ig-re 0#2. Typical neigh9or &pecification.
There are &everal &it-ation& for which the -&er may (e&ire to (irectly &pecify the neigh9or array for
certain element&. +or example, 9o-n(ary element wa7e& re&-lt in (i&contin-o-& (o-9let (i&tri9-#
tion&, an( neigh9or& which cro&& a wa7e &ho-l( not 9e -&e(. +ig-re 0#! ill-&trate& a &it-ation where
a wa7e i& attache( to &i(e 2 of &egment H. +or thi& &it-ation two option& exi&t. Bf neigh9orC2,HD i& &et
to Iero, then a linear comp-tation of the gra(ient in the &i(e 2 to &i(e ! (irection will 9e ma(e -&ing
the (ifference 9etween the (o-9let &trength& on &egment H an( &egment neigh9orC!,HD. Thi& i& the (e#
fa-lt &et-p -&e( 9y LS#3452 when no -&er inp-t i& provi(e(. By &pecifying neigh9orC2,HD a& a neg#
ative n-m9er a more acc-rate ;-a(ratic c-rve fit will 9e -&e( to comp-te the gra(ient. The c-rve fit
will -&e &egment H, &egment neigh9orC!,HD, an( &egment #neigh9orC2,HDE which i& locate( on the oppo#
&ite &i(e of &egment neigh9orC!,HD a& &egment H.
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`BOUNDARY `BOUNDARY_ELEMENT_METHOD_NEIGHBOR
0#/ CBO8532'4D LS-DYNA R7.0
&i(e !
&i(e 2
&egment H #neigh9orC2, HD neigh9orC!, HD

+ig-re 0#%. Bf neigh9orC2,HD i& a negative n-m9er it i& a&&-me( to lie on the oppo#
&ite &i(e of neigh9orC!,HD a& &egment H.
2nother po&&i9ility i& that no neigh9or& at all are availa9le in the &i(e 2 to &i(e ! (irection. Bn thi&
ca&e 9oth neigh9orC2,HD an( neigh9orC!,HD can 9e &et to Iero, an( the gra(ient in that (irection will 9e
a&&-me( to 9e Iero. Thi& option &ho-l( 9e -&e( with ca-tion, a& the re&-lting fl-i( pre&&-re& will not
9e acc-rate for three#(imen&ional flow&. Jowever, thi& option i& occa&ionally -&ef-l where ;-a&i#
two (imen&ional re&-lt& are (e&ire(. 2ll of the a9ove option& apply to the &i(e 1 to &i(e % (irection
in the o9vio-& way&.
+or triang-lar 9o-n(ary element& &i(e ! i& n-ll. >ra(ient& in the &i(e 2 to &i(e ! (irection can 9e
comp-te( a& (e&cri9e( a9ove 9y &etting neigh9orC!,HD to Iero for a linear (erivative comp-tation
Cthi& i& the (efa-lt &et-p -&e( 9y LS#3452 when no -&er inp-t i& provi(e(D or to a negative n-m9er
to -&e the &egment on the other &i(e of neigh9orC2,HD an( a ;-a(ratic c-rve fit. There may al&o 9e
another triang-lar &egment which can 9e -&e( a& neigh9orC!,HD C&ee +ig-re 0#2D.
&i(e 2
&egment H
neigh9orC!, HD

+ig-re 0#!. Sometime& another triang-lar 9o-n(ary element &egment can 9e -&e( a&
neigh9or C!,HD.
The r-le& for comp-ting the (o-9let gra(ient in the &i(e 2 to &i(e ! (irection can 9e &-mmariIe( a&
follow& Cthe &i(e 1 to &i(e % ca&e i& &imilarD)

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`BOUNDARY_ELEMENT_METHOD_NEIGHBOR `BOUNDARY
LS-DYNA R7.0 0# CBO8532'4D
52BO'2 52BO'! 3o-9let >ra(ient Comp-tation
>T.$ >T.$ ;-a(ratic fit -&ing element& H,
52BO'2, an( 52BO'!
LT.$ >T.$ ;-a(ratic fit -&ing element& H, #
52BO'2, an( 52BO'!.
#52BO'2 i& a&&-me( to lie on
the oppo&ite &i(e of 52BO'!
a& &egment H C&ee +ig. %.!D
>T.$ LT.$ ;-a(ratic fit -&ing element& H,
52BO'2, an( #52BO'!.
#52BO'! i& a&&-me( to lie on
the oppo&ite &i(e of 52BO'2
a& &egment H
=S.$ >T.$ linear fit -&ing element& H an(
52BO'!
>T.$ =S.$ linear fit -&ing element& H an(
52BO'2
=S.$ =S.$ Iero gra(ient
Table 3.1 S-rface pre&&-re comp-tation for element H.
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`BOUNDARY `BOUNDARY_ELEMENT_METHOD_SYMMETRY
0#1$ CBO8532'4D LS-DYNA R7.0
`BOUNDARY_ELEMENT_METHOD_SYMMETRY
P-rpo&e) To (efine a plane of &ymmetry for the 9o-n(ary element metho(. The S4..=T'4 op#
tion can 9e -&e( to re(-ce the time an( memory re;-ire( for &ymmetric config-ration&. +or the&e
config-ration& the re(-ction in the n-m9er of 9o-n(ary element& 9y a factor of 2 will re(-ce the
memory -&e( 9y the 9o-n(ary element metho( 9y a factor of !, an( will re(-ce the comp-ter time
re;-ire( to factor the matrix of infl-ence coefficient& 9y a factor of /. Only 1 plane of &ymmetry can
9e (efine(.
+or the SYMMETRY option (efine the following car()

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le B=.S4.
Type B
3efa-lt $
'emar7

B=.S4.
3efine& &ymmetry plane for 9o-n(ary element metho(.
=S.$) no &ymmetry plane i& (efine(
=S.1) x ] $ i& a &ymmetry plane
=S.2) y ] $ i& a &ymmetry plane
=S.%) I ] $ i& a &ymmetry plane
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`BOUNDARY_ELEMENT_METHOD_WAKE `BOUNDARY
LS-DYNA R7.0 0#11 CBO8532'4D
`BOUNDARY_ELEMENT_METHOD_WAKE
P-rpo&e) To attach wa7e& to the trailing e(ge& of lifting &-rface&. ,a7e& &ho-l( 9e attache( to
9o-n(ary element& at the trailing e(ge of a lifting &-rface C&-ch a& a wing, propeller 9la(e, r-((er, or
(iving planeD. ,a7e& &ho-l( al&o 9e attache( to 7nown &eparation line& when (etache( flow i&
7nown to exi&t C&-ch a& the &harp lea(ing e(ge of a (elta wing at high angle& of attac7D. ,a7e& are
re;-ire( for the correct comp-tation of &-rface pre&&-re& for the&e &it-ation&. 2& (e&cri9e( a9ove,
two &egment& on oppo&ite &i(e& of a wa7e &ho-l( never 9e -&e( a& neigh9or&.
+or the WAKE option (efine the following car(&)

Cards 1, 2, 3, ... (The next ~` card terminates the input.)
Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 5=L=. 5SB3=
Type B B
3efa-lt none none
'emar7 1

5=L=.
=lement n-m9er to which a wa7e i& attache(.
5SB3=
The &i(e of 5=L=. to which the wa7e i& attache( C&ee +ig. %.2D. Thi&
&ho-l( 9e the Z(own&treamZ &i(e of 5=L=..
Remarks:
1. 5ormally two element& meet at a trailing e(ge Cone on the Z-pperZ &-rface an( one on the
ZlowerZ &-rfaceD. The wa7e can 9e attache( to either element, 9-t not to 9oth.
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`CASE
LS-DYNA R7.0 7#1 CC2S=D
`CASE
The NC2S= comman( provi(e& a way of r-nning m-ltiple LS#3452 analy&e& Cor ca&e&D &e;-ential#
ly 9y &-9mitting a &ingle inp-t file. ,hen NC2S= comman(& are -&e( to (efine m-ltiple ca&e&,
&ome portion& of the inp-t will 9e &hare( 9y &ome or all of the ca&e& an( other portion& will 9e
-ni;-e to each ca&e. Beca-&e the ca&e& are r-n &e;-entially, the re&-lt& from one ca&e, e.g., a (ynain
file, can 9e -&e( in the analy&i& of a (ifferent, &-9&e;-ent ca&e. =ach ca&e create& a -ni;-e &et of
o-tp-t file name& 9y prepen(ing Xca&en.Y to the (efa-lt file name, e.g., ca&e1$1.(%plot,
ca&e1$2.gl&tat.
,hen the NC2S= 7eywor( appear& in an inp-t (ec7, it 9ecome& nece&&ary to appen( the wor(
XC2S=Y to the LS#3452 exec-tion line. +or example, an S.P LS#3452 exec-tion line might
loo7 &omething li7e
pathOtoOl&#(yna i]inp-t.7 ncp-]#! C2S=
2n .PP LS#3452 exec-tion line might loo7 &omething li7e
mpir-n Wnp ! pathOtoOmpp71 i]inp-t.7 C2S=

`CASE_POPTIONQ
?BLANK>
BEGIN_n
END_n
P-rpo&e) 3efine a &erie& of ca&e& an( perhap& &-9ca&e&. The option& NC2S=OB=>B5On an( NC2S=
O=53On appear in pair& an( n i& a n-meric B3 of a &-9ca&e. S-9ca&e B3& may 9e reference( 9y the
NC2S= comman( in (efining a ca&e. Bn other wor(&, a ca&e may con&i&t of one or more &-9ca&e&.
2ll 7eywor(& appearing 9etween NC2S=OB=>B5On an( NC2S=O=53On compri&e &-9ca&e n. Bf no
NC2S= comman( i& (efine(, then &-9ca&e& (efine( 9y NC2S=OB=>B5On an( NC2S=O=53On then
9ecome ca&e&. NC2S=OB=>B5FNC2S=O=53 can 9e ne&te(, overlappe(, an( (i&Hointe(. =xample&
9elow (emon&trate the -&e of the&e option&.
2n alternative way of (efining &-9ca&e& i& 9y appen(ing the &tring XCB3]nY to the en( of any 7ey#
wor( comman(. 2ny 7eywor( &o tagge( will then 9e active only for tho&e ca&e& that reference &-9#
ca&e n. There can 9e more than one &pace 9etween the 7eywor( an( XCB3]nY.
2ny 7eywor( in the inp-t (ec7 not a&&ociate( with a &-9ca&e i& active for all ca&e&.
The following inp-t &yntax applie& only to the NC2S= comman(, not to NC2S=OB=>B5FNC2S=
O=53.
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`CASE
7#2 CC2S=D LS-DYNA R7.0

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le C2S=B3 :OBB3
Type B C
3efa-lt none none

Optional: Define if additional command line arguments are required for this case ID.
Car(&
2,R 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le CO..253S
Type 2
3efa-lt 5ot 'e;-ire(

Define active subcase IDs for this case. Use as many cards as necessary.
Car(& R 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le SCB31 SCB32 R R R R SCB37 R

C2S=B3
B(entification n-m9er for ca&e.
:OBB3
Optional &tring Cno &pace&D to 9e -&e( a& the Ho9i( for thi& ca&e. Bf no
:OBB3 i& &pecifie(, the &tring C2S=LL i& -&e(, where LL i& the C2S=B3
in fiel( 1
CO..253S
Comman( line arg-ment&.
SCB3n
S-9ca&e B3 active for ca&e C2S=B3.
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`CASE
LS-DYNA R7.0 7#% CC2S=D
Example 1:
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
$
$ D-5:0- 61<- 1"1 LC:6C :0628;-< <8F61<- 1.
$ D-5:0- 61<- 1"2 LC:6C :0628;-< <8F61<- 4.
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
$
*#ASE
$
$...K....1....K....2....K....3....K....4....K....5....K....6....K....7
$ #ASEID
1"1 MOBID_!OR_#ASE1"1
MEMORY.2"M
1
$
*#ASE
$ #ASEID
1"2
MEMORY.2"M N#Y#LE.1845
4
$
*TITLE #ID.1
T,IS IS T,E TITLE !OR #ASE 1"1
$
NTITLE #ID.4
T,IS IS T,E TITLE !OR #ASE 1"2
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
Example 2:

$
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
$
$$$$ I228<3713- o9-721//:0= <8F61<-<.
$
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
$
*#ASE_BEGIN_5
$...K....1....K....2....K....3....K....4....K....5....K....6....K....7....K
*DATABASE_BINARY_D3T,DT
1.-'5
*#ASE_BEGIN_3
*DATABASE_NODO)T
1.-'5
*#ASE_END_5
*DATABASE_ELO)T
1.-'5
*#ASE_END_3
$
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
=xample 2 a9ove will generate 3%TJ3T an( 5O3O8T for CB3]", an( 5O3O8T an( =LO8T for
CB3]%.
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`CASE
7#! CC2S=D LS-DYNA R7.0
Remarks:
1. Bf no NC2S= 7eywor( appear&, &-9ca&e& (efine( with NC2S=OB=>B5FNC2S=O=53 com#
man(& 9ecome ca&e& an( NC2S=OB=>B5 can optionally 9e followe( 9y extra comman(
line arg-ment&.
2. Bf no NC2S= 7eywor( appear&, it i& an error to appen( XCB3]nY to any 7eywor(.
%. Bf m-ltiple NC2S= or NC2S=OB=>B5 7eywor(& appear that have the &ame B3, their com#
man( line arg-ment& an( active comman(& are merge(.
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`COMMENT `COMMENT
LS-DYNA R7.0 /#1 CCO..=5TD
`COMMENT
P-rpo&e) 3efine comment&.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le CO..=5T
Type 2
3efa-lt none

CO..=5T 2ny comment line.
Remarks:
1. 2ny n-m9er of comment line& may 9e -&e(. 2ll comment line& will 9e echoe( to the &creen
an( to the me&&age an( (%h&p file&.
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D
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`COMPONENT
LS-DYNA R7.0 #1 CCO.PO5=5TD
`COMPONENT
The 7eywor( NCO.PO5=5T provi(e& a way of incorporating &pecialiIe( component& an( feat-re&.
The 7eywor( control car(& in thi& &ection are (efine( in alpha9etical or(er)
`COMPONENT_GEBOD_OPTION
`COMPONENT_GEBOD_1OINT_OPTION
`COMPONENT_HYBRIDIII
`COMPONENT_HYBRIDIII_1OINT_OPTION
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`COMPONENT `COMPONENT_GEBOD
#2 CCO.PO5=5TD LS-DYNA R7.0
`COMPONENT_GEBOD_OPTION
P-rpo&e) >enerate a rigi( 9o(y (-mmy 9a&e( on (imen&ion& an( ma&& propertie& from the >=BO3
(ata9a&e. The motion of the (-mmy i& governe( 9y e;-ation& integrate( within LS#3452 &eparate#
ly from the finite element mo(el. 3efa-lt Hoint characteri&tic& C&tiffne&&V&, &top angle&, etc.D are &et
internally an( &ho-l( give rea&ona9le re&-lt&, however, they may 9e altere( -&ing the
NCO.PO5=5TO>=BO3O:OB5T comman(. Contact 9etween the &egment& of the (-mmy an( the
finite element mo(el i& (efine( -&ing the NCO5T2CTO>=BO3 comman(. The -&e of a po&itioning
file i& e&&ential with thi& feat-re, &ee 2ppen(ix 5 for f-rther (etail&.
OPTION &pecifie& the h-man &-9Hect type. The male an( female type& repre&ent a(-lt& while the
chil( i& gen(erle&&.
MALE
FEMALE
CHILD

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 3B3 85BTS SBK=
Type B B +

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le ML M4 MK >L >4 >K
Type + + + + + +
3efa-lt $. $. $. $. $. $.

3B3
3-mmy B3. 2 -ni;-e n-m9er m-&t 9e &pecifie(.
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`COMPONENT_GEBOD `COMPONENT
LS-DYNA R7.0 #% CCO.PO5=5TD
85BTS
Sy&tem of -nit& -&e( in the finite element mo(el.
=S.1) l9fN&ec2Fin # inch # &ec
=S.2) 7g # meter # &ec
=S.%) 7gfN&ec2Fmm # mm # &ec
=S.!) metric ton # mm # &ec
=S.") 7g # mm # m&ec
SBK=
SiIe of the (-mmy. Thi& repre&ent& a com9ine( height an( weight percen#
tile ranging from $ to 1$$ for the male an( female type&. +or the chil( the
n-m9er of month& of age i& inp-t with an a(mi&&i9le range from 2! to 2!$.
ML,M4,MK
Bnitial velocity of the (-mmy in the glo9al x, y an( I (irection&.
>L,>4,>K
>lo9al x, y, an( I component& of gravitational acceleration applie( to the
(-mmy.
Example:
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
$
$$$$ *#OMPONENT_GEBOD_MALE
$
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
$
$ A 5"3C /-76-03:2- >12- ;8>>4 L:3C 3C- ID 08>F-7 o5 7 :< =-0-713-; :0 3C-
$ 2F5*<-6S2':06C'<-6 <4<3-> o5 80:3<. TC- ;8>>4 :< =:9-0 10 :0:3:12 9-2o6:34 o5
$ 616 :0N<-6 :0 3C- 0-=13:9- A ;:7-63:o0 10; =719:34 163< :0 3C- 0-=13:9- B
$ ;:7-63:o0 L:3C 1 9128- 386 :0N<-6S2.
$
*#OMPONENT_GEBOD_MALE
$
$...K....1....K....2....K....3....K....4....K....5....K....6....K....7....K....8
$ ;:; 80:3< <:B-
7 1 5"
$ 9A 94 9B =A =4 =B
'616 " " " " '386
$
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
$
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`COMPONENT `COMPONENT_GEBOD_1OINT
#! CCO.PO5=5TD LS-DYNA R7.0
`COMPONENT_GEBOD_1OINT_OPTION
P-rpo&e) 2lter the Hoint characteri&tic& of a >=BO3 rigi( 9o(y (-mmy. Setting a Hoint parameter
val-e to Iero retain& the (efa-lt val-e &et internally. See 2ppen(ix 5 for f-rther (etail&.
The following option& are availa9le.
PELVIS
WAIST
LOWER_NECK
UPPER_NECK
LEFT_SHOULDER
RIGHT_SHOULDER
LEFT_ELBOW
RIGHT_ELBOW
LEFT_HIP
RIGHT_HIP
LEFT_KNEE
RIGHT_KNEE
LEFT_ANKLE
RIGHT_ANKLE

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 3B3 LC1 LC2 LC% SC+1 SC+2 SC+%
Type + B B B + + +

3B3
3-mmy B3, &ee NCO.PO5=5TO>=BO3OOPTION.
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`COMPONENT_GEBOD_1OINT `COMPONENT
LS-DYNA R7.0 #" CCO.PO5=5TD
LCi
Loa( c-rve B3 &pecifying the loa(ing tor;-e ver&-& rotation Cin ra(ian&D for
the i#th (egree of free(om of the Hoint.
SC+i
Scale factor applie( to the loa( c-rve of the i#th Hoint (egree of free(om.

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le C1 C2 C% 5=8T1 5=8T2 5=8T%
Type + + + + + +

Ci
Linear vi&co-& (amping coefficient applie( to the i#th 3O+ of the Hoint.
8nit& are tor;-eNtimeFra(ian, where the -nit& of tor;-e an( time (epen( on
the choice of 85BTS in car( 1 of NCO.PO5=5TO>=BO3OOPTION#
5=8Ti
5e-tral angle C(egree&D of HointG& i#th 3O+.

Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le LOS21 JBS21 LOS22 JBS22 LOS2% JBS2%
Type + + + + + +

LOS2i
Mal-e of the low &top angle C(egree&D for the i#th 3O+ of thi& Hoint.
JBS2i
Mal-e of the high &top angle C(egree&D for the i#th 3O+ of thi& Hoint.

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`COMPONENT `COMPONENT_GEBOD_1OINT
Car( ! 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 85A1 85A2 85A%
Type + + +
3efa-lt $. $. $.

85Ai
8nloa(ing &tiffne&& Ctor;-eFra(ianD for the i#th (egree of free(om of the
Hoint. Thi& m-&t 9e a po&itive n-m9er. 8nit& of tor;-e (epen( on the
choice of 85BTS in car( 1 of NCO.PO5=5TO>=BO3OOPTION#
Example 1:
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
$
$$$$ *#OMPONENT_GEBOD_MOINT_LE!T_S,O)LDER
$
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
$
$ TC- ;1>/:0= 6o-55:6:-03< 1//2:-; 3o 122 3C7-- ;-=7--< o5 57--;o> o5 3C- 2-53
$ <Co82;-7 o5 ;8>>4 7 17- <-3 3o 2.5. A22 o3C-7 6C17163-7:<3:6< o5 3C:< To:03
$ 7->1:0 <-3 3o 3C- ;-51823 9128-.
$
*#OMPONENT_GEBOD_MOINT_LE!T_S,O)LDER
$
$...K....1....K....2....K....3....K....4....K....5....K....6....K....7....K....8
$ ;:; 261 262 263 <651 <652 <653
7 " " " " " "
$ 61 62 63 0-831 0-832 0-833
2.5 2.5 2.5 " " "
$ 2o<11 C:<11 2o<12 C:<12 2o<13 C:<13
" " " " " "
$ 80Q1 80Q2 80Q3
" " "
$
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
Example 2:

$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
$
$$$$ *#OMPONENT_GEBOD_MOINT_AIST
$
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
$
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`COMPONENT_GEBOD_1OINT `COMPONENT
$ Lo1; 6879- 8 =:9-< 3C- 3o7P8- 9-7<8< 7o313:o0 7-213:o0<C:/ 5o7 3C- 20; DO!
$ ?213-712 52-A:o0@ o5 3C- L1:<3 o5 ;8>>4 7. A2<oH 3C- C:=C <3o/ 10=2- o5 3C-
$ 1<3 DO! ?5o7L17; 52-A:o0@ :< <-3 3o 45 ;-=7--<. A22 o3C-7 6C17163-7:<3:6<
$ o5 3C:< To:03 7->1:0 <-3 3o 3C- ;-51823 9128-.
$
*#OMPONENT_GEBOD_MOINT_AIST
$
$...K....1....K....2....K....3....K....4....K....5....K....6....K....7....K....8
$ ;:; 261 262 263 <651 <652 <653
7 " 8 " " " "
$ 61 62 63 0-831 0-832 0-833
" " " " " "
$ 2o<11 C:<11 2o<12 C:<12 2o<13 C:<13
" 45 " " " "
$ 80Q1 80Q2 80Q3
" " "
$
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
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`COMPONENT `COMPONENT_HYBRIDIII
#/ CCO.PO5=5TD LS-DYNA R7.0
`COMPONENT_HYBRIDIII
P-rpo&e) 3efine a J4B'B3 BBB (-mmy. The motion of the (-mmy i& governe( 9y e;-ation& inte#
grate( within LS#3452 &eparately from the finite element mo(el. The (-mmy interact& with the
finite element &tr-ct-re thro-gh contact interface&. :oint characteri&tic& C&tiffne&&e&, (amping, fric#
tion, etc.D are &et internally an( &ho-l( give rea&ona9le re&-lt&, however, they may 9e altere( -&ing
the NCO.PO5=5TOJ4B'B3BBBO:OB5T comman(. :oint force an( moment& can 9e written to an
2SCBB file C&ee N32T2B2S=OJ%O8TD.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 3B3 SBK= 85BTS 3=+'. ML M4 MK
Type B B B B + + +
3efa-lt none none none 1 $. $. $.

3B3
3-mmy B3. 2 -ni;-e n-m9er m-&t 9e &pecifie(.
SBK=
SiIe of (-mmy.
=S.1) "th percentile a(-lt
=S.2) "$th percentile a(-lt
=S.%) "th percentile a(-lt
5ote) Bf negative then the 9e&t of c-rrently availa9le Hoint propertie& are
applie(.
85BTS
Sy&tem of -nit& -&e( in the finite element mo(el.
=S.1) l9fN&ec2Fin # inch # &ec
=S.2) 7g # meter # &ec
=S.%) 7gfN&ec2Fmm # mm # &ec
=S.!) metric ton # mm # &ec
=S.") 7g # mm # m&ec
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`COMPONENT_HYBRIDIII `COMPONENT
LS-DYNA R7.0 # CCO.PO5=5TD
3=+'.
3eforma9ility type.
=S.1) all (-mmy &egment& entirely rigi(
=S.2) (eforma9le a9(omen Clow (en&ity foam, mat ^"7D
=S.%) (eforma9le Hac7et Clow (en&ity foam, mat ^"7D
=S.!) (eforma9le hea(&7in Cvi&coela&tic, mat ^0D
=S.") (eforma9le a9(omenFHac7et
=S.0) (eforma9le Hac7etFhea(&7in
=S.7) (eforma9le a9(omenFhea(&7in
=S./) (eforma9le a9(omenFHac7etFhea(&7in
ML,M4,MK
Bnitial velocity of the (-mmy in the glo9al x, y an( I (irection&.

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le JL J4 JK 'L '4 'K
Type + + + + + +
3efa-lt $. $. $. $. $. $.

JL,J4,JK
Bnitial glo9al x,y, an( I coor(inate val-e& of the J#point.
'L,'4,'K
Bnitial rotation of (-mmy a9o-t the J#point with re&pect to the glo9al x,y,
an( I axe& C(egree&D.
Example 1:
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
$
$$$$ *#OMPONENT_,YBRIDIII
$
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
$
$ A 5"3C /-76-03:2- 1;823 7:=:; ,YBRID III ;8>>4 L:3C 10 ID 08>F-7 o5 7 :< ;-5:0-;
$ :0 3C- 2F5*<-6S2':06C'<-6 <4<3-> o5 80:3<. TC- ;8>>4 :< 1<<:=0-; 10 :0:3:12
$ 9-2o6:34 o5 616 :0N<-6 :0 3C- 0-=13:9- A ;:7-63:o0. TC- ,'/o:03 :< :0:3:1224
$ <:3813-; 13 ?AH4HB@.?38H2"H"@ 10; 3C- ;8>>4 :< 7o313-; 18 ;-=7--< 1Fo83 3C-
$ =2oF12 A'1A:<.
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`COMPONENT `COMPONENT_HYBRIDIII
#1$ CCO.PO5=5TD LS-DYNA R7.0
$
*#OMPONENT_,YBRIDIII
$
$...K....1....K....2....K....3....K....4....K....5....K....6....K....7....K....8
$ ;:; . <:B- 80:3< ;-57> 9A 94 9B
7 2 1 1 '616. ". ".
$ CA C4 CB 7A 74 7B
38. 2". ". 18. ". ".
$
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
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`COMPONENT_HYBRIDIII_1OINT `COMPONENT
`COMPONENT_HYBRIDIII_1OINT_OPTION
P-rpo&e) 2lter the Hoint characteri&tic& of a J4B'B3 BBB (-mmy. Setting a Hoint parameter val-e to
Iero retain& the (efa-lt val-e &et internally. :oint force an( moment& can 9e written to an 2SCBB file
C&ee N32T2B2S=OJ%O8TD. +-rther (etail& pertaining to the Hoint& are fo-n( in the Jy9ri( BBB
3-mmie& &ection of 2ppen(ix 5.
The following option& are availa9le)

LUMBAR RIGHT_ELBOW RIGHT_KNEE
LOWER_NECK LEFT_WRIST LEFT_ANKLE
UPPER_NECK RIGHT_WRIST RIGHT_ANKLE
LEFT_SHOULDER LEFT_HIP STERNUM
RIGHT_SHOULDER RIGHT_HIP LEFT_KNEE_SLIDER
LEFT_ELBOW LEFT_KNEE RIGHT_KNEE_SLIDER

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 3B3 S1 S2 S% +'BC
Type + + + + +

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le C1 2LO1 BLO1 2JB1 BJB1 SLO1 SJB1 SCLA1
Type + + + + + + + +

Card 3 - Left blank if joint has only one degree of freedom.
Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le C2 2LO2 BLO2 2JB2 BJB2 SLO2 SJB2 SCLA2
Type + + + + + + + +

D
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`COMPONENT `COMPONENT_HYBRIDIII_1OINT
Card 4 - Left blank if the joint has only two degrees of freedom.
Car( ! 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le C% 2LO% BLO% 2JB% BJB% SLO% SJB% SCLA%
Type + + + + + + + +

3B3
3-mmy B3, &ee NCO.PO5=5TOJ4B'B3BBB
Si
Bnitial val-e of the HointG& i#th (egree of free(om. 8nit& of (egree& are (e#
fine( for rotational 3O+. See 2ppen(ix 5 for a li&ting of the applica9le
3O+.
+'BC
+riction loa( on the Hoint.
Ci
Linear vi&co-& (amping coefficient applie( to the i#th 3O+ of the Hoint.
2LOi
Linear coefficient for the low regime &pring of the HointG& i#th 3O+.
BLOi
C-9ic coefficient for the low regime &pring of the HointG& i#th 3O+.
2JBi
Linear coefficient for the high regime &pring of the HointG& i#th 3O+.
BJBi
C-9ic coefficient for the high regime &pring of the HointG& i#th 3O+.
SLOi
Mal-e at which the low regime &pring (efinition 9ecome& active.
SJBi
Mal-e at which the high regime &pring (efinition 9ecome& active.
SCLAi
Scale val-e applie( to the &tiffne&& of the HointG& i#th 3O+ C(efa-lt]1.$D.
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
$
$$$$ *#OMPONENT_,YBRIDIII_MOINT_LE!T_AN$LE
$
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
$
$ TC- ;1>/:0= 6o-55:6:-03< 1//2:-; 3o 122 3C7-- ;-=7--< o5 57--;o> o5 3C- 2-53
$ 10Q2- o5 ;8>>4 7 17- <-3 3o 2.5. A22 o3C-7 6C17163-7:<3:6< o5 3C:< To:03
$ 7->1:0 <-3 3o 3C- ;-51823 9128-. TC- ;o7<:'/210317 52-A:o0 10=2- :< <-3 3o
$ 2" ;-=7--<.
$
*#OMPONENT_,YBRIDIII_MOINT_LE!T_AN$LE
$
$...K....1....K....2....K....3....K....4....K....5....K....6....K....7....K....8
$ ;:; P1 P2 P3 57:6
7 " 2". " " "
D
R
A
F
T
`COMPONENT_HYBRIDIII_1OINT `COMPONENT
LS-DYNA R7.0 #1% CCO.PO5=5TD
$ 61 12o1 F2o1 1C:1 FC:1 P2o1 PC:1
2.5 " " " " " "
$ 62 12o2 F2o2 1C:2 FC:2 P2o2 PC:2
2.5 " " " " " "
$ 2.5 12o3 F2o3 1C:3 FC:3 P2o3 PC:3
D
R
A
F
T
D
R
A
F
T
`CONSTRAINED
LS-DYNA R7.0 1$#1 CCO5ST'2B5=3D
`CONSTRAINED
The 7eywor( NCO5ST'2B5=3 provi(e& a way of con&training (egree& of free(om to move togeth#
er in &ome way. The 7eywor( car(& in thi& &ection are (efine( in alpha9etical or(er)
`CONSTRAINED_ADAPTIVITY
`CONSTRAINED_BUTT_WELD
`CONSTRAINED_EULER_IN_EULER
`CONSTRAINED_EXTRA_NODES_OPTION
`CONSTRAINED_GENERALIZED_WELD_OPTION_OPTION]
`CONSTRAINED_GLOBAL
`CONSTRAINED_INTERPOLATION_OPTION]
`CONSTRAINED_1OINT_OPTION_OPTION]_OPTION]_OPTION]
`CONSTRAINED_1OINT_COOR_OPTION_OPTION]_OPTION]_OPTION]
`CONSTRAINED_1OINT_STIFFNESS_OPTION
`CONSTRAINED_LAGRANGE_IN_SOLID
`CONSTRAINED_LINEAR_GLOBAL
`CONSTRAINED_LINEAR_LOCAL
`CONSTRAINED_LOCAL
`CONSTRAINED_MULTIPLE_GLOBAL
`CONSTRAINED_NODAL_RIGID_BODY_OPTION]_OPTION]
`CONSTRAINED_NODE_INTERPOLATION
`CONSTRAINED_NODE_SET_OPTION]
`CONSTRAINED_POINTS
`CONSTRAINED_RIGID_BODIES
`CONSTRAINED_RIGID_BODY_STOPPERS
`CONSTRAINED_RIVET_OPTION]
`CONSTRAINED_SHELL_TO_SOLID
`CONSTRAINED_SPLINE
`CONSTRAINED_SPOTWELD_OPTION]_OPTION]
`CONSTRAINED_SPR2
`CONSTRAINED_TIE-BREAK
D
R
A
F
T
`CONSTRAINED
1$#2 CCO5ST'2B5=3D LS-DYNA R7.0
`CONSTRAINED_TIED_NODES_FAILURE
D
R
A
F
T
`CONSTRAINED_ADAPTIVITY `CONSTRAINED
LS-DYNA R7.0 1$#% CCO5ST'2B5=3D
`CONSTRAINED_ADAPTIVITY
P-rpo&e) Con&train& a no(e to the mi(point along an e(ge of an element. Thi& 7eywor( i& a-tomati#
cally create( 9y LS#3452 (-ring an h#a(aptive &im-lation involving %#3 &hell&.

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le S5 .51 .52
Type B B B

S5
Slave no(e. Thi& i& the no(e con&traine( at the mi(point of an e(ge of an
element.
.51
The no(e at one en( of an element e(ge.
.52
The no(e at the other en( of that &ame element e(ge.
D
R
A
F
T
`CONSTRAINED `CONSTRAINED_BUTT_WELD
1$#! CCO5ST'2B5=3D LS-DYNA R7.0
`CONSTRAINED_BUTT_WELD
P-rpo&e) 3efine a line of coinci(ent no(e& that repre&ent a &tr-ct-ral 9-tt wel( 9etween two part&
(efine( 9y &hell element&. +ail-re i& 9a&e( on no(al pla&tic &train for (-ctile fail-re an( &tre&& re#
&-ltant& for 9rittle fail-re. Thi& inp-t i& m-ch &impler than the alternative approach for (efining 9-tt
wel(&, &ee NCO5ST'2B5=3O>=5='2LBK=3O,=L3OB8TT. The local coor(inate &y&tem, the
effective length, an( thic7ne&& for each pair of 9-tt wel(e( no(e& are (etermine( a-tomatically in the
(efinition 9elow. Bn the >=5='2LBK=3 option the&e ;-antitie& m-&t 9e (efine( in the inp-t.

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le S5SB3 .5SB3 =PP+ SB>+ B=T2
Type B B + + +
3efa-lt none none $. 1.e[10 1.$
'emar7& 1, 2 %, ! % %

S5SB3
Slave no(e &et B3, &ee NS=TO5O3=OOPTION.
.5SB3
.a&ter no(e &et B3, &ee NS=TO5O3=OOPTION.
=PP+
Pla&tic &train at fail-re
SB>+
o
]
, &tre&& at fail-re for 9rittle fail-re.
B=T2
[, fail-re parameter for 9rittle fail-re.

Remarks:
1. 5o(e& in the ma&ter an( &lave &et& m-&t 9e given in the or(er they appear a& one move&
along the e(ge of the &-rface. 2n e;-al n-m9er of coinci(ent no(e& m-&t 9e (efine( in each
&et. Bn a line wel( the fir&t an( la&t no(e in a &tring of no(e& can 9e repeate( in the two &et&.
Bf the fir&t an( la&t pair of no(al point& are i(entical, a circ-lar or clo&e( loop 9-tt wel( i& a&#
&-me(. See +ig-re 1$#1, where the line 9-tt wel( an( clo&e( loop wel( are ill-&trate(.
2. B-tt wel(& may not cro&&. +or complicate( wel(&, thi& option can 9e com9ine( with the in#
p-t in NCO5ST'2B5=3O>=5='2LBK=3O,=L3OB8TT to han(le the ca&e where cro&&#
ing occ-r&. 5o(e& in a 9-tt wel( m-&t not 9e mem9er& of rigi( 9o(ie&.
D
R
A
F
T
`CONSTRAINED_BUTT_WELD `CONSTRAINED
LS-DYNA R7.0 1$#" CCO5ST'2B5=3D
%. Bf the average vol-me#weighte( effective pla&tic &train in the &hell element& a(Hacent to a
no(e excee(& the &pecifie( pla&tic &train at fail-re, the no(e i& relea&e(. Brittle fail-re of the
9-tt wel(& occ-r& when)
[o
n
2
+S(
n
2
+
t
2
) o
]

where

n
] normal &tre&& Clocal xD

n
] &hear &tre&& in (irection of wel( Clocal yD

t
] &hear &tre&& normal to wel( Clocal ID

-
] fail-re &tre&&
] fail-re parameter
Component
n
i& nonIero for ten&ile val-e& only. The no(e& (efining the &lave an( ma&ter
&i(e& of the 9-tt wel( m-&t coinci(e. The local I#axi& at a ma&ter no(e i& normal to the mas$
ter side plane of the 9-tt wel( at the no(e, an( the local y#axi& i& ta7en a& the vector in the (i#
rection of a line connecting the mi(#point& of the line &egment& lying on either &i(e of the
ma&ter no(e. The normal vector i& fo-n( 9y &-mming the -nit normal vector& of all &hell el#
ement& on the master side &haring the 9-tt wel(e( no(e. The (irection of the normal vector
at the no(e i& cho&en &o that the x#local vector point& towar(& the element& on the &lave &i(e
in or(er to i(entify ten&ile ver&-& compre&&ive &tre&&e&. The thic7ne&& of the 9-tt wel( an(
length of the 9-tt wel( are nee(e( to comp-te the &tre&& val-e&. The thic7ne&& i& 9a&e( on
the average thic7ne&& of the &hell element& that &hare the 9-tt wel(e( no(al pair, an( the cho#
&en length of the 9-tt wel( i& &hown in +ig-re 1$#1.
!. B-tt wel(& may 9e -&e( to &im-late the effect of fail-re along a pre(etermine( line, &-ch a& a
&eam or &tr-ct-ral Hoint. ,hen the fail-re criterion i& reache( at a no(al pair, the no(e& 9egin
to &eparate. 2& thi& effect propagate&, the wel( will appear to X-nIip,Y th-& &im-lating fail#
-re of the connection.
D
R
A
F
T
`CONSTRAINED `CONSTRAINED_BUTT_WELD

.
)e*eated n+dal *+int
may start +r end a ,utt
-eld line. T"is ,eginning
+r ending n+dal *+int
must e.ist in ,+t" and
sla/e and master de0ini1
ti+ns.
T-+ #+in#ident ,utt -eld1
ed n+dal *+ints.
Lengt" +0
,utt -eld
)e*eated n+dal *+int
*air must start and end
#ir#ular ,utt -eld. 2ny
n+dal *air in t"e #ir#le
#an ,e used.
l+#al y1a.is
+ig-re 1$#1. 3efinition of 9-tt wel(& are &hown a9ove. The 9-tt wel( can 9e repre&ente(
9y a line of no(al point& or 9y a clo&e( loop
D
R
A
F
T
`CONSTRAINED_COORDINATE `CONSTRAINED
`CONSTRAINED_COORDINATE_OPTION]
To (efine con&traint& 9a&e( on po&ition coor(inate& the following option& are availa9le)
<BLANK>
LOCAL
P-rpo&e) The 7eywor( i& (evelope( to allow the (efinition of con&traint& in po&ition coor(inate& in
&pring9ac7 &im-lation. ,ith the fre;-ent application of a(aptive me&h in &tamping &im-lation, no(e&
nee(e( for &pring9ac7 con&traint& are often -navaila9le -ntil the la&t proce&& &im-lation 9efore
&pring9ac7 i& complete. On the other han(, if the no(e& are availa9le, their po&ition& may not 9e ex#
actly on the (e&ire( location& re;-ire( for &pring9ac7 con&traint&. ,ith thi& new 7eywor(, the
&pring9ac7 &im-lation i& no longer (epen(ent on the previo-& proce&& &im-lation re&-lt& an( the ex#
act &pring9ac7 con&traint location& can 9e &pecifie(.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le B3 PB3 B3B' L1 41 K1 CB3
Type B B B + + + B
3efa-lt none none none $.$ $.$ $.$ $

B3
B(entification n-m9er of a con&traint.
PB3
Part B3 of the part to 9e con&traine(.
B3B'
2pplica9le (egree&#of#free(om 9eing con&traine()
=S. 1) x tran&lational (egree#of#free(om,
=S. 2) y tran&lational (egree#of#free(om,
=S. %) I tran&lational (egree#of#free(om.
L1, 41, K1
L, 4, K coor(inate& of the location 9eing con&traine(.
CB3
Local coor(inate &y&tem B3.

Remarks:
1. B(entification n-m9er of a con&traint m-&t 9e -ni;-e.
2. Part B3 of the part to 9e con&traine( m-&t 9e inp-t correctly.
D
R
A
F
T
`CONSTRAINED `CONSTRAINED_COORDINATE
1$#/ CCO5ST'2B5=3D LS-DYNA R7.0
%. ,hen the optionOLOC2L i& invo7e(, local coor(inate &y&tem B3 CCB3D &ho-l( 9e inp-t an(
(efine( -&ing 7eywor( N3=+B5=OCOO'3B52T=OPOPTIONQ. 2 local coor(inate &y&tem can
9e create( ea&ily with 1oord men- in page " of the LSPP v2.!. 8n(er 1oord men-, &elect
S4ST5" -n(er 1reate, an( -&e 5Point an( a.on67 to (efine the &y&tem 9a&e( on one &traight
line. +or LSPP v%.1, in men- n.o(el an( PartV an( -n(er nCreate =ntityV, &elect n3efine F Co#
or(inateY, an( chec7 nCreV for create. Select NSy&tem in the p-ll(own men- next to nTypeV,
chec7 n>eopt&V to (efine a local &y&tem 9a&e( on two geometry point&, pic7 two point& an( &e#
lect the (e&ire( axi& in the p-ll(own men- next to n3irectionV, an( hit n2pplyV.
!. 2n example of -&ing the 7eywor( i& li&te( 9elow. 2 part with PB3 1/ i& con&traine( in 0 loca#
tion& in local coor(inate &y&tem B3 , (efine( 9y 7eywor( N3=+B5=OCOO'3B52T=
OS4ST=.. Con&traine( 3O+& are in(icate( 9y B3B'.
$'''G''''1''''G''''2''''G''''3''''G''''4''''G''''5''''G''''6''''G''''7''''G''''8
*#ONSTRAINED_#OORDINATE
$ ID IDPT IDIR A 4 B #ID
1 18 2 '555.128 86.6 1"72.2& &
2 18 3 '555.128 86.6 1"72.2& &
3 18 3 '58".334 '62.15 1"68.32 &
4 18 1 568.881 81.2&45 1"33.72 &
5 18 2 568.881 81.2&45 1"33.72 &
6 18 3 568.881 81.2&45 1"33.74 &
*DE!INE_#OORDINATE_SYSTEM
$ #ID *" Y" +" *L YL +L
& "." "." "." "." 1"." "."
$ *P YP +P
1"." 1"." "."
". Bt i& now po&&i9le to o-tp-t SPC force& on the coor(inate& con&traine(. +or each po&ition coor#
(inate &et, an extra no(e will 9e generate( an( SPC force& are calc-late( an( o-tp-t to
SPC+O'C file, with fre;-ency &pecifie( in 7eywor( N32T2B2S=OSPC+O'C. Shown in the
following fig-re& are the SPC force& calc-late( with m-lti#&tep& &tatic implicit &ol-tion on a
&pring9ac7 panel C58.BSJ==T 2$$" cro&& mem9erD with over#con&traine( 9o-n(ary con(i#
tion&. Thi& SPC o-tp-t feat-re i& availa9le in LS#3452 '" 'evi&ion 02"0$ an( later relea&e&.
D
R
A
F
T
`CONSTRAINED_COORDINATE `CONSTRAINED
LS-DYNA R7.0 1$# CCO5ST'2B5=3D
0. Thi& feat-re i& now availa9le in LS#3452 '" 'evi&ion "201 or later relea&e& an( i& al&o
D
R
A
F
T
`CONSTRAINED `CONSTRAINED_COORDINATE
1$#1$ CCO5ST'2B5=3D LS-DYNA R7.0
&-pporte( 9y .etal +orming >8B in LSPP v%.1, -n(er nSpring9ac7V.
+ig-re 1$#2. Con&traine( location& of a &pring9ac7 panel C58.BSJ==T 2$$" cro&&
mem9erD.
+ig-re 1$#%. SPC K#force& on 1$ no(e&.
+ig-re 1$#!. K#force &-mmation.
D
R
A
F
T
`CONSTRAINED_EULER_IN_EULER `CONSTRAINED
`CONSTRAINED_EULER_IN_EULER
P-rpo&e) Thi& comman( (efine& the co-pling interaction 9etween =8L='B25 material& in two
overlapping, geometrically &imilar, m-lti#material =-lerian me&h &et&. The comman( allow& a fric#
tionle&& XcontactY 9etween two or more (ifferent =-lerian material&.

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le PSB3SLM PSB3.ST P+2C
Type B B +
3efa-lt $ $ $.1

PSB3SLM
Part &et B3 of the 1
&t
2L= or =-lerian &et of me&hCe&D C&laveD.
PSB3.ST
Part &et B3 of the 2
n(
2L= or =-lerian &et of me&hCe&D Cma&terD.
P+2C
2 penalty factor for the co-pling interaction 9etween the two PSB3&.
Remarks:
1. The 2 me&he& m-&t 9e of =-lerian form-lation Cthe me&he& are fixe( in &pace, not movingD.
Con&i(er 2 overlapping =-lerian me&he&. =ach =-lerian me&h contain& 2 phy&ical material&,
&ay a vac--m an( a metal. Thi& car( provi(e& a frictionle&& XcontactY or interaction 9etween
the 2 metal&, each re&i(e& in a (ifferent =-lerian me&h &y&tem. 3-e to it& re&trictive nat-re,
thi& option i& c-rrently only an experimental feat-re.
2. Contact pre&&-re i& 9-ilt -p in two overlapping =-lerian element& if their com9ine( material
fill fraction excee(& 1.$ Cpenalty form-lationD.
%. Thi& feat-re nee(& to 9e com9ine( with N.2TOM2C88. Celement form-lation 11D.
Example:
Con&i(er an 2L=F=-lerian m-lti#material mo(el C=L+O'.]11D con&i&ting of)
# PB3 1 ] N.2TO58LL Cmaterial 1D
# PB3 2 ] N.2TOM2C88. = PB3 1 i& merge( at it& 9o-n(ary to PB3 2.
# PB3 % ] N.2TO58LL Cmaterial %D
# PB3 ! ] N.2TOM2C88. = PB3 % i& merge( at it& 9o-n(ary to PB3 !.
D
R
A
F
T
`CONSTRAINED `CONSTRAINED_EULER_IN_EULER
The me&h &et containing PB3 1 d 2 inter&ect& or overlap& with the me&h &et containing PB3 % d !.
PB3 1 i& given an initial velocity in the po&itive x (irection. Thi& will ca-&e material 1 to contact ma#
terial % Cnote that material& 2 d ! are voi(D. The interaction 9etween material& 1 d % i& po&&i9le 9y
(efining thi& co-pling comman(. Bn thi& ca&e material 1 can flow within the me&h region of PB3 1 d
2 only, an( material % can flow within the me&h region of PB3 % d ! only.
$...|....1....|....2....|....3....|....4....|....5....|....6....|....7....|...8
$ !ID !IDYTPE
1 1
2 1
3 1
4 1
*)ON!TRAINED_EULER_IN_EULER
$ P!ID1 P!ID2 PENAL
11 12 $.1
*!ET_PART_LI!T
11
1 2
*!ET_PART_LI!T
12
3 4
$...|....1....|....2....|....3....|....4....|....5....|....6....|....7....|...8
D
R
A
F
T
`CONSTRAINED_EXTRA_NODES `CONSTRAINED
LS-DYNA R7.0 1$#1% CCO5ST'2B5=3D
`CONSTRAINED_EXTRA_NODES_OPTION
NODE
SET
P-rpo&e) 3efine extra no(e& for rigi( 9o(y.

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le PB3 5B3F5SB3 B+L2>
Type B B B
3efa-lt none none $

PB3
Part B3 of rigi( 9o(y to which the no(e& will 9e a((e(, &ee NP2'T.
5B3F5SB3
5o(e Coption)O5O3=D or no(e &et B3 Coption)OS=TD, &ee NS=TO5O3=, of
a((e( no(e&.
B+L2>
Thi& flag i& meaningf-l if an( only if the inertia propertie& of the Part B3
are (efine( in P2'TOB5='TB2. Bf &et to -nity, the center#of#gravity, the
tran&lational ma&&, an( the inertia matrix of the PB3 will 9e -p(ate( to re#
flect the merge( no(al ma&&e& of the no(e or no(e &et. Bf B+L2> i& (e#
fa-lte( to Iero, the merge( no(e& will not affect the propertie& (efine( in
P2'TOB5='TB2 &ince it i& a&&-me( the propertie& alrea(y acco-nt for
merge( no(e&.
Remarks:
=xtra no(e& for rigi( 9o(ie& may 9e place( anywhere, even o-t&i(e the 9o(y, an( they are a&&-me(
to 9e part of the rigi( 9o(y. They have many -&e& incl-(ing)
1. The (efinition of (raw 9ea(& in metal forming application& 9y li&ting no(e& along the
(raw 9ea(.
2. Placing no(e& where Hoint& will 9e attache( 9etween rigi( 9o(ie&.
%. 3efining a no(e where point loa(& are to 9e applie( or where &pring& may 9e attache(.
D
R
A
F
T
`CONSTRAINED `CONSTRAINED_EXTRA_NODES
1$#1! CCO5ST'2B5=3D LS-DYNA R7.0
!. 3efining a l-mpe( ma&& at a partic-lar location.
an( &o on. The coor(inate& of the extra no(e& are -p(ate( accor(ing to the rigi( 9o(y motion.
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
$
$$$$ *#ONSTRAINED_E*TRA_NODES_NODE
$
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
$
$ R:=:;24 13316C 0o;-< 285 10; 4576 3o /173 14. ?P173 14 M)ST F- 1 7:=:; Fo;4.@
$
*#ONSTRAINED_E*TRA_NODES_NODE
$
$...K....1....K....2....K....3....K....4....K....5....K....6....K....7....K....8
$ /:; 0:;
14 285
14 4576
$
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
$

$
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
$
$$$$ *#ONSTRAINED_E*TRA_NODES_SET
$
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
$
$ R:=:;24 13316C 122 0o;-< :0 <-3 4 3o /173 17. ?P173 17 M)ST F- 1 7:=:; Fo;4.@
$
$ I0 3C:< -A1>/2-H 5o87 0o;-< 57o> 1 ;-5o7>1F2- Fo;4 17- 13316C-;
$ 3o 7:=:; Fo;4 17 1< 1 >-10< o5 To:0:0= 3C- 3Lo /173<.
$
*#ONSTRAINED_E*TRA_NODES_SET
$
$...K....1....K....2....K....3....K....4....K....5....K....6....K....7....K....8
$ /:; 0<:;
17 4
$
$
*SET_NODE_LIST
$ <:;
4
$ 0:;1 0:;2 0:;3 0:;4 0:;5 0:;6 0:;7 0:;8
665 778 8&6 827
$
$
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
$
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`CONSTRAINED_GENERALIZED_WELD `CONSTRAINED
LS-DYNA R7.0 1$#1" CCO5ST'2B5=3D
`CONSTRAINED_GENERALIZED_WELD_OPTION_POPTIONQ
SPOT
FILLET
BUTT
CROSS_FILLET
COMBINED
To (efine an B3 for the wel( -&e the option)
ID
P-rpo&e) 3efine &pot, fillet, 9-tt, an( other type& of wel(&. Coinci(ent no(e& are permitte( if the
local coor(inate B3 i& (efine(. +or the &pot wel( a local coor(inate B3 i& not re;-ire( if the no(e&
are off&et. +ail-re& can incl-(e 9oth the pla&tic an( 9rittle fail-re&. The&e can 9e -&e( either in(e#
pen(ently or together. +ail-re occ-r& when either criteria i& met. The wel(& may -n(ergo large rota#
tion& &ince the e;-ation& of rigi( 9o(y mechanic& are -&e( to -p(ate their motion. ,el( con&traint&
9etween &oli( element no(e& are not &-pporte(.

ID Card - Required if the option_ID is active on the keyword card.
Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le ,B3
Type B
3efa-lt $

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`CONSTRAINED `CONSTRAINED_GENERALIZED_WELD
This card is required for all weld options.
Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 5SB3 CB3 +BLT=' ,B53O, 5P' 5P'T
Type B B B = B B
3efa-lt none none

,B3
Optional wel( B3.
5SB3
5o(al &et B3, &ee NS=TO5O3=OOPTION.
CB3
Coor(inate &y&tem B3 for o-tp-t of &pot wel( (ata to S,+O'C in local
&y&tem, &ee N3=+B5=OCOO'3B52T=OOPTION. CB3 i& not re;-ire( for
&pot wel(& if the no(e& are not coinci(ent.
+BLT='
5-m9er of force vector& &ave( for filtering. Thi& option can eliminate &p-#
rio-& fail-re& (-e to n-merical force &pi7e&E however, memory re;-ire#
ment& are &ignificant &ince 0 force component& are &tore( with each vector.
L=.1) no filtering
=S.n) &imple average of force component& (ivi(e( 9y n or the maxi#
m-m n-m9er of force vector& that are &tore( for the time win(ow
option 9elow.
,B53O,
Time win(ow for filtering. Thi& option re;-ire& the &pecification of the
maxim-m n-m9er of &tep& which can occ-r within the filtering time win#
(ow. Bf the time &tep (ecrea&e& too far, then the filtering time win(ow will
9e ignore( an( the &imple average i& -&e(.
=S.$) time win(ow i& not -&e(
5P'
5-m9er of in(ivi(-al no(al pair& in the cro&& fillet or com9ine( general
wel(.
5P'T
Print option in file 'B3O8T.
=S.$) (efa-lt from the control car(, NCO5T'OLOO8TP8T, i& -&e(,
&ee varia9le name BP'T+.
=S.1) (ata i& printe(
=S.2) (ata i& not printe(

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Additional Card required for the CONSTRAINED_GENERALIZED_WELD_SPOT option:
Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le T+2BL =PS+ S5 SS 5 .
Type + + + + + +

T+2BL
+ail-re time for con&traint &et, t
f
. C(efa-lt]1.=[2$D
=PS+
=ffective pla&tic &train at fail-re, e
]uI
p
(efine& (-ctile fail-re.
S5
S
n
, normal force at fail-re, only for the 9rittle fail-re of &pot wel(&.
SS
S
&
, &hear force at fail-re, only for the 9rittle fail-re of &pot wel(&.
5
n, exponent for normal force, only for the 9rittle fail-re of &pot wel(&.
.
m, exponent for &hear force, only for the 9rittle fail-re of &pot wel(&.
Remarks:
Spot wel( fail-re (-e to pla&tic &training occ-r& when the effective no(al pla&tic &train excee(& the
inp-t val-e, e
]uI
p
. Thi& option can mo(el the tearing o-t of a &pot wel( from the &heet metal &ince
the pla&ticity i& in the material that &-rro-n(& the &pot wel(, not the &pot wel( it&elf. 2 lea&t &;-are&
algorithm i& -&e( to generate the no(al val-e& of pla&tic &train& at the no(e& from the element inte#
gration point val-e&. The pla&tic &train i& integrate( thro-gh the element an( the average val-e i&
proHecte( to the no(e& via a lea&t &;-are fit. Thi& option &ho-l( only 9e -&e( for the material mo(el&
relate( to metallic pla&ticity an( can re&-lt in &lightly increa&e( r-n time&.
Brittle fail-re of the &pot wel(& occ-r& when)
max(
n
u)
S
n

n
+
|
s
|
S
s

m
1
where f
n
an( f
&
are the normal an( &hear interface force. Component f
n
contri9-te& for ten&ile val-e&
only. ,hen the fail-re time, t
f
, i& reache( the no(al rigi( 9o(y 9ecome& inactive an( the con&traine(
no(e& may move freely. Bn +ig-re 1$#" the or(ering of the no(e& i& &hown for the 2 no(e an( % no(e
&pot wel(&. Thi& or(er i& with re&pect to the local coor(inate &y&tem where the local I#axi& (eter#
mine& the ten&ile (irection. The no(e& in the &pot wel( may coinci(e. The fail-re of the % no(e &pot
wel( may occ-r gra(-ally with fir&t one no(e failing an( later the &econ( no(e may fail. +or n no(e(
&pot wel(& the fail-re i& progre&&ive &tarting with the o-ter no(e& C1 an( nD an( then moving inwar(
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1$#1/ CCO5ST'2B5=3D LS-DYNA R7.0
to no(e& 2 an( n#1. Progre&&ive fail-re i& nece&&ary to precl-(e fail-re& that wo-l( create new rigi(
9o(ie&.
I
x
y
no(e 1
no(e 2
2 NODE SPOTWELD
I
x
y
no(e 2
no(e %
3 NODE SPOTWELD
no(e 1
I
no(e n#1
x
y
no(e 2
n NODE SPOTWELD
no(e 1
no(e n

+ig-re 1$#". 5o(al or(ering an( orientation of the local coor(inate &y&tem i& important for (e#
termining &potwel( fail-re.

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Additional Card required for the FILLET option:
Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le T+2BL =PS+ SB>+ B=T2 L , 2 2LPJ2
Type + + + + + + + +

T+2BL
f
. C(efa-lt]1.=[2$D
=PS+
]uI
p
SB>+
o
]
B=T2
L
L, length of filletF9-tt wel( C&ee +ig-re 1$#" an( 1$#0D.
,
w, wi(th of flange C&ee +ig-re 1$#"D.
2
a, wi(th of fillet wel( C&ee +ig-re 1$#0D.
2LPJ2
o, wel( angle C&ee +ig-re 1$#"D in (egree&.
Remarks:
3-ctile fillet wel( fail-re, (-e to pla&tic &training, i& treate( i(entically to &pot wel( fail-re. Brittle
fail-re of the fillet wel(& occ-r& when)
[o
n
2
+S(
n
2
+
t
2
) o
]

where o
n
] normal &tre&&

n

t
] &hear &tre&& normal to wel( Clocal xD
o
]
] fail-re &tre&&
[ ] fail-re parameter
Component o
n
i& nonIero for ten&ile val-e& only. ,hen the fail-re time, t
f
, i& reache( the no(al rig#
i( 9o(y 9ecome& inactive an( the con&traine( no(e& may move freely. Bn +ig-re 1$#0 the or(ering
of the no(e& i& &hown for the 2 no(e an( % no(e fillet wel(&. Thi& or(er i& with re&pect to the local
coor(inate &y&tem where the local I axi& (etermine& the ten&ile (irection. The no(e& in the fillet
wel( may coinci(e. The fail-re of the % no(e fillet wel( may occ-r gra(-ally with fir&t one no(e
failing an( later the &econ( no(e may fail.
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L
w
a
1
2
3
2
1
3 NODE FILLET WELD
2 NODE FILLET WELD
y
z
x
z
local coor(inate
&y&tem

+ig-re 1$#0. 5o(al or(ering an( orientation of the local coor(inate &y&tem i& &hown for
fillet wel( fail-re. The angle i& (efine( in (egree&
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Additional Card required for the BUTT option:
Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le T+2BL =PS+ SB>4 B=T2 L 3 LT
Type + + + + + + +

T+2BL
f
. C(efa-lt]1.=[2$D
=PS+
]uI
p
SB>4
o
]
B=T2
L
L, length of filletF9-tt wel( C&ee +ig-re 1$#" an( 1$#D.
3
(, thic7ne&& of 9-tt wel( C&ee +ig-re 1$#"D.
LT
L
t
, tran&ver&e length of 9-tt wel( C&ee +ig-re 1$#"D.
Remarks:
3-ctile 9-tt wel( fail-re, (-e to pla&tic &training, i& treate( i(entically to &pot wel( fail-re. Brittle
fail-re of the 9-tt wel(& occ-r& when)
[o
n
2
+S(
n
2
+
t
2
) o
]

where
o
n
] normal &tre&&

n

t
] &hear &tre&& normal to wel( Clocal ID
o
]
] fail-re &tre&&
[ ] fail-re parameter
Component
n
i& nonIero for ten&ile val-e& only. ,hen the fail-re time, t
-
, i& reache( the no(al rigi(
9o(y 9ecome& inactive an( the con&traine( no(e& may move freely. The no(e& in the 9-tt wel( may
coinci(e.
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(
L
x
y
z
2 tie( no(e& that can
9e coinci(ent
! tie( no(e&
2 tie( no(e&
L
L
t
y
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2

+ig-re 1$#7. Orientation of the local coor(inate &y&tem an( no(al or(ering i& &hown for 9-tt
wel( fail-re.
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
$
$$$$ *#ONSTRAINED_GENERALI+ED_ELD_B)TT
$
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
$
$ -2; 3Lo /213-< 3C13 F833 8/ 1=1:0<3 -16C o3C-7 13 3C7-- 0o;12 /1:7
$ 2o613:o0<. TC- 0o;12 /1:7< 17- 32'33H 34'35 10; 36'37.
$
$ TC:< 7-P8:7-< 3 <-/1713- *#ONSTRAINED_GENERALI+ED_ELD_B)TT ;-5:0:3:o0<H
$ o0- 5o7 -16C 0o;12 /1:7. E16C L-2; :< 3o C19- 1 2-0=3C ?L@ . 1"H
$ 3C:6Q0-<< ?D@ . 2H 10; 1 3710<9-7<- 2-0=3C ?L3@ . 1.
$
$ !1:287- :< ;-5:0-; 3Lo L14<D
$ D863:2- 51:287- :5 -55-63:9- /21<3:6 <371:0 -A6--;< ".3
$ B7:332- 51:287- :5 3C- <37-<< 51:287- 67:3-7:1 -A6--;< ".25
$ ' <612- 3C- F7:332- 51:287- 67:3-7:1 F4 F-31 . ".&.
$ No3-D F-31 K 1 L-1Q-0< L-2; F-31 J 1 <37-0=3C-0< L-2;
$
*#ONSTRAINED_GENERALI+ED_ELD_B)TT
$
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$...K....1....K....2....K....3....K....4....K....5....K....6....K....7....K....8
$ 0<:; 6:;
21
$ 351:2 -/<5 <:=4 F-31 L D L3
".3 ".25" ".& 1"." 2." 1."
$
$
$ 0<:; 6:;
23
$ 351:2 -/<5 <:=4 F-31 L D L3
".3 ".25" ".& 1"." 2." 1."
$
$
$ 0<:; 6:;
25
$ 351:2 -/<5 <:=4 F-31 L D L3
".3 ".25" ".& 1"." 2." 1."
$
$
*SET_NODE_LIST
$ <:;
21
$ 0:;1 0:;2
32 33
*SET_NODE_LIST
23
34 35
*SET_NODE_LIST
25
36 37
$
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$

Additional Cards (1+NPR) required for the CROSS_FILLET option:
Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le T+2BL =PS+ SB>4 B=T2 L , 2 2LPJ2
Type + + + + + + + +

Car(&
%,!,...,2[5P' 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 5O3=2 5O3=B 5CB3
Type B B B

D
R
A
F
T
T+2BL
f
. C(efa-lt]1.=[2$D
=PS+
]uI
p
SB>4
o
]
B=T2
L
L, length of filletF9-tt wel( C&ee +ig-re 1$#0 an( 1$#7D.
,
w, wi(th of flange C&ee +ig-re 1$#0D.
2
2LPJ2
o, wel( angle C&ee +ig-re 1$#0D in (egree&.
5O3=2
5o(e B3, 2, in wel( pair CC'OSS or CO.BB5=3 option onlyD.
See +ig-re 1$#/.
5O3=B
5o(e B3, B, in wel( pair CC'OSS or CO.BB5=3 option onlyD.
5CB3
Local coor(inate &y&tem B3 CC'OSS or CO.BB5=3 option onlyD.
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1
2
8
1
9
1
:
1

1
3
:
2
9
2
8
2

2
3
8
%
:
%
9
%

+ig-re 1$#/. 2 &imple cro&& fillet wel( ill-&trate& the re;-ire( inp-t. Jere 5P']% with no(al
pair& C2]2, B]1D, C2]%, B]1D, an( C2]%, B]2D. The local coor(inate axe& are
&hown. The&e axe& are fixe( in the rigi( 9o(y an( are reference( to the local rigi(
9o(y coor(inate &y&tem which trac7& the rigi( 9o(y rotation.

1
2
3
8
3

9
3

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Additional NPR Card Sets required for the COMBINED option. Repeat cards 2 and 3 below
NPR times:
Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le T+2BL =PS+ SB>4 B=T2 L , 2 2LPJ2
Type + + + + + + + +

Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 5O3=2 5O3=B 5CB3 ,T4P
Type B B B B

T+2BL
f
. C(efa-lt]1.=[2$D
=PS+
]uI
p
SB>4
o
]
B=T2
L
L, length of filletF9-tt wel( C&ee +ig-re 1$#0 an( 1$#7D.
,
w, wi(th of flange C&ee +ig-re 1$#0D.
2
2LPJ2
o, wel( angle C&ee +ig-re 1$#0D in (egree&.
5O3=2
5o(e B3, 2, in wel( pair CC'OSS or CO.BB5=3 option onlyD.
5O3=B
5o(e B3, B, in wel( pair CC'OSS or CO.BB5=3 option onlyD.
5CB3
Local coor(inate &y&tem B3 CC'OSS or CO.BB5=3 option onlyD.
,T4P=
,el( pair type C>=5='2L option onlyD. See +ig-re 1$#/.
=S.$) fillet wel(
=S.1) 9-tt wel(
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+ig-re 1$#. 2 com9ine( wel( i& a mixt-re of fillet an( 9-tt wel(&.
D
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`CONSTRAINED `CONSTRAINED_GLOBAL
`CONSTRAINED_GLOBAL
P-rpo&e) 3efine a glo9al 9o-n(ary con&traint plane.

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le TC 'C 3B' L 4 K
Type B B B + + +
3efa-lt $ $ $ $ $ $

TC
Tran&lational Con&traint)
=S.!) con&traine( x an( y tran&lation&,
=S.") con&traine( y an( I tran&lation&,
=S.0) con&traine( x an( I tran&lation&,
=S.7) con&traine( x, y, an( I tran&lation&,
'C
'otational Con&traint)
=S.1) con&traine( x#rotation,
=S.2) con&traine( y#rotation,
=S.%) con&traine( I#rotation,
=S.!) con&traine( x an( y rotation&,
=S.") con&traine( y an( I rotation&,
=S.0) con&traine( I an( x rotation&,
=S.7) con&traine( x, y, an( I rotation&.
3B'
3irection of normal for con&traint plane.
=S.1) glo9al x,
=S.2) glo9al y,
=S.%) glo9al I.
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`CONSTRAINED_GLOBAL `CONSTRAINED
L
>lo9al x#coor(inate of a point on the con&traint plane.
4
>lo9al y#coor(inate of a point on the con&traint plane.
K
>lo9al I#coor(inate of a point on the con&traint plane.
Remarks:
5o(e& within a me&h#&iIe#(epen(ent tolerance are con&traine( on a glo9al plane. Thi& option i& rec#
ommen(e( for -&e with r#metho( a(aptive reme&hing where no(al con&traint& are lo&t (-ring the
reme&hing pha&e. See NCO5ST'2B5=3OLOC2L for &pecifying con&traint& to no(e& lying on a
local plane.
D
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`CONSTRAINED `CONSTRAINED_INTERPOLATION
1$#%$ CCO5ST'2B5=3D LS-DYNA R7.0
`CONSTRAINED_INTERPOLATION_POPTIONQ
<BLANK>
LOCAL
P-rpo&e) 3efine an interpolation con&traint. ,ith thi& con&traint type, the motion of a &ingle (e#
pen(ent no(e i& interpolate( from the motion of a &et of in(epen(ent no(e&. Thi& option i& -&ef-l for
the loa( re(i&tri9-tion of a loa(, which can 9e either a tran&lational force or moment, applie( to the
(epen(ent no(e to the &-rro-n(ing in(epen(ent no(e&, an( it can al&o 9e -&e( to mo(el &hell#9ric7
an( 9eam#9ric7 interface&. The ma&& an( rotary inertia of the (epen(ent no(al point i& al&o re(i&#
tri9-te(. Thi& con&traint i& applie( in the glo9al coor(inate &y&tem -nle&& the option LOC2L i& ac#
tive. One NCO5ST'2B5=3OB5T='POL2TBO5 car( i& re;-ire( for each con&traint (efinition.
The inp-t li&t of in(epen(ent no(e& i& terminate( when the next ZNZ car( i& fo-n(. Bn explicit calc-#
lation& the in(epen(ent no(e& cannot 9e (epen(ent no(e& in other con&traint& &-ch a& no(al rigi(
9o(ie&. Thi& latter re&triction (oe& not apply to implicit calc-lation&.

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le BCB3 35B3 33O+ CB33
Type B B B B
3efa-lt $ $ 12%!"0 optional

Cards 2, 3, 4, etc. Define one card per independent node. If the option LOCAL is active,
define two cards per independent node. Input is terminated when a "`" card is found.
1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le B5B3 B3O+ T,>JTL T,>JT4 T,>JTK ',>JTL ',>JT4 ',>JTK
Type B B + + + + + +
3efa-lt $ 12%!"0 1.$ T,>JTL T,>JTL T,>JTL T,>JTL T,>JTL

D
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`CONSTRAINED_INTERPOLATION `CONSTRAINED
LS-DYNA R7.0 1$#%1 CCO5ST'2B5=3D
Define the second card if and only if the option LOCAL is active
Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le CB3B
Type B
3efa-lt $

BCB3
Bnterpolation con&traint B3.
35B3
3epen(ent no(e B3. Thi& no(e &ho-l( not 9e a mem9er of a rigi( 9o(y, or
el&ewhere con&traine( in the inp-t.
33O+
3epen(ent (egree&#of#free(om. The li&t of (epen(ent (egree&#of#free(om
con&i&t& of a n-m9er with -p to &ix (igit&, with each (igit repre&enting a
(egree of free(om. +or example, the val-e 1%"0 in(icate& that (egree& of
free(om 1, %, ", an( 0 are controlle( 9y the con&traint. The (efa-lt i&
12%!"0. 3igit) (egree of free(om B3G&)
=S.1) x
=S.2) y
=S.%) I
=S.!) rotation a9o-t x axi&
=S.") rotation a9o-t y axi&
=S.0) rotation a9o-t I axi&
CB33
Local coor(inate &y&tem B3 if LOC2L option i& active. Bf 9lan7 the glo9al
coor(inate &y&tem i& a&&-me(.
B5B3
Bn(epen(ent no(e B3.
B3O+
Bn(epen(ent (egree&#of#free(om -&ing the &ame form a& for the (epen(ent
(egree&#of#free(om, 33O+, a9ove.
T,>JTL
,eighting factor for no(e B5B3 with active (egree&#of#free(om B3O+.
Thi& weight &cale& the x#tran&lational component. Bt i& normally &-fficient
to (efine only T,>JTL even if it& (egree#of#free(om i& inactive &ince the
other factor& are &et e;-al to thi& inp-t val-e a& the (efa-lt. There i& no re#
;-irement on the val-e& that are cho&en a& the weighting factor&, i.e., that
they &-m to -nity. The (efa-lt val-e for the weighting factor i& -nity.
D
R
A
F
T
1$#%2 CCO5ST'2B5=3D LS-DYNA R7.0
T,>JT4
Thi& weight &cale& the y#tran&lational component.
T,>JTK
Thi& weight &cale& the I#tran&lational component.
',>JTL
Thi& weight &cale& the x#rotational component.
',>JT4
Thi& weight &cale& the y#rotational component.
',>JTK
Thi& weight &cale& the I#rotational component.
CB3B
Local coor(inate &y&tem B3 if LOC2L option i& active. Bf 9lan7 the glo9al
coor(inate &y&tem i& a&&-me(.
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
$
$$$$ *#ONSTRAINED_INTERPOLATION ?B-1> 3o <o2:; 6o8/2:0=@
$
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
$
$ T:- 1 F-1> -2->-03 3o 1 <o2:; -2->-03.
$
$ TC- 0o;- o5 3C- F-1> 3o F- 3:-; ;o-< 0o3 <C17- 1 6o>>o0 0o;- L:3C 3C- <o2:;<.
$ I5 3C- F-1> 0o;- :< <C17-;H 5o7 -A1>/2-H 3C-0 <-3 ;;o5.456.
$
*#ONSTRAINED_INTERPOLATION
$
$...K....1....K....2....K....3....K....4....K....5....K....6....K....7....K....8
$ :6:; ;0:; ;;o5
1 45 123456
$ :0:; :;o5 3L=C3A 3L=C34 3L=C3B 7L=C3A 7L=C34 7L=C3B
22 123
44 123
43 123
$
*.........
$
D
R
A
F
T
`CONSTRAINED_INTERPOLATION `CONSTRAINED
LS-DYNA R7.0 1$#%% CCO5ST'2B5=3D

$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
$
$$$$ *#ONSTRAINED_INTERPOLATION ?Lo1; 7-;:<37:F83:o0@
$
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
$
$ Mo>-03 1Fo83 0o7>12 1A:< o5 0o;- 1"" :< 6o09-73-; 3o 10 -P8:912-03 2o1; F4
$ 1//24:0= A'5o76- 7-<823103< 3o 3C- 0o;-< 24:0= 12o0= 3C- 7:=C3 Fo80;174
$
*DE!INE_#)R%E
1H"H".H".H".H".H"
".H".
.1H1"""".
*LOAD_NODE_POINT
1""H6H1H1."
$
*#ONSTRAINED_INTERPOLATION
$
$...K....1....K....2....K....3....K....4....K....5....K....6....K....7....K....8
$ :6:; ;0:; ;;o5
1 1"" 5
$ :0:; :;o5 3L=C3A 3L=C34 3L=C3B 7L=C3A 7L=C34 7L=C3B
&6 1
&7 1
&8 1
&& 1
177 1
178 1
17& 1
18" 1
D
R
A
F
T
1$#%! CCO5ST'2B5=3D LS-DYNA R7.0
$
*.........
$
D
R
A
F
T
`CONSTRAINED_INTERPOLATION_SPOTWELD `CONSTRAINED
LS-DYNA R7.0 1$#%" CCO5ST'2B5=3D
`CONSTRAINED_INTERPOLATION_SPOTWELD
P-rpo&e) 3efine a &potwel( with fail-re. Thi& mo(el incl-(e& a pla&ticity#(amage mo(el that re(-ce&
the force an( moment re&-ltant& to Iero a& the &potwel( fail&. The location of the &potwel( i& (efine(
9y a &ingle no(e at the center of two connecte( &heet&. The (omain of infl-ence i& &pecifie( 9y a ra#
(i-&, which &ho-l( 9e approximately e;-al to the &potwel(V& ra(i-&. The algorithm (oe& a normal
proHection from the two &heet& to the &potwel( no(e an( locate& all no(e& within the -&er#(efine(
(iameter of infl-ence. The n-merical implementation of thi& mo(el i& &imilar to the SP'2 mo(el
CNCO5ST'2B5=3OSP'2D.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le PB31 PB32 5SB3 TJBCA ' STB++ 2LPJ21
Type B B B + + + +

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le '5 'S B=T2 LC+ LC8P+ LC8P' 3=5S B5TP
Type + + + + + + + +

PB31
Part B3 of fir&t &heet.
PB32
Part B3 of &econ( &heet.
5SB3
5o(e &et B3 of &potwel( location no(e&.
TJBCA
Total thic7ne&& of 9oth &heet&.
'
Spotwel( ra(i-&.
STB++
=la&tic &tiffne&&.
2LPJ21
Scaling factor.
D
R
A
F
T
`CONSTRAINED `CONSTRAINED_INTERPOLATION_SPOTWELD
1$#%0 CCO5ST'2B5=3D LS-DYNA R7.0
'5
Ten&ile &trength factor.
'S
Shear &trength factor.
B=T2
=xponent for pla&tic potential.
LC+
Loa( c-rve B3 (e&cri9ing force ver&-& pla&tic (i&placement) F
0
(u
pI
).
LC8P+
Loa( c-rve B3 (e&cri9ing pla&tic initiation (i&placement ver&-& mo(e mix#
ity) u
0
pI
().
LC8P'
Loa( c-rve B3 (e&cri9ing pla&tic r-pt-re (i&placement ver&-& mo(e mixity)
u
]
pI
().
3=5S
Spotwel( (en&ity Cnece&&ary for time &tep calc-lationD.
B5TP
+lag for interpolation.
=S.$) linear C(efa-ltD,
=S.1) -niform,
=S.2) inver&e (i&tance weighting.
Remarks:
Thi& n-merical mo(el i& &imilar to the &elf#piercing rivet mo(el SP'2 C&ee NCO5ST'2B5=3
OSP'2D 9-t with &ome (ifference& to ma7e it more &-ita9le for &potwel(&. The fir&t (ifference i&
&ymmetric 9ehavior of the &potwel( connection, i.e. there i& no (i&tinction 9etween a ma&ter &heet
an( a &lave &heet. Thi& i& (one 9y averaging the normal& of 9oth part& an( 9y alway& (i&tri9-ting the
9alance moment& e;-ally to 9oth &i(e&.
The &econ( (ifference i& that there are not only two 9-t three ;-antitie& to (e&cri9e the 7inematic&,
namely the normal relative (i&placement o
n
, the tangential relative (i&placement o
t
, an( the relative
rotation
b
# all with re&pect to the plane#of#maxim-m opening. B.e. a relative (i&placement vector
i& (efine( a&
u = |6
n
6
t
m
h
]
The thir( (ifference i& the -n(erlying material mo(el. ,ith the (e&cri9e( 7inematic ;-antitie&, an
ela&tic effective force vector i& comp-te( fir&t)
I
= |J
n
J
t
m
h
] = STIFF u = STIFF |6
n
6
t
m
h
]
+rom that, two re&-ltant force& for normal (irection an( tangential (irection C&hearD are comp-te( via
F
n
= (J
n
) +u
1
m
h
F
x
= J
t

D
R
A
F
T
`CONSTRAINED_INTERPOLATION_SPOTWELD `CONSTRAINED
LS-DYNA R7.0 1$#%7 CCO5ST'2B5=3D
Then, a yiel( f-nction i& (efine( for pla&tic 9ehavior
(I
u
p|
) = P(I
) -F
(u
p|
)
with relative pla&tic (i&placement u
pI
, potential P
P(I
) = __
F
n
R
n
]
+_
F
x
R
x
]
_
1

an( i&otropic har(ening (e&cri9e( 9y loa( c-rve LC+ C&ee +ig-re 1$#1$D)
F
= F
(u
p|
)
Bn a((ition, a linear &oftening evol-tion i& incorporate(, where (amage i& (efine( a&)
d =
u
p|
-u
p|
(x)
u
J
p|
(x)
< d < 1
with mo(e mixity
x =
2
a
artan_
F
n
F
x
] < x < 1
+inally, the nominal force i& comp-te( a&)
I = (1 -d)I
p.
u
$
;
( )
$ p.
; u
$
p.
u
$
p. p.
-
u u +
+ig-re 1$#1$. +orce#(i&placement c-rve) pla&ticity an( linear (amage
D
R
A
F
T
`CONSTRAINED `CONSTRAINED_1OINT
1$#%/ CCO5ST'2B5=3D LS-DYNA R7.0
`CONSTRAINED_1OINT_OPTION_OPTION]_OPTION]_OPTION]
2vaila9le form& incl-(e Cone i& man(atoryD)
CONSTRAINED_1OINT_SPHERICAL
CONSTRAINED_1OINT_REVOLUTE
CONSTRAINED_1OINT_CYLINDRICAL
CONSTRAINED_1OINT_PLANAR
CONSTRAINED_1OINT_UNIVERSAL
CONSTRAINED_1OINT_TRANSLATIONAL
CONSTRAINED_1OINT_LOCKING
CONSTRAINED_1OINT_TRANSLATIONAL_MOTOR
CONSTRAINED_1OINT_ROTATIONAL_MOTOR
CONSTRAINED_1OINT_GEARS
CONSTRAINED_1OINT_RACK_AND_PINION
CONSTRAINED_1OINT_CONSTANT_VELOCITY
CONSTRAINED_1OINT_PULLEY
CONSTRAINED_1OINT_SCREW
Bf the force o-tp-t (ata i& to 9e tran&forme( into a local coor(inate -&e the option)
LOCAL
to (efine a Hoint B3 an( hea(ing the following option i& availa9le)
ID
an( to (efine fail-re for penalty#9a&e( Hoint& CL.+]$ in NCO5T'OLO'B>B3D -&e)
FAILURE
The or(ering of the 9rac7ete( option& i& ar9itrary.
P-rpo&e) 3efine a Hoint 9etween two rigi( 9o(ie&, &ee +ig-re 1$#11.
Card Format:
Car( 1 i& re;-ire( for all Hoint type&.
Car( 2 i& re;-ire( for Hoint type&) .OTO', >=2'S, '2CAO253OPB5BO5, P8LL=4, an(
SC'=,
Optional Car( i& re;-ire( only if LOC2L i& &pecifie( in the 7eywor(.
Bn the fir&t &even Hoint type& a9ove excepting the 8niver&al Hoint, the no(al point& within the no(al
pair& C1,2D, C%,!D, an( C",0D C&ee +ig-re 1$#11D &ho-l( coinci(e in the initial config-ration, an( the
no(al pair& &ho-l( 9e a& far apart a& po&&i9le to o9tain the 9e&t 9ehavior. +or the 8niver&al :oint the
D
R
A
F
T
`CONSTRAINED_1OINT `CONSTRAINED
no(e& within the no(al pair C%,!D (o not coinci(e, 9-t the line& (rawn 9etween no(e& C1,%D an( C2,!D
m-&t 9e perpen(ic-lar.
+or the >ear Hoint the no(e& within the no(al pair C1,2D m-&t not coinci(e.
The geometry of Hoint& i& (efine( in +ig-re 1$#11. ,hen the penalty metho( i& -&e( C&ee
NCO5T'OLO'B>B3D, at each time &tep, the relative penalty &tiffne&& i& m-ltiplie( 9y a f-nction (e#
pen(ent on the &tep &iIe to give the maxim-m &tiffne&& that will not (e&troy the &ta9ility of the &ol-#
tion. Bn&ta9ilitie& can re&-lt in the explicit time integration &cheme if the penalty &tiffne&& i& too
large. Bf in&ta9ilitie& occ-r, the recommen(e( way to eliminate the&e pro9lem& i& to (ecrea&e the
time &tep or re(-ce the &cale factor on the penaltie&.
+or cylin(rical Hoint&, 9y &etting no(e % to Iero, it i& po&&i9le to -&e a cylin(rical Hoint to Hoin a no(e
that i& not on a rigi( 9o(y Cno(e 1D to a rigi( 9o(y Cno(e& 2 an( !D.

Optional 1 2
Maria9le :B3 J=23B5>
Type B 27$
The hea(ing i& pic7e( -p 9y &ome of the peripheral LS#3452 co(e& to ai( in po&t#proce&&ing.

:B3
:oint B3. Thi& m-&t 9e a -ni;-e n-m9er.
J=23B5>
:oint (e&criptor. Bt i& &-gge&te( that -ni;-e (e&cription& 9e -&e(.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 51 52 5% 5! 5" 50 'PS 32.P
Type B B B B B B + +
3efa-lt $ $ $ $ $ $ 1.$ 1.$

51
5o(e 1, in rigi( 9o(y 2. 3efine for all Hoint type&.
D
R
A
F
T
1$#!$ CCO5ST'2B5=3D LS-DYNA R7.0
52
5o(e 2, in rigi( 9o(y B. 3efine for all Hoint type&.
5%
5o(e %, in rigi( 9o(y 2. 3efine for all Hoint type& except SPJ='BC2L.
5!
5o(e !, in rigi( 9o(y B. 3efine for all Hoint type& except SPJ='BC2L.
5"
5o(e ", in rigi( 9o(y 2. 3efine for Hoint type& T'25SL2TBO52L,
LOCAB5>, 'OT2TBO52LO.OTO', CO5ST25TOM=LOCBT4,
>=2'S, '2CAO253OPB5BO5, P8LL=4, an( SC'=,
50
5o(e 0, in rigi( 9o(y B. 3efine for Hoint type& T'25SL2TBO52L,
LOCAB5>, 'OT2TBO52LO.OTO', CO5ST25TOM=LOCBT4,
>=2'S, '2CAO253OPB5BO5, P8LL=4, an( SC'=,
'PS
'elative penalty &tiffne&& C(efa-lt ] 1.$D.
32.P
3amping &cale factor on (efa-lt (amping val-e. C'evol-te an( Spherical
:oint&D)
=S.$.$) (efa-lt i& &et to 1.$,
>T.$.$.253.L=.$.$1) no (amping i& -&e(.

Card 2. Required for joint types MOTOR, GEARS, RACK_AND_PINION, PULLEY, and
SCREW only.
Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le P2'. LCB3 T4P= '1
Type + B B +
3efa-lt none

P2'.
Parameter which a f-nction of Hoint type. Leave 9lan7 for .OTO'S.
>ear&) (efine R
2
R
1

'ac7 an( Pinion) (efine b
P-lley) (efine R
2
R
1

Screw) (efine x
LCB3
3efine loa( c-rve B3 for .OTO' Hoint&.
D
R
A
F
T
LS-DYNA R7.0 1$#!1 CCO5ST'2B5=3D
T4P=
3efine integer flag for .OTO' Hoint& a& follow&)
=S.$) tran&lationalFrotational velocity
=S.1) tran&lationalFrotational acceleration
=S.2) tran&lationalFrotational (i&placement
'1
'a(i-&, R
1
, for the gear an( p-lley Hoint type. Bf left -n(efine(, no(al
point& " an( 0 are a&&-me( to 9e on the o-ter ra(i-&. The val-e of '1 an(
'2 affect the reaction force& written to o-tp-t. The force& are calc-late(
from the moment& 9y (ivi(ing them 9y the ra(ii.

Optional: Required only if LOCAL is specified after the keyword.
Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le '2B3 LST
Type B B
3efa-lt $ $

'2B3
'igi( 9o(y or accelerometer B3. The force re&-ltant& are o-tp-t in the local
&y&tem of the rigi( 9o(y or accelerometer.
LST
+lag for local &y&tem type)
=S.$) rigi( 9o(y
=S.1) accelerometer

D
R
A
F
T
1$#!2 CCO5ST'2B5=3D LS-DYNA R7.0
Optional: Required only if FAILURE is specified after the keyword.
Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le CB3 T+2BL CO8PL
Type B + +
3efa-lt $ $ $.

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 5LL 544 5KK .LL .44 .KK
Type + + + + + +
3efa-lt $ $ $ $ $ $

CB3
Coor(inate B3 for re&-ltant& in the fail-re criteria. Bf Iero, the glo9al coor#
(inate &y&tem i& -&e(.
T+2BL
Time for Hoint fail-re. Bf Iero, Hoint never fail&.
CO8PL
Co-pling 9etween the force an( moment fail-re criteria. Bf CO8PL i& le&&
than or e;-al to Iero, the fail-re criteria i& i(entical to the &potwel(&. ,hen
CO8PL i& greater than Iero, the force an( moment re&-lt& are con&i(ere(
in(epen(ently. See the remar7 9elow.
5LL
2xial force re&-ltant N
xx
F
at fail-re. Bf Iero, fail-re (-e to thi& component
i& not con&i(ere(.
544
+orce re&-ltant N
F
at fail-re. Bf Iero, fail-re (-e to thi& component i& not
con&i(ere(.
5KK
+orce re&-ltant N
F
con&i(ere(.
.LL
Tor&ional moment re&-ltant H
XX
F
at fail-re. Bf Iero, fail-re (-e to thi&
component i& not con&i(ere(.
D
R
A
F
T
LS-DYNA R7.0 1$#!% CCO5ST'2B5=3D
.44
.oment re&-ltant H
F
at fail-re. Bf Iero, fail-re (-e to thi& component i&
not con&i(ere(.
.KK
.oment re&-ltant H
F
not con&i(ere(.
Remarks:
The moment& for the revol-te, cylin(rical, planar, tran&lational, an( loc7ing Hoint& are calc-late( at
the mi(point of no(e& 51 an( 5%. The moment& for the &pherical, -niver&al, con&tant velocity,
gear, p-lley, an( rac7 an( pinion Hoint& are calc-late( at no(e 51.
,hen CO8PL i& le&& than or e;-al to Iero, the fail-re criteria i&
N
xx
N
xx
F
2
+
N
2
+
N
2
+
H
xx
H
xx
F
2
+
H
2
+
H
2
-1 = u.
Otherwi&e, it con&i&t& of 9oth
N
xx
N
xx
F
2
+
N
2
+
N
2
-1 = u
an(
H
xx
H
xx
F
2
+
H
2
+
H
2
-1 = u.
D
R
A
F
T
1$#!! CCO5ST'2B5=3D LS-DYNA R7.0
Spherical joint Revolute joint
Cylindrical joint Planar joint
Translational joint Universal joint

+ig-re 1$#11. :oint (efinition& 1#0.
2
4
6
1
3
5
Locking joint

+ig-re 1$#12. Loc7ing Hoint.
D
R
A
F
T
LS-DYNA R7.0 1$#!" CCO5ST'2B5=3D
1
2
3
Load curve defines
relative motion

+ig-re 1$#1%. Tran&lational motor Hoint. Thi& Hoint can 9e -&e( in com9ination with the
tran&lational or the cylin(rical Hoint.
1
3
5
2
4
(
Load curve defines relative
rotational motion in radians
per unit time.

+ig-re 1$#1!. 'otational motor Hoint. Thi& Hoint can 9e -&e( in com9ination with other Hoint&
&-ch a& the revol-te or cylin(rical Hoint&.
D
R
A
F
T
1$#!0 CCO5ST'2B5=3D LS-DYNA R7.0
1
2
3
4
5
(
)
1
)
2

+ig-re 1$#1". >ear Hoint. 5o(al pair& C1,%D an( C2,!D (efine axe& that are orthogonal to the gear&.
5o(al pair& C1,"D an( C2,0D (efine vector& in the plane of the gear&. The ratio
1
i&
&pecifie(.

h
1
2
3
4
5
(

+ig-re 1$#10. 'ac7 an( pinion Hoint. 5o(al pair C1,%D (efine& the axi& of rotation of the fir&t 9o(y
Cthe pinionD. 5o(al pair C1,"D i& a vector in the plane of the pinion an( i& orthogo#
nal to no(al pair C1,%D. 5o(al pair C2,!D (efine& the (irection of travel for the &ec#
on( 9o(y Cthe rac7D. 5o(al pair C2,0D i& parallel to the axi& of the pinion an( i& th-&
parallel to no(al pair C1,%D. The val-e h i& &pecifie(. The velocity of the rac7 i&
pinion
x h.
D
R
A
F
T
LS-DYNA R7.0 1$#!7 CCO5ST'2B5=3D
1 2
3
4
5
(

+ig-re 1$#17. Con&tant velocity Hoint. 5o(al pair& C1,%D an( C2,!D (efine an axe& for the con&tant
ang-lar velocity, an( no(al pair& C1,"D are orthogonal vector&. Jere no(al point& 1
an( 2 m-&t 9e coinci(ent.
1
3
5
)
1
2
4 (
)
2

+ig-re 1$#1/. P-lley Hoint. 5o(al pair& C1,%D an( C2,!D (efine axe& that are orthogonal to the p-l#
ley&. 5o(al pair& C1,"D an( C2,0D (efine vector& in the plane of the p-lley&. The ra#
tio
1
i& &pecifie(.
D
R
A
F
T
1$#!/ CCO5ST'2B5=3D LS-DYNA R7.0
2
4
(
1 3
5
.
.

+ig-re 1$#1. Screw Hoint. The &econ( 9o(y tran&late& in re&pon&e to the &pin of the fir&t 9o(y.
5o(al pair& C1,%D an( C2,!D lie along the &ame axi& an( no(al pair& C1,"D an( C2,0D
are orthogonal vector&. The helix ratio,
x
o
, i& &pecifie(.
$
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
$
$$$$ *#ONSTRAINED_MOINT_PLANAR
$
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
$
$ D-5:0- 1 /21017 To:03 F-3L--0 3Lo 7:=:; Fo;:-<.
$ ' No;-< &1 10; &4 17- o0 7:=:; Fo;4 1.
$ ' No;-< 21 10; 15" 17- o0 7:=:; Fo;4 2.
$ ' No;-< &1 10; 21 >8<3 F- 6o:06:;-03.
$ * TC-<- 0o;-< ;-5:0- 3C- o7:=:0 o5 3C- To:03 /210-.
$ ' No;-< &4 10; 15" >8<3 F- 6o:06:;-03.
$ * To 166o>/2:<C 3C:<H >1<<2-<< 0o;- 15" :< 173:5:6:1224 67-13-; 13
$ 3C- <1>- 6oo7;:013-< 1< 0o;- &4 10; 3C-0 1;;-; 3o 7:=:; Fo;4 2.
$ * TC-<- 0o;-< ;-5:0- 3C- 0o7>12 o5 3C- To:03 /210- ?-.=.H 3C-
$ 9-63o7 57o> 0o;- &1 3o &4 ;-5:0-< 3C- /210-<U 0o7>12@.
$
*#ONSTRAINED_MOINT_PLANAR
$
$...K....1....K....2....K....3....K....4....K....5....K....6....K....7....K....8
$ 01 02 03 04 05 06 7/<
&1 21 &4 15" "."""EG""
$
$
*NODE
$ 0:; A 4 B 36 76
15" "."" 3."" "."" " "
$
*#ONSTRAINED_E*TRA_NODES_SET
$ /:; 0<:;
2 6
D
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LS-DYNA R7.0 1$#! CCO5ST'2B5=3D
$*SET_NODE_LIST
$ <:;
6
$ 0:;1
15"
$
$$$ 7-P8-<3 o83/83 5o7 To:03 5o76- ;131
$
*DATABASE_MNT!OR#
$ ;3N6462 26;3
"."""1
$
$
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
$
$$$$ *#ONSTRAINED_MOINT_RE%OL)TE
$
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
$
$ #7-13- 1 7-9o283- To:03 F-3L--0 3Lo 7:=:; Fo;:-<. TC- 7:=:; Fo;:-< >8<3
$ <C17- 1 6o>>o0 -;=- 3o ;-5:0- 3C- To:03 12o0=. TC:< -;=-H CoL-9-7H >8<3
$ 0o3 C19- 3C- 0o;-< >-7=-; 3o=-3C-7. R:=:; Fo;:-< A 10; B L:22 7o313-
$ 7-213:9- 3o -16C o3C-7 12o0= 3C- 1A:< ;-5:0-; F4 3C- 6o>>o0 -;=-.
$
$ No;-< 1 10; 2 17- o0 7:=:; Fo;4 A 10; 6o:06:;- L:3C 0o;-< & 10; 1"
$ o0 7:=:; Fo;4 BH 7-</-63:9-24. ?TC:< ;-5:0-< 3C- 1A:< o5 7o313:o0.@
$
$ TC- 7-213:9- /-01234 <3:550-<< o0 3C- 7-9o283- To:03 :< 3o F- 1."H
$
*#ONSTRAINED_MOINT_RE%OL)TE
$
$...K....1....K....2....K....3....K....4....K....5....K....6....K....7....K....8
$ 01 02 03 04 05 06 7/< ;1>/
1 & 2 1" 1."
$
$ No3-D A To:03 <3:550-<< :< 0o3 >10;13o74 5o7 3C:< To:03 3o Lo7Q.
$ ,oL-9-7H 3o <-- CoL 1 To:03 <3:550-<< 610 F- ;-5:0-; 5o7 3C:<
$ /173:68217 To:03H <-- 3C- 6o77-</o0;:0= -A1>/2- 2:<3-; :0D
$ *#ONSTRAINED_MOINT_STI!!NESS_GENERALI+ED
$
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
$
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`CONSTRAINED `CONSTRAINED_1OINT_COOR
1$#"$ CCO5ST'2B5=3D LS-DYNA R7.0
`CONSTRAINED_1OINT_COOR_OPTION_OPTION]_OPTION]_OPTION]
2vaila9le form& incl-(e Cone i& man(atoryD)
CONSTRAINED_1OINT_COOR_SPHERICAL
CONSTRAINED_1OINT_COOR_REVOLUTE
CONSTRAINED_1OINT_COOR_CYLINDRICAL
CONSTRAINED_1OINT_COOR_PLANAR
CONSTRAINED_1OINT_COOR_UNIVERSAL
CONSTRAINED_1OINT_COOR_TRANSLATIONAL
CONSTRAINED_1OINT_COOR_LOCKING
CONSTRAINED_1OINT_COOR_TRANSLATIONAL_MOTOR
CONSTRAINED_1OINT_COOR_ROTATIONAL_MOTOR
CONSTRAINED_1OINT_COOR_GEARS
CONSTRAINED_1OINT_COOR_RACK_AND_PINION
CONSTRAINED_1OINT_COOR_CONSTANT_VELOCITY
CONSTRAINED_1OINT_COOR_PULLEY
CONSTRAINED_1OINT_COOR_SCREW
Bf the force o-tp-t (ata i& to 9e tran&forme( into a local coor(inate -&e the option)
LOCAL
to (efine a Hoint B3 an( hea(ing the following option i& availa9le)
ID
an( to (efine fail-re for penalty#9a&e( Hoint& CL.+]$ in NCO5T'OLO'B>B3D -&e)
FAILURE
The or(ering of the 9rac7ete( option& i& ar9itrary.
P-rpo&e) 3efine a Hoint 9etween two rigi( 9o(ie&, &ee +ig-re 1$#11. The connection coor(inate& are
given in&tea( of the no(al point B3& re;-ire( in the previo-& &ection, NCO5ST'2B5=3O:OB5T
O.P<oint_T9pe}. 5o(e& are a-tomatically generate( for each coor(inate an( are con&traine( to the
rigi( 9o(y. ,here coinci(ent no(e& are expecte( in the initial config-ration, only one connection
coor(inate i& nee(e( &ince the connection coor(inate for the &econ( no(e, if given, i& ignore(. The
create( no(al B3V& are cho&en to excee( the maxim-m -&er B3. The coor(inate& of the Hoint no(e&
are &pecifie( on Car(& 2#7. The inp-t which follow& Car( 7 i& i(entical to that in the previo-& &ec#
tion.
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`CONSTRAINED_1OINT_COOR `CONSTRAINED
LS-DYNA R7.0 1$#"1 CCO5ST'2B5=3D
Card Format:
Car(& 1#7 are re;-ire( for all Hoint type&.
Car( / i& re;-ire( for Hoint type&) .OTO', >=2'S, '2CAO253OPB5BO5, P8LL=4, an(
SC'=,
Optional Car( i& re;-ire( only if LOC2L i& &pecifie( in the 7eywor(.
Bn the fir&t &even Hoint type& a9ove excepting the 8niver&al Hoint, the coor(inate point& within the
no(al pair& C1,2D, C%,!D, an( C",0D C&ee +ig-re 1$#11D &ho-l( coinci(e in the initial config-ration, an(
the no(al pair& &ho-l( 9e a& far apart a& po&&i9le to o9tain the 9e&t 9ehavior. +or the 8niver&al :oint
the no(e& within the coor(inate pair C%,!D (o not coinci(e, 9-t the line& (rawn 9etween no(e& C1,%D
an( C2,!D m-&t 9e perpen(ic-lar.
+or the >ear Hoint the no(e& within the coor(inate pair C1,2D m-&t not coinci(e.
The geometry of Hoint& i& (efine( in +ig-re 1$#11. ,hen the penalty metho( i& -&e( C&ee
NCO5T'OLO'B>B3D, at each time &tep, the relative penalty &tiffne&& i& m-ltiplie( 9y a f-nction (e#
pen(ent on the &tep &iIe to give the maxim-m &tiffne&& that will not (e&troy the &ta9ility of the &ol-#
tion. Bn&ta9ilitie& can re&-lt in the explicit time integration &cheme if the penalty &tiffne&& i& too
large. Bf in&ta9ilitie& occ-r, the recommen(e( way to eliminate the&e pro9lem& i& to (ecrea&e the
time &tep or re(-ce the &cale factor on the penaltie&.
+or cylin(rical Hoint&, 9y &etting no(e % to Iero, it i& po&&i9le to -&e a cylin(rical Hoint to Hoin a no(e
that i& not on a rigi( 9o(y Cno(e 1D to a rigi( 9o(y Cno(e& 2 an( !D.

Optional 1 2
Maria9le :B3 J=23B5>
Type B 27$

:B3
:oint B3. Thi& m-&t 9e a -ni;-e n-m9er.
J=23B5>
:oint (e&criptor. Bt i& &-gge&te( that -ni;-e (e&cription& 9e -&e(.

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1$#"2 CCO5ST'2B5=3D LS-DYNA R7.0
Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 'BB3O2 'BB3OB 'PS 32.P T.2SS '.2SS
Type B B + + + +

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le L1 41 K1
Type + + +

Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le L2 42 K2
Type + + +

Car( ! 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le L% 4% K%
Type + + +

Car( " 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le L! 4! K!
Type + + +

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LS-DYNA R7.0 1$#"% CCO5ST'2B5=3D
Car( 0 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le L" 4" K"
Type + + +

Car( 7 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le L0 40 K0
Type + + +

'BB3O2
Part B3 of rigi( 9o(y 2.
'BB3OB
Part B3 of rigi( 9o(y B.
'PS
'elative penalty &tiffne&& C(efa-lt ] 1.$D.
32.P
3amping &cale factor on (efa-lt (amping val-e. C'evol-te an( Spherical
:oint&D)
=S.$.$) (efa-lt i& &et to 1.$,
>T.$.$ an( L=.$.$1) no (amping i& -&e(.
T.2SS
L-mpe( tran&lational ma&&. The ma&& i& e;-ally &plit 9etween the fir&t
point& (efine( for rigi( 9o(ie& 2 an( B.
'.2SS
L-mpe( rotational inertia. The inertia i& e;-ally &plit 9etween the fir&t
point& (efine( for rigi( 9o(ie& 2 an( B.
L1, 41, K1
Coor(inate of point 1, in rigi( 9o(y 2. 3efine for all Hoint type&.
L2, 42, K2
Coor(inate of point 2, in rigi( 9o(y B. Bf point& 1 an( 2 are coinci(ent in
the &pecifie( Hoint type, the coor(inate for point 1 i& -&e(.
L%, 4%, K%1
Coor(inate of point %, in rigi( 9o(y 2. 3efine for all Hoint type&.
L!, 4!, K!
Coor(inate of point !, in rigi( 9o(y B. Bf point& % an( ! are coinci(ent in
the &pecifie( Hoint type, the coor(inate for point % i& -&e(.
L", 4", K"
Coor(inate of point ", in rigi( 9o(y 2. 3efine for all Hoint type&.
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1$#"! CCO5ST'2B5=3D LS-DYNA R7.0
L0, 40, K0
Coor(inate of point 0, in rigi( 9o(y B. Bf point& " an( 0 are coinci(ent in
the &pecifie( Hoint type, the coor(inate for point " i& -&e(.

Card 8. Required for joint types MOTOR, GEARS, RACK_AND_PINION, PULLEY, and
SCREW only.
Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le P2'. LCB3 T4P= '1
Type + B B +
3efa-lt none

P2'.
Parameter which a f-nction of Hoint type. Leave 9lan7 for .OTO'S.
>ear&) (efine R
2
R
1

'ac7 an( Pinion) (efine b
P-lley) (efine R
2
R
1

Screw) (efine x
LCB3
3efine loa( c-rve B3 for .OTO' Hoint&.
T4P=
3efine integer flag for .OTO' Hoint& a& follow&)
=S.$) tran&lationalFrotational velocity
=S.1) tran&lationalFrotational acceleration
=S.2) tran&lationalFrotational (i&placement
'1
'a(i-&, R
1
, for the gear an( p-lley Hoint type. Bf left -n(efine(, no(al
point& " an( 0 are a&&-me( to 9e on the o-ter ra(i-&. '1 i& the moment arm
that goe& into calc-lating the Hoint reaction force&. The ratio '2F'1 give&
the tran&mitte( moment&, 9-t not the force&. The force i& moment (ivi(e(
9y (i&tance '1.

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LS-DYNA R7.0 1$#"" CCO5ST'2B5=3D
Optional: Required only if LOCAL is specified after the keyword.
Optional 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le '2B3 LST
Type B B
3efa-lt $ $

'2B3
'igi( 9o(y or accelerometer B3. The force re&-ltant& are o-tp-t in the local
&y&tem of the rigi( 9o(y or accelerometer.
LST
=S.$) rigi( 9o(y
=S.1) accelerometer

Optional cards: Required only if FAILURE is specified after the keyword.
Optional
1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le CB3 T+2BL CO8PL
Type B + +
3efa-lt $ $ $.

Optional
2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 5LL 544 5KK .LL .44 .KK
Type + + + + + +
3efa-lt $ $ $ $ $ $

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1$#"0 CCO5ST'2B5=3D LS-DYNA R7.0
CB3
Coor(inate B3 for re&-ltant& in the fail-re criteria. Bf Iero, the glo9al coor#
T+2BL
Time for Hoint fail-re. Bf Iero, Hoint never fail&.
CO8PL
Co-pling 9etween the force an( moment fail-re criteria. Bf CO8PL i& le&&
than or e;-al to Iero, the fail-re criteria i& i(entical to the &potwel(&. ,hen
CO8PL i& greater than Iero, the force an( moment re&-lt& are con&i(ere(
in(epen(ently. See the remar7 9elow.
5LL
2xial force re&-ltant N
xx
F
at fail-re. Bf Iero, fail-re (-e to thi& component
i& not con&i(ere(.
544
+orce re&-ltant N
F
con&i(ere(.
5KK
+orce re&-ltant N
F
con&i(ere(.
.LL
Tor&ional moment re&-ltant H
XX
F
at fail-re. Bf Iero, fail-re (-e to thi&
component i& not con&i(ere(.
.44
.oment re&-ltant H
F
not con&i(ere(.
.KK
.oment re&-ltant H
F
not con&i(ere(.
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`CONSTRAINED_1OINT_STIFFNESS `CONSTRAINED
LS-DYNA R7.0 1$#"7 CCO5ST'2B5=3D
`CONSTRAINED_1OINT_STIFFNESS_OPTION_OPTION]
FLEXION-TORSION
GENERALIZED
TRANSLATIONAL
Bf (e&ire( a (e&cription of the Hoint &tiffne&& can 9e provi(e( with the option)
TITLE
which i& written into the 3%JSP an( :5T+O'C file&.
P-rpo&e) 3efine optional rotational an( tran&lational Hoint &tiffne&& for Hoint& (efine( 9y
NCO5ST'2B5=3O:OB5TOOPTION# The&e (efinition& apply to all Hoint& even tho-gh (egree& of
free(om that are con&i(ere( in the Hoint &tiffne&& capa9ility may 9e con&traine( o-t in &ome Hoint
type&. The energy that i& (i&&ipate( with the Hoint &tiffne&& option i& written for each Hoint in Hoint
force file with the (efa-lt name, :5T+O'C. Bn the glo9al energy 9alance thi& energy i& incl-(e(
with the energy of the (i&crete element&, i.e., the &pring& an( (amper&.
Card Formats:
The optional TBTL= car( an( car( 1 are common to all Hoint &tiffne&& type&.
Car(& 2 to ! are -ni;-e for each &tiffne&& type.

Optional 1
Maria9le TBTL=
Type 2/$

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le :SB3 PB32 PB3B CB32 CB3B :B3
Type B B B B B B
3efa-lt none none none none CB32 none

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`CONSTRAINED `CONSTRAINED_1OINT_STIFFNESS
1$#"/ CCO5ST'2B5=3D LS-DYNA R7.0
TBTL=
3e&cription of Hoint &tiffne&& for o-tp-t file& :5T+O'C an( 3%JSP.
:SB3
:oint &tiffne&& B3
PB32
Part B3 for rigi( 9o(y 2, &ee NP2'T.
PB3B
Part B3 for rigi( 9o(y B, &ee NP2'T.
CB32
Coor(inate B3 for rigi( 9o(y 2, &ee N3=+B5=OCOO'3B52T=OOPTBO5.
+or the tran&lational &tiffne&& the local coor(inate &y&tem m-&t 9e (efine(
9y no(al point&, N3=+B5=OCOO'3B52T=O5O3=S, &ince the fir&t no(al
point in each coor(inate &y&tem i& -&e( to trac7 the motion.
CB3B
Coor(inate B3 for rigi( 9o(y B. Bf Iero, the coor(inate B3 for rigi( 9o(y 2
i& -&e(, &ee N3=+B5=OCOO'3B52T=OOPTBO5. +or the tran&lational
&tiffne&& the local coor(inate &y&tem m-&t 9e (efine( 9y no(al point&,
N3=+B5=OCOO'3B52T=O5O3=S, &ince the fir&t no(al point in each
coor(inate &y&tem i& -&e( to trac7 the motion.
:B3
:oint B3 for the Hoint reaction force&. Bf Iero, ta9le& canVt 9e -&e( in place of
loa( c-rve& for (efining the frictional moment&.

Card 2 of 4 - Required for FLEXION-TORSION stiffness.
Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le LCB32L LCB3> LCB3BT 3LCB32L 3LCB3> 3LCB3BT
Type B B B B B B
3efa-lt none 1.$ none none 1.$ none

Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le =S2L +.2L =SBT +.BT
Type + + + +
3efa-lt $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$

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Car( ! 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le S22L 5S2BT PS2BT
Type + + +
3efa-lt not -&e( not -&e( not -&e(

LCB32L
Loa( c-rve B3 for moment ver&-& rotation in ra(ian&. See +ig-re 1$#21
where it &ho-l( 9e note( that u o . Bf Iero, the applie( moment i& &et
to Iero. See N3=+B5=OC8'M=.
LCB3>
Loa( c-rve B3 for y ver&-& a &cale factor which &cale& the 9en(ing moment
(-e to the o rotation. Thi& loa( c-rve &ho-l( 9e (efine( in the interval
- y . Bf Iero the &cale factor (efa-lt& to 1.$. See N3=+B5=
OC8'M=.
LCB3BT
Loa( c-rve B3 for [tor&ion moment ver&-& twi&t in ra(ian&. Bf Iero the
applie( twi&t i& &et to Iero. See N3=+B5=OC8'M=.
3LCB32L
Loa( c-rve B3 for o(amping moment ver&-& rate of rotation in ra(ian& per
-nit time. Bf Iero, (amping i& not con&i(ere(. See N3=+B5=OC8'M=.
3LCB3>
Loa( c-rve B3 for y(amping &cale factor ver&-& rate of rotation in ra(ian&
per -nit time. Thi& &cale factor &cale& the (amping moment. Bf Iero, the
&cale factor (efa-lt& to one. See N3=+B5=OC8'M=.
3LCB3BT
Loa( c-rve B3 for [(amping tor;-e ver&-& rate of twi&t. Bf Iero (amping
i& not con&i(ere(. See N3=+B5=OC8'M=.
=S2L
=la&tic &tiffne&& per -nit ra(ian for friction an( &top angle& for rotation,
&ee +ig-re 1$#2$. Bf Iero, friction an( &top angle& are inactive for
rotation.
+.2L
+rictional moment limiting val-e for o rotation. Bf Iero, friction i& inactive
for o rotation. Thi& option may al&o 9e tho-ght of a& an ela&tic#pla&tic
&pring. Bf a negative val-e i& inp-t then the a9&ol-te val-e i& ta7en a& the
loa( c-rve or ta9le B3 (efining the yiel( moment ver&-& o rotation, &ee
+ig-re 1$#2$. 2 ta9le permit& the moment to al&o 9e a
f-nction of the Hoint reaction force an( re;-ire& the &pecification of :B3 on
Car( 1.
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=SBT
=la&tic &tiffne&& per -nit ra(ian for friction an( &top angle& for [ twi&t, &ee
+ig-re 1$#21. Bf Iero, friction an( &top angle& are inactive for [ twi&t.
+.BT
+rictional moment limiting val-e for [ twi&t. Bf Iero, friction i& inactive for
[ twi&t. Thi& option may al&o 9e tho-ght of a& an ela&tic#pla&tic &pring. Bf
a negative val-e i& inp-t then the a9&ol-te val-e i& ta7en a& the loa( c-rve
or ta9le B3 (efining the yiel( moment ver&-& [ rotation, &ee +ig-re 1$#2$
2 ta9le permit& the moment to al&o 9e a f-nction of the Hoint reaction force
an( re;-ire& the &pecification of :B3 on Car( 1.
S22L
Stop angle in (egree& for o rotation where u o . Bgnore( if Iero.
5S2BT
Stop angle in (egree& for negative [ rotation. Bgnore( if Iero.
PS2BT
Stop angle in (egree& for po&itive [ rotation. Bgnore( if Iero.
Remarks:
Thi& option &im-late& a flexion#tor&ion 9ehavior of a Hoint in a &lightly (ifferent fa&hion than with the
generaliIe( Hoint option.
2fter the &top angle& are reache( the tor;-e& increa&e linearly to re&i&t f-rther ang-lar motion -&ing
the &tiffne&& val-e& on Car( %. Bf the &tiffne&& val-e i& too low or Iero, the &top will 9e violate(.
The moment re&-ltant& generate( from the moment ver&-& rotation c-rve, (amping moment ver&-&
rate#of#rotation c-rve, an( friction are eval-ate( in(epen(ently an( are a((e( together.
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x
y
z

+ig-re 1$#2$. +lexion#tor&ion Hoint angle&. Bf the initial po&ition& of the local coor(inate axe& of
the two rigi( 9o(ie& connecte( 9y the Hoint (o not coinci(e, the angle&, o an(
y, are initialiIe( an( tor;-e& will (evelop in&tantaneo-&ly 9a&e( on the (efine(
loa( c-rve&. The angle [ i& al&o initialiIe( 9-t no tor;-e will (evelop a9o-t the lo#
cal axi& on which [ i& mea&-re(. 'ather, [ will 9e mea&-re( relative to the com#
p-te( off&et.

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Card 2-4 - Required for GENERALIZED stiffness.
Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le LCB3PJ LCB3T LCB3PS 3LCB3PJ 3LCB3T 3LCB3PS
Type B B B B B B

Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le =SPJ +.PJ =ST +.T =SPS +.PS
Type + + + + + +
3efa-lt $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$

Car( ! 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 5S2PJ PS2PJ 5S2T PS2T 5S2PS PS2PS
Type + + + + + +
3efa-lt not -&e( not -&e( not -&e( not -&e( not -&e( not -&e(

LCB3PJ
Loa( c-rve B3 for moment ver&-& rotation in ra(ian&. See +ig-re 1$#2%.
Bf Iero, the applie( moment i& &et to $.$. See N3=+B5=OC8'M=.
LCB3T
Loa( c-rve B3 for 0moment ver&-& rotation in ra(ian&. Bf Iero, the ap#
plie( moment i& &et to $.$. See N3=+B5=OC8'M=.
LCB3PS
Loa( c-rve B3 for moment ver&-& rotation in ra(ian&. Bf Iero, the ap#
plie( moment i& &et to $.$. See N3=+B5=OC8'M=.
3LCB3PJ
Loa( c-rve B3 for (amping moment ver&-& rate of rotation in ra(ian&
per -nit time. Bf Iero, (amping i& not con&i(ere(. See N3=+B5=OC8'M=.
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3LCB3T
Loa( c-rve B3 for 0(amping moment ver&-& rate of rotation in ra(ian& per
3LCB3PS
Loa( c-rve B3 for (amping tor;-e ver&-& rate of rotation in ra(ian& per
=SPJ
=la&tic &tiffne&& per -nit ra(ian for friction an( &top angle& for rotation.
See +ig-re 1$#2%. Bf Iero, friction an( &top angle& are inactive for
rotation.
+.PJ
+rictional moment limiting val-e for rotation. Bf Iero, friction i& inactive
for rotation. Thi& option may al&o 9e tho-ght of a& an ela&tic#pla&tic
loa( c-rve or ta9le B3 (efining the yiel( moment ver&-& rotation. See
+ig-re 1$#2%. 2 ta9le permit& the moment to al&o 9e a f-nction of the Hoint
reaction force an( re;-ire& the &pecification of :B3 on car( 1.
=ST
=la&tic &tiffne&& per -nit ra(ian for friction an( &top angle& for 0 rotation.
0 rotation.
+.T
+rictional moment limiting val-e for 0 rotation. Bf Iero, friction i& inactive
for 0 rotation. Thi& option may al&o 9e tho-ght of a& an ela&tic#pla&tic
loa( c-rve or ta9le B3 (efining the yiel( moment ver&-& 0 rotation. See
+ig-re 1$#2%. 2 ta9le permit& the moment to al&o 9e a f-nction of the Hoint
reaction force an( re;-ire& the &pecification of :B3 on car( 1.
=SPS
=la&tic &tiffne&& per -nit ra(ian for friction an( &top angle& for rotation.
rotation.
+.PS
+rictional moment limiting val-e for rotation. Bf Iero, friction i& inactive
for rotation. Thi& option may al&o 9e tho-ght of a& an ela&tic#pla&tic
loa( c-rve or ta9le B3 (efining the yiel( moment ver&-&
rotation. See +ig-re 1$#2%. 2 ta9le permit& the moment to al&o 9e a
f-nction of the Hoint reaction force an( re;-ire& the &pecification of :B3 on
car( 1.
5S2PJ
Stop angle in (egree& for negative rotation. Bgnore( if Iero.
PS2PJ
Stop angle in (egree& for po&itive rotation. Bgnore( if Iero.
D
R
A
F
T
5S2T
Stop angle in (egree& for negative 0 rotation. Bgnore( if Iero.
PS2T
Stop angle in (egree& for po&itive 0 rotation. Bgnore( if Iero.
5S2PS
Stop angle in (egree& for negative rotation. Bgnore( if Iero.
PS2PS
Stop angle in (egree& for po&itive rotation. Bgnore( if Iero.
Remarks:
2fter the &top angle& are reache( the tor;-e& increa&e linearly to re&i&t f-rther ang-lar motion -&ing
the &tiffne&& val-e& on Car( %. 'ea&ona9le &tiffne&& val-e& have to 9e cho&en. Bf the &tiffne&& val-e&
are too low or Iero, the &top will 9e violate(.
Bf the initial local coor(inate axe& (o not coinci(e, the angle&, , 0, an( , will 9e initialiIe( an(
tor;-e& will (evelop in&tantaneo-&ly 9a&e( on the (efine( moment v&. rotation c-rve&.
There are two metho(& availa9le to calc-late the rotation angle& 9etween the coor(inate &y&tem&.
+or more information, &ee the :5T+ parameter on NCO5T'OLO'B>B3.

y
I
x

+ig-re 1$#21. 3efinition of angle& for the generaliIe( Hoint &tiffne&&.
D
R
A
F
T
Rotation
positive stop
angle
elastic
stiffness
negative
stop angle
yield moment
curve
Moment
elastic perfectly plastic
behavior

+ig-re 1$#22. +rictional 9ehavior i& mo(ele( 9y a pla&ticity mo(el. =la&tic 9ehavior i& o9taine(
once the &top angle& are reache(. The &ame ela&tic &tiffne&& i& -&e( to &im-late
&tic7ing &it-ation&.

Card 2- 4 - Required for TRANSLATIONAL stiffness.

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le LCB3L LCB34 LCB3K 3LCB3L 3LCB34 3LCB3K
Type B B B B B B

Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le =SL ++L =S4 ++4 =SK ++K
Type + + + + + +
3efa-lt $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$

D
R
A
F
T
Car( ! 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 5S3L PS3L 5S34 PS34 5S3K PS3K
Type + + + + + +
3efa-lt not -&e( not -&e( not -&e( not -&e( not -&e( not -&e(

LCB3L
Loa( c-rve B3 for xforce ver&-& x#tran&lational relative (i&placement 9e#
tween the origin& of CB32 an( CB3B 9a&e( on the x#(irection of CB3B. Bf
Iero, the applie( force i& &et to $.$. See N3=+B5=OC8'M=. See +ig-re
1$#21.
LCB34
Loa( c-rve B3 for yforce ver&-& y#tran&lational relative (i&placement 9e#
tween the origin& of CB32 an( CB3B 9a&e( on the y#(irection of CB3B. Bf
Iero, the applie( force i& &et to $.$. See N3=+B5=OC8'M=.
LCB3K
Loa( c-rve B3 for Iforce ver&-& I#tran&lational relative (i&placement 9e#
tween the origin& of CB32 an( CB3B 9a&e( on the I#(irection of CB3B. Bf
Iero, the applie( force i& &et to $.$. See N3=+B5=OC8'M=.
3LCB3L
Loa( c-rve B3 for x(amping force ver&-& rate of x#tran&lational (i&place#
ment per -nit time 9etween the origin& of CB32 an( CB3B 9a&e( on the x#
(irection of CB3B. Bf Iero, (amping i& not con&i(ere(. See N3=+B5=
OC8'M=.
3LCB34
Loa( c-rve B3 for y(amping force ver&-& rate of y#tran&lational (i&place#
ment per -nit time 9etween the origin& of CB32 an( CB3B 9a&e( on the y#
OC8'M=.
3LCB3K
Loa( c-rve B3 for I(amping force ver&-& rate of I#tran&lational (i&place#
ment per -nit time 9etween the origin& of CB32 an( CB3B 9a&e( on the I#
OC8'M=.
=SL
=la&tic &tiffne&& for friction an( &top (i&placement for x#tran&lation. Bf Ie#
ro, friction an( &top angle& are inactive for x#tran&lation.
++L
+rictional force limiting val-e for x#tran&lation. Bf Iero, friction i& inactive
for x#tran&lation. Thi& option may al&o 9e tho-ght of a& an ela&tic#pla&tic
loa( c-rve B3 (efining the yiel( force ver&-& x#tran&lation.
D
R
A
F
T
=S4
=la&tic &tiffne&& for friction an( &top (i&placement for y#tran&lation. Bf Ie#
ro, friction an( &top angle& are inactive for y#tran&lation.
++4
+rictional force limiting val-e for y#tran&lation. Bf Iero, friction i& inactive
for y#tran&lation. Thi& option may al&o 9e tho-ght of a& an ela&tic#pla&tic
loa( c-rve B3 (efining the yiel( force ver&-& y#tran&lation.
=SK
=la&tic &tiffne&& for friction an( &top (i&placement for I#tran&lation. Bf Iero,
friction an( &top angle& are inactive for I#tran&lation..
+.K
+rictional force limiting val-e for I#tran&lation. Bf Iero, friction i& inactive
for I#tran&lation. Thi& option may al&o 9e tho-ght of a& an ela&tic#pla&tic
loa( c-rve B3 (efining the yiel( force ver&-& I#tran&lation.
5S3L
Stop (i&placement for negative x#tran&lation. Bgnore( if Iero.
PS3L
Stop (i&placement for po&itive x#tran&lation. Bgnore( if Iero.
5S34
Stop (i&placement for negative y#tran&lation. Bgnore( if Iero.
PS34
Stop (i&placement for po&itive y#tran&lation. Bgnore( if Iero.
5S3K
Stop (i&placement for negative I#tran&lation. Bgnore( if Iero.
PS3K
Stop (i&placement for po&itive I#tran&lation. Bgnore( if Iero.
Remarks:
2fter the &top (i&placement& are reache( the force increa&e& linearly to re&i&t f-rther tran&lational
motion -&ing the &tiffne&& val-e& on Car( %. 'ea&ona9le &tiffne&& val-e& m-&t 9e cho&en. Bf the
&tiffne&& val-e& are too low or Iero, the &top will 9e violate(.
D
R
A
F
T
Displacement positive stop
displacement
elastic
stiffness
negative stop
displacement
yield force
curve
Force
elastic perfectly plastic
behavior

+ig-re 1$#2%. +rictional 9ehavior i& mo(ele( 9y a pla&ticity mo(el. =la&tic 9ehavior i& o9taine(
once the &top (i&placement& are reache(. The &ame ela&tic &tiffne&& i& -&e( to &im#
-late &tic7ing &it-ation&.
$
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
$
$$$$ *#ONSTRAINED_MOINT_STI!!NESS_GENERALI+ED
$
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
$
$ D-5:0- 1 To:03 <3:550-<< 5o7 3C- 7-9o283- To:03 ;-<67:F-; :0
$ *#ONSTRAINED_MOINT_RE%OL)TE
$
$ A337:F83-< o5 3C- To:03 <3:550-<<D
$ ' )<-; 5o7 ;-5:0:0= 1 <3o/ 10=2- o5 3" ;-=7--< 7o313:o0
$ ?:.-.H 3C- To:03 122oL< 1 /o<:3:9- 7o313:o0 o5 3" ;-=7--< 10;
$ 3C-0 :>/173< 10 -21<3:6 <3:550-<< 3o /7-9-03 5873C-7 7o313:o0@
$ ' D-5:0- F-3L--0 7:=:; Fo;4 A ?/173 1@ 10; 7:=:; Fo;4 B ?/173 2@
$ ' D-5:0- 1 2o612 6oo7;:013- <4<3-> 12o0= 3C- 7-9o283- 1A:<
$ o0 7:=:; Fo;4 A ' 0o;-< 1H 2 10; 3 ?6:; . 5@. TC:< :< 8<-; 3o
$ ;-5:0- 3C- 7-9o283- 10=2-< /C: ?P,@H 3C-31 ?T@H 10; /<: ?PS@.
$ ' TC- -21<3:6 <3:550-<< /-7 80:3 71;:10 5o7 3C- <3o/ 10=2-<
$ 17- 1""H 1"H 1" 5o7 P,H TH 10; PSH 7-</-63:9-24.
$ ' %128-< 0o3 </-6:5:-; 17- 0o3 8<-; ;87:0= 3C- <:>8213:o0.
$
*#ONSTRAINED_MOINT_STI!!NESS_GENERALI+ED
$
$...K....1....K....2....K....3....K....4....K....5....K....6....K....7....K....8
$ T<:; /:;1 /:;F 6:;1 6:;F
1 1 2 5 5
$
$ 26:;/C 26:;3 26:;/< ;26:;/C ;26:;3 ;26:;/<

$
D
R
A
F
T
$ -</C 5>/< -<3 5>3 -</< 5>/<
1""." 1"." 1"."
$
$ 0<1/C /<1/C 0<13 /<13 0<1/< /<1/<
3"."
$
$
*DE!INE_#OORDINATE_NODES
$ 6:; 01 02 03
5 1 2 3
$
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
$
D
R
A
F
T
`CONSTRAINED `CONSTRAINED_1OINT_USER_FORCE
`CONSTRAINED_1OINT_USER_FORCE
P-rpo&e) 3efine inp-t (ata for a -&er &-9ro-tine to generate force re&-ltant& a& a f-nction of time
an( Hoint motion.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le +B3 :B3 5JBSM
Type B B B
3efa-lt none none $

Define up to 48 optional user constants for the user subroutine. This input is terminated after
48 constants are defined or when the next ~` keyword card is encountered.
Car(
2,%,R 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le CO5ST1 CO5ST2 CO5ST% CO5ST! CO5ST" CO5ST0 CO5ST7 CO5ST/
Type + + + + + B B +
3efa-lt $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$

+B3
:oint -&er force B3.
:B3
:oint B3 for which thi& -&er force inp-t applie&.
5JBSM
5-m9er of hi&tory varia9le& re;-ire( for thi& (efinition. 2n array 5JBSM
long i& allocate( an( pa&&e( into the -&er &-9ro-tine. Thi& array i& -p(ate(
in the -&er &-9ro-tine.
CO5STn
2 con&tant which i& pa&&e( into the -&er &-9ro-tine.
D
R
A
F
T
`CONSTRAINED_LAGRANGE_IN_SOLID `CONSTRAINED
`CONSTRAINED_LAGRANGE_IN_SOLID_POPTION1QOPOPTION2Q
P-rpo&e) Thi& comman( provi(e& the co-pling mechani&m for mo(eling +l-i(#Str-ct-re Bnteraction
C+SBD. The &tr-ct-re can 9e con&tr-cte( from Lagrangian &hell an(For &oli( entitie&. The m-lti#
material fl-i(& are mo(ele( 9y 2L= form-lation C&ee 'emar7 1"D.
5ote) +or 'B>B3 &lave P2'TS a penalty co-pling metho( CCT4P=]!D m-&t 9e -&e(, &ee parameter
CT4P= 9elow.
<BLANK>
EDGE
Thi& option may 9e -&e( to allow the co-pling 9etween the e(ge of a &hell part or part &et an( one or
more 2L= m-lti#material gro-p& C2..>D. Bt acco-nt& for the &hell thic7ne&& in the co-pling calc-#
lation. The e(ge thic7ne&& i& the &ame a& the &hell thic7ne&&. Thi& option only wor7& when the La#
grangian &lave &et i& (efine( a& a part or a part &et B3. Bt will not wor7 for a &lave &egment &et. One
application of thi& option i& a &im-lation of a Lagrangian 9la(e Ca &hell partD c-tting thro-gh &ome
2L= material.
<BLANK>
TITLE
To (efine a co-pling Ccar(D B3 n-m9er an( title for each co-pling car(. Bf a title i& not (efine( LS#
3452 will a-tomatically create an internal title for thi& co-pling (efinition. The B3 n-m9er can 9e
-&e( to (elete co-pling action in a re&tart inp-t (ec7 via the N3=L=T=O+SB car(.

Optional 1 2
Maria9le CO8PB3 TBTL=
Type B 27$

D
R
A
F
T
`CONSTRAINED `CONSTRAINED_LAGRANGE_IN_SOLID
Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le SL2M= .2ST=' SST4P .ST4P 5S823 CT4P= 3B'=C .CO8P
3efa-lt none none $ $ $ 2 1 $

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le ST2'T =53 P+2C +'BC +'C.B5 5O'. 5O'.T4P 32.P
Type + + + + + B B +
3efa-lt $ 1.$=1$ $.1 $.$ $." $ $ $.$

Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le CS J.B5 J.2L BL=2A PL=2A LCB3PO' 5M=5T BBLOCA
3efa-lt $.$ none none $ $.1 $ $ $

D
R
A
F
T
Optional Card 4a may be defined with or without 4b. It is required for CTYPE 11 & 12.
(define THKF if CTYPE11).
Car( !a 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le BBOLB3 BP=5CJA B5T+O'C B2L=SO+ L2>.8L P+2C.. TJA+
Type B B B B + B +
3efa-lt $ $ $ $ $.$ $ $.$

Optional Card 4b is required for CTYPE 11 & 12. If 4b is defined, 4a must be defined before
4b.
Car( !9 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 21 B1 22 B2 2% B% >'23M+ PO'=B5B
Type + + + + + + + +
3efa-lt $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$

Optional 4c card(s) defining venting geometry. It is repeated NVENT times (one line for
defining each vent hole). It is defined only if NVENT > 0 in card 3. If either or both 4a and 4b
are defined, they are defined before card(s) 4c.
Car( !c 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le M=5TSB3 M=5T4P MTCO=+ POPP'=S CO=+LC
Type B B B + B
3efa-lt $ $ $ $.$ $

CO8PB3
Co-pling Ccar(D B3 n-m9er CB1$D. Thi& B3 can 9e -&e( in a re&tart inp-t
(ec7 to (elete or reactivate thi& co-pling action via the N3=L=T=O+SB
car(. Bf not (efine(, LS3452 will a&&ign an internal co-pling B3 9a&e( on
the or(er of appearance in the inp-t (ec7.
TBTL=
2 (e&cription of thi& co-pling (efinition C27$D.
D
R
A
F
T
SL2M=
Slave &et B3 (efining a part, part &et or &egment &et B3 of the Lagrangian or
&lave &tr-ct-re C&ee NP2'T, NS=TOP2'T or NS=TOS=>.=5TD. See 'e#
mar7 1.
.2ST='
.a&ter &et B3 (efining a part or part &et B3 of the 2L= or ma&ter &oli( ele#
ment& C&ee NP2'T or NS=TOP2'T, an( &ee 'emar7 1D.
SST4P
Slave &et type of XSL2M=Y C&ee 'emar7 1D)
.ST4P
.a&ter &et type of X.2ST='Y C&ee 'emar7 1D)
5S823
5-m9er of co-pling point& (i&tri9-te( over each co-ple( Lagrangian &-r#
face &egment.
=S.$) 5S823 will 9e &et 9y (efa-lt to 2,
=S.n) 2n n 9y n co-pling point& (i&tri9-tion over each Lagrangian
&egment i& (efine(,
=S.#n) 5S823 i& re&et to a po&itive val-e. Co-pling at no(e& i& o9&o#
lete.
D
R
A
F
T
CT4P=
+l-i(#Str-ct-re co-pling metho()
=S.1) con&traine( acceleration.
=S.2) con&traine( acceleration an( velocity C(efa-lt, &ee 'emar7 %D.
=S.%) con&traine( acceleration an( velocity, normal (irection only.
=S.!) penalty co-pling for &hell Cwith or witho-t ero&ionD an( &oli( el#
ement& Cwitho-t ero&ionD.
=S.") penalty co-pling allowing ero&ion in the Lagrangian entitie&
C&oli( element&, &ee 'emar7 %D.
=S.0) penalty co-pling (e&igne( for air9ag mo(eling which a-tomati#
cally control& the 3B'=C parameter internally. Bt i& e;-ivalent
to &etting PCT4P=]!E 3B'=C]1Q for -nfol(e( regionE an(
PCT4P=]!E 3B'=C]2QE in fol(e( region. +or 9oth ca&e&)
PBL=2A]2E +'C.B5]$.%Q.
=S.11) co-pling (e&igne( to co-ple Lagrangian poro-& &hell to 2L=
material. ,hen thi& option i& -&e(, TJA+, the 7th col-mn pa#
rameter of optional car( !a an( the fir&t 2 parameter& of optional
car( !9 m-&t 9e (efine(. See NLO23OBO34OPO'O8S an(
remar7 1! 9elow.
=S.12) co-pling (e&igne( to co-ple Lagrangian poro-& &oli( to 2L=
material. ,hen thi& option i& -&e(, 2i d Bi parameter& of op#
tional car( !9 m-&t 9e (efine( Ccar( !a m-&t 9e (efine( 9-t can
9e 9lan7D. See NLO23OBO34OPO'O8S an( 'emar7 1! 9e#
low
D
R
A
F
T
3B'=C
Co-pling (irection CCT4P= ! an( ", &ee 'emar7 !D.
=S.1) normal (irection, compre&&ion an( ten&ion C(efa-ltD
=S.2) normal (irection, compre&&ion only,
=S.%) all (irection&.
+or CT4P=]12) +lag to activate an element coor(inate &y&tem
=S.$) The force& are applie( in the glo9al (irection&
=S.1) The force& are applie( in a local &y&tem attache( to the Lagrangi#
an &oli(. Bf n1,n2,R,n/ are the no(e& in the or(er &et 9y
N=L=.=5TOSOLB3, the L#(irection pa&&e& thro-gh the cen#
troi(& of the face& n1,n!,n/,n" an( n2,n%,n7,n0. The 4#(irection
i& perpen(ic-lar to the L#(irection an( nearly parallel to an axi&
going thro-gh the centroi(& of the face& n1,n2,n0,n" an(
n!,n%,n7,n/. The K#(irection i& the vector cro&& pro(-ct of L an(
4#(irection&. The &y&tem i& con&i&tent with 2OPT]1 in
NLO23OBO34OPO'O8S.
.CO8P
.-lti#material option CCT4P= !, ", 0, 11 an( 12, &ee 'emar7 "D.
=S.$) co-ple with all m-lti#material gro-p&,
=S.1) co-ple with material with highe&t (en&ity.
=S.#n) refer& to a &et B3 of an 2L= m-lti#material gro-p& (efine( in
NS=TO.8LTB#.2T='B2LO>'O8P car( in which it& &et
B3]n.
ST2'T
=53
P+2C
Penalty factor CCT4P= !, " an( 0D. P+2C i& a &cale factor for &caling the
e&timate( &tiffne&& of the interacting Cco-plingD &y&tem. Bt i& -&e( to com#
p-te the co-pling force& to 9e (i&tri9-te( on the &lave an( ma&ter part&
>T.$) +raction of e&timate( critical &tiffne&&.
LT.$) #n) where n refer& to a loa( c-rve B3. The c-rve (efine& the
co-pling pre&&-re Cy#axi&D a& a f-nction of the penetration Cx#
axi&D CSee 'emar7 0D.

+or CT4P=]11 or CT4P=]12) Time &tep factor
+'BC
Coefficient of friction C-&e( with 3B'=C 2 onlyD.
D
R
A
F
T
+'C.B5
.inim-m vol-me fraction of a co-ple( 2L= m-lti#material gro-p
C2..>D or fl-i( in a m-lti#material 2L= element to activate co-pling.
3efa-lt val-e i& $.". 'e(-cing +'C.B5 Ctypically, 9etween $.1 an( $.%D
wo-l( t-rn on co-pling earlier to prevent lea7age in hypervelocity impact
ca&e&.
5O'.
2 Lagrangian &egment will co-ple to fl-i( on only one &i(e of the &egment.
5O'. (etermine& which &i(e. See 'emar7 7.
=S.$) Co-ple to fl-i( C2..>D on hea(#&i(e of Lagrangian &egment
normal vector.
=S.1) Co-ple to fl-i( C2..>D on tail#&i(e of Lagrangian &egment
normal vector.
5O'.T4P
Penalty co-pling &pring Cor forceD (irection C3B'=C 1 an( 2D)
=S.$) normal vector& are interpolate( from no(al normal&. C(efa-ltD.
=S.1) normal vector& are interpolate( from &egment normal&. Thi& i&
&ometime& a little more ro9-&t for &harp Lagrangian corner&, an(
fol(&.
32.P
3amping factor for penalty co-pling. Thi& i& a co-pling#(amping &caling
factor. Typically it may 9e 9etween $ an( 1 C&ee 'emar7 /D.
CS
Jeat tran&fer coefficient, C
q
C&ee 'emar7 D.
J.B5
.inim-m air gap in heat tran&fer, b
mIn
C&ee 'emar7 D.
J.2L
.axim-m air gap in heat tran&fer, b
mux
. There i& no heat tran&fer a9ove
thi& val-e C&ee 'emar7 D.
BL=2A
Co-pling lea7age control flag C'emar7 1$D)
=S.$) none C(efa-ltD,
=S.1) wea7, lea7age control i& t-rne( off if,
penetiating volume fraction > +'C.B5 +u.1
=S.2) &trong, with improve( energy con&i(eration. Lea7age control i&
t-rne( off if,
penetiating volume fiaction > FRCHIN +u.S
PL=2A
Lea7age control penalty factor, $ ? PL=2A ? $.2 i& recommen(e(. Thi&
factor infl-ence& the a((itional co-pling force magnit-(e to prevent lea7#
age. Bt i& concept-ally &imilar to P+2C. 2lmo&t alway&, the (efa-lt val-e
C$.1D i& a(e;-ate.
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LCB3PO'
Bf thi& i& a po&itive integer) 2 loa( c-rve B3 CLCB3D (efining poro-& flow
thro-gh co-pling &egment)
29&ci&&a ] x ] CP
-p
W P
(own
D
Or(inate ] y ] relative poro-& fl-i( velocity
,here P
-p
an( P
(own
are, re&pectively, the -p&tream an( (own&tream pre&#
&-re& acro&& of the poro-& co-pling &egment. The relative poro-& velocity
i& the 2L= fl-i( velocity relative to the moving Lagrangian &egment. Thi&
experimental (ata c-rve m-&t 9e provi(e( 9y the -&er.
Bf LCB3PO' i& a negative integer) The poro-& flow i& controlle( 9y the
parameter& +LC, +2C, =L2 -n(er N.2TO+2B'BC car(. 1(!TION)
The pre&&-re -n(er the +2C loa( c-rve i& Xa9&ol-te -p&tream pre&&-reY
C&ee 'emar7 11D.
29&ci&&a ] x ] a9&ol-te -p&tream pre&&-re
Or(inate ] y ] relative poro-& fl-i( velocity
+or CT4P=]11 or CT4P=]12 an( PO'=B5B]$.$)
LT.$) The loa( c-rve iLCB3PO'i i& a factor ver&-& time of the poro-&
force comp-te( 9y the =rg-n e;-ation C&ee 'emar7 1!D.
>T.$) The loa( c-rve LCB3PO' i& a poro-& force ver&-& time, which
replace& the force comp-te( 9y the =rg-n e;-ation C&ee 'emar7
1!D.
+or CT4P=]11 or CT4P=]12 an( PO'=B5B@$.$)
5=.$) The loa( c-rve iLCB3PO'i i& a factor ver&-& time of the poro-&
force comp-te( 9y the =rg-n e;-ation C&ee 'emar7 1!D.
5M=5T
The n-m9er of vent &-rface area& to 9e (efine(. =ach venting flow &-rface
i& repre&ente( 9y one or more Lagrangian &egment& Cor &-rface&D. +or air#
9ag application, thi& may 9e referre( to a& Xi&entropicY venting where the
i&entropic flow e;-ation i& -&e( to comp-te the ma&& flow rate acro&& an
area given P
-p
FP
(own
ratio. Bf 5M=5T @ $, there will 9e 5M=5T n-m9er of
line& re;-ire( Coptional car(& !cD. =ach line (efine& the geometrical an(
flow information for each vent &-rface) M=5TSB3, M5T4P=, MTCO=+,
POPP'=S, CO=+LC. The vente( ma&& will &imply 9e (elete( from the
&y&tem an( cannot 9e vi&-aliIe( a& in the ca&e of phy&ical venting C&ee 'e#
mar7 12D.
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BBLOCA
+lag C1]O5 or $]O++D to control the venting Cor poro-&D flow 9loc7age
(-e to Lagrangian contact (-ring 2L= comp-tation. The venting (efini#
tion i& (efine( in thi& comman(. Jowever, the venting flow may 9e (e#
fine( via either the LCB3PO' parameter in thi& comman( or via the N.2T
O+2B'BC parameter& C+LC, +2C, =L2D. Jowever, note that +MOPT
C9loc7ingD parameter -n(er N.2TO+2B'BC applie& only to CM comp-ta#
tion.
BBOLB3
2 9ox B3 (efining a 9ox region in &pace in which 2L= co-pling i& activat#
e(. 2t time]$.$, the n-m9er of Lagrangian &egment& in&i(e thi& 9ox i& re#
mem9ere(. Bn &-9&e;-ent co-pling comp-tation &tep&, there i& no nee( to
&earch for the Lagrangian &egment& again.
BP=5CJA
Bnitial penetration chec7 flag Conly for CT4P=]!, 'emar7 1%D)
=S.$) 3o not chec7 for initial penetration.
=S.1) Chec7 an( &ave initial 2L= material penetration acro&& a Lagran#
gian &-rface C($D, 9-t (o not activate co-pling at t]$. Bn &-9&e#
;-ent &tep& Ct@$D the act-al penetration i& comp-te( a& follow&)
Actual Penetiation = Total Penetiation -Initial Penetiation
J
u
= J
- J
0

B5T+O'C
2 flag to t-rn on or off C$]O++ or 1]O5D the o-tp-t of 2L= co-pling
pre&&-re an( force& on the &lave Lagrangian &egment& Cor &-rface&D. 5ote
that the co-pling pre&&-re& an( force& are comp-te( 9a&e( on the 2L= fl-i(
penetration& an( co-pling &tiffne&& of the &y&tem. ,hen C1D B5T+O'C]1
an( C2D a N32T2B2S=OBB52'4O+SB+O' C3B+D car( i& (efine(, LS#
3452 write& o-t the &egment co-pling pre&&-re an( force& to the 9inary
interface force file for conto-r plotting. Thi& interface force file i& activat#
e( 9y exec-ting l&71 a& follow& C%D)
ls971 iinputfilename.k . hinterfaceforcefilename
The time interval 9etween o-tp-t i& (efine( 9y X(tY in the 3B+ car(. To
plot the 9inary (ata in thi& file) lsprepost interfaceforcefilename.
B2L=SO+
2n integer flag to t-rn O5FO++ a &-pplemental Lagrange m-ltiplier +SB
con&traint which provi(e& a co-pling force in a((ition to the 9a&ic penalty
co-pling contri9-tion. Thi& i& a hy9ri( co-pling metho(.
=S.$) O++ C(efa-ltD.
=S.1) T-rn O5 the hy9ri( Lagrange#m-ltiplier metho(. L2>.8L
m-ltiplier factor i& rea(.
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L2>.8L
2 Lagrange m-ltiplier factor with a range 9etween $.$ an( $.$" may 9e
(efine(. 2 typical val-e may 9e $.$1. Thi& &ho-l( never 9e greater than
$.1.
=S.$) O++ C(efa-ltD.
>T.$) T-rn O5 the Lagrange#m-ltiplier metho( an( -&e L2>.8L a& a
coefficient for &caling the penalty factor.
P+2C..
.a&&#9a&e( penalty &tiffne&& factor comp-tational option&. Thi& wor7& in
conH-nction with P+2C]con&tant Cnot a loa( c-rveD. The co-pling penalty
&tiffne&& CCPSD i& comp-te( 9a&e( on an e&timate( effective co-pling ma&&.
=S.$) CPS PFAC min (m
&lave
m
ma&ter
) , (efa-lt.
=S.1) CPS PFAC max (m
&lave
m
ma&ter
) .
=S.2) CPS PFAC m
&lave
m
ma&ter
, geometric#mean of the ma&&e&.
=S.%) CPS PFAC
=a6ran6ian
where A i& the 9-l7 mo(-l-& of the
&lave or Lagrangian part
TJA+
C+or all CT4P= choice& except 11D 2 flag to acco-nt for the co-pling
thic7ne&& of the Lagrangian &hell C&laveD part.
LT.$) 8&e po&itive val-e of iTJA+i for co-pling &egment thic7ne&&.
=S.$) 3o not con&i(er co-pling &egment thic7ne&&.
>T.$) Co-pling &egment thic7ne&& &cale factor.
+or CT4P=]11 ca&e C&ee 'emar7 1!D) Thi& thic7ne&& i& re;-ire( for vol#
-me calc-lation.
>T.$) C+a9ricD Thic7ne&& &cale factor. The 9a&e &hell thic7ne&& i& ta7en
from the NP2'T (efinition.
LT.$) 8&er#(efine( C+a9ricD thic7ne&&. The fa9ric thic7ne&& i& &et to
iTJA+i.
21
Mi&co-& coefficient for the poro-& flow =rg-n e;-ation C&ee 'emar7 1!D.
>T.$) +or CT4P=]11, 21 ] 2n ] coefficient for normal#to#&egment (i#
rection. +or CT4P=]12) 21 ] 2x ] coefficient for the L#
(irection of a coor(inate &y&tem (efine( 9y 3B'=C.
LT.$) Bf PO'=B5B]$.$, the coefficient i& time (epen(ent thro-gh a loa(
c-rve i( (efine( 9y i21i. Bf PO'=B5B@$.$, the coefficient i& po#
ro&ity (epen(ent thro-gh a loa( c-rve i( (efine( 9y i21i. The po#
ro&ity i& (efine( 9y PO'= C&ee PO'=B5BD.
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B1
Bnertial coefficient for the poro-& flow =rg-n e;-ation C&ee 'emar7 1!D.
>T.$) +or CT4P=]11, B1 ] Bn ] coefficient for normal#to#&egment (i#
rection. +or CT4P=]12) B1 ] Bx ] coefficient for the L#
(irection of a coor(inate &y&tem (efine( 9y 3B'=C.
c-rve i( (efine( 9y iB1i. Bf PO'=B5B@$.$, the coefficient i& po#
ro&ity (epen(ent thro-gh a loa( c-rve i( (efine( 9y iB1i. The po#
22
>T.$) +or CT4P=]12) 22 ] 2y ] coefficient for the 4#(irection of
a coor(inate &y&tem (efine( 9y 3B'=C.
c-rve i( (efine( 9y i21i. Bf PO'=B5B@$.$, the coefficient i& po#
ro&ity (epen(ent thro-gh a loa( c-rve i( (efine( 9y i22i. The po#
B2
>T.$) +or CT4P=]12) B2 ] By ] coefficient for the 4#(irection of
a coor(inate &y&tem (efine( 9y 3B'=C.
LT.$) Bf PO'=B5B]$.$ an( B2?$, the coefficient i& time (epen(ent
thro-gh a loa( c-rve i( (efine( 9y iB2i. Bf PO'=B5B@$.$ an(
B2?$, the coefficient i& poro&ity (epen(ent thro-gh a loa( c-rve
i( (efine( 9y iB2i. The poro&ity i& (efine( 9y PO'= C&ee
PO'=B5BD.
2%
>T.$) +or CT4P=]12) 2% ] 2I ] coefficient for the K#(irection of a
coor(inate &y&tem (efine( 9y 3B'=C.
LT.$) Bf PO'=B5B]$.$ an( 2%?$, the coefficient i& time (epen(ent
thro-gh a loa( c-rve i( (efine( 9y i2%i. Bf PO'=B5B@$.$ an(
2%?$, the coefficient i& poro&ity (epen(ent thro-gh a loa( c-rve
i( (efine( 9y i2%i. The poro&ity i& (efine( 9y PO'= C&ee
PO'=B5BD.
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B%
>T.$) +or CT4P=]12) B% ] BI ] coefficient for the K#(irection of a
coor(inate &y&tem (efine( 9y 3B'=C.
LT.$) Bf PO'=B5B]$.$ an( B%?$, the coefficient i& time (epen(ent
thro-gh a loa( c-rve i( (efine( 9y iB%i. Bf PO'=B5B@$.$ an(
B%?$, the coefficient i& poro&ity (epen(ent thro-gh a loa( c-rve
i( (efine( 9y iB%i. The poro&ity i& (efine( 9y PO'= C&ee
PO'=B5BD.
3B+M+
+or CT4P=]12) coefficient for the (iff-&ion of vol-me fraction&. +orce&
proportional to the gra(ient of vol-me fraction are applie( on the fl-i( an(
&tr-ct-re) -or/e] # 3B+M+ N 6radCvfD where vf i& the vol-me fraction.
PO'=B5B
+or CT4P=]11 or CT4P=]12) Bnitial vol-me ratio of pore& in an element.
The c-rrent vol-me ratio i& PO'=]PO'=B5BNvolFvolini, where vol an(
volini are the c-rrent an( initial element vol-me& re&pectively.
M=5TSB3
Set B3 of the vent hole &hape.
M=5T4P
Ment &-rface area &et B3 type)
=S.$) Part &et B3 CPSB3D.
MTCO=+
+low coefficient for each vent &-rface area.
POPP'=S
Menting pop pre&&-re limit. Bf the pre&&-re in&i(e the air9ag i& lower than
thi& pre&&-re, then nothing i& vente(. Only when the pre&&-re in&i(e the
air9ag i& greater than POPP'=S that venting can 9egin.
CO=+LC
2 time#(epen(ent m-ltiplier loa( c-rve for correcting the vent flow coeffi#
cient, with val-e& ranging from $.$ to 1.$.
Remarks:
1. Bn or(er for a fl-i(#&tr-ct-re interaction C+SBD to occ-r, a Lagrangian C&tr-ct-re or &laveD
me&h m-&t &patially overlap with an 2L= Cfl-i( or ma&terD me&h. =ach me&h &ho-l( 9e (e#
fine( with in(epen(ent no(e B3&. LS#3452 &earche& for the &patial inter&ection of 9etween
the Lagrangian an( 2L= me&he&. ,here the me&he& overlap, there i& a po&&i9ility that inter#
action may occ-r. Bn general, SL2M=, .2ST=', SST4P an( .ST4P= are re;-ire( (efini#
tion& for &pecifying overlapping#(omain& co-pling &earch.
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2. The n-m9er of co-pling point&, 5S823L5S823, i& (i&tri9-te( over the &-rface of each
Lagrangian &egment. >enerally, 2 or % co-pling point& per each =-lerianF2L= element
wi(th i& a(e;-ate. Con&e;-ently, the appropriate 5S823 val-e& m-&t 9e e&timate( 9a&e(
on the relative re&ol-tion& 9etween the Lagrangian an( 2L= me&he&. Con&i(er Ca&e 1
where 1 Lagrangian &hell element &pan&, &ay, 2 2L= element&. Then 5S823 for each La#
grangian &egment &ho-l( 9e ! or 0. Con&i(er Ca&e 2 where 2 or % Lagrangian &egment& &pan
1 2L= element, then may9e 5S823]1 wo-l( 9e a(e;-ate. Bf either me&h compre&&e& or
expan(& (-ring the interaction, the n-m9er of co-pling point& per 2L= element will al&o
change. The -&er m-&t acco-nt for thi& an( try to maintain at lea&t 2 co-pling point& per
each 2L= element &i(e length (-ring the whole proce&& to prevent lea7age. Too many co-#
pling point& can re&-lt in in&ta9ility, an( not eno-gh can re&-lt in lea7age.
%. CT4P=]2 i& &ometime& -&e( to co-ple, via con&traint metho( Cenergy not con&erve(D, La#
grangian 9eam no(e& to 2L= or Lagrangian &oli(&, for example, in the mo(eling of re9ar in
concrete, or tire cor(& in r-99er. The &lave &et i& co-ple( to the ma&ter &et. Con&traint 9a&e(
metho( (oe& not try to con&erve energy an( i& &el(om -&e(. Penalty approach i& the c-rrent
metho( of choice. +or 9etter acc-racy, when -&ing the penalty metho(, it i& 9etter to co-ple
to a &pecific &et of 2..>& C&et .CO8P to a negative integer, &ee .CO8PD.
!. 3B'=C]2 may 9e generally a more &ta9le an( ro9-&t choice for co-pling (irection. Jowev#
er a choice of when to activate co-pling &ho-l( 9e ma(e 9a&e( on the phy&ic& of the pro9lem.
3B'=C]1 co-ple& -n(er 9oth ten&ion an( compre&&ion. Thi& i& &ometime& -&ef-l a& in the
ca&e of &-((enly accelerating li;-i( container. 3B'=C]% i& rarely applica9le to real phy&ic&
C9eca-&e it &im-late& an extremely &tic7y fl-i(D.
". ,hen .CO8P i& a negative integer, &ay for example .CO8P] #12%, then an 2L= m-lti#
material &et#B3 C2..SB3D of 12% m-&t exi&t. Thi& i& an B3 (efine( 9y a NS=TO.8LTB#
.2T='B2LO>'O8POLBST car(. Thi& generally &eem& to 9e a 9etter approach to co-ple to
a &pecific &et of 2..>&, an( have a clearly (efine( fl-i( interface interacting with a La#
grangian &-rface. That way, any lea7age may 9e vi&-aliIe( an( the penalty force can 9e
comp-te( more preci&ely.
0. The -&er can -&-ally &tart with P+2C](efa-lt C$.1D. Bf lea7age occ-r&, lea7age control may
9e t-rne( on, BL=2A]2.
The next thing to try may 9e -&ing a loa( c-rve for P+2C. ,hen P+2C i& a negative inte#
ger, for example P+2C] #%21, then a loa( c-rve with LCB3]%21 m-&t exi&t via a N3=+B5=
OC8'M= car(. Thi& choice allow& the application of an e&timate( co-pling pre&&-re Cy#axi&D
given a penetration (i&tance Cx#axi&D. The c-rve con&i&t& of P$,$Q a& the fir&t point an(
Pmaxim-m allowa9le penetration C.2PD, e&timate( maxim-m co-pling pre&&-re C=.CPDQ
a& a &econ( point. .2P may 9e a &mall penetration with re&pect to the minim-m 2L= ele#
ment wi(th Cmay9e 1$b or le&&D. =.CP can 9e e&timate( from a maxim-m fl-i( pre&&-re
o9&erve( from a previo-& r-n when lea7age fir&t occ-r&. Thi& c-rve may 9e &cale( to vary
the &tiffne&& of the co-pling &pring. The approach i& to gra(-ally increa&e the co-pling &tiff#
ne&& -ntil lea7age &top&. The 9e&t co-pling &tiffne&& i& one which provi(e& H-&t eno-gh force
to prevent lea7age an( not more.
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2 %
r(
approach i& to try P+2C..]% on optional car( !a Cwith P+2C]con&tantD.
Con&i(er a co-pling 9etween a Lagrangian air9ag with the 2L= inflator ga&, a penetration of
1.$=#% m of the ga& acro&& the 9ag &-rface will trigger a co-pling pre&&-re C&ay, a9o-t ! atm
or !$"%$$ Pa&cal&D. The co-pling pre&&-re for ar9itrary penetration i& &cale( from thi&
c-rve.
Thi& example (emon&trate& the -&age of 9oth .CO8P an( P+2C when they are negative in#
teger&.
$...|....1....|....2....|....3....|....4....|....5....|....6....|....7....|....8
$ PID 21 % ALE 3;6178/. <75& PID 22 % 73. C=5> 5A../A;43;< 8>= 73.E7<
$ !ID IDTYPE
21 1
22 1
$ ALEMMGID % 1 @% PID 21 @%% 5== 158 13;= /6 8>= *ALE_MULTIMATERIAL_GROUP 27.4.
$ AMM!ID
123
$ ALEMMGID
1
$ L7<.7;<37; % 517B= % P!ID 1 2/;873;5 711 73.E7< :7.85
*!ET_PART
$ !ID DA1 DA2 DA3 DA4
1 $. $. $. $.
$ PID1 PID2 PID3 PID4 PID5 PID6 PID7 PID8
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 $
$ EA1=.37; % C758=. % P!ID 11 2/;873;5 711 61A34 C=5> F<=/C=8.3271 5:72= 8/ 5=7.2>G.
*!ET_PART_LI!T
11
2
*)ON!TRAINED_LAGRANGE_IN_!OLID
$ !LA*E MA!TER !!TYP M!TYP N,UAD )TYPE DIRE) M)OUP
1 11 $ $ 4 4 2 123
$ !TART END PFA) FRI) FR)MIN NORM
$.$ $.$ 321 $.$$ $.3 1
$ ), +MIN +MA- ILEAD PLEAD *LD_PL)ID
$ $ $ 2 $.1$
$ (= 5>/A14 2/A:1= 8/ /;19 8>= 3;6178/. <75 M)OUP % 123
$ 61A34 :=;=8.783/; H 1 CC @%%%%I PC7J % 4$53$$ :75271 H 4 78C
*DEFINE_)UR*E
321
$.$$$$ $.$
1.$=3 4$53$$.$
$...|....1....|....2....|....3....|....4....|....5....|....6....|....7....|....8
7. The normal vector& C5MD of a Lagrangian &hell part are (efine( 9y the or(er of the no(e& in
N=L=.=5T (efinition&, via the right han( r-le, an( for a &egment &et, the or(er of no(e& (e#
fine( in NS=TOS=>.=5T. Let the &i(e pointe( to 9y 5M 9e Xpo&itiveY. The penalty meth#
o( mea&-re penetration a& the (i&tance the 2L= fl-i( penetrate& from the po&itive &i(e to the
negative &i(e of the Lagrangian &egment. Only fl-i( on the po&itive &i(e will 9e X&eenY an(
co-ple( to. Jence, all normal vector& of the Lagrangian &egment& &ho-l( point -niformly
towar( the 2L= fl-i(C&D, 2..>&, to 9e co-ple( to. Bf 5M point -niformly away from the
fl-i(, co-pling i& not activate(. Bn thi& ca&e, co-pling can 9e activate( 9y &etting 5O'.]1.
Sometime& a &hell part or me&h i& generate( &-ch that it& normal vector& (o not point -ni#
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formly in a con&i&tent (irection Call towar( the in&i(e or o-t&i(e of a container, etc.D The -&#
er &ho-l( alway& chec7 for the normal vector& of any Lagrangian &hell part interacting with
any fl-i(. The 5O'. parameter may 9e -&e( to flip the normal (irection of all the &eg#
ment& incl-(e( in the Lagrangian &lave &et.
Fluid
Void
Fluid
Void
She.. "otion
Shell
+l-i( d Shell
will interact
Shell
+l-i( d Shell
will not interact
She.. norma. +e/tor
C8&e 5O'. ] 1 to flip vectorD
She.. "otion

/. The -&er#inp-t co-pling#(amping factor C32.PD i& -&e( to &cale (own the critical#(amping
force Cm (amper con&tantNvelocityD. +or a ma&&#to#rigi(#wall &y&tem connecte( 9y a parallel#
&pring#(amper connector, we can o9tain &ol-tion for a critically#(ampe( ca&e. 32.P i& a
factor for &caling (own the amo-nt of (amping, with 32.P]1 9eing a critically#(ampe(
ca&e.
. The metho( -&e( i& &imilar to that (one 9y NCO5T2CTOROTJ='.2LOR car(, except
ra(iation heat tran&fer i& not con&i(ere(. 2 gap ClD i& a&&-me( to exi&t 9etween the 2 materi#
al& -n(ergoing heat tran&fer Cone i& Lagrangian an( the other 2L=D. The convection heat
tran&fer in the gap i& a&&-me( to approach &imple con(-ction acro&& the me(i-m in the gap.
q =
JI
Jx
~bAI =
b~
l

The heat fl-x i& typically (efine( a& an energy tran&fer rate per -nit area, q ~
| ] s / ]
m
2
. i& the
thermal con(-ctivity of the material in the gap, b, the e;-ivalent convection heat tran&fer co#
efficient, an( AI, the temperat-re (ifference 9etween the ma&ter an( &lave &i(e&. There are %
po&&i9le &cenario&)
CaD l > l
mux
5o heat tran&fer.
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C9D l
mn
l l
mux
b ~
k
max(I
min
I)
.
CcD l < l
mn
b ~
k
I
min
.
CQ (x), HMIN (|
m|n
), HMAX (|
max
) are (efine( for thi& heat tran&fer e&timation.
1$. Bn general, a co-pling force &topping Xfl-i(Y lea7age acro&& a Lagrangian &-rface &ho-l(
come pre(ominantly from the CpenaltyD co-pling force. Lea7age control force &ho-l( 9e of
&econ(ary effect an( &ho-l( not 9e 9igger than that from the main penalty co-pling action.
N32T2B2S=O+SB comman( o-tp-t C(9f&iD allow& for the monitoring of 9oth the co-pling
force& an( the lea7age control force contri9-tion. Bt may 9e -&e( a& a (e9-gging or fine#
t-ning tool for co-pling (e&ign. BL=2A]2 ha& a &lightly more acc-rate energy acco-nting
algorithm, th-& i& 9etter for air9ag application&. Lea7age control &ho-l( only 9e t-rne( on
when co-pling to a &pecific 2..> C.CO8P a& a negative integerD with it& fl-i( interface
clearly (efine( an( trac7e( via the N2L=O.8LTB#.2T='B2LO>'O8P car(.
11. There are c-rrently 2 metho(& to mo(el poro-& flow acro&& a Lagrangian &hell &tr-ct-re.
Both metho(& involve (efining an empirical (ata c-rve of relative poro-& ga& velocity a& a
f-nction of &y&tem pre&&-re. Jowever the pre&&-re (efinition& are &lightly (ifferent (epen(#
ing on the choice of parameter (efine()
aD Mia LCB3PO' parameter -n(er NCO5ST'2B5=3OL2>'25>=OB5OSOLB3 CCLBSD.
Bf thi& option i& -&e( the (ata c-rve contain& CP
-p&tream
W P
(own&tream
D in the x#axi& of the
c-rve.
9D Mia N.2TO+2B'BCV& +LC, +2C, =L2 parameter&. Bf LCB3PO' i& negative, an( +2C
(efine& a loa( c-rve, then thi& (ata c-rve contain& a9&ol-te -p&tream pre&&-re Cnot pre&#
&-re (ifferenceD in the x#axi&.
,hen N2B'B2>O2L= i& -&e(, it a&&-me& that a9&ol-te -p&tream P i& given in the c-rve (e#
fine( 9y +2C -n(er N.2TO+2B'BC. 3-ring CM pha&e it -&e& that. Bn 2L= pha&e, LS#
3452 a-tomatically &-9tract& 1 atmo&pheric pre&&-re from the given pre&&-re in the +2C
c-rve. Th-& giving it a ga-ge pre&&-re for the poro-& co-pling calc-lation. The amo-nt of
acc-m-late( ma&& flowing acro&& a poro-& Lagrangian &-rface may 9e trac7e( via the
N32T2B2S=O+SB car( CXplea7Y parameter in the X(9f&iY 2SCBB o-tp-t fileD.
12. There are 2 metho(& to mo(el Cair9agD venting. The acc-m-late( ma&& o-tp-t of 9oth may
9e trac7e( via the N32T2B2S=O+SB car( CXplea7Y parameter in the X(9f&iY 2SCBB o-tp-t
fileD.
aD Bn i&entropic venting, C(efine 5M=5T on car( %D the flow cro&&ing the vent hole &-rface
i& e&timate( from i&entropic e;-ation. 2ll air9ag &hell normal vector& &ho-l( point -ni#
formly in the &ame (irection Ctypically, inwar(D. The &hell element& for the vent hole&,
incl-(e( in the Lagrangian co-pling &et, &ho-l( al&o point in the &ame (irection a& the
air9ag Ci.e., inwar(D.
9D Bn phy&ical venting, there can 9e either phy&ical hole& in the Lagrangian &tr-ct-re Cair#
9agD, or &hell part& covering the hole& wo-l( have their normal vector& pointing o-twar(.
D
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LS-DYNA R7.0 1$#/7 CCO5ST'2B5=3D
=ither way, there i& no co-pling force to &top fl-i( lea7age. Bt i& recommen(e( that
N2L=O+SBOS,BTCJO..>OB3 C2+S.D 9e -&e( to &witch the 2..> B3 of the vente(
ga& &o that the vente( ga& o-t&i(e the 9ag (oe& not ca-&e lea7age Cwhen the &ame
2..> i& pre&ent on 9oth &i(e& of the &ame Lagrangian &hell &-rface, penalty co-pling
can 9rea7 (ownD. The &hell part& repre&enting the vent hole& may 9e either CiD excl-(e(
form the Lagrangian co-pling &et, or CiiD if incl-(e(, they &ho-l( have their normal&
pointing in oppo&ite (irection with re&pect to the re&t of the air9ag Ctypically o-twar(
&ince the re&t of the air9ag have their normal& pointing inwar(D.
1%. Typically, penetration chec7 CBP=5CJAD &ho-l( only 9e -&e( if there i& high co-pling force
applie( at t]$. +or example, con&i(er a Lagrangian container, fille( with non#ga&eo-& fl-i(
Ci.e. 2L= li;-i( or &oli(D via the NB5BTB2LOMOL8.=O+'2CTO5O>=O.=T'4 com#
man(. Sometime& (-e to me&h re&ol-tion or complex container geometry, there i& initial
penetration of the fl-i( acro&& the container &-rface. Thi& can give ri&e to a &harp an( imme#
(iate co-pling force on the fl-i( at t]$. T-rning on BP=5CJA may help eliminate thi& &pi7e
in co-pling force.
1!. +or &hell, CT4P=]11, the =rg-n#type empirical poro-& flow e;-ation i& applie( to the nor#
mal flow (irection acro&& the poro-& &-rface. The pre&&-re gra(ient along the &egment nor#
mal (irection i&
JP
Jx
n
= A
n
(e p)I
n
+
n
(e p)|I
n
|I
n

where the &-9&cript XnY refer& to the (irection normal to the poro-& Lagrangian &hell &-r#
face.
I
n
i& the relative normal#to#poro-&#&hell#&-rface fl-i( velocity component.
A
n
(e p) = A
1
(e p) i& a vi&co-& coefficient of the =rg-n#type poro-& flow e;-ation. 2&
applie( here it &ho-l( contain the fl-i( (ynamic vi&co&ity C p D an( &hell poro&ity C e D
information.
n
(e p) =
1
(e p) i& an inertial coefficient of the =rg-n#type poro-& flow e;-ation. 2&
applie( here it &ho-l( contain the fl-i( (en&ity C p D an( &hell poro&ity C e D infor#
mation.
The force increment applie( per &egment i&
F
n
=
d
dx
n
t S where
S i& the &egment &-rface area.
t i& the &hell thic7ne&& CTJA+D.
21 CA
1
(e p)D, B1 C
1
(e p)D an( TJA+ CtD are re;-ire( inp-t for poro-& &hell co-pling.
+or poro-& &oli(, CT4P=]12, the pre&&-re gra(ient along each glo9al (irection CiD can 9e
comp-te( &imilarly.
D
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T
1$#// CCO5ST'2B5=3D LS-DYNA R7.0
JP
Jx
= A
(e p)I
(e p)|I
|I
i = 12S

I
i& the relative fl-i( velocity component thro-gh the poro-& &oli( in the % glo9al (irec#
tion&.
A
(e p) i& a vi&co-& coefficient of the =rg-n#type poro-& flow e;-ation in the i

th
(irec#
tion. 2& applie( here it &ho-l( contain the fl-i( (ynamic vi&co&ity CpD an( &hell po#
ro&ity CeD information.
(e p) i& an inertial coefficient of the =rg-n#type poro-& flow e;-ation in the i

th
(irec#
tion. 2& applie( here it &ho-l( contain the fl-i( (en&ity CpD an( &oli( poro&ity CeD in#
formation.
2
i
CA
(e p)D, B
i
C
(e p)D are re;-ire( inp-t for poro-& &oli( co-pling.

See al&o NLO23OBO34OPO'O8S.
1". 3-e to the complexity of thi& car(, &ome comment& on &imple, efficient an( ro9-&t co-pling
approach are given here. The&e are not rigi( g-i(eline&, 9-t &imply &ome experience#9a&e(
o9&ervation&.
The term Xfl-i(Y, in the +l-i(#Str-ct-re Bnteraction C+SBD, refer& to material& with 2L= ele#
ment form-lation, not in(icating the pha&e C&oli(, li;-i( or ga&D of tho&e material&. Bn fact,
&oli(, li;-i( an( ga& can all 9e mo(ele( 9y the 2L= form-lation. The term X&tr-ct-reY refer&
to material& with Lagrangian element form-lation.
Bn general, penalty co-pling CCT4P= ! d "D i& recommen(e(, an( .CO8P]negative integer
i& a 9etter choice to (efine a &pecific 2L= m-lti#material gro-p C2..>D to 9e co-ple( to
the Lagrangian &-rface. 2t the minim-m, all parameter& on car( 1 are to 9e &pecifie(, an(
the (efa-lt val-e& for mo&t are goo( &tarting choice& Cexcept .CO8PD.
Bf there i& lea7age, P+2C, +'C.B5, 5O'.T4P= an( BL=2A are the ! parameter& that can
9e a(H-&te(.
+or har( &tr-ct-re C&teelD an( very compre&&i9le fl-i( CairD, P+2C may 9e &et to $.1 Cor high#
erD. P+2C]con&tant val-e.
5ext, 7eeping P+2C]con&tant an( &et P+2C..]% Coptional car( !aD. Thi& option &cale&
the penalty factor 9y the 9-l7 mo(-l-& of the Lagrangian &tr-ct-re. Thi& new approach ha&
al&o &hown to 9e effective for &ome air9ag application.
The next approach may 9e &witching from con&tant P+2C to a loa( c-rve approach Ci.e.
P+2C]loa( c-rve, an( P+2C..]$D. By loo7ing at the pre&&-re in the &y&tem near lea7age
original location, we can get a feel for the pre&&-re re;-ire( to &top it.
Bf lea7age per&i&t& after &ome iteration& on the co-pling force control&, one can &-9&e;-ently
try to &et BL=2A]2 in com9ination with the other control& to prevent lea7age.
D
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LS-DYNA R7.0 1$#/ CCO5ST'2B5=3D
Bf the mo(ification& fail to &top the lea7age, may9e the me&he& have to 9e re(e&igne( to al#
low 9etter interaction& 9etween the Lagrangian an( 2le material&.
Bn the example 9elow, the -n(erline( parameter& are -&-ally (efine( parameter&. 2 f-ll car(
(efinition i& &hown for reference.
$...|....1....|....2....|....3....|....4....|....5....|....6....|....7....|....8
*#ONSTRAINED_LAGRANGE_IN_SOLID
$ SLA%E MASTER SSTYP MSTYP N()AD #TYPE DIRE# M#O)P
1 11 " " 4 4 2 '123
$ START END PFAC !RI# FRCMIN NORM NORMTYPE DAMP
"." "." ".1 "."" ".3 " " "."
$ #( ,MIN ,MA* ILEAK PLEA$ L#IDPOR N%ENT IBLO#$
" " " " "." " " "
$4A IBO*ID IPEN#,$ INT!OR# IALESO! LAGM)L PFACMM T,$!
$ " " " " " " "
$4B A1 B1 A2 B2 A3 B3
$ "." "." "." "." "." "."
$4# %NTSID %ENTYPE %ENT#OE! POPPRES #OE!L#ID ?STYPED".PSIDE1.PIDE2.SGSID@
$ " " " "." "
$...|....1....|....2....|....3....|....4....|....5....|....6....|....7....|...8
D
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`CONSTRAINED `CONSTRAINED_LINEAR_GLOBAL
1$#$ CCO5ST'2B5=3D LS-DYNA R7.0
`CONSTRAINED_LINEAR_GLOBAL
P-rpo&e) 3efine linear con&traint e;-ation& 9etween (i&placement& an( rotation&, which can 9e (e#
fine( in glo9al coor(inate &y&tem&. +or a newer an( for a more general con&traint &ee
NCO5ST'2B5=3OB5T='POL2TBO5

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le LCB3
Type B
3efa-lt none

Card 2 - Define one card for each constrained degree-of-freedom. Input is terminated when a
"`" card is found.
Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 5B3 3O+ CO=+
Type B B B
3efa-lt none $ $
'emar7 1

LCB3
Linear con&traint (efinition B3. Thi& B3 can 9e -&e( to i(entify a &et to
which thi& con&traint i& a mem9er.
5B3
5o(e B3
D
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`CONSTRAINED_LINEAR_GLOBAL `CONSTRAINED
3O+
3egree of free(om in the glo9al coor(inate &y&temE
=S.1) (i&placement along glo9al x#(irection
=S.2) (i&placement along glo9al y#(irection
=S.%) (i&placement along glo9al I#(irection
=S.!) glo9al rotation a9o-t glo9al x#axi&
=S.") glo9al rotation a9o-t glo9al y#axi&
=S.0) glo9al rotation a9o-t glo9al I#axi&
CO=+
5onIero coefficient, C
7

Remarks:
5o(e& of a no(al con&traint e;-ation cannot 9e mem9er& of another con&traint e;-ation or con&traint
&et that con&train the &ame (egree&#of#free(om, a tie( interface, or a rigi( 9o(yE i.e. no(e& cannot 9e
&-9Hecte( to m-ltiple, in(epen(ent, an( po&&i9ly conflicting con&traint&. 2l&o care m-&t 9e ta7en to
en&-re that &ingle point con&traint& applie( to no(e& in a con&traint e;-ation (o not conflict with the
con&traint &et& con&traine( (egree&#of#free(om.
Bn thi& &ection linear con&traint e;-ation& of the form)
C
k
u
k
= C
0
n
k=1

can 9e (efine(, where u
>
are the (i&placement& an( 1
>
are -&er (efine( coefficient&. 8nle&&
LS#3452 i& initialiIe( 9y lin7ing to an implicit co(e to &ati&fy thi& e;-ation at the 9eginning of the
calc-lation, the con&tant 1
$
i& a&&-me( to 9e Iero. The fir&t con&traine( (egree#of#free(om i& elimi#
nate( from the e;-ation&#of#motion)
u
1
= C
0
-
C
k
C
1
n
k=2
u
k

Bt& velocitie& an( acceleration& are given 9y
u
1
= -
C
k
C
1
n
k=2
u
k

u

1
= -
C
k
C
1
n
k=2
u
k

D
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`CONSTRAINED `CONSTRAINED_LINEAR_GLOBAL
re&pectively. Bn the implementation a tran&formation matrix, I, i& con&tr-cte( relating the -ncon#
&traine(, u, an( con&traine(, u
c
, (egree&#of#free(om. The con&traine( acceleration& -&e( in the
a9ove e;-ation are given 9y)
u
c
= I
t
HI
-1
I
t
F
where H i& the 3iagonal l-mpe( ma&& matrix an( F i& the right han( &i(e force vector. Thi& re;-ire&
the inver&ion of the con(en&e( ma&& matrix which i& e;-al in &iIe to the n-m9er of con&traine( (e#
gree&#of#free(om min-& one.
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
$
$$$$ *)ON!TRAINED_LINEAR_GLOAL
$
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
$
$ )/;58.73; ;/4=5 4$ 7;4 42 8/ C/B= 34=;8327119 3; 8>= K43.=283/;.
$
$ (>=; 8>= 13;=7. 2/;58.73;8 =LA783/; 35 7::13=4M 38 </=5 13?= 8>35#
$
$ $ % )4$AK4$ N )42AK42
$
$ % AK4$ AK42
$
$ AK4$ % AK42
$
$ O>=.=M
$ )4$ % 1.$$ 2/=66323=;8 6/. ;/4= 4$
$ )42 % 1.$$ 2/=66323=;8 6/. ;/4= 42
$ AK4$ % 435:172=C=;8 /6 ;/4= 4$ 3; K43.=283/;
$ AK42 % 435:172=C=;8 /6 ;/4= 42 3; K43.=283/;
$
$
*)ON!TRAINED_LINEAR
$
$...I....1....I....2....I....3....I....4....I....5....I....6....I....7....I....8
$ 3
$ 34
2
$
$ ;34 4/6 2/=6
4$ 3 1.$$
42 3 1.$$
$
$
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
$
D
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`CONSTRAINED_LINEAR_LOCAL `CONSTRAINED

`CONSTRAINED_LINEAR_LOCAL
P-rpo&e) 3efine linear con&traint e;-ation& 9etween (i&placement& an( rotation&, which can 9e (e#
fine( in a local coor(inate &y&tem. =ach no(e may have a -ni;-e coor(inate B3.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le LCB3
Type B
3efa-lt none

Card 2 - Define one card for each constrained degree-of-freedom. Input is terminated when a
"`" card is found.
Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 5B3 3O+ CB3 CO=+
Type B B B B
3efa-lt none $ $ $
'emar7 1

LCB3
LCB3 for linear con&traint (efinition. Thi& B3 can 9e -&e( to i(entify a &et
to which thi& con&traint i& a mem9er.
5B3
5o(e B3
D
R
A
F
T
`CONSTRAINED `CONSTRAINED_LINEAR_LOCAL

1$#! CCO5ST'2B5=3D LS-DYNA R7.0
3O+
3egree of free(om in the local coor(inate &y&temE
=S.1) (i&placement along local x#(irection
=S.2) (i&placement along local y#(irection
=S.%) (i&placement along local I#(irection
=S.!) local rotation a9o-t local x#axi&
=S.") local rotation a9o-t local y#axi&
=S.0) local rotation a9o-t local I#axi&
CB3
Local coor(inate &y&tem B3 n-m9er. Bf the n-m9er i& Iero, the glo9al coor#
CO=+
5onIero coefficient, C
7

Remarks:
Bn thi& &ection linear con&traint e;-ation& of the form)
C
k
n
k=1
u
k
I
= C
u

can 9e (efine(, where u
k
L
are the (i&placement& in the local coor(inate &y&tem& an( 1
>
are -&er (e#
fine( coefficient&. 8nle&& LS#3452 i& initialiIe( 9y lin7ing to an implicit co(e to &ati&fy thi& e;-a#
tion at the 9eginning of the calc-lation, the con&tant 1
$
i& a&&-me( to 9e Iero. The fir&t con&traine(
(egree#of#free(om i& eliminate( from the e;-ation&#of#motion)
u
1
L
= C
0
-
C
k
C
1
n
k=2
u
k
L

Bt& velocitie& an( acceleration& are given 9y
u
1
L
= -
C
k
C
1
u
k
L
n
k=2
u
1
L
= -
C
k
C
1
n
k=2
u
k
L

re&pectively. The local (i&placement& are calc-late( every time &tep -&ing the local coor(inate &y&#
tem& (efine( 9y the -&er. .ore than one (egree of free(om for a no(e can 9e con&traine( 9y &peci#
fying a car( for each (egree of free(om.
D
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`CONSTRAINED_LINEAR_LOCAL `CONSTRAINED

Nodes of a nodal constraint equation cannot be members of another constraint equation or
constraint set that constrain the same degrees-of-freedom, a tied interface, or a rigid body; i.e.
nodes cannot be subjected to multiple, independent, and possibly conflicting constraints. Also
care must be taken to ensure that single point constraints applied to nodes in a constraint
equation do not conflict with the constraint sets constrained degrees-of-freedom.
D
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`CONSTRAINED `CONSTRAINED_LOCAL
`CONSTRAINED_LOCAL
P-rpo&e) 3efine a local 9o-n(ary con&traint plane.

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le TC 'C 3B' L 4 K CB3
Type 1 1 1 + + + 1
3efa-lt $ $ $ $ $ $ none

TC
Tran&lational Con&traint in local &y&tem)
=S.!) con&traine( x an( y tran&lation&,
=S.") con&traine( y an( I tran&lation&,
=S.0) con&traine( x an( I tran&lation&,
=S.7) con&traine( x, y, an( tran&lation&.
'C
'otational Con&traint in local &y&tem)
=S.1) con&traine( x#rotation,
=S.2) con&traine( y#rotation,
=S.%) con&traine( I#rotation,
3B'
3irection of normal for local con&traint plane.
=S.1) local x,
=S.2) local y,
=S.%) local I.
D
R
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T
`CONSTRAINED_LOCAL `CONSTRAINED
L
Local x#coor(inate of a point on the local con&traint plane.
4
Local y#coor(inate of a point on the local con&traint plane.
K
Local I#coor(inate of a point on the local con&traint plane.
CB3
Coor(inate &y&tem B3 for orientation of the local coor(inate &y&tem.
Remarks:
5o(e& within a me&h#&iIe#(epen(ent tolerance are con&traine( on a local plane. Thi& option i& rec#
ommen(e( for -&e with r#metho( a(aptive reme&hing where no(al con&traint& are lo&t (-ring the
reme&hing pha&e.
D
R
A
F
T
`CONSTRAINED `CONSTRAINED_MULTIPLE_GLOBAL
1$#/ CCO5ST'2B5=3D LS-DYNA R7.0
`CONSTRAINED_MULTIPLE_GLOBAL
P-rpo&e) 3efine glo9al m-lti#point con&traint& for impo&ing perio(ic 9o-n(ary con(ition in (i&placement fiel(.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le B3
Type B
3efa-lt

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 5.P
Type B
3efa-lt

Cards 3, 4, ..., NMP+2
Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 5B3 3B' CO=+
Type B B +
3efa-lt
Use Cards 2, 3, ..., NMP+2 repeatedly to define more constraints.
B3
Con&traint &et i(entification. 2ll con&traint &et& &ho-l( have a -ni;-e &et
B3.
5.P
5-m9er of no(e& to 9e con&traine( m-t-ally.
5B3
5o(al B3
D
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`CONSTRAINED_MULTIPLE_GLOBAL `CONSTRAINED
LS-DYNA R7.0 1$# CCO5ST'2B5=3D
3B'
3irection in three#(imen&ional &pace to 9e con&traine(
=S.1) x (irection
=S.2) y (irection
=S.%) I (irection
CO=+
Coefficient
NI
in con&traint e;-ation)
C D
$
NI
NI I&
NI
u =
.
Remarks:

1. 3efining m-lti#point con&traint& 9y thi& 7eywor( can 9e (emon&trate( 9y the following ex#
ample) a two#(imen&ional -nit &;-are with fo-r ;-a(rilateral element& an( 11 no(e& a&
&hown in the fig-re 9elow, where the no(e& ^1$ an( ^11 are two (-mmy no(e& &erving a&
control point&.
11
1$
1 2 %
! " 0
7 /

NCO5ST'2B5=3O.8LTBPL=O>LOB2L
1
%
%, 1, 1.$
1, 1,#1.$
1$, 1,#1.$
%
/, 1, 1.$
2, 1,#1.$
11, 1,#1.$
)

NCO5ST'2B5=3O.8LTBPL=O>LOB2L
2
%
%, 2, 1.$
1, 2,#1.$
1$, 2,#1.$
)
}
Con&traint)
C%D C1D C1$D
1 1 1
$ u u u =
}
Con&traint)
C/D C2D C11D
1 1 1
$ u u u =
}
Con&traint)
C%D C1D C1$D
2 2 2
$ u u u =
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`CONSTRAINED `CONSTRAINED_NODAL_RIGID_BODY
1$#1$$ CCO5ST'2B5=3D LS-DYNA R7.0
`CONSTRAINED_NODAL_RIGID_BODY_OPTION]_OPTION]_OPTION]
<BLANK>
SPC
INERTIA
TITLE
Bf the center of ma&& i& con&traine( -&e the SPC option. Bf the inertial propertie& are (efine( rather
than comp-te( -&e the INERTIA option. 2 (e&cription for the no(al rigi( 9o(y can 9e (efine( with
the TITLE option.
P-rpo&e) 3efine a no(al rigi( 9o(y. Thi& i& a rigi( 9o(y which con&i&t& of the (efine( no(e&. Bf the
B5='TB2 option i& not -&e(, then the inertia ten&or i& comp-te( from the no(al ma&&e&. 2r9itrary
motion of thi& rigi( 9o(y i& allowe(. Bf the B5='TB2 option i& -&e(, con&tant tran&lational an( rota#
tional velocitie& can 9e (efine( in a glo9al or local coor(inate &y&tem.
The fir&t no(e in the no(al rigi( 9o(y (efinition i& treate( a& the ma&ter for the ca&e where 3'+L2>
an( ''+L2> are nonIero. The fir&t no(e alway& ha& &ix (egree&#of#free(om. The relea&e con(i#
tion& applie( in the glo9al &y&tem are &ometime& convenient in &mall (i&placement linear analy&i&,
9-t, otherwi&e, are not recommen(e(. Bt i& &trongly recommen(e(, e&pecially for implicit calc-la#
tion&, that relea&e con(ition& are only -&e( for a two no(e( no(al rigi( 9o(y.
Card Format:
Car( 1 i& re;-ire(.
Car(& 2 # ! are re;-ire( for the B5='TB2 option.
Car( " i& re;-ire( if a local coor(inate &y&tem i& -&e( to &pecify the inertia ten&or when the
B5='TB2 option i& -&e(.
Remarks:
1. 8nli7e the NCO5ST'2B5=3O5O3=OS=T which permit& only con&traint& on tran&lational
motion, here the e;-ation& of rigi( 9o(y (ynamic& are -&e( to -p(ate the motion of the
no(e& an( therefore rotation& of the no(al &et& are a(mi&&i9le. .a&& propertie& are (eter#
mine( from the no(al ma&&e& an( coor(inate&. Bnertial propertie& are (efine( if an( only if
the B5='TB2 option i& &pecifie(.

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`CONSTRAINED_NODAL_RIGID_BODY `CONSTRAINED
LS-DYNA R7.0 1$#1$1 CCO5ST'2B5=3D
Optional 1
Maria9le TBTL=
Type 2/$

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le PB3 CB3 5SB3 P5O3= BP'T 3'+L2> ''+L2>
Type B B B B B B B
3efa-lt none none none $ $ $ $

Define if and only if SPC is specified in the keyword.
Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le C.O CO51 CO52
Type + + +
3efa-lt $ $ $

PB3
Part B3 of the no(al rigi( 9o(y.
CB3
Optional coor(inate &y&tem B3 for the rigi( 9o(y local &y&tem, &ee
N3=+B5=OCOO'3B52T=OOPTBO5. O-tp-t of the rigi( 9o(y (ata an(
the (egree#of# free(om relea&e& are (one in thi& local &y&tem. Thi& local
&y&tem rotate& with the rigi( 9o(y.
5SB3
5o(al &et B3, &ee NS=TO5O3=OOPTBO5. Thi& no(al &et (efine& the rigi(
9o(y. Bf 5SB3]$, then 5SB3]PB3, i.e., the no(e &et B3 an( the part B3 are
a&&-me( to 9e i(entical.
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1$#1$2 CCO5ST'2B5=3D LS-DYNA R7.0
P5O3=
2n optional, po&&i9ly ma&&le&&, no(al point locate( at the ma&& center of
the no(al rigi( 9o(y. The initial no(al coor(inate& will 9e re&et if nece&#
&ary to en&-re that they lie at the ma&& center. Bn the o-tp-t file&, the coor#
(inate&, acceleration&, velocitie&, an( (i&placement& of thi& no(e will corre#
&pon( to the ma&& center of the no(al rigi( 9o(y. Bf CB3 i& (efine(, the ve#
locitie& an( acceleration& of P5O3= will 9e o-tp-t in the local &y&tem in
the 3%PLOT an( 3%TJ3T file& -nle&& P5O3= i& &pecifie( a& a negative
n-m9er in which ca&e the glo9al &y&tem i& -&e(.
BP'T
Print flag. +or no(al rigi( 9o(ie& the following val-e& apply)
=S.1) write (ata into 'B3O8T
=S.2) (o not write (ata into 'B3O8T
Printing i& &-ppre&&e( for two no(e( rigi( 9o(ie& -nle&& BP'T i& &et to -ni#
ty. Thi& i& to avoi( exce&&ively large 'B3O8T file& when many, two#
no(e( wel(& are -&e(.
3'+L2>
3i&placement relea&e flag for all no(e& except the fir&t no(e in the (efini#
tion.
=S.#7) relea&e x, y, an( I (i&placement in glo9al &y&tem
=S.#0) relea&e I an( x (i&placement in glo9al &y&tem
=S.#") relea&e y an( I (i&placement in glo9al &y&tem
=S.#!) relea&e x an( y (i&placement in glo9al &y&tem
=S.#%) relea&e I (i&placement in glo9al &y&tem
=S.#2) relea&e y (i&placement in glo9al &y&tem
=S.#1) relea&e x (i&placement in glo9al &y&tem
=S.$) off for rigi( 9o(y 9ehavior
=S.1) relea&e x (i&placement in rigi( 9o(y local &y&tem
=S.2) relea&e y (i&placement in rigi( 9o(y local &y&tem
=S.%) relea&e I (i&placement in rigi( 9o(y local &y&tem
=S.!) relea&e x an( y (i&placement in rigi( 9o(y local &y&tem
=S.") relea&e y an( I (i&placement in rigi( 9o(y local &y&tem
=S.0) relea&e I an( x (i&placement in rigi( 9o(y local &y&tem
=S.7) relea&e x, y, an( I (i&placement in rigi( 9o(y local &y&tem
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LS-DYNA R7.0 1$#1$% CCO5ST'2B5=3D
''+L2>
'otation relea&e flag for all no(e& except the fir&t no(e in the (efinition.
=S.#7) relea&e x, y, an( I rotation& in glo9al &y&tem
=S.#0) relea&e I an( x rotation& in glo9al &y&tem
=S.#") relea&e y an( I rotation& in glo9al &y&tem
=S.#!) relea&e x an( y rotation& in glo9al &y&tem
=S.#%) relea&e I rotation in glo9al &y&tem
=S.#2) relea&e y rotation in glo9al &y&tem
=S.#1) relea&e x rotation in glo9al &y&tem
=S.$) off for rigi( 9o(y 9ehavior
=S.1) relea&e x rotation in rigi( 9o(y local &y&tem
=S.2) relea&e y rotation in rigi( 9o(y local &y&tem
=S.%) relea&e I rotation in rigi( 9o(y local &y&tem
=S.!) relea&e x an( y rotation& in rigi( 9o(y local &y&tem
=S.") relea&e y an( I rotation& in rigi( 9o(y local &y&tem
=S.0) relea&e I an( x rotation& in rigi( 9o(y local &y&tem
=S.7) relea&e x, y, an( I rotation& in rigi( 9o(y local &y&tem
C.O
Center of ma&& con&traint option, C.O)
=S.[1.$) con&traint& applie( in glo9al (irection&,
=S.$.$) no con&traint&,
=S.#1.$) con&traint& applie( in local (irection& CSPC con&traintD.
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1$#1$! CCO5ST'2B5=3D LS-DYNA R7.0
CO51
+ir&t con&traint parameter)
Bf C.O][1.$, then &pecify glo9al tran&lational con&traint)
=S.1) con&traine( x (i&placement,
=S.2) con&traine( y (i&placement,
=S.%) con&traine( I (i&placement,
=S.!) con&traine( x an( y (i&placement&,
=S.") con&traine( y an( I (i&placement&,
=S.0) con&traine( I an( x (i&placement&,
=S.7) con&traine( x, y, an( I (i&placement&.
Bf C.$]#1.$, then &pecify local coor(inate &y&tem B3. See N3=+B5=
OCOO'3B52T=OOPTION) Thi& coor(inate &y&tem i& fixe( in time
CO52
Secon( con&traint parameter)
Bf C.O][1.$, then &pecify glo9al rotational con&traint)
Bf C.$]#1.$, then &pecify local CSPCD con&traint)
=S.$$$$$$ no con&traint,
=S.1$$$$$ con&traine( x tran&lation,
=S.$1$$$$ con&traine( y tran&lation,
=S.$$1$$$ con&traine( I tran&lation,
=S.$$$1$$ con&traine( x rotation,
=S.$$$$1$ con&traine( y rotation,
=S.$$$$$1 con&traine( I rotation.
2ny com9ination of local con&traint& can 9e achieve( 9y a((ing the n-m#
9er 1 into the corre&pon(ing col-mn.
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LS-DYNA R7.0 1$#1$" CCO5ST'2B5=3D

Required for the INERTIA option.
Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le LC 4C KC T. B'CS 5O3=B3
Type + + + + B B
3efa-lt $ $ $ $ $ $

LC
x#coor(inate of center of ma&&. Bf no(al point, 5O3=B3, i& (efine(, LC,
4C, an( KC are ignore( an( the coor(inate& of the no(al point, 5O3=B3,
are ta7en a& the center of ma&&.
4C
y#coor(inate of center of ma&&
KC
I#coor(inate of center of ma&&
T.
Tran&lational ma&&
B'CS
+lag for inertia ten&or reference coor(inate &y&tem)
=S.$) glo9al inertia ten&or,
=S.1) local inertia ten&or i& given in a &y&tem (efine( 9y the orientation
vector& a& given 9elow.
5O3=B3
Optional no(al point (efining the C> of the rigi( 9o(y. Bf thi& no(e i& not a
mem9er of the &et 5SB3 a9ove, it& motion will not 9e -p(ate( to corre#
&pon( with the no(al rigi( 9o(y after the calc-lation 9egin&. P5O3= an(
5O3=B3 can 9e i(entical if an( only if P5O3= phy&ically lie& at the ma&&
center at time Iero.

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1$#1$0 CCO5ST'2B5=3D LS-DYNA R7.0
Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le BLL BL4 BLK B44 B4K BKK
Type + + + + + +
3efa-lt none $ $ none $ $

BLL
B
xx
, xx component of inertia ten&or
BL4
B
xy
, xy component of inertia ten&or
BLK
B
xI
, xI component of inertia ten&or
B44
B
yy
, yy component of inertia ten&or
B4K
B
yI
, yI component of inertia ten&or
BKK
B
II
, II component of inertia ten&or

Car( ! 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le MTL MT4 MTK M'L M'4 M'K
Type + + + + + +
3efa-lt $ $ $ $ $ $

MTL
x#rigi( 9o(y initial tran&lational velocity in glo9al coor(inate &y&tem.
MT4
y#rigi( 9o(y initial tran&lational velocity in glo9al coor(inate &y&tem.
MTK
I#rigi( 9o(y initial tran&lational velocity in glo9al coor(inate &y&tem.
M'L
x#rigi( 9o(y initial rotational velocity in glo9al coor(inate &y&tem.
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LS-DYNA R7.0 1$#1$7 CCO5ST'2B5=3D
M'4
y#rigi( 9o(y initial rotational velocity in glo9al coor(inate &y&tem.
M'K
I#rigi( 9o(y initial rotational velocity in glo9al coor(inate &y&tem.
Remarks:
The velocitie& (efine( a9ove can 9e overwritten 9y the NB5BTB2LOM=LOCBT4 car(.

Optional card required for IRCS1. Define two local vectors or a local coordinate system ID.
Car( " 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le LL 4L KL LLBP 4LBP KLBP CB32
Type + + + + + + B

LL
x#coor(inate of local x#axi&. Origin lie& at C$,$,$D.
4L
y#coor(inate of local x#axi&
KL
I#coor(inate of local x#axi&
LLBP
x#coor(inate of local in#plane vector
4LBP
y#coor(inate of local in#plane vector
KLBP
I#coor(inate of local in#plane vector
CB32
Local coor(inate &y&tem B3, &ee N3=+B5=OCOO'3B52T=O.... ,ith thi&
option leave fiel(& 1#0 9lan7.
Remarks:
The local coor(inate &y&tem i& &et -p in the following way. 2fter the local x#axi& i& (efine(, the lo#
cal I#axi& i& comp-te( from the cro&&#pro(-ct of the local x#axi& vector with the given in#plane vec#
tor. +inally, the local y#axi& i& (etermine( from the cro&&#pro(-ct of the local I#axi& with the local
x#axi&. The local coor(inate &y&tem (efine( 9y CB3 ha& the a(vantage that the local &y&tem can 9e
(efine( 9y no(e& in the rigi( 9o(y which ma7e& repo&itioning of the rigi( 9o(y in a preproce&&or
m-ch ea&ier &ince the local &y&tem move& with the no(al point&.
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1$#1$/ CCO5ST'2B5=3D LS-DYNA R7.0
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
$
$$$$ *)ON!TRAINED_NODAL_RIGID_ODY
$
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
$
$ D=63;= 7 .3<34 E/49 2/;53583;< /6 8>= ;/4=5 3; ;/471 5=8 61.
$
$ T>35 :7.832A17. =J7C:1= O75 A5=4 8/ 2/;;=28 8>.== 5=:7.78= 4=6/.C7E1=
$ :7.85. P>95327119M 8>=5= :7.85 O=.= O=14=4 8/<=8>=.. M/4=13;< O35=M
$ >/O=B=.M 8>35 P/3;8 35 LA38 C=559 7;4 35 C/58 2/;B=;3=;819 C/4=1=4
$ E9 C7?3;< 7 .3<34 E/49 A53;< 5=B=.71 /6 8>= ;/4=5 3; 8>= 7.=7. P>95327119M
$ 8>35 P/3;8 O75 5/ 58./;< 8>78 O=14 6731A.= O75 ;=B=. /6 2/;2=.;.
$
*)ON!TRAINED_NODAL_RIGID_ODY
$
$...I....1....I....2....I....3....I....4....I....5....I....6....I....7....I....8
$ :34 234 ;534
45 61
$
$ ;534 % 61 ;/471 5=8 ID ;ACE=.M .=LA3.=5 7 *!ET_NODE_/:83/;
$ 234 ;/8 A5=4 3; 8>35 =J7C:1=M /A8:A8 O311 E= 3; <1/E71 2//.43;78=5
$
$
*!ET_NODE_LI!T
$ 534
61
$ ;341 ;342 ;343 ;344 ;345 ;346 ;347 ;348
823 1$57 1174 1931 2124 1961 21$1
$
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
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`CONSTRAINED_NODE_INTERPOLATION `CONSTRAINED
LS-DYNA R7.0 1$#1$ CCO5ST'2B5=3D
`CONSTRAINED_NODE_INTERPOLATION
P-rpo&e) 3efine con&traine( no(e& for the -&e of N=L=.=5TOB5T='POL2TBO5OSJ=LL an(
N=L=.=5TOB5T='POL2TBO5OSOLB3 to mo(el contact an( to vi&-aliIe the re&-lt& of general#
iIe( element& C&ee N=L=.=5TO>=5='2LBK=3OSJ=LLFSOLB3D. The (i&placement& of the&e
no(e& are (epen(ent of their corre&pon(ing ma&ter no(e&.
Card Format (8I10)
Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 5B3 58..5
Type B B
3efa-lt none none

Define for every corresponding master node (NUMMN) of the master element (ÈLEMENT
_GENERALIZED_SHELL/SOLID) the appropriate weighting factor (up to four weights per
card). Define as many cards as needed
Car(& 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le .51 ,1 .52 ,2 .5% ,% .5! ,!
Type B + B + B + B +

Car(& 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le .5" ," =tc. =tc. =tc. =tc. =tc. =tc.

5B3
5o(e B3 of the interpolation no(e a& (efine( in N5O3= C&ee 'emar7 1D.
58..5
5-m9er of ma&ter no(e&, thi& con&traine( no(e (epen(& on.
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`CONSTRAINED `CONSTRAINED_NODE_INTERPOLATION
.5
i

5o(e B3 of ma&ter no(e i.
,
i

,eighting factor of ma&ter no(e i.
Remarks:
1. The coor(inate& of an interpolation no(e have to 9e (efine( in N5O3=. Bn there the tran&la#
tional an( rotational con&traint& TC]7. an( 'C]7. nee( to 9e &et.
2. The (i&placement& of the interpolation no(e (d
IN
) are interpolate( 9a&e( on the (i&place#
ment& of the corre&pon(ing ma&ter no(e& (d
) an( the appropriate weighting factor& (w
).
The interpolation i& comp-te( a& follow&) d
IN
= _ w
N0N
=1

+ig-re 1$#2!. =xample of a NCO5ST'2B5=3O5O3=OB5T='POL2TBO5 car(
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`CONSTRAINED_NODE_SET `CONSTRAINED

`CONSTRAINED_NODE_SET_OPTION]
To (efine an B3 for the con&traine( no(e &et the following option i& availa9le)
<BLANK>
ID
Bf the B3 i& (efine( an a((itional car( i& re;-ire(.
P-rpo&e) 3efine no(al con&traint &et& for tran&lational motion in glo9al coor(inate&. 5o rotational
co-pling. See +ig-re Error! Reference source not found.. 5o(al point& incl-(e( in the &et&
&ho-l( not 9e &-9Hecte( to any other con&traint& incl-(ing pre&cri9e( motion, e.g., with the
NBO8532'4OP'=SC'BB=3O.OTBO5 option&.

ID Card - Required if the option ID is active on the keyword card.
Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le C5SB3
Type B
3efa-lt $

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 5SB3 3O+ T+
Type B B +
3efa-lt none none 1.=[2$
'emar7& 1 2

C5SB3
Optional con&traine( no(e &et B3.
5SB3
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`CONSTRAINED `CONSTRAINED_NODE_SET

3O+
=S.!) x an( y#tran&lational (egree&#of#free(om,
=S.") y an( I#tran&lational (egree&#of#free(om,
=S.0) I an( x#tran&lational (egree&#of#free(om,
=S.7) x, y, an( I#tran&lational (egree&#of#free(om.
T+
+ail-re time for no(al con&traint &et.
Remarks:
1. The ma&&e& of the no(e& are &-mme( -p to (etermine the total ma&& of the con&traine( &et.
Bt m-&t 9e note( that the (efinition of a no(al rigi( 9o(y i& not po&&i9le with thi& inp-t +or
no(al rigi( 9o(ie& the 7eywor( inp-t) NCO5ST'2B5=3O5O32LO'B>B3OBO34
OOPTION, m-&t 9e -&e(.
2. ,hen the fail-re time, T;, i& reache( the no(al con&traint 9ecome& inactive an( the con#
&traine( no(e& may move freely.

* C O N S T R A I N E D _ N O D E _ S E T
Since no rotation i& permitte(,
thi& option &ho-l( not 9e -&e( to
mo(el rigi( 9o(y 9ehavior that
involve& rotation&.
F
y
x
a , a ,
F
F
F
y
x
* C O N S T R A I N E D _ N O D A L _ R I G I D _ O D !
* C O N S T R A I N E D _ S P O T " E L D
Behavior i& li7e a rigi( 9eam. The&e option&
may 9e -&e( to mo(el &potwel(&.
Offset nodes a and b are constrained to move together.
+ig-re 1$#2". NCon&traine(Ono(eO&et can lea( to nonphy&ical re&pon&e&
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`CONSTRAINED_NODE_SET `CONSTRAINED

$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
$
$$$$ *#ONSTRAINED_NODE_SET
$
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
$
$ #o0<371:0 122 3C- 0o;-< :0 1 0o;12 <-3 3o >o9- -P8:912-0324
$ :0 3C- B';:7-63:o0.
$
*#ONSTRAINED_NODE_SET
$
$...K....1....K....2....K....3....K....4....K....5....K....6....K....7....K....8
0<:; ;o5 35
7 3 1"."
$
$ 0<:; . 7 0o;12 <-3 ID 08>F-7H 7-P8:7-< 1 *SET_NODE_o/3:o0
$ ;o5 . 3 0o;12 >o3:o0< 17- -P8:912-03 :0 B'3710<213:o0
$ 35 . 3 13 3:>-.1". 3C- 0o;12 6o0<371:03 :< 7->o9-;
$
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
$

3fg(fg
(fg(fg
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`CONSTRAINED `CONSTRAINED_POINTS
`CONSTRAINED_POINTS
P-rpo&e) Con&train two point& with the &pecifie( coor(inate& connecting two &hell element& at loca#
tion& other than no(al point&. Bn thi& option, the penalty metho( i& -&e( to con&train the tran&lational
an( rotational (egree&#of#free(om of the point&. +orce re&-ltant& are written into the S,+O'C
2SCBB file for po&t#proce&&ing.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le CB3
Type B
3efa-lt none

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 / 1$
Maria9le =B31 L1 41 K1
Type B + + +

Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 / 1$
Maria9le =B32 L2 42 K2
Type B + + +

D
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A
F
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`CONSTRAINED_POINTS `CONSTRAINED

Car( ! 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le PS+ +2BL2 +2BLS +2BL.
Type + + + +
3efa-lt 1.$ $.$ $.$ $.$

CB3
Con&traine( point& B3.
Li, 4i, Ki
Coor(inate& of the con&traine( point&, i]1,2.
=B3i
Shell element B3, i]1,2.
PS+
Penalty &cale factor C3efa-lt]1.$D.
+2BL2
2xial force re&-ltant fail-re val-e CS7ip if IeroD.
+2BLS
Shear force re&-ltant fail-re val-e CS7ip if IeroD.
+2BL.
.oment re&-ltant fail-re val-e CS7ip if IeroD.
D
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`CONSTRAINED `CONSTRAINED_RIGID_BODIES
`CONSTRAINED_RIGID_BODIES
P-rpo&e) .erge two rigi( 9o(ie&. One rigi( 9o(y, calle( &lave rigi( 9o(y, i& merge( to the other
one calle( a ma&ter rigi( 9o(y.

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le PB3. PB3S B+L2>
Type B B B
3efa-lt none none $

PB3.
.a&ter rigi( 9o(y part B3, &ee NP2'T.
PB3S
Slave rigi( 9o(y part B3, &ee NP2'T.
B+L2>
Thi& flag i& meaningf-l i- and on.9 i- the inertia propertie& of the Part B3,
PB3., are (efine( in P2'TOB5='TB2. Bf &et to -nity, the center#of#
gravity, the tran&lational ma&&, an( the inertia matrix of PB3., will 9e -p#
(ate( to reflect the merging of rigi( 9o(y PB3S. Bf B+L2> i& (efa-lte( to
Iero, the merge( PB3S will not affect the propertie& (efine( in P2'T
OB5='TB2 for PB3. &ince it i& a&&-me( the propertie& alrea(y acco-nt for
merge( part&. The inertia propertie& of PB3S will 9e comp-te( from it&
no(al ma&&e& if the propertie& are not (efine( in a P2'TOB5='TB2 (efini#
tion.
Remarks:
The &lave rigi( 9o(y i& merge( to the ma&ter rigi( 9o(y. The inertial propertie& comp-te( 9y LS#
3452 are 9a&e( on the com9ination of the ma&ter rigi( 9o(y pl-& all the rigi( 9o(ie& which are
&lave( to it -nle&& the inertial propertie& of the ma&ter rigi( 9o(y are (efine( via the NP2'T
OB5='TB2 7eywor( in which ca&e tho&e propertie& are -&e( for the com9ination of the ma&ter an(
&lave rigi( 9o(ie&. 5ote that a ma&ter rigi( 9o(y may have many &lave&.
Bn(epen(ent rigi( 9o(ie& m-&t not &hare common no(e& &ince each rigi( 9o(y -p(ate& the motion of
it& no(e& in(epen(ently of the other rigi( 9o(ie&. Bf common no(e& exi&t 9etween rigi( 9o(ie& the
rigi( 9o(ie& &haring the no(e& m-&t 9e merge(.
Bt i& al&o po&&i9le to merge rigi( 9o(ie& that are completely &eparate( an( &hare no common no(al
point& or 9o-n(arie&. 2ll action& vali( for the ma&ter rigi( 9o(y, e.g., con&traint&, given velocity, are
now al&o vali( for the newly#create( rigi( 9o(y.
D
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`CONSTRAINED_RIGID_BODIES `CONSTRAINED

$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
$
$$$$ *#ONSTRAINED_RIGID_BODIES
$
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
$
$ R:=:;24 6o00-63 /173< 35H 7"H 71H 10; 72 3o /173 12.
$ A22 /173< >8<3 F- ;-5:0-; 1< 7:=:;.
$
$ TC:< -A1>/2- :< 8<-; 3o >1Q- 1 <:0=2- 7:=:; Fo;4 o83 o5 3C- 5:9- /173<
$ 3C13 6o>/o<- 3C- F16Q -0; o5 1 9-C:62-. TC:< L1< ;o0- 3o <19- 6/8 3:>-
$ 10; L1< ;-3-7>:0-; 3o F- 912:; F-618<- 3C- 1//2:613:o0 L1< 1 57o0312
$ :>/163 L:3C :0<:=0:5:6103 7-17 -0; ;-5o7>13:o0<. ?TC- 6/8 3:>- <19-;
$ L1< 57o> >1Q:0= 3C- /173< 7:=:;H 0o3 57o> >-7=:0= 3C-> ' >-7=:0= L1<
$ >o7- o5 1 6o09-0:-06- :0 3C:< 61<- 5o7 /o<3 /7o6-<<:0=H 5o7 6C-6Q:0=
$ :0-73:12 /7o/-73:-<H 10; 5o7 To:0:0= 3C- /173<.@
$
*#ONSTRAINED_RIGID_BODIES
$...K....1....K....2....K....3....K....4....K....5....K....6....K....7....K....8
$ /:;> /:;<
12 35
12 7"
12 71
12 72
$
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
D
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`CONSTRAINED `CONSTRAINED_RIGID_BODY_STOPPERS
`CONSTRAINED_RIGID_BODY_STOPPERS
P-rpo&e) 'igi( 9o(y &topper& provi(e a convenient way of controlling the motion of rigi( tooling in
metalforming application&. The motion of a Xma&terY rigi( 9o(y i& limite( 9y loa( c-rve&. Thi& op#
tion will &top the motion 9a&e( on a time (epen(ent con&traint. The &topper overri(e& pre&cri9e(
motion 9o-n(ary con(ition& Cexcept relative (i&placementD operating in the &ame (irection for 9oth
the ma&ter an( &lave( rigi( 9o(ie&. See +ig-re 1$#20.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le PB3 LC.2L LC.B5 PSB3.L PSB3.5 LCM.5L 3B' MB3
3efa-lt re;-ire( $ $ $ $ $ re;-ire( $

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le TB T3
Type + +
3efa-lt $ 1$21

PB3
Part B3 of ma&ter rigi( 9o(y, &ee NP2'T.
LC.2L
Loa( c-rve B3 (efining the maxim-m coor(inate or (i&placement a& a
f-nction of time. See N3=+B5=OC8'M=)
LT.$) Loa( C-rve B3 iLC.2Li provi(e& an -pper 9o-n( for the (i&#
placement of the rigi( 9o(y
=S.$) no limitation of the maxim-m (i&placement.
>T.$) Loa( C-rve B3 LC.2L provi(e& an -pper 9o-n( for the po&ition
of the rigi( 9o(y center of ma&&
D
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A
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`CONSTRAINED_RIGID_BODY_STOPPERS `CONSTRAINED
LC.B5
Loa( c-rve B3 (efining the minim-m coor(inate or (i&placement a& a f-nc#
tion of time. See N3=+B5=OC8'M=)
LT.$) Loa( C-rve B3 iLC.B5i (efine& a lower 9o-n( for the (i&place#
ment of the rigi( 9o(y
=S.$) no limitation of the minim-m (i&placement.
>T.$) Loa( C-rve B3 LC.B5 (efine& a lower 9o-n( for the po&ition of
the rigi( 9o(y center of ma&&
PSB3.L
Optional part &et B3 of rigi( 9o(ie& that are &lave( in the maxim-m coor(i#
nate (irection to the ma&ter rigi( 9o(y. The part &et (efinition, C&ee NS=T
OP2'TOCOL8.5D may 9e -&e( to (efine the clo&-re (i&tance C3
1
an( 3
2
in +ig-re 1$#20D which activate& the con&traint. The con&traint (oe& not
9egin to act -ntil the ma&ter rigi( 9o(y &top&. Bf the (i&tance 9etween the
ma&ter rigi( 9o(y i& greater than or e;-al to the clo&-re (i&tance, the &lave
rigi( 9o(y motion away from the ma&ter rigi( 9o(y al&o &top&. Jowever,
the &lave( rigi( 9o(y i& free to move towar(& the ma&ter. Bf the clo&-re (i&#
tance i& inp-t a& Iero C$.$D then the &lave( rigi( 9o(y &top& when the ma&ter
&top&.
PSB3.5
Optional part &et B3 of rigi( 9o(ie& that are &lave( in the minim-m coor(i#
nate (irection to the ma&ter rigi( 9o(y. The part &et (efinition, C&ee NS=T
OP2'TOCOL8.5D may 9e -&e( to (efine the clo&-re (i&tance C3
1
an( 3
2
in +ig-re 1$#20D which activate& the con&traint. The con&traint (oe& not
9egin to act -ntil the ma&ter rigi( 9o(y &top&. Bf the (i&tance 9etween the
ma&ter rigi( 9o(y i& le&& than or e;-al to the clo&-re (i&tance, the &lave rig#
i( 9o(y motion towar(& the ma&ter rigi( 9o(y al&o &top&. Jowever, the
&lave( rigi( 9o(y i& free to move away from the ma&ter. Bf the clo&-re (i&#
tance i& inp-t a& Iero C$.$D then the &lave( rigi( 9o(y &top& when the ma&ter
&top&.
LCM.L
Loa( c-rve B3 which (efine& the maxim-m a9&ol-te val-e of the velocity
a& a f-nction of time that i& allowe( for the ma&ter rigi( 9o(y. See
N3=+B5=OC8'M=)
=S.$) no limitation on the velocity.
D
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`CONSTRAINED `CONSTRAINED_RIGID_BODY_STOPPERS
3B'
3irection &topper act& in)
=S.1) x#tran&lation,
=S.2) y#tran&lation,
=S.%) I#tran&lation,
=S.!) ar9itrary, (efine( 9y vector MB3 C&ee 9elowD,
=S.") x#axi& rotation,
=S.0) y#axi& rotation,
=S.7) I#axi& rotation,
=S./) ar9itrary, (efine( 9y vector MB3 C&ee 9elowD.
MB3
Mector for ar9itrary orientation of &topper, &ee N3=+B5=OM=CTO'.
TB
Time at which &topper i& activate(.
T3
Time at which &topper i& (eactivate(.
Remarks:
The optional (efinition of part &et& in minim-m or maxim-m coor(inate (irection allow& the motion
to 9e controlle( in ar9itrary (irection.
D
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`CONSTRAINED_RIGID_BODY_STOPPERS `CONSTRAINED
c.g.
c.g.
MASTER
c.g.
SLAVE 1
SLAVE 2
RIGID BODY
STOPPER
D
D
1
2

+ig-re 1$#20. ,hen the ma&ter rigi( 9o(y reache& the rigi( 9o(y &topper, the velocity component
into the &topper i& &et to Iero. Slave rigi( 9o(ie& 1 an( 2 al&o &top if the (i&tance
9etween their ma&& center& an( the ma&ter rigi( 9o(y i& le&& than or e;-al to the in#
p-t val-e& 3
1
an( 3
2
, re&pectively. Cc.g. + center of gravityD.
D
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`CONSTRAINED `CONSTRAINED_RIVET
`CONSTRAINED_RIVETOPOPTIONQ
To (efine an B3 for the rivet, the following option i& availa9le)
ID
P-rpo&e) 3efine ma&&le&& rivet& 9etween non#contig-o-& no(al pair&. The no(e& m-&t not have the
&ame coor(inate&. The action i& &-ch that the (i&tance 9etween the two no(e& i& 7ept con&tant
thro-gho-t any motion. 5o fail-re can 9e &pecifie(.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 'B3
Type B
3efa-lt $

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 51 52 T+
Type B B +
3efa-lt none none 1.=[2$
'emar7& 1 2

'B3
Optional rivet B3.
51
5o(e B3
52
5o(e B3
T+
D
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A
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`CONSTRAINED_RIVET `CONSTRAINED
Remarks:
1. 5o(e& connecte( 9y a rivet cannot 9e mem9er& of another con&traint &et that con&train the
&ame (egree&#of#free(om, a tie( interface, or a rigi( 9o(y, i.e., no(e& cannot 9e &-9Hecte( to
m-ltiple, in(epen(ent, an( po&&i9ly conflicting con&traint&. 2l&o care m-&t 9e ta7en to en#
&-re that &ingle point con&traint& applie( to no(e& in a con&traint &et (o not conflict with the
con&traint &et& con&traine( (egree&#of#free(om.
2. ,hen the fail-re time, T;, i& reache( the rivet 9ecome& inactive an( the con&traine( no(e&
may move freely.
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
$
$$$$ *#ONSTRAINED_RI%ET
$
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
$
$ #o00-63 0o;- 382 3o 0o;- 88471 L:3C 1 >1<<2-<< 7:9-3.
$
*#ONSTRAINED_RI%ET
$
$...K....1....K....2....K....3....K....4....K....5....K....6....K....7....K....8
$ 01 02 35
382 88471 "."
$
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
D
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A
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`CONSTRAINED `CONSTRAINED_SHELL_TO_SOLID

`CONSTRAINED_SHELL_TO_SOLID
P-rpo&e) 3efine a tie 9etween a &hell e(ge an( &oli( element&. 5o(al rigi( 9o(ie& can perform the
&ame f-nction an( may al&o 9e -&e(.

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 5B3 5SB3
Type B B
3efa-lt none none
'emar7&

5B3
Shell no(e B3
5SB3
Soli( no(al &et B3, &ee NS=TO5O3=OOPTION.
Remarks:
The &hell#9ric7 interface, an exten&ion of the tie( &-rface capa9ility, tie& region& of hexahe(ron ele#
ment& to region& of &hell element&. 2 &hell no(e may 9e tie( to -p to nine 9ric7 no(e& lying along
the tangent vector to the no(al fi9er. See +ig-re 1$#27. 3-ring the calc-lation, the 9ric7 no(e& th-&
con&traine(, m-&t lie along the fi9er 9-t can move relative to each other in the fi9er (irection. The
&hell no(e &tay& on the fi9er at the &ame relative &pacing 9etween the fir&t an( la&t 9ric7 no(e. The
9ric7 no(e& m-&t 9e inp-t in the or(er in which they occ-r, in either the pl-& or min-& (irection, a&
one move& along the &hell no(e fi9er.
Thi& feat-re i& inten(e( to tie fo-r no(e &hell& to eight no(e &hell& or &oli(&E it i& not inten(e( for ty#
ing eight no(e &hell& to eight no(e &oli(&.
D
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`CONSTRAINED_SHELL_TO_SOLID `CONSTRAINED

&
1
n
n
n
n
n
1
2
%
!
"
5o(e& are con&traine( to &tay on
fi9er vector.
5o(e& & an( n are
coinci(ent.
1 %

+ig-re 1$#27. The interface 9etween &hell element& an( &oli(& tie& &hell no(e &1 to a line of no(e&
on the &oli( element& n1#n". Bt i& very important for the no(e& to 9e aligne(.
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
$
$$$$ *#ONSTRAINED_S,ELL_TO_SOLID
$
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
$
$ T:- <C-22 -2->-03H 13 0o;- 32&H 3o 1 <o2:; -2->-03 13 0o;- 2"3.
$ ' 0o;-< 32& 10; 2"3 17- 6o:06:;-03
$
$ A;;:3:o01224H ;-5:0- 1 2:0- o5 0o;-< o0 3C- <o2:;< -2->-03<H 6o031:0:0=
$ 0o;- 2"3H 3C13 >8<3 7->1:0 :0 3C- <1>- ;:7-63:o0 1< 3C- 5:F-7 o5 3C- <C-22
$ 6o031:0:0= 0o;- 32&. I0 o3C-7 Lo7;<D
$
$ ' No;-< 11&H 161H 2"3H 245 10; 287 17- 0o;-< o0 1 <o2:; /173 3C13
$ ;-5:0- 1 2:0- o0 3C13 <o2:; /173.
$ ' TC:< 2:0- o5 0o;-< L:22 F- 6o0<371:0-; 3o 7->1:0 2:0-17 3C7o8=Co83
$ 3C- <:>8213:o0.
$ ' TC- ;:7-63:o0 o5 3C:< 2:0- L:22 F- Q-/3 3C- <1>- 1< 3C- 5:F-7 o5 3C-
$ o5 3C- <C-22 6o031:0:0= 0o;- 32&.
$
*#ONSTRAINED_S,ELL_TO_SOLID
$...K....1....K....2....K....3....K....4....K....5....K....6....K....7....K....8
$ 0:; 0<:;
32& 4
$
*SET_NODE_LIST
$ <:;
4
$ 0:;1 0:;2 0:;3 0:;4 0:;5 0:;6 0:;7 0:;8
11& 161 2"3 245 287
$
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
D
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`CONSTRAINED `CONSTRAINED_SPLINE
`CONSTRAINED_SPLINE
P-rpo&e) 3efine an ela&tic c-9ic &pline interpolation con&traint. The (i&placement& an( &lope& at the
en( point& are contin-o-&. The fir&t an( la&t no(e&, which (efine the con&traint, m-&t 9e in(epen(#
ent. The (egree&#of#free(om of interior no(e& may 9e either (epen(ent or in(epen(ent.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le SPLB3 3L'2TBO
Type B B
3efa-lt $ $.1$

Cards 2, 3, 4, etc. Define one card per independent/dependent node. The first and last nodes
must be independent. The next ~` card terminates this input.
Car( 2R 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 5B3 3O+
Type B B
3efa-lt $ $

SPLB3
Spline con&traint B3.
3L'2TBO
'atio of 9en(ing to tor&ional &tiffne&& for an ela&tic t-9-lar 9eam which
connect& the in(epen(ent (egree&#of#free(om. The (efa-lt val-e i& &et to
$.1$.
5B3
Bn(epen(entF(epen(ent no(e B3. +or explicit pro9lem& thi& no(e &ho-l(
not 9e a mem9er of a rigi( 9o(y, or el&ewhere con&traine( in the inp-t.
D
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`CONSTRAINED_SPLINE `CONSTRAINED
3O+
3egree&#of#free(om. The li&t of (epen(ent (egree&#of#free(om con&i&t& of
a n-m9er with -p to &ix (igit&, with each (igit repre&enting a (egree of
free(om. +or example, the val-e 1%"0 in(icate& that (egree& of free(om 1,
%, ", an( 0 are controlle( 9y the con&traint. The (efa-lt i& 12%!"0. 3igit)
(egree of free(om B3G&)
=S.1) x
=S.2) y
=S.%) I
=S.!) rotation a9o-t x axi&
=S.") rotation a9o-t y axi&
=S.0) rotation a9o-t I axi&
D
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A
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`CONSTRAINED `CONSTRAINED_SPR2
`CONSTRAINED_SPR2
P-rpo&e) 3efine a &elf#piercing rivet with fail-re. Thi& mo(el for a &elf#piercing rivet CSP'2D in#
cl-(e& a pla&tic#li7e (amage mo(el that re(-ce& the force an( moment re&-ltant& to Iero a& the rivet
fail&. The (omain of infl-ence i& &pecifie( 9y a (iameter, which &ho-l( 9e approximately e;-al to
the rivetV& (iameter. The location of the rivet i& (efine( 9y a &ingle no(e at the center of two rivete(
&heet&. The algorithm (oe& a normal proHection from the ma&ter an( &lave &heet& to the rivet no(e
an( locate& all no(e& within the -&er#(efine( (iameter of infl-ence. The n-merical implementation
of thi& rivet mo(el wa& (evelope( 9y L. Olov&&on of Bmpet-& 2fea, 9a&e( on re&earch wor7 on SP'
point connector mo(el& originally carrie( o-t 9y SB.La9 C5T58D an( SB5T=+, &ee reference& 9y
Porcaro, Jan&&en, an( et#a.. T2$$0, 2$$0, 2$$7U.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le .B3 SB3 5SB3 TJBCA 3 +5 +T 35
Type B B B + + + + +

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 3T LB5 LBT 2LPJ21 2LPJ22 2LPJ2% 3=5S B5TP
Type + + + + + + + +

.B3
.a&ter &heet Part B3
SB3
Slave &heet Part B3
5SB3
5o(e &et B3 of rivet location no(e&.
TJBCA
Total thic7ne&& of ma&ter an( &lave &heet.
3
'ivet (iameter.
+5
'ivet &trength in ten&ion Cp-ll#o-tD.
D
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A
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`CONSTRAINED_SPR2 `CONSTRAINED
+T
'ivet &trength in p-re &hear.
35
+ail-re (i&placement in normal (irection.
3T
+ail-re (i&placement in tangential (irection.
LB5
+raction of fail-re (i&placement at maxim-m normal force.
LBT
+raction of fail-re (i&placement at maxim-m tangential force.
2LPJ21
3imen&ionle&& parameter &caling the effective (i&placement.
2LPJ22
3imen&ionle&& parameter &caling the effective (i&placement.
2LPJ2%
3imen&ionle&& parameter &caling the effective (i&placement. The &ign of
2LPJ2% can 9e -&e( to choo&e the normal -p(ate proce(-re)
>T.$) incremental -p(ate C(efa-ltD,
LT.$) total -p(ate Crecommen(e(D.
3=5S
'ivet (en&ity Cnece&&ary for time &tep calc-lationD.
B5TP
+lag for interpolation.
=S.$) linear C(efa-ltD,
=S.1) -niform,
=S.2) inver&e (i&tance weighting.
Remarks:
Self piercing rivet& are a type of fa&tener that i& &ometime& -&e( in place of &pot wel(& to Hoin &heet
metal of &imilar or (i&&imilar material&. The rivet penetrate& the fir&t &heet, expan(& to interloc7 with
the lower &heet witho-t penetration. The &trength an( fatig-e characteri&tic& of &elf piercing rivet&
can meet or even excee( that of &pot wel(&E con&e;-ently, their practicle application& are expan(ing.
Bn the local (e&cription of the -n(erlying mo(el, all con&i(eration& are (one in the plane#of#
maxim-m opening n
o
= n
s
n
m
where the -nit normal vector& of the ma&ter an( &lave &heet are n
s

an( n
m
C&ee +ig-re 1$#2/D. The tangential -nit normal vector of the rivet i& n
t
= n
o
n
m
. 2 &ingle#
&heet rivet &y&tem i& a&&-me(, i.e. the rivet tran&lation an( rotation follow the motion of the ma&ter
&heet. The opening appear& at the &lave &heet.
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1$#1%$ CCO5ST'2B5=3D LS-DYNA R7.0

The local (eformation i& (efine( 9y normal &tretch vector o oo o
n
, tangential &tretch o
t
an( total &tretch
o oo o = o oo o
n
+ o oo o
t
C&ee +ig-re 1$#%$D. 2t any given time the total &tretch i& comp-te( from the po&ition
vector&) o oo o = x
s
-x
s
s
&o that the &calar mea&-re& of normal &tretch an( tangential &tretch are o
n
= o oo o
n
n
an( o
t
= o oo o n
t
. The normal an( tangential force&
n
an(
t
are then (etermine( 9y the material
mo(el, which will 9e explaine( next. +or the moment& the following applie& at all time&) H
m
+
H
s
= (b
1
+b
2
)
t
2. The motion, force& an( moment& are then (i&tri9-te( to the no(e& within the
ra(i-& of infl-ence 9y a weighting f-nction, which i& linear 9y (efa-lt at the moment Cparameter
B5TPD.
+ig-re 1$#2/. Plane of maximim opening.
+ig-re 1$#2. Single#&heet rivet &y&tem.
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LS-DYNA R7.0 1$#1%1 CCO5ST'2B5=3D

The force#(eformation relation&hip i& (efine( 9y a non#linear (amage mo(el for ar9itrary mixe(#
mo(e loa(ing con(ition& Ccom9ination of ten&ion an( &hearD. +or p-re ten&ile an( p-re &hear loa(ing,
the 9ehavior i& &hown in +ig-re 1$#%2. 8&-ally, material parameter&
n
max
,
t
max
, o
n
fail
, an( o
t
fail
can
9e (etermine( (irectly from experiment&. .aterial parameter&
n
, an(
t
can 9e fo-n( 9y rever&e
engineering. +or mixe(#mo(e 9ehavior, an effective (i&placement mea&-re p i& -&e( C&ee +ig-re 1$#
%%D, where i& a parameter ranging from $ to 1, &caling the effective (i&placement a& a f-nction of
the (irection of the (i&placement vector in the o
n
#o
t
#plane. The (irectional &caling of the effective
(i&placement i& allowe( to change a& (amage (evelop&. Thi& i& (one 9y &hape coefficient o, where
a&&ociate( material parameter& are o
1
, o
2
, an( o
3
. The (irectional (epen(ency of the effective (i&#
placement i& nece&&ary for an acc-rate force#(i&placement re&pon&e in (ifferent loa(ing (irection&.
o
1
an( o
2
9ring& (own the force in the peeling an( o9li;-e loa(ing ca&e& to the correct level. Both
+ig-re 1$#%$. Local 7inematic&.
+ig-re 1$#%1. Local force&Fmament&.
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1$#1%2 CCO5ST'2B5=3D LS-DYNA R7.0
parameter& are -&-ally 9elow 1. o
3
generally nee(& to 9e larger than 1 an( it& main effect i& to mo(#
erate the fail-re (i&placement in o9li;-e loa(ing (irection&.

+ig-re 1$#%2. +orce#(eformation relation&hip) non#linear (amage mo(el.
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LS-DYNA R7.0 1$#1%% CCO5ST'2B5=3D

+or the moment (i&tri9-tion, the (ifference 9etween ma&ter &heet C&tronger &i(e where the rivet i&
entere(D an( &lave &heet Cwea7er &i(eD i& acco-nte( for 9y a gra(-al tran&fer from the &lave to the
ma&ter &i(e a& (amage grow&)

=vent-ally the connection to the &lave &heet 9ecome& a moment free hinge.
+ig-re 1$#%%. .ixe(#mo(e 9ehavior with effective (i&placement mea&-re.
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`CONSTRAINED `CONSTRAINED_SPOTWELD
1$#1%! CCO5ST'2B5=3D LS-DYNA R7.0
`CONSTRAINED_SPOTWELD_OPTION]_OPTION]
Bf it i& (e&ire( to -&e a time filtere( force calc-lation for the force( 9a&e( fail-re criterion then the
following option i& availa9le)
FILTERED_FORCE
an( one a((itional car( m-&t 9e (efine( 9elow. To (efine an B3 for the &potwel( the following op#
tion i& availa9le)
ID
Bf the B3 i& (efine( an a((itional car( i& re;-ire(. The or(ering of the option& i& ar9itrary.
P-rpo&e) 3efine ma&&le&& &pot wel(& 9etween non#contig-o-& no(al pair&. The &pot wel( i& a rigi(
9eam that connect& the no(al point& of the no(al pair&E th-&, no(al rotation& an( (i&placement& are
co-ple(. The &pot wel(& m-&t 9e connecte( to no(e& having rotary inertia&, i.e., 9eam& or &hell&. Bf
thi& i& not the ca&e, for example, if the no(e& 9elong to &oli( element&, -&e the option)
NCO5ST'2B5=3O'BM=T. +or Bmplicit, thi& ca&e i& treate( li7e a rivet, con&training only the (i&#
placement&. 5ote that &hell element& (o not have rotary &tiffne&& in the normal (irection an(, there#
fore, thi& component cannot 9e tran&mitte(. Spot wel(e( no(e& m-&t not have the &ame coor(inate&.
Coinci(ent no(e& in a &pot wel( can 9e han(le( 9y the NCO5ST'2B5=3O5O32LO'B>B3OBO34
option. Brittle an( (-ctile fail-re& can 9e &pecifie(. Brittle fail-re i& 9a&e( on the re&-ltant force&
acting on the wel(, an( (-ctile fail-re i& 9a&e( on the average pla&tic &train val-e of the &hell ele#
ment& which incl-(e the &pot wel(e( no(e. Spot wel(&, which are connecte( to ma&&le&& no(e&, are
a-tomatically (elete( in the initialiIation pha&e an( a warning me&&age i& printe( in the .=SS2>
file an( the 3%JSP file.
,arning) The acceleration& of &pot wel(e( no(e& are o-tp-t a& Iero into the vario-& (ata9a&e&, 9-t if
the acceleration of &potwel(e( no(e& are re;-ire(, -&e either the NCO5ST'2B5=3
O>=5='2LBK=3O,=L3 or the NCO5ST'2B5=3O5O32LO'B>B3OBO34 inp-t. Jowever, if
the o-tp-t interval i& fre;-ent eno-gh acc-rate acceleration time hi&torie& can 9e o9taine( from the
velocity time hi&tory 9y (ifferentiation in the po&t#proce&&ing pha&e.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le ,B3
Type B
3efa-lt $

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`CONSTRAINED_SPOTWELD `CONSTRAINED
LS-DYNA R7.0 1$#1%" CCO5ST'2B5=3D
Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 51 52 S5 SS 5 . T+ =P
Type B B + + + + + +
3efa-lt none none optional optional none none 1.=[2$ 1.=[2$
'emar7& 1. 2. % !

Define if and only if the option FILTERED_FORCE is specified.
Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 5+ T,
Type B +
3efa-lt none none
'emar7&

,B3
Optional wel( B3.
51
5o(e B3
52
5o(e B3
S5
5ormal force at &potwel( fail-re C&ee 'emar7 2 9elowD.
SS
Shear force at &potwel( fail-re C&ee 'emar7 2 9elowD.
5
=xponent for normal &potwel( force C&ee 'emar7 2 9elowD.
.
=xponent for &hear &potwel( force C&ee 'emar7 2 9elowD.
T+
=P
=ffective pla&tic &train at fail-re.
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`CONSTRAINED `CONSTRAINED_SPOTWELD
1$#1%0 CCO5ST'2B5=3D LS-DYNA R7.0
5+
5-m9er of force vector& &tore( for filtering.
T,
Time win(ow for filtering.
Remarks:
1. 5o(e& connecte( 9y a &pot wel( cannot 9e mem9er& of another con&traint &et that con&train
the &ame (egree&#of#free(om, a tie( interface, or a rigi( 9o(y, i.e., no(e& cannot 9e &-9Hecte(
to m-ltiple, in(epen(ent, an( po&&i9ly conflicting con&traint&. 2l&o, care m-&t 9e ta7en to
en&-re that &ingle point con&traint& applie( to no(e& in a con&traint &et (o not conflict with
the con&traint &et& con&traine( (egree&#of#free(om.
2. +ail-re of the &pot wel(& occ-r& when)
|
n
|
S
n

n
+
|
s
|
S
s

m
1
where f
n
an( f
&
are the normal an( &hear interface force. Component f
n
i& nonIero for
ten&ile val-e& only.
%. ,hen the fail-re time, T;, i& reache( the &pot wel( 9ecome& inactive an( the con&traine(
no(e& may move freely.
!. Spot wel( fail-re (-e to pla&tic &training occ-r& when the effective no(al pla&tic &train ex#
cee(& the inp-t val-e,
]uI
p
. Thi& option can mo(el the tearing o-t of a &potwel( from the &heet metal
&ince the pla&ticity i& in the material that &-rro-n(& the &potwel(, not the &potwel( it&elf. 2 lea&t
&;-are& algorithm i& -&e( to generate the no(al val-e& of pla&tic &train& at the no(e& from the element
integration point val-e&. The pla&tic &train i& integrate( thro-gh the element an( the average val-e i&
proHecte( to the no(e& via a lea&t &;-are fit. Thi& option &ho-l( only 9e -&e( for the material mo(el&
relate( to metallic pla&ticity an( can re&-lt i& &lightly increa&e( r-n time&. +ail-re& can incl-(e 9oth
the pla&tic an( 9rittle fail-re&.
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
$
$$$$ *#ONSTRAINED_SPOTELD
$
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
$
$ S/o3L-2; 3Lo 0o;-< ?34574 10; 34383@ L:3C 3C- 1//7oA:>13- <37-0=3C
$ o5 1 3N8V SAE G71;- No 3 Fo23.
$
*#ONSTRAINED_SPOTELD
$
$...K....1....K....2....K....3....K....4....K....5....K....6....K....7....K....8
$ 01 02 <0 <5 0 > 35 /<
34574 34383 36." 18." 2." 2." 1". 1."
$
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`CONSTRAINED_SPOTWELD `CONSTRAINED
LS-DYNA R7.0 1$#1%7 CCO5ST'2B5=3D
$
$ <0 . 36." 0o7>12 51:287- 5o76- :< 36 QN
$ <5 . 18." <C-17 51:287- 5o76- :< 18 QN
$ 0 . 2." 0o7>12 51:287- 67:3-7:1 :< 71:<-; 3o 3C- /oL-7 o5 2
$ > . 2." <C-17 51:287- 67:3-7:1 :< 71:<-; 3o 3C- /oL-7 o5 2
$ 35 . 1"." 51:287- o6687< 13 3:>- 1" 802-<< <371:0 51:287- o6687<
$ /< . 2." /21<3:6 <371:0 13 51:287-
$
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$

". Thermal) The 2 no(e& i(entifie( 9y thi& 7eywor( will 9e con&traine( to the &ame temperat-re
in a thermal pro9lem or in a co-ple thermal#mechanical pro9lem.
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`CONSTRAINED `CONSTRAINED_TIE-BREAK

1$#1%/ CCO5ST'2B5=3D LS-DYNA R7.0
`CONSTRAINED_TIE-BREAK
P-rpo&e) 3efine a tie( &hell e(ge to &hell e(ge interface that can relea&e locally a& a f-nction of pla&#
tic &train of the &hell& &-rro-n(ing the interface no(e&. 2 rather (-ctile fail-re i& achieve(.

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le S5SB3 .5SB3 =PP+
Type B B +
3efa-lt none none $.
'emar7& 1, 2 %, !

S5SB3
Slave no(e &et B3, &ee NS=TO5O3=OOPTION.
.5SB3
.a&ter no(e &et B3, &ee NS=TO5O3=OOPTION.
=PP+
Pla&tic &train at fail-re
Remarks:
1. 5o(e& in the ma&ter no(e &et m-&t 9e given in the or(er they appear a& one move& along the
e(ge of the &-rface.
2. Tie#9rea7& may not cro&&.
%. Tie#9rea7& may 9e -&e( to tie &hell e(ge& together with a fail-re criterion on the Hoint. Bf the
average vol-me#weighte( effective pla&tic &train in the &hell element& a(Hacent to a no(e ex#
cee(& the &pecifie( pla&tic &train at fail-re, the no(e i& relea&e(. The (efa-lt pla&tic &train at
fail-re i& (efine( for the entire tie#9rea7 9-t can 9e overri((en in the &lave no(e &et to (efine
a -ni;-e fail-re pla&tic &train for each no(e.
!. Tie#9rea7& may 9e -&e( to &im-late the effect of fail-re along a pre(etermine( line, &-ch a& a
&eam or &tr-ct-ral Hoint. ,hen the fail-re criterion i& reache( in the a(Hoining element&,
no(e& along the &li(eline will 9egin to &eparate. 2& thi& effect propagate&, the tie#9rea7& will
appear to X-nIip,Y th-& &im-lating fail-re of the connection.
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`CONSTRAINED_TIED_NODES_FAILURE `CONSTRAINED
`CONSTRAINED_TIED_NODES_FAILURE
P-rpo&e) 3efine a tie( no(e &et with fail-re 9a&e( on pla&tic &train. The no(e& m-&t 9e coinci(ent.

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 5SB3 =PP+ =T4P=
Type B + B
3efa-lt none $. $
'emar7& 1, 2, %, !

5SB3
=PP+
Pla&tic &train, vol-metric &train, or (amage C.2TO22!D at fail-re.
=T4P=
=lement type for no(al gro-p)
=S.$) &hell,
=S.1) &oli( element
Remarks:
1. Thi& feat-re applie& to &oli( an( &hell element& -&ing pla&ticity material mo(el&, an( to &oli(
element& -&ing the honeycom9 material N.2TOJO5=4CO.B C=PP+]pla&tic vol-me
&trainD. The fail-re varia9le i& the vol-me &train for material& 20, 120, an( 2$1. The fail-re
varia9le i& the (amage for material 22!, an( the e;-ivalent pla&tic &train i& -&e( for all other
pla&ticity mo(el&. The &pecifie( no(e& are tie( together -ntil the average vol-me weighte(
val-e of the fail-re varia9le excee(& the &pecifie( val-e. =ntire region& of in(ivi(-al &hell
element& may 9e tie( together -nli7e the tie#9rea7ing &hell &li(eline&. The tie( no(e& are co#
inci(ent -ntil fail-re. ,hen the vol-me weighte( average of the fail-re val-e i& reache( for
a gro-p of con&traine( no(e&, the no(e& of the element& that excee( the fail-re val-e are re#
lea&e( to &im-late the formation of a crac7.
2. To -&e thi& feat-re to &im-late fail-re, each &hell element in the fail-re region &ho-l( 9e gen#
erate( with -ni;-e no(e n-m9er& that are coinci(ent in &pace with tho&e of a(Hacent ele#
ment&. 'ather than merging the&e coinci(ent no(e&, the NCO5ST'2B5=3OTB=3O5O3=S
O+2BL8'= option tie& the no(al point& together. 2& pla&tic &train (evelop& an( excee(& the
fail-re &train, crac7& will form an( propagate thro-gh the me&h.
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`CONSTRAINED `CONSTRAINED_TIED_NODES_FAILURE
1$#1!$ CCO5ST'2B5=3D LS-DYNA R7.0
%. =ntire region& of in(ivi(-al &hell element& may 9e tie( together, -nli7e the
NCO5ST'2B5=3OTB=#B'=2A option. Thi& latter option i& recommen(e( when the loca#
tion of fail-re i& 7nown, e.g., a& in the pla&tic cover& which hi(e air9ag& in a-tomotive &tr-c#
t-re&.
!. ,hen -&ing &-rface& of &hell element& (efine( -&ing the NCO5ST'2B5=3OTB=3O5O3=S
O+2BL8'= option in contact, it i& 9e&t to (efine( each no(e in the &-rface a& a &lave no(e
with the 5O3=OTOOS8'+2C= contact option&. Bf thi& i& not po&&i9le, the a-tomatic con#
tact algorithm& 9eginning with NCO5T2CTO28TO.2TBCO... all of which incl-(e thic7#
ne&& off&et& are recommen(e(.
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
$
$$$$ *#ONSTRAINED_TIED_NODES_!AIL)RE
$
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
$
$ T:- <C-22 -2->-03< 3o=-3C-7 13 3C- 0o;-< </-6:5:-; :0 0o;12 <-3 1"1. TC-
$ 6o0<371:03 L:22 F- F7oQ-0 LC-0 3C- /21<3:6 <371:0 13 3C- 0o;-< -A6--;< "."85.
$
$ I0 3C:< -A1>/2-H 5o87 <C-22 -2->-03< 6o>- 3o=-3C-7 13 1 6o>>o0 /o:03.
$ TC- 5o87 6o70-7< o5 3C- <C-22< 17- 3:-; 3o=-3C-7 L:3C 51:287- 1< o//o<-;
$ 3o 3C- >o7- 6o>>o0 >-3Co; o5 >-7=:0= 3C- 0o;-< :0 3C- /7-'/7o6-<<:0= <31=-.
$
*#ONSTRAINED_TIED_NODES_!AIL)RE
$
$...K....1....K....2....K....3....K....4....K....5....K....6....K....7....K....8
$ 0<:; -//5
1"1 "."85
$
$
*SET_NODE_LIST
$ <:;
1"1
$ 0:;1 0:;2 0:;3 0:;4 0:;5 0:;6 0:;7 0:;8
775 778 8&6 8&7
$
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
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`CONTACT
LS-DYNA R7.0 11#1 CCO5T2CTD
`CONTACT
The 7eywor( NCO5T2CT provi(e& a way of treating interaction 9etween (i&Hoint part&. 3ifferent
type& of contact may 9e (efine()
`CONTACT_OPTION1_POPTION2Q_POPTION3Q_POPTION4QOPOPTION5Q
`CONTACT_AUTO_MOVE
`CONTACT_COUPLING
`CONTACT_ENTITY
`CONTACT_GEBOD_OPTION
`CONTACT_GUIDED_CABLE
`CONTACT_INTERIOR
`CONTACT_RIGID_SURFACE
`CONTACT_1D
`CONTACT_2DOOPTION1OPOPTION2QOPOPTION3Q

The fir&t, NCO5T2CTO..., i& the general %3 contact algorithm&. The &econ(, NCO5T2CTO CO8#
PLB5>, provi(e& a mean& of co-pling to (eforma9le &-rface& to .234.O. The thir(,
NCO5T2CTO=5TBT4, treat& contact -&ing mathematical f-nction& to (e&cri9e the &-rface geometry
for the ma&ter &-rface. The fo-rth, NCO5T2CTO>=BO3 i& a &pecialiIe( form of the contact entity
for -&e with the rigi( 9o(y (-mmie& C&ee NCO.PO5=5TO>=BO3D. The fifth,
NCO5T2CTOB5T='BO', i& -n(er (evelopment an( i& -&e( with &oft foam& where element inver#
&ion i& &ometime& a pro9lem. Contact 9etween layer& of 9ric7 element& i& treate( to eliminate nega#
tive vol-me&. The &ixth, NCO5T2CTO'B>B3OS8'+2C= i& for mo(eling roa( &-rface& for (-ra9il#
ity an( 5MJ calc-lation&. The &eventh, NCO5T2CTO13, remain& in LS#3452 for hi&torical rea#
&on&, an( i& &ometime& &till -&e( to mo(el re9ar& which r-n along e(ge& of 9ric7 element&. The la&t,
NCO5T2CTO23, i& the general 23 contact algorithm 9a&e( on tho&e -&e( previo-&ly in LS#
345223.
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`CONTACT `CONTACT_OPTION1_OPTION2]...
11#2 CCO5T2CTD LS-DYNA R7.0
`CONTACT_OPTION1_OPTION2]_OPTION3]_OPTION4]_OPTION5]_OPTION6]
P-rpo&e) 3efine a contact interface.
OPTION1 &pecifie& the contact type. 5ot all option& are implemente( for implicit &ol-tion&. 2 li&t
of availa9le contact option& i& given in 'emar7 !)
AIRBAG_SINGLE_SURFACE
AUTOMATIC_BEAMS_TO_SURFACE
AUTOMATIC_GENERAL
AUTOMATIC_GENERAL_INTERIOR
AUTOMATIC_NODES_TO_SURFACE
AUTOMATIC_NODES_TO_SURFACE_SMOOTH
AUTOMATIC_ONE_WAY_SURFACE_TO_SURFACE
AUTOMATIC_ONE_WAY_SURFACE_TO_SURFACE_TIEBREAK
AUTOMATIC_ONE_WAY_SURFACE_TO_SURFACE_SMOOTH
AUTOMATIC_SINGLE_SURFACE
AUTOMATIC_SINGLE_SURFACE_MORTAR
AUTOMATIC_SINGLE_SURFACE_SMOOTH
AUTOMATIC_SINGLE_SURFACE_TIED
AUTOMATIC_SURFACE_TO_SURFACE
AUTOMATIC_SURFACE_TO_SURFACE_MORTAR
AUTOMATIC_SURFACE_TO_SURFACE_MORTAR_TIED
AUTOMATIC_SURFACE_TO_SURFACE_TIEBREAK
AUTOMATIC_SURFACE_TO_SURFACE_SMOOTH
CONSTRAINT_NODES_TO_SURFACE
CONSTRAINT_SURFACE_TO_SURFACE
DRAWBEAD
ERODING_NODES_TO_SURFACE
ERODING_SINGLE_SURFACE
ERODING_SURFACE_TO_SURFACE
FORCE_TRANSDUCER_CONSTRAINT
FORCE_TRANSDUCER_PENALTY
FORMING_NODES_TO_SURFACE
FORMING_NODES_TO_SURFACE_SMOOTH
FORMING_ONE_WAY_SURFACE_TO_SURFACE
FORMING_SURFACE_TO_SURFACE_MORTAR
FORMING_ONE_WAY_SURFACE_TO_SURFACE_SMOOTH
FORMING_SURFACE_TO_SURFACE
FORMING_SURFACE_TO_SURFACE_SMOOTH
NODES_TO_SURFACE
NODES_TO_SURFACE_INTERFERENCE
NODES_TO_SURFACE_SMOOTH
ONE_WAY_SURFACE_TO_SURFACE
ONE_WAY_SURFACE_TO_SURFACE_INTERFERENCE
ONE_WAY_SURFACE_TO_SURFACE_SMOOTH
RIGID_NODES_TO_RIGID_BODY
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`CONTACT_OPTION1_OPTION2]... `CONTACT
LS-DYNA R7.0 11#% CCO5T2CTD
RIGID_BODY_ONE_WAYOTO_RIGID_BODY
RIGID_BODY_TWO_WAYOTO_RIGID_BODY
SINGLE_EDGE
SINGLE_SURFACE
SLIDING_ONLY
SLIDING_ONLY_PENALTY
SPOTWELD
SPOTWELD_WITH_TORSION
SPOTWELD_WITH_TORSION_PENALTY
SURFACE_TO_SURFACE
SURFACE_TO_SURFACE_INTERFERENCE
SURFACE_TO_SURFACE_SMOOTH
SURFACE_TO_SURFACE_CONTRACTION_1OINT
TIEBREAK_NODES_TO_SURFACE
TIEBREAK_NODES_ONLY
TIEBREAK_SURFACE_TO_SURFACE
TIED_NODES_TO_SURFACE
TIED_SHELL_EDGE_TO_SURFACE
TIED_SURFACE_TO_SURFACE
TIED_SURFACE_TO_SURFACE_FAILURE
OPTION2 &pecifie& a thermal contact an( i& (efine( 9y either)
THERMAL
THERMAL_FRICTION
Only contact type& with S8'+2C=OTOOS8'+2C= a& part of the 7eywor( can 9e -&e( with
thi& option.
OPTION3 &pecifie& that the fir&t car( to rea( (efine& the hea(ing an( B3 n-m9er of contact interface
an( ta7e& the &ingle option)
ID
OPTION4 &pecifie& that off&et& may 9e -&e( with the tie( contact& type&. Bf one of the&e three off&et
option& i& &et, then off&et& are permitte( for the&e contact type&, an(, if not, the no(e& are proHecte(
9ac7 to the contact &-rface (-ring the initialiIation pha&e an( a con&traint form-lation i& -&e(. 5ote
that in a con&traint form-lation the no(e& of rigi( 9o(ie& are not permitte( in the (efinition.
OFFSET
Contact type& TB=3O5O3=SOTOOS8'+2C=, TB=3OSJ=LLO=3>=OTOOS8'+2C=, an(
TB=3OS8'+2C=OTOOS8'+2C= may 9e -&e( with thi& option. The O++S=T option
&witche& the form-lation from a con&traint type form-lation to one that i& penalty 9a&e(
where the force an( moment Cif applica9leD re&-ltant& are tran&ferre( 9y (i&crete &pring ele#
ment& 9etween the &lave no(e& an( ma&ter &egment&. ,ith thi& option, there i& no co-pling
9etween the tran&mitte( force& an( moment& an( th-& e;-ili9ri-m i& not enforce(. Bn the
TB=3OSJ=LLO=3>=OTOOS8'+2C= contact, the B=2.OO++S=T option may 9e pre#
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11#! CCO5T2CTD LS-DYNA R7.0
ferre( &ince corre&pon(ing moment& accompany tran&mitte( force&. 'igi( 9o(ie& can 9e
-&e( with thi& option. It is re/ommended that the noda. points in TI5_NO5S_TO
_S!&;(15 and TI5_S!&;(15_TO_S!&;(15 /onta/ts not ?e /onne/ted to stru/tura.
nodes, i#e#, nodes *ith rotationa. de6rees$o-$-reedom, sin/e the rotationa. de6rees$o-$
-reedom are not a--e/ted# oin6 so ma9 .ead to insta?i.it9 sin/e the trans.ationa. motions
due to rotation are imposed on the s.a+e nodes#
BEAM_OFFSET
Thi& option applie& only to contact type& TB=3OSJ=LLO=3>=OTOOS8'+2C= an(
SPOT,=L3. Bf thi& option i& &et, then off&et& are permitte( for the&e contact type&. The
B=2.OO++S=T option &witche& the form-lation from a con&traint type form-lation to one
that i& penalty 9a&e(. Beam li7e &pring& are -&e( to tran&fer force an( moment re&-ltant& 9e#
tween the &lave no(e& an( the ma&ter &egment&. 'igi( 9o(ie& can 9e -&e( with thi& option.
CONSTRAINED_OFFSET
Contact type& TB=3O5O3=SOTOOS8'+2C=, TB=3OSJ=LLO=3>=OTOOS8'+2C=,
TB=3OS8'+2C=OTOOS8'+2C= an( SPOT,=L3, may 9e -&e( with thi& option. Bf thi&
option i& &et, then off&et& are permitte( for the&e contact type&. The CO5ST'2B5=3
OO++S=T option i& a con&traint type form-lation. The noda. points in TI5_NO5S_TO
_S!&;(15 and TI5_S!&;(15_TO_S!&;(15 /onta/ts ma9 not ?e /onne/ted to stru/$
tura. nodes, i#e#, nodes *ith rotationa. de6rees$o-$-reedom, sin/e the rotationa. de6rees$o-$
-reedom are not a--e/ted, *hi/h *i.. .ead to an insta?i.it9 sin/e the trans.ationa. motions due
to rotation are imposed on the s.a+e nodes#
OPTION5 give& extra option& &pecifically for .PP implementation.
MPP
OPTION6 re;-ire& orthotropic friction coefficient&.
ORTHO_FRICTION
Remarks:
1. OPTION1, OPTION2, OPTION3, OPTION4, OPTION5, an( OPTION6 may appear in any
or(er in the 7eywor( comman( line. The (ata m-&t 9e in the or(er &pecifie( 9elow.
2. OPTION1 i& man(atory.
%. OPTION2, OPTION3, OPTION4, OPTION5, an( OPTION6 are optional.
!. The following contact type& are availa9le for implicit calc-lation&)
S8'+2C=OTOOS8'+2C=
S8'+2C=OTOOS8'+2C=OS.OOTJ
S8'+2C=OTOOS8'+2C=OCO5T'2CTBO5O:OB5T
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LS-DYNA R7.0 11#" CCO5T2CTD
5O3=SOTOOS8'+2C=
5O3=SOTOOS8'+2C=OS.OOTJ
O5=O,24OS8'+2C=OTOOS8'+2C=
O5=O,24OS8'+2C=OTOOS8'+2C=OS.OOTJ
+O'.B5>OS8'+2C=OTOOS8'+2C=
+O'.B5>O5O3=SOTOOS8'+2C=
+O'.B5>OO5=O,24OS8'+2C=OTOOS8'+2C=
+O'.B5>OS8'+2C=OTOOS8'+2C=O.O'T2'
28TO.2TBCOB=2.SOTOOS8'+2C=
28TO.2TBCOS8'+2C=OTOOS8'+2C=
28TO.2TBCOS8'+2C=OTOOS8'+2C=O.O'T2'
28TO.2TBCOS8'+2C=OTOOS8'+2C=O.O'T2'OTB=3
28TO.2TBCOS8'+2C=OTOOS8'+2C=OS.OOTJ
28TO.2TBCO5O3=SOTOOS8'+2C=
28TO.2TBCO5O3=SOTOOS8'+2C=OS.OOTJ
28TO.2TBCOO5=O,24OS8'+2C=OTOOS8'+2C=
28TO.2TBCOO5=O,24OS8'+2C=OTOOS8'+2C=OS.OOTJ
28TO.2TBCOSB5>L=OS8'+2C=
28TO.2TBCOSB5>L=OS8'+2C=O.O'T2'
28TO.2TBCOSB5>L=OS8'+2C=OS.OOTJ
TB=3OS8'+2C=OTOOS8'+2C=
TB=3O5O3=SOTOOS8'+2C=
TB=3OSJ=LLO=3>=OTOOS8'+2C=
TB=3OS8'+2C=OTOOS8'+2C=OO++S=T
TB=3O5O3=SOTOOS8'+2C=OO++S=T
TB=3OSJ=LLO=3>=OTOOS8'+2C=OO++S=T
TB=3OS8'+2C=OTOOS8'+2C=OB=2.OO++S=T
TB=3O5O3=SOTOOS8'+2C=OB=2.OO++S=T
TB=3OSJ=LLO=3>=OTOOS8'+2C=OB=2.OO++S=T
TB=3OS8'+2C=OTOOS8'+2C=OCO5ST'2B5=3OO++S=T
TB=3O5O3=SOTOOS8'+2C=OCO5ST'2B5=3OO++S=T
TB=3OSJ=LLO=3>=OTOOS8'+2C=OCO5ST'2B5=3OO++S=T
23O28TO.2TBCOS8'+2C=OTOOS8'+2C=
". +or &mooth contact, a &mooth c-rve#fitte( &-rface i& -&e( to repre&ent the ma&ter &egment, &o
that it can provi(e a more acc-rate repre&entation of the act-al &-rface, re(-ce the contact
noi&e, an( pro(-ce &moother re&-lt& with coar&e me&h. 2ll the &mooth contact& are availa9le
for .PP, only the forming &mooth contact& are availa9le for S.P. +or &-rfaceOtoO&-rface
an( &ingleO&-rface &mooth contact& in .PP, 9oth the &lave an( ma&ter &i(e& are &moothe(,
there9y &lowing the contact treatment con&i(era9ly. The &mooth option (oe& not apply to
&egment 9a&e( CSO+T]2D contact&.
DISCUSSION AND EXAMPLES:
2 9rief (i&c-&&ion on the contact type& an( a few example& are provi(e( at the en( of thi& &ection. 2
theoretical (i&c-&&ion i& provi(e( in the LS#3452 Theory .an-al.
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Card ordering is important in this section:
Card for the ID option is inserted here; otherwise, do not define this card.
3efine the B3 an( hea(ing car( fir&t.
Card for the_MPP option is inserted here; otherwise, do not define this card.
Cards 1 to 3 are mandatory for all contact types.
Card 4 is mandatory for the following contact types:
`CONTACT_AUTOMATIC_SINGLE_SURFACE_TIED
`CONTACT_CONSTRAINT_type
`CONTACT_DRAWBEAD
`CONTACT_ERODING_type
`CONTACT_..._INTERFERENCE
`CONTACT_RIGID_type
`CONTACT_TIEBREAK_type
`CONTACT_..._CONTRACTION_1OINT_type
=ach of the&e type& have (ifferent Car( ! format&. The&e car( format& are pre&ente( in thi&
man-al after the optional car(& &pecifie( a9ove 9-t, if -&e(, Car( ! nee(& to 9e &pecifie( in
yo-r (yna (ec7 9efore the optional car(&.
Card for the THERMAL option is inserted here; otherwise, do not define this card.
2((itional parameter& are re;-ire( for thermal contact an( are (efine( on thi& car(.
Card for the ORTHO_FRICTION option is inserted here; otherwise, do not define this
card.
+o-r a((itional car(& are re;-ire( to (efine the frictional coefficient&.
Optional Card A
2((itional contact parameter& that may 9e -&er &pecifie(. 3efa-lt val-e& have evolve( over
time to 9ecome pretty goo( val-e& for mo&t circ-m&tance&.
Optional Card B, C, and D
2((itional contact parameter& that may 9e -&er &pecifie(. Bf Optional Car( B i& -&e(, then
Optional Car( 2 i& man(atory C-&e a 9lan7 line if no change& are (e&ire( for Car( 2 parame#
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ter&D. Similarly, to -&e Optional Car( C or 3, the optional car(& that prece(e them m-&t 9e
pre&ent 9-t may 9e 9lan7 line&.
Optional 1 2
Maria9le CB3 J=23B5>
Type B 27$
The contact B3 i& nee(e( (-ring f-ll (ec7 re&tart& for contact initialiIation. Bf the contact B3 i& -n(e#
fine(, the (efa-lt B3 i& (etermine( 9y the &e;-ence of the contact (efinition&, i.e., the fir&t contact
(efinition ha& an B3 of 1, the &econ(, 2, an( &o forth. Bn a f-ll (ec7 re&tart witho-t contact B3&, for a
&-cce&&f-l r-n no contact interface& can 9e (elete( an( tho&e which are a((e( m-&t 9e place( after
the la&t (efinition in the previo-& r-n. The B3 an( hea(ing i& pic7e( -p 9y &ome of the peripheral
LS#3452 co(e& to ai( in po&t#proce&&ing.
CB3
Contact interface B3. Thi& m-&t 9e a -ni;-e n-m9er.
J=23B5>
Bnterface (e&criptor. Bt i& &-gge&te( that -ni;-e (e&cription& 9e -&e(.
The following card is defind only if the MPP option is specified.
.PP Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le B>5O'= B8CA=T LCB8CA=T 5S2T'2CA B5BTBT=' P2'.2L CP2'./
Type B B B B B + B
3efa-lt $ 2$$ none % 2 See 9elow $

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11#/ CCO5T2CTD LS-DYNA R7.0
B>5O'=
Thi& i& the &ame a& the Xignore initial penetration&Y option on the NCO5T'OL
OCO5T2CT Optional Car( C entry 2 an( can al&o 9e &pecifie( in the normal
contact control car(&. Bt pre(ate& 9oth of tho&e, an( i& not really nee(e( any#
more &ince 9oth are honore( 9y the .PP co(e. That i&, if any of the three are
on, initial penetration& are trac7e(.
B8CA=T
B-c7et&ort fre;-ency. Thi& fiel( i& the only way to &pecify the 9-c7et&ort fre#
;-ency for the .PP co(e. The BSO'T option on Optional Car( 2 i& ignore(.
LCB8CA=T
Loa(c-rve for 9-c7et&ort fre;-ency. The normal inp-t for thi& i& ignore( 9y
.PP.
5S2T'2CA
5-m9er of potential contact& to trac7 for each &lave no(e. The normal inp-t
for thi& C3=PTJ on Optional Car( 2D i& ignore(.
B5BTBT='
5-m9er of iteration& to perform when trying to eliminate initial penetration&.
5ote) an inp-t of $ mean& $, not the (efa-lt val-e Cwhich i& 2D. Leaving thi&
fiel( 9lan7 will &et B5BTBT=' to 2.
P2'.2L
The parametric exten&ion (i&tance for contact &egment&. The .2LP2' pa#
rameter on Optional Car( 2 i& not -&e(. +or non#TB=3 contact&, the (efa-lt i&
1.$$$".
+or TB=3 contact& the (efa-lt i& 1.$%" an(, the act-al exten&ion -&e( i& com#
p-te( a& follow&)
PARNAX
computeu
=_
1.u +PARNAX if u.u < PARNAX < u.S
PARNAX if 1.u PARNAX 1.uuu4
max (PARNAX 1.uSS) otheiwise
CP2'./
+lag to excl-(e 9eam to 9eam contact from the &ame PB3 for 28TO.2TBC
O>=5='2L. See NCO5T2CT Optional Car( = for S.P.
=S.$) +lag i& not &et C(efa-ltD
=S.1) +lag i& &et.
=S.2) +lag i& &et) CP2'./]2 ha& an a((itional effect of permitting con#
tact treatment of &pot wel( Ctype D 9eam& in 28TO.2TBC
O>=5='2L contact&E &pot wel( 9eam& are otherwi&e (i&regar(e( en#
tirely 9y 28TO.2TBCO>=5='2L contact&.
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LS-DYNA R7.0 11# CCO5T2CTD
The following card is read if and only if ~& is defined in column 1 of the first field.
Optional
.PP
Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le CJAS=>S P=5S+ >'P2BL=
Type B + B
3efa-lt $ 1.$ $

CJAS=>S
Bf thi& val-e i& non#Iero, then the no(e to &-rface an( &-rface to &-rface
contact& will perform a &pecial chec7 at time $ for element& that are invert#
e( Cor nearly &oD, an( remove them from contact. The&e poorly forme( el#
ement& have 9een 7nown to occ-r on the tooling in metalforming pro9lem&,
which allow& the&e pro9lem& to r-n. Bt &ho-l( not normally 9e nee(e( for
rea&ona9le me&he&.
P=5S+
Thi& option i& -&e( together with B>5O'= for %3 forging pro9lem&. Bf
non#Iero, the B>5O'=3 penetration (i&tance i& m-ltiplie( 9y thi& val-e
each cycle, effectively p-&hing the &lave no(e 9ac7 o-t to the &-rface. Thi&
i& -&ef-l for no(e& that might get generate( 9elow the ma&ter &-rface (-ring
%3 reme&hing. Care &ho-l( 9e exerci&e(, a& energy may 9e generate( an(
&ta9ility may 9e effecte( for val-e& lower than $.". 2 val-e in the range
of $./ to $. or higher C9-t ? 1.$D i& recommen(e(.
>'P2BL=
Set to 1 to invo7e an alternate .PP comm-nication algorithm for SB5>L=
OS8'+2C=, 5O3=OTOOS8'+2C=, an( S8'+2C=OTOOS8'+2C=
contact&. The new algorithm (oe& not &-pport all contact option&, incl-(ing
SO+T]2, a& of yet, an( i& &till -n(er (evelopment. Bt can 9e &ignificantly
fa&ter an( &cale 9etter than the normal algorithm when there are more than
two or three applica9le contact type& (efine( in the mo(el. Bt& intent i& to
&pee( -p the contact proce&&ing 9-t not to change the 9ehavior of the con#
tact. See al&o NCO5T'OLO.PPOCO5T2CTO>'O8P2BL=.
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11#1$ CCO5T2CTD LS-DYNA R7.0
Card 1
This card is mandatory for all contact types.
Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le SSB3 .SB3 SST4P .ST4P SBOLB3 .BOLB3 SP' .P'
3efa-lt none none none none $ $
'emar7& 1 2 optional optional $]off $]off

SSB3
Slave &egment, no(e &et B3, part &et B3, part B3, or &hell element &et B3, &ee
NS=TOS=>.=5T, NS=TO5O3=OOPTION, NP2'T, NS=TOP2'T or
NS=TOSJ=LLOOPTION. +or ero(ing contact -&e either a part B3 or a part
&et B3.
=S.$) all part B3& are incl-(e( for &ingle &-rface contact, a-tomatic &in#
gle &-rface, an( ero(ing &ingle &-rface.
.SB3
.a&ter &egment &et B3, part &et B3, part B3, or &hell element &et B3, &ee
NS=TOS=>.=5T, NS=TO5O3=OOPTION, NP2'T, NS=TOP2'T, or
NS=TOSJ=LLOOPTION)
=S.$) for &ingle &-rface contact, a-tomatic &ingle &-rface, an( ero(ing
&ingle &-rface.
SST4P
B3 type of SSB3)
=S.$) &egment &et B3 for &-rface#to#&-rface contact,
=S.1) &hell element &et B3 for &-rface#to#&-rface contact,
=S.2) part &et B3,
=S.%) part B3,
=S.!) no(e &et B3 for no(e to &-rface contact,
=S.") incl-(e all for &ingle &-rface (efinition.
=S.0) part &et B3 for exempte( part&. 2ll non#exempte( part& are in#
cl-(e( in the contact.
+or N28TO.2TBCOB=2.SOTOOS8'+2C= contact either a part &et B3
or a part B3 can 9e &pecifie(.
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.ST4P
B3 type of .SB3)
=S.$) &egment &et B3,
=S.1) &hell element &et B3,
=S.2) part &et B3,
=S.%) part B3.
=S.!) no(e &et B3 Cfor ero(ing force tran&(-cer only. See remar7 %D
SBOLB3
Bncl-(e in contact (efinition only tho&e &lave no(e&F&egment& within 9ox
SBOLB3 Ccorre&pon(ing to BOLB3 in N3=+B5=OBOLD, or if SBOLB3 i&
negative, only tho&e &lave no(e&F&egment& within contact vol-me
iSBOLB3i Ccorre&pon(ing to CMB3 in N3=+B5=OCO5T2CTOMOL8.=D.
SBOLB3 can 9e -&e( only if SST4P i& &et to 2 or %, i.e., SSB3 i& a part B3
or part &et B3.
.BOLB3
Bncl-(e in contact (efinition only tho&e ma&ter &egment& within 9ox
.BOLB3 Ccorre&pon(ing to BOLB3 in N3=+B5=OBOLD, or if .BOLB3
i& negative, only tho&e ma&ter &egment& within contact vol-me i.BOLB3i
Ccorre&pon(ing to CMB3 in N3=+B5=OCO5T2CTOMOL8.=D. .BOLB3
can 9e -&e( only if .ST4P i& &et to 2 or %, i.e., .SB3 i& a part B3 or part
&et B3.
SP'
Bncl-(e the &lave &i(e in the N32T2B2S=O5C+O'C an( the
N32T2B2S=OBB52'4OB5T+O' interface force file&)
=S.1) &lave &i(e force& incl-(e(.
.P'
Bncl-(e the ma&ter &i(e in the N32T2B2S=O5C+O'C an( the
=S.1) ma&ter &i(e force& incl-(e(.
Remarks:
1. >iving a &lave &et B3 e;-al to Iero i& vali( only for the &ingle &-rface contact algorithm&,
i.e., the option& SB5>L=OS8'+2C=, an( the 28TO.2TBCO, 2B'B2>O, an( ='O3B5>
OSB5>L=OS8'+2C= option&.
2. 2 ma&ter &et B3 i& not (efine( for the &ingle &-rface contact algorithm& Cincl-(ing 28TO#
.2TBCO>=5='2LD. 2 ma&ter &et B3 i& optional for +O'C=OT'25S38C='S. Bf a ma&#
ter &et i& (efine( for the +O'C=OT'25S38C=' option, only tho&e force that (evelop 9e#
tween an( ma&ter an( &lave &-rface& are con&i(ere(. The master sur-a/e option is on.9 im$
p.emented -or the_P5N(=T4 option and *or>s on.9 *ith the (!TO"(TI1_SIN@=5
_S!&;(15 /onta/t t9pes#
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%. 2 ma&ter no(e &et can only 9e -&e( with the T'25S38C='OP=52LT4 option, an( re#
;-ire& that the &lave &i(e al&o 9e (efine( via a no(e &et. Thi& allow& the tran&(-cer to give
correct re&-lt& for ero(ing material&. The no(e &et& &ho-l( incl-(e all no(e& that may 9e ex#
po&e( a& ero&ion occ-r&.
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LS-DYNA R7.0 11#1% CCO5T2CTD
Card 2
Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le +S +3 3C MC M3C P=5CJA BT 3T
Type + + + + + B + +
3efa-lt $. $. $. $. $. $ $. 1.$=2$
'emar7&

+S
Static coefficient of friction if +S i& @$ an( not e;-al to 2. The frictional
coefficient i& a&&-me( to 9e (epen(ent on the relative velocity +
re.
of the
&-rface& in contact p
c
= F +(FS -F)c
-C|
rcl
|
. The two other po&&i#
9ilitie& are)
=S.#2) Bf only the one friction ta9le i& (efine( -&ing
N3=+B5=O+'BCTBO5, it will 9e -&e( an( there i& no nee( to (e#
fine parameter +3. Bf more than one friction ta9le i& (efine(
then the Ta9le B3 i& (efine( 9y the +3 Parameter 9elow.
=S.#1) Bf the frictional coefficient& (efine( in the NP2'T &ection are to
9e -&e(, &et +S to the negative n-m9er, #1.$.
,2'5B5>) Plea&e note that the +S]#1.$ an( +S]#2.$ option& apply
only to contact type&)
SB5>L=OS8'+2C=,
28TO.2TBCO>=5='2L,
28TO.2TBCOSB5>L=OS8'+2C=,
28TO.2TBCO5O3=SOTOOS8'+2C=,
28TO.2TBCOS8'+2C=OTOOS8+2C=,
28TO.2TBCOO5=O,24OS8'+2C=OTOOS8'+2C=,
='O3B5>OSB5>L=OS8'+2C=.
=S.2) +or contact type O5=O,24OS8'+2C=OTOOS8'+2C=, the
(ynamic coefficient of friction point& to the ta9le, &ee 3=+B5=
OT2BL= CThe ta9le B3 i& given 9y +3 9elow.D, giving the coef#
ficient of friction a& a f-nction of the relative velocity an( pre&#
&-re. Thi& option m-&t 9e -&e( in com9ination with the thic7ne&&
off&et option. See +ig-re 11#1.
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11#1! CCO5T2CTD LS-DYNA R7.0
+3
3ynamic coefficient of friction. The frictional coefficient i& a&&-me( to 9e
(epen(ent on the relative velocity +
re.
of the &-rface& in contact p
c
= F +
(FS -F)c
-C|
rcl
|
. >ive ta9le B3 if +S]2. Bf +S]#2 an(
more than one friction ta9le i& (efine(, +3 i& -&e( to &pecify friction ta9le
to 9e -&e(.

Note: +or the &pecial contact option ZTB=3OS8'+2C=OTOOS8'+2C=
O+2BL8'=Z only, the varia9le& +S an( +3 act a& fail-re &tre&&e&, i.e.,
fail-re occ-r& if j
max(0.0c
ncrmcl
)
PS
[
2
+j
c
shccr
P
[
2
-1 > u where o
nomuI
an(
o
shcu
are the interface normal an( &hear &tre&&e&.
+S
5ormal ten&ile &tre&& at fail-re
+3
Shear &tre&& at fail-re
3C
=xponential (ecay coefficient. The frictional coefficient i& a&&-me( to 9e
re.
c
= F +
(FS -F)c
-C|
rcl
|
.
MC
Coefficient for vi&co-& friction. Thi& i& nece&&ary to limit the friction force
to a maxim-m. 2 limiting force i& comp-te( F
lim
= vC A
cont
. A
cont
9e#
ing the area of the &egment contacte( 9y the no(e in contact. The &-gge&t#
e( val-e for MC i& the yiel( &tre&& in &hear IC =
c
c
3
where
o
i& the yiel(
&tre&& of the contacte( material.
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LS-DYNA R7.0 11#1" CCO5T2CTD
M3C
Mi&co-& (amping coefficient in percent of critical. Bn or(er to avoi( -n(e#
&ira9le o&cillation in contact, e.g., for &heet forming &im-lation, a contact
(amping perpen(ic-lar to the contacting &-rface& i& applie(. The applie(
(amping coefficient i& given 9y
=
vBC
1uu

ciit

where M3C i& an integer Cin -nit& of percentD 9etween $ an( 1$$. The for#
m-la for critical (amping i&
ciit
= 2m
where m i& (etermine( 9y no(al ma&&e& a&
m = min(m
slave
m
mastei
),
an( i& (etermine( from k, the interface &tiffne&&, accor(ing to
= _k
m
slave
+m
mastei
m
mastei
m
slave
.
P=5CJA
Small penetration in contact &earch option. Bf the &lave no(e penetrate&
more than the &egment thic7ne&& time& the factor LP=5=, &ee NCO5T'OL
OCO5T2CT, the penetration i& ignore( an( the &lave no(e i& &et free. The
thic7ne&& i& ta7en a& the &hell thic7ne&& if the &egment 9elong& to a &hell
element or it i& ta7en a& 1F2$ of it& &horte&t (iagonal if the &egment 9elong&
to a &oli( element. Thi& option applie& to the &-rface#to#&-rface contact al#
gorithm&) See Ta9le 11.1 for contact type& an( more (etail&.
BT
Birth time Ccontact &-rface 9ecome& active at thi& timeD.
=S.$) Birth time i& inactive, i.e., contact i& alway& active
LT.$) Birth time, iBTi, i& active (-ring (ynamic relaxation, an( after
(ynamic relaxation contact i& alway& active
>T.$) Bf 3T@$, 9irth time applie& 9oth (-ring an( after (ynamic relaxa#
tion.
3T
3eath time Ccontact &-rface i& (eactivate( at thi& timeD.
LT.$) Birth time, iBTi, i& active after (ynamic relaxation i& complete(
an( 3T]i3Ti. 3-ring (ynamic relaxation, the contact i& inactive.
=S.$) 3T (efa-lt& to 1.=[2$.
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Card 3
Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le S+S S+. SST .ST S+ST S+.T +S+ MS+
Type + + + + + + + +
3efa-lt 1. 1.
element
thic7ne&&
element
thic7ne&&
1. 1. 1. 1.

S+S
Scale factor on (efa-lt &lave penalty &tiffne&& when SO+T]$ or SO+T]2,
&ee al&o NCO5T'OLOCO5T2CT.
S+.
Scale factor on (efa-lt ma&ter penalty &tiffne&& when SO+T]$ or SO+T]2,
&ee al&o NCO5T'OLOCO5T2CT.
SST
Optional thic7ne&& for &lave &-rface Coverri(e& tr-e thic7ne&&D. Thi& option
applie& to contact with &hell an( 9eam element&. SST ha& no 9earing on the
act-al thic7ne&& of the element&E it only affect& the location of the contact
&-rface. +or the NCO5T2CTOTB=3O.. option&, SST an( .ST 9elow can
9e (efine( a& negative val-e&, which will ca-&e the (etermination of
whether or not a no(e i& tie( to (epen( only on the &eparation (i&tance rela#
tive to the a9&ol-te val-e of the&e thic7ne&&e&. .ore information i& given
-n(er >eneral 'emar7& on NCO5T2CT following Optional Car( 3.
.ST
Optional thic7ne&& for ma&ter &-rface Coverri(e& tr-e thic7ne&&D. Thi& op#
tion applie& only to contact with &hell element&. Tr-e thic7ne&& i& the ele#
ment thic7ne&& of the &hell element&. +or the TB=3 option& &ee SST a9ove.
S+ST
Scale factor for &lave &-rface thic7ne&& C&cale& (efa-lt thic7ne&&D. Thi& op#
tion applie& to contact with &hell an( 9eam element&. S+ST ha& no 9earing
on the act-al thic7ne&& of the element&E it only affect& the location of the
contact &-rface. +or the mortar contact, &ee general remar7&.
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S+.T
Scale factor for ma&ter &-rface thic7ne&& C&cale& (efa-lt thic7ne&&D. Thi&
option applie& only to contact with &hell element&. S+.T ha& no 9earing
on the act-al thic7ne&& of the element&E it only affect& the location of the
contact &-rface.
+S+
Co-lom9 friction &cale factor. The Co-lom9 friction val-e i& &cale( a&
p
sc
= FSF p
c
&ee a9ove.
MS+
Mi&co-& friction &cale factor. Bf thi& factor i& (efine( then the limiting force
9ecome&) F
Im
= ISF IC A
cont
&ee a9ove.
Remarks:
The varia9le& +S+ an( MS+ a9ove can 9e overri((en &egment 9y &egment on the NS=TOS=>.=5T
or NS=TOSJ=LLOOPTION car(& for the slave surface only a& 2% an( 2!, an( for the master sur-
face only a& 21 an( 22. See NS=TOS=>.=5T an( NS=TOSJ=LLOOPTION.

+ig-re 11#1. +riction coefficient, , can 9e a f-nction of relative velocity an( pre&&-re.
Specify a flag for the &tatic coefficient of friction, +S, an( a ta9le B3 for the (ynamic coef#
ficient. Thi& option only wor7& with O5=O,24OS8'+2C=OTOO S8'+2C= with
thic7ne&& off&et&.
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11#1/ CCO5T2CTD LS-DYNA R7.0
Card 4
This Card is mandatory for:
`CONTACT_AUTOMATIC_SURFACE_TO_SURFACE_TIEBREAK_POPTIONQ
`CONTACT_AUTOMATIC_ONE_WAY_SURFACE_TO_SURFACE_TIEBREAK
_POPTIONQ
Bf the re&pon&e parameter OPTBO5 9elow i& &et to , three (amping con&tant& can 9e (efine( for the
vario-& fail-re mo(e&. To (o thi&, &et the 7eywor( option to
DAMPING
Similarly, for OPTBO5 9-t for the a-tomatic &-rface to &-rface contact only, the mortar treatment
of the tie9rea7 contact may 9e activate(. Thi& i& primarily inten(e( for implicit analy&i& an( no
(amping can 9e -&e( with thi& option, &ee al&o remar7& on mortar contact&. The 7eywor( option for
thi& i&
MORTAR
Car( ! 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le OPTBO5 5+LS S+LS P2'2. ='2T=5 ='2T=S CT2C5 C5
Type B + + + + + + +
3efa-lt re;-ire( re;-ire( re;-ire( $.$ $.$ $.$ 1.$
Define the following card if and only if OPTION9 and the_DAMPING option is set on the
keyword card.
optional 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 3.PO1 3.PO2 3.PO%
Type + + +
3efa-lt $.$ $.$ $.$

OPTBO5
'e&pon&e)
=S.#%) &ee %, moment& are tran&ferre(. S.P only.
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=S.#2) &ee 2, moment& are tran&ferre(. S.P only.
=S.#1) &ee 1, moment& are tran&ferre(. S.P only.
=S.1) &lave no(e& in contact an( which come into contact will perma#
nently &tic7. Tangential motion i& inhi9ite(.
=S.2) tie9rea7 i& active for no(e& which are initially in contact. 8ntil
fail-re, tangential motion i& inhi9ite(. Bf P2'2. i& &et to -nity,
C1.$D &hell thic7ne&& off&et& are ignore(, an( the orientation of
the &hell &-rface& i& re;-ire( &-ch that the o-twar( normal& point
to the oppo&ing contact &-rface.
=S.%) a& 1 a9ove 9-t with fail-re after &tic7ing.
=S.!) tie9rea7 i& active for no(e& which are initially in contact 9-t tan#
gential motion with frictional &li(ing i& permitte(.
=S.") tie9rea7 i& active for no(e& which are initially in contact. Stre&&
i& limite( 9y the yiel( con(ition (e&cri9e( in 'emar7 " 9elow.
3amage i& a f-nction of the crac7 wi(th opening. The (amage
f-nction i& (efine( 9y a loa( c-rve which &tart& at -nity for a
crac7 wi(th of Iero an( (ecay& in &ome way to Iero at a given
val-e of the crac7 opening. Thi& option can 9e -&e( to repre&ent
(eforma9le gl-e 9on(&.
=S.0) Thi& option i& for -&e with &oli(& an( thic7 &hell& only. Tie9rea7
i& active for no(e& which are initially in contact. +ail-re &tre&&
m-&t 9e (efine( for tie9rea7 to occ-r. 2fter the fail-re &tre&&
tie9rea7 criterion i& met, (amage i& a linear f-nction of the (i&#
tance C 9etween point& initially in contact. ,hen the (i&tance i&
e;-al to P2'2., (amage i& f-lly (evelope( an( interface fail#
-re occ-r&. 2fter fail-re, thi& option 9ehave& a& a &-rface#to#
&-rface contact.
=S.7) 3yco&& 3i&crete Crac7 .o(el.
XOO5=O,24OS8'+2C=OTOOS8'+2C=OTB=B'=2AY (efinition i&
recommen(e( for thi& option. See 'emar7 7.
=S./) Thi& i& &imilar to OPTBO5]0 9-t wor7& with off&et &hell ele#
ment&. XOO5=O,24OS8'+2C=OTOOS8'+2C=
OTB=B'=2AY (efinition i& recommen(e( for thi& option.
=S.) =xten&ion of OPTBO5]7) 3i&crete Crac7 .o(el with power
law an( B#A (amage mo(el&.
XOO5=O,24OS8'+2C=OTOOS8'+2C=OTB=B'=2AY (efinition i&
recommen(e( for thi& option. See 'emar7 /.
=S.1$) Thi& i& &imilar to OPTBO5]7 9-t wor7& with off&et &hell ele#
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=S.11) Thi& i& &imilar to OPTBO5] 9-t wor7& with off&et &hell ele#
5+LS
5ormal fail-re &tre&& for OPTBO5]2, %, !, 0, 7, /, , 1$ or 11. +or OP#
TBO5]" 5+LS 9ecome& the pla&tic yiel( &tre&& a& (efine( in 'emar7 ". +or
OPTBO5] or 11 an( 5+LS?$, a loa( c-rve B3]#5+LS i& reference( (e#
fining normal fail-re &tre&& a& a f-nction of element &iIe. See remar7&.
S+LS
Shear fail-re &tre&& for OPTBO5]2, %, 0, 7, /, , 1$ or 11. +or OPTBO5]!,
S+LS i& a frictional &tre&& limit if P2'2.]1. Thi& frictional &tre&& limit i&
in(epen(ent of the normal force at the tie. +or OPTBO5]" S+LS 9ecome&
the loa( c-rve B3 of the (amage mo(el. +or OPTBO5] or 11 an(
S+LS?$, a loa( c-rve B3]#S+LS i& reference( (efining &hear fail-re &tre&&
a& a f-nction of element &iIe. See remar7&.
P2'2.
+or OPTBO5]2, &etting P2'2.]1 ca-&e& the &hell thic7ne&& off&et& to 9e
ignore(. +or OPTBO5]!, &etting P2'2.]1 ca-&e& S+LS to 9e a friction#
al &tre&& limit. +or OPTBO5]0 or /, P2'2. i& the critical (i&tance,
CC'BT, at which the interface fail-re i& complete. +or OPTBO5]7 or 1$
P2'2. i& the friction angle in (egree&. +or OPTBO5] or 11, it i& the ex#
ponent in the (amage mo(el. 2 po&itive val-e invo7e& the power law, while
a negative one, the B#A mo(el. See .2TO1%/ for a((itional (etail&.
='2T=5
+or OPTBO5]7,,1$,11 only. 5ormal energy relea&e rate C&tre&&NlengthD
-&e( in (amage calc-lation, &ee Lemmen an( .eiHer T2$$1U.
='2T=S
+or OPTBO5]7,,1$,11 only. Shear energy relea&e rate C&tre&&NlengthD
-&e( in (amage calc-lation, &ee Lemmen an( .eiHer T2$$1U.
CT2C5
The ratio of the tangential &tiffne&& to the normal &tiffne&& for OP#
TBO5],11. The (efa-lt i& 1.$.
C5
5ormal &tiffne&& C&tre&&FlengthD for OPTBO5],11. Bf C5 i& not given ex#
plicitly, penalty &tiffne&& i& -&e( C(efa-ltD. Thi& optional &tiffne&& &ho-l( 9e
-&e( with care, &ince contact &ta9ility can get affecte(. 2 warning me&&age
with a recommen(e( time &tep i& given initially.
3.PO1
.o(e B (amping force per -nit velocity per -nit area.
3.PO2
.o(e BB (amping force per -nit velocity per -nit area.
3.PO%
.o(e BBB (amping force per -nit velocity per -nit area.
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Remarks:
1. 2fter fail-re, thi& contact option 9ehave& a& a &-rface#to#&-rface contact with thic7ne&& off#
&et&. 2fter fail-re, no interface ten&ion i& po&&i9le.
2. The &oft con&traint option with SO+T]2 i& not implemente( for the tie9rea7 option.
%. +or OPTBO5 ] 2, %, an( 0 the tie9rea7 fail-re criterion ha& normal an( &hear component&)
|o
n
|
NFIS
2
+
|o
s
|
SFIS
2
1
!. +or OPTBO5 ] !, the tie9rea7 fail-re criterion ha& only a normal &tre&& component)
|o
n
|
NFIS
1
". +or OPTBO5 ] ", the &tre&& i& limite( 9y a perfectly pla&tic yiel( con(ition. +or tie& in ten#
&ion, the yiel( con(ition i&
o
n
2
+S|o
s
|
2
NIFS
1
+or tie& in compre&&ion, the yiel( con(ition i&
S|o
s
|
2
NIFS
1
The &tre&& i& al&o &cale( 9y the (amage f-nction which i& o9taine( from the loa( c-rve. +or
tie& in ten&ion, 9oth normal an( &hear &tre&& are &cale(. +or tie& in compre&&ion, only &hear
&tre&& i& &cale(.
0. +or OPTBO5 ] 0 or /, (amage initiate& when the &tre&& meet& the fail-re criterion. The
&tre&& i& then &cale( 9y the (amage f-nction. 2&&-ming no loa( rever&al&, the energy re#
lea&e( (-e to the fail-re of the interface i& approximately $."NSNCC'BT, where
S = max(o
n
u)
2
+|o
s
|
2

at the initiation of (amage. Thi& interface may 9e -&e( for &im-lating crac7 propagation.
+or the energy relea&e to 9e correct, the contact penalty &tiffne&& m-&t 9e m-ch larger than
HIN(NFIF SFIS)
CCRII
.
7. OPTBO5 ] 7 or 1$ i& the 3yco&& 3i&crete Crac7 .o(el a& (e&cri9e( in Lemmen an( .eiHer
T2$$1U. The relation for the crac7 initiation i& given a&
max(o
n
u)
NFIS

2
+
o
s
SFIS(1 -sin(PARAH)min(u o
n
))
= 1
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/. OPTBO5 ] or 11 i& an exten&ion of the 3yco&& 3i&crete Crac7 .o(el 9a&e( on the frac#
t-re mo(el in the cohe&ive material mo(el N.2TOCOJ=SBM=O.BL=3O.O3=, where the
mo(el i& (e&cri9e( in (etail. +ail-re &tre&&e&Fpea7 traction& 5+LS an(For S+LS can 9e (e#
fine( a& f-nction& of characteri&tic element length C&;-are root of ma&ter &egment areaD via
loa( c-rve. Thi& option i& -&ef-l to get nearly the &ame glo9al re&pon&e& Ce.g. loa(#
(i&placement c-rveD with coar&e me&he& compare( to a fine me&h &ol-tion. Bn general, lower
pea7 traction& are nee(e( for coar&er me&he&. See al&o N.2TO1%/.
. +or OPTBO5& 0 thr- 11 of NCO5T2CTO28TO.2TBCOO5=O,24OS8'+2C=OTO
OS8'+2C=OTB=B'=2A, one can (etermine the con(ition of the tie9rea7 &-rface via the
component la9ele( Zcontact gapZ in the intfor (ata9a&e CN32T2B2S=OBB52'4OB5T+O'D.
The Zcontact gapZ act-ally repre&ent& a (amage val-e ranging from $ Ctie(, no (amageD to 1
Crelea&e(, f-ll (amageD.

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This Card 4 is mandatory for:
`CONTACT_AUTOMATIC_SINGLE_SURFACE_TIED
Car( !

1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le CLOS=
Type +
3efa-lt $.$
CLOS= S-rface& clo&er than CLOS= are tie(. Bf CLOS= i& left a& $.$, it i& (efa-lte(
to one percent of the me&h characteri&tic length &cale. 5o(e& that are a9ove
or 9elow the &-rface will 9e tie( if they are clo&e eno-gh to the &-rface.
Remarks:
Thi& &pecial feat-re i& implemente( to allow for the calc-lation of eigenval-e& an( eigenvector& on
geometrie& that are connecte( 9y a contact interface -&ing the 28TO.2TBCOSB5>L=OS8'+2C=
option&.
Bf there i& &ignificant &eparation 9etween the tie( &-rface&, the rigi( 9o(y mo(e& will 9e oppo&e( 9y
the contact &tiffne&&, an( the calc-late( eigenval-e& for rigi( 9o(y rotation& will not 9e Iero.
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`CONTACT_CONSTRAINT_NODES_TO_SURFACE
`CONTACT_CONSTRAINT_SURFACE_TO_SURFACE
Car( ! 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le AP+
Type +
3efa-lt $.$

AP+
Ainematic partition factor for con&traint)
=S.$.$) f-lly &ymmetric treatment.
=S.1.$) one way treatment with &lave no(e& con&traine( to ma&ter &-r#
face. Only the &lave no(e& are chec7e( again&t contact.
=S.#1.$) one way treatment with ma&ter no(e& con&traine( to &lave &-r#
face. Only the ma&ter no(e& are chec7e( again&t contact.
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`CONTACT_DRAWBEAD
`CONTACT_DRAWBEAD_INITIALIZE
Car( ! 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le LCB3'+ LCB35+ 3B3TJ 3+SCL 58.B5T 3BPB3 =LO++ 5B=23
Type B B + + B B B B
3efa-lt re;-ire( none $.$ 1.$ $ $ $ none
Define the following card if NBEAD is defined.
Car( ! 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le POB5T1 POB5T2 ,B3TJ =++J>T
Type B B + +
If the option INITIALIZE is active, then define the following card to initialize the plastic strain
and thickness of elements that pass under the drawbead.
Optional 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le LC=PS TSC2L= LC=PS2 O++S=T
Type B + B +
3efa-lt re;-ire( 1.$ optional optional

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LCB3'+
Bf LCB3'+ i& po&itive then it (efine& the loa( c-rve B3 giving the 9en(ing
component of the re&training force, ;
?endin6
, per -nit (raw 9ea( length a& a
f-nction of (i&placement, , &ee +ig-re 11#2. Thi& force i& (-e to the 9en(#
ing an( -n9en(ing of the 9lan7 a& it move& thro-gh the (raw 9ea(. The
total re&training force i& the &-m of the 9en(ing an( friction component&.
Bf LCB3'+ i& negative, then the a9&ol-te val-e give& the loa( c-rve B3 (e#
fining max 9ea( force ver&-& normaliIe( (raw 9ea( length. The a9&ci&&a
val-e& are 9etween Iero an( 1 an( are the normaliIe( (raw 9ea( length.
The or(inate give& the maxim-m allowe( (raw 9ea(, retaining force when
the 9ea( i& in the f-lly clo&e( po&ition. Bf the (raw 9ea( i& not f-lly clo&e(,
linear interpolation i& -&e( to comp-te the (raw 9ea( force.
LCB35+
Loa( c-rve B3 giving the normal force per -nit (raw 9ea( length a& a f-nc#
tion of (i&placement, , &ee +ig-re 11#2. Thi& force i& (-e to the 9en(ing of
the 9lan7 into the (raw 9ea( a& the 9in(er clo&e& on the (ie an( repre&ent& a
limiting val-e. The normal force 9egin& to (evelop when the (i&tance 9e#
tween the (ie an( 9in(er i& le&& than the (raw 9ea( (epth. (s the ?inder
and die /.ose on the ?.an> this -or/e shou.d diminish or rea/h a p.ateau,
&ee the 'emar7& &ection.
3B3TJ
3raw 9ea( (epth, &ee +ig-re 11#2. 5ece&&ary to (etermine correct
(i&placement from contact (i&placement&.
3+SCL
Scale factor for loa( c-rve. 3efa-lt]1.$. Thi& factor &cale& loa( c-rve B3,
LCB3'+ a9ove.
58.B5T
5-m9er of e;-ally &pace( integration point& along the (raw 9ea()
=S.$) Bnternally calc-late( 9a&e( on element &iIe of element& that inter#
act with (raw 9ea(.
Thi& i& nece&&ary for the correct calc-lation of the re&training force&. .ore
integration point& may increa&e the acc-racy &ince the force i& applie( more
evenly along the 9ea(.
3BPB3
Optional part B3 for the a-tomatically generate( tr-&& element& for the
(raw 9ea( (i&play in the po&t#proce&&or. Bf -n(efine( LS#3452 a&&ign& a
-ni;-e part B3.
=LO++
Option to &pecify an( element B3 off&et for the tr-&& element& that are a-#
tomatically generate( for the (raw 9ea( (i&play. Bf -n(efine( LS#3452
choo&e& a -ni;-e off&et.
5B=23
5-m9er of line 9ea(& in o(( integer.
POB5T1
5o(e B3 of the fir&t no(e on a 9in(er.
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POB5T2
5o(e B3 of the &econ( no(e on another 9in(er clo&ing with the 9in(er on
which POB5T1 i& (efine(.
,B3TJ
Total 9ea( wi(th (efining (i&tance 9etween inner an( o-ter mo&t 9ea(
wall&.
=++J>T
=ffective 9ea( height. 3raw 9ea( re&training force &tart& to ta7e effect
when 9in(er gap i& le&& than =++J>T.
LC=PS
Loa( c-rve B3 (efining the pla&tic &train ver&-& the parametric coor(inate
thro-gh the &hell thic7ne&&. The parametric coor(inate &ho-l( 9e (efine( in
the interval 9etween #1 an( 1 incl-&ive. The val-e of pla&tic &train at the
integration point i& interpolate( from thi& loa( c-rve. Bf the pla&tic &train at
an integration point excee(& the val-e of the loa( c-rve at the time initiali#
Iation occ-r&, the pla&tic &train at the point will remain -nchange(.
TSC2L=
Scale factor that m-ltiplie& the &hell thic7ne&& a& the &hell element move&
-n(er the (raw 9ea(.
LC=PS2
Optional loa( c-rve B3 (efining the pla&tic &train ver&-& the parametric co#
or(inate thro-gh the &hell thic7ne&&, which i& -&e( after an element ha&
travele( a (i&tance e;-al to O++S=T. The parametric coor(inate &ho-l( 9e
(efine( in the interval 9etween #1 an( 1 incl-&ive. The val-e of pla&tic
&train at the integration point i& interpolate( from thi& loa( c-rve. Bf the
pla&tic &train at an integration point excee(& the val-e of
the loa( c-rve at the time initialiIation occ-r&, the pla&tic &train at the point
will remain -nchange(. Bnp-t parameter& LC=PS2 an( O++S=T provi(e& a
way to mo(el the ca&e where a material move& -n(er two (raw 9ea(&. Bn
thi& latter ca&e the c-rve wo-l( 9e the &-m of the pla&tic &train& generate 9y
moving -n(er two con&ec-tive 9ea(&.
O++S=T
Bf the center of an element ha& move( a (i&tance e;-al to O++S=T, the loa(
c-rve B3, LC=PS2 i& -&e( to reinitialiIe the pla&tic &train. The TSC2L=
&cale factor i& al&o applie(.
Remarks:
1. The (raw 9ea( i& (efine( three way&)
1D 2 /onse/uti+e li&t of s.a+e no(e& that lie along the 9ea(.
2D 2 part B3 of a 9eam that lie& along the (raw 9ea(.
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%D 2 part &et B3 of 9eam& that lie along the (raw 9ea(.
+or &traight (raw 9ea(& only two no(e& or a &ingle 9eam nee( to 9e (efine(, i.e., one at each en(, 9-t
for c-rve( 9ea(& &-fficient no(e& or 9eam& are re;-ire( to (efine the c-rvat-re of the 9ea( geometry.
,hen 9eam& are -&e( to (efine the 9ea(, with the exception of the fir&t an( la&t no(e, each no(e
m-&t connect with two 9eam element&. Thi& re;-irement mean& that the n-m9er of &lave no(e&
e;-al& the n-m9er of 9eam element& pl-& one. The integration point& along the 9ea( are e;-ally
&pace( an( are in(epen(ent of the no(al &pacing -&e( in the (efinition of the (raw 9ea(. By -&ing
the capa9ility of tying extra no(e& to rigi( 9o(ie& C&ee NCO5ST'2B5=3O=LT'2O5O3=S or
NCO5ST'2B5=3O'B>B3OBO3B=SD the (raw 9ea( no(al point& (o not nee( to 9elong to the ele#
ment connectivitie& of the (ie an( 9in(er. The 9lan7 ma7e& -p the ma&ter &-rface. BT BS JB>JL4
'=CO..=53=3 TO 3=+B5= 2 BOLB3 2'O853 TJ= 3'2,B=23 TO LB.BT TJ= SBK=
O+ TJ= .2ST=' S8'+2C= CO5SB3='=3 +O' TJ= 3'2, B=23. TJBS ,BLL S8B#
ST25TB2LL4 '=38C= COST 253 .=.O'4 '=S8B'=.=5TS.

2. 'eferring to the fig-re 9elow, a po&&i9le &cenario of a &heet 9lan7 e(ge at final po&ition i&
ill-&trate(. Bf a &ingle line 9ea( i& -&e(, maHority portion of the 9lan7 wo-l( have no force& applie( at
all, while in reality there are &till two 9en(ing ra(ii at the inner 9ea( wall provi(ing a9o-t "$b of the

+ig-re 11#2. 3raw 9ea( contact mo(el (efine& a re&i&ting force a& a f-nction of (raw 9ea(
(i&placement. The friction force i& comp-te( from the normal force in the (raw 9ea( an(
the given friction coefficient
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total 9ea( force&. =xce&&ive 9lan7 e(ge (raw#in& wo-l( occ-r re&-lting in either loo&e metal in the
part, or wrin7le& on the (raw wall or pro(-ct. 3evelope( in conH-nction with +or( .otor Company
'e&earch an( 2(vance( =ngineering La9oratory, m-ltiple 9ea(& -&ing the varia9le 5B=23 an( a
few other varia9le& can 9e (efine( to a((re&& the pro9lem.

2lway& an o(( integer, the varia9le 5B=23 i& -&e( to (efine the n-m9er of line 9ea(& to 9e a-to#
matically create( acro&& the wi(th of a phy&ical 9ea(. 2& &hown 9elow, three line 9ea(& are generat#
e(. The force& &pecifie( on the varia9le LCB3'+ will 9e evenly (i&tri9-te( 9y the 5B=23. The ef#
fective 9ea( height =++J>T i& -&e( to control the timing of applie( force.
+ig-re 11#%. 2 po&&i9le &cenario of &heet 9lan7 e(ge (raw#in con(ition.

'.an> ed6e

'.an> -.o* dire/tion
Inner ?ead *a..
Outer ?ead *a..
=o/ation o- a sin6.e
.ine ?ead -or/e
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11#%$ CCO5T2CTD LS-DYNA R7.0

Bn the fig-re 9elow, a &imple mo(el wa& 9-ilt to verify the effectivene&& of the varia9le =++J>T.
The -pper 9in(er i& p-&he( (own to clo&e with the lower 9in(er while a &trip of &heet 9lan7 i& 9eing
p-lle( in the (irection in(icate(. The (i&tance 9etween the 9in(er& i& 12mm initially. ,ith =++J>T
&et at /mm, the p-lling force in(icate the 9ea( force& &tart to ta7e effect after the -pper 9in(er ha&
travele( for !mm.
+ig-re 11#!. Bll-&tration W (efinition of m-ltiple (raw 9ea(&.
AIT)

5;;)@T
(uto$/reated ?eads
e-ined Node Set/?eam
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LS-DYNA R7.0 11#%1 CCO5T2CTD

+ig-re 11#". P-lling force C5O3+O'D v&. clo&-re (i&tance.
Bea( force &tart& ta7ing effect
at a (i&tance of /.$mm

'ead B3
'ead B4
'ead B5
Tra/>in6 ?inder /.osin6 6ap as
a?s/issa +a.ues
Tra/>in6 disp.a/ement C at this
.o/ation as ordinate +a.ues
Pu.. in C
2 &imple mo(el to verify =++J>T
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11#%2 CCO5T2CTD LS-DYNA R7.0
'ecovere( 9ea( force& from 'C+O'C file in(icate the total force applie( (i&tri9-te( evenly among
the three a-tomatically generate( 9ea(&, a& &hown 9elow.

+ig-re 11#0. Bn a channel (raw 9elow, no &ignificant change& in mean &tre&& val-e& are
fo-n( 9etween 5B=23]% an( one line 9ea(. Bn fact, the compre&&ive &tre&&e& are more
reali&tically an( evenly (i&tri9-te( aro-n( the 9ea( region, with &tre&&e& in 5B=23]%
a9o-t 1F% of tho&e in one line 9ea(.
Bea( force on one line 9ea(
Bea( force& on each 9ea( for
5B=23]%
m!"2%5 m1%""5
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LS-DYNA R7.0 11#%% CCO5T2CTD

+ig-re 11#7. The 5B=23 feat-re i& availa9le in LS#3452 '0 'evi&ion 0""0 an( later
relea&e&.
.ean &tre&&e& of a channel (raw
on one line 9ea(
.ean &tre&&e& of a channel (raw
for 5B=23]%
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11#%! CCO5T2CTD LS-DYNA R7.0
`CONTACT_ERODING_NODES_TO_SURFACE
`CONTACT_ERODING_SINGLE_SURFACE
`CONTACT_ERODING_SURFACE_TO_SURFACE
Car( ! 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le BS4. ='OSOP B23:
Type B B B
3efa-lt $ $ $

BS4.
Symmetry plane option)
=S.$) off,
=S.1) (o not incl-(e face& with normal 9o-n(ary con&traint& Ce.g., &eg#
ment& of 9ric7 element& on a &ymmetry planeD.
Thi& option i& important to retain the correct 9o-n(ary con(ition& in the
mo(el with &ymmetry.
='OSOP
=ro&ionFBnterior no(e option)
=S.$) only exterior 9o-n(ary information i& &ave(,
=S.1) &torage i& allocate( &o that ero(ing contact can occ-r. Otherwi&e,
no contact i& a&&-me( after ero&ion of the corre&pon(ing element.
B23:
2(Hacent material treatment for &oli( element&)
=S.$) &oli( element face& are incl-(e( only for free 9o-n(arie&,
=S.1) &oli( element face& are incl-(e( if they are on the 9o-n(ary of the
material &-9&et. Thi& option al&o allow& the ero&ion within a 9o(y
an( the &-9&e;-ent treatment of contact.
Remarks:
=ro(ing contact may control the time&tep C&ee =C3T in NCO5T'OLOCO5T2CTD. +or ='O3#
B5>O5O3=SOTOOS8'+2C=, (efine the &lave &i(e -&ing a no(e &et, not a part B3 or part &et B3.
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LS-DYNA R7.0 11#%" CCO5T2CTD
`CONTACT_NODES_TO_SURFACE_INTERFERENCE
`CONTACT_ONE_WAY_SURFACE_TO_SURFACE_INTERFERENCE
`CONTACT_SURFACE_TO_SURFACE_INTERFERENCE
P-rpo&e) Thi& contact option provi(e& a mean& of mo(eling part& which are &hrin7 fitte( together
an( are, therefore, pre&tre&&e( in the initial config-ration. Thi& option t-rn& off the no(al interpene#
tration chec7& Cwhich change& the geometry 9y moving the no(e& to eliminate the interpenetrationD
at the &tart of the &im-lation an( allow& the contact force& to (evelop to remove the interpenetration&.
The loa( c-rve& (efine( in thi& &ection &cale the interface &tiffne&& con&tant& &-ch that the &tiffne&&
can increa&e &lowly from Iero to a final val-e with effect that the interface force& al&o increa&e gra(#
-ally to remove the overlap&.

Car( ! 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le LCB31 LCB32
Type B B
3efa-lt $ $

LCB31
Loa( c-rve B3 which &cale& the interface &tiffne&& (-ring (ynamic relaxa#
tion. Thi& c-rve m-&t originate at C$,$D at time]$ an( gra(-ally increa&e.
LCB32
Loa( c-rve B3 which &cale& the interface &tiffne&& (-ring the tran&ient
calc-lation. Thi& c-rve generally ha& a con&tant val-e of -nity for the (-#
ration of the calc-lation if LCB31 i& (efine(. Bf LCB31]$, thi& c-rve
m-&t originate at C$,$D at time]$ an( gra(-ally increa&e to a con&tant val#
-e.
Remarks:
=xtreme ca-tion m-&t 9e -&e( with thi& option. +ir&t, &hell thic7ne&& off&et& are ta7en into acco-nt
for (eforma9le &hell element&. +-rthermore, S=>.=5T O'B=5T2TBO5 +O' SJ=LL =L=#
.=5TS 253 B5T='P=5=T'2TBO5 CJ=CAS 2'= SABPP=3. Therefore, it i& nece&&ary in the
pro9lem &et-p to en&-re that all contact &egment& which 9elong to &hell element& are properly orient#
e(, i.e., the o-twar( normal vector of the &egment 9a&e( on the right han( r-le relative to the &eg#
ment n-m9ering, m-&t point to the oppo&ing contact &-rfaceE con&e;-ently, a-tomatic contact gener#
ation &ho-l( 9e avoi(e( for part& compo&e( of &hell element& -nle&& a-tomatic generation i& -&e( on
the &lave &i(e of a no(e& to &-rface interface.
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11#%0 CCO5T2CTD LS-DYNA R7.0
`CONTACT_RIGID_NODES_TO_RIGID_BODY
`CONTACT_RIGID_BODY_ONE_WAY_TO_RIGID_BODY
`CONTACT_RIGID_BODY_TWO_WAY_TO_RIGID_BODY
Car( ! 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le LCB3 +C. 8S LC3C 3S+ 85LCB3
Type B B + B + B
3efa-lt re;-ire( re;-ire( LCB3 optional $.$ optional

LCB3
Loa( c-rve B3 giving force ver&-& penetration 9ehavior for 'B>B3Ocontact.
See al&o the (efinition of +C. 9elow.
+C.
+orce calc-lation metho( for 'B>B3Ocontact)
=S.1) Loa( c-rve give& total normal force on &-rface ver&-& maxim-m
penetration of any no(e C'B>B3OBO34OO5=O,24 onlyD.
=S.2) Loa( c-rve give& normal force on each no(e ver&-& penetration of
no(e thro-gh the &-rface Call 'B>B3Ocontact type&D.
=S.%) Loa( c-rve give& normal pre&&-re ver&-& penetration of no(e
thro-gh the &-rface C'B>B3OBO34OT,OO,24 an( 'B>B3
OBO34OO5=O,24 onlyD.
=S.!) Loa( c-rve give& total normal force ver&-& maxim-m &oft pene#
tration. Bn thi& ca&e the force will 9e followe( 9a&e( on the origi#
nal penetration point. C'B>B3OBO34OO5=O,24 onlyD.
8S
8nloa(ing &tiffne&& for 'B>B3Ocontact. The (efa-lt i& to -nloa( along the
loa(ing c-rve. Thi& &ho-l( 9e e;-al to or greater than the maxim-m &lope
-&e( in the loa(ing c-rve.
LC3C
Loa( c-rve B3 giving (amping coefficient C3CD ver&-& penetration veloci#
ty. The (amping force +3 i& then) +3 ] 3S+ N 3C N velocity.
3S+
3amping &caling factor.
85LCB3
Optional loa( c-rve B3 giving force ver&-& penetration 9ehavior for 'B>B3
OBO34OO5=O,24 contact. Thi& option re;-ire& the (efinition of the
-nloa(ing &tiffne&&, 8S. See +ig-re 11#/.
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LS-DYNA R7.0 11#%7 CCO5T2CTD

=oadin6 1ur+e
!n.oadin6 1ur+e
Penetration
!n.oadin6
Sti--ness
+ig-re 11#/. Behavior if an -nloa(ing c-rve i& (efine(
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11#%/ CCO5T2CTD LS-DYNA R7.0
`CONTACT_TIEBREAK_NODES_TO_SURFACE and
`CONTACT_TIEBREAK_NODES_ONLY
Car( ! 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 5+L+ S+L+ 5=5 .=S
Type + + + +
3efa-lt re;-ire( re;-ire( 2. 2.

5+L+
5ormal fail-re force. Only ten&ile fail-re, i.e., ten&ile normal force&, will 9e
con&i(ere( in the fail-re criterion.
S+L+
Shear fail-re force
5=5
=xponent for normal force
.=S
=xponent for &hear force. +ail-re criterion)
|
n
|
NFIF
NLN
+
|
s
|
SFIF
LS
1.
+ail-re i& a&&-me( if the left &i(e i& larger than 1.
n
an(
s
are the normal
an( &hear interface force.
Remarks:
The&e attri9-te& can 9e overri((en no(e 9y no(e on the NS=TO5O3=Ooption car(&.
Both 5+L+ an( S+L+ m-&t 9e (efine(. Bf fail-re in only ten&ion or &hear i& re;-ire( then &et the
other fail-re force to a large val-e C1=[1$D.
2fter fail-re, contactOtie9rea7Ono(e&OtoO&-rface 9ehave& a& a no(e&#to#&-rface contact with no
thic7ne&& off&et& Cno interface ten&ion po&&i9leD wherea& the contactOtie9rea7Ono(e&Oonly &top& act#
ing altogether. Prior to fail-re, the two contact type& 9ehave i(entically.
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`CONTACT_TIEBREAK_SURFACE_TO_SURFACE and
`CONTACT_TIEBREAK_SURFACE_TO_SURFACE_ONLY
Car( ! 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 5+LS S+LS TBLCB3 TJAO++
Type + + B B
3efa-lt re;-ire( re;-ire( $ $

5+LS
Ten&ile fail-re &tre&&. See remar7 9elow.
S+LS Shear fail-re &tre&&. +ail-re criterion

|c
n
|
NPLS
2
+
|c
s
|
SPLS
2
1.
TBLCB3
Optional loa( c-rve n-m9er (efining the re&i&ting &tre&& ver&-& gap opening
for the po&t fail-re re&pon&e. Thi& can 9e -&e( to mo(el the fail-re of a(he#
&ive&.
TJAO++
Thic7ne&& off&et& are con&i(ere( if TJAO++]1. Bf &hell off&et& are incl-(#
e( in the me&he( geometry, thi& option i& highly recommen(e( &ince &eg#
ment orientation can 9e ar9itrary an( the contact &-rface& can 9e (i&Hoint.
Remarks:
The fail-re attri9-te& can 9e overri((en &egment 9y &egment on the NS=TOS=>.=5T or NS=T
OSJ=LLOoption car(& for the slave surface a& 21 an( 22. The&e varia9le& (o not apply to the ma&#
ter &-rface. Both 5+LS an( S+LS m-&t 9e (efine(. Bf fail-re in only ten&ion or &hear i& re;-ire(
then &et the other fail-re &tre&& to a large val-e C1=[1$D. ,hen -&e( with &hell&, contact &egment
normal& are -&e( to e&ta9li&h the ten&ion (irection Ca& oppo&e( to compre&&ionD. Compre&&ive &tre&&
(oe& not contri9-te to the fail-re e;-ation.
2fter fail-re, NCO5T2CTOTB=B'=2AOS8'+2C=OTOOS8'+2C= 9ehave& a& a &-rface#to#
&-rface contact with no thic7ne&& off&et&.
2fter fail-re, NCO5T2CTOTB=B'=2AOS8'+2C=OTOOS8'+2C=OO5L4 &top& acting altogeth#
er. 8ntil fail-re, it tie& the &lave no(e& to the ma&ter no(e&.
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11#!$ CCO5T2CTD LS-DYNA R7.0
`CONTACT_SURFACE_TO_SURFACE_CONTRACTION_1OINT
P-rpo&e) Thi& contact option t-rn& on the contraction Hoint mo(el (e&igne( to &im-late the effect& of
&in-&oi(al Hoint &-rface& C&hear 7ey&D in the contraction Hoint& of arch (am& an( other concrete &tr-c#
t-re&. The &in-&oi(al f-nction& for the &hear 7ey& are (efine( accor(ing to the following three meth#
o(& TSol9erg an( 5o9le 2$$2U)
.etho( 1) g = g -A(1 -cos((s
2
-s
1
)))
.etho( 2) g = g -2A|sin((s
2
-s
1
)2)|
.etho( %) C(efa-ltD g = g -Acos(s
2
) +Acos(s
1
)
,here g i& a gap f-nction for contact &-rface, g i& gap f-nction for the Hoint &-rface. A i& 7ey ampli#
t-(e parameter, an( i& 7ey fre;-ency parameter. s
1
an( s
2
are referential &-rface&)
s
1
= X
su]ucc1
- T
kc
s
2
= X
su]ucc2
- T
kc
T
kc
= T
sIdc
n

,here T
sIdc
i& the free &li(ing (irection of the 7ey&, n i& the &-rface normal in reference.
Car( ! 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le .TC: 2LPJ2 B=T2 TSML TSM4 TSMK
Type B + + + + +
3efa-lt $ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$

.TC:
The metho( option for the gap f-nction, g
2LPJ2
Aey amplit-(e parameter 2
B=T2
Aey fre;-ency parameter B
TSML
L component of the free &li(ing (irection T
sIdc

TSM4
4 component of the free &li(ing (irection T
sIdc

TSMK
K component of the free &li(ing (irection T
sIdc

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LS-DYNA R7.0 11#!1 CCO5T2CTD
This Card is mandatory for the THERMAL option, i.e.:
Reminder: Bf Car( ! i& re;-ire(, then it m-&t go 9efore thi& thermal car(. CCar( ! i& re#
;-ire( for certain contact type& # &ee earlier in thi& &ection for the li&t, later in thi& &ection for
(etail& of Car( !.D
`CONTACT_..._THERMAL_.....
Thermal
Car(l 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le A +'23 J$ L.B5 L.2L CJL. BCO+L> 2L>O
Type + + + + + + B B
3efa-lt none none none none none 1.$ $ $

A
Thermal con(-ctivity of fl-i( 9etween the contact &-rface&. Bf a gap with a
thic7ne&& l
gup
exi&t& 9etween the contact &-rface&, then the con(-ctance
(-e to thermal con(-ctivity 9etween the contact &-rface& i&
b
cond
=

l
gup

5ote that LS# 3452 calc-late& l
gup
9a&e( on (eformation
+'23
'a(iation factor 9etween the contact &-rface&.
ud
=
o
1
e
1
+
1
e
2
-1

,here) o] Stefan BoltIman con&tant
e
1
] emi&&ivity of ma&ter &-rface
e
2
] emi&&ivity of &lave &-rface
LS#3452 calc-late& a ra(iant heat tran&fer con(-ctance
b
ud
=
ud
(I
m
+I
s
)(I
m
2
+I
s
2
)
J$
Jeat tran&fer con(-ctance for clo&e( gap&. 8&e thi& heat tran&fer con(-ct#
ance for gap& in the range
u l
gup
l
mIn

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L.B5
.inim-m gap Cl
mIn
D, -&e the heat tran&fer con(-ctance (efine( CJ$D for
gap thic7ne&&e& le&& than thi& val-e.
Bf l
min
< u then a9&Cl
mIn
D i& a loa( c-rve n-m9er (efining l
mIn
v&. time.
L.2L
5o thermal contact if gap i& greater than thi& val-e Cl
max
D.
CJL.
B& a m-ltiplier -&e( on the element characteri&tic (i&tance for the &earch
ro-tine. The characteri&tic length i& the large&t interface &-rface element
(iagonal.
=S.$) 3efa-lt &et to 1.$
BCO+L2>
Thermal 9o-n(ary con(ition flag
=S.$) thermal 9o-n(ary con(ition& are on when part& are in contact
=S.1) thermal 9o-n(ary con(ition& are off when part& are in contact
2L>O
Contact algorithm type.
=S.$) two way contact, 9oth &-rface& change temperat-re (-e to contact
=S.1) one way contact, ma&ter &-rface (oe& not change temperat-re (-e
to contact. Slave &-rface (oe& change temperat-re.
gup
9a&e( on (eformation
Remarks:
Bn &-mmary)
b = b
0

if the gap thic7ne&& i& u l
gup
l
mIn

b = b
cond
+b
ud

if the gap thic7ne&& i& l
mIn
l
gup
l
max

b = u if the gap thic7ne&& i& l
gup
> l
max

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LS-DYNA R7.0 11#!% CCO5T2CTD
`CONTACT_._THERMAL_FRICTION_.
Thi& car( i& re;-ire( if the +'BCTBO5 &-ffix i& a((e( to TJ='.2L. The 9lan7 Cor wor7 pieceD
m-&t 9e (efine( a& the &lave &-rface in a metal forming mo(el.
P-rpo&e)
1. 8&e( to (efine the mechanical &tatic an( (ynamic friction coefficient& a& a f-nction of tem#
perat-re.
2. 8&e( to (efine the thermal contact con(-ctance a& a f-nction of temperat-re an( pre&&-re.
Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le LC+ST LC+3T +O'.8L2 a 9 c ( LCJ
3efa-lt $ $ $ $ $. $ $ $
Optional Card (Required if FORMULA is a negative number, use as many cards as necessary
to define -FORMULA variables)
Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 8C1 8C2 8C% 8C! 8C" 8C0 8C7 8C/
Type + + + + + + + +
3efa-lt $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$

LC+ST
Loa( c-rve n-m9er for &tatic coefficient of friction a& a f-nction of temper#
at-re. The loa( c-rve val-e m-ltiplie& the coefficient val-e +S.
LC+3T
Loa( c-rve n-m9er for (ynamic coefficient of friction a& a f-nction of
temperat-re. The loa( c-rve val-e m-ltiplie& the coefficient val-e +3.
+O'.8L2
+orm-la that (efine& the contact heat con(-ctance a& a f-nction of tempera#
t-re an( pre&&-re.
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11#!! CCO5T2CTD LS-DYNA R7.0
a
Loa( c-rve n-m9er for the XaY coefficient -&e( in the form-la.
9
Loa( c-rve n-m9er for the X9Y coefficient -&e( in the form-la.
c
Loa( c-rve n-m9er for the XcY coefficient -&e( in the form-la.
(
Loa( c-rve n-m9er for the X(Y coefficient -&e( in the form-la.
LCJ
Loa( c-rve n-m9er for h. Bf thi& i& (efine(, it will ta7e prece(ence over any
other (efintion&.
>T.nlc-r) general f-nctionCtime,temp,pre&&-re,gapD
Remarks:
+O'.8L2 ] 1 b(P) i& (efine( 9y loa( c-rve XaY
XaY (efine& a loa( c-rve for the contact con(-ctance a& a f-nction of interface
pre&&-re.
+O'.8L2 ] 2 b(P) = o + bP + cP
2
+ JP
3

2ltho-gh (efine( 9y loa( c-rve&, the coefficient& a, 9, c, an( ( are typically
con&tant& for -&e in thi& form-la. The loa( c-rve& are f-nction& of tempera#
t-re.
+O'.8L2 ] % b(P) =
k
gcs
x
_1. +8S
P
c
0.8
_ =
u
b
_1. +8S
P
c
0.8
_
The a9ove form-la i& from TShvet& an( 3y9an 10!U.
XaY (efine& a loa( c-rve for the thermal con(-ctivity (k
gus
) of the ga& in the
gap a& a f-nction of temperat-re.
X9Y (efine& a loa( c-rve for the parameter gro-ping F!. Therefore, thi&
loa( c-rve &ho-l( 9e &et to a con&tant val-e. i& the &-rface ro-ghne&&.
XcY (efine& a &tre&& metric for (eformation Ce.g., yiel(D a& a f-nction of tem#
perat-re.
+O'.8L2 ] ! b(P) = o j1 -exp -b
P
c
[
d

The a9ove form-la i& from TLi an( Sellar& 10U.
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LS-DYNA R7.0 11#!" CCO5T2CTD
XaY (efine& a loa( c-rve a& a f-nction of temperat-re.
X9Y (efine& a loa( c-rve a& a f-nction of temperat-re.
XcY (efine& a &tre&& metric for (eformation Ce.g., yiel(D a& a f-nction of tem#
perat-re.
X(Y (efine& a loa( c-rve a& a f-nction of temperat-re.
+O'.8L2 ] " b(gop) i& (efine( 9y loa( c-rve XaY
XaY (efine& a loa( c-rve for the contact con(-ctance a& a f-nction of the in#
terface gap.
+O'.8L2?$ Thi& i& e;-ivalent to (efining the 7eywor( N8S='OB5T='+2C=
OCO538CTBMBT4 an( the -&er &-9ro-tine 8<7C6o0 will 9e calle( for thi&
contact interface for (efining the contact heat tran&fer coefficient.
`CONTACT_._ORTHO_FRICTION_.
The following 4 cards are required if the option, ORTHO_FRICTION is specified.
Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le +S1OS +31OS 3C1OS MC1OS LC1OS O2CSOS LC+S LCPS
Type + + + + + B B B
3efa-lt $. $. $. $. $. $ $ $

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le +S2OS +32OS 3C2OS MC2OS LC2OS
Type + + + + +
3efa-lt $. $. $. $. $.

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11#!0 CCO5T2CTD LS-DYNA R7.0
Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le +S1O. +31O. 3C1O. MC1O. LC1O. O2CSO. LC+. LCP.
Type + + + + + B B B
3efa-lt $. $. $. $. $. $ $ $

Car( ! 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le +S2O. +32O. 3C2O. MC2O. LC2O.
Type + + + + +
3efa-lt $. $. $. $. $.

+SnOS or .
Static coefficient of friction in the local n orthotropic (irection for the &lave
CSD or ma&ter C.D &-rface. The frictional coefficient i& a&&-me( to 9e (e#
pen(ent on the relative velocity +
re.
c
= F +
(FS -F)c
-C|
rcl
|
where the (irection an( &-rface are left off for clarity.
The O'TJOO+'BCTBO5 option applie& to contact type&)
when they are (efine( 9y &egment &et&. CSee N3=+B5=O+'BCTBO5
OO'B=5T2TBO5 for remar7& regar(ing -&e of NCO5T2CTO+O'.B5>
OO5=O,24OS8'+2C=OTOOS8'+2C=OO'TJOO+'BCTBO5.D =ach
&egment in the &et re;-ire& the &pecification of an off&et angle in (egree&
from the 1#2 &i(e which locate& the 1 (irection. The off&et angle i& inp-t a&
the fir&t attri9-te of the &egment in NS=TOS=>.=5T. The tran&ver&e (i#
rection, 2, i& in the plane of the &egment an( i& perpen(ic-lar to the 1 (irec#
tion.
+3nOS or .
3ynamic coefficient of friction in the local n orthotropic (irection.
3CnOS or .
=xponential (ecay coefficient for the local n (irection.
MCnOS or .
Coefficient for vi&co-& friction in the local n (irection. See the (e&cription
for MC for man(atory Car( 2 a9ove.
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LS-DYNA R7.0 11#!7 CCO5T2CTD
LCnOS or .
The ta9le B3 of a two (imen&ional ta9le, &ee N3=+B5=OT2BL= or
N3=+B5=OT2BL=O23, giving the friction coefficient in the local n (irec#
tion a& a f-nction of the relative velocity an( interface pre&&-re. Bn thi&
ca&e, each c-rve in the ta9le (efinition (efine& the coefficient of friction
ver&-& the interface pre&&-re corre&pon(ing to a partic-lar val-e of the rela#
tive velocity.
O2CSOS or .
Bf the (efa-lt val-e, $, i& active, the frictional force& acting on a no(e &li(#
ing on a &egment are 9a&e( on the local (irection& of the &egment. Bf O2CS
i& &et to -nity, 1, the frictional force& acting on a no(e &li(ing on a &egment
are 9a&e( on the local (irection& of the &li(ing no(e.
LC+S or .
Optional loa( c-rve that give& the coefficient of friction a& a f-nction of the
(irection of relative motion, a& mea&-re( in (egree& from the fir&t ortho#
tropic (irection. Bf thi& loa( c-rve i& &pecifie(, the other parameter& C+S,
+3, 3C, MC, LCD are ignore(. Thi& i& c-rrently only &-pporte( in the .PP
ver&ion.
LCPS or .
Optional loa( c-rve that give& a &cale factor for the friction coefficient a& a
f-nction of interface pre&&-re. Thi& i& only -&e( if LC+S Cor .D i& (efine(.
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11#!/ CCO5T2CTD LS-DYNA R7.0
Optional Card A
Reminder: Bf Car( ! i& re;-ire(, then it m-&t go 9efore thi& optional car(. CCar( ! i& re#
;-ire( for certain contact type& # &ee earlier in thi& &ection for the li&t, later in thi& &ection for
(etail& of Car( !.D
Optional
Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le SO+T SO+SCL LCB32B .2LP2' SBOPT 3=PTJ BSO'T +'C+'S
Type B + B + + B B B
3efa-lt $ .1 $ 1.$2". $. 2 1$#1$$ 1
'emar7& type a1%

SO+T
Soft con&traint option)
=S.$) penalty form-lation,
=S.1) &oft con&traint form-lation,
=S.2) &egment#9a&e( contact.
=S.!) con&traint approach for +O'.B5> contact option.
The &oft con&traint may 9e nece&&ary if the material con&tant& of the ele#
ment& which ma7e -p the &-rface& in contact have a wi(e variation in the
ela&tic 9-l7 mo(-li. Bn the &oft con&traint option, the interface &tiffne&& i&
9a&e( on the no(al ma&& an( the glo9al time &tep &iIe. Thi& metho( of
comp-ting the interface &tiffne&& will typically give m-ch higher &tiffne&&
val-e than wo-l( 9e o9taine( 9y -&ing the 9-l7 mo(-l-&E therefore, thi&
metho( the preferre( approach when &oft foam material& interact with met#
al&. See the remar7 9elow for the &egment#9a&e( penalty form-lation.
SO+SCL
Scale factor for con&traint force& of &oft con&traint option C(efa-lt].1$D.
Mal-e& greater than ." for &ingle &-rface contact an( 1.$ for a one#way
treatment are ina(mi&&i9le.
LCB32B
Loa( c-rve B3 (efining air9ag thic7ne&& a& a f-nction of time for type a1%
contact CNCO5T2CTO2B'B2>OSB5>L=OS8'+2C=D.
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LS-DYNA R7.0 11#! CCO5T2CTD
.2LP2'
.axim-m parametric coor(inate in &egment &earch Cval-e& 1.$2" an(
1.2$ recommen(e(D. Larger val-e& can increa&e co&t. Bf Iero, the (efa-lt i&
&et to 1.$2" for mo&t contact option&. Other (efa-lt& are)
=S.1.$$0) SPOT,=L3,
=S.1.$$0) TB=3OSJ=LLO...OCO5ST'2B5=3OO++S=T,
=S.1.$$0) TB=3OSJ=LLO...OO++S=T,
=S.1.$$0) TB=3OSJ=LLO...O)B=2.OO++S=T,
=S.1.1$$) 28TO.2TBCO>=5='2L
Thi& factor allow& an increa&e in the &iIe of the &egment& which may 9e
-&ef-l at &harp corner&. +or the SPOT,=L3 an( ...OO++S=T option&
larger val-e& can &ometime& lea( to n-merical in&ta9ilitie&E however, a
larger val-e i& &ometime& nece&&ary to en&-re that all no(e& of intere&t are
tie(.
SBOPT
Segment#9a&e( contact option& CSO+T]2D.
=S.$) (efa-lt& to 2.
=S.1) pin9all e(ge#e(ge contact Cnot recommen(e(D
=S.2) a&&-me planer &egment& C(efa-ltD
=S.%) warpe( &egment chec7ing
=S.!) &li(ing option
=S.") (o option& % an( !
3=PTJ
Search (epth in a-tomatic contact. Mal-e of 1 i& &-fficiently acc-rate for
mo&t cra&h application& an( i& m-ch le&& expen&ive. LS#3452 for im#
prove( acc-racy &et& thi& val-e to 2. Bf Iero, the (efa-lt i& &et to 2.
LT.$) i3=PTJi i& the loa( c-rve B3 (efining &earching (epth ver&-&
time. Cnot availa9le when SO+T]2D
See remar7& 9elow for &egment#9a&e( contact CSO+T]2D
option& controlle( 9y 3=PTJ.
BSO'T
5-m9er of cycle& 9etween 9-c7et &ort&. Mal-e& of 2" an( 1$$ are recom#
men(e( for contact type& ! an( 1% CSB5>L=OS8'+2C=D, re&pectively.
Mal-e& of 1$#1" are o7ay for the &-rface to &-rface an( no(e to &-rface con#
tact. Bf Iero, LS#3452 (etermine& the interval.
LT.$) iBSO'Ti loa( c-rve B3 (efining 9-c7et &orting fre;-ency ver&-&
time.
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11#"$ CCO5T2CTD LS-DYNA R7.0
+'C+'S
5-m9er of cycle& 9etween contact force -p(ate& for penalty contact form-#
lation&. Thi& option can provi(e a &ignificant &pee(#-p of the contact
treatment. Bf -&e(, val-e& excee(ing % or ! are (angero-&. Con&i(era9le
care m-&t 9e exerci&e( when -&ing thi& option, a& thi& option a&&-me& that
contact (oe& not change +'C+'> cycle&.
=S.$) +'C+'> i& &et to 1 an( force calc-lation& are performe( each cy#
cle#&trongly recommen(e(.
Remarks:
Setting SO+T]1 or 2 on optional contact car( 2 will ca-&e the contact &tiffne&& to 9e (etermine(
9a&e( on &ta9ility con&i(eration&, ta7ing into acco-nt the time &tep an( no(al ma&&e&. Thi& approach
i& generally more effective for contact 9etween material& of (i&&imilar &tiffne&& or (i&&imilar me&h
(en&itie&.
SO+T]2 i& for general &hell an( &oli( element contact. Thi& option i& availa9le for all S8'+2C=
OTOOS8'+2C=, O5=O,24OS8'+2C=OTOOS8'+2C=, an( SB5>L=OS8'+2C= option& in#
cl-(ing ero(ing an( air9ag contact. ,hen the 28TO.2TBC option i& -&e(, orientation of &hell
&egment normal& i& a-tomatic. ,hen the 28TO.2TBC option i& not -&e(, the &egment or element
orientation& are -&e( a& inp-t. The &egment#9a&e( penalty form-lation contact algorithm chec7& for
&egment& v&. &egment penetration rather than no(e v&. &egment. 2fter penetrating &egment& are
fo-n(, an a-tomatic H-(gment i& ma(e a& to which i& the ma&ter &egment, an( penalty force& are ap#
plie( normal to that &egment. The -&er may overri(e thi& a-tomatic H-(gment 9y -&ing the O5=
O,24 option& in which ca&e the ma&ter &egment normal& are -&e( a& inp-t 9y the -&er. 2ll parame#
ter& on the fir&t three car(& are active except for MC, an( MS+. On optional car( 2, &ome parameter&
have (ifferent meaning& than they (o for the (efa-lt contact.
+or SO+T]2, the SBOPT parameter on optional car( 2 control& &everal option&. The pin9all e(ge#
to#e(ge chec7ing i& not recommen(e( an( i& incl-(e( only for 9ac7 compati9ility. +or e(ge#to#e(ge
chec7ing &etting 3=PTJ]" i& recommen(e( in&tea( C&ee 9elowD. The warpe( &egment option more
acc-rately chec7& for penetration of warpe( &-rface&. The &li(ing option -&e& neigh9or &egment in#
formation to improve &li(ing 9ehavior. Bt i& primarily -&ef-l for preventing &egment& from incorrect#
ly catching no(e& on a &li(ing &-rface.
+or SO+T]2, the 3=PTJ parameter control& &everal a((itional option& for &egment 9a&e( contact.
,hen 3=PTJ]2 C(efa-ltD, &-rface penetration& mea&-re( at no(e& are chec7e(. ,hen 3=PTJ]%,
&-rface penetration may al&o 9e mea&-re( at the e(ge. Thi& option i& more acc-rate that 3=PTJ]2,
an( i& goo( for a wi(e variety of &im-lation&, 9-t (oe& not chec7 for e(ge#to#e(ge penetration.
,hen 3=PTJ]", 9oth &-rface penetration& an( e(ge#to#e(ge penetration i& chec7e(. ,hen
3=PTJ]1%, the penetration chec7ing i& the &ame a& for 3=PTJ]%, 9-t the co(e ha& 9een t-ne( to
9etter con&erve energy. ,hen 3=PTJ]2%, the penetration chec7ing i& &imilar to 3=PTJ]%, 9-t a
new algorithm i& -&e( to try to improve ro9-&tne&&. The air9ag contact ha& two a((itional option&,
3=PTJ]1 an( !. 3=PTJ]! activate& a((itional air9ag logic that -&e& neigh9or &egment infor#
mation when H-(ging if contact i& 9etween interior or exterior air9ag &-rface&. Thi& option i& not
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LS-DYNA R7.0 11#"1 CCO5T2CTD
recommen(e( an( i& maintaine( only for 9ac7war( compati9ility. Setting 3=PTJ]1 &-ppre&&e& all
air9ag logic.
+or SO+T]2 contact, only the BS4., B23%3, SL3TJA, an( SL3ST+ parameter& are active on op#
tional car( B. 2l&o, the negative .2LP2' option i& now incorporate( into the 3TSTB+ option on
optional car( C. 3ata that -&e& the negative .2LP2' option will contin-e r-n correctly.
Optional Card B
Reminder: Bf Optional Car( B i& -&e(, then Optional Car( 2 m-&t 9e (efine(. COptional
Car( 2 may 9e a 9lan7 lineD.
Optional
Car( B 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le P=5.2L TJAOPT SJLTJA S5LO> BS4. B23%3 SL3TJA SL3ST+
Type + B B B B B + +
3efa-lt $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $
'emar7&
Ol( type&
%, ", 1$
Ol( type&
%, ", 1$

P=5.2L
.axim-m penetration (i&tance for ol( type %, ", /, , an( 1$ contact or the
&egment thic7ne&& m-ltiplie( 9y P=5.2L (efine& the maxim-m penetra#
tion allowe( Ca& a m-ltiple of the &egment thic7ne&&D for contact type& a %,
a ", a1$, 1%, 1", an( 20. C&ee (i&c-&&ion at en( of &ection, incl-(ing Ta9le
11.1D)
=S.$.$) for ol( type contact& %, ", an( 1$) 8&e &mall penetration &earch
an( val-e calc-late( from thic7ne&& an( LP=5=, &ee
NCO5T'OLOCO5T2CT.
=S.$.$) for contact type& a %, a ", a1$, 1%, an( 1") 3efa-lt i& $.!, or !$
percent of the &egment thic7ne&&
=S.$.$) for contact type20) 3efa-lt i& 2$$.$ time& the &egment
thic7ne&&
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11#"2 CCO5T2CTD LS-DYNA R7.0
TJAOPT
Thic7ne&& option for contact type& %, ", an( 1$)
=S.$) (efa-lt i& ta7en from control car(, NCO5T'OLOCO5T2CT,
=S.1) thic7ne&& off&et& are incl-(e(,
=S.2) thic7ne&& off&et& are not incl-(e( Col( wayD.
SJLTJA
3efine if an( only if TJAOPT a9ove e;-al& 1. Shell thic7ne&& con&i(ere(
in type &-rface to &-rface an( no(e to &-rface type contact option&, where
option& 1 an( 2 9elow activate the new contact algorithm&. The thic7ne&&
off&et& are alway& incl-(e( in &ingle &-rface an( con&traint metho( contact
type&)
=S.$) thic7ne&& i& not con&i(ere(,
=S.1) thic7ne&& i& con&i(ere( 9-t rigi( 9o(ie& are excl-(e(,
=S.2) thic7ne&& i& con&i(ere( incl-(ing rigi( 9o(ie&.
S5LO>
3i&a9le &hooting no(e logic in thic7ne&& off&et contact. ,ith the &hooting
no(e logic ena9le(, the fir&t cycle that a &lave no(e penetrate& a ma&ter
&egment, that no(e i& move( 9ac7 to the ma&ter &-rface witho-t applying
any contact force.
=S.$) logic i& ena9le( C(efa-ltD,
=S.1) logic i& &7ippe( C&ometime& recommen(e( for metalforming cal#
c-lation& or for contact involving foam material&D.
BS4.
Symmetry plane option)
=S.$) off,
mo(el with &ymmetry. +or theO='O3B5>Ocontact& thi& option may al&o
9e (efine( on car( !.
B23%3
Segment &earching option)
=S.$) &earch 23 element& C&hell&D 9efore %3 element& C&oli(&, thic7
&hell&D when locating &egment&.
=S.1) &earch %3 C&oli(&, thic7 &hell&D element& 9efore 23 element&
C&hell&D when locating &egment&.
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LS-DYNA R7.0 11#"% CCO5T2CTD
SL3TJA
Optional &oli( element thic7ne&&. 2 nonIero po&itive val-e will activate
the contact thic7ne&& off&et& in the contact algorithm& where off&et& apply.
The contact treatment will then 9e e;-ivalent to the ca&e where n-ll &hell
element& are -&e( to cover the 9ric7 element&. The contact &tiffne&& pa#
rameter 9elow, SL3ST+, may al&o 9e -&e( to overri(e the (efa-lt val-e.
SL3ST+
Optional &oli( element &tiffne&&. 2 nonIero po&itive val-e overri(e& the
9-l7 mo(-l-& ta7en from the material mo(el reference( 9y the &oli( ele#
ment.
Optional Card C
Reminder: Bf Optional Car( C i& -&e(, then Optional Car(& 2 an( B m-&t 9e (efine(. COp#
tional Car(& 2 an( B may 9e 9lan7 line&D.
Optional
Car( C 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le B>2P B>5O'= 3P'+2CF.P2'1 3TSTB+F.P2'2 +L25>L CB3O'C+
Type B B + + + B
3efa-lt 1 $ $ $ $ $
'emar7& % 1 2

B>2P
+or mortar contact B>2P i& -&e( to progre&&ively increa&e contact &tiffne&&
for large penetration&, &ee remar7& on mortar contact 9elow.
+or other contact& it i& a flag to improve implicit convergence 9ehavior at
the expen&e of C1D creating &ome &tic7ing if part& attempt to &eparate an(
C2D po&&i9ly -n(erreporting the contact force magnit-(e in the o-tp-t file&
'C+O'C an( 5C+O'C. CB.PLBCBT O5L4.D.
LT.$) Set B>2P]1 an( &et the (i&tance for t-rning on the &tiffne&& to
CB>2PF1$D time& the original (i&tance.
=S.1) 2pply metho( to improve convergence C3=+28LTD
=S.2) 3o not apply metho(
>T.2) Set B>2P]1 for fir&t B>2P#2 cycle&, then &et B>2P]2
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B>5O'=
Bgnore initial penetration& in the NCO5T2CTO28TO.2TBC option&.
=S.$) Ta7e the (efa-lt val-e from the fo-rth car( of the CO5T'OL
OCO5T2CT inp-t.
=S.1) 2llow initial penetration& to exi&t 9y trac7ing the initial penetra#
tion&.
=S.2) 2llow initial penetration& to exi&t 9y trac7ing the initial penetra#
tion&. Jowever, penetration warning me&&age& are printe( with
the original coor(inate& an( the recommen(e( coor(inate& of
each &lave no(e given.
=S.%) 2pplie& only to the .ortar contact. ,ith thi& option initial pene#
tration& are eliminate( 9etween time Iero an( the time &pecifie(
9y .P2'1. Bnten(e( for &mall initial penetration&. See remar7&
on .ortar contact.
=S.!) 2pplie& only to the .ortar contact. ,ith thi& option initial pene#
tration& are eliminate( 9etween time Iero an( the time &pecifie(
9y .P2'1. Bn a((ition a maxim-m penetration (i&tance can 9e
given a& .P2'2, inten(e( for large initial penetration&. See re#
mar7& on .ortar contact.
3P'+2CF.P2'1
2pplie& to the SO+T]2 an( .ortar contact&.
3epth of penetration re(-ction factor for SO+T]2 contact.
=S.$.$) Bnitial penetration& are alway& ignore(.
>T.$.$) Bnitial penetration& are penaliIe( over time.
L=.1.$) i3P'+2Ci i& the loa( c-rve B3 (efining 3P'+2C ver&-& time.
+or the mortar contact .P2'1 corre&pon(& to initial contact pre&&-re
in interface& with initial penetration& if B>5O'=]2, for B>5O'=]%,!
it corre&pon(& to the time of clo&-re of initial penetration&. See re#
mar7& 9elow.
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LS-DYNA R7.0 11#"" CCO5T2CTD
3TSTB+F.P2'2
2pplie& to the SO+T]1 an( SO+T]2 an( .ortar contact&.
Time &tep -&e( in &tiffne&& calc-lation for SO+T]1 an( SO+T]2 contact.
=S.$.$) 8&e the initial val-e that i& -&e( for time inte#
gration.
>T.$.$) 8&e the val-e &pecifie(.
LT.#$.$1 an( >T.#1.$) -&e a moving average of the &ol-tion time &tep.
CSO+T]2 onlyD
L=.#1.$) i3TSTB+i i& the B3 of a c-rve that (efine&
3TSTB+ v&. time.
+or the mortar contact an( B>5O'=]!, .P2'2 corre&pon(& a penetration
(epth that m-&t 9e at lea&t the penetration occ-rring in the contact inter#
face. See remar7& 9elow.
+L25>L
2ngle tolerance in ra(ian& for feat-re line& option in &mooth contact.
=S.$.$) 5o feat-re line i& con&i(ere( for &-rface fitting in &mooth con#
tact.
>T.$.$) 2ny e(ge with angle 9etween two contact &egment& 9igger
than thi& angle will 9e treate( a& feat-re line (-ring &-rface fit#
ting in &mooth contact.
CB3O'C+
Coor(inate &y&tem B3 to o-tp-t 'C+O'C force re&-ltant& in a local &y&#
tem.
Remarks:
1. 3P'+2CF.P2'1 i& -&e( only 9y &egment 9a&e( contact CSO+T]2D an( .ortar Contact C&ee
general remar7& 9elow for the latter optionD. By (efa-lt, SO+T]2 contact mea&-re& the ini#
tial penetration 9etween &egment pair& that are fo-n( to 9e in contact an( &-9tract& the mea&#
-re( val-e from the total penetration for a& long a& a pair of &egment& remain& in contact.
The penalty force i& proportional to thi& mo(ifie( val-e. Thi& approach prevent& &hooting
no(e&, 9-t may allow -naccepta9le penetration. 3P'+2C can 9e -&e( to (ecrea&e the mea&#
-re( val-e over time -ntil the f-ll penetration i& penaliIe(. Setting 3P'+2C]$.$1 will
ca-&e m1b re(-ction in the mea&-re( val-e each cycle. The maxim-m allowa9le val-e for
3P'+2C i& $.1. 2 &mall val-e &-ch a& $.$$1 i& recommen(e(. 3P'+2C (oe& not apply to
initial penetration& at the &tart of the calc-lation, only tho&e that are mea&-re( at later time&.
Thi& prevent& nonphy&ical movement an( energy growth at the &tart of the calc-lation.
The anticipate( -&e for the loa( c-rve option i& to allow the initial penetration& to 9e re(-ce(
at the en( of a calc-lation if the final geometry i& to 9e -&e( for a &-9&e;-ent analy&i&. To
achieve thi&, loa( c-rve &ho-l( have a y#val-e of Iero -ntil a time near the en( of the analy#
&i& an( then ramp -p to a po&itive val-e &-ch a& $.$1 near the en( of the analy&i&.
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2. 3TSTB+F.P2'2 i& -&e( only 9y the SO+T]1 an( SO+T]2 contact option& an( the .ortar
contact Cfor the latter, &ee remar7& on .ortar contactD. By (efa-lt when the SO+T option i&
active, the contact -&e& the initial &ol-tion time &tep to &cale the contact &tiffne&&. Bf the -&er
&et& 3TSB++ to a nonIero val-e, the inp-tte( val-e will 9e -&e(. Beca-&e the &;-are of the
time &tep appear& in the (enominator of the &tiffne&& calc-lation, a 3TSB++ val-e larger than
the initial &ol-tion time &tep re(-ce& the contact &tiffne&& an( a &maller val-e increa&e& the
&tiffne&&. Thi& option co-l( 9e -&e( when one component of a larger mo(el ha& 9een ana#
lyIe( in(epen(ently an( vali(ate(. ,hen the component i& in&erte( into the larger mo(el,
the larger mo(el may r-n at a &maller time &tep (-e to higher me&h fre;-encie&. Bn the f-ll
mo(el analy&i&, &etting 3TSTB+ e;-al to the component analy&i& time &tep for the contact in#
terface that treat& the component will ca-&e con&i&tent contact &tiffne&& 9etween the analy&e&.
The loa( c-rve option allow& contact &tiffne&& to 9e a f-nction of time.. Thi& &ho-l( 9e (one
with care a& energy will not 9e con&erve(. 2 &pecial ca&e of the loa( c-rve option i& when
i3TSTB+i ] LCT. on NCO5T'OLOCO5T2CT. LCT. &et& an -pper 9o-n( on the &ol-#
tion time &tep. +or i3TSTB+i ] LCT., the contact &tiffne&& time &tep val-e will trac7 LCT.
whenever the LCT. val-e i& le&& than the initial &ol-tion time &tep. Bf the LCT. val-e i&
greater, the initial &ol-tion time &tep i& -&e(. Thi& option co-l( 9e -&e( to &tiffen the contact
at the en( of an analy&i&. To achieve thi&, the LCT. c-rve &ho-l( 9e (efine( &-ch that it i&
larger than the &ol-tion time &tep -ntil near the en( of the analy&i&. Then the LCT. c-rve
&ho-l( ramp (own 9elow the &ol-tion time &tep ca-&ing it to (ecrea&e an( the contact to
&tiffen. 2 loa( c-rve val-e of $.1 of the calc-late( &ol-tion time &tep will ca-&e penetration&
to re(-ce 9y a9o-t b. To prevent &hooting no(e&, the rate at which the contact &tiffne&&
increa&e& i& a-tomatically limite(. Therefore, to achieve b re(-ction, the &ol-tion &ho-l(
9e r-n for perhap& 1$$$ cycle& with a &mall time &tep.
+or &egment 9a&e( contact CSO+T]2D, &etting 3TSTB+ le&& than or e;-al to #$.$1 an( greater
than #1.$, ca-&e& the contact &tiffne&& to 9e -p(ate( 9a&e( on the c-rrent &ol-tion time &tep.
Marying the contact &tiffne&& (-ring a &im-lation can ca-&e energy growth &o thi& option
&ho-l( 9e -&e( with care when extra &tiffne&& i& nee(e( to prevent penetration an( the &ol-#
tion time &tep ha& (roppe( from the initial. Beca-&e ;-ic7 change& in contact &tiffne&& can
ca-&e &hooting no(e&, -&ing a moving average of the &ol-tion time &tep can prevent thi&. The
val-e of 3TSTB+ (etermine& the n-m9er of term& in the moving average where n]1$$NC#
3TSTB+D &-ch that n]1 for 3TSTB+]#$.$1 an( n]1$$ for 3TSTB+]#$.. Setting
3TSTB+]#1.$ trigger& the loa( c-rve option (e&cri9e( in the previo-& paragraph, &o 3TSB+
cannot 9e &maller than #$. for thi& option.
%. ,hen SO+T]2 on Optional Car( 2 of NCO5T2CT, treatment of initial penetration& i& al#
way& li7e B>5O'=]1 in that initial penetration& are ignore( when calc-lating penalty force&.
Bf SO+T]2 an( B>5O'=]2, then a report of initial penetration& will 9e written to the me&&ag
fileC&D in the fir&t cycle.

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LS-DYNA R7.0 11#"7 CCO5T2CTD
Optional Card D
Reminder: Bf Optional Car( 3 i& -&e(, then Optional Car(& 2, B an( C m-&t 9e (efine(.
COptional Car(& 2, B an( C may 9e 9lan7 line&D.
Optional
Car( 3 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le S2T'B 3TPCJA S+5B' +5LSCL 35LSCL TCSO TB=3B3 SJL=3>
Type B + + + + B B B
3efa-lt $ $ $ $ $ $ $
'emar7& 1 2 % " " !

S2T'B
Option to &plit ;-a(rilateral contact &egment& into two triangle& Conly avail#
a9le when SO+T]2D.
=S.$) Off C(efa-ltD.
=S.1) On for all &lave &hell &egment&.
=S.2) On for all ma&ter &hell &egment&.
=S.%) On for all &hell &egment&.
=S.!) On for all &hell &egment& of material type %!.
3TPCJA
Time interval 9etween &hell penetration report& Conly availa9le for &egment
9a&e( contactD
=S.$.$) Off C(efa-ltD.
>T.$.$) Chec7 an( report &egment penetration& at time interval& e;-al to
3TPCJA
S+5B'
Scale factor for neigh9or &egment contact Conly availa9le for &egment 9a&e(
contactD
=S.$.$) Off C(efa-ltD.
>T.$.$) Chec7 neigh9or &egment& for contact
+5LSCL
Scale factor for nonlinear force &caling.
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TCSO
Option to con&i(er only contact &egment& Cnot all attache( element&D when
comp-ting the contact thic7ne&& for a no(e or &egment Cfor S=>.=5TOTO
OS=>.=5T contact an( &hell element& onlyD
=S.1) Only con&i(er &egment& in the contact (efinition
35LSCL
3i&tance for nonlinear force &caling.
TB=3B3
Bncremental (i&placement -p(ate for tie( contact&. CSee remar7 ! 9elow.D
=S.1) On
SJL=3> +lag for a&&-ming e(ge &hape for &hell& when mea&-ring penetration. Thi& i&
availa9le for &egment 9a&e( contact C&ee SO+T on optional car( 2D
=S.$) (efa-lt to SJL=3> on NCO5T'OLOCO5T2CT
=S.1) Shell e(ge& are a&&-me( &;-are an( are fl-&h with the no(e&
=S.2) Shell e(ge& are a&&-me( ro-n( with ra(i-& e;-al to o &hell thic7#
ne&&
Remarks)
1 Setting S2T'B to a nonIero val-e ca-&e& ;-a(rilateral &hell &egment& to 9e &pilt into two
triangle&. The contact &egment& only are &plit. The element& are not change(. Thi& option
i& only availa9le for &egment 9a&e( contact which i& activate( 9y &etting SO+T]2.
2 Setting 3TPCJA to a po&itive val-e ca-&e& a penetration chec7 to 9e (one perio(ically
with the interval e;-al to 3TPCJA. The chec7 loo7& for &hell &egment& that are penetrat#
ing the mi(#plane of another &hell &egment. Bt (oe& not report on penetration of thic7ne&&
off&et&. The penetrating pair& are reporte( to the me&&ag file or file& for .PP. Bf at lea&t
one penetration i& fo-n(, the total n-m9er of pair& i& reporte( to the &creen o-tp-t. Thi& op#
tion i& only availa9le for &egment 9a&e( contact which i& activate( 9y &etting SO+T]2.
% Setting S+5B' to a po&itive val-e t-rn& on neigh9or &egment contact chec7ing in &egment
9a&e( contact. Thi& i& helpf-l when a me&h fol(& a& can happen with compre&&ion fol(ing
of an air9ag. Only &hell element &egment& are chec7e(.
! There have 9een &everal i&&-e& with tie( O++S=T contact& an( 28TO.2TBC
OTB=B'=2A contact& with off&et& creating n-merical ro-n(#off noi&e in &tationary part&.
By comp-ting the interface (i&placement& incrementally rather than -&ing total (i&place#
ment&, the ro-n(#off error& that occ-r in &ingle preci&ion are eliminate(. The incremental
approach i& availa9le for the following contact type&)
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28TO.2TBCOTB=B'=2A
". +5LSCL]- an( 35LSCL]d &cale the contact &tiffne&& nonlinearly to provi(e &moother ini#
tial contact an( a larger contact force a& the (epth of penetration excee(& 35LSCL. The
&tiffne&& > i& &cale( 9y the relation k = k . oJ where i& the (epth of penetration, ma7#
ing the penalty force proportional to the %F2 power of the penetration (epth. 2((ing a &mall
amo-nt of &-rface (amping Ce.g., M3C]1$D i& a(vi&e( with thi& option. ,hen SO+T]2 an(
+5LSCL i& le&& than Iero, an alternative &tiffne&& &caling &cheme i& -&e(,
k = k _
u.u1 A
o
J (J -o)
]
where (
o
i& the overlap area of &egment& in contact. +or greater than $.N(, the &tiffne&& i&
extrapolate( to prevent it from going to infinity.

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Optional Card E
Reminder: Bf Optional Car( = i& -&e(, then Optional Car(& 2, B, C an( 3 m-&t 9e (efine(.
COptional Car(& 2, B, C an( 3 may 9e 9lan7 line&D.
Optional
Car( = 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le SJ2'=C CP2'./ BPB2CA S'53=
Type B B B B
3efa-lt $ $ $ $
'emar7& 1 2 %

SJ2'=C
Share( con&traint flag Conly availa9le for &egment 9a&e( contactD
=S.$) Segment& that &hare con&traint& not chec7e( for contact.
=S.1) Segment& that &hare con&traint& are chec7e( for contact.
CP2'./
Thi& i& &imilar to CP2'./ in NCO5T2CTO...O.PP which i& applica9le
only to .PP. B-t here, for S.P, CP2'./ only control& treatment of &pot
wel( 9eam& in 28TO.2TBCO>=5='2L contact&.
=S.$) Spot wel( 9eam& are not con&i(ere(.
=S.2) Permit contact treatment of &pot wel( Ctype D 9eam& in 28TO#
.2TBCO>=5='2L contact&E &pot wel( 9eam& are otherwi&e (i&#
regar(e( entirely 9y 28TO.2TBCO>=5='2L contact&.
BPB2CA
Bf &et to a nonIero val-e, create& a X9ac7-pY penalty tie( contact for thi&
interface. Thi& option applie& to con&traine( tie( contact& only. See 'e#
mar7 2.
S'53=
Segment 'o-n(e( =(ge&)
=S.$) free e(ge& have their -&-al treatement
=S.1) free e(ge& are ro-n(e(, 9-t witho-t exten(ing them
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Remarks)
1 The SJ2'=C flag i& a &egment 9a&e( contact option that allow& contact chec7ing of &eg#
ment pair& that &hare a m-lti#point con&traint or rigi( 9o(y. Sharing a con&traint i& (efine(
a& having at lea&t one no(e of each &egment that 9elong& to the &ame con&traint.
2 The BPB2CA flag i& only applica9le to con&traint 9a&e( tie( contact& CTB=3 with no op#
tion&, or with CO5ST'2B5=3OO++S=TD. 2n i(entical penalty 9a&e( contact i& generat#
e( with type O++S=T, except in the ca&e of SJ=LLO=3>= con&traine( contact which
generate& a B=2.OO++S=T type. The B3 of the generate( interface will 9e &et to the B3
of the original interface pl-& 1 if that B3 i& availa9le, otherwi&e one more than the maxi#
m-m -&e( contact B3. +or no(e& &-cce&&f-lly tie( 9y the con&traint interface, the extra
penalty tying &ho-l( not ca-&e pro9lem&, 9-t no(e& (roppe( from the con&traint interface
(-e to rigi( 9o(y or other conflicting con&traint& will 9e han(le( 9y the penalty contact. Bn
.PP, no(e& &-cce&&f-lly tie( 9y the con&traint interface are &7ippe( (-ring the penalty
contact pha&e.
% The S'53= option c-rrently only applie& to SB5>L=OS8'+2C= contact, in .PP, with
&oft]$ or 1. +or thi& contact type, &hell e(ge& are 9y (efa-lt treate( 9y a((ing cylin(rical
cap& along the free e(ge&, with the ra(i-& of the cylin(er e;-al to half the thic7ne&& of the
&egment. Thi& ha& the &i(e effect of exten(ing the &egment at the free e(ge&, which can
ca-&e pro9lem&. T-rning on thi& option on Xro-n(& overY the Cthro-gh the thic7ne&&D cor#
ner& of the element in&tea( of exten(ing it. The e(ge& of the &egment are &till ro-n(e(, 9-t
the overall &iIe of the contact area i& not increa&e(. The effect i& a& if the free e(ge of the
&egment wa& move( in towar( the &egment 9y a (i&tance e;-al to half the &egment thic7#
ne&&, an( then the ol( cylin(rical treatment wa& performe(.
General Remarks on `CONTACT:
1. .o(eling air9ag interaction& with &tr-ct-re& an( occ-pant& -&ing the act-al fa9ric thic7ne&&,
which i& approximate $.%$ mm, may re&-lt in a contact 9rea7(own that lea(& to incon&i&tent
occ-pant 9ehavior 9etween (ifferent machine&. Ba&e( on o-r experience, -&ing a two#way
a-tomatic type contact (efinition, i.e., 28TO.2TBCOS8'+2C=OTOOS8'+2C=, 9etween
any air9ag to &tr-ct-reFocc-pant interaction an( &etting the air9ag fa9ric contact thic7ne&& to
at lea&t 1$ time& the act-al fa9ric thic7ne&& ha& helpe( improve( contact 9ehavior an( elimi#
nate& the machine incon&i&tencie&. 3-e to a large &tiffne&& (ifference 9etween the air9ag an(
the interacting material&, the &oft con&traint option CSO+T]1D or the &egment 9a&e( pin9all
option CSO+T]2D i& recommen(e(. Bt m-&t 9e note( that with the a9ove contact (efinition,
only the air9ag material& &ho-l( 9e incl-(e( in any N2B'B2>OSB5>L=OS8'+2C= (efini#
tion& to avoi( (-plicate contact treatment that can lea( to n-merical in&ta9ilitie&.
2. TB=3O5O3=SOTOOS8'+2C=
TB=3OSJ=LLO=3>=OTOOS8'+2C=
TB=3OSJ=LLO=3>=OTOOS8'+2C=OCO5ST'2B5=3OO++S=T
SPOT,=L3
SPOT,=L3O,BTJOTO'SBO5
TB=3OS8'+2C=OTOOS8'+2C=
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The&e contact (efinition& are 9a&e( on con&traint e;-ation& an( will not wor7 with rigi( 9o(#
ie&. Jowever, SPOT,=L3O,BTJOTO'SBO5OP=52LT4 (oe& wor7 with rigi( 9o(ie&
an( tie( interface& with the off&et option can 9e -&e( with rigi( 9o(ie&, i.e.,
TB=3OSJ=LLO=3>=OTOOS8'+2C=OO++S=T
TB=3OSJ=LLO=3>=OTOOS8'+2C=OB=2.OO++S=T
2l&o, it may &ometime& 9e a(vantageo-& to -&e the CO5ST'2B5=3O=LT'2O5O3=
OOPTION in&tea( for tying (eforma9le no(e& to rigi( 9o(ie& &ince in thi& latter ca&e the tie(
no(e& may 9e an ar9itrary (i&tance away from the rigi( 9o(y.
Tying will only wor7 if the &-rface& are near each other. The criteria -&e( to (etermine
whether a &lave no(e i& tie( (own i& that it m-&t 9e Xclo&eY. +or &hell element& Xclo&eY i& (e#
fine( a& (i&tance, o le&& than)
o
1
= u.6u - (tbickncss _slo:c _noJc +tbickncss _mostcr _scgmcnt)
o
2
= u.uS - min(mostcr _scgmcnt _Jiogonols)
o = max(o
1
o
2
)

Bf a no(e i& f-rther away it will not 9e tie( an( a warning me&&age will 9e printe(. +or &oli(
element& the &lave no(e thic7ne&& i& Iero an( the &egment thic7ne&& i& the element vol-me
(ivi(e( 9y the &egment areaE otherwi&e, the &ame proce(-re i& -&e(.
Bf there i& a large (ifference in element area& 9etween the ma&ter an( &lave &i(e, the (i&tance,
o
2
may 9e too large an( may ca-&e the -nexpecte( proHection of no(e& that &ho-l( not 9e
tie(. Thi& can occ-r (-ring calc-lation when a(aptive reme&hing i& -&e(. To avoi( thi& (if#
fic-lty the &lave an( ma&ter thic7ne&& can 9e &pecifie( a& negative val-e& on Car( % in which
ca&e
o = obs(o
1
)
%. The contact algorithm for tying &pot wel(& with tor&ion, SPOT,=L3O,BTJOTO'SBO5,
m-&t 9e -&e( with care. Part& that are tie( 9y thi& option &ho-l( 9e &-9Hecte( to &tiffne&&
proportional (amping of approximately ten percent, i.e., inp-t a coefficient of $.1$. Thi& can
9e (efine( for each part on the N32.PB5>OP2'TOSTB++5=SS inp-t. Sta9ility pro9lem&
may ari&e with thi& option if (amping i& not -&e(. Thi& comment applie& al&o to the option
OP=52LT4.
!. CO5ST'2B5TO5O3=SOTOOS8'+2C=
CO5ST'2B5TOS8'+2C=OTOOS8'+2C=
The&e contact (efinition& m-&t 9e -&e( with care. The &-rface an( the no(e& which are con#
&traine( to a &-rface are not allowe( to 9e -&e( in any other CO5ST'2B5TO... contact (efi#
nition. Bf, however, contact ha& to 9e (efine( from 9oth &i(e& a& in &heet metalforming, one
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of the&e contact (efinition& can 9e a CO5ST'2B5TOtypeE the other one co-l( 9e a &tan(ar(
penalty type &-ch a& S8'+2C=OTOOS8'+2C= or 5O3=SOTOOS8'+2C=.
". 2B'B2>OSB5>L=OS8'+2C=
28TO.2TBCO>=5='2L
28TO.2TBCO>=5='2LOB5T='BO'
SB5>L=OS8'+2C=
The&e contact (efinition& re;-ire thic7ne&& to 9e ta7en into acco-nt for rigi( 9o(ie& mo(ele(
with &hell element&. Therefore, care &ho-l( 9e ta7en to en&-re that reali&tic thic7ne&&e& are
&pecifie( for the rigi( 9o(y &hell&. 2 thic7ne&& that i& too &mall may re&-lt in lo&& of contact
an( an -nreali&tically large thic7ne&& may re&-lt in a (egra(ation in &pee( (-ring the 9-c7et
&ort& a& well a& nonphy&ical 9ehavior. The SJLTJA option on the NCO5T'OLOCO5T2CT
car( i& ignore( for the&e contact type&.
0. Two metho(& are -&e( in LS#3452 for proHecting the contact &-rface to acco-nt for &hell
thic7ne&&e&. The choice of metho(& can infl-ence the acc-racy an( co&t of the calc-lation.
Segment 9a&e( proHection i& -&e( in contact type&) See +ig-re 11#
2B'B2>OSB5>L=OS8'+2C=
28TO.2TBCO>=5='2L
+O'.B5>O5O3=SOTOOS8'+2C=
+O'.B5>OO5=O,24OS8'+2C=OTOOS8'+2C=
+O'.B5>OS8'+2C=OTOOS8'+2C=
The remaining contact type& -&e no(al normal proHection& if proHection& are -&e(. The main
a(vantage of no(al proHection& i& that a contin-o-& contact &-rface i& o9taine( which i& m-ch
more acc-rate in application& &-ch a& metal forming. The (i&a(vantage& of no(al proHection&
are the higher co&t& (-e to the no(al normal calc-lation&, (iffic-ltie& in treating T#
inter&ection& an( other geometric complication&, an( the nee( for con&i&tent orientation of
contact &-rface &egment&. The contact type)
SB5>L=OS8'+2C=
-&e& no(al normal proHection& an( con&e;-ently i& &lower than the alternative&.
7. +O'C=OT'25S38C='OP=52LT4
+O'C=OT'25S38C='OCO5ST'2B5T
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Thi& contact allow& the total contact force& applie( 9y all contact& to 9e pic7e( -p. Thi& con#
tact (oe& not apply any force to the mo(el an( will have no effect on the &ol-tion. Only the
&lave &et an( &lave &et type nee( 9e (efine( for thi& contact type. >enerally, only the fir&t
three car(& are (efine(. The force tran&(-cer option,OP=52LT4, wor7& with penalty type
contact algorithm& only, i.e., it (oe& not wor7 with the CO5ST'2B5T or TB=3 option&. +or
the&e latter option&, -&e theOCO5ST'2B5T option. I- the intera/tions ?et*een t*o sur-a/es
are needed, a master sur-a/e shou.d ?e de-ined# In this /ase, on.9 the /onta/t -or/es app.ied
?et*een the s.a+e and master sur-a/es are >ept# The master sur-a/e option is on.9 imp.e$
mented -or the_P5N(=T4 option and *or>s on.9 *ith the (!TO"(TI1 /onta/t t9pes#
/. +O'.B5>O... The&e contact& are mainly -&e( for metal forming application&. 2 connecte(
me&h i& not re;-ire( for the ma&ter CtoolingD &i(e 9-t the orientation of the me&h must 9e in
the &ame (irection. The&e contact type& are 9a&e( on the 28TO.2TBC type contact& an(
con&e;-ently the performance i& 9etter than the original two &-rface contact&.
. The mortar contact, invo7e( 9y appen(ing the &-ffix .O'T2' to either +O'.B5>
OS8'+2C=OTOOS8'+2C=, 28TO.2TBCOS8'+2C=OTOOS8'+2C= or 28TO.2T#
BCOSB5>L=OS8'+2C= i& a &egment to &egment penalty 9a&e( contact. +or two &egment&
on each &i(e of the contact interface that are overlapping an( penetrating, a con&i&tent no(al
force a&&em9ly ta7ing into acco-nt the in(ivi(-al &hape f-nction& of the &egment& i& per#
forme(, &ee +ig-re 11#11 for an ill-&tration. Bn thi& re&pect the re&-lt& with thi& contact may
9e more acc-rate, e&pecially when con&i(ering contact with element& of higher or(er. By
appen(ing the &-ffix TB=3 to the CO5T2CTO28TO.2TBCOS8'+2C=OTOOS8'+2C=
O.O'T2' 7eywor( or the &-ffix TB=B'=2AO.O'T2' to the CO5T2CT
O28TO.2TBCOS8'+2C=OTOOS8'+2C= 7eywor(, thi& i& treate( a& a tie( contact inter#
face with optional fail-re in the latter ca&e. Thi& contact i& inten(e( for implicit analy&i& in
partic-lar 9-t i& neverthele&& &-pporte( for explicit analy&i& a& well. +or the 28TO.2TBC
contact, the contact &-rface can 9e a-gmente( with the ai( of parameter& SST an( S+ST, an(
the&e parameter& are interprete( (ifferently for &oli(& an( &hell&. +or &hell& SST corre&pon(&
to the contact thic7ne&& of the element C.ST li7ewi&e for the ma&ter &i(eD, 9y (efa-lt thi& i&
the &ame a& the element thic7ne&&. Thi& parameter can 9e &cale( with ai( of S+ST CS+.T for
the ma&ter &i(eD to a(H-&t the location of the contact &-rface, &ee +ig-re 11#1$. +or &oli(&
SST i& 9y (efa-lt a characteri&tic element &iIe of the element& involve( in the contact C.ST
i& not -&e(D. SST i& here -&e( for (etermining a proper contact &tiffne&& an( can 9e &et 9y the
-&er. Bf &o, it &ho-l( corre&pon( to a characteri&tic thic7ne&& in the mo(el in or(er to o9tain a
rea&ona9le contact &tiffne&&. Bf &et 9y the -&er, the contact &-rface can 9e a(H-&te( with the
ai( of S+ST CS+.T i& not -&e( for &oli(&D if it i& of importance to re(-ce the gap 9etween
part&, &ee +ig-re 11#1$. Thi& may 9e of intere&t if initial gap& re&-lt& in free o9Hect& -n(ergo#
ing rigi( 9o(y motion an( th-& preventing convergence in implicit. +or the TB=3 option,
S+ST (oe& not a(H-&t the location of the contact &-rface, 9-t in&tea( mo(ifie& the (i&tance for
which a &-rface i& tie(. The criterion for tying two contact &-rface& i& that the (i&tance &ho-l(
9e le&& than $.$"NS+STNSST, i.e., 9y (efa-lt it i& within "b of the element thic7ne&& Cchar#
acteri&tic &iIe for &oli(&D 9-t co-l( 9e increa&e( if (e&ire(. Bf initial penetration& are (etecte(
Creporte( in the me&&ag fileD then 9y (efa-lt the&e will yiel( an initial contact &tre&& corre#
&pon(ing to thi& level of penetration. B>5O'=@$ can 9e -&e( to prevent -nwante( effect& of
thi&. B>5O'=]2 9ehave& (ifferently than from other contact&, for thi& option the penetra#
tion& are not trac7e( 9-t the contact &-rface i& fixe( at it& initial location. Bn a((ition, for
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B>5O'=]2, an initial contact pre&&-re can 9e impo&e( on the interface 9y &etting the
.P2'1 parameter to the (e&ire( contact pre&&-re. 2ll thi& allow& to properly eliminate any
rigi( 9o(y motion (-e to initial contact gap&. 2 thir( option i& B>5O'=]%, for which pre#
&tre&& can 9e applie(. Thi& allow& initial penetration& to exi&t& an( they are clo&e( (-ring the
time 9etween Iero an( the val-e given 9y .P2'1, th-& wor7ing pretty &imilar to the B5#
T='+='=5C= option with the exception that the clo&-re i& linear in time. 2 limitation with
B>5O'=]% in thi& context i& that the initial penetration& m-&t 9e &mall eno-gh for the con#
tact algorithm to (etect them. Th-&, for large penetration& B>5O'=]! i& recommen(e(. Thi&
(oe& pretty m-ch the &ame thing a& B>5O'=]%, 9-t the -&er may provi(e a penetration
(epth in .P2'2. Thi& (epth m-&t 9e at lea&t a& large a& Can( prefera9ly in the or(er ofD the
maxim-m initial penetration in the contact interface or otherwi&e an error termination will 9e
the re&-lt. The nee( for &-ch a parameter i& for the contact algorithm to have a (ecent chance
to locate the contact &-rface an( th-& e&timate the initial penetration. ,ith thi& option the
contact &-rface& are p-&he( 9ac7 an( place( in inci(ent contact at place& where initial pene#
tration& are pre&ent, thi& can 9e (one for Cmore or le&&D ar9itrary initial penetration (epth&. 2&
for B>5O'=]%, the contact &-rface& will 9e re&tore( linearly in the time given 9y .P2'1.
2 pro9lem with mortar contact& in implicit analy&i& co-l( 9e that contact pre&&-re i& locally
very high an( lea(& to large eno-gh penetration& to 9e relea&e( in &-9&e;-ent &tep&. Penetra#
tion information can 9e re;-e&te( on .B5+O on NCO5T'OLOO8TP8T which i&&-e& a
warning if there i& a (anger for thi& to happen. To prevent contact relea&e the -&er may in#
crea&e B>2P which penaliIe& large penetration& witho-t affecting &mall penetration 9ehavior
an( there9y overall implicit performance. +ig-re 11#12 &how& the contact pre&&-re a& f-nc#
tion of penetration for the mortar contact, incl-(ing the effect of increa&ing B>2P. Bt al&o
&how& that for &-fficiently large penetration& the contact i& not (etecte( in &-9&e;-ent &tep&
which i& &omething to avoi(.

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+ig-re 11#. 5o(al normal an( &egment 9a&e( proHection i& -&e( in the contact option&
=lement thic7ne&& T
Contact &-rface a-gment CSSTNS+ST#TDF2
Contact &-rface a-gment SSTNCS+ST#1DF2
+ig-re 11#1$. Bll-&tration of contact &-rface location for a-tomatic .ortar contact, &oli(&
on top an( &hell& 9elow.
Slave &egment
.a&ter &egment
1
!
2
%
O
x
%

x
1

x
2

+ig-re 11#11. Bll-&tration of .ortar &egment to &egment contact
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&3T4)F2C4 T5!4 &' !43CH6 4L4$43T
T5!4
F7)$8L2 F7) )4L4294 7F !434T)2T&3:
37'2L !7&3T
1; 2; (; 7 <<<<<< <<<<<<< <<<<<<<<<111111111111111111111
3; 5; 8; 9; 10
%-it"+ut t"i#=ness
0 s+lid d>!43$2? i0 and +nly i0 !43$2?@0
d>1.eA10 i0 !43$2?>0
s"ell d>!43$2? i0 and +nly i0 !43$2?@0
d>1.eA10 i0 !43$2?>0
1 s+lid d>?!434Bt"i#=ness +0 s+lid element
s"ell d>?!434Bt"i#=ness +0 s"ell element
2 s+lid d>0.05Bminimum diag+nal lengt"
s"ell d>0.05Bminimum diag+nal lengt"
3; 5; 10 %t"i#=ness <<<<<< s+lid d>?!434Bt"i#=ness +0 s+lid element
17; and 18 s"ell d>?!434Bt"i#=ness +0 s"ell element
a3; a5; a10; 13; 15 <<<<<< s+lid d>!43$2?Bt"i#=ness +0 s+lid element
Cde0aultD !43$2?>0.5E
s"ell d>!43$2?B%sla/e t"i#=nessAmaster t"i#=ness Cde1
0aultD !43$2?>0.4E
4 <<<<<< s+lid d>0.5Bt"i#=ness +0 s+lid element
s"ell d>0.4B%sla/e t"i#=nessAmaster t"i#=ness
2( <<<<<< s+lid d>!43$2?Bt"i#=ness +0 s+lid element
Cde0aultD !43$2?>200.0E
s"ell d>!43$2?B%sla/e t"i#=nessAmaster t"i#=ness Cde1
0aultD !43$2?>200.E
Table 11.1. Criterion for no(e relea&e for no(al point& which have penetrate( too far.
Larger penalty &tiffne&&e& are recommen(e( for the contact interface which
allow& no(e& to 9e relea&e(. +or no(e#to#&-rface type contact& C", "aD the
+ig-re 11#12. Contact pre&&-re a& f-nction of penetration &howing the infl-ence of B>2P
for mortar contact
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element thic7ne&&e& which contain the no(e (etermine& the no(al thic7ne&&.
The parameter i& (efine( on the NCO5T'OLOCO5T2CT inp-t.
The keyword options for the contact type and the corresponding Version 92X, 93X, 94X, 95X
type numbers are:
ST'8CT8'=3 B5P8T T4P= B3 A=4,O'3 52.=
a1% 2B'B2>OSB5>L=OS8'+2C=
20 28TO.2TBCO>=5='2L
i20 28TO.2TBCO>=5='2LOB5T='BO'
a " 28TO.2TBCO5O3=SOTOOS8'+2C=
a " 28TO.2TBCO5O3=SOTOOS8'+2C=OTB=B'=2A
a1$ 28TO.2TBCOO5=O,24OS8'+2C=OTOOS8'+2C=
1% 28TO.2TBCOSB5>L=OS8'+2C=
a % 28TO.2TBCOS8'+2C=OTOOS8'+2C=
a % 28TO.2TBCOS8'+2C=OTOOS8'+2C=OTB=B'=2A
1/ CO5ST'2B5TO5O3=SOTOOS8'+2C=
17 CO5ST'2B5TOS8'+2C=OTOOS8'+2C=
2% 3'2,B=23
10 ='O3B5>O5O3=SOTOOS8'+2C=
1! ='O3B5>OS8'+2C=OTOOS8'+2C=
1" ='O3B5>OSB5>L=OS8'+2C=
27 +O'C=OT'25S38C='OCO5ST'2B5T
2" +O'C=OT'25S38C='OP=52LT4
m " +O'.B5>O5O3=SOTOOS8'+2C=
m1$ +O'.B5>OO5=O,24OS8'+2C=OTOOS8'+2C=
m % +O'.B5>OS8'+2C=OTOOS8'+2C=
" 5O3=SOTOOS8'+2C=
" 5O3=SOTOOS8'+2C=OB5T='+='=5C=
1$ O5=O,24OS8'+2C=OTOOS8'+2C=
2$ 'B>B3O5O3=SOTOO'B>B3OBO34
21 'B>B3OBO34OO5=O,24OTOO'B>B3OBO34
1 'B>B3OBO34OT,OO,24OTOO'B>B3OBO34
22 SB5>L=O=3>=
! SB5>L=OS8'+2C=
1 SLB3B5>OO5L4
p 1 SLB3B5>OO5L4OP=52LT4
% S8'+2C=OTOOS8'+2C=
% S8'+2C=OTOOS8'+2C=OB5T='+='=5C=
/ TB=B'=2AO5O3=SOTOOS8'+2C=
TB=B'=2AOS8'+2C=OTOOS8'+2C=
0 TB=3O5O3=SOTOOS8'+2C=
o 0 TB=3O5O3=SOTOOS8'+2C=OO++S=T
7 TB=3OSJ=LLO=3>=OTOOS8'+2C=
7 SPOT,=L3
& 7 SPOT,=L3O,BTJOTO'SBO5
2 TB=3OS8'+2C=OTOOS8'+2C=
o 2 TB=3OS8'+2C=OTOOS8'+2C=OO++S=T
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CONTACT EXAMPLES

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2 3 3 3
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$ <<:; . 2 8<- <219- 0o;-< :0 /173 2
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$ )<- ;-51823< 5o7 122 /171>-3-7<.
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$ ' :0 3C- *#ONTA#T_SINGLE_S)R!A#E ;-5:0:3:o0 </-6:54D
$ <<34/ . 2 LC:6C >-10< 3C- 9128- 5o7 <<:; :< 1 /173 <-3
$ <<:; . 5 8<- /173 <-3 5 5o7 ;-5:0:0= 3C- 6o03163 <87516-<
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*#ONTA#T_SINGLE_S)R!A#E
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$ 5< . "."8 <313:6 6o-55:6:-03 o5 57:63:o0 -P812< "."8
$ 5; . "."5 ;401>:6 6o-55:6:-03 o5 57:63:o0 -P812< "."5
$ ;6 . 1" -A/o0-03:12 ;-614 6o-55:6:-03H C-2/< </-6:54 3C- 3710<:3:o0
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*SET_PART_LIST
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$ ' 3C- >1<3-7 <-=>-03< 17- 3o F- 3Co<- 5o80; :0 3C- FoA ;-5:0-; F4 FoA 2
$ 3C13 17- :0 /173 18
$ ' :0628;- <219- 10; >1<3-7 5o76-< :0 :03-7516- 5:2- ?</7H >/7 . 1@
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2 18 4 3 2 1 1
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$ ;F;3C . ".17436 ;71L F-1; ;-/3C
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$ FoA:; A>> A>A 4>0 4>A B>0 B>A
2 "."""EG"" 6."""EG"" 6."""EG"" 1."""EG"2'1."""EG"3 1."""EG"3
$
*SET_NODE_LIST
$ <:; ;11 ;12 ;13 ;14
2
$ 0:;1 0:;2 0:;3 0:;4 0:;5 0:;6 0:;7 0:;8
258" 2581 2582 2583 2584 2585 2586 2587
2588 258& 25&"
$
*DE!INE_#)R%E
$ 26:; <:;7 <621 <62o o551 o55o
3
$ 1 o
$ DEPT, !OR#NLGT,
"."""EG"" "."""EG""
1.2""E'"1 1.3""EG"2
1.5""E'"1 2."""EG"2
1.8""E'"1 5."""EG"2
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`CONTACT `CONTACT_AUTO_MOVE
`CONTACT_AUTO_MOVE
P-rpo&e) Thi& feat-re allow& for a-tomatic move of a ma&ter &-rface in a contact (efinition to clo&e
an -n&pecifie( gap 9etween a &lave an( the ma&ter &-rface. The gap may 9e ca-&e( a& a re&-lt of an
initial gravity loa(ing on the &lave part. The gap will 9e clo&e( on a &pecifie( time to &ave CP8 time.
The ma&ter &-rface in metal forming application will typically 9e the -pper cavity an( the &lave part
will 9e the 9lan7. Thi& feat-re i& applica9le only in re#po&itioning of a tool in relation&hip to the
9lan7 after gravity loa(ing in &heet metal forming application.

Car(& 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le B3 CO5TB3 MB3 LCB3 2TB.= O++S=T
Type B B B B + +
3efa-lt none none none $ $.$ $.$

B3
.ove B3 for thi& a-tomatic move inp-t.
>T.$) velocity controlle( tool 7inematic& Cthe varia9le M23]$ in
NBO8532'4OP'=SC'BB=3O.OTBO5O'B>B3D
LT.$) (i&placement controlle( tool 7inematic& CM23]2D
CO5TB3
Contact B3, a& in NCO5T2CTO+O'.B5>O....OB3, which (efine& the &lave
an( ma&ter part &et B3&.
MB3
Mector B3 of a vector oriente( in the (irection of movement of the ma&ter
&-rface, a& in N3=+B5=OM=CTO'. The origin of the vector i& -nimportant
&ince the (irection co&ine& of the vector are comp-te( an( -&e(.
LCB3
Loa( c-rve (efining tooling 7inematic&, either 9y velocity ver&-& time or 9y
(i&placement ver&-& time. Thi& loa( c-rve will 9e a(H-&te( a-tomatically
(-ring a &im-lation to clo&e the empty tool travel.
2TB.=
2ctivation time (efining the moment the ma&ter &-rface CtoolD to 9e move(.
O++S=T
Time at which a ma&ter &-rface will move to clo&e a gap (i&tance, which
may happen following the move of another mater &-rface. Thi& i& -&ef-l in
&e;-ential m-ltiple flanging or pre&& hemming &im-lation. Sim-lation time
CCP8D i& m-ch fa&ter 9a&e( on the &hortene( tool travel Cno change to the
termination timeD.
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`CONTACT_AUTO_MOVE `CONTACT
Remarks:
1. Bn an example &hown 9elow, referring to the partial inp-t (ec7 an( fig-re& attache(, a com9ine(
&im-lation of gravity loa(ing an( 9in(er clo&ing of a fen(er o-ter i& (emon&trate(. The geometry
of the fen(er wa& ta7en from 58.BSJ==T 2$$2 9enchmar7. Bn thi& m-lti#&tep implicit &tatic &et
-p, the 9lan7 i& allowe( $.% XtimeY -nit C% implicit &tep& &ince 3T$]$.1D to 9e loa(e( with gravi#
ty. 2t the en( of gravity loa(ing, a gap of 12mm wa& create( 9etween the -pper (ie an( the
9lan7. The -pper (ie i& &et to 9e move( at $.% XtimeY -nit, clo&ing the gap. Bt i& note( that the
-pper (ie i& controlle( with (i&placement CM23]2D in a &hape of a right triang-lar in the (i&#
placement ver&-& XtimeY &pace a& (efine( 9y loa( c-rve ^2$1, an( the B3 in NCO5T2CT
O28TOO.OM= i& &et to X#1Y.
*PARAMETER
R =793:>- ".3
R -0;3:>- 1."
R ;:->9 145.45
*#ONTROL_TERMINATION
R-0;3:>-
*#ONTROL_IMPLI#IT_!ORMING
2H2H1""
*#ONTROL_IMPLI#IT_GENERAL
$ IM!LAG DT"
1 ".1"
*#ONTROL_A##)RA#Y
1 2
*#ONTA#T_!ORMING_ONE_AY_S)R!A#E_TO_S)R!A#E_ID
11
....
....
....
$'''G''''1''''G''''2''''G''''3''''G''''4''''G''''5''''G''''6''''G''''7''''G''''8
$# /:; ;o5 91; 26:; <5 9:; ;-13C F:73C
2 3 2 2"1 '1."""""" " "." "."""
*#ONTA#T_A)TO_MO%E
$ ID #o03ID %ID L#ID ATIME
'1 11 8& 2"1 R=793:>-
*DE!INE_%E#TOR
8&H"."H"."H"."H"."H"."H'1"."
*DE!INE_#)R%E
2"1
"."H"."
R=793:>-H"."
1."HR;:->9

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+ig-re 11#1%. 2-tomatic clo&-re of gap in implicit &tatic 9in(er clo&ing
Bnitial po&ition at t]$.$
12mm gap
>ravity loa(e( &hape at t]$.2

8pper (ie cavity move( at t]$.%$,
clo&ing the gap
Contin-e clo&ing at t]$.7!%
+inal clo&ing at t]1.$
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2. Similarly, for XvelocityY controlle( tool 7inematic&, an example i& attache( 9elow. Bn thi& exam#
ple, the XvelocityY profile i& rampe( -p initially an( then 7ept con&tant. Bt i& note( that the varia#
9le M23 in NBO8532'4 i& X$Y, an( B3 in NCO5T2CTO28TOO.OM= i& &et to po&itive X1Y
in(icating it i& a velocity 9o-n(ary con(ition.
*PARAMETER
R =793:>- ".3
R 371>/ ".""1
R ;:->9 145.45
R 62<9 1"""."
*PARAMETER_E*PRESSION
R 371>/1 371>/G=7193:>-
R -0;3:>- 371>/1G?1F<?;:->9@'".5*62<9*371>/@N62<9
11
....
....
$'''G''''1''''G''''2''''G''''3''''G''''4''''G''''5''''G''''6''''G''''7''''G''''8
$# /:; ;o5 91; 26:; <5 9:; ;-13C F:73C
2 3 " 2"1 '1."""""" " "." "."""
*#ONTA#T_A)TO_MO%E
1 11 8& 2"1 R=793:>-
*DE!INE_%E#TOR
8&H"."H"."H"."H"."H"."H'1"."
*DE!INE_#)R%E
2"1
"."H"."
".2H"."
R371>/1HR62<9
R-0;3:>-HR62<9
%. The following example (emon&trate& the -&e of the varia9le O++S=T. 2& &hown in the fig-re
an( refer to the partial inp-t (ec7 9elow, a total of " flange &teel& are 9eing move( to complete a
flanging proce&&. .o&t part& of the inp-t (ec7 i& from the nflanging &im-lationV in eK#Set-p of
LS#PrePo&t !.$, with two a((itional 7eywor(& NCO5T2CTO28TOO.OM= an( N3=+B5=
OM=CTO' a((e(. +langing &teel ^" i& to move in a cam angle (efine( 9y vector ^7 following
the completion of the flanging C&traight (ownD proce&& of flanging &teel ^2. The varia9le&
2TB.= an( O++S=T in NCO5T2CTO28TOO.OM= are 9oth (efine( a& den(time!, which i&
calc-late( 9a&e( on the a-tomatic po&itioning of tool&F9lan7 -&ing NCO5T'OLO+O'.B5>
O28TOPOSBTBO5. 2t (efine( time, flanging &teel ^" nH-mp&V into po&ition &o it H-&t come& into
contact with the partially forme( (own#&tan(ing flange, &aving &ome CP8 time&. +langing &teel
^" contin-e& to move to it& home po&ition completing the &im-lation. The CP8 time &aving& i&
27b in thi& ca&e.
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+ig-re 11#1!. Clo&ing a gap (i&tance in a &e;-ential flanging proce&&.
;.an6in6 stee. B2
;.an6in6 stee. B5
$ -.65pid
@ap /.osed
No /han6e to the simu.ation time
?ut -.65pidDs mo+e is EinstantD
(TI"5/O;;S5T time0
Fendtime4
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*$EYORD
*PARAMETER
...
*PART

R52=5/:; R52=5<-6 R52=5>:;
...
$'''G''''1''''G''''2''''G''''3''''G''''4''''G''''5''''G''''6''''G''''7''''G''''8
$ Lo612 6oo7;:013- <4<3-> 5o7 5210=:0= <3--2 #5 >o9- ;:7-63:o0
$# 6:; Ao 4o Bo A2 42 B2
R52=56:; '5."&548 27.6584 '8.&8238 '5.43587 26.86"8 '&.48"34
$# A/ 4/ B/
'5.825"& 27.5484 '8.3"742
$'''G''''1''''G''''2''''G''''3''''G''''4''''G''''5''''G''''6''''G''''7''''G''''8
$ A83o /o<:3:o0:0=
*#ONTROL_!ORMING_A)TOPOSITION_PARAMETER_SET
$ SID #ID DIR MPID POSITION PREMO%E T,I#$ PARORDER
...
R52=5<:; R52=56:; 3 RF2Q1<:; '1 RF3C:6Q 52=5>9
*PART_MO%E
$ PID *MO% YMO% +MO% #ID I!SET
R52=5<:; "." "." R52=5>9R52=56:; 1
...
*MAT_RIGID
$ MID RO E PR N #O)PLE M ALIAS
R52=5>:; 7.83"E'"& 2."7"EG"5 ".28
$ #MO #ON1 #ON2
'1 R52=56:; 11"111
$L#O o7 A1 A2 A3 %1 %2 %3
R52=56:;
$'''G''''1''''G''''2''''G''''3''''G''''4''''G''''5''''G''''6''''G''''7''''G''''8
*#ONTA#T_A)TO_MO%E
$ ID #ONTID %ID L#ID ATIME O!!SET
1 7 7 1" R-0;3:>4 R-0;3:>4
*DE!INE_%E#TOR
$ %ID *T YT +T *, Y, +,
7 "." "." "."'".5&3124" ".5&3"674'".5444&52
$ #ID
7
$ SSID MSID SSTYP MSTYP SBO*ID MBO*ID SPR MPR
RF2Q1<:; R52=5<:; 2 2 1 1
$ !S !D D# %# %D# PEN#,$ BT DT
...
$'''G''''1''''G''''2''''G''''3''''G''''4''''G''''5''''G''''6''''G''''7''''G''''8
$ Too2 Q:0->13:6<
$ '''''''''''''''''''''''''62o<:0=
*BO)NDARY_PRES#RIBED_MOTION_RIGID_2o612
...
R52=5/:; 3 " 4 1." " R-0;3:>4
$ '''''''''''''''''''''''''5210=:0=
*BO)NDARY_PRES#RIBED_MOTION_RIGID_2o612
...
R52=5/:; 3 " 1" 1." " R-0;3:>4
$'''G''''1''''G''''2''''G''''3''''G''''4''''G''''5''''G''''6''''G''''7''''G''''8
*END
!. Thi& feat-re i& implemente( in LS#3452 '" 'evi&ion 0!$00 an( later relea&e&. The varia9le
O++S=T i& in '7 'evi&ion 771%7 an( later relea&e&.
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`CONTACT_COUPLING `CONTACT
`CONTACT_COUPLING
P-rpo&e) 3efine a co-pling &-rface for .234.O to co-ple LS#3452 with (eforma9le an( rigi(
part& within .234.O. Bn thi& interface, .234.O comp-te& the contact force& acting on the
co-pling &-rface, an( LS#3452 -&e& the&e force& in the -p(ate of the motion of the co-pling &-r#
face for the next time &tep. Contact co-pling can 9e -&e( with other co-pling option& in LS#3452.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le B3
Type B
3efa-lt re;-ire(

Cards 2, 3, 4, ... Define as cards as necessary. The next "`" card terminates this input.
Car(&
2,%,.. 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le SB3 ST4P=
Type B B
3efa-lt re;-ire( $

SB3
Set B3 for co-pling. See 'emar7 1 9elow.
ST4P=
Set type)
=S.$) part &et
=S.1) &hell element &et
=S.2) &oli( element &et
=S.%) thic7 &hell element &et
Remarks)
1. Only one co-pling &-rface can 9e (efine(. Bf a((itional &-rface& are (efine(, the co-pling
information will 9e a((e( to the fir&t (efinition.
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`CONTACT `CONTACT_COUPLING
11#/$ CCO5T2CTD LS-DYNA R7.0
2. The -nit& an( orientation can 9e converte( 9y -&ing the CO5T'OLOCO8PLB5> 7eywor(.
Bt i& not nece&&ary to -&e the &ame &y&tem of -nit& in .234.O an( in LS#3452 if -nit
conver&ion factor& are (efine(.
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`CONTACT_ENTITY `CONTACT
LS-DYNA R7.0 11#/1 CCO5T2CTD
`CONTACT_ENTITY
P-rpo&e) 3efine a contact entity. >eometric contact entitie& treat the impact 9etween a (eforma9le
9o(y (efine( a& a &et of &lave no(e& or no(e& in a &hell part &et an( a rigi( 9o(y. The &hape of the
rigi( 9o(y i& (etermine( 9y attaching geometric entitie&. Contact i& treate( 9etween the&e geometric
entitie& an( the &lave no(e& -&ing a penalty form-lation. The penalty &tiffne&& i& optionally maxim#
iIe( within the con&traint of the Co-rant criterion. 2& an alternative, a finite element me&h ma(e
with &hell& can 9e -&e( a& geometric entity. 2l&o, axi&ymmetric entitie& with ar9itrary &hape ma(e
with m-lti#linear polygon& are po&&i9le. The latter i& partic-larly -&ef-l for metalforming &im-la#
tion&.
,2'5B5>) Bf the pro9lem 9eing &im-late( involve& (ynamic motion of the entity, care &ho-l( 9e
ta7en to in&-re that the inertial propertie& of the entity are correct. Bt may 9e nece&&ary to -&e the
NP2'TOB5='TB2 option to &pecify the&e propertie&.
Define 5 cards for the contact entity definition below.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le PB3 >=OT4P SSB3 SST4P S+ 3+ C+ B5TO'3
3efa-lt re;-ire( re;-ire( re;-ire( $ 1. $. $. $

PB3
Part B3 of the rigi( 9o(y to which the geometric entity i& attache(, &ee
NP2'T.
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`CONTACT `CONTACT_ENTITY
11#/2 CCO5T2CTD LS-DYNA R7.0
>=OT4P
Type of geometric entity)
=S.1) plane,
=S.2) &phere,
=S.%) cylin(er,
=S.!) ellip&oi(,
=S.") tor-&,
=S.0) C2L%3F.234.O Plane, &ee 2ppen(ix B,
=S.7) C2L%3F.234.O =llip&oi(, &ee 2ppen(ix B,
=S./) M32 &-rface, &ee 2ppen(ix L,
=S.) rigi( 9o(y finite element me&h C&hell& onlyD,
=S.1$) finite plane,
=S.11) loa( c-rve (efining line a& &-rface profile of axi&ymmetric rigi(
9o(ie&.
SSB3
Slave &et B3, &ee NS=TO5O3=OOPTION, NP2'T, or NS=TOP2'T.
SST4P
Slave &et type)
=S.$) no(e &et,
=S.1) part B3,
=S.2) part &et B3.
S+
Penalty &cale factor. 8&ef-l to &cale maximiIe( penalty.
3+
3amping option, &ee (e&cription for NCO5T2CTOOPTION)
=S.$) no (amping,
>T.$) vi&co-& (amping in percent of critical, e.g., 2$ for 2$b (amping,
=S.#n) ini i& the loa( c-rve B3 giving the (amping force ver&-& relative
normal velocity C&ee remar7 1 9elowD.
C+
Co-lom9 friction coefficient. See remar7 2 9elow.
=S.$) no friction
>T.$) con&tant friction coefficient
=S.#n) ini i& the loa( c-rve B3 giving the friction coefficient ver&-&
time.
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LS-DYNA R7.0 11#/% CCO5T2CTD
B5TO'3
Bntegration or(er C&lave( material& onlyD. Thi& option i& not availa9le with
entity type& / an( where only no(e& are chec7e()
=S.$) chec7 no(e& only,
=S.1) 1 point integration over &egment&,
=S.2) 22 integration,
=S.%) %% integration,
=S.!) !! integration,
=S.") "" integration.
Thi& option allow& a chec7 of the penetration of the rigi( 9o(y into the (e#
forma9le C&lave(D material. Then virt-al no(e& at the location of the inte#
gration point& are chec7e(.
Remarks:
1. The optional loa( c-rve& that are (efine( for (amping ver&-& relative normal velocity an( for
force ver&-& normal penetration &ho-l( 9e (efine( in the po&itive ;-a(rant. The &ign for the
(amping force (epen(& on the (irection of the relative velocity an( the treatment i& &ymmet#
ric if the (amping c-rve i& in the po&itive ;-a(rant. Bf the (amping force i& (efine( in the
negative an( po&itive ;-a(rant&, the &ign of the relative velocity i& -&e( in the ta9le loo7#-p.
2. Bf at any time the friction coefficient i& @] 1.$, the force calc-lation i& mo(ifie( to a con#
&traint li7e form-lation which allow& no &li(ing. Thi& i& only recommen(e( for entitie& with
con&traine( motion &ince the ma&& of the entity i& a&&-me( to 9e infinite.

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le BT 3T SO >O BTJA SP'
Type + + B B B B
3efa-lt $. 1.=[2$ $ $ $ $

BT
Birth time
3T
3eath time
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11#/! CCO5T2CTD LS-DYNA R7.0
SO
+lag to -&e penalty &tiffne&& a& in &-rface#to#&-rface contact)
=S.$) contact entity &tiffne&& form-lation,
=S.1) &-rface to &-rface contact metho(,
=S.2) normal force i& comp-te( via a con&traint#li7e metho(. The con#
tact entity i& con&i(ere( to 9e infinitely ma&&ive, &o thi& i& rec#
ommen(e( only for entitie& with con&traine( motion.
=S.#n) ini i& the loa( c-rve B3 giving the force ver&-& the normal pene#
tration.
>O
+lag for me&h generation of the contact entity for entity type& 1#" an( 1$#
11. Thi& i& -&e( for vi&-aliIation in po&t#proce&&ing only.
=S.$) me&h i& not generate(,
=S.1) me&h i& generate(.
BTJA
+lag for con&i(ering thic7ne&& for &hell &lave no(e& Capplie& only to entity
type& 1, 2, %E SST4P m-&t 9e &et to IeroD.
=S.$) &hell thic7ne&& i& not con&i(ere(,
=S.1) &hell thic7ne&& i& con&i(ere(,
SP' Bncl-(e the &lave &i(e in
N32T2B2S=OBB52'4OB5T+O' interface force file&, vali( only when
SST4P@$)

Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le LC 4C KC 2L 24 2K
Type + + + + + +
3efa-lt $. $. $. $. $. $

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LS-DYNA R7.0 11#/" CCO5T2CTD
Car( ! 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le BL B4 BK
Type + + +
3efa-lt $. $. $.

LC
x#center, x
c
, &ee remar7& 9elow.
4C
y#center, y
c
KC
I#center, I
c
. See remar7& 9elow.
2L
x#(irection for local axi& 2, 2
x
24
y#(irection for local axi& 2, 2
y
2K
I#(irection for local axi& 2, 2
I
BL
x#(irection for local axi& B, B
x
B4
y#(irection for local axi& B, B
y
BK
I#(irection for local axi& B, B
I
Remarks:
1. The coor(inate&, Cx
c
, y
c
, I
c
D, are the po&ition& of the local origin of the geometric entity in
glo9al coor(inate&. The entityV& local 2#axi& i& (etermine( 9y the vector C2
x
, 2
y
, 2
I
D an(
the local B#axi& 9y the vector CB
x
, B
y
, B
I
D.
2. Car(& % an( ! (efine a local to glo9al tran&formation. The geometric contact entitie& are (e#
fine( in a local &y&tem an( tran&forme( into the glo9al &y&tem. +or the ellip&oi(, thi& i& nec#
e&&ary 9eca-&e it ha& a re&tricte( (efinition for the local po&ition. +or the plane, &phere, an(
cylin(er, the entitie& can 9e (efine( in the glo9al &y&tem an( the tran&formation 9ecome& Cx
c
,
y
c
, I
c
D]C$,$,$D, C2
x
, 2
y
, 2
I
D]C1,$,$D, an( CB
x
, B
y
, B
I
D]C$,1,$D.

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11#/0 CCO5T2CTD LS-DYNA R7.0
Car( " 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le B5O8T >1 >2 >% >! >" >0 >7
Type B + + + + + + +
3efa-lt $ $. $. $. $. $. $. $.

B5O8T
Bn#o-t flag. 2llow& contact from the in&i(e or the o-t&i(e C(efa-ltD of the
entity)
=S.$) &lave no(e& exi&t o-t&i(e of the entity,
=S.1) &lave no(e& exi&t in&i(e the entity.
>1
=ntity coefficient g
1
CC2L%3F.234.O plane or ellip&e n-m9erD for
co-ple( analy&i& C&ee 2ppen(ix BD.
>2
2
>%
%
>!
!
>"
"
>0
0
>7
7
Remarks:
+ig-re& 11#1" an( 11#10 &how the (efinition& of the geometric contact entitie&. The relation&hip&
9etween the entity coefficient& an( the +ig-re 11#10 an( 11#1" varia9le& are a& follow& Cplea&e note
that CP
x
,P
y
,P
I
D i& a po&ition vector an( that CS
x
,S
y
,S
I
D i& a (irection vectorD)
>=OT4P ] 1) g1 ] Px g! ] Sx
g2 ] Py g" ] Sy
g% ] PI g0 ] SI
g7 ] L
Bf a-tomatic generation i& -&e(, a &;-are plane of length L on each e(ge i& generate( which repre#
&ent& the infinite plane. Bf generation i& inactive, then g7 may 9e ignore(.
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LS-DYNA R7.0 11#/7 CCO5T2CTD
>=OT4P ] 2) g1 ] Px g! ] r
g2 ] Py
g% ] PI
>=OT4P ] %) g1 ] Px g! ] Sx
g2 ] Py g" ] Sy
g% ] PI g0 ] SI
g7 ] r
Bf a-tomatic generation i& -&e(, a cylin(er of length x
2
+y
2
+
2
an( ra(i-& r i& generate(
which repre&ent& the infinite cylin(er.
>=OT4P ] !) g1 ] Px g! ] a
g2 ] Py g" ] 9
g% ] PI g0 ] c
g7 ] n Cor(er of the ellip&oi(D
>=OT4P ] ") g1 ] 'a(i-& of tor-&
g2 ] r
g% ] n-m9er of element& along minor circ-mference
g! ] n-m9er of element& along maHor circ-mference
>=OT4P ] /) g1 ] Blan7 thic7ne&& Coption to overri(e tr-e thic7ne&&D
g2 ] Scale factor for tr-e thic7ne&& CoptionalD
g% ] Loa( c-rve B3 (efining thic7ne&& ver&-& time. CoptionalD
>=OT4P ] ) g1 ] Shell thic7ne&& Coption to overri(e tr-e thic7ne&&D.
5OT=) The shell thickness specification is necessary if the slave surface is
generated from solid elements.
g2 ] Scale factor for tr-e thic7ne&& CoptionalD
g% ] Loa( c-rve B3 (efining thic7ne&& ver&-& time. CoptionalD
>=OT4P ]1$) g1 ] Length of e(ge along L axi&
g2 ] Length of e(ge along 4 axi&
>=OT4P]11) g1 ]Loa( c-rve B3 (efining axi&ymmetric &-rface profile a9o-t K#axi&. Loa(
c-rve& (efine( 9y the 7eywor(& N3=+B5=OC8'M= or N3=+B5=OC8'M=
O=5TBT4 can 9e -&e(.
g2 ] 5-m9er of element& along circ-mference
=S.$) (efa-lt &et to 1$
g% ] 5-m9er of element& along axi&
=S.$) (efa-lt &et to 2$
=S.#1) the element& are generate( from the point& on the loa( c-rve
g! ] 5-m9er of &-9 (ivi&ion& on loa( c-rve -&e( to calc-late contact
=S)$ (efa-lt &et to 1$$$
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11#// CCO5T2CTD LS-DYNA R7.0

P

G
B>T4P=] 1) Bnfinite Plane

P

G
r
B>T4P=] 2) Sphere
r

P
F
B>T4P=] %) Bnfinite Cylin(er
B>T4P=] !) Jyperellip&oi(
?
5
a
9
c

P
C
a

!
"
#
n
+
4
?

!
"
#
n
+
7
/

!
"
#
n
= 1
?
5
F

+ig-re 11#1". Contact =ntitie&.
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LS-DYNA R7.0 11#/ CCO5T2CTD
B>T4P=] ") Tor-&
B>T4P=] 11)Loa( C-rve
?
5
F
r

P
g1
g2
B>T4P=] 1$) +inite Plane

P
Loa( C-rve
axi& of &ymmetry 1
F
5
?
F
?
5

+ig-re 11#10. Contact =ntitie&.
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`CONTACT `CONTACT_GEBOD
11#$ CCO5T2CTD LS-DYNA R7.0
`CONTACT_GEBOD_OPTION
P-rpo&e) 3efine contact interaction 9etween the &egment of a >=BO3 (-mmy an( part& or no(e& of
the finite element mo(el. Thi& implementation follow& that of the contact entity, however, it i& &pe#
cialiIe( for the (-mmie&. +orce& may 9e o-tp-t -&ing the N32T2B2S=O>C=O8T comman(. See
NCO.PO5=5TO>=BO3 an( 2ppen(ix 5 for f-rther (etail&.
Conventional NCO5T2CTOOPTION treatment C&-rface#to#&-rface, no(e&#to#&-rface, etc.D can al&o
9e applie( to the &egment& of a (-mmy. To -&e thi& approach it i& fir&t nece&&ary to (etermine part
B3 a&&ignment& 9y r-nning the mo(el thro-gh LS#3452G& initialiIation pha&e.
The following option& are availa9le an( refer to the ellip&oi(& which compri&e the (-mmy. Option&
involving HAND are not applica9le for the chil( (-mmy &ince it& lower arm an( han( &hare a com#
mon ellip&oi(.
LOWER_TORSO
MIDDLE_TORSO
UPPER_TORSO
NECK
HEAD
LEFT_SHOULDER
RIGHT_SHOULDER
LEFT_UPPER_ARM
RIGHT_UPPER_ARM
LEFT_LOWER_ARM
RIGHT_LOWER_ARM
LEFT_HAND
RIGHT_HAND
LEFT_UPPER_LEG
RIGHT_UPPER_LEG
LEFT_LOWER_LEG
RIGHT_LOWER_LEG
LEFT_FOOT
RIGHT_FOOT

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`CONTACT_GEBOD `CONTACT
Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 3B3 SSB3 SST4P S+ 3+ C+ B5TO'3
Type B B B + + + B
3efa-lt re;-ire( re;-ire( re;-ire( 1. 2$. $." $

3B3
3-mmy B3, &ee NCO.PO5=5TO>=BO3OOPTION#
SSB3
Slave &et B3, &ee NS=TO5O3=OOPTION, NP2'T, or NS=TOP2'T.
SST4P
Slave &et type)
=S.$) no(e &et,
=S.1) part B3,
=S.2) part &et B3.
S+
Penalty &cale factor. 8&ef-l to &cale maximiIe( penalty.
3+
3amping option, &ee (e&cription for NCO5T2CTOOPTION)
=S.$) no (amping,
>T.$) vi&co-& (amping in percent of critical, e.g., 2$ for 2$b (amping,
=S.#n) ini i& the loa( c-rve B3 giving the (amping force ver&-& relative
normal velocity C&ee 'emar7 1 9elowD.
C+
Co-lom9 friction coefficient C&ee 'emar7 2 9elowD. 2&&-me( to 9e con#
&tant.
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`CONTACT `CONTACT_GEBOD
B5TO'3
Bntegration or(er C&lave( material& onlyD.
=S.$) chec7 no(e& only,
=S.1) 1 point integration over &egment&,
=S.2) 22 integration,
=S.%) %% integration,
=S.!) !! integration,
=S.") "" integration.
Thi& option allow& a chec7 of the penetration of the (-mmy &egment into
the (eforma9le C&lave(D material. Then virt-al no(e& at the location of the
integration point& are chec7e(.

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le BT 3T SO
Type + + B
3efa-lt $. 1.=[2$ $

BT
Birth time
3T
3eath time
SO
+lag to -&e penalty &tiffne&& a& in &-rface#to#&-rface contact)
=S.$) contact entity &tiffne&& form-lation,
=S.1) &-rface to &-rface contact metho(,
=S.#n) ini i& the loa( c-rve B3 giving the force ver&-& the normal pene#
tration.
Remarks:
1. The optional loa( c-rve& that are (efine( for (amping ver&-& relative normal velocity an( for
force ver&-& normal penetration &ho-l( 9e (efine( in the po&itive ;-a(rant. The &ign for the
(amping force (epen(& on the (irection of the relative velocity an( the treatment i& &ymmet#
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`CONTACT_GEBOD `CONTACT
ric if the (amping c-rve i& in the po&itive ;-a(rant. Bf the (amping force i& (efine( in the
negative an( po&itive ;-a(rant&, the &ign of the relative velocity i& -&e( in the ta9le loo7#-p.
2. Bn&ofar a& the&e ellip&oi(al contact &-rface& are contin-o-& an( &mooth it may 9e nece&&ary
to &pecify Co-lom9 friction val-e& larger than tho&e typically -&e( with facete( contact &-r#
face&.
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`CONTACT `CONTACT_GUIDED_CABLE
11#! CCO5T2CTD LS-DYNA R7.0
`CONTACT_GUIDED_CABLE_POPTION1Q_POPTION2Q
P-rpo&e) 3efine a &li(ing contact that g-i(e& 13 element&, &-ch a& &pring&, tr-&&e&, an( 9eam&,
thro-gh a li&t of no(e&. =ach no(e in the no(e &et i& permitte( contact with a &ingle 13 element. Bf
for &ome rea&on, a no(e i& in contact with m-ltiple 13 element&, one g-i(e( contact (efinition m-&t
9e -&e( for each contact. The or(ering of the no(al point& an( 13 element& in the inp-t i& ar9itrary.
OPTION1 &pecifie& that a part &et B3 i& given with the &ingle option)
<BLANK>
SET
Bf not -&e( a part B3 i& a&&-me(.
OPTION2 &pecifie& that the fir&t car( to rea( (efine& the hea(ing an( B3 n-m9er of the contact inter#
face an( ta7e& the &ingle option)
ID

Optional 1 2
Maria9le CB3 J=23B5>
Type B 27$

CB3
J=23B5>
Bnterface (e&criptor. Bt i& &-gge&te( that -ni;-e (e&cription& 9e -&e(.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 5SB3 PB3FPSB3 SO+T SS+2C +'BC
Type B B B + +
3efa-lt none none $ 1.$ none

5SB3
5o(e &et B3 that g-i(e& the 13 element&.
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`CONTACT_GUIDED_CABLE `CONTACT
PB3FPSB3
Part B3 or part &et B3 if S=T i& incl-(e( in the 7eywor( line.
SO+T
+lag for &oft con&traint option. Set to 1 for &oft con&traint.
SS+2C
Stiffne&& &cale factor for penalty &tiffne&& val-e. The (efa-lt val-e i& -nity.
Thi& applie& to SO+T &et to $ an( 1.
+'BC
Contact friction.
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`CONTACT `CONTACT_INTERIOR
`CONTACT_INTERIOR
P-rpo&e) 3efine interior contact for foam hexahe(ral an( tetrahe(ral element&. +re;-ently, when
foam material& are compre&&e( -n(er high pre&&-re, the &oli( element& -&e( to (i&cretiIe the&e mate#
rial& may invert lea(ing to negative vol-me& an( error termination&. Bn or(er to 7eep the&e element&
from inverting, it i& po&&i9le to con&i(er interior contact& within the foam 9etween layer& of interior
&-rface& ma(e -p of the face& of the &oli( element&. Since the&e interior &-rface& are generate( a-#
tomatically, the part CmaterialD B3V& for the material& of intere&t are (efine( here, prior to the inter#
face (efinition&. O5L4 O5= P2'T S=T B3 C25 B= 3=+B5=3.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le PSB3
Type B
3efa-lt none

PSB3
Part &et B3 incl-(ing all part& for which interior contact i& (e&ire(.
+o-r attri9-te& &ho-l( 9e (efine( for the part &et)
2ttri9-te 1) PS+, penalty &cale factor C3efa-lt]1.$$D.
2ttri9-te 2) 2ctivation factor, +
a
C3efa-lt]$.1$D. ,hen the cr-&hing of the element
reache& +
a
time& the initial thic7ne&& the contact algorithm 9egin& to act.
2ttri9-te %) =3, Optional mo(-l-& for interior contact &tiffne&&.
2ttri9-te !) T4P=, +orm-lation for interior contact.
=S.1.$) 3efa-lt, recommen(e( for -niform compre&&ion
=S.2.$) 3e&igne( to control the com9ine( mo(e& of &hear an( com#
pre&&ion. ,or7& for type 1 9ric7 form-lation an( type 1$ tetrahe(ron
form-lation.
3efine the part &et with the NS=TOP2'TOCOL8.5 option to &pecify in(epen(ent attri9-te val-e&
for each part in the part &et,
Remarks:
The interior penalty i& (etermine( 9y the form-la)
=
SISFAC PSF Iolumc
2
3
E
Hin. Ibickncss

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`CONTACT_INTERIOR `CONTACT
where SLS+2C i& the val-e &pecifie( on the NCO5T'OLOCO5T2CT car( , vol-me i& the vol-me
of the 9ric7 element, = i& a con&tit-tive mo(-l-&, an( min. thic7ne&& i& approximately the thic7ne&&
of the &oli( element thro-gh it& thinne&t (imen&ion. Bf =3, i& (efine( a9ove the interior penalty i&
then given in&tea( 9y)
=
Iolumc
2
3
E
Hin. Ibickncss

where the &caling factor& are ignore(. >enerally, =3 &ho-l( 9e ta7en a& the loc7ing mo(-l-& &peci#
fie( for the foam con&tit-tive mo(el.
Ca-tion &ho-l( 9e o9&erve( when -&ing thi& option &ince if the time &tep &iIe i& too large an in&ta9il#
ity may re&-lt. The time &tep &iIe i& not affecte( 9y the -&e of interior contact.
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`CONTACT `CONTACT_RIGID_SURFACE
11#/ CCO5T2CTD LS-DYNA R7.0
`CONTACT_RIGID_SURFACE
P-rpo&e) 3efine rigi( &-rface contact. The p-rpo&e of rigi( &-rface contact i& to mo(el large rigi(
&-rface&, e.g., roa( &-rface&, with no(al point& an( &egment& that re;-ire little &torage an( are written
o-t at the 9eginning of the 9inary (ata9a&e&. The rigi( &-rface motion, which can 9e optionally pre#
&cri9e(, i& (efine( 9y a (i&placement vector which i& written with each o-tp-t &tate. The no(al
point& (efining the rigi( &-rface m-&t 9e (efine( in the N5O3=O'B>B3OS8'+2C= &ection of thi&
man-al. The&e rigi( no(al point& (o not contri9-te (egree&#of#free(om.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le CB3 PSB3 BOLB3 SSB3 +S +3 3C MC
Type B B B B + + + +
3efa-lt none none $ none $. $. $. $.

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le LCB3L LCB34 LCB3K +SLCB3 +3LCB3
Type B B B B B
3efa-lt $ $ $ $ $

Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le S+S STTJA S+TJA LP=5= BSO'T CT4P=
Type + + + + B B
3efa-lt 1.$ $.$ 1.$ !.$ 1$ $

CB3
PSB3
Part &et B3 of all part& that may contact the rigi( &-rface. See NS=T
OP2'T.
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`CONTACT_RIGID_SURFACE `CONTACT
LS-DYNA R7.0 11# CCO5T2CTD
BOLB3
Bncl-(e only no(e& of the part &et that are within the &pecifie( 9ox, &ee
N3=+B5=OBOL, in contact. Bf BOLB3 i& Iero, all no(e& from the part &et,
PSB3, will 9e incl-(e( in the contact.
SSB3
Segment &et B3 (efining the rigi( &-rface. See NS=TOS=>.=5T.
+S Static coefficient of friction. The frictional coefficient i& a&&-me( to 9e
re.
of the &-rface& in contact
p
c
= F +(FS -F)c
-C|
rcl
|
. Bf +SLCB3 i& (efine(, &ee 9elow, then
+S i& overwritten 9y the val-e from the loa( c-rve.
+3 3ynamic coefficient of friction. The frictional coefficient i& a&&-me( to 9e
re.
p
c
= F +(FS -F)c
-C|
rcl
|
. Bf +3LCB3 i& (efine(, &ee 9elow, then
+3 i& overwritten 9y the val-e from the loa( c-rve.
3C =xponential (ecay coefficient. The frictional coefficient i& a&&-me( to 9e
re.
p
c
= F +(FS -F)c
-C|
rcl
|
.
MC Coefficient for vi&co-& friction. Thi& i& nece&&ary to limit the friction force
Im
= IC A
cont
. (
/ont
9e#
e( val-e for %1 i& to -&e the yiel( &tre&& in &hear IC =
c
c
3
where
o
i& the
yiel( &tre&& of the contacte( material.
LCB3L
Loa( c-rve B3 (efining x#(irection motion. Bf Iero, there i& no motion in
the x#coor(inate &y&tem.
LCB34
Loa( c-rve B3 (efining y#(irection motion. Bf Iero, there i& no motion in
the y#coor(inate &y&tem.
LCB3K
Loa( c-rve B3 (efining I#(irection motion. Bf Iero, there i& no motion in
the I#coor(inate &y&tem.
+SLCB3
Loa( c-rve B3 (efining the &tatic coefficient of friction a& a f-nction of in#
terface pre&&-re. Thi& option applie& to &hell &egment& only.
+3LCB3
Loa( c-rve B3 (efining the (ynamic coefficient of friction a& a f-nction of
interface pre&&-re. Thi& option applie& to &hell &egment& only.
S+S
Scale factor on (efa-lt &lave penalty &tiffne&&, &ee al&o NCO5T'OL
OCO5T2CT.
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`CONTACT `CONTACT_RIGID_SURFACE
11#1$$ CCO5T2CTD LS-DYNA R7.0
STTJA
Optional thic7ne&& for &lave &-rface Coverri(e& tr-e thic7ne&&D. Thi& option
applie& to contact with &hell, &oli(, an( 9eam element&. Tr-e thic7ne&& i&
the element thic7ne&& of the &hell element&. Thic7ne&& off&et& are not -&e(
for &oli( element -nle&& thi& option i& &pecifie(.
S+TJA
Scale factor for &lave &-rface thic7ne&& C&cale& tr-e thic7ne&&D. Thi& option
applie& only to contact with &hell element&. Tr-e thic7ne&& i& the element
thic7ne&& of the &hell element&.
LP=5=
Contact &-rface maxim-m penetration chec7 m-ltiplier. Bf the penetration
of a no(e thro-gh the rigi( &-rface excee(& the pro(-ct of LP=5= an( the
&lave no(e thic7ne&&, the no(e i& &et free.
=S.$) (efa-lt i& &et to !.$.
BSO'T
5-m9er of cycle& 9etween 9-c7et &ort&. The (efa-lt val-e i& &et to 1$ 9-t
can 9e m-ch larger, e.g., "$#1$$, for f-lly connecte( &-rface&.
CT4P=
The contact form-lation. The (efa-lt, CT4P=]$, i& e;-ivalent to the O5=
O,24OS8'+2C=OTOOS8'+2C= form-lation, an( CT4P=]1 i& a pen#
alty form-lation. Bf the &lave &-rface 9elong& to a rigi( 9o(y, CT4P=]1
m-&t 9e -&e(.
Remarks:
Thic7ne&& off&et& (o not apply to the rigi( &-rface. There i& no orientation re;-irement for the
&egment& in the rigi( &-rface, an( the &-rface may 9e a&&em9le( from (i&Hoint, 9-t contig-o-&, ar#
9itrarily oriente( me&he&. ,ith (i&Hoint me&he&, the glo9al &earche& m-&t 9e (one fre;-ently,
a9o-t every 1$ cycle&, to en&-re a &mooth movement of a &lave no(e 9etween me&h patche&. +or
f-lly connecte( me&he& thi& fre;-ency interval can 9e &afely &et to "$#2$$ &tep& 9etween &earche&.
The mo(ifie( 9inary (ata9a&e C3%PLOTD contain& the roa( &-rface information prior to the &tate
(ata. Thi& information contain&)
5P3S ] Total n-m9er of rigi( &-rface point& in pro9lem.
5'SC ] Total n-m9er of rigi( &-rface contact &egment& &-mme( over all (efini#
tion&.
5SB3 ] 5-m9er of rigi( &-rface (efinition&.
5M=LS ] 5-m9er of wor(& at the en( of each 9inary o-tp-t &tate (efining the rigi(
&-rface motion. Thi& e;-al& 0 x 5SB3 if any rigi( &-rface move& or Iero if
all rigi( &-rface& are &tationary.
PB3S ] 2n array e;-al in length to 5P3S. Thi& array (efine& the B3 for each point
in the roa( &-rface.
LC ] 2n array e;-al in length to % x 5P3S. Thi& array (efine& the glo9al x, y,
an( I coor(inate& of each point.
+or each roa( &-rface (efine the following 5SB3 &et& of (ata.
B3 ] 'igi( &-rface B3.
5S ] 5-m9er of &egment& in rigi( &-rface.
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`CONTACT_RIGID_SURFACE `CONTACT
LS-DYNA R7.0 11#1$1 CCO5T2CTD
BL'S ] 2n array e;-al in length to ! x 5S. Thi& i& the connectivity of the rigi(
&-rface in the internal n-m9ering &y&tem.
2t the en( of each &tate, 0 x 5M=LS wor(& of information are written. +or each roa( &-rface the
x, y, an( I (i&placement& an( velocitie& are written. Bf the roa( &-rface i& fixe(, a n-ll vector
&ho-l( 9e o-tp-t. S7ip thi& &ection if 5M=LS]$. LS#P'=POST c-rrently (i&play& rigi( &-rface&
an( animate& their motion.
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`CONTACT `CONTACT_1D
11#1$2 CCO5T2CTD LS-DYNA R7.0
`CONTACT_1D
P-rpo&e) 3efine one#(imen&ional &li(e line& for re9ar in concrete.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 5SB3S 5SB3. ='' SB>C >B S.2L =LP
Type B B + + + + +
3efa-lt none none $. $. $. $. $.

5SB3S
5o(al &et B3 for the &lave no(e&, &ee NS=TO5O3=.
5SB3.
5o(al &et B3 for the ma&ter no(e&, &ee NS=TO5O3=.
=''
=xternal ra(i-& of re9ar
SB>C
Compre&&ive &trength of concrete
>B
Bon( &hear mo(-l-&
S.2L
.axim-m &hear &train
=LP
=xponent in (amage c-rve
Remarks:
,ith thi& option the concrete i& (efine( with &oli( element& an( the re9ar with tr-&& element&, each
with their own -ni;-e &et of no(al point&. 2 &tring of con&ec-tive no(e&, calle( &lave no(e&, relate(
to the tr-&& element& may &li(e along a &tring of con&ec-tive no(e&, calle( ma&ter no(e&, relate( to
the &oli( element&. The &li(ing commence& after the re9ar (e9on(&.
The 9on( 9etween the re9ar an( concrete i& a&&-me( to 9e ela&tic perfectly pla&tic. The maxim-m
allowa9le &lip &train i& given a&)
u
mux
= SHAX c
-LXP

where 3 i& the (amage parameter
n+1
=
n
+Au. The &hear force, acting on area (
s
, at time nH1
i& given a&)
n+1
= min(
n
- A
s
Au A
s
u
mux
)
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`CONTACT_2D_OPTION1_OPTION2]_OPTION3] `CONTACT_2D
LS-DYNA R7.0 11#1$% CCO5T2CTD
`CONTACT_2D_OPTION1_OPTION2]_OPTION3]
P-rpo&e) 3efine a 2#(imen&ional contact or &li(e line. Thi& option i& to 9e -&e( with 23 &oli( an(
&hell element& -&ing the planeO&tre&&, planeO&train or axi&ymmetric form-lation&, &ee NS=CTBO5
OSJ=LL.
OPTION1 &pecifie& the contact type. The following option& &ho-l( 9e -&e( with (eforma9le materi#
al& only Ci.e., not rigi(D)
SLIDING_ONLY
TIED_SLIDING
SLIDING_VOIDS
&ince the&e metho(& are 9a&e( on the impo&ition of con&traint&. The con&traint metho(& may 9e -&e(
with rigi( 9o(ie& if the rigi( 9o(y i& the ma&ter &-rface an( all rigi( 9o(y motion& are pre&cri9e(.
The following option& may 9e -&e( with rigi( material& a& well)
PENALTY_FRICTION
PENALTY
AUTOMATIC_SINGLE_SURFACE
AUTOMATIC_SURFACE_TO_SURFACE
AUTOMATIC_NODE_TO_SURFACE
AUTOMATIC_SURFACE_IN_CONTINUUM
AUTOMATIC_TIED
AUTOMATIC_TIED_ONE_WAY
The following option& &ho-l( 9e -&e( for SPJ particle& in contact with 23 &oli( element& C23 &hell
element& are not &-pporte( c-rrentlyD -&ing the planeO&tre&&, planeO&train or axi&ymmetric form-la#
tion)
NODE_TO_SOLID
NODE_TO_SOLID_TIED
OPTION2 &pecifie& a thermal contact an( ta7e& the &ingle option)
THERMAL
Only the 28TO.2TBC type&) SB5>L=OS8'+2C=, S8'+2C=OTOOS8'+2C=, an( 5O3=OTO
OS8'+2C= may 9e -&e( with thi& option.
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`CONTACT_2D `CONTACT_2D_OPTION1_OPTION2]_OPTION3]
11#1$! CCO5T2CTD LS-DYNA R7.0
OPTION3 &pecifie& that the fir&t car( to rea( (efine& the title an( B3 n-m9er of contact interface an(
ta7e& the &ingle option)
TITLE
Note: OPTION2 and OPTION3 may appear in any order.
2t pre&ent, the contact B3 n-m9er an( title are ignore( 9y LS#3452 9-t are incl-(e( for exten&ion
in the near f-t-re. The title car( i& pic7e( -p 9y &ome of the peripheral LS#3452 co(e& to ai( in
po&t#proce&&ing.
Single &-rface contact in two (imen&ion& i& accompli&he( 9y the 28TO.2TBCOS8'+2C=OTO
OS8'+2C= option when the ma&ter &-rface part &et i& &et to Iero. The SB5>L=OS8'+2C= option
in ver&ion !$ ha& 9een remove(.
'ea( the following car( here if an( only if the option TITLE i& &pecifie()

Optional 1 2
Maria9le CB3 52.=
Type B 27$

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LS-DYNA R7.0 11#1$" CCO5T2CTD

For all options EXCEPT the AUTOMATIC and NODE_TO_SOLID options, define the
following two cards.
Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le SSB3 .SB3 TBB'TJ T3=2TJ
Type B B + +
3efa-lt none none $. 1.e2$

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le =LTOP2S TJ=T21 TJ=T22 TOLOB> P=5 TOLO++ +'CSCL O5=,24
Type B + + + + + + +
3efa-lt none none none $.$$1 $.1 $.$2" $.$1$ $.$

For the PENALTY_FRICTION option define the following additional card
Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le +'BC +'BCOL +'BCOJ +'BCOS
Type + + + +

SSB3
5o(al &et B3 for the &lave no(e&, &ee NS=TO5O3=. The slave surface
must be to the left of the master surface.
.SB3
5o(al &et B3 for the ma&ter no(e&, &ee NS=TO5O3=.
TBB'TJ
Birth time for contact.
T3=2TJ
3eath time for contact.
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11#1$0 CCO5T2CTD LS-DYNA R7.0
=LTOP2S
Sli(eline exten&ion 9ypa&& option.
=S.$) exten&ion& are -&e
=S.1) exten&ion& are not -&e(
TJ=T21
2ngle in (egree& of &li(eline exten&ion at fir&t ma&ter no(e.
=S.$) exten&ion remain& tangent to fir&t ma&ter &egment.
TJ=T22
2ngle in (egree& of &li(eline exten&ion at la&t ma&ter no(e.
=S.$) exten&ion remain& tangent to la&t ma&ter &egment.
TOLOB>
Tolerance for (etermining initial gap&.
=S.$.$) (efa-lt &et to $.$$1
P=5
Scale factor or penalty.
=S.$.$) (efa-lt &et to $.1$
TOLO++
Tolerance for &tiffne&& in&ertion for implicit &ol-tion only. The contact
&tiffne&& i& in&erte( when a no(e approache& a &egment a (i&tance e;-al to
the &egment length m-ltiplie( 9y TOLO++. The &tiffne&& i& increa&e( a&
the no(e move& clo&er with the f-ll &tiffne&& 9eing -&e( when the no(al
point finally ma7e& contact.
=S.$.$) (efa-lt &et to $.$2".
+'CSCL
Scale factor for the interface friction.
=S.$.$) (efa-lt &et to $.$1$
O5=,24
+lag for one way treatment. Bf &et to 1.$ the no(al point& on the &lave &-r#
face are con&traine( to the ma&ter &-rface. Thi& option i& generally recom#
men(e( if the ma&ter &-rface i& rigi(.
=S.1.$) activate one way treatment.
+'BC
Coefficient of friction
+'BCOL
Coefficient of friction at low velocity.
+'BCOJ
Coefficient of friction at high velocity.
+'BCOS
+riction factor for &hear.

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LS-DYNA R7.0 11#1$7 CCO5T2CTD
`CONTACT_2D_AUTOMATIC Option&)

For the AUTOMATIC options define the following two cards:
Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le SB3S SB3. S+2CT +'=S +S +3 3C
Type B B + B + + +
3efa-lt none none 1.$ "$ $. $. $.
'emar7& 1,2 1,2

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le TBB'TJ T3=2TJ SOS SO. 53S 53. CO+ B5BT
Type + + + + B B B B
3efa-lt $. 1.e2$ 1.$ 1.$ $ $ $ $
'emar7& % % ! " /

This Card is mandatory for the THERMAL option, i.e.,: `CONTACT_2D_AUTOMATIC_...
_THERMAL_.....
Optional 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le A '23 J L.B5 L.2L CJL. BCO+L2>
Type + + + + + + B
3efa-lt none none none none none 1.$ $

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11#1$/ CCO5T2CTD LS-DYNA R7.0
Optional Card A
Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le MC M3C BP+ SLB3= BSTB++ TB=3>2P
Type + + B B B '
3efa-lt $. 1$.$ $ $ $
'emar7& 1$ 11 12

SB3S
Set B3 to (efine the &lave &-rface. Bf SB3S@$, a part &et i& a&&-me(, &ee
NS=TOP2'T. Bf SB3S?$, a no(e &et with B3 e;-al to the a9&ol-te val-e of
SB3S i& a&&-me(, &ee NS=TO5O3=.
SB3.
Set B3 to (efine the ma&ter &-rface. Bf SB3.@$, a part &et i& a&&-me(, &ee
NS=TOP2'T. Bf SB3.?$, a no(e &et with B3 e;-al to the a9&ol-te val-e
of SB3. i& a&&-me(, &ee NS=TO5O3=. 3o not (efine for &ingle &-rface
contact.
S+2CT
Scale factor for the penalty force &tiffne&&.
+'=S
Search fre;-ency. The n-m9er of time&tep& 9etween 9-c7et &ort&. +or im#
plicit contact thi& parameter i& ignore( an( the &earch fre;-ency i& 1.
=S.$) (efa-lt &et to "$.
re.
of the &-rface& in contact accor(ing
to the relation given 9y) p
c
= F +(FS -F)c
-C1
rcl
1
.
re.
c
= F +
(FS -F)c
-C|
rcl
|
.
re.
c
= F +
(FS -F)c
-C|
rcl
|
.
TBB'TJ
T3=2TJ
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LS-DYNA R7.0 11#1$ CCO5T2CTD
SOS
S-rface off&et from mi(line for 23 &hell& of &lave &-rface
=S.$.$) (efa-lt to 1.
>T.$.$) &cale factor applie( to act-al thic7ne&&
LT.$.$) a9&ol-te val-e i& -&e( a& the off&et
SO.
S-rface off&et from mi(line for 23 &hell& of ma&ter &-rface
=S.$) (efa-lt to 1.
>T.$) &cale factor applie( to act-al thic7ne&&
LT.$) a9&ol-te val-e i& -&e( a& the off&et
53S
5ormal (irection flag for 23 &hell& of &lave &-rface
=S.$) 5ormal (irection i& (etermine( a-tomatically
=S.1) 5ormal (irection i& in the po&itive (irection
=S.#1) 5ormal (irection i& in the negative (irection
53.
5ormal (irection flag for 23 &hell& of ma&ter &-rface
=S.$) 5ormal (irection i& (etermine( a-tomatically
=S.1) 5ormal (irection i& in the po&itive (irection
=S.#1) 5ormal (irection i& in the negative (irection
CO+
Clo&ingFOpening flag for implicit contact
=S.$) 'ecommen(e( for mo&t pro9lem where gap& are only clo&ing.
=S.1) 'ecommen(e( when gap& are opening to avoi( &tic7ing.
B5BT
Special proce&&ing (-ring initialiIation
=S.$) 5o &pecial proce&&ing.
=S.1) +orming option.
A Thermal con(-ctivity C>D of fl-i( 9etween the &li(e &-rface&. Bf a gap with
a thic7ne&& l
gup
exi&t& 9etween the &li(e &-rface&, then the con(-ctance (-e
to thermal con(-ctivity 9etween the &li(e &-rface& i&

b
cond
=
k
I
gcp

gup
9a&e( on (eformation.
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'23 'a(iation factor, f, 9etween the &li(e &-rface&. 2 ra(iant#heat#tran&fer co#
efficient (b
ud
) i& calc-late( C&ee NBO8532'4O'23B2TBO5D. Bf a gap
exi&t& 9etween the &li(e &-rface&, then the contact con(-ctance i& calc-late(
9y

b = b
cond
+b
ud

J Jeat tran&fer con(-ctance (b
cont
) for clo&e( gap&. 8&e thi& heat tran&fer
con(-ctance for gap& in the range

u l
gup
l
mIn

where l
mIn
i& >C'BT (efine( 9elow.
L.B5 Critical gap (l
mIn
), -&e the heat tran&fer con(-ctance (efine( CJTCD for
gap thic7ne&&e& le&& than thi& val-e.
L.2L 5o thermal contact if gap i& greater than thi& val-e (l
max
).
CJL.
B& a m-ltiplier -&e( on the element characteri&tic (i&tance for the &earch
ro-tine. The characteri&tic length i& the large&t interface &-rface element
(iagonal.
=S.$) 3efa-lt &et to 1.$
BCO+L2>
Thermal 9o-n(ary con(ition flag
=S.$) thermal 9o-n(ary con(ition& are on when part& are in contact
=S.1) thermal 9o-n(ary con(ition& are off when part& are in contact
MC Coefficient for vi&co-& friction. Thi& i& -&e( to limit the friction force to a
maxim-m. 2 limiting force i& comp-te( F
Im
= IC A
cont
. (
/ont
9eing
the area of contacte( 9etween &egment&. The &-gge&te( val-e for %1 i& to
-&e the yiel( &tre&& in &hear)

IC =
c
c
3

where o
o
i& the yiel( &tre&& of the contacte( material.
M3C
Mi&co-& (amping coefficient in percent of critical for explicit contact.
BP+
Bnitial penetration flag for explicit contact.
=S.$) 2llow initial penetration& to remain
=S.1) P-&h apart initially penetrate( &-rface&
SLB3=
Sli(ing option.
=S.$) Off
=S.1) On
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Stiffne&& &caling option.
=S.$) 8&e (efa-lt option.
=S.1) Scale &tiffne&& -&ing &egment ma&&e& an( explicit time &tep C(e#
fa-lt for explicit contactD
=S.2) Scale &tiffne&& -&ing &egment &tiffne&& an( (imen&ion&
C(efa-lt for implicit contactD
TB=3>2P
Search gap for tie( contact&.
=S.$) 3efa-lt, -&e 1b of the ma&ter &egment length
>T.$) 8&e the inp-t val-e
LT.$) 8&e nb of the ma&ter &egment length where n]iTB=3>2Pi

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`CONTACT_2D_NODE_TO_SOLID Option&)

For the NODE_TO_SOLID options define the following two cards:
Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le SSB3 .SB3 TBB'TJ T3=2TJ
Type B B + +
3efa-lt none none $. 1.e2$

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le MC P=5 +S +3 3C
Type + + + + +
3efa-lt $.$ 1.$ $.$ $.$ $.$

SSB3
5o(al &et B3 or part &et B3 for the &lave no(e&, Bf SSB3@$, a no(al &et B3 i&
a&&-me(, Bf SSB3?$ a part &et B3 i& a&&-me(.
.SB3
.a&ter part &et B3. .SB3?$ &ince only part &et i& allowe(.
TBB'TJ
T3=2TJ
P=5
Scale factor for penalty.
=S.$.$) (efa-lt &et to 1.$
re.
of the &-rface& in contact accor(ing
to the relation&hip given 9y) p
c
= F +(FS -F)c
-C1
rcl
1
.
re.
c
= F +
(FS -F)c
-C|
rcl
|
.
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re.
c
= F +
(FS -F)c
-C|
rcl
|
.
MC Coefficient for vi&co-& friction. Thi& i& -&e( to limit the friction force to a
maxim-m. 2 limiting force i& comp-te( F
Im
= IC A
cont
. (
/ont
9eing
the area of contacte( 9etween &egment&. The &-gge&te( val-e for %1 i& to
-&e the yiel( &tre&& in &hear)

IC =
c
c
3

where o
o
i& the yiel( &tre&& of the contacte( material.

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Remarks:
'emar7& 1 thro-gh 12 pertain to 23O28TO.2TBC contact, 'emar7& 1% pertain to 5O3=OTO
OSOLB3 contact.
1. +or 28TO.2TBCOS8'+2C=OTOOS8'+2C=, 28TO.2TBCOSB5>L=OS8'+2C= con#
tact an( 28TO.2TBCO5O3=OTOOS8'+2C= contact, penetration of 23 &hell element&
an( external face& of 23 contin--m element& i& prevente( 9y penalty force&. Part& in the
&lave part &et are chec7e( for contact with part& in the ma&ter part &et. Self contact i&
chec7e( for any part in 9oth &et&. Bf the &lave part &et i& omitte(, all part& are chec7e( for
contact. Bf the ma&ter part &et i& omitte(, it i& a&&-me( to 9e i(entical to the &lave part &et.
2. +or 28TO.2TBCOS8'+2C=OB5OCO5TB588. contact, penalty force& prevent the flow
of &lave element material Cthe contin--mD thro-gh the ma&ter &-rface&. +low of the contin-#
-m tangent to the &-rface i& permitte(. Only 23 &oli( part& are permitte( in the &lave part
&et. Both 23 &oli( an( 23 &hell part& are permitte( in the ma&ter part &et. 5either the &lave
part &et B3 or the ma&ter part &et B3 may 9e omitte(.
%. By (efa-lt, the tr-e thic7ne&& of 23 &hell element& i& ta7en into acco-nt for 28TO.2TBC
OS8'+2C=OTOOS8'+2C= an( 28TO.2TBCO5O3=OTOOS8'+2C= contact. The -&er
can overri(e the tr-e thic7ne&& 9y -&ing SOS an( SO.. Bf the &-rface off&et i& re(-ce( to a
&mall val-e, the a-tomatic normal (irection algorithm may fail, &o it i& 9e&t to &pecify the
normal (irection -&ing 53S or 53.. Thic7ne&& of 23 &hell element& i& not con&i(ere( for
28TO.2TBCOS8'+2C=OB5OCO5TB588. contact.
!. By (efa-lt, the normal (irection of 23 &hell element& i& eval-ate( a-tomatically for 28TO#
.2TBCOS8'+2C=OTOOS8'+2C= an( 28TO.2TBCO5O3=OTOOS8'+2C= contact.
The -&er can overri(e the a-tomatic algorithm -&ing 53S or 53. an( contact will occ-r
with the po&itive or negative face of the element.
". +or S8'+2C=OB5OCO5TB588. contact, flow thro-gh 23 &hell element& i& prevente( in
9oth (irection& 9y (efa-lt. Bf 53. i& &et to p1, flow in the (irection of the normal i& permit#
te(.
0 ,hen -&ing 28TO.2TBCOS8'+2C=OB5OCO5TB588. contact, there i& no nee( to
me&h the contin--m aro-n( the &tr-ct-re 9eca-&e contact i& not with contin--m no(e& 9-t
with material in the interior of the contin--m element&. The algorithm wor7& well for =-#
lerian or 2L= element& &ince the &tr-ct-re (oe& not interfere with reme&hing. Jowever, a
&tr-ct-re will -&-ally not penetrate the &-rface of an 2L= contin--m &ince the no(e& are La#
grangian normal to the &-rface. Therefore, if -&ing an 2L= fl-i(, the &tr-ct-re &ho-l( 9e ini#
tially immer&e( in the fl-i( an( remain immer&e( thro-gho-t the calc-lation. Penetrating the
&-rface of an =-lerian contin--m i& not a pro9lem.
7. +or all type& of 23O28TO.2TBC contact, ero(ing material& are treate( 9y (efa-lt. 2t pre#
&ent, &-9cycling i& not po&&i9le.
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/. C-rrently only one &pecial initialiIation option i& availa9le. The forming option i& inten(e(
for implicit &ol-tion& of thin &oli( part& when 9ac7 &i(e &egment& may interfere with the &o#
l-tion. Bt a-tomatically remove& 9ac7 &i(e &egment& (-ring initialiIation. Bf &lave or ma&ter
&-rface& are (efine( 9y no(e &et&, the forming option &ho-l( 9e t-rne( off.
. +or the thermal option)
b = b
cont,
if the gap thic7ne&& i& u l
gup
l
mIn

b = b
cond
+b
ud,
if the gap thic7ne&& i& l
mIn
l
gup
l
max

b = u, if the gap thic7ne&& i& l
gup
> l
max

1$. ,hen t-rne( on, the &li(ing option activate& a((itional logic inten(e( to improve &li(ing
when &-rface& in contact have 7in7& or corner&. Thi& option i& off 9y (efa-lt.
11. The BSTB++ option allow& control of the e;-ation -&e( in calc-lating the penalty &tiffne&&.
+or 9ac7war( compati9ility, the (efa-lt val-e& are (ifferent for implicit an( explicit &ol-#
tion&. ,hen BSTB++]1 i& -&e(, the explicit time &tep appear& in the &tiffne&& e;-ation re#
gar(le&& if the calc-lation i& implicit or explicit.
12. 28TO.2TBCOTB=3OO5=O,24 contact create& two (egree of free(om tran&lational 7in#
ematic con&traint& to no(e& on the &lave &-rface which are initially locate( on or near ma&ter
&egment&. 28TO.2TBCOTB=3 contact create& 7inematic con&traint& 9etween &lave no(e&
an( ma&ter &egment&, an( al&o create& penalty con&traint& 9etween ma&ter no(e& an( &lave
&egment&. ,ith either contact option, a 7inematic con&traint may 9e &witche( to penalty if
there i& a conflict with another con&traint. The TB=3>2P parameter (etermine& the maxi#
m-m normal (i&tance from a &egment to a no(e for a con&traint to 9e forme(. 5o(e& will
not 9e move( to eliminate an initial gap, an( the initial gap will 9e maintaine( thro-gho-t
the calc-lation.
1%. 5O3=OTOOSOLB3 contact i& a penalty 9a&e( contact type -&e( partic-larly for SPJ particle&
with &oli( element& -&ing the planeO&tre&&, planeO&train or axi&ymmetric form-lation. 5O3=
OTOOSOLB3OTB=3 contact i& -&e( for SPJ particle& tie( with &oli( element&, an off&et of
(i&tance h C&mooth lengthD i& a(opte( for each SPJ particle.
The remaining (i&c-&&ion applie& to the SLB3B5>OO5L4, TB=3OSLB3B5>, SLB3B5>OMOB3S,
P=52LT4O+'BCTBO5, an( P=52LT4 option&. The&e option& were a(opte( from LS#345223
an( originate( in the p-9lic (omain ver&ion of 345223 from the Lawrence Livermore 5ational
La9oratory. The 28TO.2TBC contact option& are generally recommen(e( excepte( for the TB=3
option.
Con&i(er two &li(eline &-rface& in contact. Bt i& nece&&ary to (e&ignate one a& a &lave &-rface an( the
other a& a ma&ter &-rface. 5o(al point& (efining the &lave &-rface are calle( &lave no(e&, an( &imi#
larly, no(e& (efining the ma&ter &-rface are calle( ma&ter no(e&. =ach &lave#ma&ter &-rface com9i#
nation i& referre( to a& a &li(eline.
.any potential pro9lem& with the algorithm can 9e avoi(e( 9y o9&erving the following preca-tion&)
h .etallic material& &ho-l( contain the ma&ter &-rface along high explo&ive#metal interface&.
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h Sli(ing only type &li(eline& are appropriate along high explo&ive#metal interface&. The pen#
alty form-lation i& not recommen(e( along &-ch interface&.
h Bf one &-rface i& more finely Ione(, it &ho-l( 9e -&e( a& the &lave &-rface. Bf penalty
&li(eline& are -&e(, P=52LT4 an( P=52LT4O+'BCTBO5, the &lave#ma&ter (i&tinction i&
irrelevant.
h 2 &lave no(e may have more than one ma&ter &egment, an( may 9e incl-(e( a& a mem9er of
a ma&ter &egment if a &li(eline inter&ection i& (efine(.
h 2ngle& in the ma&ter &i(e of a &li(eline that approach $q m-&t 9e avoi(e(.
,henever &-ch angle& exi&t in a ma&ter &-rface, two or more &li(eline& &ho-l( 9e (efine(.
Thi& proce(-re i& ill-&trate( in +ig-re 11#1/. 2n exception for the foregoing r-le ari&e& if the
&-rface& are tie(. Bn thi& ca&e, only one &li(eline i& nee(e(.
h ,henever two &-rface& are in contact, the &maller of the two &-rface& &ho-l( 9e -&e( a& the
&lave &-rface. +or example, in mo(eling a mi&&ile impacting a wall, the contact &-rface on
the mi&&ile &ho-l( 9e -&e( a& the &lave &-rface.
h Care &ho-l( 9e -&e( when (efining a ma&ter &-rface to prevent the exten&ion from interfering
with the &ol-tion. Bn +ig-re& 11#1/ an( 11#17, &li(eline exten&ion& are &hown.
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s
1
s
2
s
1$
s
1"
s
10
s
17
s
2%
s
1/
s
11
s
1!
s
2!
m
1
m
2
m
%
m
!
m
"
m
0 m
7
m
/
m
m
1$
m
11
m
12
m
1%
m
1!
m
1"
.a&ter &-rface no(e& m
1
m
1"
Slave &-rface no(e& s
1
s
2!

1 2 %
Slave& .a&ter& Slave& .a&ter& Slave& .a&ter&
&
1
m
1
&
11
m
0
&
2!
m
1!

&
2
m
2
&
12
m
7
&
2%
m
1%

. . . m
/
. .
. . . m
1!
. .
. . . . . .
&
1!
m

&
11
m
0
&
2!
&
1"
m
1"

+ig-re 11#17. Proper (efinition of ill-&trate( &lave#ma&ter &-rface re;-ire& three &li(eline& Cnote
that &lave &-rface i& to the left of the ma&ter &-rface a& one move& along ma&ter no(e&
in or(er of (efinitionD.
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!++r1 T"is e.tensi+n may inter0ere -it" sla/e
n+des s t+ s and lead t+ err+ne+us results.
s
1
s
2
s
%
Better1 T"is is t"e e.tensi+n i0 n+de m is
in#luded in t"e master sur0a#e de0initi+n.
m
$
'en+tes slide1line
e.tensi+n
0
1 2

+ig-re 11#1/. .a&ter &-rface exten&ion& (efine( a-tomatically 9y 3452 Cexten&ion& are
-p(ate( every time &tep to remain tangent to en(& of ma&ter &i(e& of &li(eline& -nle&&
angle of exten&ion i& (efine( in inp-tD.
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,itho-t exten&ion
an( with improper
(efinition of
&li(e#line&, &lave
no(e& move (own
inner an( o-ter
wall& a& &hown.
.a&ter
&-rface
,ith exten&ion an( proper
&li(e#line (efinition, element&
9ehave properly.
Sli(e#line
exten&ion Sli(e#line& Carrow& point to ma&ter &li(e&D.

+ig-re 11#1. =xample of &li(eline exten&ion& helping to provi(e reali&tic re&pon&e.

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`CONTROL
LS-DYNA R7.0 12#1 CCO5T'OLD
`CONTROL
The 7eywor( control car(& are optional an( can 9e -&e( to change (efa-lt&, activate &ol-tion option&
&-ch a& ma&& &caling, a(aptive reme&hing, an( an implicit &ol-tionE however, it i& a(vi&a9le to (efine
the NCO5T'OLOT='.B52TBO5 car(. The ordering of the control cards in the input file is ar-
bitrary. To avoid ambiguities, define no more than one control card of each type. The follow#
ing control car(& are organiIe( in alpha9etical or(er)
`CONTROL_ACCURACY
`CONTROL_ADAPSTEP
`CONTROL_ADAPTIVE
`CONTROL_ALE
`CONTROL_BULK_VISCOSITY
`CONTROL_CHECKOPOPTIONQ
`CONTROL_COARSEN
`CONTROL_CONTACT
`CONTROL_COUPLING
`CONTROL_CPU
`CONTROL_DYNAMIC_RELAXATION
`CONTROL_EFG
`CONTROL_ENERGY
`CONTROL_EXPLOSIVE_SHADOW
`CONTROL_FORMING_POSITION
`CONTROL_FORMING_TEMPLATE
`CONTROL_FORMING_TRAVEL
`CONTROL_FORMING_USER
`CONTROL_HOURGLASSOPOPTIONQ
`CONTROL_IMPLICIT_AUTO
`CONTROL_IMPLICIT_BUCKLE
`CONTROL_IMPLICIT_CONSISTENT_MASS
`CONTROL_IMPLICIT_DYNAMICS
`CONTROL_IMPLICIT_EIGENVALUE
`CONTROL_IMPLICIT_GENERAL
`CONTROL_IMPLICIT_INERTIA_RELIEF
`CONTROL_IMPLICIT_1OINTS
`CONTROL_IMPLICIT_MODES
`CONTROL_IMPLICIT_SOLUTION
`CONTROL_IMPLICIT_SOLVER
`CONTROL_IMPLICIT_STABILIZATION
`CONTROL_IMPLICIT_TERMINATION
`CONTROL_MPP_DECOMPOSITION_AUTOMATIC
`CONTROL_MPP_DECOMPOSITION_DISTRIBUTE_BAGREF
`CONTROL_MPP_DECOMPOSITION_CHECK_SPEED
`CONTROL_MPP_DECOMPOSITION_CONTACT_DISTRIBUTE
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`CONTROL
12#2 CCO5T'OLD LS-DYNA R7.0
`CONTROL_MPP_DECOMPOSITION_CONTACT_ISOLATE
`CONTROL_MPP_DECOMPOSITION_DISTRIBUTE_ALE_ELEMENTS
`CONTROL_MPP_DECOMPOSITION_DISTRIBUTE_SPH_ELEMENTS
`CONTROL_MPP_DECOMPOSITION_ELCOST `CONTROL_MPP
_DECOMPOSITION_FILE
`CONTROL_MPP_DECOMPOSITION_METHOD
`CONTROL_MPP_DECOMPOSITION_NUMPROC
`CONTROL_MPP_DECOMPOSITION_OUTDECOMP
`CONTROL_MPP_DECOMPOSITION_PARTS_DISTRIBUTE
`CONTROL_MPP_DECOMPOSITION_SCALE_CONTACT_COST
`CONTROL_MPP_DECOMPOSITION_SCALE_FACTOR_SPH
`CONTROL_MPP_DECOMPOSITION_SHOW
`CONTROL_MPP_DECOMPOSITION_TRANSFORMATION
`CONTROL_MPP_IO_BINOUTONLY
`CONTROL_MPP_IO_LSTC_REDUCE
`CONTROL_MPP_IO_NOD3DUMP
`CONTROL_MPP_IO_NODUMP
`CONTROL_MPP_IO_NOFULL
`CONTROL_MPP_IO_SWAPBYTES
`CONTROL_NONLOCAL
`CONTROL_OUTPUT
`CONTROL_PARALLEL
`CONTROL_PORE_FLUID
`CONTROL_REFINE_ALE
`CONTROL_REFINE_ALE2D
`CONTROL_REFINE_MPP_DISTRIBUTION
`CONTROL_REFINE_SHELL
`CONTROL_REFINE_SOLID
`CONTROL_REMESHING
`CONTROL_RIGID
`CONTROL_SHELL
`CONTROL_SOLID
`CONTROL_SOLUTION
`CONTROL_SPH
`CONTROL_SPOTWELD_BEAM
`CONTROL_STAGED_CONSTRUCTION
`CONTROL_STRUCTUREDOPOPTIONQ
`CONTROL_SUBCYCLE
`CONTROL_TERMINATION
`CONTROL_THERMAL_EIGENVALUE
`CONTROL_THERMAL_NONLINEAR
`CONTROL_THERMAL_SOLVER
`CONTROL_THERMAL_TIMESTEP
`CONTROL_TIMESTEP
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`CONTROL
LS-DYNA R7.0 12#% CCO5T'OLD
LS#3452V& implicit mo(e may 9e activate( in two way&. 8&ing the NCO5T'OLOB.PLBCBT
O>=5='2L 7eywor(, a &im-lation may 9e flagge( to r-n entirely in implicit mo(e. 2lternatively,
an explicit &im-lation may 9e &eamle&&ly &witche( into implicit
mo(e at the termination time -&ing the NB5T='+2C=OSP'B5>B2CAOS=2.L=SS 7eywor(. The
&eamle&& &witching feat-re i& inten(e( to &implify metal forming &pring9ac7 calc-lation&, where the
forming pha&e can 9e r-n in explicit mo(e, followe( imme(iately 9y an implicit &tatic &pring9ac7
&im-lation. Bn ca&e of (iffic-lty, re&tart capa9ility i& &-pporte(. =ight 7eywor(& are availa9le to
&-pport implicit analy&i&. 3efa-lt val-e& are caref-lly &electe( to minimiIe inp-t nece&&ary for mo&t
&im-lation&. The&e are &-mmariIe( 9elow)
NCO5T'OLOB.PLBCBTO>=5='2L
2ctivate& implicit mo(e, &elect& time &tep &iIe.
NCO5T'OLOB.PLBCBTOB5='TB2O'=LB=+
2llow& linear analy&i& of mo(el& with rigi( 9o(y mo(e&.

NCO5T'OLOB.PLBCBTOSOLM='
Select& parameter& for &olving &y&tem of linear e;-ation& TAUPxQ]PfQ.

NCO5T'OLOB.PLBCBTOSOL8TBO5
Select& linear or nonlinear &ol-tion metho(, convergence tolerance&.

NCO5T'OLOB.PLBCBTO28TO
2ctivate& a-tomatic time &tep control.

NCO5T'OLOB.PLBCBTO3452.BCS
2ctivate& an( control& (ynamic implicit &ol-tion -&ing 5ewmar7 metho(.

NCO5T'OLOB.PLBCBTO=B>=5M2L8=
2ctivate& an( control& eigenval-e analy&i&.

NCO5T'OLOB.PLBCBTO.O3=S
2ctivate& an( control& comp-tation of con&traint an( attachment mo(e&.

NCO5T'OLOB.PLBCBTOST2BBLBK2TBO5
2ctivate& an( control& artificial &ta9iliIation for m-lti#&tep &pring9ac7.
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`CONTROL `CONTROL_ACCURACY
12#! CCO5T'OLD LS-DYNA R7.0
`CONTROL_ACCURACY
P-rpo&e) 3efine control parameter& that can improve the acc-racy of the calc-lation.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le OS8 B55 PB3OS8
Type B B B
3efa-lt $ CoffD optional

OS8
>lo9al flag for 2n( or(er o9Hective &tre&& -p(ate& CSee 'emar7 1 9elowD.
>enerally, for explicit calc-lation& only tho&e part& -n(ergoing large rota#
tion&, &-ch a& rolling tire&, nee( thi& option. O9Hective &tre&& -p(ate& can 9e
activate( for a &-9&et of part B3& 9y (efining the part &et in col-mn& 21#%$.
=S.$) Off C(efa-ltD
=S.1) On
B55
Bnvariant no(e n-m9ering for &hell an( &oli( element&. CSee 'emar7& 2
an( % 9elowD.
=S.#!) On for 9oth &hell an( &oli( element& except triang-lar &hell&
=S.#2) On for &hell element& except triang-lar &hell&
=S.1) Off C(efa-lt for explicitD
=S.2) On for &hell an( thic7 &hell element& C(efa-lt for implicitD
=S.%) On for &oli( element&
=S.!) On for &hell, thic7 &hell, an( &oli( element&
PB3OS8
Part &et B3 for o9Hective &tre&& -p(ate&. Bf thi& part &et B3 i& given only
tho&e part B3& li&te( will -&e the o9Hective &tre&& -p(ateE therefore, OS8 i&
ignore(.
Remarks:
1. Secon( or(er o9Hective &tre&& -p(ate& are occa&ionally nece&&ary. Some example& incl-(e
&pinning 9o(ie& &-ch a& t-r9ine 9la(e& in a Het engine, high velocity impact& generating large
&train& in a few time &tep&, an( large time &tep &iIe& (-e to ma&& &caling in metal forming.
There i& a &ignificantly a((e( co&t which i& (-e in part to the a((e( co&t of the &econ( or(er
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`CONTROL_ACCURACY `CONTROL
LS-DYNA R7.0 12#" CCO5T'OLD
term& in the &tre&& -p(ate when the :a-mann rate i& -&e( an( the nee( to comp-te the &train#
(i&placement matrix at the mi(#point geometry. Thi& option i& availa9le for one point 9ric7
element&, the &elective#re(-ce( integrate( 9ric7 element which -&e& eight integration point&,
the f-lly integrate( plane &train an( axi&ymmetric vol-me weighte( Ctype 1"D 23 &oli( ele#
ment&, the thic7 &hell element&, an( the following &hell element&) Belyt&ch7o#T&ay, Be#
lyt&ch7o#T&ay with warping &tiffne&&, Belyt&ch7o#Chiang#,ong, SF' J-ghe&#Li-, an( the
type 10 f-lly integrate( &hell element.
2. Bnvariant no(e n-m9ering for &hell an( thic7 &hell element& affect& the choice of the local
element &hell coor(inate &y&tem. The orientation of the (efa-lt local coor(inate &y&tem i&
9a&e( on the &hell normal vector an( the (irection of the 1#2 &i(e of the element. Bf the ele#
ment n-m9ering i& perm-te(, the re&-lt& will change in irreg-larly &hape( element&. ,ith
invariant no(e n-m9ering, perm-ting the no(e& &hift& the local &y&tem 9y an exact m-ltiple
of $ (egree&. Bn &pite of it& higher co&t& T?"bU, the invariant local &y&tem i& recommen(e(
for &everal rea&on&. +ir&t, element force& are nearly in(epen(ent of no(e &e;-encingE &ec#
on(ly, the ho-rgla&& mo(e& will not &-9&tantially affect the material (irection&E an(, finally,
&ta9le calc-lation& over long time perio(& are achieva9le. The B55 parameter ha& no effect
on thic7 &hell form 2 which i& alway& invariant an( thic7 &hell from % which i& never invari#
ant.
%. Bnvariant no(e n-m9ering for &oli( element& i& availa9le for ani&otropic material& only. Thi&
option ha& no effect on &oli( element& of i&otropic material. Thi& option i& recommen(e(
when &oli( element& of ani&otropic material -n(ergo &ignificant (eformation.
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`CONTROL `CONTROL_ADAPSTEP
`CONTROL_ADAPSTEP
P-rpo&e) 3efine control parameter& for contact interface force -p(ate (-ring each a(aptive cycle.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le +2CTB5 3+2CT'
Type + +
3efa-lt 1.$ $.$1

+2CTB5
Bnitial relaxation factor for contact force (-ring each a(aptive reme&h. To
t-rn thi& option off &et +2CTB5]1.$. 8nle&& &ta9ility pro9lem& occ-r in
the contact, +2CTB5]1.$ i& recommen(e( &ince thi& option can create
&ome n-merical noi&e in the re&-ltant tooling force&. 2 typical val-e for
thi& parameter i& $.1$.
3+2CT'
Bncremental increa&e of +2CTB5 (-ring each time &tep after the a(aptive
&tep. +2CTB5 i& not allowe( to excee( -nity. 2 typical val-e might 9e
$.$1.
Remarks:
1. Thi& comman( applie& to contact with thic7ne&& off&et& incl-(ing contact type&)
NCO5T2CTO+O'.B5>O...,
NCO5T2CTO5O3=SOTOOS8'+2C=,
NCO5T2CTOS8'+2C=OTOOS8'+2C=,
NCO5T2CTOO5=O,24OS8'+2C=OTOOS8'+2C=.
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`CONTROL_ADAPTIVE `CONTROL
`CONTROL_ADAPTIVE
P-rpo&e) 2ctivate a(aptive me&hing. The part& which are a(aptively me&he( are (efine( 9y
NP2'T. See remar7& 9elow.
Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 23P+'=S 23PTOL 23POPT .2LLML TBB'TJ T3=2TJ LC23P BO+L2>
Type + + B B + + B B
3efa-lt none 1.$=2$ 1 % $.$ 1.$=2$ $ $

(This card is optional).
Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 23PSBK= 23P2SS B'=+L> 23P=5= 23PTJ .=.O'4 O'B=5T .2L=L
Type + B B + + B B B
3efa-lt $ $ $.$ inactive inactive $ inactive

(This card is optional).
Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le B23P5$ B23P>J 5C+'=S B23PCL 23PCTL CBB'TJ C3=2TJ LCLML
3efa-lt $ $ none 1 none $.$ 1.$=2$

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`CONTROL `CONTROL_ADAPTIVE
12#/ CCO5T'OLD LS-DYNA R7.0
(This card is optional)
Car( ! 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le C5L2 ...23 23P=''
Type + B B
3efa-lt $ $ $

23P+'=S
Time interval 9etween a(aptive refinement&, &ee +ig-re 12#1.
23PTOL
2(aptive error tolerance in (egree& for 23POPT &et to 1 or 2 9elow. Bf
23POPT i& &et to /, 23PTOL i& the characteri&tic element &iIe.
23POPT
2(aptive option&)
=S.1) angle change in (egree& per a(aptive refinement relative to the
&-rro-n(ing &hell& for each &hell to 9e refine(.
=S.2) total angle change in (egree& relative to the &-rro-n(ing &hell&
for each &hell to 9e refine(. +or example, if the a(ptol]" (e#
gree&, the &hell will 9e refine( to the &econ( level when the total
angle change reache& " (egree&. ,hen the angle change i& 1$
(egree& the &hell will 9e refine( to the thir( level.
=S.!) a(apt& when the &hell error in the energy norm CAcD excee(&
23PTOLF1$$ time& the mean energy norm within the part,
which i& e&timate( a&)
Ac =
[Ao[
2
E
Ju
H
c

1
2

where = i& 4o-ngG& mo(-l-&. The error of the &tre&&e& Ao i& (e#
fine( a& the (ifference 9etween the the recovere( &ol-tion o
-
an(
the n-merical &ol-tion, o
h
i.e. Ao o
-
-o
h
. Mario-& recovery
techni;-e& for o
-
an( error e&timator& for Ac are (efine( 9y
23P=''. Thi& option& wor7& for &hell type& 2,!,10,1/,2$.
=S.7) %3 r#a(aptive reme&hing for &oli( element&. Soli( element type
1%, a tetrahe(ron, an( %#3 =+> type !1 an( !2, are -&e( in the
a(aptive reme&hing proce&&. 2 completely new me&h i& generat#
e( which i& initialiIe( from the ol( me&h -&ing a lea&t &;-are&
approximation. The me&h &iIe i& c-rrently 9a&e( on the mini#
m-m an( maxim-m e(ge length& (efine( on the NCO5T'OL
O'=.=SJB5> 7eywor( inp-t. Thi& option remain& -n(er (e#
velopment, an(, we are not &-re of it& relia9ility on complex ge#
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LS-DYNA R7.0 12# CCO5T'OLD
ometrie&.

=S.i/i) 23 r#a(aptive reme&hing for axi&ymmetric an( plane &train con#
tin--m element&. 2 completely new me&h i& generate( which i&
initialiIe( from the ol( me&h -&ing a lea&t &;-are& approxima#
tion. The me&h &iIe i& c-rrently 9a&e( on the val-e, 23PTOL,
which give& the characteri&tic element &iIe. Thi& option i& 9a&e(
on earlier wor7 9y 3ic7 an( Jarri& T12U. Bf 23POPT i& nega#
tive, then &elf#contacting material will not 9e merge( together.
The &elf#merging i& often preferre( &ince it eliminate& &harp
fol(& in the 9o-n(aryE however, if the &harp fol( i& 9eing &im-#
late( -nexpecte( re&-lt& are generate(.
.2LLML
.axim-m n-m9er of refinement level&. Mal-e& of 1, 2, %, !, ... allow a
maxim-m of 1, !, 10, 0!, ... &hell&, re&pectively, to 9e create( for each orig#
inal &hell. The refinement level can 9e overri((en 9y N3=+B5=OBOL
O232PTBM=, or N3=+B5=OS=TO232PTBM=.
TBB'TJ
Birth time at which the a(aptive reme&hing 9egin&, &ee +ig-re 12#1.
T3=2TJ
3eath time at which the a(aptive reme&hing en(&, &ee +ig-re 12#1.
LC23P
2(aptive interval i& change( a& a f-nction of time given 9y loa( c-rve B3,
LC23P. Bf thi& option i& nonIero, the 23P+'=S will 9e replace( 9y
LC23P. The x#axi& i& time an( the y#axi& i& the varie( a(aptive time in#
terval.
BO+L2>
+lag to generate a(aptive me&h at exit incl-(ing N5O3=, N=L=.=5T,
NSJ=LL, an( NBO8532'4O, NCO5T2CTO5O3=O, an( NCO5#
ST'2B5=3O232PTBMBT4, to 9e &ave( in the file, adapt#msh.
=S.1) generate h#a(apte( me&h.
23PSBK=
.inim-m &hell &iIe to 9e a(apte( 9a&e( on element e(ge length. Bf -n(e#
fine( the e(ge length limit i& ignore(.
LT.$) a9&ol-te val-e (efine& the minim-m characteri&tic element length
to 9e a(apte( 9a&e( on &;-are root of the element area, i.e., in#
&tea( of comparing the &horte&t element e(ge with 23PSBK=, it
compare& the &;-are root of the element area with i23PSBK=i
whenever 23PSBK= i& (efine( 9y a negative val-e.
23P2SS
One or two pa&& flag for h#a(aptivity)
=S.$) two pa&& a(aptivity a& &hown in +ig-re 12#2,
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12#1$ CCO5T'OLD LS-DYNA R7.0
=S.1) one pa&& a(aptivity a& &hown in +ig-re 12#2.
B'=+L>
8niform refinement level. 2 val-e of 1, 2, % ... allow !, 10, 0! ... &hell&,
re&pectively, to 9e create( -niformly for each original &hell. Bf negative,
iB'=+L>i i& ta7en a& a loa( c-rve B3. ,ith the c-rve option, the a9&ci&&a
val-e& (efine the refinement time, an( the or(inate val-e& (efine the mini#
m-m element &iIe. Only one refinement level i& performe( per time &tep.
2n a(vantage of the loa( c-rve option i& that the me&h i& a(apte( to honor
the minim-m element &iIe, 9-t with the -niform option, B'=+L>@$, thi& i&
not po&&i9le.
Note: If the element size defined with `DEFINE_CURVE is positive,
the element size will override the element size defined with
`CONTROL_ADAPTIVE and `DEFINE_SET_ADAPTIVE. Also, if
the element size defined with `DEFINE_CURVE is negative the ele-
ment size is used for refinement only.
23P=5=
J#a(apt the &hell me&h when the +O'.B5> contact &-rface& approach or
penetrate the tooling &-rface (epen(ing on whether the val-e of 23P=5=
i& po&itive Capproa/hD or negative CpenetratesD, re&pectively. The tooling
a(aptive refinement i& 9a&e( on the c-rvat-re of the tooling. Bf 23P=5= i&
po&itive the refinement generally occ-r& 9efore contact ta7e& placeE con&e#
;-ently, it i& po&&i9le that the parameter 23P2SS can 9e &et to 1 in invo7e
the one pa&& a(aptivity.
23PTJ
=S.$.$) Thi& parameter i& ignore(
>T.$.$) 29&ol-te &hell thic7ne&& level 9elow which a(aptive reme&hing
&ho-l( 9egan.
LT.$.$) =lement thic7ne&& ratio. Bf the ratio of the element thic7ne&& to
the original element thic7ne&& i& le&& than the a9&ol-te val-e of
23PTJA, the element will 9e refine(.
Thi& option wor7& only if 23PTOL i& nonIero. Bf thic7ne&& 9a&e( a(aptive
reme&hing i& (e&ire( witho-t angle change&, then, &et 23PTOL to a large
angle.
.=.O'4
Thi& flag can have two meaning& (epen(ing on whether the memory envi#
ronmental varia9le i& or i& not &et. The comman( Zseten+ =ST1_"5"O&4
autoZ &et& the memory environmental varia9le which ca-&e& LS#3452 to
expan( memory a-tomatically. 5ote that a-tomatic memory expan&ion i&
not alway& 1$$b relia9le (epen(ing on the machine an( operating &y&tem
levelE con&e;-ently, it i& not yet the (efa-lt. To &ee if thi& i& &et on a par#
tic-lar machine type the comman( Zen+Z. Bf the environmental varia9le i&
not &et then when memory -&age reache& thi& percentage, .=.O'4, f-r#
ther a(aptivity i& prevente( to avoi( excee(ing the memory &pecifie( at ex#
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ec-tion time. Ca-tion i& nece&&ary &ince memory -&age i& chec7e( after
each a(aptive &tep, an(, if the memory -&age increa&e& 9y more than the
re&i(-al percentage, 1$$#P='C=5T, the calc-lation will terminate.
Bf the memory environmental varia9le i& &et then when the n-m9er of
wor(& of memory allocate( reache& or excee(& thi& val-e, .=.O'4, f-r#
ther a(aptivity i& &toppe(.
O'B=5T
Thi& option applie& to the +O'.B5> contact option only. Bf thi& flag i& &et
to one C1D, the -&er orientation for the contact interface i& -&e(. Bf thi& flag
i& &et to Iero C$D, LS#3452 &et& the glo9al orientation of the contact &-r#
face the fir&t time a potential contact i& o9&erve( after the 9irth time. Bf
&lave no(e& are fo-n( on 9oth &i(e& of the contact &-rface, the orientation i&
&et 9a&e( on the principle of ZmaHority r-le&Z. =xperience ha& &hown that
thi& principle i& not alway& relia9le.
.2L=L
2(aptivity i& &toppe( if thi& n-m9er of &hell& i& excee(e(.
B23P5$
.axim-m n-m9er of &hell& covering $ (egree of ra(ii.
See 'emar7 0.
B23P>J
+i&&ion flag for neigh9or &plitting.
=S.$) &plit all neigh9or &hell&
=S.1) (o not &plit neigh9or &hell&
5C+'=S
+re;-ency of fi&&ion to f-&ion &tep&. +or example, if 5C+'=S]!, then f-#
&ion will occ-r on the fo-rth, eighth, twelfth, etc., fi&&ion &tep&, re&pective#
ly. Bf thi& option i& -&e( 5C+'=S@1 i& recommen(e(.
B23PCL
+-&ion will not occ-r -ntil the fi&&ion level reache& B23PCL. Therefore, if
B23PCL]2, .2LLML]", any &hell can 9e &plit into 2"0 &hell&. Bf the &-r#
face flatten& o-t, the n-m9er of element& will 9e re(-ce( if the f-&ion op#
tion i& active, i.e., the 2"0 element& can 9e f-&e( an( re(-ce( to 10.
23PCTL
2(aptivity error tolerance in (egree& for activating f-&ion. Bt follow& the
&ame r-le& a& 23POPT a9ove.
CBB'TJ
Birth time for a(aptive f-&ion. Bf 23P=5=@$, loo7#ahea( a(aptivity i&
active. Bn thi& ca&e, fi&&ion, 9a&e( on local tool c-rvat-re, will occ-r while
the 9lan7 i& &till relatively flat. The time val-e given for CBB'TJ &ho-l(
9e &et to a time later in the &im-lation after the forming proce&& i& well -n#
(erway.
C3=2TJ
3eath time for a(aptive f-&ion.
LCLML
Loa( c-rve B3 of a c-rve that (efine& the maxim-m refinement level a& a
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f-nction of time
C5L2
Limit angle for corner no(e&. See 'emar7 7.
...23 Bf non#Iero, common 9o-n(arie& of all a(apte( material& will 9e merge(.
Only for 23 r#a(aptivity
23P='' %#(igit n-m9er, a& XL44Y, where XLY an( X44Y (efine the option& for the
recovery techni;-e& an( the error e&timator&, re&pectively,

+or L)

=S.$) &-perconvergent patch recovery CSP'D C(efa-ltDE
=S.1) the lea&t &;-are fit of the &tre&& to the no(e& C>lo9al L2DE
=S.2) error (en&ity SP', a& A
c = Ac 2rea
element
E
=S.%) &elf#weighte( SP', a& A
c = Ac c

+or 44)

=S.$$) energy norm C(efa-ltDE
=S.$1) Ca-chy rx
=S.$2) ry
=S.$%) rI
=S.$!) sxy
=S.$") syI)
=S.$0) sIxE
=S.$7) effective pla&tic &train, tepE
=S.$/) pre&&-reE
=S.$) von .i&e&E
=S.1$) principal (eviator &tre&& &11
=S.11) &22
=S.12) &%%
=S.1%) Tre&caE
=S.1!) principal &tre&& r11
=S.1") r22
=S.10) r%%
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LS-DYNA R7.0 12#1% CCO5T'OLD
=S.2$) -&er &-9ro-tine) X-a(pvalY to extract the n-merical &ol-tion&
for recovery, an( X-a(pnormY to provi(e an error e&timator.
Remarks:
1. 3%38.P an( '85'S+ file& contain all information nece&&ary to re&tart an a(aptive r-n.
Thi& (i( not wor7 in ver&ion %0 of LS#3452.
2. Car( 2 inp-t i& optional an( i& not re;-ire(.
%. Bn or(er for thi& control car( to wor7, the flag 23POPT]1 m-&t 9e &et in the NP2'T (efi#
nition. Otherwi&e, a(aptivity will not f-nction.
!. Bn or(er for a(aptivity to wor7 optimally, the parameter S5LO>]1, m-&t 9e &et on Op#
tional Control Car( B in the NCO5T2CT Section. On (i&Hoint tooling me&he& the contact
option NCO5T2CTO+O'.B5>O..... i& recommen(e(.
". 2 file adapt#rid i& left on (i&7 after the a(aptive r-n i& complete(. Thi& file contain& the
root B3 of all element& that are create( (-ring the calc-lation, an( it (oe& not nee( to 9e
7ept if it i& not -&e( in po&t#proce&&ing.
0. +or &pring9ac7 analy&i&, B23P5$ i& -&-ally cho&en 9etween ! an( 0.
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12#1! CCO5T'OLD LS-DYNA R7.0
7. ,hen -&ing 23 r#a(aptive reme&hing, the generate( new me&h &ho-l( have a no(e at each
corner &o that corner& are not &moothe(. By (efa-lt, the me&her will a&&-me a corner
wherever the interior angel 9etween a(Hacent e(ge& i& le&& than 11$ (egree&. Setting
C5L2 larger than 11$ ena9le& angle& larger than 11$ to 9e corner&. Care &ho-l( 9e ta7en
to avoi( an -nnece&&arily large val-e of C5L2 a& thi& may prevent the me&her from gen#
erating &mooth me&he&.

+ig-re 12#1. 2t time]t?irth the a(aptive calc-lation 9egin&. 2fter comp-ting for a time
interval adp-re3 error norm& are comp-te(. Bf 23P2SS]$, then the me&h that exi&te( at
time]t?irth i& refine( 9a&e( on the comp-te( error norm&. ,ith the new me&h, the calc-#
lation contin-e& to time]t?irthH2 : adp-re3 where the error norm& are again comp-te(.
The me&h that exi&te( at time]t?irthHadp-re3 i& refine( an( the calc-lation contin-e& to
time]t?irthH3 : adp-re3, an( &o on. Jowever, if 23P2SS]1, then the me&h that exi&t at
time ]thirthHadp-re3 i& refine( an( the calc-lation contin-e&. =rror& that (evelop 9e#
tween a(aptive reme&hing are pre&erve(. >enerally, 23P2SS]$ i& recommen(e( 9-t thi&
option i& con&i(era9ly more expen&ive.
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`CONTROL_ADAPTIVE_CURVE `CONTROL
LS-DYNA R7.0 12#1" CCO5T'OLD
`CONTROL_ADAPTIVE_CURVE
P-rpo&e) To refine the element me&h along a c-rve. 2ll c-rve& (efine( 9y the 7eywor( N3=+B5=
OC8'M=OT'B. are -&e( in the refinement. Thi& option provi(e& a((itional refinement to that cre#
ate( 9y NCO5T'OLO232PTBM=. 2((itionally, me&h refinement along a pre(efine( c-rve with
&pecific (i&tanceFrange i& ena9le( when thi& 7eywor( i& -&e( together with N3=+B5=OC8'M=
OT'B.O%3, 9y activating the varia9le TCTOL.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le B3S=T BT4P= 5 S.B5 BT'BOPT
Type B B B + B

B3S=T
Set B3
BT4P=
Set type)
=S.1) B3S=T i& &hell &et B3.
=S.2) B3S=T i& part &et B3.
5
'efinement option)
=S.1) 'efine -ntil there are no a(aptive con&traint& remaining in the el#
ement me&h aro-n( the c-rve, &-9Hecte( to the maxim-m refine#
ment level of ".
>T.1) 'efine no more than 5 level&.
S.B5
Bf the element (imen&ion i& &maller than thi& val-e, (o not refine.
BT'BOPT
Option to refine an enclo&e( area of a trim c-rve.
=S.$) 'efine the element& along the trim c-rve.
=S.1) 'efine the element& along the trim c-rve an( enclo&e( 9y the trim
c-rve.
Remarks)
1. Aeywor( man-al page& N3=+B5=OC8'M=OT'B. provi(e& more (etail& regar(ing me&h
refinement along a c-rve within a -&er &pecifie( (i&tanceFrange, -&ef-l in performing a flanging &im#
-lation in a m-lti&tage &tamping (ie proce&& &im-lation.
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`CONTROL `CONTROL_ADAPTIVE_CURVE

+ig-re 12#2. 'efinement along a c-rve.
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`CONTROL_ALE `CONTROL
`CONTROL_ALE
P-rpo&e) Set glo9al control parameter& for the 2r9itrary Lagrange#=-lerian C2L=D an( =-lerian cal#
c-lation&. Thi& i& re;-ire( when =L+O'. ] ", 0, 7, 11, an( 12.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 3CT 523M .=TJ 2+2C B+2C C+2C 3+2C =+2C
Type B B B + + + + +
3efa-lt 1 $ 1 $ $ $ $ $

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le ST2'T =53 22+2C M+2CT P'BT =BC P'=+ 5SB3=BC
Type + + + + + B + B
3efa-lt $ 1. $=[2$ 1 1.$=#$0 $.$ $ $.$ none

Optional Card 3
Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 5CPL 5BAT B.2SCL CJ=CA' B=2.B5 B5B:,L P3B+.L
Type B B B + + B +
3efa-lt 1 "$ $ $.$ $.$ $ $.$

3CT
+lag to invo7e alternate a(vection logic. +ormerly flag to control (efa-lt
contin--m treatment)
5=.#1) 8&e (efa-lt a(vection logic.
=S.#1) 8&e alternate a(vection logicE generally recommen(e(, e&pecial#
ly for &im-lation of explo&ive& C&ee 'emar7 D.
523M
5-m9er of cycle& 9etween a(vection& Calmo&t alway& &et to 1D.
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`CONTROL `CONTROL_ALE

12#1/ CCO5T'OLD LS-DYNA R7.0
.=TJ
2(vection metho()
=S.1) (onor cell [ JBS CJalf#Bn(ex#Shift, fir&t or(er acc-rateD,
=S.2) Man Leer [ JBS CJalf#Bn(ex#Shift, &econ( or(erD.
=S.#2) Man Leer [ JBS, with the monotonicity con(ition relaxe( (-ring
a(vection proce&& to 9etter pre&erve N.2TOJB>J
O=LPLOSBM=OB8'5 material interface.
CSee 'emar7 1$D
=S.%) (onor cell [ JBS, fir&t or(er acc-rate, con&erving total energy
over each a(vection &tep in&tea( of con&erving internal energy
CSee 'emar7 "D.
2+2C
2L= &moothing weight factor # Simple average)
=S.#1) t-rn &moothing off. CSee 'emar7 0D.
B+2C
2L= &moothing weight factor W Mol-me weighting
C+2C
2L= &moothing weight factor W B&oparametric
3+2C
2L= &moothing weight factor W =;-ipotential
=+2C
2L= &moothing weight factor W =;-ili9ri-m
ST2'T
Start time for 2L= &moothing or
Start time for 2L= a(vection if &moothing i& not -&e(.
=53
=n( time for 2L= &moothing or
=n( time for 2L= a(vection if &moothing i& not -&e(.
22+2C
2L= a(vection factor C(onor cell option&, (efa-lt]1.$D
M+2CT
Mol-me fraction limit for &tre&&e& in &ingle material an( voi( form-lation.
2ll &tre&&e& are &et to Iero for element& with lower vol-me fraction than
M+2CT.
=S.$.$) &et to (efa-lt 1.$=#$0.
P'BT
2 flag to t-rn on or off the pre&&-re e;-ili9ri-m iteration option for m-lti#
material element& CSee 'emar7 1D.
=S.$) Off C(efa-ltD
=S.1) On
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=BC
2-tomatic =-lerian 9o-n(ary con(ition CSee 'emar7 2D.
=S.$) Off
=S.1) On with &tic7 con(ition
=S.2) On with &lip con(ition
P'=+
'eference pre&&-re applie( to the free &-rface& of the 2L= me&h 9o-n(ary.
CSee 'emar7 %D.
5SB3=BC
2 no(e &et B3 C5SB3D which i& to 9e excl-(e( from the =BC con&traint.
5CPL
5-m9er of Lagrangian cycle& 9etween co-pling calc-lation&. Thi& i& typi#
cally (one every cycleE therefore, it& (efa-lt i& 1. Thi& i& on optional car(
%.
5BAT
5-m9er of Lagrangian cycle& 9etween glo9al 9-c7et#&ort &earche& to locate
the po&ition of the Lagrangian &tr-ct-re Cme&hD relative to the 2L= fl-i(
Cme&hD. 3efa-lt i& "$. Thi& i& on optional car( %.
B.2SCL
2 flag for t-rning O5FO++ ma&& &caling for 2L= part&. The glo9al ma&&
&caling control Cparameter 3T2.S -n(er NCO5T'OLOTB.=ST=P car(D
m-&t 9e O5. Bf the r-n (t i& lower than the ma&& &caling (t, then B.2SCL
ha& the following effect&)
=S.$) C3efa-ltD 5o ma&& &caling for 2L= part&. Print o-t maxim-m 2$
warning&.
=S.1) 5o ma&& &caling for 2L= part&. Stop the r-n.
=S.2) 3o ma&& &caling for 2L= part& Cthe re&-lt may not 9e correct (-e
to thi& &calingD.
CJ=CA'
2 parameter for re(-cing or eliminating an 2L= pre&&-re loc7ing pattern.
Bt may range from $.$1 to $.1 CSee 'emar7 !D.
B=2.B5
+lag to align the (ynamic& of plain &train an( axi&ymmetric 9eam& in 23
+SB 2L= mo(el& to their &hell co-nterpart& in %3 +SB 2L= mo(el&)
=S.$.$) Off C(efa-ltD
=S.1.$) On
B5B:,L
+lag to initialiIe to P'=+ the pre&&-re& of 2L= gro-p& with N=OSO2 or
N=OSO1!)
=S.$) Off C(efa-ltD
=S.1) On
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`CONTROL `CONTROL_ALE

P3B+.L
.axim-m of pre&&-re (ifference 9etween neigh9oring 2L= element& -n(er
which the &tre&&e& are Ieroe( o-t)
=S.$) Off C(efa-ltD
>T.1) On
Remarks:
1. .o&t of the fa&t tran&ient application& (o not nee( thi& feat-re. Bt co-l( 9e -&e( in &pecific
&low (ynamic pro9lem& for which material con&tit-tive law& with very (ifferent compre&&i#
9ility are linear an( the &tre&&e& in m-lti#material element& re;-ire to 9e 9alance(.
2. Thi& option, -&e( for =8L=' form-lation&, a-tomatically (efine& velocity 9o-n(ary con(i#
tion con&traint& for the -&er. The con&traint&, once (efine(, are applie( to all no(e& on free
&-rface& of an =-lerian (omain. +or pro9lem& where the normal velocity of the material at
the 9o-n(ary i& Iero &-ch a& inHection mol(ing pro9lem&, the a-tomatic 9o-n(ary con(ition
parameter i& &et to 2. Thi& will play the &ame role a& the no(al &ingle point con&traint. +or
=BC]1, the material velocity of all free &-rface no(e& of an =-lerian (omain i& &et to Iero.
%. The P'=+ (efinition i& e;-ivalent to -&ing the NLO23OS=>.=5T car( to provi(e pre&&-re
loa(ing on the free &-rface& of all 2L= or =-lerian me&hCe&D in a mo(el. Thi& cannot 9e -&e(
to initialiIe the internal pre&&-re of the material Cthat m-&t 9e (one via the N=OSOor
NBO8532'4O2.BB=5TO=OS car(&D.
!. 3-e to one point integration, 2L= element& may experience a &patial in&ta9ility in the pre&#
&-re fiel( referre( to a& chec7er 9oar(ing. CJ=CA' i& a &cale for (iff-&ive fl-x calc-lation
to alleviate thi& pro9lem.
". >enerally, it i& not po&&i9le to con&erve 9oth moment-m an( 7inetic energy CA=D at the &ame
time. Typically, internal energy CB=D i& con&erve( an( A= may not 9e. Thi& may re&-lt in
&ome A= lo&& Chence, total energy lo&&D. +or many analy&e& thi& i& tolera9le, 9-t for air9ag
application, thi& may lea( to the re(-ction of the inflating potential of the inflator ga&.
.=TJ]% trie& to eliminate thi& lo&& in A= over the a(vection &tep 9y &toring any lo&& A=
-n(er B=, th-& con&erving total energy of the &y&tem.
0. 2ll the &moothing factor& C2+2C, B+2C, C+2C, 3+2C, =+2CD are generally mo&t appli#
ca9le to =L+O'.]" C&ingle material 2L= form-lationD.
7. 2ltho-gh thi& car( ha& many parameter&, only a few are re;-ire( (efinition&. Typically, one
can try, a& a fir&t r-n, &etting 523M]1, .=TJ]1, 2+2C]#1 an( the re&t a& X$Y. Sometime&
when nee(e(, P'=+ may 9e (efine(. Thi& i& a(e;-ate for mo&t ca&e&. .=TJ may 9e
change( to 2 or % later (epen(ing on the phy&ic& of the pro9lem (-ring fine#t-ning of the
mo(el.
/. 3-e to the fact that we have internal force& at the no(e&, while the pre&&-re i& &tore( at the
element center, &ometime& there i& a Zchec7er#9oar( patternZ in the pre&&-re (i&tri9-tion. Bt i&
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a 7in( of loc7ing effect that normally occ-r& only in pro9lem& having very &mall vol-metric
&train&, i.e., at &mall pre&&-re&. XCJ=CA'Y i& (e&igne( for alleviating thi& pro9lem.
. 3CT i& an o9&olete C-n-&e(D flag in pre#'" relea&e& of 71 9-t can 9e -&e( &tarting with the
'" relea&e to invo7e an alternate a(vection &cheme. 3CT]#1 i& recommen(e( over the (e#
fa-lt &cheme, e&pecially for &im-lating explo&ive& an( incl-(e& the following maHor change&)
CaD 'elaxe& an artificial limit on the expan&ion ratio limit. The (efa-lt limit improve& &ta9il#
ity in &ome &it-ation& 9-t can overe&timate the explo&ive imp-l&e.
C9D Correct& re(-n(ant o-t#fl-x of material at corner element&. The re(-n(ancy can lea( to
negative vol-me.
CcD 'emove& &everal artificial con&traint& in the a(vection which were originally implement#
e( to a&&i&t in &ta9ility 9-t are no longer nee(e(.
1$. The .=TJ]#2 a(vection type i& the &ame a& .=TJ]2 with only one exception. Bt employ&
a loo&er con&traint on monotonicity re;-irement (-ring 2L= a(vection. ,hen .=TJ]2, for
each a(vection proce&& along three (irection& CfrontF9ac7, topF9ottom, leftFrightD, the maxi#
m-mFminim-m val-e& for a(vecte( hi&tory varia9le& in the three element& along that (irec#
tion are cappe(. .=TJ]#2 relaxe( the monotonicity con(ition &o that the a(vecte( val-e i&
cappe( at the maxim-mFminim-m val-e in the element it&elf an( it& neigh9oring 20 ele#
ment&. Thi& option, in certain con(ition&, can 9etter pre&erve the material interface for mate#
rial& (efine( with N.2TOJB>JO=LPLOSBM=OB8'5.
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`CONTROL `CONTROL_BULK_VISCOSITY
`CONTROL_BULK_VISCOSITY
P-rpo&e) 'e&et the (efa-lt val-e& of the 9-l7 vi&co&ity coefficient& glo9ally. Thi& may 9e a(vi&a9le
for &hoc7 wave propagation an( &ome material&. B-l7 vi&co&ity i& -&e( to treat &hoc7 wave&. 2 vi&#
co-& term ; i& a((e( to the pre&&-re to &mear the &hoc7 (i&contin-itie& into rapi(ly varying 9-t con#
tin-o-& tran&ition region&. ,ith thi& metho( the &ol-tion i& -npert-r9e( away from a &hoc7, the J-#
goniot H-mp con(ition& remain vali( acro&& the &hoc7 tran&ition, an( &hoc7& are treate( a-tomatical#
ly.

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le S1 S2 T4P= BT4P=
Type + + B B
3efa-lt 1." .$0 1 $

S1
3efa-lt ;-a(ratic vi&co&ity coefficient.
S2
3efa-lt linear vi&co&ity coefficient.
T4P=
3efa-lt 9-l7 vi&co&ity type, BBS C3efa-lt]1D
=S.#2) &tan(ar( Cal&o type& 2, !, 1$, 10, an( 17D. ,ith thi& option the
internal energy (i&&ipate( 9y the vi&co&ity in the &hell element&
i& comp-te( an( incl-(e( in the overall energy 9alance.
=S.#1) &tan(ar( Cal&o type& 2, !, 1$, 10, an( 17 &hell element&D. The in#
ternal energy i& not comp-te( in the &hell element&.
=S.[1) &tan(ar(. Soli( element& only an( internal energy i& alway&
comp-te( an( incl-(e( in the overall energy 9alance.
=S.[2) 'ichar(&#,il7in&. Two#(imen&ional plane &train an( axi&ym#
metric &oli( element& only. Bnternal energy i& alway& comp-te(
an( incl-(e( in the overall energy 9alance.
BT4P=
Beam 9-l7 vi&co&ity type C3efa-lt]$D
=S.$) The 9-l7 vi&co&ity i& t-rne( off for 9eam&.
=S.1) The 9-l7 vi&co&ity i& t-rne( on for 9eam type& 1 an( 11. The en#
ergy contri9-tion i& not incl-(e( in the overall energy 9alance.
=S.2) The 9-l7 vi&co&ity i& t-rne( on for 9eam type 1 an( 11. The en#
ergy contri9-tion i& incl-(e( in the overall energy 9alance.
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`CONTROL_BULK_VISCOSITY `CONTROL
Remarks:
The 9-l7 vi&co&ity create& an a((itional a((itive pre&&-re term given 9y)
q = p l(
1
l e
kk
2
-
2
oe
kk
) if e
kk
< u
q = u if e
kk
u

where
1
an(
2
are (imen&ionle&& inp-t con&tant& which (efa-lt to 1." an( .$0, re&pectively, an( l
i& a characteri&tic length given a& the &;-are root of the area in two (imen&ion& an( a& the c-9e root
of the vol-me in three, o i& the local &o-n( &pee(,
1
(efa-lt& to 1." an(
2
(efa-lt& to .$0. See
Chapter 21 in the LS#3452 Theory .an-al for more (etail&.
The 'ichar(&#,il7in&, &ee T'ichar(& 10", ,il7in& 170U, 9-l7 vi&co&ity con&i(er& the (irectional
propertie& of the &hoc7 wave. Thi& ha& the effect of t-rning off the 9-l7 vi&co&ity in converging ge#
ometrie& minimiIing the effect& of X;#heatingY. The &tan(ar( option i& active whenever the vol-met#
ric &train rate i& -n(ergoing compre&&ion even tho-gh no &hoc7 wave& are pre&ent.
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`CONTROL `CONTROL_CHECK
`CONTROL_CHECK_POPTIONQ
<BLANK>
SHELL
P-rpo&e) Chec7 for vario-& pro9lem& in the me&h.

(OPTION SHELL) (include one card for each part to be checked, or use part set ID for
PSID)
Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le PSB3 B+28TO CO5M=L 23PT 2'2TBO 25>L= S.B5
Type B B B B + + +
3efa-lt $ $ 1 1 $.2" 1"$.$ $.$

PSB3
PartFpart &et B3 to 9e chec7e()
=S.$) (o not chec7
>T.$) part B3
LT.$) part &et B3.
B+28TO
+lag to a-tomatically correct 9a( element&)
=S.$) write warning me&&age only
=S.1) fix 9a( element, write me&&age
CO5M=L
Chec7 element convexity Cinternal angle& le&& than 1/$ (egree&D
=S.$) (o not chec7
=S.1) chec7
23PT
Chec7 a(aptive con&traint&
=S.$) (o not chec7
=S.1) chec7
2'2TBO
.inim-m allowa9le a&pect ratio. =lement& which (o not meet minim-m
a&pect ratio te&t will 9e treate( accor(ing to B+28TO a9ove.
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`CONTROL_CHECK `CONTROL
25>L=
.axim-m allowa9le internal angle. =lement& which fail thi& te&t will 9e
treate( accor(ing to B+28TO a9ove.
S.B5
.inim-m element &iIe. =lement& which fail thi& te&t will 9e treate( ac#
cor(ing to B+28TO a9ove.
Remarks:
1. +or the SJ=LL option, &hell element integrity chec7& which have 9een i(entifie( a& im#
portant in metal forming application& are performe(. The&e chec7& can improve &pring9ac7
convergence an( acc-racy. Thi& option will repair 9a( element& create(, for example, (-ring
trimming operation&.
2. Bf the convexity te&t i& activate(, all faile( element& will 9e fixe( regar(le&& of B+28TO.
%. Bn a((ition to illegal con&traint (efinition& C&lave which i& al&o a ma&terD, chec7& are per#
forme( for me&h connectivitie& which have 9een fo-n( to ca-&e convergence tro-9le in im#
plicit &pring9ac7 application&.
!. Maria9le S.B5 &ho-l( 9e &et to 1F! to 1F% of &malle&t pre#trim element length. Bn an example
9elow, &malle&t element length pre#trim i& $.0mm, which ma7e& S.B5 to 9e $.1/)
*#ONTROL_#,E#$_S,ELL
1H1H1H1H".25H15"."H".18
$ <>:0.?".25I".3@*<>122-<3 /7-'37:> -2->-03 2-0=3CH LC:6C :< I".6 >>.
". Shell chec7ing i& (one (-ring the inp-t pha&e Cin &prin9ac7 inp-t (ec7D in LS#3452 '"
'evi&ion 0%$0% an( prior relea&e&. 2fter the 'evi&ion, it i& (one after trimming i& complete(.
Therefore the 7eywor( &ho-l( 9e incl-(e( in a trimming inp-t (ec7.
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`CONTROL `CONTROL_COARSEN

`CONTROL_COARSEN
P-rpo&e) 2(aptively (e#refine Ccoar&enD a &hell me&h 9y &electively merging fo-r a(Hacent element&
into one. 2(aptive con&traint& are a((e( an( remove( a& nece&&ary.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le BCO2'S= 25>L= 5S==3 PSB3 S.2L
Type B + B B +
3efa-lt $ none $ $ $

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 51 52 5% 5! 5" 50 57 5/
3efa-lt $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $

BCO2'S=
Coar&ening flag)
=S.$) (o not coar&en C(efa-ltD,
=S.1) coar&en me&h at 9eginning of &im-lation for forming mo(el
=S.2) coar&en me&h at 9eginning of &im-lation for cra&h mo(el
25>L=
2llowa9le angle change 9etween neigh9oring element&. 2(Hacent element&
which are flat to within 25>L= (egree& are merge(. CS-gge&te( &tarting
val-e ] /.$ (egree&D
5S==3
5-m9er of &ee( no(e& CoptionalD.
=S.$) -&e only a-tomatic &earching.
=S.n) al&o &earch &tarting with no(e B3& given 9elow Cmaxim-m ] /
no(e&D
PSB3
Part &et B3. 2ll the part& (efine( in thi& &et will 9e prevente( from 9een
coar&ene(.
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`CONTROL_COARSEN `CONTROL
S.2L
.axim-m element &iIe. +or BCO2'S=]2, no element& larger than thi&
&iIe will 9e create(.
51...5/
Optional li&t of &ee( no(e B3& for extra &earching. Bf no &ee( no(e& are
&pecifie(, leave car( 2 9lan7.
Remarks:
1. Coar&ening i& performe( at the &tart of a &im-lation. The fir&t plot &tate repre&ent& the coar&#
ene( me&h. By &etting the termination time to Iero an( incl-(ing the 7eywor(
NB5T='+2C=OSP'B5>B2CAOLS3452 a 7eywor( inp-t (ec7 can 9e generate( contain#
ing the coar&ene( me&h.
2. By (efa-lt, an a-tomatic &earch i& performe( to i(entify element& for coar&ening. Bn &ome
me&he&, i&olate( region& of refinement may 9e overloo7e(. See( no(e& can 9e i(entifie( in
the&e region& to a&&i&t the a-tomatic &earch. See( no(e& i(entify the central no(e of a fo-r#
element gro-p which i& coar&ene( into a &ingle element if the angle criterion i& &ati&fie(.
%. The 7eywor( N3=+B5=OBOLOCO2'S=5 can 9e -&e( to in(icate region& of the me&h
which are protecte( from coar&ening.
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`CONTROL `CONTROL_CONTACT
`CONTROL_CONTACT
P-rpo&e) Change (efa-lt& for comp-tation with contact &-rface&.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le SLS+2C ',P52L BSLCJA SJLTJA P=5OPT TJACJ> O'B=5 =5.2SS
Type + + B B B B B B
3efa-lt .1 none 1 $ 1 $ 1 $

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 8S'ST' 8S'+'C 5SBCS B5T='. LP=5= SSTJA =C3T TB=3P':
Type B B B B + B B B
3efa-lt $ $ 1$#1$$ $ !.$ $ $ $

Card 3 is optional. These parameters apply only to contact types: SINGLE_SURFACE,
AUTOMATIC_GENERAL, AUTOMATIC_SINGLE_SURFACE, AUTOMATIC_NODES
_TO_..., AUTOMATIC_SURFACE_..., and AUTOMATIC_ONE_WAY_...., and ERODING
_SINGLE_SURFACE. The frictional coefficients SFRIC, DFRIC, EDC, and VFC are active
only if `PART_CONTACT is invoked (FS-1 in `CONTACT) and the corresponding
frictional coefficients in `PART_CONTACT are set to zero. Nonzero values of TH, TH_SF,
and PEN_SF override the corresponding parameters in `CONTACT but not corresponding
nonzero parameters in `PART_CONTACT.
Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le S+'BC 3+'BC =3C M+C TJ TJOS+ P=5OS+
Type + + + + + + +
3efa-lt $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$

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`CONTROL_CONTACT `CONTROL
Card 4 is optional. If this card is defined, then Card 3 above must be included. A blank card
may be inserted for Card 3.
Car( ! 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le B>5O'= +'C=5> SABP',> O8TS=> SPOTSTP SPOT3=L SPOTJB5
Type B B B B B B +
3efa-lt $ $ $ $ $ $ inactive

Card 5 is optional. If this card is defined, then Cards 3 and 4 above must be included. blank
cards may be inserted.
Car( " 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le BS4. 5S='O3 ',>2PS ',>3TJ ',AS+ BCOM S,'23+ BTJO++
Type B B B + + B + B
3efa-lt $ $ $ $. 1.$ $ $. $

Card 6 is optional. If this card is defined, then Cards 3 to 5 above must be included. blank
cards may be inserted.
Car( 0 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le SJL=3> PSTB++ BTJC5T T3C5O+ +T2LL SJLT',
Type B B B B B +
3efa-lt $ $ $ $ $ $.

SLS+2C
Scale factor for &li(ing interface penaltie&, SLS+2C)
=S.$) (efa-lt ] .1.
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12#%$ CCO5T'OLD LS-DYNA R7.0
',P52L
Scale factor for rigi( wall penaltie&, which treat no(al point& interacting
with rigi( wall&, ',P52L. The penaltie& are &et &o that an a9&ol-te val-e
of -nity &ho-l( 9e optimalE however, thi& penalty val-e may 9e very pro9#
lem (epen(ent. Bf rigi(F(eforma9le material& &witching i& -&e(, thi& option
&ho-l( 9e -&e( if the &witche( material& are interacting with rigi( wall&.
LT.$.$) all no(e& are treate( 9y the penalty metho(. Thi& i& re;-ire( for
implicit calc-lation&. Since &even C7D varia9le& are &tore( for
each &lave no(e, only the no(e& that may interact with the wall
&ho-l( 9e incl-(e( in the no(e li&t.
=S.$.$) the con&traint metho( i& -&e( an( no(al point& which 9elong to
rigi( 9o(ie& are not con&i(ere(.
>T.$.$) rigi( 9o(ie& no(e& are treate( 9y the penalty metho( an( all
other no(e& are treate( 9y the con&traint metho(.
BSLCJA
Bnitial penetration chec7 in contact &-rface& with in(ication of initial pene#
tration in o-tp-t file& C&ee remar7& 9elowD)
=S.$) the (efa-lt i& &et to 1,
=S.1) no chec7ing,
=S.2) f-ll chec7 of initial penetration i& performe(.
SJLTJA
Shell thic7ne&& con&i(ere( in type &-rface to &-rface an( no(e to &-rface
type contact option&, where option& 1 an( 2 9elow activate the new contact
algorithm&. The thic7ne&& off&et& are alway& incl-(e( in &ingle &-rface,
con&traint metho(, an( a-tomatic &-rface to &-rface an( no(e to &-rface
contact type& CSee remar7& 9elow.D)
=S.$) thic7ne&& i& not con&i(ere(,
=S.1) thic7ne&& i& con&i(ere( 9-t rigi( 9o(ie& are excl-(e(,
=S.2) thic7ne&& i& con&i(ere( incl-(ing rigi( 9o(ie&.
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LS-DYNA R7.0 12#%1 CCO5T'OLD
P=5OPT
Penalty &tiffne&& val-e option. +or (efa-lt calc-lation of the penalty val-e
plea&e refer to the LS#3452 Theory .an-al.
=S.$) the (efa-lt i& &et to 1,
=S.1) minim-m of ma&ter &egment an( &lave no(e C(efa-lt for mo&t
contact type&D,
=S.2) -&e ma&ter &egment &tiffne&& Col( wayD,
=S.%) -&e &lave no(e val-e,
=S.!) -&e &lave no(e val-e, area or ma&& weighte(,
=S.") &ame a& ! 9-t inver&ely proportional to the &hell thic7ne&&. Thi&
may re;-ire &pecial &caling an( i& not generally recommen(e(.
Option& ! an( " can 9e -&e( for metalforming calc-lation&.
TJACJ>
Shell thic7ne&& change& con&i(ere( in &ingle &-rface contact)
=S.$) no con&i(eration C(efa-ltD,
=S.1) &hell thic7ne&& change& are incl-(e(.
O'B=5
Optional a-tomatic reorientation of contact interface &egment& (-ring ini#
tialiIation)
=S.$) (efa-lt i& &et to 1.
=S.1) active for a-tomate( CpartD inp-t only. Contact &-rface& are given
9y NP2'T (efinition&.
=S.2) active for man-al C&egmentD an( a-tomate( CpartD inp-t.
=S.%) inactive for non#forming contact.
=S.!) inactive for forming contact.
=5.2SS
Treatment of the ma&& of ero(e( no(e& in contact. Thi& option affect& all
contact type& where no(e& are remove( after &-rro-n(ing element& fail.
>enerally, the removal of ero(e( no(e& ma7e& the calc-lation more &ta9leE
however, in pro9lem& where ero&ion i& important the re(-ction of ma&& will
lea( to incorrect re&-lt&. =5.2SS i& not &-pporte( when SO+T]2 on op#
tional car( 2.
=S.$) ero(ing no(e& are remove( from the calc-lation.
=S.1) ero(ing no(e& of &oli( element& are retaine( an( contin-e to 9e
active in contact.
=S.2) the ero(ing no(e& of &oli( an( &hell element& are retaine( an(
contin-e to 9e active in contact.
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12#%2 CCO5T'OLD LS-DYNA R7.0
8S'ST'
Storage per contact interface for -&er &-pplie( interface control &-9ro-tine,
&ee 2ppen(ix +. Bf Iero, no inp-t (ata i& rea( an( no interface &torage i&
permitte( in the -&er &-9ro-tine. Thi& &torage &ho-l( 9e large eno-gh to
accommo(ate inp-t parameter& an( any hi&tory (ata. Thi& inp-t (ata i&
availa9le in the -&er &-pplie( &-9ro-tine.
8S'+'C
Storage per contact interface for -&er &-pplie( interface friction &-9ro-tine,
&ee 2ppen(ix >. Bf Iero, no inp-t (ata i& rea( an( no interface &torage i&
permitte( in the -&er &-9ro-tine. Thi& &torage &ho-l( 9e large eno-gh to
accommo(ate inp-t parameter& an( any hi&tory (ata. Thi& inp-t (ata i&
availa9le in the -&er &-pplie( &-9ro-tine.
5SBCS
5-m9er of cycle& 9etween contact &earching -&ing three (imen&ional 9-c7#
et &earche&. 3efa-lt& recommen(e(.
B5T='.
+lag for intermittent &earching in ol( &-rface#to#&-rface contact -&ing the
interval &pecifie( a& 5SBCS a9ove)
=S.$) off,
=S.1) on.
LP=5=
Contact &-rface maxim-m penetration chec7 m-ltiplier. Bf the &mall pene#
tration chec7ing option, P=5CJA, on the contact &-rface control car( i&
active, then no(e& who&e penetration then excee(& the pro(-ct of LP=5=
an( the element thic7ne&& are &et free, &ee NCO5T2CTOOPTIONO...)
=S.$) (efa-lt i& &et to !.$.
SSTJA
+lag for -&ing act-al &hell thic7ne&& in &ingle &-rface contact logic#type& !,
1%, 1" an( 20. See remar7& 1 an( 2 9elow.
=S.$) 2ct-al &hell thic7ne&& i& not -&e( in the contact&. C(efa-ltD,
=S.1) 2ct-al &hell thic7ne&& i& -&e( in the contact&. C&ometime& recom#
men(e( for metal forming calc-lation&D.
=C3T
Time &tep &iIe overri(e for ero(ing contact)
=S.$) contact time &iIe may control 3t.
=S.1) contact i& not con&i(ere( in 3t (etermination.
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LS-DYNA R7.0 12#%% CCO5T'OLD
TB=3P':
Bypa&& proHection of &lave no(e& to ma&ter &-rface in type&)
NCO5T2CTOTB=3O5O3=SOTOOS8'+2C=,
NCO5T2CTOTB=3OSJ=LLO=3>=OTOOS8'+2C=, an(
NCO5T2CTOTB=3OS8'+2C=OTOOS8'+2C= tie( interface option&)
=S.$) eliminate gap& 9y proHection no(e&,
=S.1) 9ypa&& proHection. >ap& create rotational con&traint& which can
&-9&tantially affect re&-lt&.
S+'BC
3efa-lt &tatic coefficient of friction C&ee NP2'TOCO5T2CTD
3+'BC
3efa-lt (ynamic coefficient of friction C&ee NP2'TOCO5T2CTD
=3C
3efa-lt exponential (ecay coefficient C&ee NP2'TOCO5T2CTD
M+C
3efa-lt vi&co-& friction coefficient C&ee NP2'TOCO5T2CTD
TJ
3efa-lt contact thic7ne&& C&ee NP2'TOCO5T2CTD
TJOS+
3efa-lt thic7ne&& &cale factor C&ee NP2'TOCO5T2CTD
P=5OS+
3efa-lt local penalty &cale factor C&ee NP2'TOCO5T2CTD
B>5O'=
Bgnore initial penetration& in the NCO5T2CTO28TO.2TBC option&. Bn
the S.P contact thi& flag i& not implement for the 28TO.2TBC
O>=5='2L option. XBnitialY in thi& context refer& to the fir&t time&tep that
a penetration i& enco-ntere(. Thi& option can al&o 9e &pecifie( for each in#
terface on the thir( optional car( -n(er the 7eywor(, NCO5T2CT. The
val-e (efine( here will 9e the (efa-lt.
=S.$) move no(e& to eliminate initial penetration& in the mo(el (efini#
tion.
=S.1) allow initial penetration& to exi&t 9y trac7ing the initial penetra#
tion&.
=S.2) allow initial penetration& to exi&t 9y trac7ing the initial penetra#
tion&. Jowever, penetration warning me&&age& are printe( with
the original coor(inate& an( the recommen(e( coor(inate& of
each &lave no(e given.
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12#%! CCO5T'OLD LS-DYNA R7.0
+'C=5>
+lag to activate the calc-lation of frictional &li(ing energy)
=S.$) (o not calc-late,
=S.1) calc-late frictional energy in contact an( &tore a& XS-rface =nergy
3en&ityY in the 9inary B5T+O' file. Convert mechanical friction#
al energy to heat when (oing a co-ple( thermal#mechanical pro9#
lem. ,hen PAPOS=5]1 on the 7eywor( car( N32T2B2S=
O=LT=5TOBB52'4, it i& po&&i9le to i(entify the energie& gen#
erate( on the -pper an( lower &hell &-rface&, which i& important
in metal forming application&. Thi& (ata i& mappe( after each J#
a(aptive reme&hing.
SABP',>
+lag not to (i&play &tationary rigi( wall 9y (efa-lt.
=S.$) generate ! extra no(e& an( 1 &hell element to vi&-aliIe &tationary
planar rigi( wall.
=S.1) (o not generate &tationary rigi( wall.
O8TS=>
+lag to o-tp-t each 9eam &pot wel( &lave no(e an( it& ma&ter &egment for
contact type) NCO5T2CTOSPOT,=L3 into the 3%JSP file.
=S.$) no, (o not write o-t thi& information.
=S.1) ye&, write o-t thi& information.
SPOTSTP
Bf a &pot wel( no(e or face, which i& relate( to a N.2TOSPOT,=L3
9eam or &oli( element, re&pectively, cannot 9e fo-n( on the ma&ter &-r#
face, &ho-l( an error termination occ-re
=S.$) no, &ilently (elete the wel( an( contin-e,
=S.1) ye&, print error me&&age an( terminate,
=S.2) no, (elete the wel(, print a me&&age, an( contin-e,
=S.%) no, 7eep the wel(. CThi& i& not recommen(e( a& it can lea(
to in&ta9ilitie&.D
SPOT3=L
Bf the no(e& of a &pot wel( 9eam or &oli( element are attache( to a &hell el#
ement that fail& an( are (elete(, then the attache( &pot wel( element i& (e#
lete( if thi& flag i& on. There i& a &mall co&t penalty relate( to thi& option on
non#vector proce&&or&. On vector proce&&or&, however, thi& option can &ig#
nificantly &low (own the calc-lation if many wel( element& fail &ince the
vector length& are re(-ce(.
=S.$) no, (o not (elete the &pot wel( 9eam or &oli( element,
=S.1) ye&, (elete the wel( element& when the attache( &hell& on one
&i(e of the element fail.
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LS-DYNA R7.0 12#%" CCO5T'OLD
SPOTJB5
Optional thic7ne&& &cale factor. Bf active, (efine a factor greater than Iero,
9-t le&& than one. Premat-re fail-re of &pot wel(& can occ-r (-e to contact
of the &pot wel(e( part& in the vicinity of the &pot wel(. Thi& contact cre#
ate& ten&ile force& in the &pot wel(. 2ltho-gh thi& &eem& phy&ical, the
compre&&ive force& generate( in the contact are large eno-gh to fail the
wel( in ten&ion 9efore fail-re i& o9&erve( in experimental te&t. ,ith thi&
option, the thic7ne&& of the part& in the vicinity of the wel( are a-tomatical#
ly &cale(, the contact force& (o not (evelop, an( the pro9lem i& avoi(e(.
,e recommen( &etting the B>5O'= option to 1 or 2 if SPOTJB5 i& active.
Thi& option applie&
only to the 28TO.2TBCOSB5>L=OS8'+2C= option.
BS4.
Symmetry plane option (efa-lt for a-tomatic &egment generation when
contact i& (efine( 9y part B3V&)
=S.$) off,
mo(el with &ymmetry.
5S='O3
+lag to -&e one#way no(e to &-rface ero&ion
=S.$) -&e two#way algorithm
=S.1) -&e one#way algorithm
',>2PS
+lag to a(( rigi( wall gap &tiffne&&, &ee parameter ',>3TJ 9elow.
=S.1) a(( gap &tiffne&&
=S.2) (o not a(( gap &tiffne&&
',>3TJ
3eath time for gap &tiffne&&. 2fter thi& time the gap &tiffne&& i& no longer
a((e(.
',AS+
'igi( wall penalty &cale factor for contact with (eforma9le part& (-ring
implicit calc-lation&. Thi& val-e i& in(epen(ent of SLS+2C an(
',P52L. Bf ',AS+ i& al&o &pecifie( in N'B>B3,2LLOPL252', the
&tiffne&& i& &cale( 9y the pro(-ct of the two val-e&.
BCOM
Bnvo7e& the covariant form-lation of Aony-7hov an( SchweiIerhof in the
+O'.B5> contact option. Thi& option i& availa9le in the thir( revi&ion of
ver&ion 71, 9-t i& not recommen(e( &ince it i& &till 9eing implemente(.
=S.$) &tan(ar( form-lation C(efa-ltD
=S.1) covariant contact form-lation.
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12#%0 CCO5T'OLD LS-DYNA R7.0
S,'23+
Spot wel( ra(i-& &cale factor for neigh9or &egment thinning
=S.$) neigh9or &egment& not thinne( C(efa-ltD
>T.$) The ra(i-& of 9eam &pot wel(& are &cale( 9y S,'23+ when
&earching for clo&e neigh9or &egment& to thin.
BTJO++
+lag for off&etting thermal contact &-rface& for thic7 thermal &hell&
=S.$) 5o off&et, if thic7ne&& i& not incl-(e( in the contact the heat will
9e tran&ferre( 9etween the mi(#&-rface& of the corre&pon(ing
contact &egment& C&hell&D.
=S.1) Off&et& are applie( &o that contact heat tran&fer i& alway& 9etween
the o-ter &-rface& of the contact &egment& C&hell&D.
SJL=3>
+lag for a&&-ming e(ge &hape for &hell& when mea&-ring penetration. Thi&
i& availa9le for &egment 9a&e( contact C&ee SO+T on NCO5T2CTD
=S.$) Shell e(ge& are a&&-me( ro-n( C(efa-ltD,
=S.1) Shell e(ge& are a&&-me( &;-are an( are fl-&h with the no(e&
PSTB++
+lag to choo&e the metho( for calc-lating the penalty &tiffne&&. Thi& i&
availa9le for &egment 9a&e( contact C&ee SO+T on NCO5T2CTD
=S.$) Ba&e( on material (en&ity an( &egment (imen&ion& C(efa-ltD,
=S.1) Ba&e( on no(al ma&&e&.
BTJC5T
Thermal contact heat tran&fer metho(ology
LT.$) con(-ction evevenly (i&tri9-te( Cpre '!D
=S.$) (efa-lt &et to 1
=S.1) con(-ction weighte( 9y &hape f-nction&, re(-ce( intergration
=S.2) con(-ction weighte( 9y &hape f-nction&, f-ll integration
T3C5O+
Tie( con&traint off&et contact -p(ate option.
=S.$) 8p(ate velocitie& an( (i&placement& from acceleration&
=S.1) 8p(ate velocitie& an( accleleration& from (i&placement&. Thi&
option i& recommen(e( only when there are large angle change&
where the (efa-lt (oe& not maintain a con&tant off&et to a &mall
tolerance. Thi& latter option i& not a& &ta9le a& the (efa-lt an(
may re;-ire a((itional (amping for &ta9ility. See NCO5T'OL
OB8LAOMBSCOSBT4 an( N32.PB5>OP2'TOSTB++5=SS.
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LS-DYNA R7.0 12#%7 CCO5T'OLD
+T2LL
Option to o-tp-t contact force& to 'C+O'C for all 2 &-rface force tran&#
(-cer& when the force tran&(-cer &-rface& overlap.
=S.$) O-tp-t to the fir&t force tran&(-cer that matche& C(efa-ltD
=S.1) O-tp-t to all force tran&(-cer& that match.
SJLT',
Optional &hell thic7ne&& &cale factor for contact with rigi( wall&. Shell
thic7ne&& i& not con&i(ere( when SJLT',]$ C(efa-ltD. SJLT',]$."
will re&-lt in an off&et of half of &hell thic7ne&& in contact with rigi( wall&.
Remarks:
1. The &hell thic7ne&& change option m-&t 9e activate( in CO5T'OLOSJ=LL control inp-t
C&ee BST8P3D an( a nonIero flag &pecifie( for SJLTJA a9ove 9efore the &hell thic7ne&&
change& can 9e incl-(e( in the &-rface#to#&-rface contact type&. 2n a((itional flag m-&t 9e
&et, &ee TJACJ> a9ove, if thic7ne&& change& are incl-(e( in the &ingle &-rface contact algo#
rithm&. The contact algorithm& that incl-(e the &hell thic7ne&& are relatively recent an( are
now f-lly optimiIe( an( paralleliIe(. The &earching in the&e algorithm& i& con&i(era9ly
more exten&ive an( therefore &lightly more expen&ive.
2. Bn the &ingle &-rface contact& type& SB5>L=OS8'+2C=, 28TO.2TBCOSB5>L=
OS8'+2C=, 28TO.2TBCO>=5='2L, 28TO.2TBCO>=5='2LOB5T='BO' an(
='O3B5>OSB5>L=OS8'+2C=, the (efa-lt contact thic7ne&& i& ta7en a& the &maller of two
val-e& ## the &hell thic7ne&& or !$b of the minim-m e(ge length. Thi& may create -nex#
pecte( (iffic-ltie& if it i& the intent to incl-(e thic7ne&& effect& when the in#plane &hell ele#
ment (imen&ion& are le&& than the thic7ne&&. The (efa-lt i& 9a&e( on year& of experience
where it ha& 9een o9&erve( that &ometime& rather large nonphy&ical thic7ne&&e& are &pecifie(
to achieve high &tiffne&& val-e&. Since the glo9al &earching algorithm incl-(e& the effect& of
&hell thic7ne&&e&, it i& po&&i9le to &low the &earche& (own con&i(era9ly 9y -&ing &-ch non#
phy&ical thic7ne&& (imen&ion&.
%. The initial penetration chec7 option i& alway& performe( in v. "$ irregar(le&& of the val-e of
BSLCJA. Bf yo- (o not want to remove initial penetration& then &et the contact 9irth time
C&ee NCO5T2CTO...D &o that the contact i& not active at time $.
!. 2-tomatic reorientation re;-ire& off&et& 9etween the ma&ter an( &lave &-rface &egment&. The
reorientation i& 9a&e( on &egment connectivity an(, once all &egment& are oriente( con&i&tent#
ly 9a&e( on connectivity, a chec7 i& ma(e to &ee if the ma&ter an( &lave &-rface& face each
other 9a&e( on the right han( r-le. Bf not, all &egment& in a given &-rface are reoriente(.
Thi& proce(-re wor7& well for non#(i&Hoint &-rface&. Bf the &-rface& are (i&Hoint, the 28TO#
.2TBC contact option&, which (o not re;-ire orientation, are recommen(e(. Bn the +O'.#
B5> contact option& a-tomatic reorientation wor7& for (i&Hoint &-rface&.
". Bf SPOTJB5 i& greater than Iero an( S,'23+ i& greater than Iero, a neigh9or &egment
thinning option i& active. The ra(i-& of a 9eam &pot wel( i& &cale( 9y S,'23+, an( then a
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12#%/ CCO5T'OLD LS-DYNA R7.0
&earch i& ma(e for &hell &egment& that are neigh9or& of the tie( &hell &egment& that are
to-che( 9y the wel( 9-t not tie( 9y it.
0. Segment 9a&e( contact C&ee NSO+T on NCO5T2CTD calc-late& a penalty &tiffne&& 9a&e( on
the &ol-tion time &tep an( the ma&&e& of the &egment& in contact. By (efa-lt, &egment ma&&e&
are calc-late( -&ing the material (en&ity of the element a&&ociate( with the &egment an( the
vol-me of the &egment. Thi& metho( (oe& not ta7e into acco-nt a((e( ma&& intro(-ce( 9y
l-mpe( ma&&e& or ma&& &caling an( can lea( to &tiffne&& that i& too low. Therefore, a &econ(
metho( CPSTB++]1D wa& a((e( which e&timate& the &egment ma&& -&ing the no(al ma&&e&.
7. Two &-rface force tran&(-cer& mea&-re the contact force from any contact interface& that
generate force 9etween the &lave an( ma&ter &-rface& of the force tran&(-cer. ,hen contact
i& (etecte(, a &earch i& ma(e to &ee if the contact force &ho-l( 9e a((e( to any 2 &-rface force
tran&(-cer&. By (efa-lt, when a force tran&(-cer match i& fo-n(, the force i& a((e( an( the
&earch terminate&. ,hen +T2LL]1, the &earch contin-e& to chec7 for other two &-rface
force tran&(-cer matche&. Thi& option i& -&ef-l when the &lave an( ma&ter force tran&(-cer
&-rface& overlap. Bf there i& no overlap, the (efa-lt i& recommen(e(.
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`CONTROL_COUPLING `CONTROL
`CONTROL_COUPLING
P-rpo&e) Change (efa-lt& for .234.O%3FC2L%3 co-pling, &ee 2ppen(ix B.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 85L=5> 85TB.= 85+O'C TB.B3L +LBPL +LBP4 +LBPK S8BC4L
Type + + + + B B B B
3efa-lt 1. 1. 1. $. $ $ $ 1

85L=5>
8nit conver&ion factor for length. .234.O%3F>.#C2L%3 length& are
m-ltiplie( 9y 85L=5> to o9tain LS#3452 length&.
85TB.=
8nit conver&ion factor for time, 85TB.=. .234.O%3F>.#C2L%3
time i& m-ltiplie( 9y 8TB.= to o9tain LS#3452 time.
85+O'C
8nit conver&ion factor for force, 85+O'C. .234.O%3F>.#C2L%3
force i& m-ltiplie( 9y 85+O'C to o9tain LS#3452 force.
TB.B3L
B(le time (-ring which C2L%3 or .234.O i& comp-ting an( LS#3452
remain& inactive. Bmportant for &aving comp-ter time.
+LBPL
+lag for flipping L#coor(inate of C2L%3F.234.O%3 relative to the
LS#3452 mo(el)
=S.$) off,
=S.1) on.
+LBP4
+lag for flipping 4#coor(inate of C2L%3F.234.O%3 relative to the
LS#3452 mo(el)
=S.$) off,
=S.1) on.
+LBPK
+lag for flipping K#coor(inate of C2L%3F.234.O%3 relative to the
LS#3452 mo(el)
=S.$) off,
=S.1) on.
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`CONTROL `CONTROL_COUPLING

12#!$ CCO5T'OLD LS-DYNA R7.0
S8BC4L
C2L%3F.234.O%3 &-9cycling interval C^ of cycle&D)
=S.$) Set to 1,
=S.n) n-m9er of LS#3452 time &tep& 9etween each C2L%3F
.234.O%3 &tep. Then the po&ition of the contacting rigi(
9o(ie& i& a&&-me( to 9e con&tant for n LS#3452 time &tep&.
Thi& may re&-lt in &ome increa&e in the &pi7e& in contact, th-& thi&
option &ho-l( 9e -&e( caref-lly. 2& the C2L%3F.234.O%3
program& -&-ally wor7 with a very &mall n-m9er of (egree& of
free(om, not m-ch gain in efficiency can 9e achieve(.
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`CONTROL_CPU `CONTROL
LS-DYNA R7.0 12#!1 CCO5T'OLD
`CONTROL_CPU
P-rpo&e) Control cp- time.

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le CP8TB. B>LST
Type + B

CP8TB.
Secon(& of cp- time)
=S.$.$) no cp- time limit &et
>T.$.$) time limit for c-m-lative cp- of the entire &im-lation, incl-(ing
all re&tart&.
LT.$.$) a9&ol-te val-e i& the cp- time limit in &econ(& for the fir&t r-n
an( for each &-9&e;-ent re&tart.
B>LST
+lag for o-tp-tting cp- an( elap&e( time& in gl&tat file
=S.$) no
=S.1) ye&
Remarks:
The cp- limit i& not chec7e( -ntil after the initialiIation &tage of the calc-lation. 8pon reaching the
cp- limit, the co(e will o-tp-t a re&tart (-mp file an( terminate. The CP8 limit can al&o 9e &pecifie(
on the LS#3452 exec-tion line via Xc]Y. Bf a val-e i& &pecifie( on 9oth the exec-tion line an( in
the inp-t (ec7, the minim-m val-e will 9e -&e(.
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`CONTROL `CONTROL_CPM
12#!2 CCO5T'OLD LS-DYNA R7.0
`CONTROL_CPM
P-rpo&e) >lo9al control parameter& for CP. CCorp-&c-lar Particle .etho(D.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le CP.O8T 5P2P
Type B B
3efa-lt 11 "

CP.O8T Control CP. o-tp-t (ata9a&e to (%plot
=S.11) f-ll CP. (ata9a&e in ver&ion % format C(efa-ltD
=S.21) f-ll CP. (ata9a&e in ver&ion ! format
=S.22) CP. coor(inate& only in ver&ion ! format
=S.2%) CP. &-mmary only in ver&ion ! format
5P2P 5-m9er of cycle& for repartition particle among proce&&or&. Thi& option i&
only -&e( in LS#3452F.PP. C3efa-lt]"D
Remarks:
XMer&ion %Y i& an ol(er format than XMer&ion !Y. Mer&ion ! &tore& (ata more efficiently than ver&ion
% an( ha& option& for what (ata i& &tore(, 9-t may not 9e rea(a9le 9y ol( LS#PrePo&t exec-ta9le&.
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`CONTROL_DEBUG `CONTROL
LS-DYNA R7.0 12#!% CCO5T'OLD
`CONTROL_DEBUG
P-rpo&e) ,rite &-pplemental information to the me&&ag fileC&D. One effect of thi& comman( i& that
the &e;-ence of &-9ro-tine& calle( (-ring initialiIation an( memory allocation i& printe(. 2&i(e
from that, the extra information printe( pertain& only to a &elect few feat-re&, incl-(ing)
Spot wel( connection& which -&e N.2TO1$$O32 an( N3=+B5=OCO55=CTBO5
OP'OP='TB=S.
The >BSS.O (amage mo(el invo7e( -&ing N.2TO233O='OSBO5. CS-pplemental in#
formation a9o-t faile( element& i& written.D
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`CONTROL `CONTROL_DISCRETE_ELEMENT
12#!! CCO5T'OLD LS-DYNA R7.0
`CONTROL_DISCRETE_ELEMENT
P-rpo&e) To (efine glo9al control parameter& for (i&crete element &phere.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 532.P T32.P +ric +ric' 5ormA ShearA C2P .L5SC
Type + + + + + + B B
3efa-lt $ $ $ $ $.$1 2F7 $ $

CAP not equal 0.
Optional 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le >amma Mol 2ng
Type + + +
3efa-lt $ $ $

532.P
5ormal (amping coefficient
T32.P
Tangential (amping coefficient
+ric
+riction coefficient
=S.$) % 3O+
5=.$) 0 3O+ Ccon&i(er rotational 3O+D
+ric'
'olling friction coefficient
5ormA
Optional) &cale factor of normal &pring con&tant C3efa-lt]$.$1D
ShearA
Optional) ratio 9etween ShearAF5ormA C3efa-lt]2F7D
C2P
=S.$) (ry particle&
5=.$) wet particle&, con&i(er capillary force an( nee( a((itional inp-t
car(. See 'emar7 1
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`CONTROL_DISCRETE_ELEMENT `CONTROL
LS-DYNA R7.0 12#!" CCO5T'OLD
.L5SC
.axim-m n-m9er of &-9cycling cycle&
>amma
Li;-i( &-rface ten&ion
Mol
Mol-me fraction
2ng
Contact angle
Remark:
1. Capillary force 9etween wet particle& i& 9a&e( on the following reference. XCapillary +orce&
9etween Two Sphere& with a +ixe( Mol-me Li;-i( Bri(ge&) Theory an( =xperimentY, 4a#
7ov B. 'a9inovich et al. Langm-ir 2$$", 21, 1$2#1$7
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`CONTROL `CONTROL_DYNAMIC_RELAXATION
12#!0 CCO5T'OLD LS-DYNA R7.0
P-rpo&e) BnitialiIe &tre&&e& an( (eformation in a mo(el to &im-late a preloa(. =xample& of preloa(
incl-(e loa( (-e to gravity, loa( (-e to a con&tant ang-lar velocity, an( loa( (-e to tor;-ing of a
9olt. 2fter the preloa(e( &tate i& achieve( 9y one of three metho(& (e&cri9e( 9elow, the time re&et&
to Iero an( the normal pha&e of the &ol-tion a-tomatically 9egin& from the preloa(e( &tate.
B3'+L> control& the manner in which the preloa(e( &tate i& comp-te(. Bf B3'+L> i& 1 or #1, a
tran&ient G(ynamic relaxationG analy&i& i& invo7e( in which an explicit analy&i&, (ampe( 9y mean& of
&caling no(al velocitie& 9y the factor 3'+CT' each time &tep, i& performe(. ,hen the ratio of c-r#
rent (i&tortional 7inetic energy to pea7 (i&tortional 7inetic energy fall& 9elow the convergence toler#
ance C3'TOLD or when the time reache& 3'T='., the (ynamic relaxation analy&i& &top& an( the
c-rrent &tate 9ecome& the initial &tate of the &-9&e;-ent normal analy&i&. 3i&tortional 7inetic energy
i& total 7inetic energy le&& the 7inetic energy (-e to rigi( 9o(y motion. 2 hi&tory of the (i&tortional
7inetic energy comp-te( (-ring the (ynamic relaxation pha&e i& a-tomatically written to a file calle(
ZrelaxZ. Thi& file can 9e rea( a& an Z2SCBBZ file 9y LS#PrePo&t an( it& (ata plotte(. To create a 9i#
nary o-tp-t (ata9a&e having the &ame format a& a (%plot (ata9a&e 9-t which pertain& to the (ynamic
relaxation analy&i&, -&e N32T2B2S=OBB52'4O3%3'L+. The o-tp-t interval i& given 9y thi&
comman( a& an integer repre&enting the n-m9er of convergence chec7& 9etween o-tp-t &tate&. The
fre;-ency of the convergence chec7& i& controlle( 9y the parameter 5'C4CA. 3ynamic relaxa#
tion will 9e invo7e( if SB3' i& &et to 1 or 2 in any of the N3=+B5=OC8'M= comman(&, even if
there i& no NCO5T'OLO3452.BCO'=L2L2TBO5 comman(. C-rve& &o tagge( are applica9le
to the preloa( analy&i& pha&e. C-rve& with SB3' &et to $ or 2 are applica9le to the normal pha&e of
the &ol-tion. 2t the concl-&ion of the (ynamic relaxation pha&e an( 9efore the &tart of the normal
&ol-tion pha&e, a 9inary (-mp file C(%(-mp$1D an( a Gpre&cri9e( geometryG file C(r(i&p.&ifD are writ#
ten 9y LS#3452. =ither of the&e file& can 9e -&e( in a &-9&e;-ent analy&i& to ;-ic7ly initialiIe to
the preloa(e( &tate witho-t having to repeat the (ynamic relaxation r-n. The 9inary (-mp file i&
-tiliIe( via a re&tart analy&i& C&ee the N'=ST2'T &ection of the LS#3452 8&er& .an-alD. The
(r(i&p.&if file i& -tiliIe( 9y &etting B3'+L>]2 a& (e&cri9e( 9elow an( (i&c-&&e( in 'emar7 1.
Bf B3'+L> i& &et to 2, the preloa(e( &tate i& ;-ic7ly reache( 9y linearly ramping no(al (i&place#
ment&, rotation&, an( temperat-re& to pre&cri9e( val-e& over 1$$ time &tep&. See 'emar7 1.
Bf B3'+L> i& &et to ", an implicit analy&i& i& performe( to o9tain the preloa(e( &tate an( in thi& ca&e,
the preloa( analy&i& complete& when GtimeG i& e;-al to 3'T='.. The implicit &tep &iIe i& &pecifie(
with a NCO5T'OLOB.PLBCBTO>=5='2L comman(. The implicit analy&i& i&, 9y (efa-lt, &tatic
9-t can 9e ma(e tran&ient via the NCO5T'OLOB.PLBCBTO3452.BCS comman( C&ee 'emar7 %D.

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`CONTROL_DYNAMIC_RELAXATION `CONTROL
LS-DYNA R7.0 12#!7 CCO5T'OLD
Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 5'C4CA 3'TOL 3'+CT' 3'T='. TSS+3' B'=L2L =3TTL B3'+L>
Type B + + + + B + B
3efa-lt 2"$ $.$$1 $." infinity TSS+2C $ $.$! $
'emar7& % 1, 2, %

Define the following card if and only if IDRFLG3.
1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 3'PS=T
Type B
3efa-lt $
'emar7& !

Optional for IDRFLG2.
1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 5C 5P
Type B B
3efa-lt 1$$ $
'emar7&

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12#!/ CCO5T'OLD LS-DYNA R7.0
NP cards for IDRFLG2.
1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le PSB3 M=CB3
Type B B
3efa-lt $ $
'emar7&

5'C4CA
5-m9er of iteration& 9etween convergence chec7&, for (ynamic relaxation
option C(efa-lt ] 2"$D.
3'TOL
Convergence tolerance for (ynamic relaxation option C(efa-lt ] $.$$1D.
3'+CT'
3ynamic relaxation factor C(efa-lt ] ."D.
3'T='.
Optional termination time for (ynamic relaxation. Termination occ-r& at
thi& time or when convergence i& attaine( C(efa-lt ] infinityD.
TSS+3'
Scale factor for comp-te( time &tep (-ring (ynamic relaxation. Bf Iero, the
val-e i& &et to TSS+2C (efine( on NCO5T'OLOTB.=ST=P. 2fter con#
verging, the &cale factor i& re&et to TSS+2C.
B'=L2L
2-tomatic control for (ynamic relaxation option 9a&e( on algorithm of Pa#
pa(ra7a7i& T1/1U)
=S.$) not active,
=S.1) active.
=3TTL
Convergence tolerance on a-tomatic control of (ynamic relaxation.
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`CONTROL_DYNAMIC_RELAXATION `CONTROL
LS-DYNA R7.0 12#! CCO5T'OLD
B3'+L>
3ynamic relaxation flag for &tre&& initialiIation)
=S.#) (ynamic relaxation not activate( even if &pecifie( on a loa(
c-rve, &ee N3=+B5=OC8'M=.
=S.#1) (ynamic relaxation i& activate( an( time hi&tory o-tp-t i& pro#
(-ce( (-ring (ynamic relaxation, &ee 'emar7 2.
=S.$) not active,
=S.1) (ynamic relaxation i& activate(,
=S.2) initialiIation to a pre&cri9e( geometry, &ee 'emar7 1,
=S.%) (ynamic relaxation i& activate( a& with B3'+L>]1, 9-t with a
part &et B3 for convergence chec7ing,
=S.") initialiIe implicitly, &ee 'emar7 %.
3'PS=T
Part &et B3 for convergence chec7ing Cfor B3'+L>]% onlyD
5C
5-m9er of time &tep& for initialiIing geometry of B3'+L>]2.
5P
5-m9er of part &et& &pecifie( for B3'+L>]2.
PSB3
Part &et B3 for B3'+L>]2.
M=CB3
Mector B3 for (efining origin an( axi& of rotation for B3'+L>]2. See 'e#
mar7 ".
Remarks:
1. ,hen B3'+L>]2, an 2SCBB file &pecifie( 9y Zm]Z on the LS#3452 exec-tion line i& rea(
which (e&cri9e& the initialiIe( &tate. The 2SCBB file contain& each no(e B3 with pre&cri9e(
val-e& of no(al (i&placement Cx, y, ID, no(al rotation Cx, y, ID an( no(al temperat-re in CB/,
7=1".$D format.
2. Bf B3'+L> i& &et to #1 the (ynamic relaxation procee(& a& normal 9-t time hi&tory (ata i&
written to the 3%TJ3T file in a((ition to the normal (ata 9eing written to the 3%3'L+ file.
2t the en( of (ynamic relaxation, the pro9lem time i& re&et to Iero. Jowever, information i&
written to the 3%TJ3T file with an increment to the time val-e. The time increment -&e( i&
reporte( at the en( of (ynamic relaxation.
%. ,hen B3'+L>]", LS#3452 perform& an implicit analy&i& for the preloa( pha&e of the
&im-lation. Parameter& for controlling the implicit preloa( &ol-tion are (efine( -&ing appro#
priate NCO5T'OLOB.PLBCBT 7eywor(& to &pecify &olver type, implicit time &tep, etc.
,hen -&ing thi& option, one m-&t &pecify 3'T='. to in(icate the termination ZtimeZ of the
implicit preloa( analy&i&. ,hen 3'T='. i& reache(, the implicit preloa( pha&e terminate&
an( LS#3452 9egin& the next pha&e of the analy&i& accor(ing to B.+L2> in NCO5T'OL
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12#"$ CCO5T'OLD LS-DYNA R7.0
OB.PLBCBTO>=5='2L. +or example, if it i& (e&ire( to r-n an implicit preloa( pha&e an(
&witch to the explicit &olver for the &-9&e;-ent tran&ient pha&e, B3'+L> &ho-l( 9e &et to "
an( B.+L2> &ho-l( 9e &et to $.
!. ,hen B3'+L>]%, a part &et B3 i& -&e( to chec7 for convergence. +or example, if only the
tire& are 9eing inflate( on a vehicle, it may 9e &-fficient in &ome ca&e& to loo7 at convergence
9a&e( on the part B3V& in the tire an( po&&i9ly the &-&pen&ion &y&tem.
". ,hen the (i&placement& for B3'+L>]2 are a&&ociate( with large rotation&, the linear inter#
polation of the (i&placement fiel( intro(-ce& &p-rio-& compre&&ion an( ten&ion into the part. Bf a part
&et i& &pecifie( with a vector, the (i&placement i& interpolate( 9y -&ing polar coor(inate& with the tail
of the vector &pecifying the origin of the coor(inate &y&tem an( the (irection &pecifying the normal
to the polar coor(inate plane.
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`CONTROL_EFG `CONTROL
LS-DYNA R7.0 12#"1 CCO5T'OLD
`CONTROL_EFG
P-rpo&e) 3efine control& for the me&h#free comp-tation.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le BSPLB5= B3BL2 B5B5T
Type B B B
3efa-lt $ $ 12
'emar7& 1

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le B.L. =TOL B3=B JSO'T SSO'T
Type B + B B B
3efa-lt $ 1.e=#! $ $ $

BSPLB5=
Optional choice for the me&h#free 7ernal f-nction&)
=S.$) C-9ic &pline f-nction C(efa-ltD
=S.1) S-a(ratic &pline f-nction
=S.2) C-9ic &pline f-nction with circ-lar (i&7.
B3BL2
Optional choice for the normaliIe( (ilation parameter)
=S.$) .axim-m (i&tance 9a&e( on the 9ac7gro-n( element.
=S.1) .axim-m (i&tance 9a&e( on &-rro-n(ing no(e&
B5B5T
Thi& i& the factor nee(e( for the e&timation of maxim-m wor7&pace
C.,SP2CD that can 9e -&e( (-ring the initialiIation pha&e.
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`CONTROL `CONTROL_EFG

12#"2 CCO5T'OLD LS-DYNA R7.0
B.L.
Optional choice for the matrix operation, linear &olving an( memory -&age)
=S.1) Original BCSLBB#=LT &olver&.
=S.2) =+>P2CA.
=TOL
=rror tolerance in the B.L.. ,hen B.L.]2 i& -&e(, B5B5T in car( one
9ecome& re(-n(ant. B.L. ] 2 i& recommen(e(.
B3=B
O-tp-t internal (e9-g me&&age
JSO'T
5ot -&e(
SSO'T
2-tomatic &orting of 9ac7gro-n( triang-lar &hell element& to +=. ^2 when
=+> &hell type !1 i& -&e(
=S.$) no &orting
=S.1) f-ll &orting
Remarks:
1. The me&h#free comp-tation re;-ire& call& to -&e BCSLBB#=LT &olver& (-ring the initialiIa#
tion pha&e. The maxim-m wor7&pace C.,SP2CD that can 9e -&e( (-ring the call i& calc-#
late( accor(ing to)
.,SP2C ] B5B5TNN% N 58.5=+>
where 58.5=+> i& the total n-m9er of me&h#free no(e&. The B5B5T (efa-lt val-e i& 12.
Thi& val-e implicitly tell& yo- how many no(e& are within the (omain of infl-ence per each
no(e in one (irection. Bncrea&ing thi& n-m9er when the larger normaliIe( (ilation parame#
ter& are -&e(.
2. ,hen BSPLB5=]2 i& -&e(, the inp-t of the normaliIe( (ilation parameter& C3L, 34, 3KD for
the 7ernel f-nction in NS=CTBO5OSOBL3O=+> an( S=CTBOLOSJ=LLO=+> only re;-ire&
3L val-e.
%. =+>P2CA wa& a((e( to a-tomatically comp-te the re;-ire( maxim-m wor7&pace in the
initialiIation pha&e an( to improve efficiency in the matrix operation, linear &olving an(
memory -&age. The original BCSLBB#=LT &olver re;-ire& an explicit wor7&pace CB5B5TD
for the initialiIation.
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`CONTROL_ENERGY `CONTROL
LS-DYNA R7.0 12#"% CCO5T'OLD
`CONTROL_ENERGY
P-rpo&e) Provi(e control& for energy (i&&ipation option&.

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le J>=5 ',=5 SL5T=5 '4L=5
Type B B B B
3efa-lt 1 2 1 1

J>=5
Jo-rgla&& energy calc-lation option. Thi& option re;-ire& &ignificant a((i#
tional &torage an( increa&e& co&t 9y ten percent)
=S.1) ho-rgla&& energy i& not comp-te( C(efa-ltD,
=S.2) ho-rgla&& energy i& comp-te( an( incl-(e( in the energy 9alance.
The ho-rgla&& energie& are reporte( in the 2SCBB file& >LST2T
an( .2TS8., &ee N32T2B2S=OOPTBO5.
',=5
'igi(wall energy Ca.7.a. &tonewall energyD (i&&ipation option)
=S.1) energy (i&&ipation i& not comp-te(,
=S.2) energy (i&&ipation i& comp-te( an( incl-(e( in the energy 9al#
ance C(efa-ltD. The rigi(wall energy (i&&ipation i& reporte( in the
2SCBB file >LST2T, &ee N32T2B2S=OOPTBO5.
SL5T=5
Sli(ing interface energy (i&&ipation option CThi& parameter i& alway& &et to
2 if contact i& active. The option SL5T=5]1 i& not availa9le.D)
=S.1) energy (i&&ipation i& not comp-te(,
ance. The &li(ing interface energy i& reporte( in 2SCBB file&
>LST2T an( SL=O8T, &ee N32T2B2S=OOPTBO5.
'4L=5
'ayleigh energy (i&&ipation option C(amping energy (i&&ipationD)
=S.1) energy (i&&ipation i& not comp-te( C(efa-ltD,
ance. The (amping energy i& reporte( in 2SCBB file >LST2T,
&ee N32T2B2S=OOPTBO5.
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`CONTROL `CONTROL_EXPLOSIVE_SHADOW
12#"! CCO5T'OLD LS-DYNA R7.0
`CONTROL_EXPLOSIVE_SHADOW
P-rpo&e) Comp-te (etonation time& in explo&ive element& for which there i& no (irect line of &ight.
Bf thi& control car( i& mi&&ing, the lighting time for an explo&ive element i& comp-te( -&ing the (i&#
tance from the center of the element to the neare&t (etonation point, I
d
E the (etonation velocity, E
an( the lighting time for the (etonator, t
d
)
t
L
= t
d
+
I
d

The (etonation velocity for thi& option i& ta7en from the element who&e lighting time i& comp-te(
an( (oe& not acco-nt for the po&&i9ilitie& that the (etonation wave may travel thro-gh other explo#
&ive& with (ifferent (etonation velocitie& or that the line of &ight may pa&& o-t&i(e of the explo&ive
material.
Bf thi& control car( i& pre&ent, the lighting time i& 9a&e( on the &horte&t (i&tance thro-gh the explo#
&ive material. Bf inert o9&tacle& exi&t within the explo&ive material, the lighting time will acco-nt for
the extra time re;-ire( for the (etonation wave to travel aro-n( the o9&tacle&. The lighting time&
al&o a-tomatically acco-nt& for variation& in the (etonation velocity if (ifferent explo&ive& are -&e(.
5o a((itional inp-t i& re;-ire( for thi& control option. Thi& option wor7& for two an( three#
(imen&ional &oli( element&. 2l&o, &ee NB5BTB2LO3=TO52TBO5 an( N.2TOJB>J
O=LPLOSBM=.
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`CONTROL_FORMING `CONTROL
LS-DYNA R7.0 12#"" CCO5T'OLD
`CONTROL_FORMING
P-rpo&e) Set parameter& for metal forming relate( feat-re&.
`CONTROL_FORMING_AUTO_NET
`CONTROL_FORMING_AUTOPOSITION
`CONTROL_FORMING_ONESTEP
`CONTROL_FORMING_OUTPUT
`CONTROL_FORMING_PARAMETER_READ
`CONTROL_FORMING_PRE_BENDING
`CONTROL_FORMING_PRO1ECTION
`CONTROL_FORMING_SCRAP_FALL
`CONTROL_FORMING_STONING
`CONTROL_FORMING_TIPPING
`CONTROL_FORMING_UNFLANGING
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`CONTROL `CONTROL_FORMING_AUTO_NET
12#"0 CCO5T'OLD LS-DYNA R7.0
`CONTROL_FORMING_AUTO_NET
P-rpo&e) Thi& 7eywor( facilitate& &pring9ac7 &im-lation of a forme( panel on re&ting net& of a
chec7ing fixt-re. ,ith thi& 7eywor(, net& are a-tomatically generate( accor(ing to &pecifie( (imen#
&ion& an( po&ition&.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le B35=T BT4P= B3M B3P L 4 K
Type B B B + + +
3efa-lt none $ $ $.$ $.$ $.$

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le SL S4 O++S=T
Type + + +
3efa-lt $.$ $.$ $.$
Cards 3,4,5,6. repeat Card 1 and 2, as many times as needed to define multiple nets. The next
~` card terminates the input.

B35=T
B3 of the netE m-&t 9e -ni;-e.
BT4P=
5ot -&e( at thi& time.
B3M
Mector B3 in(icating the (irection of the net to 9e generate(. See N3=+B5=
OM=CTO' for (etail&. Bf not (efine(, the net will 9e generate( along the
glo9al K#axi&.
B3P
Part B3 of the panel -n(ergoing &pring9ac7 &im-lation.
L
L#coor(inate of a reference point for the net to 9e generate(.
4
4#coor(inate of a reference point for the net to 9e generate(.
K
K#coor(inate of a reference point for the net to 9e generate(.
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`CONTROL_FORMING_AUTO_NET `CONTROL
LS-DYNA R7.0 12#"7 CCO5T'OLD
SL
Length of the net along L#axi&.
S4
Length of the net along 4#axi&.
O++S=T The net will 9e generate( at thi& off&et (i&tance away from the reference
point.
>T.$) the net will 9e on the glo9al [K &i(e, or on the vector hea( &i(e if
B3M i& (efine(.
LT.$) the net will 9e on the glo9al WK &i(e, or on the vector tail &i(e if
B3M i& (efine(.
Remarks:
1. B35=T i& not Part B3 of the net to 9e create(. +or each L, 4, K po&ition one net of (ifferent
part B3 will 9e generate(. Part B3& of the generate( net& will follow the la&t part B3 in the
mo(el an( increa&e in a&cen(ing or(er an( i& a-tomatically generate(. Other propertie& &-ch a&
&ection, material propertie& an( contact interface& are al&o e&ta9li&he( 9etween the panel an(
net& within the co(e. Contact type NCO5T2CTO+O'.B5>OO5=O,24OS8'+2C=OTO
OS8'+2C= i& -&e(. C-rrently, the (efa-lt type of the net i& rectang-lar in &hape.
2. .-ltiple net& can 9e generate( -&ing one &-ch 7eywor(. Bn a 7eywor( example &hown 9elow,
net& B3 1 thro-gh ! are to 9e generate( on the tail &i(e of the vector B3 /, at !mm away from
each re&pective reference point (efine( 9y L, 4 an( K coor(inate&. Thi& example inp-t can 9e
incl-(e( in a -&-al &pring9ac7 &im-lation inp-t (ec7 Cwitho-t the SPC con&traint& anywhereD
to complete the inp-t file to &im-late the panel &pring9ac7 on net&. >ravity loa( nee(& to 9e in#
cl-(e(.
*#ONTROL_!ORMING_A)TO_NET
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`CONTROL `CONTROL_FORMING_AUTO_NET
12#"/ CCO5T'OLD LS-DYNA R7.0
$'''G''''1''''G''''2''''G''''3''''G''''4''''G''''5''''G''''6''''G''''7''''G''''8
$ IDNET ITYPE ID% IDP * Y +
1 8& 5 22"&.82 '33.6332 1782.48
$ S* SY O!!SET
15." 15." '4."
2 8& 5 3"6".23 '33.6335 1782.48
$ S* SY O!!SET
15." 15." '4."
3 8& 5 3"61.21 31.4167 1784.87
$ S* SY O!!SET
15." 15." '4."
4 8& 5 22"8.84 31.4114 1784.87
$ S* SY O!!SET
15." 15." '4."
*DE!INE_%E#TOR
$ %IDH T1:2 *H YH +H ,-1; *H YH +
8&H"."H"."H"."H"."H"."H1""."

+ig-re 12#%. Two example& are &hown in the following fig-re, where a trimme( 9lan7 i&
gravity loa(e( in #K (irection an( in [K (irection an( the corre&pon(ing &pring9ac7
&hape& are calc-late(.
5et& a-tomatically
generate(.
Two &pecifie( coor#
(inate location&
Trimme( panel
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`CONTROL_FORMING_AUTO_NET `CONTROL

Thi& feat-re i& now availa9le in Bmplicit Static in LS#3452 '" 'evi&ion 027/1 or later relea&e&.
+ig-re 12#!.
Bnitial O++S=T ! mm
Blan7 gravity loa( (own
Before springback After springback
+ig-re 12#".
Bnitial O++S=T ! mm
Blan7 gravity loa( -p
Before springback After springback
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`CONTROL `CONTROL_FORMING_AUTOPOSITION_PARAMETER
`CONTROL_FORMING_AUTOPOSITION_PARAMETER_OPTION]
<BLANK>
SET
P-rpo&e) The 7eywor( i& (evelope( to calc-late the minim-m re;-ire( &eparation (i&tance& among
forming tool& for initial tool an( 9lan7 po&itioning in metal forming &im-lation.

Cards 1,2,3,4, . (the next ~` card terminates the input)
Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le PB3 CB3 3B' .PB3 POSBTBO5 P'=.OM= TJBCA P2'O'3='
Type B B B B B + + BF2
3efa-lt none $ none none $ $.$ $.$ none

PB3
Part B3. Thi& part will 9e move( 9a&e( on the following controlling param#
eter&.
,hen optionOS=T i& activate(, PB3 9ecome& part &et B3, (efine( 9y NS=T
OP2'TOLBST. Bt i& -&ef-l in (efining tailor#wel(e( 9lan7&, where two
piece& of the 9lan7& m-&t move &im-ltaneo-&ly.
CB3
Coor(inate B3 C3efa-lt i& glo9al coor(inate &y&temD.
3B'
3irection in which the part will 9e move()
=S.1) x (irection,
=S.2) y (irection,
=S.%) I (irection.
.PB3
.a&ter part B3, who&e po&ition i& to 9e reference( 9y PB3 for po&itioning.
,hen optionOS=T i& activate(, .PB3 9ecome& part &et B3, (efine( 9y
NS=TOP2'TOLBST.
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`CONTROL_FORMING_AUTOPOSITION_PARAMETER `CONTROL
POSBTBO5
3efinition of relative po&ition 9etween PB3 an( .PB3)
=S.1) PB3 i& a9ove .PB3E
=S.#1) PB3 i& 9elow .PB3.
3efinition of na9oveV i& (etermine( 9y the (efine( coor(inate &y&tem. B+
PB3 i& a9ove .PB3, it mean& PB3 ha& a larger I#coor(inate. Thi& (efinition
i& helpf-l in line (ie &im-lation where local coor(inate &y&tem may 9e -&e(.
P'=.OM=
PB3 i& move( with a val-e of P'=.OM= 9efore it i& po&itione(.
TJBCA
Thic7ne&& of the PB3.
P2'O'3='
The name of the varia9le witho-t the amper&an( d, a& (efine( in
NP2'2.=T=', or the po&ition or or(er of the parameter (efine( in the
NP2'2.=T=' li&t.
Remarks:
1. Bn line#(ie Cm-lti#&tageD &im-lation, initial po&itioning of tool& an( 9lan7 i& one of the maHor
i&&-e& preventing &everal (ie proce&&e& to 9e r-n a-tomatically with one Ho9 &-9mi&&ion. 2
previo-& metho( to r-n line (ie &im-lation i& to -&e a preproce&&or 9etween each proce&& to re#
po&ition the tool& an( 9lan7 an( re#generate the re;-ire( inp-t (ec7&. Bn the new approach, all
the tool& are place( in home po&ition, with (e&ire( final gap&. The 7eywor( NP2'2.=T=' i&
-&e( to (efine an( initialiIe the moving (i&tance of each tool a& a varia9le, which later i& (e#
fine( in thi& 7eywor( for a-to po&itioning. The re;-ire( (i&tance 9etween each contact pair i&
calc-late( an( &tore( in the varia9le, an( in conH-nction with NP2'TO.OM=, all tool& can 9e
po&itione( properly. Bn a((ition NP2'2.=T='O=LP'=SSBO5 can 9e -&e( to calc-late all
time relate( inp-t& for the tool& from the moving (i&tance& an( -&er (efine( tool moving
&pee(&.
2. 2ll tool& m-&t 9e in their home po&ition&. Bn a((ition, inp-t& pertaining to thi& 7eywor( i& or(er
&en&itive. The following or(er &ho-l( 9e followe()
2ll mo(el information W incl-(e all element& an( no(e& fir&tE
Part &et (efinition with NS=TOP2'TOLBSTE
NP2'2.=T='E
Thi& 7eywor(E
NP2'2.=T='O=LP'=SSBO5E
NP2'TO.OM=.
%. Thi& 7eywor( can al&o 9e -&e( to H-&t po&ition the tool& an( 9lan7, witho-t forming &im-lation,
an( o-tp-t (ynain file which contain& the 9lan7 an( tool&. Bn thi& ca&e, 7eywor(&
NP2'2.=T='O=LP'=SSBO5, NCO5T'OLOT='.B52TBO5, an( tool 7inematic (efini#
tion& (o not nee( to 9e (efine(.
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!. To calc-late the 7inematic& of the tool&, it i& &-gge&te( to -&e the 2BSOL8T= val-e of the a-#
to po&itione( (i&tance 9y -&ing the 2BS f-nction with the NP2'2.=T='O=LP'=SSBO5.
Thi& i& e&pecially -&ef-l when wor7ing on flanging &im-lation with local coor(inate& an( vec#
tor&, which co-l( generate negative (i&tance& (epen(ing on the local coor(inate &y&tem (e#
fine(. +langing &teel moving in any (irection can 9e (efine( 9y creating a local coor(inate &y&#
tem an( a vector, with 7eywor(& N3=+B5=OCOO'3B52T=OS4ST=.. The local coor(inate
&y&tem can 9e create( ea&ily with 1oord an( %e/tor men-& in page " of the LS#PrePo&t. +or
the local &y&tem, &elect S4ST5" -n(er 1reate, an( -&e 5Point an( a.on67 to (efine the &y&tem
9a&e( on one &traight line.
". 3raw 9ea(& can 9e mo(ele( with 9eam element&, po&itione( an( attache( to a tool at home po#
&ition. 3raw 9ea(& with 9eam element& can 9e move( in the 7eywor( NP2'TO.OM=, an( a-#
tomatically po&itione( H-&t li7e any other type& of element&.
0. P'=.OM= can 9e -&e( to po&ition the lower p-nch a &pecific (i&tance away from the 9lan7.
+or example, in an air (raw proce&& in the example 9elow, a 9lan7 PB3 1 i& po&itione( relative
to the 9in(er PB3 2 fir&t, then an -pper (ie cavity PB3 % i& po&itione( relative to the 9lan7 PB3
1. +inally a 9in(er PB3 2 i& po&itione( with re&pect to the 9lan7 PB3 1 an( with a pre#
(etermine( P'=.OM= (i&tance of 1/%.$ mm. The following 7eywor(& ill-&trate the (etail&.

$'''G''''1''''G''''2''''G''''3''''G''''4''''G''''5''''G''''6''''G''''7''''G''''8
*#ONTROL_!ORMING_A)TOPOSION_PARAMETER
$'''G''''1''''G''''2''''G''''3''''G''''4''''G''''5''''G''''6''''G''''7''''G''''8
$ PID #ID DIR MPID POSITION PREMO%E T,I#$ PARORDER
$ F210Q>9
1 3 2 1 RF3C:6Q F210Q>9
$ 8/;:->9
3 3 1 1 8/;:->9
$ /7->o9- o5 F:0;-7 8/ 183." <o /o<3 Lo0U3 <8//o73 F210Q 13 122. TC- ;:<3106-
$ C19- 3o F- /7-'>-1<87-; F4 8<-7<. I3U< 1 /173 o5 3C- /7o6-<< :0/83.
$ F:0;>9
2 3 1 '1 183." F:0;>9
$'''G''''1''''G''''2''''G''''3''''G''''4''''G''''5''''G''''6''''G''''7''''G''''8

+ig-re 12#0.
PB32
PB31 PB3%
1/%.$
Bnitial po&ition +inal po&ition
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`CONTROL_FORMING_AUTOPOSITION_PARAMETER `CONTROL
7. =xtra p-nch &-pport or extra gap 9etween p-nch an( 9lan7 can al&o 9e achieve( 9y a((ing Cor
&-9tractingD a -&er (efine( val-e to Cor, fromD the a-to po&itione( (i&tance, -&ing
NP2'2.=T='O=LP'=SSBO5 an( NP2'TO.OM=.

/. 2 partial inp-t (ec7 an( a (rawing are &hown 9elow to ill-&trate an example of a 9in(er clo&#
ing &im-lation in an air (raw in glo9al K#(irection)

*IN#L)DE
$F210Q 57o> /7-9:o8< 61<-
61<-5.;401:0
*IN#L)DE
62o<:0=_3oo2.Q
*IN#L)DE
F-1;<_Co>-.Q
*SET_PART_LIST
$ F210Q
1
1
*SET_PART_LIST
$ 8//-7 ;:-
2
2
*SET_PART_LIST
$ 2oL-7 F:0;-7
3
3
$'''G''''1''''G''''2''''G''''3''''G''''4''''G''''5''''G''''6''''G''''7''''G''''8
*/171>-3-7
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ Too2 >o9- 917:1F2-<
R F210Q>9 "."
R 8/;:->9 "."
R F:0;>9 "."
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ Too2 </--; 10; 71>/ 8/ ;-5:0:3:o0
R 362<8/ ".""1
R 962< 1"""."
+ig-re 12#7.
PB32 W -pper (ie
PB31# &heet 9lan7
PB3% W lower 9in(er
Bnitial po&ition +inal po&ition
8pper (ie move
Blan7 move
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$'''G''''1''''G''''2''''G''''3''''G''''4''''G''''5''''G''''6''''G''''7''''G''''8
*#ONTROL_!ORMING_A)TOPOSION_PARAMETER_SET
$ PID #ID DIR MPID POSITION PREMO%E T,I#$ PARORDER
$ /o<:3:o0:0= F210Q o0 3o/ o5 2oL-7 F:0;-7
1 3 3 1 ".7 F210Q>9
$ /o<:3:o0:0= 8//-7 ;:- o0 3o/ o5 F210Q
2 3 1 1 ".7 8/;:->9
$'''G''''1''''G''''2''''G''''3''''G''''4''''G''''5''''G''''6''''G''''7''''G''''8
$ PRMR1 E*PRESSION
R 62<3:>- ?1F<?8/;:->9@'962<*362<8/@N962<G2."*362<8/
R -0;3:>- R62<3:>-
$'''G''''1''''G''''2''''G''''3''''G''''4''''G''''5''''G''''6''''G''''7''''G''''8
*PART_MO%E
$ PID *MO% YMO% +MO% #ID
1 "." "." RF210Q>9
2 "." "." R8/;:->9
$'''G''''1''''G''''2''''G''''3''''G''''4''''G''''5''''G''''6''''G''''7''''G''''8
R-0;3:>-

/. Thi& feat-re i& implemente( in LS#PrePo&t!.$ eKSet-p for metal forming in 9oth explicit an(
implicit application)
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`CONTROL_FORMING_ONESTEP `CONTROL
`CONTROL_FORMING_ONESTEP_OPTION
P-rpo&e) Thi& 7eywor( activate& a one#&tep &ol-tion, al&o calle( ninver&e metho(V, which can 9e ap#
plie( in initial 9lan7 &iIeFmaterial co&t e&timation, an( initialiIation of pla&tic &train& an( 9lan7
thic7ne&& for cra&h &im-lation. The inp-t i& a forme( or trimme( part Cwith hole& fille(D an( the o-t#
p-t i& a corre&pon(ing flat 9lan7 in an -nforme( &tate, along with all the &tre&&F&train information on
the forme( or trimme( part. Thi& feat-re -tiliIe& &ome of the exi&ting implicit &tatic &olver to iterate
an( to arrive at a converge( &ol-tion. Other 7eywor(& relate( to 9lan7 &iIe (evelopment are
NCO5T'OLO+O'.B5>O85+L25>B5>, an( NB5T='+2C=OBL25ASBK=O3=M=LOP.=5T.
<BLANK>
AUTO_CONSTRAINT
DRAWBEAD
FRICTION
Option AUTO_CONSTRAINT allow& no(al re&traint& to 9e applie( a-tomatically in implicit cal#
c-lation to prevent rigi( 9o(y motion. Option DRAWBEAD i& -&e( for application of extra (raw
9ea( force&, in a((ition to the 28TOB3 9elow. Option FRICTION applie& friction along the pe#
riphery of the part, 9a&e( on a -&er inp-t X9in(er pre&&-reY.

Card 1 for no option <blank>:
Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le OPTBO5 858S=3 28TOB3 TSCL.B5 =PS.2L
Type B + + +
3efa-lt none $.% none none

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`CONTROL `CONTROL_FORMING_ONESTEP
Card 1 for option AUTO_CONSTRAINT:
Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le BCO5
Type B
3efa-lt none

Card 1 for option DRAWBEAD:
Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 53S=T LCB3 TJ P='C5T
Type B B + +
3efa-lt none none $.$ $.$

Card 1 for option FRICTION:
Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 53S=T B3TO5 +'BCT
Type B + +
3efa-lt none $.$ $.12

Card 2 for no option <blank>:
Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 9lan7
Type 9lan7
3efa-lt 9lan7

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OPTBO5
One#&tep &ol-tion metho()
=S.7) Bnvo7e& a one#&tep &ol-tion with 9lan7 -nfol(ing that acco-nt&
for part -n(erc-t
858S=3
8n-&e( W leave 9lan7.
28TOB3
2pply a con&tant (raw 9ea( loc7 force fraction of the f-lly loc7e( 9ea(
force along the entire periphery of the 9lan7. The f-lly loc7e( 9ea( force i&
a-tomatically calc-late( 9a&e( on a material har(ening c-rve inp-t.
LT.$.$) T-rn& off the Xa-to#9ea(Y feat-re.
=S.$.$) 2-tomatically applie& %$b of f-lly loc7e( force.
>T.$.$) +raction inp-t will 9e -&e( to &cale the f-lly loc7e( force.
TSCL.B5
Bf not Iero, it (efine& a thic7ne&& &cale factor limiting the minim-m thic7#
ne&& re(-ction. +or example, a val-e of $./ will 9e -&e( here if the mini#
m-m thic7ne&& allowe( i& $.0mm for a 9lan7 with initial thic7ne&& of
$.7"mm. 2ll comp-te( thic7ne&&e& that are le&& than $.0mm in the &heet
9lan7 will 9e &et to $.0mm. The &cale factor i& -&ef-l for tailore( wel(e(
9lan7& application.
=PS.2L
Bf not Iero, it (efine& the maxim-m effective pla&tic &train allowe(. 2ll
comp-te( effective pla&tic &train& that are greater than thi& val-e in the
9lan7 will 9e &et to thi& val-e.
BCO5
2-tomatic no(al con&training option to eliminate the rigi( 9o(y motion)
=S.1) 2pply.
53S=T
5o(e &et B3 along the periphery of the part, a& (efine( 9y 7eywor( NS=T
O5O3=OLBST.
LCB3
Loa( c-rve B3 that (efine& the material har(ening c-rve.
TJ
Thic7ne&& of the -nforme( &heet 9lan7.
P='C5T
3raw 9ea( loc7 force fraction of the f-lly loc7e( 9ea( force.
B3TO5
Bin(er tonnage -&e( to calc-late friction force.
+'BCT
Coefficient of friction.
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Remarks:
1. One#&tep &ol-tion employ& the (eformation theory a& oppo&e( to the incremental theory. Bt -&e&
the final pro(-ct geometry to calc-late 9ac7war(& for the initial -nforme( &tate. Since the (e#
formation loa(ing i& linear, it i& &train path#in(epen(ent an( therefore hi&tory in(epen(ent. Bin(#
er an( a((en(-m geometry are not re;-ire(, &aving a lot of effort& in creating the&e geometrie&E
&tamping (ie proce&&e& are not of concernE there i& no nee( for contact treatment, either, &ince
there are no tool& an( (ie& involve(.
2. Bn a((ition to the -&-al inp-t for part, material an( phy&ical propertie&, final pro(-ct me&h in
7eywor( format i& nee(e(. 2ny trimme(#o-t hole& m-&t 9e fille(. The filling can 9e (one in LS#
PrePo&t v%.2, 9y &electing "esh/5.e@en/She../She.. ?9 ;i.._)o.es/(uto ;i...
%. 'e&-lt& are &tore( in an 2SCBB file name( none&tepre&-ltV. Bt i& e&&entially a (ynain file &toring
final forming thic7ne&& an( pla&tic &train&, which can 9e plotte( within LS#PrePo&t. 2((itionally,
the final e&timate( 9lan7 &iIe Cin it& initial, flat &tateD can 9e viewe( an( o-tp-t thro-gh (%plot
file&, along with interme(iate &hape& &tore( for each implicit &tep. The fir&t &tate will 9e the ini#
tial e&timate( 9lan7 from LS#PrePo&t.
!. .-ltiple part& are allowe( to accommo(ate the filling of hole& in a trimme( part.
". Both &hell element type& 2 an( 10 are &-pporte(. 8&e of type 10 i& &trongly recommen(e(, which
re(-ce& CP8 time& &ignificantly. 'e&-lt& are o-tp-t on all integration point& 9a&e( on the varia#
9le& =L+O'. an( 5BP &pecifie( in NS=CTBO5OSJ=LL.
0. C-rrently, N.2TO$2!, an( N.2TO$%7 are &-pporte( in the &ol-tion. .aterial har(ening c-rve
m-&t 9e inp-t thro-gh the varia9le LCSS in N.2TO$2! an( JLCB3 in N.2TO$%7. The varia9le
=T25 in 9oth material mo(el& will 9e &-pporte( in a f-t-re relea&e. Bn a((ition, in N.2TO$2!,
&train rate i& not acco-nte( for even if the varia9le& C, P are pre&ent. Ta9le& in N.2TO$2! are
al&o &-pporte(.
7. 3raw 9ea(& can 9e applie( along the periphery of the final part in two way&. The fir&t &o#calle(
n2-to Bea(&V applie& a %$b of the f-lly loc7e( 9ea( force to all no(e& along the part 9o-n(ary
a-tomatically, 9y &etting (!TO' to either $.$ or $.%. Optionally, a no(e &et can 9e (efine(
along the part 9o-n(ary an( a loc7 force fraction can 9e applie( -&ing theO3'2,B=23 option.
The force fraction i& 9a&e( on the f-lly loc7e( force, (etermine( 9y ten&ile &trength an( &heet
thic7ne&&, an( i& a-tomatically calc-late( within the &olver. Bn mo&t ca&e&, (efa-lt loc7age of
%$b from n2-to Bea(&V achieve& &-fficiently goo( re&-lt&.
/. Optionally, friction can 9e acco-nte( for, 9y -&ing a new optionO+'BCTBO5. The frictional
force i& 9a&e( on an expecte( 9in(er tonnage applie(, an( i& a percentage of the inp-t force.
. 5o(al re&traint& -&e( in implicit calc-lation to prevent rigi( 9o(y motion are a-tomatically ap#
plie( -&ing a new optionO28TOOCO5ST'2B5T, 9y &etting BCO5 to 1.
1$. 2ll other implicit car(&, &-ch a& NCO5T'OLOB.PLBCBTO>=5='2L,OSOL8TBO5,OSOLM=',
O28TO,OT='.B52TBO5, etc., are -&e( to &et the convergence tolerance, termination criterion,
etc. Bt wa& (etermine(, that the two important varia9le& controlling the &ol-tion convergence,
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5=T(! in NCO5T'OLOB.PLBCBTOT='.B52TBO5, an( 1TO= in NCO5T'OL
OB.PLBCBTOSO8LTBO5, can 9e &et to $.$$1 an( $.$1, re&pectively, to o9tain the mo&t efficient
an( 9e&t re&-lt&. Bn a((ition, fo-r total &tep& are -&-ally &-fficient 9y &etting TI an( 5NTI"
accor(ingly.
11. The following example provi(e& a partial inp-t file with all typical control car(&. Bt will iterate
for fo-r &tep&, with n2-to Bea(&V of %$b loc7 force applie( aro-n( the part 9o-n(ary, an( with
a-tomatic no(al con&traint&.
$ ENDTIM
1."
$ IM!LAG DT"
1 ".25
*#ONTROL_!ORMING_ONESTEP
$ OPTION A)TODB
7

*#ONTROL_!ORMING_ONESTEP_A)TO_#ONSTRAINT
$ I#ON
1
*#ONTROL_IMPLI#IT_TERMINATION
$ DELTA)
".""1
*#ONTROL_IMPLI#IT_SOL)TION
$ NSLOL%R ILIMIT MA*RE! D#TOL E#TOL
2 11 12"" "."1 1.""
*#ONTROL_IMPLI#IT_SOL%ER
$ LSOL%R
4
*#ONTROL_IMPLI#IT_A)TO
$ IA)TO ITEOPT ITEIN DTMIN DTMA*
" " " "." "."
2((itional car(& 9elow &pecify extra 9ea( force& of !"b an( %$b applie( to no(e &et 22, an( 2%,
re&pectively. 2l&o, the re&-lting friction force& with friction coefficient of $.1 an( 9in(er tonnage
of 1$$$$.$ 5 are applie( on the &ame no(e &et&.
*#ONTROL_!ORMING_ONESTEP_DRABEAD
$ NDSET L#ID T, PER#NT
22 2"" 1.6 ".45
*#ONTROL_!ORMING_ONESTEP_DRABEAD
23 2"" 1.6 ".3"
*#ONTROL_!ORMING_ONESTEP_!RI#TION
$ NDSET BDTON !RI#T
22 1""""." ".1
*#ONTROL_!ORMING_ONESTEP_!RI#TION
$ NDSET BDTON !RI#T
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23 1""""." ".1
2n example of a 5C2C Ta-r-& mo(el firewall -&ing the feat-re i& &hown 9elow. ,ith average
element &iIe of / mm acro&& the 9lan7, the trimme( part Cwith hole& fille(D con&i&t& of 1"!$ el#
ement&. 2 BJ21$ material propertie& with N.2TO$2! wa& -&e(. On a 1 CP8 Lin-x machine, it
too7 ! min. to complete the r-n with ! &tep& total. Thic7ne&&, pla&tic &train, an( 9lan7 &iIe pre#
(iction were rea&ona9le, a& &hown in the following fig-re&#

+ig-re 12#/. Trimme(#o-t hole& (ille( with LS#PrePo&t
+ig-re 12#. Sheet thi7ne&& pre(iction Jt
I
=I#K5mmL
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12. Bn the a9ove example, varia9le& TSCL.B5 an( =PS.2L are (efine( a& $./ an( $.%, re&pective#
ly, a& follow&)

*#ONTROL_!ORMING_ONESTEP
$ OPTION A)TODB TS#LMIN EPSMA*
7 ".8 ".3

The thic7ne&& an( effective pla&tic &train plot& will loo7 li7e 9elow, noting the minim-m val-e
for thic7ne&& conto-r plot an( maxim-m val-e& for pla&tic &train conto-r plat at the -pper left
corner&, re&pectively.
+ig-re 12#1$. =ffective pla&tic &train Pre(iction
+ig-re 12#11. Bnitial Blan7 SiIe Pre(iction Cnot to 9e &cale(D
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1%. Car( ^2 for no option ?BLANK@ i& a 9lan7 car(, 9-t m-&t 9e pre&ent.
1!. Starting from 'evi&ion 707$, hole& in the trim part (o not nee( to 9e fille( for one#&tep forming
calc-lation. Bn a((ition, complete &tre&& an( &train ten&or& are o-tp-t to the d9nain file, allowing
for conto-r plotting in LS#PrePo&t. Bn the fig-re 9elow, thic7ne&& conto-r plot of the one#&tep
calc-lation re&-lt& of the firewall with hole& i& &hown) Bt i& note( that the minim-m thic7ne&& i&
&lightly higher than the one in the ca&e a9ove with hole& fille(, a re&-lt of &ome amo-nt of mate#
rial fee(ing from the inner hole&. Bn reality, thic7ne&&e& with hole fille( are li7ely more acc-rate,
&ince forming i& (one with hole& mo&tly fille(, followe( 9y a trimming proce&& removing materi#
al occ-pying the inner hole&. Bt i& important to realiIe that not all hole& are fille(. Some hole& are
c-t in &tamping in or(er to fee( the material in area& that are (iffic-lt to form to avoi( &plit.
+ig-re 12#12.
'.an> thi/>ness JtI=I#K5mmL
+ig-re 12#1%.
5--e/ti+e p.asti/ strain
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1". Thi& feat-re i& availa9le in implicit &tatic in (o-9le preci&ion '" 'evi&ion 0777/ an( later relea&#
e&. Both varia9le& TJB5PCT an( =PL.2L are availa9le in '0 'evi&ion 7"/"! an( later relea&#
e&.
+ig-re 12#1!.
'.an> thi/>ness *ithout ho.es JtI=I#K5mmL
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`CONTROL `CONTROL_FORMING_OUTPUT
`CONTROL_FORMING_OUTPUT
P-rpo&e) Thi& 7eywor( allow& for &pecifying a((itional 3%PLOT o-tp-t& 9a&e( on tooling (i&tance
to home. Bt wor7& with a-tomatic po&ition of &tamping tool& -&ing NCO5T'OLO+O'.B5>
O28TOPOSBTBO5OP2'2.=T=', an( -&e( in eK#Set-p for metal forming in LS#PrePo&t!.$.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le CB3 5O8T TB=> T=53 41 42 4% 4!
Type B B + + + + + +
3efa-lt none none $.$ none none none none none

Cards 2, 3, 4, 5. repeat Card 1 as many times as needed to define additional outputs in sepa-
rate tooling kinematics curves. The next ~` card terminates the input.

CB3
B3 of a tooling 7inematic& c-rve, a& (efine( 9y N3=+B5=OC8'M= an(
-&e( 9y NBO8532'4OP'=SC'BB=3O.OTBO5O'B>B3.
5O8T
Total n-m9er of 3%PLOT o-tp-t& for the tooling 7inematic& c-rve, excl-(#
ing the 9eginning an( final time, &ee fig-re& 9elow.
TB=>
Start time of the c-rve.
T=53 =n( time of the c-rve.
41, 42, 4%, 4!
3i&tance& to tooling home, where 3%PLOT file& will 9e o-tp-t.
Remarks:
1. Bn &tamping &im-lation, wrin7ling or thinning con(ition& clo&e to p-nch home are of intere&t.
Ba&e( on the&e forming con(ition& at &pecific (i&tance& to home, engineering H-(gment can 9e
ma(e to a&certain the &everity of the con(ition&. Thi& 7eywor( i& create( to wor7 with eK#
Set-p in LSPP!.$, which -&e& the parameteriIe( tooling a-to#po&ition feat-re to &et -p metal
forming inp-t (ec7&.
2. Bn an 7eywor( example 9elow Cair (raw, referring to fig-re& 9elowD, a total of five 3%PLOT&
will 9e o-tp-t for c-rve B3 111%, (efining tooling 7inematic& (-ring a 9in(er clo&ing with &tart
time of I#I, an( en( time F/.stime. Of the five 3%PLOT&, the la&t fo-r will 9e o-tp-t at %.$,
2.$, 1.$, an( $." mm, re&pectively, from the en( of 9in(er clo&ing. Bn a((ition, a total of eight
3%PLOT& will 9e o-tp-t for c-rve B3 111", (efining tooling 7inematic& (-ring (raw forming
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`CONTROL_FORMING_OUTPUT `CONTROL
with &tart time of F/.stime, an( en( time Fendtime. Of the eight 3%PLOT&, the la&t fo-r will
9e o-tp-t at 0.$, !.$, %.$, an( 1.$ mm, re&pectively, from the en( of p-nch home.

$'''G''''1''''G''''2''''G''''3''''G''''4''''G''''5''''G''''6''''G''''7''''G''''8
*#ONTROL_!ORMING_O)TP)T
$ #ID NO)T TBEG TEND 41 42 43 44
1113 5 R62<3:>- 3." 2." 1." ".5
1115 8 R62<3:>- R-0;3:>- 6." 4." 3." 1."
$ 34/-ID DO! %AD L#ID S! %ID DEAT, BIRT,
R8;:-/:; 3 " 1113 '1." " R62<3:>- "."
RF:0;/:; 3 " 1114 1." " R62<3:>- "."
R8;:-/:; 3 " 1115 '1." " R-0;3:>- R62<3:>-
RF:0;/:; 3 " 1115 '1." " R-0;3:>- R62<3:>-
$'''G''''1''''G''''2''''G''''3''''G''''4''''G''''5''''G''''6''''G''''7''''G''''8
*DE!INE_#)R%E
1113
"."H"."
R62<71>/HR962<
R62<3:>-H"."
*DE!INE_#)R%E
1114
"."H"."
1"."H"."
*DE!INE_#)R%E
1115
"."H"."
R;7L71>/HR9;71L
R;7L3:>-HR9;71L
". Thi& feat-re i& availa9le in LS#3452 '0 'evi&ion 7!"7 an( later relea&e&.

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`CONTROL `CONTROL_FORMING_OUTPUT
(-ter /.osin6 Pun/h home
K
#
3
i
&
p
l
a
c
e
m
e
n
t

Time
Fendtime
NO!T
NO!T
41 42 43 44
F/.stimee
41
42
43
44
3%PLOT o-tp-t& viewe( from no(al hi&tory plot
Specifying fo-r a((itional 3%PLOT o-tp-t& 9a&e( on (i&tance to p-nch home
Ftramp F/.stime
F+/.s
41, 42, 43, 44
Too. +e.o/it9
5:p.i/it Time
I#I
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`CONTROL_FORMING_PARAMETER_READ `CONTROL
`CONTROL_FORMING_PARAMETER_READ
P-rpo&e) Thi& feat-re allow& for rea(ing of a n-merical n-m9er from an exi&ting file an( &tore in a
(efine( parameter. The parameter can 9e -&e( an( referre( in the c-rrent &im-lation. The file to 9e
rea( may 9e a re&-lt from a previo-& &im-lation. The file may al&o &imply contain a li&t of n-m9er&
(efine( 9eforehan( an( to 9e -&e( for the c-rrent &im-lation.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le +BL=52.=
Type C
Cards 2,3,4, . (the next ~` card terminates the input)

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le P2'52.= .=TJO3 LB5= ^ B=>B5 =53
Type C B B B B

+BL=52.=
5ame of the file to 9e rea(.
P2'52.=
Parameter name. .axim-m character length) 7.
.=TJO3
'ea( in&tr-ction)
=S.1) rea(, follow (efinition 9y LB5=^, B=>B5 an( =53 (efinition
LB5= ^
Line n-m9er in the file.
B=>B5
Beginning col-mn n-m9er in the line n-m9er (efine( a9ove.
=53
=n(ing col-mn n-m9er in the line n-m9er (efine( a9ove.
Remarks:
1. Aeywor( inp-t or(er i& &en&itive. 'ecommen(e( or(er i& to (efine varia9le& in
NP2'2.=T=' fir&t, followe( with thi& 7eywor(, -&ing the (efine( varia9le&.
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`CONTROL `CONTROL_FORMING_PARAMETER_READ
2. .-ltiple varia9le& can 9e (efine( with one &-ch 7eywor(, with the file name nee(e( to 9e (e#
fine( only once. Bf there are varia9le& locate( in m-ltiple file&, the 7eywor( nee(& to 9e repeat#
e( for each file.
%. 2n example provi(e( 9elow &how& that m-ltiple PB3& for in(ivi(-al tool& an( 9lan7 are (e#
fine( in file& X(ata.7Y an( X(ata1.7Y. Bn the main inp-t file X&im.(ynY -&e( for LS#3452 exe#
c-tion, varia9le& CintegerD are fir&t initialiIe( for PB3S of all tool& an( 9lan7 with
NP2'2.=T='. The&e varia9le& are -p(ate( with integer& rea( from file& X(ata.7Y an( X(a#
ta1.7Y from re&pective line n-m9er an( col-mn n-m9er thro-gh the -&e of thi& 7eywor(. Bn the
NS=TOP2'TOLBST (efinition, the&e PB3& are -&e( to (efine the part &et.
Below i& file X(ata.7Y, to 9e rea( into X&im.(yn))
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
$$$ ;-5:0- PID<
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
$'''G''''1''''G''''2''''G''''3''''G''''4''''G''''5''''G''''6''''G''''7''''G''
8//-7 ;:- /:;D 3
2oL-7 /o<3 /:;D 2
Below i& file X(ata1.7Y, al&o to 9e rea( into X&im.(ynY)
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
$$$ ;-5:0- PID<
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
$'''G''''1''''G''''2''''G''''3''''G''''4''''G''''5''''G''''6''''G''''7''''G''
2oL-7 F:0;-7 /:;D 4
F210Q /:;D 1
Below i& partial inp-t for the main inp-t file X&im.(ynY)
$'''G''''1''''G''''2''''G''''3''''G''''4''''G''''5''''G''''6''''G''''7''''G''
*IN#L)DE
F210Q.Q
*IN#L)DE
3oo2.Q
$'''G''''1''''G''''2''''G''''3''''G''''4''''G''''5''''G''''6''''G''''7''''G''
*PARAMETER
IF210Q/H"
I8/;:-/H"
I/806C/H"
I2F:0;/H"
RF210Q>9H"."
R/806C>9H"."
R8/;:->9H"."
RF:0;>9H"."
RF3C:6QH1.6
$'''G''''1''''G''''2''''G''''3''''G''''4''''G''''5''''G''''6''''G''''7''''G''
*#ONTROL_!ORMING_PARAMETER_READ
;131.Q
8/;:-/H1H5H3"H3"
/806C/H1H6H3"H3"
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`CONTROL_FORMING_PARAMETER_READ `CONTROL
*#ONTROL_!ORMING_PARAMETER_READ
;1311.Q
2F:0;/H1H7H3"H3"
F210Q/H1H8H3"H3"
$'''G''''1''''G''''2''''G''''3''''G''''4''''G''''5''''G''''6''''G''''7''''G''
*SET_PART_LIST
1
RF210Q/
*SET_PART_LIST
2
R/806C/
*SET_PART_LIST
3
R8/;:-/
*SET_PART_LIST
4
R2F:0;/
$'''G''''1''''G''''2''''G''''3''''G''''4''''G''''5''''G''''6''''G''''7''''G''
$# /<:; 6:; ;:7 >/<:; /o<:3:o0 /7->o9- 3C:6Q /1701>-
1 " 3 2 1 ".""" RF3C:6Q F210Q>9
3 " 3 1 1 ".""" 8/;:->9
4 " 3 1 '1 ".""" F:0;>9
$'''G''''1''''G''''2''''G''''3''''G''''4''''G''''5''''G''''6''''G''''7''''G''
*PART_MO%E
$/:;HA>o9H4>o9HB>o9H6:;H:5<-3
1H"."H"."HRF210Q>9HH1
3H"."H"."HR8/;:->9HH1
4H"."H"."HRF:0;>9HH1
!. Thi& feat-re i& availa9le in LS#3452 '" 'evi&ion ""$%" an( later relea&e&.
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`CONTROL `CONTROL_FORMING_POSITION
12#/$ CCO5T'OLD LS-DYNA R7.0
P-rpo&e) Provi(e& a &imple interface for &tamping analy&i&. Bt i& -&e( to po&ition the 9lan7 an( tool#
ing. ,hen thi& 7eywor( i& -&e(, all the tool& m-&t 9e in the home po&ition, which i& the po&ition of
the tooling at maxim-m &tro7e. +rom thi& po&ition each tool will 9e move( 9a&e( on thi& 7eywor(.
Thi& 7eywor( i& -&e( with the 7eywor(& NCO5T'OLO+O'.B5>O8S=' an( NCO5T'OL
O+O'.B5>OT'2M=L. One NCO5T'OLO+O'.B5>OPOSBTBO5 car( may 9e nee(e( for each
part.

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le PB3 P'=.OM= T2'>=T
Type B + B
3efa-lt none none B

PB3
Part B3
P'=.OM
The (i&tance to pre#move the tool in the rever&e (irection of the movement
of the tool.
T2'>=T
.ove part CPB3D in the rever&e (irection of thi& tool movement, an( ma7e
&-re the minim-m (i&tance 9etween PB3 an( T2'>=T i& (efine( 9y >2P.
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`CONTROL_FORMING_PRE_BENDING `CONTROL
LS-DYNA R7.0 12#/1 CCO5T'OLD
`CONTROL_FORMING_PRE_BENDING
P-rpo&e) Thi& 7eywor( allow& for a pre#9en(ing of an initially flat &heet metal 9lan7, typically -&e(
in controlling it& gravity loa(e( &hape.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le PS=T '23B8S ML M4 MK LC 4C KC
Type B + + + + + + +

PS=T
Part &et B3 to 9e incl-(e( in the pre#9en(ing.
'23B8S
'a(i-& of the pre#9en(ing.
>T.$.$) 9en(ing center i& on the &ame &i(e a& the element normal&
LT.$.$) 9en(ing center i& on the rever&e &i(e of the element normal&.
See fig-re 9elow for more information.
ML, M4, MK
Mector component& of an axi& a9o-t which the flat 9lan7 will 9e 9ent.
LC, 4C, KC
L, 4, K coor(inate& of the center of mo&t#9ent location. Bf -n(efine(, center
of gravity of the 9lan7 will 9e -&e( a& a (efa-lt.
Remarks:
1. Bn &ome &it-ation, a flat 9lan7 -pon gravity loa(ing will re&-lt in a XconcaveY &hape in a (ie,
referring to fig-re& 9elow. Thi& mo&tly happen& in ca&e& where there i& little or no p-nch &-p#
port in the mi((le of the (ie cavity. 2ltho-gh the gravity loa(e( 9lan7 &hape i& correct the en(
re&-lt i& -n(e&ira9le. B-c7le& may re&-lt (-ring the en&-ing clo&ing an( forming &im-lation. Bn
reality, a tr-e flat 9lan7 rarely exi&t&. Typically, the 9lan7 i& either manip-late( C&ha7ing or
9en(ingD 9y (ie ma7er& in the tryo-t &tage, or 9y &-ction c-p& in a &tamping pre&&, to initially
have a convex &hape prior to the 9in(er clo&ing an( p-nch forming. Thi& 7eywor( allow& thi&
9en(ing to 9e performe(.
2. 2 partial 7eywor( example i& provi(e( 9elow, where 9lan7 part &et B3 dBLASB3 (efine( pre#
vio-&ly, wa& to 9e 9ent in a ra(i-& val-e of 1$$$$.$mm, with the 9en(ing axi& of K, locate( on
the rever&e &i(e of the 9lan7 po&itive normal. The 9en(ing i& off gravity center at x]2%!.$, y]
101.$, I]/1.0 Cto the right along po&itive L#axi&D. Only a &light pre#9en(ing on the 9lan7 i&
nee(e( to en&-re a convex gravity#loa(e( &hape.
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`CONTROL `CONTROL_FORMING_PRE_BENDING
12#/2 CCO5T'OLD LS-DYNA R7.0
*$EYORD
...
1
*#ONTROL_!ORMING_PRE_BENDING
$ PSET RADI)S %* %Y %+ *# Y# +#
RBL$SID '1"""". "."" "."" 1." 234.""" 161.""" 81.6"
...
*END
Bn the fig-re& 9elow, gravity#loa(e( &hape witho-t pre#9en(ing an( with pre#9en(ing are ill-&#
trate(.
+ig-re 12#1". 5egative X'Y mean& center of 9en(ing i& on the oppo&ite &i(e of the po&i#
tive 9lan7 normal
$ Ben(ing axi&
Sheet 9lan7 nor#
mal (irection
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`CONTROL_FORMING_PRE_BENDING `CONTROL
LS-DYNA R7.0 12#/% CCO5T'OLD
%. Thi& feat-re i& availa9le in LS#3452 '0 'evi&ion 00$! or later relea&e&. Bt i& al&o availa9le
in LS#PrePo&t!.$ eKSet-p for metal forming application.
+ig-re 12#17. Bnitial mo(el &et -p
+ig-re 12#1/. >ravity loa(e( 9lan7 witho-t -&ing thi& 7eywor( WBlan7 &ag& in the (ie
cavity Cconcave &hapeD
+ig-re 12#1. Pre#9en(ing with ']1$$$$.$mm -&ing thi& 7eywor( C1
&t
&tate of
3%plot&D
+ig-re 12#10. Pre#9en(ing of a fen(er o-ter CN!"IS)55T 2II2L >ravity loa(e( &hape
Cla&t &tate of 3%plot&D W Convex &hape 9lan7 achieve( an( 9in(er clo&ing (i&tance re(-ce(
Convex &hape 9lan7 achieve( an( 9in(er clo&ing (i&tance re(-ce
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`CONTROL `CONTROL_FORMING_PRO1ECTION
12#/! CCO5T'OLD LS-DYNA R7.0
`CONTROL_FORMING_PRO1ECTION
P-rpo&e) To remove initial penetration& 9etween the 9lan7 an( the tooling 9y proHecting the pene#
trate( 9lan7 C&laveD no(e& along a normal (irection to the &-rface of the 9lan7 with the &pecifie( gap
9etween the no(e an( the tooling &-rface.

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le B3PS B3P. >2P 5'SST 5'.ST
Type B B + B B
3efa-lt

B3PS
Part B3 for the 9lan7 C&laveD &i(e.
B3P.
Part B3 for the tool Cma&terD &i(e.
>2P
2 (i&tance, which (efine& the minim-m gap re;-ire(.
5'SST
5ormal (irection of 9lan7)
=S.$) the normal to the &-rface of the 9lan7 i& pointing towar(& the tool,
=S.1) the normal to the &-rface of the 9lan7 i& pointing away from the
tool.
5'.ST
5ormal (irection of tool)
=S.$) the normal to the &-rface of the tool i& pointing towar(& the 9lan7,
=S.1) the normal to the &-rface of the tool i& pointing away from 9lan7.
Remarks:
Thi& option re;-ire& con&i&tent normal vector& for 9oth the rigi( tooling &-rface an( the 9lan7 &-r#
face.
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`CONTROL_FORMING_SCRAP_FALL `CONTROL
LS-DYNA R7.0 12#/" CCO5T'OLD
`CONTROL_FORMING_SCRAP_FALL
P-rpo&e) Thi& 7eywor( allow& for contact#9a&e( trimming of &crap fall &im-lation in a &heet metal
&tamping pre&&.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le PB3 M=CTB3 53S=T LCB3 3=PTJ 3BST
Type B B B B + +

Cards 2, 3, 4, 5. repeat Card 1 as many times as needed to define multiple scrap pieces. The
next ~` card terminates the input.

PB3
Part B3 of the &crap piece to 9e trimme( away.
M=CTB3
Mector B3 for a trim &teel movement, a& (efine( 9y N3=+B5=OM=CTO'.
Bf left -n(efine( C9lan7D, glo9al K (irection i& a&&-me(.
53S=T
2 no(e &et con&i&t& of all no(e& along the c-tting e(ge of the trim &teel.
LCB3
Loa( c-rve B3 governing the trim &teel 7inematic&, a& (efine( 9y N3=+B5=
OC8'M=.
>T.$) velocity#controlle( 7inematic&
LT.$) (i&placement#controlle( 7inematic&
2n example inp-t (ec7 i& provi(e( 9elow.
3=PTJ
2 &mall penetrating (i&tance 9etween the c-tting e(ge of the trim &teel an(
the &crap piece. 5o(e& along the &crap e(ge are relea&e( from a-tomatical#
ly#a((e( con&traint& an( free to move after thi& (i&tance i& reache(.
3BST
2 (i&tance tolerance mea&-re( in the plane normal to the trim &teel moving
(irection, 9etween no(e& along the c-tting e(ge of the trim &teel (efine( 9y
53S=T an( no(e& along e(ge of the &crap.
Remarks:
1. 2& &hown in the following fig-re&, &crap piece, mo(ele( a& a (eforma9le 9o(y, an( parent
piece are to 9e mo(ele( a& &eparate part B3&. The parent piece can 9e mo(ele( a& a rigi( 9o(y
an( can 9e fixe( thro-gho-t the &im-lation. 5o(e& along the trim line on 9oth &i(e& of the
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`CONTROL `CONTROL_FORMING_SCRAP_FALL
12#/0 CCO5T'OLD LS-DYNA R7.0
&crap an( parent piece (o not nee( to have the &ame coor(inate&. 2 &mall gap C? 2mmD 9e#
tween the no(e& on the &crap &i(e an( the no(e& on the parent &i(e i& permi&&i9le. 5o(e& along
the trim e(ge of the trim &teel, mo(ele( a& a rigi( 9o(y, i& to 9e incl-(e( in a no(e &et, which
will 9e -&e( to (etermine the relea&e of the con&traint& along the corre&pon(ing e(ge no(e& on
the &crap piece. Bn the 9eginning of the &im-lation, con&traint& are a((e( a-tomatically on the
no(e& along the &crap e(ge corre&pon(ing to the no(e &et& along the trim &teel. 2& trim &teel
come& into contact with the &crap piece, the con&traint& are remove( accor(ingly. Ainematic&
an( (ynamic& of the trim &teel i& carrie( onto the &crap piece thro-gh the (efine( contact inter#
face&.
2. The val-e of 3=PTJ i& typically half of the &crap thic7ne&&. 2 very &mall SLS+2C
C$.$$1m$.$1D i& recommen(e( in the NCO5T'OLOCO5T2CT 7eywor(.
%. The varia9le 3BST &ho-l( 9e &lightly larger than the maxim-m gap 9etween the no(e& on the
&crap &i(e an( the no(e& on the trim po&t. Bt i& critical that no(e& along the &crap e(ge to 9e
&eparate( (o not overlap the no(e& along the corre&pon(ing e(ge on the trim po&t.
!. 5o parameter& are allowe( in N3=+B5=OC8'M= for the (efinition of the trim &teel 7inemat#
ic&.
". Only NCO5T2CTO+O'.B5> type of contact interface& are allowe( with thi& 7eywor(, an(
NCO5T2CTO+O'.B5>OS8'+2C=OTOOS8'+2C= i& recommen(e( 9etween the &crap
piece an( the trim &teel. 5egative contact off&et -&ing varia9le .ST m-&t 9e -&e(, an( it i&
typically &et to the &ame val-e of the &crap thic7ne&&. +or contact 9etween &crap piece an( all
other (ie &tr-ct-re&, Contact type&, either NCO5T2CTO28TO.2TBCO>=5='2L, or
NCO5T2CTOSB5>L=OS8'+2C= are recommen(e(. 2ll coefficient of friction val-e& nee(
to 9e very &mall.
0. =xplicit (ynamic& metho( i& recommen(e( for the &crap fall &im-lation. Mery little or no ma&&
&caling along with a rea&ona9le trim &teel 7inematic& are e&&ential for a reali&tic &im-lation.
7. The no(e &et (efine( along the trim &teel e(ge m-&t 9e in a con&ec-tive or(er, an( can 9e cre#
ate( with LSPP%.1, via "ode./1re5nt/1re, Set ata, MS5T_NO5, '9Path# Select no(e&
along an element e(ge contin-o-&ly -ntil fini&h an( then hit (pp.9#
/. 2 partial example of -&ing the 7eywor( 9elow incl-(e& a no(e &et B3 1 along the trim &teel
CPB3 2D e(ge -&e( to relea&e the con&traint& 9etween the &crap piece with PB3 1, an( the parent
piece. The LCB3 for the trim &teel 7inematic& i& C[D%% Cloa( c-rve i& controlle( 9y velocityD
moving in WK (irection. The trimming velocity i& (efine( a& 1$$$ mmF& an( the retracting ve#
locity i& !$$$ mmF&. The varia9le& 3=PTJ an( 3BST are &et to $.$1 an( 2.", re&pectively. The
contact interface 9etween the trim &teel an( &crap piece i& (efine( -&ing NCO5T2CT
O+O'.B5>OS8'+2C=OTOOS8'+2C= an( all part& are incl-(e( in a &ingle &-rface contact.
*$EYORD
R-0;3:>-
*#ONTROL_!ORMING_S#RAP_!ALL
$ PID %E#TID NDSET L#ID DEPT, DIST
1 &&&1 33 ".75 2."
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LS-DYNA R7.0 12#/7 CCO5T'OLD
*SET_NODE_LIST
&&&1
245&2 245&1 245&" 2458& 245&3 245&4 245&5 245&6
*BO)NDARY_PRES#RIBED_MOTION_7:=:;
$/:;H;o5H91;H26:;H<5H9:;H;3HF3
2H3H"H33H'1."
*DE!INE_#)R%E
33
"."H"."
".216H1"""."
".31H'4"""."
".32H"."
".5H"."
$'''G''''1''''G''''2''''G''''3''''G''''4''''G''''5''''G''''6''''G''''7''''G''''8
*#ONTA#T_5o7>:0=_<87516-_3o_<87516-_ID
1
1 2 3 3 " " " "
"."2 "." "." "." 2"." " "."1.""""EG2"
$# <5< <5> <<3 ><3 <5<3 <5>3 5<5 9<5
"." "." "." R><3 1." 1." 1." 1."
$'''G''''1''''G''''2''''G''''3''''G''''4''''G''''5''''G''''6''''G''''7''''G''''8
*#ONTA#T_<:0=2-_<87516-_ID
2
" " 5 " " " " "
"."2 "." "." "." 2"." " "."1.""""EG2"
"." "." "." "." 1." 1." 1." 1."
OO
*END

+or the negative option of LCB3, (i&placement will 9e -&e( a& inp-t to control the tool 7ine#
matic&. 2 partial example i& provi(e( 9elow, where LCB3 i& (efine( a& a negative integer of a
loa( c-rve, controlling the trim &teel 7inematic&. The trim &teel i& moving (own for 27.0$7"
mm in $.2 &ec to trim, an( moving -p for the &ame (i&tance to it& original po&ition in $.% &ec to
retract. 2ltho-gh thi& option i& ea&ier to -&e, the corre&pon(ing velocity from the inp-t time
an( (i&placement m-&t 9e reali&tic for a reali&tic &im-lation.

*#ONTROL_!ORMING_S#RAP_!ALL
$ L#IDJ"D 37:>>:0= <3--2 Q:0->13:6< :< 6o037o22-; F4 ;:</216->-03.
$ PID %E#TID NDSET L#ID DEPT, DIST
1 44 1 '33332 ".7" 2.""
*DE!INE_%E#TOR
44H587.5H422."&3H733."83H471.1"4H38".456H681.412
*BO)NDARY_PRES#RIBED_MOTION_7:=:;_LO#AL
$/:;H;o5H91;H26:;H<5H9:;H;3HF3
11H3H2H33332H1."H44
*DE!INE_#)R%E
33332
"."H"."
".2H'27.6"75
".5H"."
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12#// CCO5T'OLD LS-DYNA R7.0
. Thi& feat-re i& (evelope( in conH-nction with ;ord "otor 1ompan9, an( i& availa9le in LS#
3452 '" 'evi&ion 0%01/ or later relea&e&. The late&t 9eta relea&e provi(e& enhance( capa#
9ilitie&. 2 graphic& -&er interface offering &etting -p an inp-t (ec7 i& now availa9le in LS#
PrePo&t!.$ -n(er (PP=I1(TION/S/rap Trim. 2 reference paper regar(ing the (evelopment
an( application of thi& 7eywor( can al&o 9e fo-n( in the pro/eedin6s o- the 12th Internationa.
=S$4N( !serNs 1on-eren/e.

+ig-re 12#2$. . .o(eling (etail& for the &crap fall &im-lation. J1ourtes9 o- ;ord "otor
1ompan9L
S/rap pie/e
1L S/rap pie/e is mode.ed as a de-orma?.e
she.. partO Parent pie/e does not need to
?e mode.ed#
2L Nodes a.on6 the ed6e o- the trim stee. are
de-ined in a node set#

Trim
po&t
Trim .ine

Trim
&teel

.
o
t
i
o
n

o
f

t
r
i
m

&
t
e
e
l

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LS-DYNA R7.0 12#/ CCO5T'OLD

+ig-re 12#21. Sim-lation initialiIation J1ourtes9 o- ;ord "otor 1ompan9L
S/rap pie/e
1onstraints are automati/a..9 /reated -or
nodes in ?.ue a.on6 the s/rap trim ed6e#

Trim
po&t
Trim .ine

Trim
&teel

.
o
t
i
o
n

o
f

t
r
i
m

&
t
e
e
l

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12#$ CCO5T'OLD LS-DYNA R7.0

+ig-re 12#22. Contact#9a&e( &eparation an( contact#(riven 7inematic& an( (ynamic&.
J1ourtes9 o- ;ord "otor 1ompan9L
Scrap piece

Trim
po&t
2L 1onta/t esta?.ished ?et*een the trim stee. and the s/rap pie/eO
3L ;irst /onta/ted node a.on6 the trim .ine separates the -irst# Pine$
mati/s and d9nami/s o- the trim stee. are /arried onto the s/rap
pie/e throu6h /onta/t inter-a/eO
4L Separation /riterion is /onta/t$?asedO
"D =ast /onta/ted node a.on6 the
trim .ine separates the .atest#

Trim
&teel

.
o
t
i
o
n

o
f

t
r
i
m

&
t
e
e
l

1D Node set a.on6 the trim ed6e is used to re$
.ease the noda. /onstraints on s/rap ed6eO
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`CONTROL_FORMING_STONING `CONTROL
`CONTROL_FORMING_STONING
P-rpo&e) Thi& feat-re i& (evelope( to (etect &-rface low& or &-rface (efect& forme( (-ring metal
&tamping. Thi& calc-lation i& typically performe( after a &pring9ac7 &im-lation. 2 c-rvat-re#9a&e(
metho( i& implemente( with the feat-re. 8&er& have the option to chec7 an entire part or H-&t a few
local area&, (efine( 9y no(e &et or &hell element &et. Bn each area, (irection of the &toning action can
9e &pecifie( 9y two no(e& C&ee Remarks 9elowD or &imply allow the program to a-tomatically (e#
termine the &toning (irection.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le BSTO5= L=5>TJ ,B3TJ ST=P 3B'=CT '=M='S= .=TJO3
Type B + + + + B B
3efa-lt none $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $ $

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 5O3=1 5O3=2 SB3 BT4P= M1 M2 M%
Type B B B B + + +
3efa-lt $ $ $ $ $.$ $.$ $.$

BSTO5=
Stoning calc-lation option.
=S.1) calc-late panel &-rface ;-ality -&ing &toning metho(.
L=5>TJ
Length of the &tone.
,B3TJ
,i(th of the &tone.
ST=P
Stepping &iIe of the moving &tone.
3B'=CT
5-m9er of a-tomatically (etermine( &toning (irectionC&D.
'=M='S=
S-rface normal rever&ing option.
=S.$) (o not rever&e &-rface normal&.
=S.1) rever&e &-rface normal&.
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`CONTROL `CONTROL_FORMING_STONING
.=TJO3
Stoning metho(.
=S.$) c-rvat-re#9a&e( metho(.
5O3=1
Tail no(e (efining &toning moving (irection.
5O3=2
Jea( no(e (efining &toning moving (irection.
SB3
5o(e or &hell &et B3.
BT4P=
Set type (e&ignation.
=S.1) no(e &et.
=S.2) element &et.
M1, M2, M%
Mector component& (efining &toning (irection CoptionalD.
Remarks:
1. Stoning i& a ;-ality chec7ing proce&& on cla&&#2 exterior &tamping panel&. Typically the long
an( wi(er &-rface& of an oil &tone of a 9ric7 &hape are -&e( to &li(e an( &cratch in a given (i#
rection again&t a localiIe( area of concern on a &tampe( panel. S-rface nlow&V are &hown where
&cratch mar7& are not vi&i9le an( nhigh&V are &hown in a form of &cratch mar7&. Thi& 7eywor(
i& capa9le of pre(icting 9oth the &-rface nlow&V an( nhigh&V. Since &toning proce&& i& carrie(
o-t after the &tamping Ceither (rawn or trimme(D panel& are remove( from the &tamping (ie&, a
&pring9ac7 &im-lation nee(& to 9e performe( prior to con(-cting a &toning analy&i&.
2. 2& a reference, typical &tone length an( wi(th can 9e &et at 1"$.$ an( %$.$ mm, re&pectively.
%. The Step &iIe of the moving &tone i& typically in the or(er of the element length. The &malle&t
element length can 9e &electe( a& the &tep &iIe.
!. The varia9le 3B'=CT allow& for the a-tomatic (efinition of the &toning (irection&. 2ny n-m#
9er can 9e &electe( 9-t typically n2V i& -&e(. 2ltho-gh CP8 time re;-ire( for the &toning calc-#
lation i& trivial, a larger 3B'=CT con&-me& more CP8 time.
". Stoning i& performe( on the o-twar( normal &i(e of the me&h. =lement normal& m-&t 9e ori#
ente( accor(ingly an( con&i&tently. 2lternatively, the varia9le '=M='S= provi(e& an ea&y
way to rever&e the element normal& in the &olver 9efore the comp-tation.
0. Maria9le& 5O3=1 an( 5O3=2 are -&e( to (efine a &pecific &toning (irection. The &tone i&
move( in the (irection (efine( 9y 5O3=1 to 5O3=2. 2lternatively, one can leave 5O3=1
an( 5O3=2 9lan7 an( (efine the n-m9er of a-tomatically (etermine( &toning (irection& 9y
-&ing 3B'=CT. +-rthermore, &toning (irection can al&o 9e (efine( -&ing a vector 9y (efining
M1, M2, M%.
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`CONTROL_FORMING_STONING `CONTROL
7. The 9lan7 mo(el inten(e( for analy&i& can 9e incl-(e( -&ing 7eywor( NB5CL83=. Bf nothing
i& (efine( for SB3 an( BT4P= then the entire 9lan7 mo(el incl-(e( will 9e -&e( for &toning
analy&i&.
/. 2 large area me&h can 9e incl-(e( in the inp-t file. 2n =LS=T m-&t al&o 9e incl-(e(, which
(efine& a local area that re;-ire& &toning comp-tation. 2lternatively, an =LS=T can (efine
&everal local area& to 9e -&e( for the comp-tation. +-rthermore, an =LS=T &ho-l( not incl-(e
me&he& that have rever&e( c-rvat-re&. 2n =LS=T can 9e ea&ily generate( -&ing LS#PrePo&t, in
page ", -n(er Set3.
. Since &toning re;-ire& high level of acc-racy in &pring9ac7 pre(iction, it i& recommen(e( that
the S.OOTJ option in 7eywor( NCO5T2CTO+O'.B5>OO5=O,24OS8'+2C=OTO
OS8'+2C= to 9e -&e( (-ring the (raw forming &im-lation. 5ot all area& re;-ire S.OOTJ
contact, only area& of intere&t may apply. Bn a((ition, me&he& in the area& of concern nee( to 9e
very fine, with average element &iIe of 1 to 2 mm. .e&h a(aptivity i& not recommen(e(. .a&&
&caling with 3T2.S nee(& to 9e &-fficiently &mall to re(-ce the (ynamic effect (-ring form#
ing. +or 9in(er clo&ing of large exterior panel, implicit &tatic metho( -&ing NCO5T'OL
OB.PLBCBTO+O'.B5> type 2 i& recommen(e(.
1$. Bt i& recommen(e( that (o-9le preci&ion ver&ion of LS#3452 9e -&e( for thi& application.
11. The o-tp-t of the &toning &im-lation re&-lt& i& in a file name( Xfilename.o-tp-tY, where Xfile#
nameY i& the name of the LS#3452 &toning inp-t file contain& thi& 7eywor(, witho-t the file
exten&ion. The &toning re&-lt& can 9e viewe( -&ing LS#PrePo&t, in page 1, -n(er
+CO.PFThic7F ShellOThic7ne&&.
12. The &toning feat-re i& availa9le in LS#3452 '" 'evi&ion "!%/ or later relea&e&. Mector
component option i& availa9le in '" 'evi&ion 0$/2 or later relea&e&. 2n example of a &toning
analy&i& on a +or( =conoline (oor o-ter panel i& provi(e( 9elow for reference. The original
part mo(el come& from 5ational Cra&h 2naly&i& Center at The >eorge ,a&hington 8niver&ity.
The complete inp-t (ec7 -&e( for the &toning &im-lation i& provi(e( 9elow for referenceE
where, a local area me&h of the (oor han(le after &pring9ac7 &im-lation n3oorhan(le.7V an( an
element &et nel&et1.7V are incl-(e( in the (ec7.
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`CONTROL `CONTROL_FORMING_STONING
12#! CCO5T'OLD LS-DYNA R7.0
+ig-re 12#2!. Thic7ne&& conto-r of the panel after trimming
+ig-re 12#2". Spring9ac7 amo-nt CmmD.
+ig-re 12#20. The element &et& &electe( for &toningFStoning re&-lt&.
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`CONTROL_FORMING_TEMPLATE `CONTROL
P-rpo&e) Thi& 7eywor( i& -&e( to &implify the re;-ire( inp-t for &heet metal &tamping &im-lation&.
,ith thi& 7eywor(, five template& are given) three#piece air (raw, three#piece toggle (raw, fo-r#
piece (raw, trimming, an( &pring9ac7.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le B3T=.P BLAB3 3B=B3 P5CJ B538 B53L T4P= P'=B3
3efa-lt none none none none none none $ $.$
'emar7& 1 2

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le LCSS 2LF+= '$$ '!" '$ = 3=5SBT4 P'
Type B C + + + + + +
3efa-lt none +e 1.$ '$$ '$$ none none none

Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le A 5 .T4P 85BT TJBCA >2P +S
Type + + B B + + +
3efa-lt none none %7 1 none 1.1t $.1

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`CONTROL `CONTROL_FORMING_TEMPLATE
Car( ! 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le P2T='5 M.2L ML M4 MK MB3 2.2L
Type B + + + + B +
3efa-lt 1 1$$$ $ $ #1 none 1.$e[0

Car( " 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le LML232 SBK=232 TB.S232 3%PLT
Type B + B B
3efa-lt 1 none 2$ 1$

B3T=.P
Type of forming proce&& CSee 'emar7& 9elow.D
=S.1) %#piece air#(raw
=S.2) %#piece Toggle#(raw
=S.%) !#piece (raw
=S.!) Spring9ac7
=S.") Trimming
BLAB3
Part or part &et B3 C&ee T4P=D that (efine& the 9lan7.
3B=B3
Part or part &et B3 that (efine& the (ie. See +ig-re& 12#2/, 12#2 an( 12#%$
for more information
P5CJB3
Part or part &et B3 that (efine& the p-nch.
B538B3
Part or part &et B3 that (efine& the -pper 9in(er.
B53LB3
Part or part &et B3 that (efine& the lower 9in(er.
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T4P=
+lag for part or part &et B3 -&e( in the (efinition of BLAB3, 3B=B3,
P5CJB3, B538B3, an( B53LB3.
=S.$) Part B3,
=S.1) Part &et B3.
P'=B3
3i&tance 9etween the lower 9in(er an( p-nch in the ! piece (raw. See
+ig-re 12#%$ for more information.
LCSS
Bf the material for the 9lan7 i& not -&er (efine(, thi& c-rve B3 will (efine the
&tre&&#&train relation&hipE otherwi&e, thi& c-rve i& ignore(.
2LF+=
Thi& parameter i& -&e( to (efine the 4o-ngV& .o(-l-& an( (en&ity of the
9lan7. Bf thi& parameter i& (efine(, = an( 3=5SBT4 will (efine( in the
-nit& given 9y 85BT 9elow.
=S.2) the 9lan7 i& al-min-m
=S.+) the 9lan7 i& &teel C(efa-ltD
'$$, '!", '$
.aterial ani&otropic parameter&. +or tran&ver&e ani&otropy the ' val-e i&
&et to the average val-e of '$$, '!", an( '$.
=
4o-ngV& .o(-l-&. Bf 2LF+= i& -&er (efine(, = i& -nnece&&ary
3=5SBT4
.aterial (en&ity of 9lan7. Bf 2LF+= i& -&er (efine(, thi& parameter i& -n#
nece&&ary
P'
Poi&&onV& ratio.
A Strength coefficient for exponential har(ening. Bf LCSS i& (efine(, or if a
9lan7 material i& -&er (efine(, thi& parameter i& ignore(. Co = ke
n
D
5
=xponent for exponential har(ening. Bf LCSS i& (efine(, or if a 9lan7 mate#
rial -&er (efine(, thi& parameter i& ignore(.
.T4P
.aterial mo(el type& %0 an( %7 are &-pporte() N.2TO%#P2'2.=T='
OB2'2T an( N.2TOT'25SM='S=L4O25BSOT'OPBCO=L2STBC
OPL2STBC, re&pectively.
85BT
8nit& a(opte( in thi& &im-lation. 3efine a n-m9er 9etween 1 an( 1$. See
Ta9le /.1 to (etermine the val-e for 85BT. Thi& -nit i& -&e( to o9tain prop#
er p-nch velocity, acceleration, time &tep, an( material propertie&.
TJBCA
Blan7 thic7ne&&. Bf the 9lan7 thic7ne&& i& alrea(y (efine(, thi& parameter i&
ignore(.
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12#/ CCO5T'OLD LS-DYNA R7.0
>2P
The home gap 9etween rigi( tool& for a-tomatic po&itioning an( tooling
motion. Bf NBO8532'4OP'=SC'BB=3O'B>B3OBO34 i& -&er (efine(,
thi& parameter i& ignore(. The (efa-lt i& 1.1 x 9lan7 thic7ne&&.
+S
+riction coefficient C(efa-lt]$.1$D. Bf the contact i& -&er (efine(, thi& pa#
rameter i& ignore(.
P2T='5
Melocity profile of moving tool. Bf the velocity i& -&er (efine( 9y
NBO8532'4OP'=SC'BB=3O'B>B3OBO34, P2T='5 i& ignore(.
=S.1) 'ampe( velocity profile
=S.2) Smooth velocity c-rve
ML, M4, MK
Mector component& (efining the (irection of the movement of the p-nch.
The (efa-lt (irection i& (efine( 9y MB3
MB3
MB3 i& the vector B3 (efining the (irection of the movement of the p-nch.
The vector, MB3, overri(e& the vector CML, M4, MKD. Bf MB3 an( CML,
M4, MKD are -n(efine(, the p-nch i& a&&-me( to move in the negative I#
(irection.
2.2L
The maxim-m allowa9le acceleration.
LML232
.axim-m a(aptive level.
SBK=232
.inim-m element &iIe permitte( in the a(aptive me&h.
TB.S232
Total n-m9er of a(aptive &tep& (-ring the forming &im-lation.
3%PLT
The total n-m9er of o-tp-t &tate& in the 3%PLOT (ata9a&e.

85BT 1 2 % ! " 0 7 / 1$
.a&& Ton >m >m >m >m Ag Ag Ag Ag Ag
Length .m .m .m Cm Cm .m Cm Cm Cm m
Time S .& S 8& S .& 8& .& S S
+orce 5 5 1.e#05 1e75 3yne A5 1e1$5 1e!5 1e#25 5
Ta9le /.1 2vaila9le -nit& for metal &tamping &im-lation&.
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LS-DYNA R7.0 12# CCO5T'OLD

5ote&) 1. Bn &tep aD, LS#3452 will a-tomatically po&ition the tool& an( minimiIe the p-nch trav#
el.
2. Bn &tep& 9D an( cD, LS#3452 will calc-late the 9in(er an( p-nch travel 9a&e( on the
9lan7 thic7ne&& an( the home gap.
%. Termination time will 9e a-tomatically &et 9a&e( on 9D an( cD.
!. The rigi( 9o(y motion of the tooling i& a-tomatically (efine(.
". 2ll the contact& 9etween the 9lan7 an( rigi( tool& are (efine(.
0. 2ll nece&&ary control parameter& are (efine(.
+ig-re 12#2/. B3T=.P ] 1) %#Piece 2ir#3raw
+ig-re 12#2. B3T=.P ] 2) %#Piece Toggle 3raw
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12#1$$ CCO5T'OLD LS-DYNA R7.0
7. Bf -&er (efine& any of the parameter, it will overri(e the a-tomatic &etting
/. 8&er (oe& not nee( to -&e 7eywor(&, &-ch a& NP2'T, NCO5T'OL, NS=CTBO5,
N.2TOR, NCO5T2CTORC3raw9ea( (efinition i& an exceptionD, NBO8532'4
OP'=SC'BPTBO5O'B>B3, etc.

5ote) aD P'=B3 i& -&e( for the prepo&ition of the lower
9D +ir&t, -pper 9in(er goe& (own to meet lower 9in(er
cD Secon(, lower 9in(er an( -pper 9in(er move together an( move to the home po&ition
(D Thir(, p-nch move (own to it& home po&ition
IDTE#P$% Spr&n'(ac) S&m*lat&on
5ote) The nece&&ary 7eywor(&, excl-(ing thi& one, are NBO8532'4 to &pecify the con&traint&,
an( 7eywor(& incl-(e in (ynain file. 2 new (ynain file will 9e a-tomatically o-tp-t.
IDTE#P$+ Tr&mm&n' operat&on
5ote) The nece&&ary 7eywor(&, excl-(ing thi& one, are N3=+B5=OC8'M=OT'B., an( 7eywor(&
incl-(e( in (ynain file.
+ig-re 12#%$. B3T=.P]%) +o-r#Piece 3raw
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`CONTROL_FORMING_TIPPING `CONTROL
LS-DYNA R7.0 12#1$1 CCO5T'OLD
`CONTROL_FORMING_TIPPING
P-rpo&e) Thi& 7eywor( i& (evelope( to reorient or repo&ition a part 9etween the &tamping (ie&. Bn
&tamping line (ie &im-lation, panel tipping an( tran&lation 9etween the (ie &tation& are fre;-ently
re;-ire(. Typically &-ch tran&formation involve& only a &mall amo-nt of rotation&, e.g. ? 1" (egree&E
an( &ome large amo-nt& of tran&lation. +or example, there co-l( 9e a tipping angle of 1$ (egree
along 4#axi& an( a tran&lation of 2$$$ mm along the L#axi& 9etween the c-rrent trimming (ie an(
next flanging (ie.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le PB3FSB3 BT4P= BST'2B5 B+ST'SS 5.OM=
Type B B B B B
3efa-lt none none $ $ $

Card 2 for rotation:
Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le
'OTF
T'25
M11 M12 M1% L$1 4$1 K$1 3BST21
Type B + + + + + + +
3efa-lt none $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$

Card 2 for translation:
Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le
'OTF
T'25
3L 34 3K
Type B + + +
3efa-lt none $.$ $.$ $.$

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`CONTROL `CONTROL_FORMING_TIPPING
12#1$2 CCO5T'OLD LS-DYNA R7.0
PB3FSB3
Part B3 or part &et B3 of partC&D that re;-ire& tipping an(For tran&lation.
BT4P=
Part B3 or part &et B3 in(icator)
=S.1) PB3 mean& part B3,
=S.2) PB3FSB3 mean& part &et B3.
BST'2B5
Strain ten&or& incl-&ion option)
=S.1) incl-(e in tippingFtran&lation.
BST'=SS
Stre&& ten&or& incl-&ion option)
=S.1) incl-(e in tippingFtran&lation.
5.OM=
Total n-m9er of tipping an( tran&lation inten(e( with thi& 7eywor(.
'OTFT'25
Tran&formation type)
=S.1) rotation,
=S.2) tran&lation.
M11, M12, M1%
Mector component& of an axi& a9o-t which tipping i& performe(.
L$1, 4$1 d K$1
L, 4 an( K coor(inate& of a point thro-gh which the tipping axi& pa&&e&.
3SBT2
Tipping angle in (egree.
3L, 34, 3K
Tran&lation (i&tance& along glo9al L#axi&, 4#axi& an( K#axi&.
Remarks:
1. Aeywor( NB5CL83= can 9e -&e( to incl-(e the file to 9e tippe( or tran&late(.
2. Tipping angle 3BST21 i& (efine( in (egree. Sign& of the tipping angle& follow the nright han(
r-leV.
%. 2n example of the 7eywor( i& incl-(e( 9elow, to tip a part [2%.$ (egree&, #%1.$ (egree&, an(
[/.$ (egree& a9o-t L#, 4#, an( K#axi&, re&pectively an( pa&&ing thro-gh the originE an( to
tran&late the part 12.$mm, #0.$mm an( 1.$mm along L#, 4#, an( K#axi&, re&pectively.
*IN#L)DE
37:>>-;/173.;401:0
*#ONTROL_!ORMING_TIPPING
$ PIDNPSID ITYPE ISTRAIN ISTRSS NMO%E
1 " 1 1 4
$ ROTNTRAN %11 %12 %13 *"1 4"1 B"1 DSITA1
1 1.""" "."""""" ".""" ".""" ".""" ".""" 23."
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`CONTROL_FORMING_TIPPING `CONTROL
LS-DYNA R7.0 12#1$% CCO5T'OLD
$ ROTNTRAN %21 %22 %23 *21 421 B21 DSITA2
1 ".""" 1."""""" ".""" ".""" ".""" ".""" '31."
$ ROTNTRAN %31 %32 %33 *31 431 B31 DSITA3
1 "."""""" ".""" 1.""" ".""" ".""" ".""" 8."
$ ROTNTRAN D* DY D+
2 12." '6." &1."
!. Thi& feat-re i& availa9le in LS#3452 '! 'evi&ion "%!!/ an( later relea&e&. Bt i& al&o availa9le
in LS#PrePo&t!.$ eKSet-p for metal forming application.
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`CONTROL `CONTROL_FORMING_TRAVEL
12#1$! CCO5T'OLD LS-DYNA R7.0
P-rpo&e) Provi(e a &imple interface for ar9itrary &tamping analy&i&. Thi& 7eywor( provi(e& infor#
mation on how to move the tool& in each pha&e. Thi& 7eywor( &ho-l( 9e -&e( with NCO5T'OL
O+O'.B5>OPOSBTBO5 an( NCO5T'OLO+O'.B5>O8S='.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le PB3 MB3 T'2M=L T2'>=T >2P PJ2S= +OLLO,
Type B B + B + B B

PB3
Part B3 of tool.
MB3
Mector B3 (efining the (irection of travel for the tool (efine( 9y PB3.
T'2M=L
.ove tool thi& (i&tance in the (irection &pecifie( 9y the MB3. Bf T'2M=L
i& (efine(, it i& not nece&&ary to (efine T2'>=T.
T2'>=T
.ove tool CPB3D to meet the T2'>=T, where the T2'>=T i& the part B3
of the matching tool.
>2P
The minim-m (i&tance 9etween tool an( T2'>=T in the home po&ition.
The >2P i& 9y (efa-lt the 9lan7 thic7ne&&.
PJ2S=
Pha&e n-m9er. Start &e;-entially from 1. +or example, pha&e 1 i& the
9in(er clo&ing, an( pha&e 2 i& the &tamping operation.
+OLLO,
The tool CPB3D can al&o move 9y following the part B3, +OLLO,. 3-ring
thi& pha&e, the (i&tance 9etween the tool CPB3D an( part B3, +OLLO,, will
9e con&tant.
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`CONTROL_FORMING_UNFLANGING `CONTROL
LS-DYNA R7.0 12#1$" CCO5T'OLD
`CONTROL_FORMING_UNFLANGING
P-rpo&e) The 7eywor( -nfol(& flange& of a (eforma9le 9lan7 onto a rigi( tooling me&h, with implic#
it &tatic metho(. Thi& i& typically -&e( in trim line mapping (-ring a (raw (ie (evelopment proce&&.
Other 7eywor(& relate( to 9lan7 &iIe (evelopment are, NCO5T'OLO+O'.B5>OO5=ST=P, an(
NB5T='+2C=OBL25ASBK=O3=M=LOP.=5T.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 5OPTBO5 3MB3 585B=53 ST+B=53 ST+C5T B+LB.BT 3BST
Type B B B + + B +
3efa-lt none 5F2 none none none none none

5OPTBO5
+lag to t-rn on an -nfol(ing &im-lation)
=S.1) 2ctivate the -nfol(ing &im-lation program.
3MB3 Thi& varia9le i& not 9eing -&e(.
585B=53
=&timate( n-m9er of -n9en(ing, ranging 1$m1$$.
ST+B=53
8nflanging &tiffne&&, ranging $.1m1$.$.
ST+C5T
5ormal &tiffne&&, ranging $.1m1$.$.
B+LB.BT
Bteration limit for the fir&t pha&e of -nfol(ing.
3BST
3i&tance tolerance for a-to#SPC along flange root&. 3BST i& -&-ally &light
more than o of the flange thic7ne&&.
Remarks:
1. The inp-t& for the 7eywor( are 9lan7 or flange& in fini&he( po&ition Cpro(-ct fini&he( &hapeD,
an( the (raw (ie &-rface in me&h. .e&he& for flange& &ho-l( 9e of rea&ona9le ;-ality, &imilar
to the 9lan7 me&h one wo-l( 9-il( for forming &im-lation. Bn LS#PrePo&t, thi& 7in( of me&h
can 9e create( -&ing "5S)/(!TO"5S)/SI75. =L+O'. of 10 an( 5BP of " are recommen(#
e( for 9lan7, an( &ince the program -&e& implicit &tatic metho(, a (o-9le preci&ion LS#3452
exec-ta9le m-&t 9e -&e(.
2. 2 few other mo(eling g-i(eline& are li&te( 9elow)
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`CONTROL `CONTROL_FORMING_UNFLANGING
aD 5ormal& of the flange &i(e an( tool &-rface &i(e to 9e -nfol(e( m-&t face each otherE
9D Jole& in the 9lan7 are allowe(E
cD 2(aptive re#me&hing i& not &-pporte(E
(D Blan7 an( tool me&h m-&t not &hare the &ame no(e&. Thi& can 9e ea&ily (one -&ing a me&h
(etaching feat-re -n(er 5.eTo./et5.e in LS#PrePo&tE
eD NCO5T2CTO+O'.B5>OO5=O,24OS8'+2C=OTOOS8'+2C= i& -&e( for contact (ef#
inition 9etween the 9lan7 an( tool. 5o negative tool off&et i& &-pporte(E
fD 'igi( tool Ctotal fixe( in N.2TO$2$D m-&t 9e larger than the -nfol(e( flange&. Thi& i& o9vi#
o-& 9-t often overloo7e(E
gD 5o(e& along fixe( en( of the flange can 9e a-tomatically con&traine( -&ing 3BSTE +lange
no(e& that are within the (i&tance &et 9y thi& varia9le to the tool &-rface are fixe( a-tomati#
cally.
%. 2 partial inp-t (ec7 i& provi(e( 9elow for flange -nfol(ing of a fen(er o-ter, mo(ifie( from
the original 5C2C Ta-r-& mo(el. +ig-re& 9elow al&o &how the progre&&ion an( final re&-lt& of
the -nfol(ing. 3BST i& &et at $."", H-&t &lightly over o of the flange thic7ne&& of 1.$mm. Total
n-m9er& of element& are 12"1 on the 9lan7 an( 00$$ on the tooling. Bt too7 le&& than % min-te&
on an / CP8 CS.PD machine. 5ote that a((itional 7eywor(&, &-ch a& NCO5T'OLOB.PLBCBT
O+O'.B5>, etc. are -&e(. Termination criterion i& &et -&ing the varia9le 3=LT28 in
NCO5T'OLOB.PLBCBTOT='.B52TBO5. Termination i& reache( when the relative (i&#
placement ratio criterion i& met, in(icate( in the messa6 file. Termination time of 1$$.$ C&tep&D
i& &-fficient for mo&t ca&e&, 9-t may nee( to 9e exten(e( to &ati&fy the 3=LT28 in &ome other
ca&e&.

$'''G''''1''''G''''2''''G''''3''''G''''4''''G''''5''''G''''6''''G''''7''''G''''8
*$EYORD
*IN#L)DE
3oo2F210Q>-<C.Q
*#ONTROL_!ORMING_)N!LANGING
$ NOPTION D%ID N)NBEND ST!BEND ST!#NT I!LIMIT DIST
1 1"" ".2 15." 4"" ".55
1
*#ONTROL_IMPLI#IT_TERMINATION
$ DELTA)
$ <-3 F-3L--0 "."""5I".""1
"."""5
$ IM!LAG DT"
1 .1"""
*#ONTROL_IMPLI#IT_NONLINEAR
$ NSLOL%R ILIMIT MA*RE! D#TOL E#TOL R#TOL LSTOL
2 2 11"" ".1"" 1.-2" 1.-2"
$ ;0o7> ;:9521= :0:<3:5
" 2 " 1 1
*PARAMETER
R ENDTIME 1""."
I -25o7> 16
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A
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`CONTROL_FORMING_UNFLANGING `CONTROL
I 0:/ 5
R F3C:6Q 1."
R D3PLOTS ENDTIMEN6"."
RENDTIME
*DATABASE_BINARY_D3PLOT
RD3PLOTS
*#ONTROL_RIGID...
*#ONTROL_,O)RGLASS...
*#ONTROL_B)L$_%IS#OSITY...
*#ONTROL_S,ELL...
*#ONTROL_#ONTA#T
$ SLS!A# RPNAL ISL#,$ S,LT,$ PENOPT T,$#,G ORIEN
"."1 "." 2 1 4 " 4
$ )SRSTR )SR!A# NSB#S INTERM *PENE SST,$ E#DT TIEDPRM
" " 1" " 2." "
*#ONTROL_ENERGY...
*#ONTROL_A##)RA#Y...
*DATABASE_E*TENT_BINARY...
*SE#TION_S,ELL_TITLE
BLAN$N!LANGE 3C:6Q0-<< 10; -25o7>N0:/ </-6<.
RF2Q<-6 R-25o7> ".833 R0:/ 1."
RF3C:6QHRF3C:6QHRF3C:6QHRF3C:6Q
*PART
*MAT_TRANS%ERSELY_ANISOTROPI#_ELASTI#_PLASTI#...
*MAT_RIGID
*#ONTA#T_!ORMING_ONE_AY_S)R!A#E_TO_S)R!A#E
RF2Q/:; R;:-/:; 3 3
$ !S !D D# %# %D# PEN#,$ BT DT
".125 "." "." "." 2"." " "." 1."""EG2"
$ S!S S!M SST MST S!ST S!MT !S! %S!
1." 1." "."
$ SO!T SO!S#L L#IDAB MA*PAR PENTOL DEPT, BSORT !R#!R(
"
$ PENMA* T,$OPT S,LT,$ SNLOG ISYM I2D3D SLDT,$ SLDST!

$ IGAP IGNORE DPR!A# DTSTI! !LANGL
2
*END
!. The feat-re i& availa9le in (o-9le preci&ion S.P, an( in '0 ver&ion of LS#3452 'evi&ion
7%1$ an( later relea&e&.
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`CONTROL `CONTROL_FORMING_UNFLANGING
12#1$/ CCO5T'OLD LS-DYNA R7.0
+ig-re 12#%2. +lange -nfol(ing progre&&ion of a fen(er o-ter
Coriginal mo(el co-rte&y of 5C2C at >eorge ,a&hington 8niver&ityD

+ig-re 12#%2. 2 &ection view &howing flange -nfol( 9efore an( after
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`CONTROL_FORMING_USER `CONTROL
LS-DYNA R7.0 12#1$ CCO5T'OLD
P-rpo&e) To provi(e a &imple interface for ar9itrary &tamping analy&i&. Bt provi(e& 9lan7 material
information. Thi& 7eywor( &ho-l( 9e -&e( with NCO5T'OLO+O'.B5>OPOSBTBO5 an(
NCO5T'OLO+O'.B5>OT'2M=L.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 9lan7 T4P= TJBCA '$$ '!" '$ 2LF+= 85BT
Type B B + + + + 2 B
3efa-lt none $ none 1.$ '$$ '$$ + 1

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le LCSS A 5 = 3=5SBT4 P' +S .T4P=
Type B + + + + + + B
3efa-lt none none none none none none $.1 %7

Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le P2T='5 M.2L 2.2L LML232 SBK=232 232TB.S 3%PLT >2P
Type B + + B + B B +
3efa-lt 1 1$$$.$ "$$$$$. $ $ $ 1$ 1.1t

BL25A
Blan7 B3
T4P=
+lag for part or part &et B3.
=S.$) Part B3,
=S.1) Part &et B3.
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`CONTROL `CONTROL_FORMING_USER
TJBCA
Blan7 thic7ne&&. Bf the 9lan7 thic7ne&& i& alrea(y (efine(, thi& parameter i&
ignore(.
'$$, '!", '$
.aterial ani&otropic parameter&. +or tran&ver&e ani&otropy the ' val-e i&
&et to the average val-e of '$$, '!", an( '$.
2LF+=
Thi& parameter i& -&e( to (efine 9lan7 4o-ngV& .o(-l-& an( (en&ity. Bf
thi& parameter i& (efine(, = an( 3en&ity will 9e fo-n( 9y -&ing the proper
-nit, which i& &pecifie( 9elow.
=S.2) the 9lan7 i& al-min-m
=S.+) the 9lan7 i& &teel C(efa-ltD
85BT
8nit& a(opte( in thi& &im-lation. 3efine a n-m9er 9etween 1 an( 1$. See
Ta9le /.1 to (etermine the val-e for 85BT. Thi& -nit i& -&e( to o9tain prop#
er p-nch velocity, acceleration, time &tep, an( material propertie&.
LCSS
Bf the material for the 9lan7 ha& not 9een (efine(, thi& c-rve will 9e -&e( to
(efine the &tre&&#&train relation. Otherwi&e, thi& c-rve i& ignore(.
P'=B3
3i&tance 9etween the lower 9in(er an( p-nch in the ! piece (raw. See
+ig-re /.%c for more information.
A Strength coefficient for exponential har(ening. Bf LCSS i& (efine(, or if a
9lan7 material i& -&er (efine(, thi& parameter i& ignore(. Co = ke
n
D
5
=xponent for exponential har(ening. Bf LCSS i& (efine(, or if a 9lan7 mate#
rial -&er (efine(, thi& parameter i& ignore(.
=
4o-ngV& .o(-l-&. Bf 2LF+= i& -&er (efine(, = i& -nnece&&ary.
3=5SBT4
.aterial (en&ity of 9lan7. Bf 2LF+= i& -&er (efine(, thi& parameter i& -n#
nece&&ary.
P'
Poi&&onV& ratio. Bf 2LF+= i& -&er (efine(, = i& -nnece&&ary.
+S
+riction coefficient. Bf contact i& (efine(, thi& parameter i& ignore(.
.T4P
.aterial mo(el type& %0 an( %7 are &-pporte() N.2TO%#P2'2.=T='
OB2'2T an( N.2TOT'25SM='S=L4O25BSOT'OPBCO=L2STBC
OPL2STBC, re&pectively.
P2T='5
Melocity profile of moving tool. Bf the velocity i& -&er (efine( 9y
NBO8532'4OP'=SC'BB=3O'B>B3OBO34, P2T='5 i& ignore(.
=S.1) 'ampe( velocity profile
=S.2) Smooth velocity c-rve
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`CONTROL_FORMING_USER `CONTROL
M.2L
The maxim-m allowa9le tool velocity
2.2L
The maxim-m allowa9le acceleration.
LML232
.axim-m a(aptive level.
SBK=232
.inim-m element &iIe permitte( in the a(aptive me&h.
232TB.S
Total n-m9er of a(aptive &tep& (-ring the forming &im-lation.
3%PLT
The total n-m9er of o-tp-t &tate& in the 3%PLOT (ata9a&e.
>2P
.inim-m gap 9etween tool&.
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`CONTROL `CONTROL_HOURGLASS
`CONTROL_HOURGLASS_POPTIONQ
<BLANK>
936
which &witche& the ho-rgla&& form-lation &o that it i& i(entical to that -&e( in LS#3452 ver&ion
%0. The mo(ification in the ho-rgla&& control from ver&ion %0 wa& to en&-re that all component&
of the ho-rgla&& force vector are orthogonal to rigi( 9o(y rotation&. Jowever, pro9lem& that r-n -n#
(er ver&ion %0 &ometime& lea( to (ifferent re&-lt& in ver&ion& !$ an( later. Thi& (ifference in re#
&-lt& i& primarily (-e to the mo(ification& in the ho-rgla&& force vector. Mer&ion& relea&e( after %0
&ho-l( 9e more acc-rate.
P-rpo&e) 'e(efine the (efa-lt val-e& of ho-rgla&& control type an( coefficient.

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le BJS SJ
Type B +
3efa-lt $.1
'emar7& 1,2 %,!

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`CONTROL_HOURGLASS `CONTROL
BJS
3efa-lt ho-rgla&& control type)
=S.$) &ee note 1,
=S.1) &tan(ar( LS#3452,
=S.2) +lanagan#Belyt&ch7o integration,
=S.%) +lanagan#Belyt&ch7o with exact vol-me integration for &oli( el#
ement&,
=S.!) &tiffne&& form of type 2 C+lanagan#Belyt&ch7oD,
=S.") &tiffne&& form of type % C+lanagan#Belyt&ch7oD,
=S.0) Belyt&ch7o#Bin(eman T1%U a&&-me( &train co#rotational &tiff#
ne&& form for 23 an( %3 &oli( element&,
=S.7) Linear total &train form of type 0 ho-rgla&& control,
=S./) 2ctivate& f-ll proHection warping &tiffne&& for acc-rate &ol-tion&
with type 10 f-lly integrate( &hell element&. 2 &pee( penalty of
2"b i& common for thi& option,
=S.) P-&o T2$$$U enhance( a&&-me( &train &tiffne&& form for %3 hex#
ahe(ral element&,
=S.1$) Co&&erat Point =lement CCP=D (evelope( 9y :a9areen an( '-9in
T2$$/U for %3 hexahe(ral element&. See 'emar7 0.
SJ
3efa-lt ho-rgla&& coefficient.
Remarks:
1. Jo-rgla&& control i& vi&co&ity or &tiffne&& that i& a((e( to ;-a(rilateral &hell element& an(
hexahe(ral &oli( element& that -&e re(-ce( integration. ,itho-t ho-rgla&& control, the&e el#
ement& wo-l( have Iero energy (eformation mo(e& which co-l( grow large an( (e&troy the
&ol-tion. NCO5T'OLOJO8'>L2SS can 9e -&e( to re(efine the (efa-lt val-e& of the
ho-rgla&& control type an( coefficient. Bf omitte( or if BJS]$, the (efa-lt ho-rgla&& control
type& are a& follow&)
+or &hell&) vi&co-& type C1]2]%D for explicitE &tiffne&& type C!]"D for implicit
+or &oli(&) type 2 for explicitE type 0 for implicit.
The&e (efa-lt val-e& are -&e( -nle&& J>B3 on NP2'T i& -&e( to point to NJO8'>L2SS
(ata which overri(e& the (efa-lt val-e& for that part.
+or explicit analy&i&, &hell element& can 9e -&e( with either vi&co-& ho-rgla&& control,
CBJS]1]2]%D or &tiffne&& ho-rgla&& control CBJS]!]"D. Only &hell form 10 -&e& the warp#
ing &tiffne&& invo7e( 9y BJS]/. +or implicit analy&i&, the vi&co-& form i& -navaila9le.
+or explicit analy&i&, hexahe(ral element& can 9e -&e( with any of the ho-rgla&& control
type& except BJS]/. +or implicit analy&i&, only BJS]0, 7, , an( 1$ are availa9le.
BJS may 9e &et to a val-e that i& invali( for &ome element& in a mo(el. Bf that happen&, then
the ho-rgla&& control type for tho&e element& i& a-tomatically re&et to a vali( val-e. +or ex#
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`CONTROL `CONTROL_HOURGLASS
plicit analy&i&, if BJS]0, 7, , or 1$, then &hell element& will 9e &witche( to type ! except for
form 10 &hell& that are &witche( to type /. Bf BJS]/, then &oli( element& an( &hell element&
that are not form 10 will 9e &witche( to type !. +or implicit analy&i&, if BJS]1#", then &oli(
element& will 9e &witche( to type 0, an( if BJS]1, 2, %, 0, 7, , or 1$, then &hell element&
will &witche( to type !.
2 Mi&co-& ho-rgla&& control ha& 9een -&e( &-cce&&f-lly with &hell element& when the re&pon&e
with &tiffne&& 9a&e( ho-rgla&& control wa& overly &tiff. 2& mo(el& have grown more (etaile(
an( are 9etter a9le to capt-re (eformation mo(e&, there i& le&& nee( for vi&co-& form&. To
maintain 9ac7 compati9ility, vi&co-& ho-rgla&& control remain& the (efa-lt for explicit analy#
&i&, 9-t there may 9e 9etter choice&, partic-larly the newer form& for 9ric7& C0, 7, , an( 1$D.
% SJ i& a coefficient that &cale& the ho-rgla&& vi&co&ity or &tiffne&&. ,ith BJS]1 thro-gh "
an( BJS]/, val-e& of SJ that excee( $.1" may ca-&e in&ta9ilitie&. Jo-rgla&& type& 0, 7, ,
an( 1$ will remain &ta9le with larger SJ an( can wor7 well with SJ]1.$ for many materi#
al&. Jowever, for pla&ticity mo(el&, a &maller val-e &-ch a& SJ]$.1 may wor7 9etter &ince
the ho-rgla&& &tiffne&& i& 9a&e( on ela&tic propertie&.
!. Jo-rgla&& type& 0, 7, , an( 1$ for hexahe(ral element& are 9a&e( on phy&ical &ta9iliIation
-&ing an enhance( a&&-me( &train metho(. ,hen element me&he& are not partic-larly
&7ewe( or (i&torte(, their 9ehavior may 9e very &imilar an( all can pro(-ce acc-rate coar&e
me&h 9en(ing re&-lt& for ela&tic material with SJ]1.$. Jowever, form give& more acc-#
rate re&-lt& for (i&torte( or &7ewe( element&. Bn a((ition, for material& %, 1/ an( 2! there i&
the option to -&e a negative val-e of SJ. ,ith thi& option, the ho-rgla&& &tiffne&& i& 9a&e(
on the c-rrent material propertie&, i.e., the pla&tic tangent mo(-l-&, an( &cale( 9y |QB|.
". Jo-rgla&& type 7 i& a variation on form 0. Bn&tea( of -p(ating the ho-rgla&& force& incre#
mentally -&ing the c-rrent &tiffne&& an( an increment of (eformation&, the total ho-rgla&& (e#
formation i& eval-ate( each cycle. Thi& en&-re& that element& alway& &pring 9ac7 to their
initial geometry if the loa( i& remove( an( the material ha& not -n(ergone inela&tic (efor#
mation. Jo-rgla&& type 7 i& recommen(e( for foam& that employ NB5BTB2LO+O2.
O'=+='=5C=O>=O.=T'4. Jowever the CP8 time for type 7 i& ro-ghly (o-9le that for
type 0, &o it i& only recommen(e( when nee(e(.
0. Jo-rgla&& type 1$ for 1#point &oli( element& i& a &tr-c-ral element 9a&e( on Co&&erat point
theory that allow& for acc-rate repre&entation of elementary (eformation mo(e& C&tretching,
9en(ing an( tor&ionD for general element &hape& an( hyperela&tic material&. To thi& en(, the
theory in :a9areen an( '-9in T2$$/U ha& 9een generaliIe( in the implementation to acco-nt
for any material re&pon&e. The (eformation i& &eparate( into a homogeno-& an( an inhomo#
geneo-& part where the former i& treate( 9y the con&tit-tive law an( the latter 9y a hyperela&#
tic form-lation that i& &et -p to match analytical re&-lt& for the (eformation mo(e& mentione(
a9ove. Te&t& have &hown that the element i& giving more acc-rate re&-lt& than other hexahe#
(ral element& for &mall (eformation pro9lem&.
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`CONTROL_IMPLICIT `CONTROL
`CONTROL_IMPLICIT
P-rpo&e) Set parameter& for implicit calc-lation feat-re&.
`CONTROL_IMPLICIT_FORMING
`CONTROL_IMPLICIT_MODES
`CONTROL_IMPLICIT_STATIC_CONDENSATION
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`CONTROL `CONTROL_IMPLICIT_AUTO
P-rpo&e) 3efine parameter& for a-tomatic time &tep control (-ring implicit analy&i& C&ee al&o
NCO5T'OLOB.PLBCBTO>=5='2LD.

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le B28TO BT=OPT BT=,B5 3T.B5 3T.2L 3T=LP A+2BL AC4CL=
Type B B B + + +
3efa-lt $ 11 " 3TF1$$$. 3TN1$. none

B28TO
2-tomatic time &tep control flag
=S.$) con&tant time &tep &iIe
=S.1) a-tomatically a(H-&te( time &tep &iIe
LT.$) C-rve B3 ] C#B28TOD give& time &tep &iIe a& a f-nction of time.
Bf &pecifie(, 3T.B5 an( 3T.2L will &till 9e applie(.
BT=OPT
Optim-m e;-ili9ri-m iteration co-nt per time &tep. See +ig-re 12#%%.
+ig-re 12#%%. Bteration ,in(ow a& (efine( 9y BT=OPT an( BT=,B5.
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`CONTROL_IMPLICIT_AUTO `CONTROL
BT=,B5
3efine& range of allowa9le iteration win(ow. Bf iteration co-nt i& within
BT=,B5 iteration& of BT=OPT, &tep &iIe will not 9e a(H-&te( for the next
&tep. Bn other wor(&, the time &tep will 9e re(-ce( if the iteration co-nt to
convergence i& greater than BT=OPT[BT=,B5 an( the time &tep will 9e
increa&e( if the iteration co-nt to convergence i& le&& than
BT=OPT#BT=,B5. See +ig-re 12#%%.
3T.B5
.inim-m allowa9le time &tep &iIe. Sim-lation &top& with error termination
if time &tep fall& 9elow 3T.B5.
3T.2L
.axim-m allowa9le time &tep &iIe.
LT.$) c-rve B3 ] C#3T.2LD give& max &tep &iIe a& a f-nction of time.
2l&o, the &tep &iIe i& a(H-&te( a-tomatically &o that the time val-e
of each point in the c-rve i& reache( exactly C&ee +ig-re& 12#%!
an( 12#%"D.
3T=LP
Time interval to r-n in explicit mo(e 9efore ret-rning to implicit mo(e.
2pplie& only when a-tomatic implicit#explicit &witching i& active CB.#
+L2>] ! or " on NCO5T'OLOB.PLBCBTO>=5='2LD. 2l&o, &ee
AC4CL=.
=S.$) (efa-lt& to the c-rrent implicit time &tep &iIe.
LT.$) c-rve B3 ] C#3T=LPD give& the time interval a& a f-nction of
time.
A+2BL
5-m9er of faile( attempt& to converge implicitly for the c-rrent time &tep
9efore a-tomatically &witching to explicit time integration. 2pplie& only
when a-tomatic implicit#explicit &witching i& active. The (efa-lt i& one
attempt. Bf B28TO]$, any inp-t val-e i& re&et to -nity.
AC4CL=
5-m9er of explicit cycle& to r-n in explicit mo(e 9efore ret-rning to the
implicit mo(e. The act-al time interval that i& -&e( will 9e the maxim-m
9etween 3T=LP an( AC4CL=NClate&t e&timate of the explicit time &tep
&iIeD.

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+ig-re 12#%!. The implicit time &tep &iIe change& contin-o-&ly a& a f-nction of conver#
gence within the 9o-n(& &et 9y 3T.B5 an( 3T.2L
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`CONTROL_IMPLICIT_AUTO `CONTROL

Remarks:
B28TO The (efa-lt for B28TO (epen(& on the analy&i& type. +or X&pring9ac7Y analy&i&, a-#
tomatic time &tep control an( artificial &ta9iliIation are activate( 9y (efa-lt.
BT=OPT ,ith B28TO]1, the time &tep &iIe i& a(H-&te( if convergence i& reache( in a n-m9er
of iteration& that fall& o-t&i(e the &pecifie( niteration win(owV, increa&ing after
Xea&yY &tep&, an( (ecrea&ing after X(iffic-ltY 9-t &-cce&&f-l &tep&. BT=OPT (efine&
the mi(point of the iteration win(ow. 2 val-e of BT=OPT]%$ or more can 9e more ef#
ficient for highly nonlinear &im-lation& 9y allowing more iteration& in each &tep,
hence fewer total &tep&.
BT=,B5 The &tep &iIe i& not a(H-&te( if the iteration co-nt fall& within BT=,B5 of BT=OPT.
Large val-e& of BT=,B5 ma7e the controller more tolerant of variation& in iteration
co-nt.
3T.2L To &tri7e a partic-lar &im-lation time exactly, create a 7ey point c-rve C+ig-re 12#%"D
an( enter 3T.2L ] #Cc-rve B3D. Thi& i& -&ef-l to g-arantee that important &im-la#
tion time&, &-ch a& when pea7 loa( val-e& occ-r, are reache( exactly.

+ig-re 12#%". 2 7ey point c-rve can 9e i(entifie( -&ing a negative val-e for 3T.2L.
+-nction val-e& of each c-rve point give 3T.2L. Time val-e& are reache( exactly 9y
the a-tomatic &tep controller, an( a plot &tate i& o-tp-t -nle&& 3T.2L i& negative.
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3T=LP ,hen the a-tomatic implicit#explicit &witching option i& activate( CB.+L2> ] ! or "
on NCO5T'OLOB.PLBCBTO>=5='2LD, the &ol-tion metho( will 9egin a& implicit,
an( if convergence of the e;-ili9ri-m iteration& fail&, a-tomatically &witch to explicit
for a time interval of 3T=LP. 2 &mall val-e of 3T=LP &ho-l( 9e cho&en &o that
&ignificant (ynamic effect& (o not (evelop (-ring the explicit pha&e, &ince the&e can
ma7e recovery of nonlinear e;-ili9ri-m (iffic-lt (-ring the next implicit time &tep. 2
rea&ona9le &tarting val-e of 3T=LP may e;-al &everal h-n(re( explicit time &tep&.
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`CONTROL_IMPLICIT_BUCKLE `CONTROL
P-rpo&e) 2ctivate implicit 9-c7ling analy&i& when termination time i& reache( C&ee al&o

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 5.O3=
Type B
3efa-lt $

5.O3=
5-m9er of 9-c7ling mo(e& to comp-te
=S.$) none C3=+28LTD
=S.n) comp-te n lowe&t 9-c7ling mo(e&
Remarks:
B-c7ling analy&i& i& performe( at the en( of a &tatic implicit &im-lation. The &im-lation may 9e lin#
ear or nonlinear. 2fter loa(& have 9een applie( to the mo(el, the 9-c7ling eigenpro9lem i& &olve()
|K
+zK
u
]{u] = u
where K
i& the material tangent &tiffne&& matrix, an( the geometric or initial &tre&& &tiffne&& matrix
K
u
i& a f-nction of internal &tre&& in the mo(el. The lowe&t n eigenval-e& an( eigenvector& are com#
p-te(. The eigenval-e&, written to text file Xeigo-tY, repre&ent m-ltiplier& to the applie( loa(& which
give 9-c7ling loa(&. The eigenvector&, written to 9inary (ata9a&e X(%eigvY, repre&ent 9-c7ling
mo(e &hape&. Miew an( animate the&e mo(e& -&ing LS#PrePo&t.
The geometric &tiffne&& term& nee(e( for 9-c7ling analy&i& will 9e a-tomatically comp-te( when the
termination time i& reache(, regar(le&& of the val-e of the geometric &tiffne&& flag B>S on
NCO5T'OLOB.PLBCBTO>=5='2L.
2 (o-9le preci&ion exec-ta9le &ho-l( 9e -&e( for 9e&t acc-racy in 9-c7ling analy&i&.
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`CONTROL `CONTROL_IMPLICIT_CONSISTENT_MASS
P-rpo&e) 8&e the con&i&tent ma&& matrix in implicit (ynamic& an( eigenval-e &ol-tion&.

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le B+L2>
Type B
3efa-lt $

B+L2>
Con&i&tent ma&& matrix flag
=S.$) 8&e the &tan(ar( l-mpe( ma&& form-lation C3=+28LTD
=S.1) 8&e the con&i&tent ma&& matrix.
Remarks:
The con&i&tent ma&& matrix form-lation i& c-rrently availa9le for the three an( fo-r no(e &hell ele#
ment&, &oli( element& type& 1, 2, 1$, 1", 10, an( 1/ CSee NS=CTBO5OSOLB3D, an( 9eam type& 1, 2,
%, !, an( " CSee NS=CTBO5OB=2.D. 2ll other element type& contin-e to -&e a l-mpe( ma&& ma#
trix.
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`CONTROL_IMPLICIT_DYNAMICS `CONTROL
P-rpo&e) 2ctivate implicit (ynamic analy&i& an( (efine time integration con&tant& C&ee al&o

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le B.2SS >2..2 B=T2 T34BB' T343TJ T34B8' B'2T=
Type B + + + + + B
3efa-lt $ ."$ .2" $.$ 1.=[2/ 1.=[2/ $

B.2SS
Bmplicit analy&i& type
LT.$) c-rve B3 ] C#SC2L=D -&e( to control amo-nt of implicit (ynamic
effect& applie( to the analy&i&. T34BB', T343TJ an( T34#
B8' are ignore( with thi& option.
=S.$) &tatic analy&i&
=S.1) (ynamic analy&i& -&ing 5ewmar7 time integration.
=S.2) (ynamic analy&i& 9y mo(al &-perpo&ition following the &ol-tion
of the eigenval-e pro9lem
=S.%) (ynamic analy&i& 9y mo(al &-perpo&ition -&ing the eigenval-e
&ol-tion in the (%eigv file& that are in the r-ntime (irectory.
>2..2
5ewmar7 time integration con&tant C&ee remar7& 9elow.D
B=T2
5ewmar7 time integration con&tant.
T34BB'
Birth time for application of (ynamic term&. See +ig-re 12#%0 .
T343TJ
3eath time for application of (ynamic term&.
T34B8'
B-rial time for application of (ynamic term&.
B'2T=
'ate effect& &witch)
=S.$) rate effect& are on in con&tit-tive mo(el&
=S.1) rate effect& are off in con&tit-tive mo(el&
=S.2) rate effect& are off in con&tit-tive mo(el& for 9oth explicit an(
implicit.
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`CONTROL `CONTROL_IMPLICIT_DYNAMICS
Remarks:
+or the (ynamic pro9lem, the lineariIe( e;-ili9ri-m e;-ation& may 9e written in the form

Hu
n+1
+u
n+1
+
t
(x
n
)Au = P(x
n
)
n+1
-F(x
n
)
where
H ] l-mpe( ma&& matrix
] (amping matrix
u
n+1
= x
n+1
-x
0
] no(al (i&placement vector
u
n+1
] no(al point velocitie& at time n[1
u
n+1
] no(al point acceleration& at time n[1.
Between the 9irth an( (eath time& 1$$b of the (ynamic term&, that i& the term& involving . an( 3,
are applie(. Between the (eath an( 9-rial time the (ynamic term& are (ecrea&e( linearly with re#
&pect to time -ntil $b of the (ynamic term& are applie( after the 9-rial time. Thi& feat-re i& -&ef-l
for pro9lem& that are initially &ing-lar 9eca-&e the part& are not in contact initially &-ch a& in metal
&tamping. +or the&e pro9lem& (ynamic& i& re;-ire( for &ta9le convergence. ,hen contact i& e&ta9#
li&he( the pro9lem 9ecome& well con(itione( an( the (ynamic term& are no longer re;-ire( for &ta#
9le convergence. Bt i& recommen( that for &-ch pro9lem& the -&er &et the (eath time to 9e after con#
tact i& e&ta9li&he( an( the 9-rial time for 2 or % time &tep& after the (eath time.
+or pro9lem& with more exten&ive loa(ing an( -nloa(ing pattern& the -&er can control the amo-nt of
(ynamic effect& a((e( to the mo(el 9y -&ing a loa( c-rve, &ee B.2SS.LT.$. Thi& c-rve &ho-l( have
or(inate val-e& 9etween $.$ an( 1.$. The -&er &ho-l( -&e ca-tion in ramping the loa( c-rve an( the
a&&ociate( (ynamic effect& from 1.$ to $.$. S-ch a ramping (own &ho-l( ta7e place over 2 or % im#
plicit time &tep&.
The time integration i& 9y the -ncon(itionally &ta9le, one#&tep, 5ewmar7# time integration &cheme
u

n1
=
Au
[At
2
-
u
n
[At
-
1
[
_
1
2
-[] u
n

u

n1
= u
n
+At(1 -y)u
n
+yAtu
n+1

x
n+1
= x
n
+Au
Jere, At i& the time &tep &iIe, an( [ an( y are the free parameter& of integration. +or y =
1
2
an(
[ =
1
the metho( re(-ce& to the trapeIoi(al r-le an( i& energy con&erving. Bf
>
1
2

[ >
1
4
_
1
2
+y]
2

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`CONTROL_IMPLICIT_DYNAMICS `CONTROL
n-merical (amping i& in(-ce( into the &ol-tion lea(ing to a lo&& of energy an( moment-m.
,hen mo(al &-perpo&ition i& invo7e(, 5=B>M on NCO5T'OLOB.PLBCBTO=B>=5M2L8= in(i#
cate& the n-m9er of mo(e& to 9e -&e(. ,ith mo(al &-perpo&ition, &tre&&e& are comp-te( only for
linear &hell form-lation 1/.
+ig-re 12#%0. Birth, (eath, an( 9-rial time for implicit (ynamic&.
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`CONTROL `CONTROL_IMPLICIT_EIGENVALUE
P-rpo&e) 2ctivate implicit eigenval-e analy&i& an( (efine a&&ociate( inp-t parameter& C&ee al&o

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 5=B> C=5T=' L+L2> L+T=53 '+L2> 'JT=53 =B>.TJ SJ+SCL
3efa-lt $ $.$ $ #infinity $ [infinity 2 $.$

Optional Card 2
Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le BSOLB3 BB=2. BSJ=LL BTSJ=LL .ST'=S =M38.P
Type B B B B B B
3efa-lt $ $ $ $ $ $

5=B>
5-m9er of eigenval-e& to extract. Thi& m-&t 9e &pecifie(. The other pa#
rameter& 9elow are optional.
LT.$) c-rve B3 ] C#5=B>D -&e( for intermittent eigenval-e analy&i&
C=5T='
Center fre;-ency. Thi& option fin(& the neare&t 5=B> eigenval-e& locate(
a9o-t thi& val-e.
L+L2>
Left en( point finite flag.
=S.$) left en( point i& #infinity
=S.1) left en( point i& L+T=53.
L+T=53
Left en( point of interval. Only -&e( when L+L2> ] 1.
'+L2>
'ight en( point finite flag)
=S.$) right en( point i& [infinity
=S.1) right en( point i& 'JT=53.
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`CONTROL_IMPLICIT_EIGENVALUE `CONTROL
'JT=53
'ight en( point of interval. Only -&e( when '+L2> ] 1.
=B>.TJ
=igenval-e extraction metho()
=S.2) Bloc7 Shift an( Bnvert LancIo& C(efa-ltD.
=S.%) LancIo& with T.U ] TBU Cfor (e9-g onlyD.
=S.") Same a& % 9-t incl-(e 3ynamic Term&
SJ+SCL
Shift &cale. >enerally not -&e(, 9-t &ee explanation 9elow.
BSOLB3
Bf nonIero, re&et all &oli( element form-lation& to BSOLB3 for the implicit
comp-tation&. Can 9e -&e( for all implicit comp-tation& not H-&t eigenval#
-e comp-tation&.
BB=2.
Bf nonIero, re&et all 9eam element form-lation& to BB=2. for the implicit
-e comp-tation&.
BSJ=LL
Bf nonIero, re&et all &hell element form-lation& to BSJ=LL for the implicit
-e comp-tation&.
BTSJ=LL
Bf nonIero, re&et all thic7 &hell element form-lation& to BTSJ=LL for the
implicit comp-tation&. Can 9e -&e( for all implicit comp-tation& not H-&t
eigenval-e comp-tation&.
.ST'=S
+lag for comp-ting the &tre&&e& for the eigenmo(e&)
=S.$) 3o not comp-te the &tre&&e&.
=S.1) Comp-te the &tre&&e&.
=M38.P
+lag for writing eigenval-e& an( eigenvector& to file =igenOMector&)
=S.$) 3o not write eigenval-e& an( eigenvector&.
>T.$) ,rite eigenval-e& an( eigenvector& -&ing an 2SCBB format.
LT.$) ,rite eigenval-e& an( eigenvector& -&ing a 9inary format.
Remarks:
To perform an eigenval-e analy&i&, activate the implicit metho( 9y &electing B.+L2>]1 on
NCO5T'OLOB.PLBCBTO>=5='2L, an( in(icate a nonIero val-e for 5=B> a9ove. By (efa-lt,
the lowe&t 5=B> eigenval-e& will 9e fo-n(. Bf a nonIero center fre;-ency i& &pecifie(, the 5=B>
eigenval-e& neare&t to C=5T=' will 9e fo-n(.
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`CONTROL `CONTROL_IMPLICIT_EIGENVALUE
,hen 5=B> @ $, eigenval-e& will 9e comp-te( at time]$ an( LS#3452 will terminate.
,hen 5=B> ? $, an intermittent eigenval-e analy&i& will 9e performe(. Thi& i& a tran&ient &im-la#
tion (-ring which loa(& are applie(, with eigenval-e& comp-te( perio(ically (-ring the &im-lation.
Change& in geometry, &tre&&, material, an( contact con(ition& will affect the eigenval-e&. The tran#
&ient &im-lation can 9e either implicit or explicit accor(ing to B.+L2>]1 or B.+L2>]0, re&pec#
tively, on NCO5T'OLOB.PLBCBTO>=5='2L. The c-rve B3 ] #5=B> in(icate& when to extract
eigenval-e&, an( how many to extract. 3efine one c-rve point at each (e&ire( extraction time, with
a f-nction val-e e;-al to the n-m9er of eigenval-e& (e&ire( at that time. 2 (%plot (ata9a&e will 9e
pro(-ce( for the tran&ient &ol-tion re&-lt&. Con&ec-tively n-m9ere( (%eigv an( eigo-t (ata9a&e&
will 9e pro(-ce( for each intermittent extraction. The extraction time i& in(icate( in each (ata9a&eV&
analy&i& title.
The Bloc7 Shift an( Bnvert LancIo& co(e i& from BCSLBB#=LT, BoeingG& =xtreme .athematical
Li9rary.
,hen -&ing Bloc7 Shift an( Bnvert LancIo&, the -&er can &pecify a &emifinite or finite interval re#
gion in which to comp-te eigenval-e&. Setting L+L2> ] 1 change& the left en( point from #infinity
to the val-e &pecifie( 9y L+T=53. Setting '+L2> ] 1 change& the right en( point from [infinity
to the val-e& given 9y 'JT=53. Bf the interval incl-(e& C=5T=' C(efa-lt val-e of $.$D then the
pro9lem i& to comp-te the 5=B> eigenval-e& neare&t to C=5T='. Bf the interval (oe& not incl-(e
C=5T=', the pro9lem i& to comp-te the &malle&t in magnit-(e 5=B> eigenval-e&.
Bf all of the eigenval-e& are (e&ire( in an interval where 9oth en( point& are finite H-&t inp-t a large
n-m9er for 5=B>. The &oftware will a-tomatically comp-te the n-m9er of eigenval-e& in the inter#
val an( lower 5=B> to that val-e. The mo&t general pro9lem &pecification i& to comp-te 5=B> ei#
genval-e& neare&t C=5T=' in the interval TL+T=53,'JT=53U. Comp-ting the lowe&t 5=B> ei#
genval-e& i& e;-ivalent to comp-ting the 5=B> eigenval-e& neare&t $.$.
+or &ome pro9lem& it i& -&ef-l to overri(e the internal he-ri&tic for pic7ing a &tarting point for
LancIo& &hift &trategy, that i& the initial &hift. Bn the&e rare ca&e&, the -&er may &pecify the initial
&hift via the parameter SJ+SCL. SJ+SCL &ho-l( 9e in the range of fir&t few nonIero fre;-encie&.
Parameter& C=5T=', L+T=53, 'JT=53, an( SJ+SCL are in -nit& of JertI for eigenval-e pro9#
lem&. The&e fo-r parameter& along with L+L2> an( '+L2> are applica9le for 9-c7ling pro9lem&..
+or 9-c7ling pro9lem& C=5T=', L+T=53, 'JT=53, an( SJ+SCL are in -nit& of the eigenval-e
&pectr-m.
=igenvector& are written to an a-xiliary 9inary plot (ata9a&e name( Z(%eigvZ, which i& a-tomatically
create(. The&e can 9e viewe( -&ing a po&tproce&&or in the &ame way a& a &tan(ar( Z(%plotZ (ata#
9a&e. The time val-e a&&ociate( with each eigenvector plot i& the corre&pon(ing circ-lar fre;-ency.
2 &-mmary ta9le of eigenval-e re&-lt& i& printe( to the Zeigo-tZ file. Bn a((ition to the eigenval-e
re&-lt&, mo(al participation factor& an( mo(al effective ma&& ta9le& are written to the Xeigo-tY file.
The -&er can export in(ivi(-al eigenvector& -&ing LSPrePo&t.
The &train& a&&ociate( with the &tre&&e& comp-te( -&ing the .ST'=S option can 9e o9taine( 9y &et#
ting the ST'+L> on N32T2B2S=O=LT=5TOBB52'4.
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`CONTROL_IMPLICIT_EIGENVALUE `CONTROL
=igenval-e& an( eigenvector& can 9e written to file =igenOMector& 9y -&ing a nonIero val-e for
=M38.P. Bf =M38.P @ $ an 2SCBB file i& -&e(. Bf =M38.P ? $ a &imple 9inary format i& -&e(.
The 9inary format i& to re(-ce file &pace. The eigenvector& written to thi& file will 9e orthonormal
with re&pect to the ma&& matrix.
The print control parameter, LP'B5T, an( or(ering metho( parameter, O'3=', from the
NCO5T'OLOB.PLBCBTOSOLM=' 7eywor( car( al&o apply to the Bloc7 Shift an( Bnvert =igen#
&olver.
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`CONTROL `CONTROL_IMPLICIT_FORMING
12#1%$ CCO5T'OLD LS-DYNA R7.0
`CONTROL_IMPLICIT_FORMING
P-rpo&e) Thi& 7eywor( i& -&e( to perform implicit &tatic analy&i&, e&pecially for metal forming pro#
ce&&e&, &-ch a& gravity loa(ing, 9in(er clo&ing, flanging, an( &tamping &-9a&&em9ly &im-lation. 2
&y&tematic &t-(y ha( 9een con(-cte( to i(entify the 7ey factor& affecting implicit convergence, an(
the preferre( val-e& are a-tomatically &et with thi& 7eywor(. Bn a((ition to forming application, thi&
7eywor( can al&o 9e -&e( in other application&, &-ch a& (-mmy loa(ing an( roof cr-&h, etc.

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le BOPTBO5 5S.B5 5S.2L BB'TJ 3=2TJ P=5CJA
Type B B B + + +
3efa-lt 1 none 2 $.$ 1.e[2$ $.$

BOPTBO5
Sol-tion type)
=S.1) >ravity loa(ing &im-lation, &ee remar7& 9elow.
=S.2) Bin(er clo&ing an( flanging &im-lation, &ee remar7& 9elow.
5S.B5
.inim-m n-m9er of implicit &tep& for BOPTBO5]2.
5S.2L
.axim-m n-m9er of implicit &tep& for BOPTBO5]2.
BB'TJ
Birth time to activate thi& feat-re.
3=2TJ
3eath time.
P=5CJA
'elative allowe( penetration with re&pect to the part thic7ne&& in contact
for BOPTBO5]2.
Remarks:
1. Thi& 7eywor( provi(e& a &implifie( interface for implicit &tatic analy&i&. Bf no other implicit
car(& are -&e(, the &tiffne&& matrix i& reforme( for every iteration. Convergence tolerance&
C3CTOL, =CTOL, etc.D are a-tomatically &et an( not recommen(e( to 9e change(. Bn almo&t
all ca&e&, only two a((itional implicit control car(& CNCO5T'OLOB.PLBCBTO>=5='2L,
an(O28TOD may 9e nee(e( to control the &tepping &iIe. Step &iIe control i& han(le( with the
varia9le TI, T"IN an( T"(C#
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`CONTROL_IMPLICIT_FORMING `CONTROL
LS-DYNA R7.0 12#1%1 CCO5T'OLD
2. 2& alway&, the varia9le I@(P &ho-l( 9e &et to X2Y in NCO5T2CTO+O'.B5>R car(& for a
more reali&tic contact &im-lation in forming. The contact type NCO5T2CTO+O'.B5>
OS8'+2C=OTOOS8'+2C= i& recommen(e( to 9e -&e( with implicit analy&i&. 2 &maller
penalty &tiffne&& &cale factor S=S;(1 pro(-ce& fa&ter re&-lt&, &o i& recommen(e( for gravity
an( clo&ing &im-lation, where &-9&e;-ent forming proce&& i& li7ely to follow an( the extent
of contact penetration will 9e ree&ta9li&he( there.
%. Bt i& recommen(e( that f-lly integrate( element type 10 i& to 9e -&e( for all implicit calc-la#
tion. +or &oli(&, type X#2Y i& recommen(e(. =xec-ta9le with (o-9le preci&ion i& to 9e -&e(
for all implicit calc-lation. .o(el& with over 1$$,$$$ (eforma9le element& are more effi#
cient to 9e &im-late( with .PP for fa&ter t-rnaro-n( time.
!. 2n example of the implicit gravity i& provi(e( 9elow, where a 9lan7 i& loa(e( with gravity
into a toggle (ie. 2 total of five &tep& are -&e(, controlle( 9y the varia9le TI.
The implicit gravity application for 9oth air an( toggle (raw proce&& i& availa9le thro-gh =S$
PrePost 3#2 in "eta. ;ormin6 (pp.i/ation/e7 Setup.
*$EYORD
*PARAMETER
...
1."
$'''G''''1''''G''''2''''G''''3''''G''''4''''G''''5''''G''''6''''G''''7''''G''''8
$ IOPTION
1
$ IM!LAG DT"
1 ".2
$'''G''''1''''G''''2''''G''''3''''G''''4''''G''''5''''G''''6''''G''''7''''G''''8
*#ONTROL_#ONTA#T
"."3 "." 2 1 4 " 4
" " 1" " 1." "
$'''G''''1''''G''''2''''G''''3''''G''''4''''G''''5''''G''''6''''G''''7''''G''''8
*PART
B210Q
RF2Q/:; RF2Q<-6 RF2Q>:;
*SE#TION_S,ELL
$ SID EL!ORM S,R! NIP PROPT (RNIRID I#OMP SETYP
RF2Q<-6 16 ".833 7 1."
$ T1 T2 T3 T4 NLO#
$'''G''''1''''G''''2''''G''''3''''G''''4''''G''''5''''G''''6''''G''''7''''G''''8
*#ONTA#T_!ORMING_S)R!A#E_TO_S)R!A#E
RF2Q<:; R2/80<:; 2 2 1 1
$ !S !D D# %# %D# PEN#,$ BT DT
".12 "." "." "." 2"." " "." 1EG2"
1." 1." "." R><3/
"
1
2
$'''G''''1''''G''''2''''G''''3''''G''''4''''G''''5''''G''''6''''G''''7''''G''''8
...
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12#1%2 CCO5T'OLD LS-DYNA R7.0
*LOAD_BODY_+
&"&&4
*DE!INE_#)R%E_TITLE
Bo;4 !o76- o0 F210Q
&"&&4
"."H&81"."
1"."H&81"."
*LOAD_BODY_PARTS
RF2Q<:;
*END

@ra+it9 =oadin6 o- a 'o: Side Outer J1ourtes9 o- (utodie, ==1L
". 2n example of 9in(er clo&ing -&ing implicit &tatic i& provi(e( 9elow -&ing the 58.BSJ#
==TV$" (ec7li( inner, where a 9lan7 i& 9eing clo&e( in a toggle (ie Cmo(ifie(D. 2n a(aptive
level of three wa& -&e( in the clo&ing proce&&. >ravity i& fre;-ently applie( at the &ame time,
regar(le&& if a prior gravity loa(ing &im-lation i& performe( or not, a& &hown at the en( of
the inp-t (ec7. Thi& help& the 9lan7 e&ta9li&h an initial contact with the tool, th-& improving
the convergence. The -pper 9in(er i& move( (own 9y a clo&ing (i&tance C(efine( 9y a pa#
rameter d9in(mvD -&ing a (i&placement 9o-n(ary con(ition CM23]2D, with a &imple linear#
ly increa&e( triangle#&hape( loa( c-rve. The varia9le TI i& &et at $.$1, (etermine( 9y the
expecte( total (eformation. The &olver will a-tomatically a(H-&t 9a&e( on the initial contact
con(ition. The maxim-m &tep &iIe i& controlle( 9y the varia9le T"(C, an( it nee(& to 9e
&-fficiently &mall C$.$%D to avoi( mi&&ing contact, 9-t yet not too &mall ca-&ing a long r-n#
ning time. Bn &ome ca&e&, thi& varia9le can 9e &et larger, 9-t the c-rrent val-e wor7& for mo&t
ca&e&.
*$EYORD
*PARAMETER
...
1."
$ IOPTION NSMIN NSMA*
2 2 1""
+ig-re 12#%7. >ravity Loa(ing of a Box Si(e O-ter CCo-rte&y of 2-to(ie, LLCD
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LS-DYNA R7.0 12#1%% CCO5T'OLD
$ IM!LAG DT"
1 "."1
" " " "."1 "."3
*#ONTROL_ADAPTI%E
...
*#ONTROL_#ONTA#T
"."3 "." 2 1 4 " 4
" " 1" " 1." "
$'''G''''1''''G''''2''''G''''3''''G''''4''''G''''5''''G''''6''''G''''7''''G''''8
...
*PART
B210Q
$ PID SE#ID MID EOSID ,GID GRA% ADPOPT TMID
RF2Q/:; RF2Q<-6 RF2Q>:; R1;/4-<
*SE#TION_S,ELL
$ SID EL!ORM S,R! NIP PROPT (RNIRID I#OMP SETYP
RF2Q<-6 16 ".833 7 1."
$ T1 T2 T3 T4 NLO#
...
*#ONTA#T_!ORMING_S)R!A#E_TO_S)R!A#E
RF2Q<:; R2/80<:; 2 2 1 1
$ !S !D D# %# %D# PEN#,$ BT DT
".12 "." "." "." 2"." " "." 1EG2"
1." 1." "." R><3/
"
1
2
*#ONTA#T_...
$'''G''''1''''G''''2''''G''''3''''G''''4''''G''''5''''G''''6''''G''''7''''G''''8
RF:0;/:; 3 2 3 '1." "
*DE!INE_#)R%E
3
"."H"."
1."HRF:0;>9
$'''G''''1''''G''''2''''G''''3''''G''''4''''G''''5''''G''''6''''G''''7''''G''''8
$ A63:913- =719:34 o0 F210QD
*LOAD_BODY_+
&"&&4
*DE!INE_#)R%E_TITLE
Bo;4 !o76- o0 F210Q
&"&&4
"."H&81"."
1"."H&81"."
*LOAD_BODY_PARTS
RF2Q<:;
*END
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12#1%! CCO5T'OLD LS-DYNA R7.0

+ig-re 12#%/. Bnitial Po&itioning
+ig-re 12#%. "$b 8pper Travel
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LS-DYNA R7.0 12#1%" CCO5T'OLD

+ig-re 12#!$. /$b 8pper Travel
+ig-re 12#!1. 8pper Jome
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Bin(er clo&ing with real 9ea(& can al&o 9e (one with implicit &tatic, an( with a(aptive me&h.
2n example i& &how 9elow.
+ig-re 12#!2. Bin(er clo&ing with a(aptive refinement on a (ec7li( inner C558.BSJ#
==TV$"D
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The implicit &tatic clo&ing can 9e &et -p in =S$PrePost +3#2 "eta. ;ormin6 (pp.i/ationFe7
Setup.
0. 2n example of flanging &im-lation -&ing thi& feat-re i& &how 9elow, with 58.BSJ==TV$2
fen(er o-ter, where flanging i& con(-cte( along the hoo( line. 2 partial inp-t i& provi(e( 9e#
low, where T"(C i& controlle( 9y a loa( c-rve for contact an( &pee(. The -&e of T"(C
with a loa( c-rve i& an exception to the r-le, where mo&t of the time thi& i& not nee(e(.
Smaller &tep &iIe& are 9etter in &ome ca&e& than larger &tep &iIe&, which may ta7e longer to
converge re&-lting in c-t9ac7& in &tep &iIe&. >ravity, pa( clo&ing an( flanging were &et to
1$b, 1$b an( /$b of the total &tep &iIe, re&pectively. Pa( travel& ndpa(travV &tarting at $.1,
when it i& to 9e a-tomatically move( to clo&e the gap with the 9lan7 (-e to gravity loa(ing
CNCO5T2CTO28TOO.OM=D, an( fini&hing at $.2 an( hel( in that po&ition -ntil the en(.
+langing &teel travel& ndflgtravV &tarting at $.2 an( completing at 1.$.

+ig-re 12#!%. Clo&ing with 9ea(& CLower Bin(er with Contact Off&et of 2.2mmD
2
8pper Cavity
Lower Bin(er
Blan7
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12#1%/ CCO5T'OLD LS-DYNA R7.0
*$EYORD
*PARAMETER ...
1."
$ IOPTION NSMIN NSMA*
2 2 2""
1 ".1""
" " " ".""5 '&&8"
*DE!INE_#)R%E
&&8"
"."H".1
".1H".1
".2H".1
".7H".""5
1."H".""5
*#ONTROL_ADAPTI%E...
*#ONTROL_#ONTA#T...
*PART...
*SE#TION_S,ELL...
*#ONTA#T_...
*#ONTA#T_!ORMING_S)R!A#E_TO_S)R!A#E_ID_MPP
2
"H2""HH3H2H1.""5
RF2Q<:; R/1;<:; 2 2
$ !S !D D# %# %D# PEN#,$ BT DT
".12 "." "." "." 2"." " "." 1EG2"
1." 1." "." R><3/
"
1
2
R/1;/:; 3 2 3 '1." "
R52=/:; 3 2 4 '1." "
*DE!INE_#)R%E
3
"."H"."
".1H"."
".2HR/1;3719
1."HR/1;3719
*DE!INE_#)R%E
4
"."H"."
".2H"."
1."HR52=3719
$ A63:913- =719:34 o0 F210QD
*LOAD_BODY_PARTS
RF2Q<:;
*LOAD_BODY_+
&"&&4
*DE!INE_#)R%E_TITLE
Bo;4 !o76- o0 F210Q
&"&&4
"."H&81"."
1"."H&81"."
*#ONTA#T_A)TO_MO%E
'1 2 8& 3 ".1
*END
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+ig-re 12#!!. Pa( clo&ing
+ig-re 12#!". !$b Travel
+ig-re 12#!0.
)ome J+ie* 1L )ome J+ie* 2L
B
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12#1!$ CCO5T'OLD LS-DYNA R7.0

7. BOPTOB5 1 can al&o 9e -&e( for clo&ing an( flanging &im-lation, or other application& that
go thro-gh large pla&tic &train& or (eformation. Thi& i& -&e( when an e;-al &tep &iIe thro-gh#
o-t the &im-lation i& (e&ire(, an( i& (one 9y &pecifying the e;-al &tep &iIe in the varia9le
TI in NCO5T'OLOB.PLBCBTO>=5='2L, a& &hown in the following 7eywor(& Cother
car(& &imilar an( not incl-(e(D, where TI of $.$1! i& cho&en.
$ IOPTION
1
$ IM!LAG DT"
1 "."14

+ig-re 12#!7. +en(er flanging along hoo( line W mean &tre&& Ccompre&&ionF&-rface low& in
re(D 3eforme( &hape along &ection B.
!pper Pad
;.an6in6
Post
;.an6in6
Stee.
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LS-DYNA R7.0 12#1!1 CCO5T'OLD

/. Thi& implicit capa9ility i& availa9le in '".$ an( later relea&e&. .-lti#&tep gravity loa(ing
&im-lation i& recommen(e( in '0 'ev0!/$2 an( later relea&e&, an( it i& fre;-ently -&e( to#
gether with the 9lan7 pre#9en(ing feat-re CNCO5T'OLO+O'.B5>OP'=OB=53B5>D in
'0 'ev00$! an( later relea&e&. 2nother relate( 7eywor( al&o incl-(e& NCO5T2CTO28TO
O.OM=, where the (i&tance 9etween the tool an( 9lan7 can 9e a-tomatically remove( in a
com9ine( gravity an( clo&ing &im-lation in implicit &tatic. Thi& 7eywor( i& al&o availa9le in
LS#PrePo&t!.$ eKSet-p for metal forming application.
+ig-re 12#!/.
+lange( area in (etail 9elow
+ig-re 12#!. 2 flanging &im-lation of a rear floor pan -&ing BOPTBO5 1 CCo-rte&y of
Chry&ler, LLC
Thic7ne&&
conto-r
.ean &tre&& W
compre&&ion
in re(
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`CONTROL `CONTROL_IMPLICIT_GENERAL
12#1!2 CCO5T'OLD LS-DYNA R7.0
P-rpo&e) 2ctivate implicit analy&i& an( (efine a&&ociate( control parameter&. Thi& 7eywor( i& re#
;-ire( for all implicit analy&e&.

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le B.+L2> 3T$ B.+O'. 5SBS B>S C5ST5 +O'. K='OOM
Type B + B B B B B B
3efa-lt $ none 2 1 2 $ $ $

B.+L2>
BmplicitF=xplicit analy&i& type flag
=S.$) explicit analy&i&
=S.1) implicit analy&i&
=S.2) explicit followe( 9y implicit Cactivate& X&eamle&&Y &pring9ac7D
=S.!) implicit with a-tomatic implicit#explicit &witching
=S.") implicit with a-tomatic &witching an( man(atory implicit fini&h
=S.0) explicit with intermittent eigenval-e extraction
=S.#n) c-rve B3]n give& B.+L2> a& a f-nction of time.
3T$
Bnitial time &tep &iIe for implicit analy&i&
B.+O'.
=lement form-lation flag for X&eamle&&Y &pring9ac7 CB.+L2>]2 or
NB5T='+2C=OSP'B5>B2CAOS=2.L=SSD
=S.1) &witch to f-lly integrate( &hell form-lation for &pring9ac7
=S.2) retain original element form-lation C(efa-ltD
5SBS
5-m9er of implicit &tep& in X&eamle&&Y &pring9ac7 CB.+L2>]2 or
NB5T='+2C=OSP'B5>B2CAOS=2.L=SSD
B>S
>eometric Cinitial &tre&&D &tiffne&& flag
=S.1) incl-(e
=S.2) ignore
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`CONTROL_IMPLICIT_GENERAL `CONTROL
LS-DYNA R7.0 12#1!% CCO5T'OLD
C5ST5
Bn(icator for con&i&tent tangent &tiffne&& C&oli( material& % d 11" onlyD)
=S.$) (o not -&e C(efa-ltD
=S.1) -&e.
+O'.
+-lly integrate( element form-lation CB.+L2>]2 an( B.+O'.]1 onlyD
=S.$) type 10
=S.1) type 0.
K='OOM
Kero o-t the velocity 9efore &witching from explicit to implicit.
=S.$) The velocitie& are not Ieroe( o-t.
=S.1) The velocitie& are &et to Iero.
Remarks:
B.+L2> The (efa-lt val-e $ in(icate& a &tan(ar( explicit analy&i& will 9e performe(. 8&ing
val-e 1 ca-&e& an entirely implicit analy&i& to 9e performe(. Mal-e 2 i& a-tomatically
activate( when the 7eywor( NB5T='+2C=OSP'B5>B2CAOS=2.L=SS i& pre&ent,
ca-&ing the analy&i& type to &witch from explicit to implicit when the termination
time i& reache(. Other nonIero val-e& for B.+L2> can al&o 9e -&e( with
NB5T='+2C=OSP'B5>B2CAOS=2.L=SS. 2fter thi& &witch, the termination
time i& exten(e( 9y 5SBSN3T$, or re&et to twice it& original val-e if 3T$]$.$. The
implicit &im-lation then procee(& -ntil the new termination time i& reache(. Contact
interface& are a-tomatically (i&a9le( (-ring the implicit pha&e of X&eamle&&Y &pring#
9ac7 analy&i&.
,hen the a-tomatic implicit#explicit &witching option i& activate( CB.+L2>]! or
"D, the &ol-tion metho( will 9egin a& implicit. Bf convergence of the e;-ili9ri-m iter#
ation& fail&, the &ol-tion will a-tomatically &witch to explicit for a time interval of
3T=LP C&ee NCO5T'OLOB.PLBCBTO28TOD. 2fter thi& time interval, the &ol-tion
metho( will &witch 9ac7 to implicit an( attempt to procee(. The implicit &im-lation
may 9e either &tatic or (ynamic. ,hen thi& feat-re i& -&e( in a &tatic implicit Ho9,
&im-lation time i& no longer ar9itrary, an( m-&t 9e cho&en along with 3T=LP in a
reali&tic way to allow efficient exec-tion of any explicit pha&e&. .a&& &caling may
al&o 9e activate( C&ee NCO5T'OLOTB.=ST=PD, an( will apply only (-ring the ex#
plicit pha&e& of the calc-lation. Bn ca&e& where m-ch &witching occ-r&, -&er& m-&t
exerci&e ca-tion to en&-re that negligi9le (ynamic effect& are intro(-ce( 9y the ex#
plicit pha&e&.
,hen B.+L2>]", the final &tep of the &im-lation m-&t 9e implicit. The termination
time will 9e exten(e( a-tomatically a& nece&&ary, -ntil a &-cce&&f-lly converge( im#
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`CONTROL `CONTROL_IMPLICIT_GENERAL
12#1!! CCO5T'OLD LS-DYNA R7.0
plicit &tep can 9e o9taine(. Thi& i& -&ef-l for example in (iffic-lt metal forming
&pring9ac7 &im-lation&.
,hen B.+L2>]0, an explicit &im-lation will 9e performe(. =igenval-e& will 9e
extracte( intermittently accor(ing to a c-rve in(icate( 9y 5=B>]C#c-rve B3D on
NCO5T'OLOB.PLBCBTO=B>=5M2L8=. Beware that (ynamic &tre&& o&cillation&
which may occ-r in the explicit &im-lation will infl-ence the geometric Cinitial
&tre&&D &tiffne&& term& -&e( in the eigen &ol-tion, potentially pro(-cing mi&lea(ing re#
&-lt& an(For &p-rio-& mo(e&. 2& an alternative, eigenval-e& can al&o 9e extracte( in#
termittently (-ring an implicit analy&i&, -&ing B.+L2>]1 an( 5=B>]C#c-rve B3D.
,hen B.+L2> ? $, a c-rve B3 i& in(icate( which give& the &ol-tion metho( a& a
f-nction of time. 3efine a c-rve val-e of Iero (-ring explicit pha&e&, an( a val-e of
one (-ring implicit pha&e&. 8&e &teeply &loping &ection& 9etween pha&e&. 2n ar9i#
trary n-m9er of form-lation &witche& may 9e activate( with thi& metho(. See +ig-re
12#"$.
3T$ Thi& parameter &elect& the initial time &tep &iIe for the implicit pha&e of a &im-lation.
The &tep &iIe may change (-ring a m-ltiple &tep &im-lation if the a-tomatic time &tep
&iIe control feat-re i& active C&ee NCO5T'OLOB.PLBCBTO28TO.D
B.+O'. 2(aptive me&h m-&t 9e activate( when -&ing element form-lation &witching. +or
9e&t &pring9ac7 acc-racy, -&e of &hell type 10 i& recommen(e( (-ring the entire
&tamping an( &pring9ac7 analy&i&, in &pite of the increa&e( co&t of -&ing thi& element
(-ring the explicit &tamping pha&e.
5SBS The 5SBS option allow& a X&eamle&&Y &pring9ac7 analy&i& to -&e m-ltiple -nloa(ing
&tep& CNCO5T'OLOB.PLBCBTOST2BBLBK2TBO5 i& al&o re;-ire( in thi& ca&eD.
B>S The geometric &tiffne&& a((& the effect of initial &tre&& to the glo9al &tiffne&& matrix.
Thi& effect i& &een in a piano &tring who&e nat-ral fre;-ency change& with ten&ion.
>eometric &tiffne&& (oe& not alway& improve nonlinear convergence, e&pecially when
compre&&ive &tre&&e& are pre&ent, &o it& incl-&ion i& optional. +-rthermore, the geo#
metric &tiffne&& may lea( to convergence pro9lem& with incompre&&i9le, or nearly in#
compre&&i9le, material&.
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`CONTROL_IMPLICIT_GENERAL `CONTROL
LS-DYNA R7.0 12#1!" CCO5T'OLD

.
+ig-re 12#"$. Sol-tion metho(, implicit or explicit, controlle( 9y a loa( c-rve.
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`CONTROL `CONTROL_IMPLICIT_INERTIA_RELIEF
P-rpo&e) 2llow& analy&i& of linear &tatic pro9lem& that have rigi( 9o(y mo(e&.

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le B'+L2> TJ'=SJ
Type B +
3efa-lt $ $.$$1

B'+L2>
Bnertia relief flag
=S.$) (o not perform inertia relief
=S.1) (o perform inertia relief
TJ'=SJ
Thre&hol( for what i& a rigi( 9o(y mo(e. The (efa-lt i& &et to $.$$1 JertI
where it i& a&&-me( that the -nit& are in &econ(&.
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`CONTROL_IMPLICIT_1OINTS `CONTROL
P-rpo&e) Specify explicit or implicit treatment of Hoint& for implicit analy&i&.

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le BSPJ=' B'=MOL BC4LB5
Type B B B
3efa-lt 1 1 1

BSPJ='
Treatment of &pherical Hoint&
=S.1) -&e con&traint metho( for all &pherical Hoint& C(efa-ltD
=S.2) -&e penalty metho( for all &pherical Hoint&
B'=MOL
Treatment of revol-te Hoint&
=S.1) -&e con&traint metho( for all revol-te Hoint& C(efa-ltD
=S.2) -&e penalty metho( for all revol-te Hoint&
BC4LB5
Treatment of cylin(rical Hoint&
=S.1) -&e con&traint metho( for all cylin(rical Hoint& C(efa-ltD
=S.2) -&e penalty metho( for all cylin(rical Hoint&
Remarks:
+or mo&t implicit application& one &ho-l( -&e the con&traint C(efa-ltD metho( for the treatment of
Hoint&. ,hen explicit#implicit &witching i& -&e( the Hoint treatment &ho-l( 9e con&i&tent. Thi& 7ey#
wor( allow& the -&er to choo&e the appropriate treatment for their application.
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`CONTROL `CONTROL_IMPLICIT_MODES
12#1!/ CCO5T'OLD LS-DYNA R7.0
`CONTROL_IMPLICIT_MODES_POPTIONQ
<BLANK>
BINARY
P-rpo&e) 'e;-e&t calc-lation of con&traint, attachment, an(For eigenmo(e& for later -&e in mo(al
analy&i& -&ing NP2'TO.O3=S C&ee al&o NCO5T'OLOB.PLBCBTO>=5='2LD or N=L=.=5T
O3B'=CTO.2T'BLOB5P8T.

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 5SB3C 5SB32 5=B> BB2S= S=O.2SS S=O32.P S=OSTB++ S=OB5='T
Type B B B B C C C C
3efa-lt $ $

Car( 2
Maria9le S=O+BL=52.=
Type C

5SB3C
5o(e &et B3 for con&traint mo(e&
=S.$) no con&traint mo(e& will 9e generate(
5SB32
5o(e &et B3 for attachment mo(e&
=S.$) no attachment mo(e& will 9e generate(
5=B>
5-m9er of eigenmo(e&
=S.$) no attachment mo(e& will 9e generate(
BB2S=
Off&et for n-m9ering of the generaliIe( internal (egree& of free(om for the
&-perelement
S=O.2SS
5ame of the &-perelement ma&& matrix. Bf left 9lan7 it i& not generate(.
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`CONTROL_IMPLICIT_MODES `CONTROL
LS-DYNA R7.0 12#1! CCO5T'OLD
S=O32.P
5ame of the &-perelement (amping matrix. Bf left 9lan7 it i& not generate(.
S=OSTB++
5ame of the &-perelement &tiffne&& matrix. Bf left 9lan7 it i& not generate(.
S=OB5='T
5ame of the &-perelement inertia matrix, re;-ire( for gravity loa(ing ap#
plication& of the &-perelement. Bf left 9lan7 it i& not generate(.
S=O+BL=52.=
Bf any of S=O.2SS, S=O32.P, S=OSTB++, or S=OB5='T i& 9lan7 then
the &econ( line i& re;-ire( an( contain& the file name for the &-perelement.
Remarks:
To -&e thi& feat-re, an implicit analy&i& m-&t 9e re;-e&te( -&ing B.+L2>]1 on NCO5T'OL
OB.PLBCBTO>=5='2L, an( a non#Iero termination time m-&t 9e &pecifie( on NCO5T'OL
OT='.B52TBO5. 2 (o-9le preci&ion ver&ion of LS#3452 &ho-l( 9e -&e( for 9e&t acc-racy.
Care m-&t 9e ta7en to apply a &-fficient n-m9er of con&traint& to the mo(el to eliminate &tatic rigi(
9o(y motion. Comp-te( mo(e& are written to 9inary o-tp-t file (%mo(e, which can 9e viewe( -&ing
LS#P'=POST. =igenmo(e& are al&o written to 9inary o-tp-t file (%eigv.
Con&traint an( attachment mo(e& are generate( 9y applying -nit (i&placement& an( -nit force&, re#
&pectively, to each &pecifie( (egree of free(om. By (efa-lt, mo(e& are comp-te( for all (egree& of
free(om for each no(e in &et& 5SB3C an( 5SB32. The fir&t an( &econ( no(e &et attri9-te parame#
ter& can 9e optionally -&e( to re&trict the tran&lational an( rotational (egree& of free(om for which
mo(e& are re;-e&te(, re&pectively, accor(ing to the following &yntax)
5o(e &et attri9-te parameter& 321 an( 21) tran&lational (egree of free(om co(e&
5o(e &et attri9-te parameter& 322 an( 22) rotational (egree of free(om co(e&
co(e mo(e& comp-te(
$ CSee note 9elow.D
1 L (egree of free(om only
2 4 (egree of free(om only
% K (egree of free(om only
! L, 4 (egree& of free(om only
" 4, K (egree& of free(om only
0 L, K (egree& of free(om only
7 L, 4, K (egree& of free(om
Setting 9oth no(e &et attri9-te& to Iero i& e;-ivalent to &etting 9oth no(e &et attri9-te& to 7 CL, 4, an(
K for tran&lational an( rotational (egree& of free(omD.
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`CONTROL `CONTROL_IMPLICIT_MODES
12#1"$ CCO5T'OLD LS-DYNA R7.0
Bf one no(e &et attri9-te i& nonIero Cco(e& 1 to 7D an( the other no(e &et attri9-te i& Iero, then the
Iero attri9-te mean& 5O (egree& of free(om are con&i(ere(. +or example, if 321]2 an( 322]$,
then only the 4#tran&lational (egree of free(om mo(e& are calc-late(.
=igenmo(e& are generate( for the mo(el with &ingle point con&traint& applie( on the con&traint
mo(e&. The n-m9er of eigenmo(e& i& &pecifie( here. Bf the -&er want& to comp-te eigenmo(e& other
than the lowe&t one&, the control& on NCO5T'OLOB.PLBCBTO=B>=5M2L8= can 9e -&e(.
,hen the &-perelement i& create( an internal n-m9ering m-&t 9e applie( to the attachment an( eigen
mo(e&. Thi& n-m9ering &tart& at BB2S=[1.
The -&er can create the &-perelement repre&entation of the re(-ce( mo(el 9y &pecifying the S=
O.2SS, S=O32.P, S=OSTB++, S=OB5='T an( S=O+BL=52.= fiel(&. The file, 9y (efa-lt i&
written in the 5a&tran 3.B> file format an( can 9e -&e( a& inp-t to N=L=.=5TO3B'=CT
O.2T'BLOB5P8T. The 7eywor( optionOBB52'4 can 9e -&e( to create a 9inary repre&entation for
the &-perelement which can 9e -&e( with N=L=.=5TO3B'=CTO.2T'BLOB5P8TOBB52'4 to
re(-ce the file &iIe.
The com9ination of con&traint mo(e& an( eigenmo(e& form the J-rty#Craig#Bampton lineariIation
for a mo(el. 8&ing only con&traint mo(e& i& the &ame a& &tatic con(en&ation.
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`CONTROL_IMPLICIT_SOLUTION `CONTROL
LS-DYNA R7.0 12#1"1 CCO5T'OLD
P-rpo&e) The&e optional car(& apply to implicit calc-lation&. 8&e the&e car(& to &pecify whether a
linear or nonlinear &ol-tion i& (e&ire(. Parameter& are al&o availa9le to control the implicit nonlinear
an( arc length &ol-tion metho(& C&ee al&o NCO5T'OLOB.PLBCBTO>=5='2LD.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 5SOLM' BLB.BT .2L'=+ 3CTOL =CTOL 'CTOL LSTOL 2BSTOL
Type B B B + + + + +
3efa-lt 2 11 1" $.$$1 $.$1 1.$e[1$ $.$ 1.e#1$

Optional Card 2
Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 35O'. 3BM='> BSTB+ 5LP'B5T 5L5O'. 3%BTCTL CPCJA
Type B B B B B B B
3efa-lt 2 1 1 $ 2 $ $

Optional Card 3 (if card 3 is used, then card 2 above must also be used)
Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 2'CCTL 2'C3B' 2'CL=5 2'C.TJ 2'C3.P 2'CPSB 2'C2L+ 2'CTB.
Type B B + B B + + +
3efa-lt $ none $ 1 2 $. $. $.

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`CONTROL `CONTROL_IMPLICIT_SOLUTION
12#1"2 CCO5T'OLD LS-DYNA R7.0
Optional Card 4 (if card 4 is used, then cards 2 and 3 above must also be used)
Car( ! 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le LS.T3 LS3B' B'23 S'23 2,>T S'=3
Type B B + + + +
3efa-lt 1 2 $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$

5SOLM'
Sol-tion metho( for implicit analy&i&)
=S.1) Linear
=S.2) 5onlinear with B+>S -p(ate& C(efa-ltD
=S.%) 5onlinear with Broy(en -p(ate&
=S.!) 5onlinear with 3+P -p(ate&
=S.") 5onlinear with 3avi(on -p(ate&
=S.0) 5onlinear with B+>S -p(ate& [ arclength
=S.7) 5onlinear with Broy(en -p(ate& [ arclength
=S./) 5onlinear with 3+P -p(ate& [ arclength
=S.) 5onlinear with 3avi(on -p(ate& [ arclength
=S.12) =xperimental nonlinear with B+>S -p(ate& [ optional arclength
BLB.BT
Bteration limit 9etween a-tomatic &tiffne&& reformation&
.2L'=+
Stiffne&& reformation limit per time &tep
3CTOL
3i&placement relative convergence tolerance
=CTOL
=nergy relative convergence tolerance
'CTOL
'e&i(-al CforceD relative convergence tolerance C3=+28LT]inactiveD
LSTOL
Line &earch convergence tolerance
2BSTOL
29&ol-te convergence tolerance.
35O'.
3i&placement norm for convergence te&t
=S.1) Bncrement v&. (i&placement over c-rrent &tep
=S.2) Bncrement v&. total (i&placement C(efa-ltD
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LS-DYNA R7.0 12#1"% CCO5T'OLD
3BM='>
3ivergence flag Cforce im9alance increa&e (-ring e;-ili9ri-m iteration&D
=S.1) reform &tiffne&& if (ivergence (etecte( C(efa-ltD
=S.2) ignore (ivergence
BSTB+
Bnitial &tiffne&& formation flag
=S.1) reform &tiffne&& at &tart of each &tep C(efa-ltD
=S.n) reform &tiffne&& at &tart of every XnYth &tep
5LP'B5T
5onlinear &olver print flag
=S.$) no nonlinear iteration information printe( Cnew v7$ (efa-ltD
=S.1) print iteration information to &creen, me&&age, (%h&p file&
=S.2) print extra norm information C5L5O'.]1D
=S.%) &ame a& 2, 9-t al&o print information from line &earch
5OT=) (-ring exec-tion, interactive comman(& can 9e -&e()
interactive comman( re&pon&e
?ctrl#c@ nlprint toggle 5LP'B5T 9etween $ an( 1
?ctrl#c@ diagno&tic toggle 5LP'B5T 9etween $ an( 2
?ctrl#c@ information &et 5LP'B5T]2 for one iteration
5L5O'.
5onlinear convergence norm type
=S.1) con&i(er tran&lational an( rotational (egree& of free(om
=S.2) con&i(er tran&lational (egree& of free(om only C(efa-ltD
=S.!) con&i(er &-m of tran&lational an( rotational (egree& of free(om,
i.e., no &eparate treatment
3%BTCTL
Control 3%BT=' (ata9a&e. Bf nonIero, the &earch (irection& for the nonlin#
ear implicit &ol-tion are written to the 3%BT=' (ata9a&e. To re(-ce the
&iIe of the 3%BT=' (ata9a&e the (ata9a&e i& re&et every n time &tep& where
n]3%BTCTL.
CPCJA
Contact penetration chec7 flag
=S.$) no contact penetration i& performe( C(efa-ltD
=S.1) chec7 for contact penetration (-ring the nonlinear &ol-tion proce#
(-re. Bf &-ch penetration i& fo-n( mo(ify the line &earch to pre#
vent -nnece&&ary penetration.
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12#1"! CCO5T'OLD LS-DYNA R7.0
The -o..o*in6 Q parameters are -or use *ith ar/ .en6th methods on.9 J6 R NSO=%& R S or
NSO=%&=12L0
2'CCTL
2rc length controlling no(e B3
=S.$) generaliIe( arc length metho(
2'C3B'
2rc length controlling no(e (irection Cignore( if 2'CCTL]$ a9oveD
=S.1) glo9al L#tran&lation
=S.2) glo9al 4#tran&lation
=S.%) glo9al K#tran&lation
2'CL=5
'elative arc length &iIe. See remar7& 9elow.
L=.$.$) -&e a-tomatic &iIe,
>T.$.$) -&e 2'CL=5Na-tomatic &tep &iIe.
2'C.TJ
2rc length metho(
=S.1) Cri&fiel( C(efa-ltD
=S.2) 'amm
=S.%) .o(ifie( Cri&fiel( C-&e( with 5SOLM']12 onlyD
2'C3.P
2rc length (amping option
=S.2) off C(efa-ltD
=S.1) on, o&cillation& in &tatic &ol-tion are &-ppre&&e(
2'CPSB
'elative infl-ence of loa(Ftime parameter in &pherical arclength con&traint,
(efa-lt val-e i& $ which corre&pon(& to a cylin(rical arclength con&traint.
2pplie& to 2'C.TJ]%.
2'C2L+
'elative infl-ence of pre(ictor &tep (irection for po&itioning of the arc cen#
ter, (efa-lt i& $ which mean& that the center i& at the origin. 2pplie& to
2'C.TJ]%.
2'CTB.
Optional time when arclength metho( i& initiate(. 2pplie& to 2'C.TJ]%.
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LS-DYNA R7.0 12#1"" CCO5T'OLD
LS.T3
Line &earch convergence metho()
=S.1) =nergy metho( -&ing only tran&lational varia9le& C(efa-ltD
=S.2) 'e&i(-al metho(
=S.%) =nergy metho( -&ing 9oth tran&lational an( rotational varia9le&
=S.!) =nergy metho( -&ing &-m of tran&lational an( rotational (egree&
of free(om, i.e., no &eparate treatment
=S.") Same a& !, 9-t acco-nt for re&i(-al norm growth to 9e extra con#
&ervative in &tep length Capplie& to 5SOLM']12D
LS3B'
Line &earch (irection metho()
=S.1) Search on all varia9le& Ctra(itional approach -&e( in ver&ion& pri#
or to 71D
=S.2) Search only on the in(epen(ent C-ncon&traine(D varia9le&
=S.%) 8&e a(aptive line &earch C&ee 2,>T, S'=3D
=S.!) 8&e c-rve( line &earch C&ee B'23, S'23D
B'23
5ormaliIe( c-rvat-re factor for c-rve( line &earch, where $ in(icate& a
&traight line &earch an( 1 in(icate& f-ll c-rve( line &earch.
S'23
'a(i-& of infl-ence for (etermining c-rve in c-rve( line &earch. +or each
in(epen(ent no(e, all no(e& within thi& ra(i-& are -&e( for (etermining the
c-rve. Bf $, then all no(e& connecte( to the &ame element a& the in(epen(#
ent no(e are -&e(.
2,>T
2(aptive line &earch weight factor 9etween $ an( 1. 2 high val-e ten(& to
re&trict the motion of o&cillating no(e& (-ring the implicit proce&&.
S'=3
Bnitial &tep re(-ction 9etween $ an( 1 for a(aptive line &earch, -&e large
n-m9er for con&ervative &tart in implicit proce(-re.
Remarks:
5SOLM' Bf a linear analy&i& i& &electe(, e;-ili9ri-m chec7ing an( iteration& are not performe(.
The +-ll 5ewton nonlinear &ol-tion metho( can 9e invo7e( 9y -&ing the (efa-lt
B+>S &olver, an( &electing BLB.BT]1 to form a new &tiffne&& matrix every iteration.
Bn the neigh9orhoo( of limit point& the 5ewton 9a&e( iteration &cheme& often fail.
The arc length metho( of 'i7& an( ,empner Ccom9ine( here with the B+>S meth#
o(D a((& a con&traint e;-ation to limit the loa( &tep to a con&tant Zarc lengthZ in loa(#
(i&placement &pace. Thi& metho( i& fre;-ently -&e( to &olve &nap thro-gh 9-c7ling
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pro9lem&. ,hen applying the arc#length metho(, the c-rve& that (efine the loa(ing
&ho-l( contain only two point&, an( the fir&t point &ho-l( 9e at the origin C$,$D. LS#
3452 will extrapolate, if nece&&ary, to (etermine the loa(. Bn thi& way, time an(
loa( magnit-(e are relate( 9y a con&tant. Bt i& po&&i9le that time can 9ecome nega#
tive in ca&e of loa( rever&al. The arc length metho( cannot 9e -&e( in a (ynamic
analy&i&.
BLB.BT Bn the (efa-lt B+>S metho(, the glo9al &tiffne&& matrix i& only reforme( every BLB.#
BT iteration&. Otherwi&e, an inexpen&ive &tiffne&& -p(ate i& applie(. By &etting BLB.#
BT]1, a &tiffne&& reformation i& performe( every iteration. Thi& i& e;-ivalent to the
+-ll 5ewton metho( Cwith line &earchD. 2 higher val-e of BLB.BT C2$#2"D can re#
(-ce the n-m9er of &tiffne&& matrix reformation& an( factoriIation& which may lea(
to a &ignificant re(-ction in co&t. 5ote that the &torage re;-irement& for implicit in#
cl-(e &toring 2 vector& per iteration. Large val-e& of BLB.BT will ca-&e &-9&tantial
increa&e in &torage re;-irement&.
.2L'=+ The nonlinear e;-ili9ri-m &earch will contin-e -ntil the &tiffne&& matrix ha& 9een re#
forme( .2L'=+ time&, with BLB.BT iteration& 9etween each reformation. Bf e;-ili9ri#
-m ha& not 9een fo-n(, control will 9e pa&&e( to the a-tomatic time &tep controller if
it i& activate(. Otherwi&e, error termination will re&-lt. ,hen the a-to time &tep con#
troller i& active, it i& often efficient to choo&e .2L'=+]" an( try another &tep&iIe
;-ic7ly, rather than wa&ting too many iteration& on a (iffic-lt &tep.
3CTOL ,hen the (i&placement norm ratio i& re(-ce( 9elow 3CTOL, thi& con(ition i& &ati&#
fie(. Smaller n-m9er& lea( to more acc-rate (etermination of e;-ili9ri-m an(, on
the negative &i(e, re&-lt in more iteration& an( higher co&t&. 8&e 5LP'B5T to (i&play
norm (ata each iteration.
=CTOL ,hen the energy norm ratio i& re(-ce( 9elow =CTOL, thi& con(ition i& &ati&fie(.
Smaller n-m9er& lea( to more &trict (etermination of e;-ili9ri-m an(, on the nega#
tive &i(e, re&-lt in more iteration& an( higher co&t&. 8&e 5LP'B5T to (i&play norm
(ata each iteration.
'CTOL ,hen the re&i(-al norm ratio i& re(-ce( 9elow 'CTOL, thi& con(ition i& &ati&fie(.
Smaller n-m9er& lea( to more &trict (etermination of e;-ili9ri-m an(, on the nega#
tive &i(e, re&-lt in more iteration& an( higher co&t&. By (efa-lt thi& convergence cri#
terion i& effectively (i&a9le( -&ing 'CTOL]1.e1$. 8&e 5LP'B5T to (i&play norm
(ata each iteration.
LSTOL 2 line &earch i& performe( on &tiffening &y&tem& to g-ar( again&t (ivergence of 5ew#
ton#9a&e( nonlinear &olver&. ,ith the +-ll 5ewton metho(, it i& &ometime& helpf-l to
(efine a large val-e CLSTOL].$D to effectively (i&a9le line &earch.
35O'. ,hen comp-ting the (i&placement ratio, the norm of the incremental (i&placement
vector i& (ivi(e( 9y the norm of XtotalY (i&placement. Thi& XtotalY (i&placement may
9e either the total over the c-rrent &tep, or the total over the entire &im-lation. The
latter ten(& to 9e more lax, an( can 9e poor at the en( of &im-lation& where large mo#
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tion& (evelop. +or the&e pro9lem&, an effective com9ination i& 35O'.]1, an(
3CTOL]$.$1 or larger.
3BM='> By (efa-lt, a new &tiffne&& matrix i& forme( whenever (ivergence Cgrowing o-t#of#
9alance forceD i& (etecte(. Thi& flag can 9e -&e( to &-ppre&& thi& &tiffne&& refor#
mation.
BSTB+ By (efa-lt, a new &tiffne&& matrix i& forme( at the &tart of every time &tep. S-ppre&&#
ing thi& &tiffne&& reformation can (ecrea&e the co&t of &im-lation& which have many
tiny &tep& that are mo&tly linear, &-ch a& tran&ient (ynamic&.
5LP'B5T Thi& flag control& printing of (i&placement an( energy convergence mea&-re& (-ring
the nonlinear e;-ili9ri-m &earch. Bf convergence (iffic-lty occ-r&, thi& information
i& helpf-l in (etermining the pro9lem.
5L5O'. By (efa-lt, only tran&lational (egree& of free(om are -&e( in eval-ating convergence
norm&. 8&e thi& flag to incl-(e rotational (egree& of free(om, or to ma7e a((itional
(ata availa9le for (iagno&ing convergence pro9lem&. Thi& a((itional (ata incl-(e&
the wor&t offen(ing no(e an( (egree of free(om contri9-ting to each norm.
2'CCTL The arc length metho( can 9e controlle( 9a&e( on the (i&placement of a &ingle no(e
in the mo(el. +or example, in (ome rever&al pro9lem& the no(e at the center of the
(ome can 9e -&e(. By (efa-lt, the generaliIe( arc length metho( i& -&e(, where the
norm of the glo9al (i&placement vector control& the &ol-tion. Thi& incl-(e& all
no(e&.
2'CL=5 Bn many ca&e& the arc length metho( ha& (iffic-lty trac7ing the loa( (i&placement
c-rve thro-gh critical region&. 8&ing $?2'CL=5?1 will re(-ce the &tep &iIe to a&#
&i&t trac7ing the loa(#(i&placement c-rve with more acc-racy. 8&e of 2'CL=5?1
will ca-&e more &tep& to 9e ta7en. S-gge&te( val-e& are 1.$ Cthe (efa-ltD, $.", $.2",
an( $.1$.
2'C3.P Some &tatic pro9lem& exhi9it o&cillatory re&pon&e near in&ta9ility point&. Thi& option
n-merically &-ppre&&e& the&e o&cillation&, an( may improve the convergence 9ehav#
ior of the po&t#9-c7ling &ol-tion.
LS.T3 The (efa-lt metho( for (etermining convergence of the nonlinear line &earch i& to
fin( the minim-m of the energy. Thi& parameter allow& choo&ing the energy on only
the tran&lational varia9le&, energy of 9oth the tran&lational an( rotational varia9le&, or
for minimiIing the re&i(-al Cforce&D. The effect of -&ing a re&i(-al 9a&e( line &earch
i& not alway& po&itive, &ometime& it i& too re&trictive an( &top& convergence. Jowev#
er, it i& a more con&ervative approach than -&ing the energy 9a&e( metho( &ince it
explicitly control& the norm of the re&i(-al. Bt &ho-l( not 9e &een a& a 9etter &trategy
than the energy metho( 9-t a& an alternative to try in ca&e& when the (efa-lt metho(
&eem& to 9e wor7ing poorly.
LS3B' Bn Mer&ion 71 of LS#3452 new line &earch option& were a((e(. The tra(itional
approach CLS3B']1D comp-te& the line &earch (irection -&ing all varia9le&. The new
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12#1"/ CCO5T'OLD LS-DYNA R7.0
C(efa-ltD approach of LSB3']2 comp-te& the line &earch (irection only on the -n#
con&traine( varia9le&. Bt ha& proven to 9e 9oth ro9-&t an( more efficient. ,e have
al&o incl-(e( two new approache& to try for pro9lem& where the (efa-lt an( tra(i#
tional approach fail an( the -&er i& -&ing +-ll 5ewton CBLB.BT]1D. See the next two
remar7& for more information on tho&e metho(&.
B'23, S'23 The parameter& B'23 an( S'23 are for the c-rve( line &earch CLS3B']!D. The fir&t
parameter i& a &witch C$ or 1D to invo7e thi& line &earch, an interme(iate val-e i& in#
terprete( a& weighte( com9ination of a &traight an( c-rve( line &earch Cthe c-rvat-re
ra(i-& i& (ecrea&e( with increa&ing B'23D. 2 val-e of -nit i& recommen(e( in &it-a#
tion& with rather &mooth re&pon&e&, e.g. &pring9ac7 an( &imilar pro9lem&. 2l&o,
B'23]1 &eem& to wor7 9e&t with f-ll 5ewton iteration&. The S'23 parameter
&ho-l( 9e e;-al to $ for mo&t ca&e&, thi& mean& that the &earch c-rve for a no(e i& (e#
termine( from the &earch (irection of no(e& connecte( to the &ame element& a& that
no(e. S'23@$ i& interprete( a& a ra(i-& of infl-ence, meaning that the &earch c-rve
for a no(e i& (etermine( from the &earch (irection of no(e& within a (i&tance S'23
of thi& no(e. Thi& option wa& intro(-ce( a& an experiment to &ee if thi& ha( a &mooth#
ing an( &ta9iliIing effect. 2 val-e of $.$ i& c-rrently recommen(e(.
2,>T, S'=3 The parameter& 2,>T an( S'=3 are for the a(aptive line &earch. The intention i&
to improve ro9-&tne&& for pro9lem& that have ten(encie& to o&cillate or (iverge, in(i#
cate( 9y the (norm an( enorm parameter o-tp-t& in the iteration& C&t(o-tD. 2 val-e of
$." i& recommen(e( for 2,>T a& a &tarting point. ,ith a nonIero val-e the motion&
of in(ivi(-al no(e& are trac7e(. +or no(e& that are o&cillating Cgoing 9ac7 an( forth
in &paceD, the maxim-m &tep &iIe for the next iteration i& re(-ce( in proportion to the
parameter 2,>T, an( for no(e& that are not o&cillating 9-t going nicely along a
&traight path, the maxim-m &tep &iIe for the next iteration i& increa&e( in proportion
to 1#2,>T. Bn te&t pro9lem&, the intro(-ction of the a(aptive line &earch ha& &ta9i#
liIe( the implicit proce(-re in the &en&e that the (norm an( enorm val-e& are more
monotonically (ecrea&ing -ntil convergence with virt-ally no o&cillation&. Bf a pro9#
lem i& &till o&cillating or (iverging, the -&er &ho-l( try to increa&e the 2,>T param#
eter &ince thi& i& a more re&trictive approach 9-t pro9a9ly give& a &lower convergence
rate. 2n option for na&ty pro9lem& i& al&o to -&e S'=3@$ which i& the initial &tep re#
(-ction factor Cle&& than 1D. Thi& mean& that the initial &tep &iIe i& re(-ce( 9y thi&
val-e 9-t the maxim-m &tep &iIe will increa&e 9y an amo-nt that i& (etermine( 9y
the &-cce&& in the iterative proce(-re, event-ally it will reach -nity. Bt can never (e#
crea&e. 2l&o here, it i& inten(e( to 9e -&e( with f-ll 5ewton metho(.
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`CONTROL_IMPLICIT_SOLVER `CONTROL
P-rpo&e) The&e optional car(& apply to implicit calc-lation&. The linear e;-ation &olver perform&
the CP8#inten&ive &tiffne&& matrix inver&ion C&ee al&o NCO5T'OLOB.PLBCBTO>=5='2LD.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le LSOLM' LP'B5T 5=>=M O'3=' 3'C. 3'CP'. 28TOSPC 28TOTOL
Type B B B B B + B +
3efa-lt ! $ 2 $ 1 &ee 9elow 1 &ee 9elow

Optional Card 2
Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le LCP2CA .TL3.P
Type B B
3efa-lt 2 $

LSOLM'
Linear e;-ation &olver metho(
=S.!) S.P parallel m-lti#frontal &par&e &olver C(efa-ltD.
=S.") S.P parallel m-lti#frontal &par&e &olver, (o-9le preci&ion
=S.0) BCSLBB#=LT, (irect, &par&e, (o-9le preci&ion
=S.1$) iterative, 9e&t of c-rrently availa9le iterative metho(&
=S.11) iterative, ConH-gate >ra(ient metho(
=S.12) iterative, C> with :aco9i precon(itioner
=S.1%) iterative, C> with Bncomplete Chole&7i precon(itioner
=S.1!) iterative, LancIo& metho(
=S.1") iterative, LancIo& with :aco9i precon(itioner
=S.10) iterative, LancIo& with Bncomplete Chole&7i precon(itioner
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`CONTROL `CONTROL_IMPLICIT_SOLVER
LP'B5T
Linear &olver print flag control& &creen an( me&&age file o-tp-t
=S.$) no printing
=S.1) o-tp-t &-mmary &tati&tic& on memory, cpre;-irement&
=S.2) more &tati&tic&
=S.%) even more &tati&tic& an( (e9-g chec7ing
C5OT=) (-ring exec-tion, -&e the interactive comman( Z?ctrl#c@
lprintZ to toggle thi& print flag 9etween $ an( 1.D
5=>=M
5egative eigenval-e flag. Select& proce(-re when negative eigenval-e& are
(etecte( (-ring &tiffne&& matrix inver&ion.
=S.1) &top, or retry &tep if a-to &tep control i& active
=S.2) print warning me&&age, try to contin-e C(efa-ltD
O'3='
Or(ering option
=S.$) metho( &et a-tomatically 9y LS#3452
=S.1) ..3, .-ltiple .inim-m 3egree.
=S.2) .eti&
3'C.
3rilling rotation con&traint metho()
=S.1) a(( &tiffne&& Col( (efa-lt in Mer&ion 7$D
=S.2) a(( no &tiffne&&
=S.%) a(( no &tiffne&&
=S.!) a(( &tiffne&& Cnew (efa-lt in Mer&ion 71 'elea&e 2D
3'CP'.
3rilling rotation con&traint parameter, 3'CP'.. Bf a((ing &tiffne&&,
3'C.]1, then, for linear pro9lem&, 3'CP'.]1.$E for nonlinear pro9#
lem&, 3'CP'.]1$$.$E an( for eigenval-e pro9lem& either 1.=#12 or 1.=#/
i& -&e( (epen(ing on the &hell element type. Bn the latter ca&e, the inp-t
val-e for 3'CP'. i& ignore(.
28TOSPC
2-tomatic Con&traint Scan flag
=S.1) &can the a&&em9le( &tiffne&& matrix loo7ing for -ncon&traine(,
-nattache( (egree& of free(om. >enerate a((itional con&traint&
a& nece&&ary to avoi( negative eigenval-e&.
=S.2) (o not a(( con&traint&.
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`CONTROL_IMPLICIT_SOLVER `CONTROL
28TOTOL
28TOSPC tolerance. The te&t for &ing-larity i& the ratio of the &malle&t
&ing-lar val-e an( the large&t &ing-lar val-e. Bf thi& ratio i& le&& than 28#
TOTOL, then the triple of col-mn& are (eclare( &ing-lar an( a con&traint i&
generate(. 3efa-lt val-e in &ingle preci&ion i& 1.=#! an( in (o-9le preci#
&ion, 1.=#/.
LCP2CA
.atrix a&&em9ly pac7age.
=S.2) 8&e v7$V& LCP2CA C(efa-lt, only availa9le option in 71D
.TL3.P
.atrix an( right#han(#&i(e (-mping. To a&&i&t in eval-ating other linear
e;-ation &ol-tion pac7age, LS#3452 ha& the option of (-mping the glo9#
ally a&&em9le( &tiffne&& matrix an( right#han(#&i(e vector& to 2SCBB file&
in Jarwell#Boeing &par&e matrix format.
=S.$) 5o (-mping
=S.1) 3-mp all matrice& an( right#han(#&i(e vector& every .TL3.P
time &tep&. +ilename& of the form A.matrix.xxxx,
..matrix.xxxx, an( 'JS.vector.xxxx are -&e(.
Remarks)
LSOLM' The linear &olver i& -&e( to comp-te the inver&e of the glo9al &tiffne&& matrix, which
i& a co&tly proce(-re 9oth in memory an( cp- time. 3irect &olver& apply >a-&&ian
elimination, while iterative &olver& &-cce&&ively improve Xg-e&&e&Y at the correct &o#
l-tion. Bterative &olver& re;-ire far le&& memory than (irect &olver&, 9-t may &-ffer
from convergence pro9lem&. >enerally, iterative &olver& are poor for a-tomotive ap#
plication&, 9-t can 9e &-perior for large 9ric7 element &oil mo(el& in civil engineer#
ing.
Solver& " an( 0 promote the glo9al matrix to (o-9le preci&ion 9efore factoring to re#
(-ce n-merical tr-ncation error. Solver& ! an( " are e;-ivalent if a (o-9le preci&ion
exec-ta9le i& -&e(.
Solver 0 i& the (irect linear e;-ation &olver from BCSLBB#=LT, BoeingG& =xtreme
.athematical Li9rary. Thi& option &ho-l( 9e -&e( whenever the factoriIation i& too
large to fit into memory. Bt ha& exten&ive capa9ilitie& for o-t#of#core &ol-tion an(
can &olve larger pro9lem& than any of the other (irect factoriIation metho(&. Solver
0 al&o incl-(e& a &ophi&ticate( pivoting &trategy which can 9e &-perior for nearly &in#
g-lar matrice&.
Solver " i& the only option &-pporte( in .PP.
LP'B5T Select printing of the timing an( &torage information CLP'B5T ] 1D if yo- are com#
paring performance of linear e;-ation &olver&, or if yo- are r-nning o-t of memory
for large mo(el&. .inim-m memory re;-irement& for in#core an( o-t#of#core &ol-#
tion are printe(. Thi& flag can al&o 9e toggle( -&ing &en&e &witch Z?ctrl#c@ lprintZ.
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`CONTROL `CONTROL_IMPLICIT_SOLVER
;or ?est per-orman/e, in/rease a+ai.a?.e memor9 usin6 Tmemor9=T on the /om$
mand .ine unti. an IN$1O&5 so.ution is indi/ated#
,hen -&ing &olver option 0, LP'B5T ] 2 an( % will ca-&e increa&e( printe( o-tp-t
of &tati&tic& an( performance information.
5=>=M 5egative eigenval-e& re&-lt from -n(ercon&traine( mo(el& Crigi( 9o(y mo(e&D, &e#
verely (eforme( element&, or non#phy&ical material propertie&. Thi& flag allow& con#
trol to 9e pa&&e( (irectly to the a-tomatic time &tep controller when negative eigen#
val-e& are (etecte(. Otherwi&e, &ignificant n-merical ro-n(off error i& li7ely to oc#
c-r (-ring factoriIation, an( e;-ili9ri-m iteration& may fail C&ee NCO5T'OL
OB.PLBCBTO28TOD.
O'3=' The &y&tem of linear e;-ation& i& reor(ere( to optimiIe the &par&ity of the factoriIa#
tion when -&ing (irect metho(&. .eti& i& a or(ering metho( from 8niver&ity of .in#
ne&ota which i& very effective for larger pro9lem& an( for %3 &oli( pro9lem&, 9-t al#
&o very expen&ive. ..3 i& inexpen&ive, 9-t may not pro(-ce an optim-m reor(er#
ing, lea(ing to higher co&t (-ring n-meric factoriIation. ..3 i& -&-ally 9e&t for
&maller pro9lem& Cle&& than 1$$,$$$ (egree& of free(omD.
'eor(ering co&t i& incl-(e( in the &ym9olic factoriIation pha&e of the linear &olver
CLP'B5T.ge.1D. +or large mo(el&, if thi& co&t excee(& 2$b of the n-meric factoriIa#
tion co&t, it may 9e more efficient to &elect the ..3 metho(.
5ote that the val-e& of LP'B5T an( O'3=' al&o affect the eigen&ol-tion &oftware.
That i& LP'B5T an( O'3=' from thi& 7eywor( car( i& applica9le to eigen&ol-tion.
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`CONTROL_IMPLICIT_STABILIZATION `CONTROL
P-rpo&e) Thi& optional car( applie& to implicit calc-lation&. 2rtificial &ta9iliIation i& re;-ire( for
m-lti#&tep -nloa(ing in implicit &pring9ac7 analy&i& C&ee al&o NCO5T'OLOB.PLBCBT
O>=5='2LD.

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le B2S SC2L= TST2'T T=53
Type B + + +
3efa-lt 2 1.$ C&ee 9elowD C&ee 9elowD

B2S
2rtificial Sta9iliIation flag
=S.1) active
=S.2) inactive C(efa-ltD
SC2L=
Scale factor for artificial &ta9iliIation. +or flexi9le part& with large &pring#
9ac7, li7e o-ter 9o(y panel&, a val-e of $.$$1 may 9e re;-ire(.
=S.#n) c-rve B3 ] n give& SC2L= a& a f-nction of time
TST2'T
Start time. C3efa-lt) imme(iately -pon entering implicit mo(eD
T=53
=n( time. C3efa-lt) termination timeD
Remarks:
2rtificial &ta9iliIation allow& &pring9ac7 to occ-r over &everal &tep&. Thi& i& often nece&&ary to o9#
tain convergence (-ring e;-ili9ri-m iteration& on pro9lem& with large &pring9ac7 (eformation. Sta#
9iliIation i& intro(-ce( at the &tart time TST2'T, an( &lowly remove( a& the en( time T=53 i& ap#
proache(. Bnterme(iate re&-lt& are not acc-rate repre&entation& of the f-lly -nloa(e( &tate. The en(
time T=53 m-&t 9e reache( exactly for total &pring9ac7 to 9e pre(icte( acc-rately.
B2S The (efa-lt for B2S (epen(& on the analy&i& type in NCO5T'OLOB.PLBCBT
O>=5='2L. +or X&eamle&&Y &pring9ac7 analy&i&, a-tomatic time &tep control an(
artificial &ta9iliIation are activate( 9y (efa-lt. Otherwi&e, B2S i& inactive 9y (e#
fa-lt.
SC2L= Thi& i& a penalty &cale factor &imilar to that -&e( in contact interface&. Bf mo(ifie(,
it &ho-l( 9e change( in or(er#of#magnit-(e increment& at fir&t. Large val-e& &-p#
pre&& &pring9ac7 (eformation -ntil very near the termination time, ma7ing conver#
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`CONTROL `CONTROL_IMPLICIT_STABILIZATION
gence (-ring the fir&t few &tep& ea&y. Small val-e& may not &ta9iliIe the &ol-tion
eno-gh to allow e;-ili9ri-m iteration& to converge.
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`CONTROL_IMPLICIT_STATIC_CONDENSATION `CONTROL
`CONTROL_IMPLICIT_STATIC_CONDENSATION_POPTIONQ
<BLANK>
BINARY
P-rpo&e) 'e;-e&t &tatic con(en&ation of a part to 9-il( a re(-ce( lineariIe( mo(el for later comp-#
tation with N=L=.=5TO3B'=CTO.2T'BLOB5P8T. Optionally the analy&i& can contin-e -&ing
the lineariIation for the c-rrent analy&i&.

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le SCO+L2> SCO5SB3 SCOPSB3 S=O.2SS S=OSTB++ S=OB5='T
Type B B B C C C
3efa-lt $ $ $

Car( 2
Maria9le S=O+BL=52.=
Type C

SCO+L2>
Static Con(en&ation Control +lag
=S.$) no &tatic con(en&ation will 9e performe(
=S.1) create &-perelement repre&entation 9a&e( on &tatic con(en&ation.
=S.2) -&e &tatic con(en&ation to 9-il( a lineariIe( repre&entation for a
part an( -&e that lineariIe( repre&entation in the following analy#
&i&.
SCO5SB3
5o(e &et B3 for no(e& to 9e pre&erve( in the &tatic con(en&ation proce(-re.
'e;-ire( when SCO+L2> ] 1.
SCOPSB3
Part &et B3 for part& to 9e incl-(e( in the &tatic con(en&ation proce(-re.
,hen SCO+L2> ] 1 SCOPSB3 can 9e -&e( to &pecify a &-9&et of the mo(#
el with the (efa-lt 9eing the entire mo(el. ,hen SCO+L2> ] 2 SCOPSB3
i& re;-ire(. SCOPSB3 ] $ implie& that the entire mo(el i& con(en&e(.
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`CONTROL `CONTROL_IMPLICIT_STATIC_CONDENSATION
S=O.2SS
5ame of the &-perelement ma&& matrix. Bf left 9lan7 it i& not generate(.
S=OSTB++
5ame of the &-perelement &tiffne&& matrix. Bf left 9lan7 it i& not generate(.
S=OB5='T
5ame of the &-perelement inertia matrix, re;-ire( for gravity loa(ing ap#
plication& of the &-perelement. Bf left 9lan7 it i& not generate(.
S=O+BL=52.=
Bf any of S=O.2SS, S=O32.P, S=OSTB++, or S=OB5='T i& 9lan7 then
the &econ( line i& re;-ire( an( contain& the file name for the &-perelement.
Remarks:
To -&e thi& feat-re, an implicit analy&i& m-&t 9e re;-e&te( -&ing B.+L2>]1 on NCO5T'OL
OB.PLBCBTO>=5='2L, an( a non#Iero termination time m-&t 9e &pecifie( on NCO5T'OL
OT='.B52TBO5. 2 (o-9le preci&ion ver&ion of LS#3452 &ho-l( 9e -&e( for 9e&t acc-racy. The
&-perelement mo(el i& written to file S=O+BL=52.=.
Static con(en&tation i& the re(-ction of the glo9al &tiffne&& an( ma&& matrice& to a &pecifie( &et& of
row& an( col-mn& a&&ociate( with the no(e& in the no(e &et SCO5SB3. The fir&t an( &econ( no(e &et
attri9-te parameter& can 9e optionally -&e( to re&trict the tran&lational an( rotational (egree& of free#
(om for which mo(e& are re;-e&te(, re&pectively, accor(ing to the following &yntax)
5o(e &et attri9-te parameter& 321 an( 21) tran&lational (egree of free(om co(e&
5o(e &et attri9-te parameter& 322 an( 22) rotational (egree of free(om co(e&
co(e mo(e& comp-te(
$ CSee note 9elow.D
1 L (egree of free(om only
2 4 (egree of free(om only
% K (egree of free(om only
! L, 4 (egree& of free(om only
" 4, K (egree& of free(om only
0 L, K (egree& of free(om only
7 L, 4, K (egree& of free(om
Setting 9oth no(e &et attri9-te& to Iero i& e;-ivalent to &etting 9oth no(e &et attri9-te& to 7 CL, 4, an(
K for tran&lational an( rotational (egree& of free(omD.
Bf one no(e &et attri9-te i& nonIero Cco(e& 1 to 7D an( the other no(e &et attri9-te i& Iero, then the
Iero attri9-te mean& 5O (egree& of free(om are con&i(ere(. +or example, if 321]2 an( 322]$,
then only the 4#tran&lational (egree of free(om mo(e& are calc-late(.
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`CONTROL_IMPLICIT_STATIC_CONDENSATION `CONTROL
The -&er can create the &-perelement repre&entation of the re(-ce( mo(el 9y &pecifying the S=
O.2SS, S=OSTB++, S=OB5='T an( S=O+BL=52.= fiel(&. Thi& implementation (oe& not incl-(e
S=O32.P. The file, 9y (efa-lt i& written in the 5a&tran 3.B> file format an( can 9e -&e( a& inp-t
to N=L=.=5TO3B'=CTO.2T'BLOB5P8T. The 7eywor( optionOBB52'4 can 9e -&e( to create
a 9inary repre&entation for the &-perelement which can 9e -&e( with N=L=.=5TO3B'=CT
O.2T'BLOB5P8TOBB52'4 to re(-ce the file &iIe.
Static Con(en&ation i& e;-ivalent to -&ing only con&traint mo(e& with NCO5T'OLOB.PLBCBT
O.O3=S.
Static Con(en&ation (oe& have the a9ility to contin-e the analy&i& -&ing the linear repre&entation for
a part &et.
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`CONTROL `CONTROL_IMPLICIT_TERMINATION
P-rpo&e) Specify termination criteria for implicit tran&ient &im-lation&.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 3=LT28 3=LT21 A=TOL B=TOL T=TOL 5ST=P
Type + + + + + B
3efa-lt $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ %

3=LT28
Terminate 9a&e( on relative total (i&placement in the =-cli(ean norm.
>T.$.$) terminate when (i&placement in the =-cli(ean norm for la&t
time &tep relative to the total (i&placement in the =-cli(ean
norm i& le&& than 3=LT28.
3=LT21
Terminate 9a&e( on relative total (i&placement in the max norm.
>T.$.$) terminate when (i&placement in the max norm for la&t time &tep
relative to the total (i&placement in the max norm i& le&& than
3=LT28.
A=TOL
Terminate 9a&e( on 7inetic energy
>T.$.$) terminate when 7inetic energy (rop& 9elow A=TOL for 5ST=P
con&ec-tive implicit time &tep&.
B=TOL
Terminate 9a&e( on internal energy
>T.$.$) terminate when internal energy (rop& 9elow B=TOL for 5ST=P
T=TOL
Terminate 9a&e( on total energy
>T.$.$) terminate when total energy (rop& 9elow T=TOL for 5ST=P
5ST=P
5-m9er of &tep& -&e( in the early termination te&t& for 7inetic, internal, an(
total energy.
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`CONTROL_IMPLICIT_TERMINATION `CONTROL
Remarks:
+or &ome implicit application& it i& -&ef-l to terminate when there i& no change in (i&placement or
low energy. Thi& 7eywor( provi(e& the a9ility to &pecify &-ch a &topping criteria& to terminate the
&im-lation prior to =53TB..
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`CONTROL `CONTROL_MPP
`CONTROL_MPP
P-rpo&e) Set control parameter& for .PP &pecific feat-re&.
`CONTROL_MPP_CONTACT_GROUPABLE
`CONTROL_MPP_DECOMPOSITION_ARRANGE_PARTS
`CONTROL_MPP_DECOMPOSITION_BAGREF
`CONTROL_MPP_DECOMPOSITION_DISABLE_UNREF_CURVES
`CONTROL_MPP_DECOMPOSITION_ELCOST
`CONTROL_MPP_DECOMPOSITION_FILE
`CONTROL_MPP_DECOMPOSITION_PARTSET_DISTRIBUTE
`CONTROL_MPP_DECOMPOSITION_RCBLOG
`CONTROL_MPP_IO_NOBEAMOUT
`CONTROL_MPP_IO_NOFAIL
`CONTROL_MPP_PFILE
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`CONTROL_MPP_CONTACT_GROUPABLE `CONTROL
`CONTROL_MPP_CONTACT_GROUPABLE
P-rpo&e) 2llow for glo9al &pecification that the >'O8P2BL= algorithm &ho-l( 9e ena#
9le(F(i&a9le( for contact& when r-nning .PP.

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le >'P
Type B
3efa-lt none

>'P
The &-m of the&e availa9le option& Cin any com9ination that ma7e& &en&eD)
1) T-rn on >'O8P2BL= for all non#tie( contact&
2) T-rn on >'O8P2BL= for all tie( contact&
!) T-rn off >'O8P2BL= for all non#tie( contact&
/) T-rn off >'O8P2BL= for all tie( contact&
Remarks:
The >'O8P2BL= algorithm i& an alternate .PP comm-nication algorithm for SB5>L=
OS8'+2C=, 5O3=OTOOS8'+2C=, an( S8'+2C=OTOOS8'+2C= contact&. Thi& algorithm
(oe& not &-pport all contact option&, incl-(ing SO+T]2, a& of yet, an( i& &till -n(er (evelopment. Bt
can 9e &ignificantly fa&ter an( &cale 9etter than the normal algorithm when there are more than two
or three applica9le contact type& (efine( in the mo(el. Bt& intent i& to &pee( -p the contact pro#
ce&&ing 9-t not to change the 9ehavior of the contact.
Thi& 7eywor( will overri(e any &etting of the >'P2BL= parameter on the NCO5T2CTO...O.PP
car(, an( i& inten(e( a& a way to ;-ic7ly experiment with thi& feat-re. The e;-ivalent pfile option
i& Ycontact P gro-pa9le >'P QY where >'P i& an integer a& (e&cri9e( a9ove.
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`CONTROL `CONTROL_MPP_DECOMPOSITION_ARRANGE_PARTS
`CONTROL_MPP_DECOMPOSITION_ARRANGE_PARTS
P-rpo&e) 2llow -&er& to (i&tri9-te certain partC&D to all proce&&or& or to i&olate certain partC&D to &in#
gle proce&&or. Thi& 7eywor( allow& m-ltiple entrie& an( each entry will 9e proce&&e( a& a &eparate
region for (ecompo&ition.

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le B3 T4P=
Type B B
3efa-lt none none

B3
Part B3FPart &et B3
T4P=
=S.$) Part B3 to 9e (i&tri9-te( to all proce&&or&
=S.1) Part Set B3 to 9e (i&tri9-te( to all proce&&or&
=S.1$) Part B3 to 9e l-mpe( into one proce&&or
=S.11) Part Set B3 to 9e l-mpe( into one proce&&or.
Remarks:
There i& no e;-ivalent option -n(er pfile.
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`CONTROL_MPP_DECOMPOSITION_AUTOMATIC `CONTROL
P-rpo&e) Bn&tr-ct& the program to apply a &imple he-ri&tic to try to (etermine the proper (ecompo&i#
tion for the &im-lation.
There are no inp-t parameter&. The exi&tence of thi& 7eywor( trigger& the a-tomate( (ecompo&ition.
Thi& option &ho-l( not 9e -&e( if there i& more than one occ-rrence of any of the following option&
in the mo(el)
NB5BTB2LOM=LOCBT4
NCJ25>=OM=LOCBT4
NBO8532'4OP'=SC'BB=3O.OTBO5
2n( the following control car( m-&t not 9e -&e()
NCO5T'OLO.PPO3=CO.POSBTBO5OT'25S+O'.2TBO5
+or the general ca&e, it i& recommen(e( that yo- &pecify the proper (ecompo&ition -&ing the com#
man( NCO5T'OLO.PPO3=CO.POSBTBO5OT'25S+O'.2TBO5 in&tea(.
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`CONTROL `CONTROL_MPP_DECOMPOSITION_BAGREF
`CONTROL_MPP_DECOMPOSITION_BAGREF
P-rpo&e) 8&ing air9ag reference geometry for (ecompo&ition in&tea( the fol(e( geometry
There are no inp-t parameter&. 8&ing initial fol(e( geometry for (ecompo&ition may ca-&e loa( -n#
9alance while the 9ag f-lly (eploye(. Thi& option will allow to (ecompo&e the mo(el in reference
geometry to get 9etter .PP loa( (i&tri9-tion while the 9ag i& f-lly opene(.
Remarks:
Comman( in partition fileCpfileD) B2>'=+
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`CONTROL_MPP_DECOMPOSITION_CHECK_SPEED `CONTROL
P-rpo&e) .o(ifie& the (ecompo&ition (epen(ing on the relative &pee( of the proce&&or& involve(.
There are no inp-t parameter&. The exi&tence of thi& 7eywor( ca-&e& a &hort floating point timing
ro-tine to 9e exec-te( on each proce&&or. The information gathere( i& -&e( (-ring the (ecompo&i#
tion, with fa&ter proce&&or& 9eing given a relatively larger portion of the pro9lem. Thi& option i& not
recommen(e( on homogeneo-& &y&tem&.
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`CONTROL `CONTROL_MPP_DECOMPOSITION_CONTACT_DISTRIBUTE
P-rpo&e) =n&-re& that the in(icate( contact interface& are (i&tri9-te( acro&& all proce&&or&, which
can lea( to 9etter loa( 9alance for large contact interface&.

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le B31 B32 B3% B3! B3"
Type B B B B B

B31
+ir&t contact interface B3 to (i&tri9-te. Bf no contact B3G& are &pecifie(, the
n-m9er given here corre&pon(& to the or(er of the interface& a& they ap#
pear in the inp-t, with the fir&t 9eing 1.
B32, B3%, B3!, B3"
'emaining interface& B3G& to (i&tri9-te.
Remarks:
8p to " contact interface B3G& can 9e &pecifie(. The (ecompo&ition i& mo(ifie( a& follow&) +ir&t, all
the element& involve( in the fir&t contact interface are (ecompo&e( acro&& all the proce&&or&. Then
all the element& involve( in the &econ( contact interface Cexcl-(ing any alrea(y a&&igne( to proce&#
&or&D are (i&tri9-te(, an( &o on. 2fter all the contact interface& given are proce&&e(, the re&t of the
inp-t i& (ecompo&e( in the normal manner. Thi& will re&-lt in each proce&&or having po&&i9ly &ever#
al (i&Hoint portion& of the inp-t a&&igne( to it, which will increa&e comm-nication& &omewhat. Jow#
ever, thi& can 9e off&et 9y improve( loa( 9alance in the contact. Bt i& generally recommen(e( that at
mo&t one or two interface& 9e &pecifie(, an( then only if they are of &-9&tantial &iIe relative to the
whole pro9lem.
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`CONTROL_MPP_DECOMPOSITION_CONTACT_ISOLATE `CONTROL
P-rpo&e) =n&-re& that the in(icate( contact interface& are i&olate( on a &ingle proce&&or, which can
lea( to (ecrea&e( comm-nication.

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le B31 B32 B3% B3! B3"
Type B B B B B

B31
+ir&t contact interface B3 to i&olate. Bf no contact B3G& are &pecifie(, the
n-m9er given here corre&pon(& to the or(er of the interface& a& they ap#
pear in the inp-t, with the fir&t 9eing 1.
B32, B3%, B3!, B3"
'emaining interface& B3G& to i&olate.
Remarks:
8p to " contact interface& can 9e &pecifie(. The (ecompo&ition i& mo(ifie( a& follow&) +ir&t, all the
element& involve( in the fir&t contact interface B3 are a&&igne( to the fir&t proce&&or. Then all the
element& involve( in the &econ( contact interface B3 Cexcl-(ing any alrea(y a&&igne( to proce&&or&D
are a&&igne( to the next proce&&or, an( &o on. 2fter all the contact interface& given are proce&&e(, the
re&t of the inp-t i& (ecompo&e( in the normal manner. Thi& will re&-lt in each of the interface& 9eing
proce&&e( on a &ingle proce&&or. +or &mall contact interface& thi& can re&-lt in 9etter paralleli&m an(
(ecrea&e( comm-nication.
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`CONTROL`CONTROL_MPP_DECOMPOSITION_DISABLE_UNREF_CURVES
`CONTROL_MPP_DECOMPOSITION_DISABLE_UNREF_CURVES
P-rpo&e) 3i&a9le -nreference( time (epen(ent loa( c-rve& for the following 7eywor(&
NBO8532'4OP'=SC'BB=3O.OTBO5O5O3=
NLO23O5O3=
NLO23OSJ=LLO=L=.=5T
NLO23OTJ='.2LOM2'B2BL=O5O3=
after (ecompo&ition from each proce&&or. The (etail information i& reporte( in each proce&&orV&
&cratch X&cr^^^^Y file. Thi& will &7ip the c-rve eval-ation on each cycle an( improve the parallel ef#
ficiency.
Remarks:
Comman( in partition file CpfileD) 385'=+LC
D
R
A
F
T
`CONTROL_MPP_DECOMPOSITION_DISTRIBUTE_ALE `CONTROL
P-rpo&e) =n&-re& 2L= element& are evenly (i&tri9-te( to all proce&&or&
There are no inp-t parameter&. 2L= element& -&-ally have higher comp-tational co&t than other
type of element& an( it i& 9etter to (i&tri9-te them to all CP8 for 9etter loa( 9alance. The exi&tence
of thi& 7eywor( ca-&e& 3452F.PP to extract 2L= part& from inp-t an( then evenly (i&tri9-te( to
all proce&&or&.
Remarks:
Comman( in partition fileCpfileD) 2L=3BST.
D
R
A
F
T
`CONTROL `CONTROL_MPP_DECOMPOSITION_DISTRIBUTE_SPH
12#1/$ CCO5T'OLD LS-DYNA R7.0
P-rpo&e) =n&-re& SPJ element& are evenly (i&tri9-te( to all proce&&or&
There are no inp-t parameter&. SPJ element& -&-ally have higher comp-tational co&t than other
type of element& an( it i& 9etter to (i&tri9-te them to all CP8 for 9etter loa( 9alance. The exi&tence
of thi& 7eywor( ca-&e& 3452F.PP to extract SPJ part& from inp-t an( then evenly (i&tri9-te( to
all proce&&or&.
Remarks:
Comman( in partition file CpfileD) SPJ3BST
D
R
A
F
T
`CONTROL_MPP_DECOMPOSITION_ELCOST `CONTROL
LS-DYNA R7.0 12#1/1 CCO5T'OLD
`CONTROL_MPP_DECOMPOSITION_ELCOST
P-rpo&e) Bn&tr-ct& the program to -&e a har(ware &pecific element co&t weighting for the (ecompo&i#
tion

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le BT4P=
Type B
3efa-lt none

BT4P=
Jar(ware &pecific co&t profile.
=S.1) +-Hit&- PrimePower
=S.2) Bntel B2 0!, 2.3 Opteron
=S.%) Bntel Leon 0!
=S.!) >eneral profile
Remarks:
Comman( in partition fileCpfileD) elco&t itype.
D
R
A
F
T
`CONTROL `CONTROL_MPP_DECOMPOSITION_FILE
12#1/2 CCO5T'OLD LS-DYNA R7.0
`CONTROL_MPP_DECOMPOSITION_FILE
P-rpo&e) 2llow for pre#(ecompo&ition an( a &-9&e;-ent r-n or r-n& witho-t having to (o the (e#
compo&ition.

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 5ame
Type 2/$
3efa-lt none

52.=
5ame of a file containing Cor to containD a (ecompo&ition recor(.
Remarks:
Bf the in(icate( file (oe& not exi&t, it i& create( with a copy of the (ecompo&ition information from
thi& r-n. Bf the file exi&t&, it i& rea( an( the (ecompo&ition &tep& can 9e &7ippe(. The original r-n
that create( the file m-&t 9e for a n-m9er of proce&&or& that i& a m-ltiple of the n-m9er of proce&&or&
c-rrently 9eing -&e(. Th-&, a pro9lem can 9e (ecompo&e( once for, &ay, !/ proce&&or&. S-9&e;-ent
r-n& are then po&&i9le on any n-m9er that (ivi(e& !/) 1, 2, %, !, 0, etc. Since the (ecompo&ition
pha&e generally re;-ire& more memory than exec-tion, thi& allow& large mo(el& to 9e (ecompo&e(
on one &y&tem an( r-n on another Cprovi(e( the &y&tem& have compati9le 9inary format&D. The file
exten&ion X.preY i& a((e( a-tomatically.
D
R
A
F
T
`CONTROL_MPP_DECOMPOSITION_METHOD `CONTROL
LS-DYNA R7.0 12#1/% CCO5T'OLD
P-rpo&e) Specify the (ecompo&ition metho( to -&e.

Car(
Maria9le 5ame
Type 2/$
3efa-lt 'CB

52.=
5ame of the (ecompo&ition metho( to -&e. There are c-rrently two op#
tion&)
'CB ] rec-r&ive coor(inate 9i&ection
>'==34 ] a &imple he-ri&tic metho(
Bn almo&t all ca&e& the 'CB metho( i& &-perior an( &ho-l( 9e -&e(.
D
R
A
F
T
`CONTROL `CONTROL_MPP_DECOMPOSITION_NUMPROC
12#1/! CCO5T'OLD LS-DYNA R7.0
P-rpo&e) Specify the n-m9er of proce&&or& for (ecompo&ition.

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 5
Type B
3efa-lt none

5
5-m9er of proce&&or& for (ecompo&ition.
Remarks:
Thi& i& -&e( in conH-nction with the CO5T'OLO.PPO3=CO.POSBTBO5O+BL= comman( to al#
low for later r-n& on (ifferent n-m9er& of proce&&or&. By (efa-lt, the (ecompo&ition i& performe(
for the n-m9er of proce&&or& c-rrently 9eing -&e(. Jowever, a (ifferent val-e can 9e &pecifie( here.
Bf 5 @ 1 an( only one proce&&or i& c-rrently 9eing -&e(, the (ecompo&ition i& (one an( then the pro#
gram terminate&. Similarly, if 5 i& 5OT a m-ltiple of the c-rrent n-m9er of proce&&or&, the exec-#
tion terminate& after (ecompo&ition. Otherwi&e, the (ecompo&ition i& performe( for 5 proce&&or&,
an( the exec-tion contin-e&.
D
R
A
F
T
`CONTROL_MPP_DECOMPOSITION_OUTDECOMP `CONTROL
LS-DYNA R7.0 12#1/" CCO5T'OLD
P-rpo&e) Bn&tr-ct& the program to o-tp-t elementG& owner&hip (ata to file for po&t#proce&&or to &how
&tate (ata from (ifferent proce&&or&

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le T4P=
Type B
3efa-lt none

BT4P=
1) (ata9a&e in l&#prepo&t format to file (ecompOpart&.l&prepo&t.
2) (ata9a&e in animator format to file (ecompOpart&.&e&
Remarks:
Comman( in partition fileCpfileD) O8T3=CO.P BT4P=.
D
R
A
F
T
`CONTROL `CONTROL_MPP_DECOMPOSITION_PARTS_DISTRIBUTE
P-rpo&e) 3i&tri9-te the part& given in thi& option to all proce&&or& 9efore the (ecompo&ition for the
re&t of the mo(el i& performe(. Only the fir&t occ-rrence of thi& option will 9e activate( an( the re&t
of them will 9e ignore(. The option in pfile ha& higher priority than in 7eywor(.

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /

B31, B32, B3%, ...
Part B3 to 9e (i&tri9-te(. Bf B31,B32,.. ? $, a9&CB31D will 9e -&e( a& part &et
B3. 2ll part& (efine( in thi& car( will 9e treate( a& a &ingle region to 9e (e#
compo&e(.
Remarks:
8p to 10 part&Fpart &et& can 9e &pecifie(. The (ecompo&ition i& mo(ifie( a& follow&) +ir&t, all the
element& involve( in the given part& will 9e treate( a& &eparate (omain from the mo(el an( (i&tri9#
-te( to all proce&&or& evenly 9a&e( on their comp-tational co&t. Then the remain(er of the mo(el
will 9e (i&tri9-te(.
Comman( in partition fileCpfileD) P2'TLBST B31,B32,B3%,....
Part &et i& not &-pporte( -n(er pfile option
D
R
A
F
T
`CONTROL_MPP_DECOMPOSITION_PARTSET_DISTRIBUTE `CONTROL
`CONTROL_MPP_DECOMPOSITION_PARTSET_DISTRIBUTE
P-rpo&e) 3i&tri9-te the part&et& given in thi& option to all proce&&or& 9efore the (ecompo&ition for
the remain(er of the mo(el i& performe(.

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /

B31, B32, B3%, ...
Part&et B3 to 9e (i&tri9-te(.. 2ll part& in B31 will 9e &hare( acro&& all pro#
ce&&or&. Then all part& in B32 will 9e (i&tri9-te(, an( &o on..
Remarks:
2ny n-m9er of part&et& can 9e &pecifie(. =ach part&et i& (i&tri9-te( acro&& all proce&&or&, in the or#
(er given. The or(er may 9e &ignificant, in partic-lar if a part B3 i& in more than one &et. 3i&tri9-#
tion of the&e part& i& (one 9efore any (ecompo&ition &pecification& given in the pfile.
D
R
A
F
T
`CONTROL `CONTROL_MPP_DECOMPOSITION_RCBLOG
12#1// CCO5T'OLD LS-DYNA R7.0
`CONTROL_MPP_DECOMPOSITION_RCBLOG
P-rpo&e) Ca-&e& the program to recor( (ecompo&ition information in the in(icate( file, for -&e in
&-9&e;-ent analy&e&.

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le +BL=52.=
Type Character
3efa-lt none

+BL=52.= 5ame of o-tp-t file where (ecompo&ition hi&tory will 9e recor(e(. Thi&
file can 9e -&e( a& the pfile for later analy&e&.
Remarks:
Comman( in parallel option fileCpfileD) rc9log filename.
D
R
A
F
T
`CONTROL_MPP_DECOMPOSITION_SCALE_CONTACT_COST `CONTROL
LS-DYNA R7.0 12#1/ CCO5T'OLD
P-rpo&e) Bn&tr-ct& the program to apply a &cale factor to the li&t of contact& to change the partition
weight for the (ecompo&ition.

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le S+ B31 B32 B3% B3! B3" B30 B37
Type + B B B B B B B

S+
Scale factor for the contact &egment& li&te( in the interface B3.
B31, B32,...
interface& B3G& to 9e con&i(ere( for &caling. Bncl-(e &econ( car( if nece&#
&ary.
Remarks:
8p to 1" contact interface& B3 can 9e &pecifie(. The (ecompo&ition i& mo(ifie( 9y applying thi&
&cale factor to the (efa-lt comp-tational co&t of element& for the given contact interface B3.
Comman( in partition fileCpfileD) CTCOST B31,B32,...,S+
D
R
A
F
T
`CONTROL `CONTROL_MPP_DECOMPOSITION_SCALE_FACTOR_SPH
P-rpo&e) Bn&tr-ct& the program to apply a &cale factor to SPJ element& to change the partition
weight for the (ecompo&ition.

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le S+
Type +
3efa-lt none

S+ Scale factor
Remarks:
Comman( in partition fileCpfileD) SPJS+ S+.
D
R
A
F
T
`CONTROL_MPP_DECOMPOSITION_SHOW `CONTROL
P-rpo&e) 2llow& (i&play of the final (ecompo&ition. There are no inp-t parameter&. The exi&tence
of thi& 7eywor( ca-&e& the (%plot file to 9e mo(ifie( &o that all element& 9elonging to the fir&t pro#
ce&&or have material type 1, tho&e on the &econ( proce&&or type 2, an( &o on. =xec-tion terminate&
imme(iately after the (ecompo&ition pha&e, an( no &im-lation i& performe(. Thi& can 9e -&e( in
conH-nction with the CO5T'OLO.PPO3=CO.POSBTBO5O58.P'OC comman( to r-n on 1
proce&&or an( pro(-ce a (%plot file to vi&-aliIe the re&-lting (ecompo&ition.
D
R
A
F
T
`CONTROL `CONTROL_MPP_DECOMPOSITION_TRANSFORMATION
P-rpo&e) Specifie& tran&formation& to apply to mo(ify the (ecompo&ition.
There are 1$ (ifferent tran&formation& that can 9e applie(. The inp-t i& (e&cri9e( here. +or a (e#
taile( (e&cription of each (ecompo&ition tran&formation, &ee the (e&cription in the 2ppen(ix for the
ZpfileZ.
2ny n-m9er of tran&formation& can appear with no nee( for f-rther NCO5T'OL car(& W all non#
comment car(& -p the next control car( are expecte( to 9e (ecompo&ition tran&formation&.

The first 6 transformations each take one parameter:
Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le T4P= M2L
Type 21$ +
3efa-lt none $.$

T4P=
,hich tran&formation to apply. The po&&i9le val-e& are) 'L, '4, 'K, SL,
S4, SK
M2L
The amo-nt of &calingFrotation to apply.

The remaining 4 transformations each take 9 parameters:
Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le T4P= M1 M2 M% M! M" M0
Type 21$ + + + + + +
3efa-lt none $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$

D
R
A
F
T
`CONTROL_MPP_DECOMPOSITION_TRANSFORMATION `CONTROL
Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le M7 M/ M
Type + + +
3efa-lt $.$ $.$ $.$

T4P=
,hich tran&formation to apply. The po&&i9le val-e& are) M=C%, C2', S2',
.2T
M1#M
Parameter& to the tran&formation.
D
R
A
F
T
`CONTROL `CONTROL_MPP_IO_LSTC_REDUCE
P-rpo&e) 8&e LSTCG& own re(-ce ro-tine to get con&i&tent &-mmation of floating point (ata among
proce&&or&. There are no inp-t parameter&.
Remarks:
Comman( in partition file CpfileD) l&tcOre(-ce
D
R
A
F
T
`CONTROL_MPP_IO_NOBEAMOUT `CONTROL
`CONTROL_MPP_IO_NOBEAMOUT
P-rpo&e) S-ppre&& 9eam, &hell, an( &oli( element fail-re me&&age& in the (%h&p an( me&&age file&.
There are no parameter& for thi& 7eywor(.
Remarks:
Comman( in parallel option file CpfileD) no9eamo-t
D
R
A
F
T
`CONTROL `CONTROL_MPP_IO_NOD3DUMP
P-rpo&e) S-ppre&&e& the o-tp-t of all (-mp file&.
There are no inp-t parameter&. The exi&tence of thi& 7eywor( ca-&e& the (%(-mp an( r-nr&f file
o-tp-t ro-tine& to 9e &7ippe(.
D
R
A
F
T
`CONTROL_MPP_IO_NODUMP `CONTROL
P-rpo&e) S-ppre&&e& the o-tp-t of all (-mp file& an( f-ll (ec7 re&tart file&.
There are no inp-t parameter&. The exi&tence of thi& 7eywor( ca-&e& the (%(-mp an( r-nr&f file
o-tp-t ro-tine& to 9e &7ippe(. Bt al&o &-ppre&&e& o-tp-t of the f-ll (ec7 re&tart file (%f-ll.
D
R
A
F
T
`CONTROL `CONTROL_MPP_IO_NOFAIL
`CONTROL_MPP_IO_NOFAIL
P-rpo&e) T-rn off faile( element chec7ing in .PP contact. Bf yo- 7now that no element& will fail,
or that any &-ch fail-re will not impact any of the contact calc-lation&, t-rning on thi& option can in#
crea&e the efficiency of the contact ro-tine&.
There are no inp-t parameter&
D
R
A
F
T
`CONTROL_MPP_IO_NOFULL `CONTROL
P-rpo&e) S-ppre&&e& the o-tp-t of the f-ll (ec7 re&tart file&.
There are no inp-t parameter&. The exi&tence of thi& 7eywor( &-ppre&&e& the o-tp-t of the f-ll (ec7
re&tart file X(%f-llY.
D
R
A
F
T
`CONTROL `CONTROL_MPP_IO_SWAPBYTES
12#2$$ CCO5T'OLD LS-DYNA R7.0
P-rpo&e) Swap 9yte& on &ome of the o-tp-t file&.
There are no inp-t parameter&. The exi&tence of thi& 7eywor( ca-&e& the (%plot file an( the Xinter#
face component analy&i&Y file to 9e o-tp-t with 9yte& &wappe(. Thi& i& to allow f-rther proce&&ing
of (ata on a (ifferent machine that ha& 9ig en(ian v&. little en(ian incompati9ilitie& compare( to the
&y&tem on which the analy&i& i& r-nning.
D
R
A
F
T
`CONTROL_MPP_IO_SWAPBYTES `CONTROL
`CONTROL_MPP_PFILE
P-rpo&e) Provi(e 7eywor( &-pport for the .PP p] pfile option&

2ll line& of inp-t -p to the next 7eywor( car( will 9e copie( to a temporary file which i& effective#
ly pre#pen(e( to the Xp]Y file given on the comman( line Ceven if no &-ch file i& givenD. Thi& al#
low& all option& availa9le via the Xp]Y file to 9e &pecifie( in the 7eywor( inp-t. The only re#
&triction i& that pfile (irective& in the X(irectoryY &ection are not availa9le, a& tho&e m-&t 9e pro#
ce&&e( 9efore the 7eywor( inp-t file i& rea(. See the XLS#3452 .PP 8&er >-i(eY in the appen#
(ix for (etail& of the availa9le pfile comman(& an( their &yntax.
D
R
A
F
T
`CONTROL `CONTROL_NONLOCAL
`CONTROL_NONLOCAL
P-rpo&e) 2llocate a((itional memory for N.2TO5O5LOC2L option.

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le .=.
Type B
3efa-lt none

.=.
Percentage increa&e of memory allocate( for .2TO5O5LOC2L option
over that re;-ire( initially. Thi& i& for a((itional &torage that may 9e re#
;-ire( (-e to geometry change& a& the calc-lation procee(&. >enerally, a
val-e of 1$ &ho-l( 9e &-fficient.
D
R
A
F
T
`CONTROL_OUTPUT `CONTROL
LS-DYNA R7.0 12#2$% CCO5T'OLD
`CONTROL_OUTPUT
P-rpo&e) Set mi&cellaneo-& o-tp-t parameter&. Thi& 7eywor( (oe& not control the information, &-ch
a& the &tre&& an( &train ten&or&, which i& written into the 9inary (ata9a&e&. +or the latter, &ee the
7eywor( N32T2B2S=O=LT=5TOBB52'4.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 5POPT 5==CJO 5'=+8P B2CCOP OPB+S BP5B5T BA=3BT B+L8SJ
Type B B B B + B B B
3efa-lt $ $ $ $ $. $ 1$$ "$$$

Optional Card 2
Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le BP'T+ B='O3= T=T1$ .S>.2L BPC8'M >.3T BP13BLT =OCS
Type B B B B B + B B
3efa-lt $ $ 2 "$ $ $. $ $

Optional Card 3
Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le TOL=M 5=,L=> +'+'=S .B5+O
Type B B B B
3efa-lt 2 $ 1 $

5POPT
Print &-ppre&&ion (-ring inp-t pha&e flag for the X(%h&pY file)
=S.$) no &-ppre&&ion,
=S.1) no(al coor(inate&, element connectivitie&, rigi( wall (efinition&,
no(al SPC&, an( initial velocitie& are not printe(.
D
R
A
F
T
`CONTROL `CONTROL_OUTPUT
12#2$! CCO5T'OLD LS-DYNA R7.0
5==CJO
Print &-ppre&&ion (-ring inp-t pha&e flag for echo file)
=S.$) all (ata printe(,
=S.1) no(al printing i& &-ppre&&e(,
=S.2) element printing i& &-ppre&&e(,
=S.%) 9oth no(e an( element printing i& &-ppre&&e(.
5'=+8P
+lag to -p(ate reference no(e coor(inate& for 9eam form-lation& 1, 2, an(
11. Thi& option re;-ire& that each reference no(e i& -ni;-e to the 9eam)
=S.$) 3o not -p(ate reference no(e.
=S.1) 8p(ate reference no(e. Thi& -p(ate i& re;-ire( for proper vi&-al#
iIation of the 9eam cro&&#&ection orientation in LS#PrePo&t 9e#
yon( the initial Ct]$D plot &tate. 5'=+8P (oe& not affect the in#
ternal -p(ating of the 9eam cro&&#&ection orientation in LS#
3452.
B2CCOP
+lag to average or filter no(al acceleration& o-tp-t to file Xno(o-tY an( the
time hi&tory (ata9a&e X(%th(tY)
=S.$) no average C(efa-ltD,
=S.1) average( 9etween o-tp-t interval&,
=S.2) acceleration& for each time &tep are &tore( internally an( then fil#
tere( over each o-tp-t interval -&ing a filter from >eneral .otor&
TSala, 5eal, an( ,ang, 2$$!U 9a&e( on a low#pa&& B-tterworth
fre;-ency filter. See al&o T5eal, Lin, an( ,ang, 2$$!U. 3T2.S
in NCO5T'OLOTB.=ST=P m-&t 9e &et to a negative val-e
when B2CCOP]2 &o that the maxim-m po&&i9le n-m9er of time
&tep& for an o-tp-t interval i& 7nown an( a(e;-ate memory can
9e allocate(. See +ig-re 12.1".
OPB+S
O-tp-t time interval for interface file written per NB5T='+2C=
OCO.PO5=5TOoption.
BP5B5T
+lag controlling o-tp-t of initial time &tep &iIe& for element& to (%h&p)
=S.$) 1$$ element& with the &malle&t time &tep &iIe& are printe(.
=S.1) Time &tep &iIe& for all element& are printe(.
>T.1) BP5B5T element& with the &malle&t time &tep &iIe& are printe(.
BA=3BT
Pro9lem &tat-& report interval &tep& to the X(%h&pY file. Thi& flag i& ignore(
if the Xgl&tatY file i& written, &ee N32T2B2S=O>LST2T.
D
R
A
F
T
LS-DYNA R7.0 12#2$" CCO5T'OLD
B+L8SJ
5-m9er of time &tep& interval for fl-&hing BFO 9-ffer&. The (efa-lt val-e i&
"$$$. Bf the BFO 9-ffer& are not emptie( an( an a9normal termination oc#
c-r&, the o-tp-t file& can 9e incomplete. The BFO 9-ffer& for re&tart file& are
emptie( a-tomatically whenever a re&tart file i& written &o the&e file& are
not affecte( 9y thi& option.
BP'T+
3efa-lt print flag for Xr9(o-tY an( Xmat&-mY file&. Thi& flag (efine& the
(efa-lt val-e for the print flag which can 9e (efine( in the part (efinition
&ection, &ee NP2'T. Thi& option i& meant to re(-ce the file &iIe& 9y elimi#
nating (ata which i& not of intere&t.
=S.$) write part (ata into 9oth mat&-m an( r9(o-t
=S.1) write (ata into r9(o-t file only
=S.2) write (ata into mat&-m file only
=S.%) (o not write (ata into r9(o-t an( mat&-m
B='O3=
O-tp-t ero(e( internal an( 7inetic energy into the Xmat&-mY file. 2l&o,
o-tp-t to the Xmat&-mY file -n(er the hea(ing of part B3 $ i& the 7inetic
energy from non&tr-ct-ral ma&&, l-mpe( ma&& element& an( l-mpe( inertia
element&.
=S.$) (o not o-tp-t extra (ata
=S.1) o-tp-t the ero(e( internal an( 7inetic energy
T=T1$
O-tp-t ten connectivity no(e& into X(%plotY (ata9a&e. The c-rrent (efa-lt
i& &et to 2 &ince thi& change in the (ata9a&e may ma7e the (ata -nrea(a9le
for many pop-lar po&t#proce&&or& an( ol(er ver&ion& of L&#prepo&t. The
(efa-lt will change to 1 later.
=S.1) write the f-ll ten no(e connectivity into the X(%plotY (ata9a&e
=S.2) write the fo-r corner no(e& of the ten no(e connectivity into the
X(%plotY (ata9a&e
.S>.2L
.axim-m n-m9er of each errorFwarning me&&age
BPC8'M
+lag to o-tp-t (igitiIe( c-rve (ata to me&&ag an( (%h&p file&.
=S.$) off
=S.1) on
>.3T
O-tp-t interval for recor(e( motion& from NB5T='+2C=OSSBO28L
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`CONTROL `CONTROL_OUTPUT
BP13BLT
O-tp-t information of 13 C9ar#typeD &eat9elt create( for 23 C&hell#typeD
&eat9elt to &9to-t.
=S.$) the analy&i& re&-lt& of internally create( 13 &eat9elt& are extracte(
an( proce&&e( to yiel( the 23 9elt information. The 23 9elt in#
formation i& &tore( in &9to-t,
=S.1) the analy&i& re&-lt& of internally create( 13 retractor& an( &liring&
are &tore( in &9to-t. Belt loa( can 9e yiel(e( 9y N32T2B2S=
OC'OSSOS=CTBO5.
=OCS
=lo-t Coor(inate Sy&tem) control& the coor(inate &y&tem to 9e -&e( when
writing o-t &hell (ata to the elo-t file)
=S.$) (efa-lt
=S.1) local element coor(inate &y&tem
=S.2) glo9al coor(inate &y&tem
TOL=M
Timing O-tp-t Level&) control& the ^ of level& o-tp-t in the timing &-m#
mary at termination. The (efa-lt i& 2.
5=,L=>
5ew Legen(&) control& the format of the L=>=53 &ection of vario-& a&cii
o-tp-t file&.
=S.$) -&e the normal format
=S.1) -&e the optional format with extra fiel(&.
+'+'=S
O-tp-t fre;-ency for faile( element report, in cycle&. The (efa-lt i& to re#
port the &-mmary every cycle on which an element fail&. Bf @ 1, the &-m#
mary will 9e reporte( every +'+'=S cycle& whether an element fail& that
cycle or not, provi(e( &ome element ha& faile( &ince the la&t &-mmary re#
port. Bn(ivi(-al element fail-re i& &till reporte( a& it occ-r&.
.B5+O
O-tp-t penetration information for mortar contact after each implicit &tep,
not applica9le in explicit analy&i&. See remar7& on mortar contact on
NCO5T2CT car(.
=S.$) 5o information
=S.1) Penetration& reporte( for each contact interface
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+ig-re 12#"1. 5o(al 2cceleration +ilter for B2COOP]2
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`CONTROL `CONTROL_PARALLEL
12#2$/ CCO5T'OLD LS-DYNA R7.0
`CONTROL_PARALLEL
P-rpo&e) Control parallel proce&&ing -&age 9y (efining the n-m9er of proce&&or& an( invo7ing the
optional con&i&tency of the glo9al vector a&&em9ly. Thi& comman( applie& only to &hare( memory
parallel CS.PD LS#3452. Bt (oe& not apply to (i&tri9-te( memory parallel C.PPD LS#3452.

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 5CP8 58.'JS CO5ST P2'2
Type B B B B
3efa-lt 1 $ 2 $
'emar7& 1 2 %

5CP8
5-m9er of cp-& -&e(.
CThi& parameter i& (i&a9le( in 71 '". Set n-m9er of cp-& -&ing Xncp-]Y
on the exec-tion line C&ee =xec-tion Syntax &ection of >etting Starte(D or
on the NA=4,O'3 line of the inp-t.D
58.'JS
5-m9er of right#han( &i(e& allocate( in memory)
=S.$) &ame a& 5CP8, alway& recommen(e(,
=S.1) allocate only one.
CO5ST
Con&i&tency flag. CBncl-(ing Xncp-]nY on the exec-tion line or on the
NA=4,O'3 line of inp-t overri(e& CO5ST. The alge9raic &ign of n (e#
termine& the con&i&tency &etting.D
=S.1) on Crecommen(e(D
=S.2) off, for a fa&ter &ol-tion C(efa-ltD.
P2'2
+lag for parallel force a&&em9ly if CO5ST]1. CBncl-(ing Xpara]Y on the
exec-tion line overri(e& P2'2.D
=S.$) off
=S.1) on
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`CONTROL_PARALLEL `CONTROL
LS-DYNA R7.0 12#2$ CCO5T'OLD
Remarks:
1. Bt i& recommen(e( to alway& &et 58.'JS]5CP8 &ince great improvement& in the parallel
performance are o9taine( &ince the force a&&em9ly i& then (one in parallel. Setting 58.#
'JS to one re(-ce& &torage 9y one right han( &i(e vector for each a((itional proce&&or after
the fir&t. Bf the con&i&tency flag i& active, i.e., CO5ST]1, 58.'JS (efa-lt& to -nity.
2. +or any given pro9lem with the con&i&tency option off, i.e., CO5ST]2, &light (ifference& in
re&-lt& are &een when r-nning the &ame Ho9 m-ltiple time& with the &ame n-m9er of proce&#
&or& an( al&o when varying the n-m9er of proce&&or&. Compari&on& of no(al acceleration&
often &how wi(e (i&crepancie&E however, it i& worth noting that the re&-lt& of accelerometer&
often &how in&ignificant variation& (-e to the &moothing effect of the accelerometer& which
are generally attache( to no(al rigi( 9o(ie&. The acc-racy i&&-e& are not new an( are inher#
ent in n-merical &im-lation& of a-tomotive cra&h an( impact pro9lem& where &tr-ct-ral 9i#
f-rcation& -n(er compre&&ive loa(& are common. Thi& pro9lem can 9e ea&ily (emon&trate(
9y -&ing a perfectly &;-are thin#walle( t-9-lar 9eam of -niform cro&& &ection -n(er a com#
pre&&ive loa(. Typically, every r-n on one proce&&or that incl-(e& a minor inp-t change Ci.e.,
element or ho-rgla&& form-lationD will pro(-ce& (ramatically (ifferent re&-lt& in term& of the
final &hape, an(, li7ewi&e, if the &ame pro9lem i& again r-n on a (ifferent 9ran( of comp-ter.
Bf the &ame pro9lem i& r-n on m-ltiple proce&&or& the re&-lt& can vary (ramatically from r-n
to r-n ,BTJ 5O B5P8T CJ25>=. The pro9lem here i& (-e to the ran(omne&& of n-meri#
cal ro-n(#off which act& a& a trigger in a XperfectY 9eam. Since &-mmation& with
CCO5ST]2D occ-r in a (ifferent or(er from r-n to r-n, the ro-n(#off i& al&o ran(om. The
con&i&tency flag, CO5ST]1, provi(e& for i(entical re&-lt& Cor nearly &oD whether one, two,
or more proce&&or& are -&e( while r-nning in the &hare( memory parallel CS.PD mo(e. Thi&
i& (one 9y re;-iring that all contri9-tion& to glo9al vector& 9e &-mme( in a preci&e or(er in#
(epen(ently of the n-m9er of proce&&or& -&e(. ,hen chec7ing for con&i&tent re&-lt&, no(al
(i&placement& or element &tre&&e& &ho-l( 9e compare(. The 5O3O8T an( =LO8T file&
&ho-l( 9e (igit to (igit i(entical. Jowever, the >LST2T, S=C+O'C, an( many of the oth#
er 2SCBB file& will not 9e i(entical &ince the ;-antitie& in the&e file& are &-mme( in parallel
for efficiency rea&on& an( the or(ering of &-mmation operation& are not enforce(. The 9ig#
ge&t (raw9ac7 of thi& option i& the CP8 co&t penalty which i& at lea&t 1" percent if P2'2]$
an( i& m-ch le&& if P2'2]1 an( 2 or more proce&&or& are -&e(. 8nle&& the P2'2 flag i& on
Cfor non#vector proce&&or&D, parallel &caling i& a(ver&ely affecte(. The con&i&tency flag
(oe& not apply to .PP parallel.
%. The P2'2 flag will ca-&e the force a&&em9ly for the con&i&tency option to 9e performe( in
parallel for the &hare( memory parallel option. Better &caling will 9e o9taine( with the con#
&i&tency option, 9-t with more memory -&age. Jowever, the &ingle proce&&ing &pee( i&
&lightly (imini&he(. The logic for paralleliIation cannot 9e efficiently vectoriIe( an( i& not
recommen(e( for vector comp-ter& &ince it will (egra(e CP8 performance. Thi& option
(oe& not apply to .PP parallel. Bf P2'2]CO5ST]$ an( 58.'JS]5CP8 the force a&#
&em9ly 9y (efa-lt i& (one in parallel.
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`CONTROL `CONTROL_PORE_FLUID
`CONTROL_PORE_FLUID
P-rpo&e) Set parameter& for pore water pre&&-re calc-lation&.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 2T4P= C9lan7D ,T2BL= P+O'JO >'2M P+OB8LA O8TP8T T.+
Type B + + + + + B +
3efa-lt $ $.$ $.$ CnoneD CnoneD CnoneD $ 1.$

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le T2'> +.B5 +.2L +TB=3 CO5M CO5.2L =T='. TJ='.
Type + + + + + + + +
3efa-lt $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ 1.=#! 1.=2$ $.$ $.$

Card 3 is optional
Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le =T+L2>
Type B
3efa-lt $

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`CONTROL_PORE_FLUID `CONTROL
2T4P=
2naly&i& type for pore water pre&&-re calc-lation&)
=S.$) 5o pore water pre&&-re calc-lation.
=S.1) 8n(raine( analy&i&,
=S.2) 3raine( analy&i&,
=S.%) Time (epen(ent con&oli(ation Cco-ple(D,
=S.!) Con&oli(ate to &tea(y &tate C-nco-ple(D,
=S.") 3raine( in (ynamic relaxation, -n(raine( in tran&ient,
=S.0) 2& ! 9-t (o not chec7 convergence, contin-e to en( time.
,T2BL=
3efa-lt I#coor(inate of water ta9le Cwhere pore pre&&-re i& IeroD.
P+O'JO
3efa-lt (en&ity for pore water.
>'2M
>ravitational acceleration -&e( to calc-late hy(ro&tatic pore water pre&&-re.
P+OB8LA
3efa-lt 9-l7 mo(-l-& of pore fl-i( C&tre&& -nit&D.
O8TP8T
O-tp-t flag controlling &tre&&e& to 3%PLOT an( 3%TJ3T 9inary file&)
=S.$) total &tre&&e& are o-tp-t
=S.1) effective &tre&&e& are o-tp-t, &ee note&
T.+
Bnitial Time .agnification factor on &eepage C2T4P=]%,! onlyD.
>T.$) +actor Ccan 9e -&e( with a-tomatic control, &ee T2'>, +.B5,
+.2LD.
LT.$) Loa( C-rve B3 C&ee N3=+B5=OC8'M=D giving Time .agnifica#
tion +actor ver&-& analy&i& time.
T2'>
Target for maxim-m change of exce&& pore pre&&-re at any no(e, per
time&tep. Bf the act-al change fall& 9elow the target, the time factor on the
&eepage calc-lation will 9e increa&e( C&ee note&D. Bf Iero, the con&tant val-e
of T.+ i& -&e(. Bf non#Iero, T.+ i& ta7en a& the initial factor.
+.B5
.inim-m time factor on &eepage calc-lation
+.2L
.axim-m time factor on &eepage calc-lation
+TB=3
2naly&i& type for pore water pre&&-re calc-lation&)
=S.$.$) Tie( contact& act a& impermea9le mem9rane&,
=S.1.$) +l-i( may flow freely thro-gh tie( contact&.
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CO5M
Convergence tolerance for 2T4P=]! W maxim-m hea( change per
time&tep at any no(e Clength -nit&D
CO5.2L
.axim-m factor on permea9ility with 2T4P=]#!
=T='.
=vent time termination C2T4P=]%D
TJ='.
Thermal expan&ion) Mol-metric &train per (egree increa&e for -n(raine(
&oil.
=T+L2>
+lag for interpretation of time etc C&ee note&D)
=S.$) Time mean& analy&i& time,
=S.1) Time mean& event time.
Remarks:
>eneral LS#3452 -&e& TerIaghiV& concept of =ffective Stre&& to &im-late materi#
al& with pore pre&&-re. The pore fl-i( an( &oil &7eleton are a&&-me( to oc#
c-py the &ame vol-me an( to carry loa(& in parallel. Th-& the total &tre&& in
an element i& the &-m of the Xeffective &tre&&Y in the &oil &7eleton, pl-& the
hy(ro&tatic &tre&& in the pore fl-i(. The Xeffective &tre&&Y i& (etermine( 9y
the LS#3452 material mo(el in the normal way W the pore fl-i( treatment
i& in(epen(ent of material mo(el. The pore pre&&-re i& calc-late( at no(e&,
an( interpolate( onto the element&. The pore fl-i( hy(ro&tatic &tre&& i& then
the negative of the element pore pre&&-re.
The (e&cription here relate& to analy&i& of &oil&, which i& the main inten(e(
application, 9-t other material& containing pore fl-i( co-l( 9e treate( 9y
the &ame metho(&.
The pore pre&&-re capa9ilitie& are availa9le in S.P an( .PP ver&ion& of
LS#3452 Cexplicit &ol-tion metho(D 9-t are not availa9le for implicit &o#
l-tion&.
Pre&&-re hea( Pre&&-re hea( Clength -nit&D ] pre&&-reFg where ]pore fl-i( (en&ity CP+
O'JOD an( g i& the acceleration (-e to gravity C>'2MD.
2naly&i& Type& X8n(raine(Y) the pore fl-i( i& trappe( within the material. Mol-me change&
re&-lt in pore pre&&-re change&. Thi& approximation i& -&e( to &im-late the
effect of rapi(ly#applie( loa(& on relatively impermea9le &oil.
X3raine(Y) the pore fl-i( i& free to move within the material &-ch that the
-&er#(efine( pre&&-re#ver&-&#I#coor(inate relation&hip i& alway& main#
taine(. Thi& approximation i& -&e( to mo(el high#permea9ility &oil&.
XTime#(epen(ent con&oli(ationY) pre&&-re gra(ient& ca-&e pore fl-i( to
flow thro-gh the material accor(ing to 3arcyV& law)
v ] %.gra(Cp[ID
where v ] fl-i( velocity vector, %]permea9ility, p]pre&&-re hea(, I]I#
coor(inate.
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`CONTROL_PORE_FLUID `CONTROL
5ett inflow or o-tflow at a no(e lea(& to a theoretical vol-me gain or lo&&.
The analy&i& i& co-ple(, i.e. any (ifference 9etween act-al an( theoretical
vol-me lea(& to pore pre&&-re change, which in t-rn affect& the fl-i( flow.
The re&-lt i& a pre(iction of re&pon&e#ver&-&#time.
XStea(y#&tate con&oli(ationY) iterative calc-lation to achieve &tea(y#&tate
pore pre&&-re. The analy&i& i& -nco-ple(, i.e. only the final &tate i& mean#
ingf-l, not the re&pon&e#ver&-&#time.
Time factoring Con&oli(ation occ-r& over time interval& of (ay&, wee7& or month&. To
&im-late thi& proce&& -&ing explicit time integration, a time factor i& -&e(.
The permea9ility of the &oil i& increa&e( 9y the time factor &o that con&oli#
(ation occ-r& more ;-ic7ly. The o-tp-t time& in the 3%PLOT an(
3%TJ3T file& are mo(ifie( to reflect the time factor. The factore( time
CX=vent TimeYD i& inten(e( to repre&ent the time ta7en in the real#life con#
&oli(ation proce&& an( will -&-ally 9e m-ch larger than the analy&i& time
Cthe analy&i& time i& the &-m of the LS#3452 time&tep&D. The time factor
may 9e cho&en explicitly C-&ing T.+D 9-t it i& recommen(e( to -&e a-to#
matic factoring in&tea(. The a-tomatic &cheme a(H-&t& the time factor ac#
cor(ing to how ;-ic7ly the pore pre&&-re i& changingE -&-ally at the &tart of
con&oli(ation the pore pre&&-re change& ;-ic7ly an( the time factor i& lowE
the time factor increa&e& gra(-ally a& the rate of pore pre&&-re change re#
(-ce&. 2-tomatic time factoring i& inp-t 9y &etting T2'> Cthe target pore
pre&&-re hea( change per time&tepD an( maxim-m an( minim-m allowa9le
time factor&, for example T2'> ] $.$$1 to $.$1m hea(, +.B5 ] 1.$,
+.2L ] 1.$e0. Optim-m &etting& for the&e are mo(el#(epen(ent.
Loa(ing, other inp-t (ata from loa(c-rve&, an( o-tp-t time#interval& on
N32T2B2S= car(& 9y (efa-lt -&e the analy&i& time Cfor example, the x#
axi& of a loa(c-rve -&e( for pre&&-re loa(ing i& analy&i& timeD. ,hen per#
forming con&oli(ation with a-tomatic time#factoring, the relation&hip 9e#
tween analy&i& time an( event time i& -npre(icta9le. Termination 9a&e( on
event time may 9e inp-t -&ing =T='..
Bt may al&o 9e (e&ire( to apply loa(& a& f-nction& of event time rather than
analy&i& time, &ince the event time i& repre&entative of the real#life proce&&.
By &etting =T+L2>]2, the time axi& of all loa(c-rve& -&e( for any type of
inp-t#ver&-&#time, an( o-tp-t interval& on N32T2B2S= car(&, will 9e in#
terprete( a& event time. Thi& metho( al&o allow& con&oli(ation to 9e -&e(
a& part of a &tage( con&tr-ction &e;-ence W when =T+L2>]2, the &tage&
9egin an( en( at the Xreal timeY &tage limit& an( inp-t c-rve& of pore pre&#
&-re analy&i& type#v&#time may 9e -&e( to enforce, for example, con&oli(a#
tion in &ome &tage&, an( -n(raine( 9ehavio-r in other&.
Tie( Contact& By (efa-lt, the me&h (i&contin-ity at a tie( contact will act a& a 9arrier to
fl-i( flow. Bf the flag +TB=3 i& &et to 1, then pore fl-i( will 9e tran&mitte(
acro&& tie( no(e& in tie( contact& CNCO5T2CTOTB=3OS8'+2C=OTO
OS8'+2C= an( NCO5T2CTOTB=3O5O3=SOTOOS8'+2C=, incl-(ing
OO++S=T an( non#OO++S=T type&D. Thi& algorithm ha& an effect only
when the analy&i& type of at lea&t one of the contacting part& i& %, ! or 0.
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TJ='. 5ote that thi& property i& for MOL8.=T'BC &train increa&e. Typical ther#
mal expan&ion coefficient& are linearE the vol-metric expan&ion will 9e
three time& the linear thermal expan&ion coefficient. 'eg-lar thermal ex#
pan&ion coefficient& Ce.g. on N.2T or N.2TO233OTJ='.2L
O=LP25SBO5D apply to the &oil &7eleton an( to (raine( part&. Pore pre&#
&-re can 9e generate( (-e to the (ifference of expan&ion coefficient& of the
&oil &7eleton an( pore fl-i(.
Part 2&&ociativity Pore pre&&-re i& a no(al varia9le, 9-t analy&i& type an( other pore pre&&-re
relate( inp-t& are propertie& of part&. ,hen a no(e i& &hare( 9y element& of
(ifferent part&, an( tho&e part& have (ifferent pore pre&&-re inp-t&, the fol#
lowing r-le& are followe( to (etermine which partV& propertie& &ho-l( 9e
applie( to the no(e.
# 3ry part& Ci.e. part& witho-t a NBO8532'4OPO'=O+L8B3 car(D
will never 9e -&e( Clowe&t priorityD.
# Bf a part i& initially (ormant C(-e to &tage( con&tr-ction inp-t&D, it ha&
next#lowe&t priority
# Part& with analy&i& type ] (raine( have highe&t priority.
# 5ext, higher permea9ility give& higher priority
# Bf two or more part& have e;-al#highe&t priority at a no(e, the part with
lowe&t B3 will win.
See al&o) NBO8532'4OPO'=O+L8B3 Ce&&ential # witho-t thi& car(, no part& will
have pore fl-i(D
NBO8532'4OP,POoption
N32T2B2S=OP,POO8TP8T
N32T2B2S=OP,PO+LO,
N.2TO233OP='.=2BBLBT4
O-tp-t) =xtra varia9le& for &oli( element& are a-tomatically written to the (%plot
an( (%th(t file& when the mo(el contain& NCO5T'OLOPO'=O+L8B3. Bn
LS71 '! onwar(&, " a((itional extra varia9le& are written, of which the
fir&t i& the pore pre&&-re in &tre&& -nit&. Bn LS71 '%, 1" a((itional extra
varia9le& are written, of which the &eventh i& pore pre&&-re in &tre&& -nit&.
The&e follow any extra varia9le& re;-e&te( 9y the -&er, e.g. if the -&er re#
;-e&te( % extra varia9le&, then in LS71 there will 9e a total of / extra var#
ia9le& of which the fo-rth i& pore pre&&-re.
+-rther optional o-tp-t to (%plot an( (%th(t file& i& availa9le for no(al pore
pre&&-re varia9le& W &ee N32T2B2S=OP,POO8TP8T.
+or time#(epen(ent an( &tea(y#&tate con&oli(ation, information on the pro#
gre&& of the analy&i& i& written to (%h&p file.
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`CONTROL_PORE_AIR `CONTROL
`CONTROL_PORE_AIR
P-rpo&e) Set parameter& for pore air pre&&-re calc-lation&.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 2B'O'O 2B'OP =T='. 252.S>
Type + + + B
3efa-lt CnoneD CnoneD en(tim $

P2O'JO
3en&ity of atmo&pheric air, ] 1.1/! 7gFm
%
at 2"qC
P2OP2T.
Pre&&-re of atmo&pheric air, ] 1$1.%2" 7Pa

at 2"qC
=T='.
=vent termination time, (efa-lt to =53TB.= of NCO5T'OL
OT='.B52TBO5
252.S>
+lag to t-rn off the printing of pore air analy&i& &tat-& me&&age, incl-(ing
the analy&i& time, the no(e with the highe&t pre&&-re change.
=S.$ Stat-& me&&age& are printe(, the (efa-lt val-e.
=S.1 Stat-& me&&age& are not printe(
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`CONTROL `CONTROL_REFINE_ALE
`CONTROL_REFINE_ALE
P-rpo&e) 'efine 2L= hexahe(ral &oli( element& locally. =ach parent element i& replace( 9y / chil(
element& with a vol-me e;-al to 1F/
th
the parent vol-me. Bf only the 1
&t
car( i& (efine(, the refine#
ment occ-r& (-ring the initialiIation. The 2
n(
car( (efine& a criterion C'BT'+ to a-tomatically refine
the element& (-ring the r-n. Bf the %
r(
car( i& (efine(, the refinement can 9e remove( if a criterion
C'BT'. i& reache() the chil( element& can 9e replace( 9y their parent&.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le B3 T4P= 5LML ..SB3 BBOL
Type B B B B B
3efa-lt none $ 1 $ $

Optional Card 2 may be defined to refine automatically (each parent element can be replaced
by a cluster of 8 child elements)
Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 5TOT'+ 5C4C'+ C'BT'+ M2L'+ B=>'+ =53'+ L24'+
Type B + B + + + B
3efa-lt $ $.$ $ $.$ $.$ $.$ $

Optional Card 3 may be defined to remove refinements (each cluster of 8 child elements can be
replaced by their parent)
Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le .2L'. 5C4C'. C'BT'. M2L'. B=>'. =53'. ..S'.
Type B + B + + + B
3efa-lt $ $.$ $ $.$ $.$ $.$ $

B3
Set B3.
D
R
A
F
T
`CONTROL_REFINE_ALE `CONTROL
T4P=
Set type)
=S.$) 2L= Part Set,
=S.1) 2L= Part,
=S.2) Lagrangian Part Set co-ple( to 2L= C&ee 'emar7& 1 an( 2D,
=S.%) Lagrangian Part co-ple( to 2L= C&ee 'emar7& 1 an( 2D,
=S.!) Lagrangian Shell Set co-ple( to 2L= C&ee 'emar7& 1 an( 2D,
=S.") 2L= Soli( Set.
5LML
5-m9er of refinement level& C&ee 'emar7 %D.
..SB3
.-lti#.aterial Set B3 C&ee 'emar7 !D)
LT.$) only 2L= element& with all the m-lti#material gro-p& li&te( in
NS=TO.8LTB#.2T='B2LO>'O8POLBST can 9e refine( Cor
remove( otherwi&eD
>T.$) 2L= element& with at lea&t one of the m-lti#material gro-p& can
9e refine( Cor remove(D
BBOL
Box B3 CSee N3=+B5=OBOLD (efining a region in which the 2L= ele#
ment& are refine(.
5TOT'+
Total n-m9er of 2L= element& to refine C&ee 'emar7 "D)
>T.$) The n-m9er i& given 9y i5TOT'+i N / NN C5LML#1D C&ee 'e#
mar7 2D
=S.$) 5TOT'+ ] n-m9er of &oli( element& F 1$$ C&ee 'emar7 2D
LT.$) i5TOT'+i i& the i( of NCO5T'OLO'=+B5=O.PP
O3BST'BB8TBO5 that comp-te& the n-m9er of extra element&
re;-ire( 9y proce&&or&.
5C4C'+
5-m9er of cycle& 9etween each refinement.
LT.$) i5C4C'+i i& the time interval
D
R
A
F
T
`CONTROL `CONTROL_REFINE_ALE
C'BT'+
'efinement criterion)
=S.$) &tatic refinement Ca& if only the 1&t car( i& (efine(D,
=S.1) Pre&&-re Cif pre&&-re @ M2L'+D,
=S.2) 'elative Mol-me Cif MFMo ? M2L'+D ,
=S.%) Mol-me +raction Cif Mol-me fraction @ M2L'+D,
=S.") 8&er (efine( criterion. The fortran ro-tine alerfnOcriteria" in the
file (ynrfnO-&er.f &ho-l( 9e -&e( to (evelop the criterion. The file
i& part of the general pac7age -&ermat.
M2L'+
Criterion val-e to reach for the refinement.
B=>'+
Time to 9egin the refinement.
=53'+
Time to en( the refinement.
L24'+
5-m9er of element layer& to refine aro-n( a element reaching the refine#
ment criterion C&ee 'emar7 0D.
.2L'.
.axim-m n-m9er of chil( cl-&ter& to remove C&ee 'emar7 D)
LT.$) for the whole r-n,
>T.$) every 5C4C'. cycle&
5C4C'.
5-m9er of cycle& 9etween each (eletion.
LT.$) i5C4C'.i i& the time interval
C'BT'.
3eletion criterion)
=S.$) no (eletion Ca& if only the 1&t an( 2n( car( are (efine(D,
=S.1) Pre&&-re Cif pre&&-re ? M2L'.D,
=S.2) 'elative Mol-me Cif MFMo @ M2L'.D ,
=S.%) Mol-me +raction Cif Mol-me fraction ? M2L'.D,
=S.") 8&er (efine( criterion. The fortran ro-tine alermvOcriteria" in the
M2L'.
Criterion val-e to reach in each chil( element& of a cl-&ter for it& (eletion.
B=>'.
Time to 9egin the (eletion.
LT.$) iB=>'.i repre&ent& a critical percent of 5TOT'+ 9elow which
the (eletion &ho-l( 9egin C$.$ ? iB=>'.i ? 1.$D. CSee 'emar7 /D.
D
R
A
F
T
`CONTROL_REFINE_ALE `CONTROL
=53'.
Time to en( the (eletion.
..S'.
.-lti#.aterial Set B3 for the (eletion. CSee 'emar7 7D
Remarks:
1. Bf only the 1
&t
car( i& (efine(, only T4P=]$,1," can 9e (efine(.
2. NCO5ST'2B5=3OL2>'25>=OB5OSOLB3 nee(& to 9e (efine( for T4P=]2,%,!. Bf an
2L= element ha& at lea&t one co-pling point C&ee 5S823 in NCO5ST'2B5=3
OL2>'25>=OB5OSOLB3D, thi& element will 9e &electe( to 9e refine( Cor remove(D. The
n-m9er of element& to refine i& comp-te( (-ring the initialiIation. 5TOT'+ can 9e Iero.
Otherwi&e it can -&e( to a(( more element&.
%. Bf 5LML]1, there i& only one level of refinement) the 2L= element& in N=L=.=5TOSOLB3
are the only one& to 9e replace( 9y cl-&ter& of / chil( element&. Bf 5LML@1, there are &everal
level& of refinement) not only the initial 2L= element& in N=L=.=5TOSOLB3 are refine(
9-t al&o their chil( element&. Bf 5LML]2 for example, the initial 2L= element& can 9e re#
place( 9y cl-&ter& of 0! chil( element&.
!. Bf only the 1
&t
car( i& (efine(, a m-lti#material &et i( i& not -&e(. Bt can 9e left to Iero. +or the
2
n(
an( %
r(
car(&, ..SB3 i& the B3 of NS=TO.8LTB#.2T='B2LO>'O8POLBST in which
the m-lti#material gro-p i(& Ca& (efine( in N2L=O.8LTB#.2T='B2LO>'O8PD are li&te(
to &elect the 2L= element& to 9e refine( Cor remove(D. Bf ..SB3?$, only mixe( 2L= ele#
ment& containing all the m-lti#material gro-p& can 9e refine(. Otherwi&e cl-&ter& of / ele#
ment& witho-t a mix of the li&te( m-lti#material gro-p& can 9e remove(.
". 5TOT'+ (efine& the total n-m9er of 2L= element& to 9e refine(. So for example 5TO#
T'+]1$$ with 5LML]1 mean& that only 1$$ 2L= element& will 9e replace( 9y /$$ 2L=
finer element& Cor 1$$ cl-&ter& of / chil( element&D. +or 5LML@1, 5TOT'+ i& the n-m9er
of original parent& an( the total n-m9er of element& to refine i& 5TOT'+N/NC5LML#1D.
0. Bf an element i& refine(, it i& po&&i9le to refine the neigh9or element& a& well. L24'+ (e#
fine& the n-m9er of neigh9or layer& to refine. +or example, L24'+]2 for an element at the
center of a 9loc7 of "x"x" element& will refine the&e 12" element&.
7. Bf ..S'.]$, ..SB3 (efine& the m-lti#material region where the (eletion &ho-l( occ-r
Calong with the refinementD. Bf ..S'. i& (efine(, only 2L= chil( element& f-lly fille( 9y
the m-lti#material gro-p& li&te( 9y the &et ..S'. can 9e remove( Cif the (eletion criterion
i& reache(D.
/. Bf B=>'.?$, the (eletion i& activate( when the n-m9er of /#element cl-&ter& for the re#
finement i& 9elow a limit (efine( 9y iB=>'.iN5TOT'+. Bf iB=>'.i ] $.1, it mean& that
the (eletion &tart& when $b of the &toc7 of cl-&ter& i& -&e( for the refinement.
. .2L'.?$ (efine& a total n-m9er of chil( cl-&ter& to remove for the whole r-n. Bf po&itive,
.2L'. (efine& an -pper limit for the n-m9er of chil( cl-&ter& to remove every 5C4C'.
cycle&.
D
R
A
F
T
`CONTROL `CONTROL_REFINE_ALE2D
`CONTROL_REFINE_ALE2D
P-rpo&e) 'efine 2L= ;-a(rilateral &hell element& locally. =ach parent element i& replace( 9y !
chil( element& with a vol-me e;-al to 1F!
th
&t
car( i& (efine(, the re#
finement occ-r& (-ring the initialiIation. The 2
n(
car( (efine& a criterion C'BT'+ to a-tomatically
refine the element& (-ring the r-n. Bf the %
r(
car( i& (efine(, the refinement can 9e remove( if a crite#
rion C'BT'. i& reache() the chil( element& can 9e replace( 9y their parent&.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le B3 T4P= 5LML ..SB3 BBOL
Type B B B B B
3efa-lt none $ 1 $ $

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Type B + B + + + B
3efa-lt $ $.$ $ $.$ $.$ $.$ $

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le .2L'. 5C4C'. C'BT'. M2L'. B=>'. =53'. ..S'.
Type B + B + + + B
3efa-lt $ $.$ $ $.$ $.$ $.$ $

B3
Set B3.
D
R
A
F
T
`CONTROL_REFINE_ALE2D `CONTROL
T4P=
Set type)
=S.$) 2L= Part Set,
=S.1) 2L= Part,
=S.2) Lagrangian Part Set co-ple( to 2L= C&ee 'emar7& 1 an( 2D,
=S.%) Lagrangian Part co-ple( to 2L= C&ee 'emar7& 1 an( 2D,
=S.!) Lagrangian Shell Set co-ple( to 2L= C&ee 'emar7& 1 an( 2D,
=S.") 2L= Shell Set.
5LML
5-m9er of refinement level& C&ee 'emar7 %D.
..SB3
.-lti#.aterial Set B3 C&ee 'emar7 !D)
LT.$) only 2L= element& with all the m-lti#material gro-p& li&te( in
NS=TO.8LTB#.2T='B2LO>'O8POLBST can 9e refine( Cor
remove( otherwi&eD
>T.$) 2L= element& with at lea&t one of the m-lti#material gro-p& can
9e refine( Cor remove(D
BBOL
Box B3 CSee N3=+B5=OBOLD (efining a region in which the 2L= ele#
ment& are refine(.
5TOT'+
Total n-m9er of 2L= element& to refine C&ee 'emar7 "D)
>T.$) 5TOT'+ i& given 9y i5TOT'+i N ! NN C5LML#1D
=S.$) 5TOT'+ ] n-m9er of &hell element& F 1$$
5C4C'+
C'BT'+
=S.2) 'elative Mol-me Cif MFMo ? M2L'+D ,
=S.%) Mol-me +raction Cif Mol-me fraction @ M2L'+D,
=S.") 8&er (efine( criterion. The fortran ro-tine al2rfnOcriteria" in the
M2L'+
D
R
A
F
T
`CONTROL `CONTROL_REFINE_ALE2D
B=>'+
=53'+
L24'+
ment criterion C&ee 'emar7 0D.
.2L'.
.axim-m n-m9er of chil( cl-&ter& to remove C&ee 'emar7 "D)
5C4C'.
C'BT'.
3eletion criterion)
=S.2) 'elative Mol-me Cif MFMo @ M2L'.D ,
=S.%) Mol-me +raction Cif Mol-me fraction ? M2L'.D,
=S.") 8&er (efine( criterion. The fortran ro-tine al2rmvOcriteria" in the
M2L'.
B=>'.
the (eletion &ho-l( 9egin C$.$ ? iB=>'.i ? 1.$D. CSee 'emar7 /D.
=53'.
..S'.
.-lti#.aterial Set B3 for the (eletion. CSee 'emar7 7D
Remarks:
1. Bf only the 1
&t
car( i& (efine(, only T4P=]$,1," can 9e (efine(.
2. NCO5ST'2B5=3OL2>'25>=OB5OSOLB3 nee(& to 9e (efine( for T4P=]2,%,!. Bf an
2L= element ha& at lea&t one co-pling point C&ee 5S823 in NCO5ST'2B5=3
OL2>'25>=OB5OSOLB3D, thi& element will 9e &electe( to 9e refine( Cor remove(D
D
R
A
F
T
`CONTROL_REFINE_ALE2D `CONTROL
%. Bf 5LML]1, there i& only one level of refinement) the 2L= element& in N=L=.=5T
OSJ=LL are the only one& to 9e replace( 9y cl-&ter& of ! chil( element&. Bf 5LML@1, there
are &everal level& of refinement) not only the initial 2L= element& in N=L=.=5TOSJ=LL
are refine( 9-t al&o their chil( element&. Bf 5LML]2 for example, the initial 2L= element&
can 9e replace( 9y cl-&ter& of 10 chil( element&.
!. Bf only the 1
&t
car( i& (efine(, a m-lti#material &et i( i& not -&e(. Bt can 9e left to Iero. +or the
2
n(
an( %
r(
car(&, ..SB3 i& the B3 of NS=TO.8LTB#.2T='B2LO>'O8POLBST in which
the m-lti#material gro-p i(& Ca& (efine( in N2L=O.8LTB#.2T='B2LO>'O8PD are li&te(
to &elect the 2L= element& to 9e refine( Cor remove(D. Bf ..SB3?$, only mixe( 2L= ele#
ment& containing all the m-lti#material gro-p& can 9e refine(. Otherwi&e cl-&ter& of ! ele#
ment& witho-t a mix of the li&te( m-lti#material gro-p& can 9e remove(.
". 5TOT'+ (efine& the total n-m9er of 2L= element& to 9e refine(. So for example 5TO#
T'+]1$$ mean& that only 1$$ 2L= element& will 9e replace( 9y !$$ 2L= finer element&
Cor 1$$ cl-&ter& of ! chil( element&D. Bf negative, 5TOT'+ i& only the n-m9er of original
parent& an( the total n-m9er of element& to refine i& 5TOT'+N!NC5LML#1D. .2L'.?$ i&
the exact oppo&ite of 5TOT'+@$ an( it (efine& a total n-m9er of chil( cl-&ter& to remove
for the whole r-n. Bf po&itive, .2L'. (efine& an -pper limit for the n-m9er of chil( cl-&#
ter& to remove every 5C4C'. cycle&.
0. Bf an element i& refine(, it i& po&&i9le to refine the neigh9or element& a& well. L24'+ (e#
center of a 9loc7 of "x" element& will refine the&e 2" element&.
7. Bf ..S'.]$, ..SB3 (efine& the m-lti#material region where the (eletion &ho-l( occ-r
Calong with the refinementD. Bf ..S'. i& (efine(, only 2L= chil( element& f-lly fille( 9y
the m-lti#material gro-p& li&te( 9y the &et ..S'. can 9e remove( Cif the (eletion criterion
i& reache(D.
/. Bf B=>'.?$, the (eletion i& activate( when the n-m9er of !#element cl-&ter& for the re#
D
R
A
F
T
`CONTROL `CONTROL_REFINE_MPP_DISTRIBUTION
`CONTROL_REFINE_MPP_DISTRIBUTION
P-rpo&e) 3i&tri9-te the element& for the refinement over the .PP proce&&e&. Thi& 7eywor( aim& to
an&wer the following pro9lem)
Bf T4P=]2,%,! in NCO5T'OLO'=+B5=O2L=, the refinement occ-r& aro-n( a &tr-ct-re. The n-m#
9er of element& for thi& refinement i& comp-te( for each proce&& accor(ing the initial po&ition of the
&tr-ct-re in each .PP &-9(omain Cafter the .PP (ecompo&ition of the 2L= me&h (-ring the pha&e %
of the initialiIation, each proce&& ha& a &-9(omain that i& a portion of the 2L= me&hD. Bf the &tr-ct-re
i& not in a &-9(omain, the relate( proce&& receive& no extra element for the refinement. Bf the &tr-c#
t-re move& into thi& &-9(omain (-ring the comp-tation, the refinement aro-n( the &tr-ct-re can not
occ-r. To avoi( thi& pro9lem, the &tr-ct-re can 9e con&i(ere( within a 9ox Cthe &tr-ct-re maxima an(
minima give the 9ox (imen&ion& an( po&ition&D. Thi& 9ox move& an( expan(& (-ring the comp-ta#
tion to 7eep the &tr-ct-re in&i(e. 2n e&timation of the maximal (i&placement an( expan&ion will al#
low the co(e to eval-ate which &-9(omain& the &tr-ct-re will li7ely cro&& an( how many extra ele#
ment& a proce&& may nee( to carry o-t the refinement.
The comp-tation of the n-m9er of extra element& per proce&& occ-r& in 2 &tep&)
# Bf a file calle( refineOmppO(i&tri9-te (oe& not exi&t in the wor7ing (irectory, it will 9e creat#
e( to li&t the n-m9er of element& 9y proce&&. =ach line in thi& file matche& a proce&& ran7
C&tarting from $D. 2fter the pha&e % of the .PP (ecompo&ition, the r-n terminate& a& if
NCO5T'OLO.PPO3=CO.POSBTBO5OSJO, wa& activate(.
# The mo(el can 9e r-n again an( the file refineOmppO(i&tri9-te will 9e rea( to allocate the
memory for the extra element& an( (i&tri9-te them acro&& the proce&&e&.
Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le B3 3L 34 3K =L =4 =K
Type B + + + + + +
3efa-lt none $.$ $.$ $.$ 1.$ 1.$ 1.$

B3
B3 ] #5TOT'+ in NCO5T'OLO'=+B5=O2L=
3L
3imen&ionle&& x#(i&placement of the 9ox. C&ee 'emar7 1D.
34
3imen&ionle&& y#(i&placement of the 9ox. C&ee 'emar7 1D.
3K
3imen&ionle&& I#(i&placement of the 9ox. C&ee 'emar7 1D.
=L
3imen&ionle&& x#expan&ion of the 9ox. C&ee 'emar7 2D.
=4
3imen&ionle&& y#expan&ion of the 9ox. C&ee 'emar7 2D.
=K
3imen&ionle&& I#expan&ion of the 9ox. C&ee 'emar7 2D.
D
R
A
F
T
`CONTROL_REFINE_MPP_DISTRIBUTION `CONTROL
Remarks:
1. 3L, 34 an( 3K are the maximal (i&placement& of the 9ox center. The&e (i&placement& are
ratio of the 9ox (imen&ion&. Bf, for example, the large&t length of the &tr-ct-re in the x#
(irection i& 1$m an( the maximal (i&placement in thi& (irection i& 2m, 3L &ho-l( 9e e;-al
to $.2
2. =L, =4 an( =K repre&ent the maximal (ilatation& of the 9ox in each (irection. The&e expan#
&ion& are ratio of the 9ox (imen&ion&. The 9ox expan(& aro-n( it& center. Bf, for example, the
maximal thic7ne&& of a &tr-ct-re along I i& 1cm an( the &tr-ct-re (eform& %$ time& the thic7#
ne&& in I#(irection, =K &ho-l( 9e e;-al to %$ an( 3K]1" acco-nt& for the 9ox center motion.
Bf Cx$yD i& a plane of &ymmetry for thi& (eformation, 3K can 9e Iero.
D
R
A
F
T
`CONTROL `CONTROL_REFINE_SHELL
`CONTROL_REFINE_SHELL
P-rpo&e) 'efine ;-a(rilateral &hell element& locally. =ach parent element i& replace( 9y ! chil( el#
ement& with a vol-me e;-al to 1F!
th
&t
car( i& (efine(, the refinement
occ-r& (-ring the initialiIation. The 2
n(
car( (efine& a criterion C'BT'+ to a-tomatically refine the
element& (-ring the r-n. Bf the %
r(

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le B3 T4P= 5LML BBOL
Type B B B B
3efa-lt none $ 1 $

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Type B + B + + + B
3efa-lt $ $.$ $ $.$ $.$ $.$ $

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le .2L'. 5C4C'. C'BT'. M2L'. B=>'. =53'.
Type B + B + + +
3efa-lt $ $.$ $ $.$ $.$ $.$

D
R
A
F
T
`CONTROL_REFINE_SHELL `CONTROL
B3
Set B3.
LT.$) parent element& can 9e hi((en in l&prepo&t a& they are replace( 9y
their chil(ren.
T4P=
Set type))
=S.$) Part Set,
=S.1) Part,
=S.2) Shell Set.
5LML
5-m9er of refinement level& C&ee 'emar7 1D.
BBOL
Box B3 CSee N3=+B5=OBOLD (efining a region in which the element& are
refine(.
5TOT'+
Total n-m9er of element& to refine C&ee 'emar7 2D)
>T.$) 5TOT'+ i& given 9y i5TOT'+i N ! NN C5LML#1D
=S.$) 5TOT'+ ] n-m9er of &hell element& F 1$$
5C4C'+
C'BT'+
=S.2) -n(efine( ,
=S.%) Mon .i&e& criterion,
=S.!) Criterion &imilar to a(popt]! in NCO5T'OLO232PTBM=
CM2L'+]a(ptolD,
=S.") 8&er (efine( criterion. The fortran ro-tine &hlrfnOcriteria" in the
M2L'+
B=>'+
=53'+
D
R
A
F
T
`CONTROL `CONTROL_REFINE_SHELL
L24'+
ment criterion C&ee 'emar7 %D.
.2L'.
.axim-m n-m9er of chil( cl-&ter& to remove C&ee 'emar7 2D)
5C4C'.
C'BT'.
3eletion criterion)
=S.2) -n(efine(,
=S.%) Mon .i&e& criterion,
=S.!) Criterion &imilar to a(popt]! in NCO5T'OLO232PTBM=
CM2L'+]a(ptolD,
=S.") 8&er (efine( criterion. The fortran ro-tine &hlrmvOcriteria" in the
M2L'.
B=>'.
the (eletion &ho-l( 9egin C$.$ ? iB=>'.i ? 1.$D. CSee 'emar7 !D.
=53'.
Remarks:
1. Bf 5LML]1, there i& only one level of refinement) the element& in N=L=.=5TOSJ=LL are
the only one& to 9e replace( 9y cl-&ter& of ! chil( element&. Bf 5LML@1, there are &everal
level& of refinement) not only the initial element& in N=L=.=5TOSJ=LL are refine( 9-t al#
&o their chil( element&. Bf 5LML]2 for example, the initial element& can 9e replace( 9y cl-&#
ter& of 10 chil( element&.
2. 5TOT'+ (efine& the total n-m9er of element& to 9e refine(. So for example 5TOT'+]1$$
mean& that only 1$$ element& will 9e replace( 9y !$$ finer element& Cor 1$$ cl-&ter& of !
chil( element&D. Bf negative, 5TOT'+ i& only the n-m9er of original parent& an( the total
n-m9er of element& to refine i& 5TOT'+N!NC5LML#1D. .2L'.?$ i& the exact oppo&ite
D
R
A
F
T
`CONTROL_REFINE_SHELL `CONTROL
of 5TOT'+@$ an( it (efine& a total n-m9er of chil( cl-&ter& to remove for the whole r-n. Bf
po&itive, .2L'. (efine& an -pper limit for the n-m9er of chil( cl-&ter& to remove every
5C4C'. cycle&.
%. Bf an element i& refine(, it i& po&&i9le to refine the neigh9or element& a& well. L24'+ (e#
center of a 9loc7 of "x" element& will refine the&e 2" element&.
!. Bf B=>'.?$, the (eletion i& activate( when the n-m9er of !#element cl-&ter& for the re#
D
R
A
F
T
`CONTROL `CONTROL_REFINE_SOLID
12#2%$ CCO5T'OLD LS-DYNA R7.0
`CONTROL_REFINE_SOLID
P-rpo&e) 'efine hexahe(ral &oli( element& locally. =ach parent element i& replace( 9y / chil( ele#
ment& with a vol-me e;-al to 1F/
th
&t
car( i& (efine(, the refinement
occ-r& (-ring the initialiIation. The 2
n(
car( (efine& a criterion C'BT'+ to a-tomatically refine the
element& (-ring the r-n. Bf the %
r(

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le B3 T4P= 5LML BBOL
Type B B B B
3efa-lt none $ 1 $

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Type B + B + + + B
3efa-lt $ $.$ $ $.$ $.$ $.$ $

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le .2L'. 5C4C'. C'BT'. M2L'. B=>'. =53'.
Type B + B + + +
3efa-lt $ $.$ $ $.$ $.$ $.$

D
R
A
F
T
`CONTROL_REFINE_SOLID `CONTROL
B3
Set B3.
LT.$) parent element& can 9e hi((en in l&prepo&t a& they are replace( 9y
their chil(ren.
T4P=
Set type)
=S.$) Part Set,
=S.1) Part,
=S.2) Soli(l Set.
5LML
5-m9er of refinement level& C&ee 'emar7 1D.
BBOL
Box B3 CSee N3=+B5=OBOLD (efining a region in which the element& are
refine(.
5TOT'+
Total n-m9er of element& to refine C&ee 'emar7 2D)
>T.$) 5TOT'+ i& given 9y i5TOT'+i N / NN C5LML#1D
=S.$) 5TOT'+ ] n-m9er of &oli( element& F 1$$
5C4C'+
C'BT'+
=S.2) -n(efine( ,
=S.%) Mon .i&e& criterion.
=S.") 8&er (efine( criterion. The fortran ro-tine &l(rfnOcriteria" in the
M2L'+
B=>'+
=53'+
L24'+
ment criterion C&ee 'emar7 %D.
D
R
A
F
T
`CONTROL `CONTROL_REFINE_SOLID
.2L'.
.axim-m n-m9er of chil( cl-&ter& to remove C&ee 'emar7 2D)
5C4C'.
C'BT'.
3eletion criterion)
=S.2) -n(efine(,
=S.%) Mon .i&e& criterion.
=S.") 8&er (efine( criterion. The fortran ro-tine &l(rmvOcriteria" in the
M2L'.
B=>'.
the (eletion &ho-l( 9egin C$.$ ? iB=>'.i ? 1.$D. CSee 'emar7 !D.
=53'.
Remarks:
1. Bf 5LML]1, there i& only one level of refinement) the element& in N=L=.=5TOSOLB3 are
the only one& to 9e replace( 9y cl-&ter& of / chil( element&. Bf 5LML@1, there are &everal
level& of refinement) not only the initial element& in N=L=.=5TOSOLB3 are refine( 9-t al#
&o their chil( element&. Bf 5LML]2 for example, the initial element& can 9e replace( 9y cl-&#
ter& of 0! chil( element&.
2. 5TOT'+ (efine& the total n-m9er of element& to 9e refine(. So for example 5TOT'+]1$$
mean& that only 1$$ element& will 9e replace( 9y /$$ finer element& Cor 1$$ cl-&ter& of /
chil( element&D. Bf negative, 5TOT'+ i& only the n-m9er of original parent& an( the total
n-m9er of element& to refine i& 5TOT'+N/NC5LML#1D. .2L'.?$ i& the exact oppo&ite
of 5TOT'+@$ an( it (efine& a total n-m9er of chil( cl-&ter& to remove for the whole r-n. Bf
po&itive, .2L'. (efine& an -pper limit for the n-m9er of chil( cl-&ter& to remove every
5C4C'. cycle&.
D
R
A
F
T
`CONTROL_REFINE_SOLID `CONTROL
LS-DYNA R7.0 12#2%% CCO5T'OLD
%. Bf an element i& refine(, it i& po&&i9le to refine the neigh9or element& a& well. L24'+ (e#
center of a 9loc7 of "x"x" element& will refine the&e 12" element&.
!. Bf B=>'.?$, the (eletion i& activate( when the n-m9er of /#element cl-&ter& for the re#
D
R
A
F
T
`CONTROL `CONTROL_REMESHING
12#2%! CCO5T'OLD LS-DYNA R7.0
`CONTROL_REMESHING_POPTIONQ
<BLANK>
EFG
P-rpo&e) Provi(e control over the reme&hing of &oli(& which are me&he( with the &oli( tetrahe#
(ron element type 1% an( me&h#free &oli( type !1, !2. The element &iIe for three#(imen&ional
a(aptivity can 9e &et on the &-rface me&h of the &oli( part, an( a(aptivity can 9e activate( 9a&e( on
the criterion& of vol-me lo&&, ma&& increa&e, or minim-m time &tep &iIe.

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le '.B5 '.2L M+OLOSS .+'2C 3TO.B5 BC8'M B23P1$ S=>25>
Type + + + + + B B +
3efa-lt none none 1.$ $.$ $. ! $ $.$

Define only for the EFG option.
Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le BMT B2T B22T
Type B B B
3efa-lt 1 $ $

Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le B2T1 B2T2 B2T%
Type + + +
3efa-lt 1.$=[2$ 1.$=[2$ 1.$=[2$

D
R
A
F
T
`CONTROL_REMESHING `CONTROL
LS-DYNA R7.0 12#2%" CCO5T'OLD
'.B5
.inim-m e(ge length for the &-rface me&h &-rro-n(ing the part& which
&ho-l( 9e reme&he(.
'.2L
.axim-m e(ge length for the &-rface me&h &-rro-n(ing the part& which
&ho-l( 9e reme&he(.
M+OLOSS
Mol-me fraction lo&& re;-ire( in a type 1% &oli( element& to trigger a
reme&h. Bn the type 1% &oli( element&, the pre&&-re& are comp-te( at the
no(al point&E therefore, it i& po&&i9le for vol-me to 9e con&erve( 9-t for
in(ivi(-al tetrahe(ron& to experience a &ignificant vol-me lo&& or gain.
The vol-me lo&& can lea( to n-merical pro9lem&. 'ecommen(e( val-e& for
M+OLOSS in the range of $.1$ to $.%$ may 9e rea&ona9le.
.+'2C
.a&& ratio gain (-ring ma&& &caling re;-ire( for triggering a reme&h. +or a
one percent increa&e in ma&&, &et .+2C]$.$1$.
3TO.B5
Time &tep &iIe re;-ire( for triggering a reme&h. Thi& option i& chec7e(
9efore ma&& &caling i& applie( an( the time &tep &iIe re&et.
BC8'M
3efine n-m9er of element along the ra(i-& in the a(aptivity.
B23P1$
5ot -&e(.
S=>25>
3efine ang-lar me&h &iIe in %#3 axi&ymmetric reme&hing.
BMT
Bnternal varia9le tran&fer in a(aptive =+>
=S.1) .oving Lea&t &;-are approximation with Aronec7er#(elta prop#
erty Crecommen(e( in general ca&eD.
=S.#1) .oving Lea&t &;-are approximation witho-t Aronec7er#(elta
property.
=S.2) Partition of -nity approximation with Aronec7er#(elta property.
=S.#2) Partition of -nity approximation witho-t Aronec7er#(elta prop#
erty.
B2T
Bnteractive a(aptivity
=S.$) 5o interactive a(aptivity.
=S.1) Bnteractive a(aptivity com9ine( with pre(efine( a(aptivity.
=S.2) P-rely interactive a(aptivity. The time interval 9etween two &-c#
ce&&ive a(aptive &tep& i& 9o-n(e( 9y 23P+'=S.
=S.%) P-rely interactive a(aptivity.
D
R
A
F
T
`CONTROL `CONTROL_REMESHING
B22T
Bnteractive a(aptivity a(H-&ta9le tolerance
=S.$) The tolerance to trigger interactive a(aptivity i& not a(H-&te(.
=S.1) The tolerance i& a(H-&te( in r-n#time to avoi( over#activation.
B2T1
3efine the tolerance of &hear (i&tortion in(icator for interactive a(aptivity.
C$.1m$." i& recommen(e(D
B2T2
3efine the tolerance of -n9alance( no(al (i&tri9-tion in(icator for interac#
tive a(aptivity. C'.2LF'.B5 i& recommen(e(D
B2T%
3efine the tolerance of vol-metric change in(icator for interactive a(aptiv#
ity. C$." i& recommen(e(D
Remarks:
1. The val-e of '.B5 an( '.2L &ho-l( 9e of the &ame or(er. The val-e of '.2L can 9e &et
to 2#" time& greater than '.B5.
2. ,hen interactive a(aptivity i& (efine(, the rate of three (ifferent in(icator& changing over
every time &tep i& al&o con&i(ere(. Bf the rate i& over "$b, interactive a(aptivity i& al&o trig#
gere(.
D
R
A
F
T
`CONTROL_REMESHING `CONTROL
`CONTROL_REQUIRE_REVISION

P-rpo&e) To prevent the mo(el from 9eing r-n in ol( ver&ion& of LS#3452. Thi& might 9e (e&ir#
a9le (-e to 7nown improvement& in the program, re;-ire( capa9ility, etc.

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le '=L=2S= '=MBSBO5
Type C B
3efa-lt none none

'=L=2S=
The relea&e of co(e re;-ire(. Thi& &ho-l( 9e a &tring &-ch a& X'0.1.$Y or
X'7.$Y
'=MBSBO5
The minim-m revi&ion re;-ire(. Thi& corre&pon(& to the XSM5 Mer&ionY
fiel( in the (%h&p file.
Remarks:
%. 2ny n-m9er of line& can appear, in(icating for example that a partic-lar feat-re wa& intro#
(-ce( in (ifferent relea&e 9ranche& at (ifferent time&.
!. Bf the '=L=2S= fiel( i& left empty, then any exec-ta9le who&e (evelopment &plit from the
main SM5 tr-n7 after the given '=MBSBO5 will 9e allowe(.
Example:
NCO5T'OLO'=S8B'=O'=MSBO5
'0.1 7%1"
'7.$ 7/%1$
7/%$!
Thi& wo-l( prevent exec-tion 9y any '0.1 exec-ta9le 9efore r7%1", any '7.$ 9efore r7/%1$,
an( all other exec-ta9le& who&e (evelopment &plit from the main tr-n7 9efore r7/%$!. 5ote that
no ver&ion& of '0.$, '0.$.$, or '0.1.$ are allowe() '0.1 (oe& 5OT imply '0.1.$, no matter
what the revi&ion of '0.1.$ W '0.1.$ wo-l( have to 9e explicitly li&te(. Similarly, '7.$.$ wo-l(
not 9e allowe( 9eca-&e it i& not li&te(, an( it &plit from the tr-n7 in r70%/. 2ny f-t-re '/.L
exec-ta9le wo-l( 9e allowe(, &ince it will have &plit from the tr-n7 after r7/%$!.
D
R
A
F
T
`CONTROL `CONTROL_RIGID
12#2%/ CCO5T'OLD LS-DYNA R7.0
`CONTROL_RIGID
P-rpo&e) Special control option& relate( to rigi( 9o(ie& an( the rigi(#flexi9le 9o(ie&, &ee NP2'T
O.O3=S.

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le L.+ :5T+ O'TJ.3 P2'T. SP2'S= .=T2L+ PLOT=L 'BS.S
3efa-lt $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $

L.+
Switch the explicit rigi( 9o(y Hoint treatment to an implicit form-lation
which -&e& Lagrange m-ltiplier& to impo&e pre&cri9e( 7inematic 9o-n(ary
con(ition& an( Hoint con&traint&. There i& a &light co&t overhea( (-e to the
a&&em9ly of &par&e matrix e;-ation& which are &olve( -&ing &tan(ar( pro#
ce(-re& for nonlinear pro9lem& in rigi( m-lti#9o(y (ynamic&. Lagrange
m-ltiplier flag)
=S.$) explicit penalty form-lation,
=S.1) implicit form-lation with Lagrange m-ltiplier&.
:5T+
>eneraliIe( Hoint &tiffne&& form-lationE &ee remar7 1 9elow)
=S.$) incremental -p(ate,
=S.1) total form-lation CexactD.
O'TJ.3
OrthogonaliIe mo(e& with re&pect to each other)
=S.$) tr-e.
=S.1) fal&e, the mo(e& are alrea(y orthogonaliIe(.
P2'T.
8&e glo9al ma&& matrix to (etermine part ma&& (i&tri9-tion. Thi& ma&& ma#
trix may contain ma&& from other part& that &hare no(e&. See remar7 2 9e#
low.
=S.$) tr-e,
=S.1) fal&e.
D
R
A
F
T
`CONTROL_RIGID `CONTROL
SP2'S=
8&e &par&e matrix m-ltiply &-9ro-tine& for the mo(al &tiffne&& an( (amping
matrice&. See 'emar7 %.
=S.$) fal&e, (o f-ll matrix m-ltiplie& Cfre;-ently fa&terD,
=S.1) tr-e.
.2T=L+
.etal forming option, which &ho-l( not 9e -&e( for cra&h an( other appli#
cation& involving rigi( 9o(ie&. 8&e fa&t -p(ate of rigi( 9o(y no(e&. Bf thi&
option i& active the rotational motion of all rigi( 9o(ie& &ho-l( 9e &-p#
pre&&e(.
=S.$) f-ll treatment i& -&e(
=S.1) fa&t -p(ate for metalforming application&
PLOT=L
2-tomatic generation of N=L=.=5TOPLOT=L for NCO5ST'2B5=3
O5O32LO'B>B3OBO34.
=S.$) no generation
=S.1) one part i& generate( for all no(al rigi( 9o(ie& with the PB3 &et to
1$$$$$$.
=S.2) one part i& generate( for each no(al rigi( 9o(y in the pro9lem
with a part B3 of 1$$$$$$[PB3, where PB3 i& the no(al rigi(
9o(y B3.
'BS.S
+lag to apply con&i&tent treatment of rigi( 9o(ie& in &elective an( conven#
tional ma&& &caling, &ee remar7&.
=S.$) Off
=S.1) On
Remarks:
1. 2& the (efa-lt, the calc-lation of the relative angle& 9etween two coor(inate &y&tem& i&
(one incrementally. Thi& i& an approximation, in contra&t to the total form-lation where
the ang-lar off&et& are comp-te( exactly. The (i&a(vantage of the latter approach i& that a
&ing-larity exi&t& when an off&et angle e;-al& 1/$ (egree&. +or mo&t application&, the &top
angle& prevent thi& occ-rrence an( :5T+]1 &ho-l( not ca-&e a pro9lem.
2. Bf the (etermination of the normal mo(e& incl-(e( the ma&& from 9oth connecte( 9o(ie&
an( (i&crete ma&&e&, or if there are no connecte( 9o(ie&, then the (efa-lt i& preferre(.
,hen the ma&& of a given part B3 i& comp-te(, the re&-lting ma&& vector incl-(e& the ma&&
of all rigi( 9o(ie& that are merge( to the given part B3, 9-t (oe& not incl-(e( (i&crete
ma&&e&. See the 7eywor() NCO5ST'2B5=3O'B>B3OBO3B=S. 2 l-mpe( ma&& matrix i&
alway& a&&-me(.
D
R
A
F
T
`CONTROL `CONTROL_RIGID
12#2!$ CCO5T'OLD LS-DYNA R7.0
%. Spar&e matrix m-ltiplier& &ave a &-9&tantial n-m9er of operation& if the matrix i& tr-ly
&par&e. Jowever, the overhea( will &low the m-ltiplier& for (en&ely pop-late( matrice&.
!. Bn &elective ma&& &caling, rigi( 9o(ie& connecte( to (eforma9le element& can re&-lt in &ig#
nificant a((ition of inertia (-e to neglection of term& in the &m& ma&& matrix, which ha&
9een o9&erve( in a-tomotive application& where &potwel(& are mo(ele( with con&traine(
no(al rigi( 9o(ie&. By applying con&i&tent rigi( 9o(y treatment &ignificant improvement in
acc-racy an( ro9-&tne&& i& o9&erve( at the expen&e of increa&e( cp- inten&ity. Thi& flag al#
&o applie& to conventional ma&& &caling a& itV& 9een o9&erve( that incon&i&tencie& for vari#
o-& rea&on& may re&-lt in -n&ta9le &ol-tion &cheme& even for thi& ca&e.
D
R
A
F
T
`CONTROL_SHELL `CONTROL
`CONTROL_SHELL
P-rpo&e) Provi(e control& for comp-ting &hell re&pon&e.

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le ,'P25> =SO'T B'5LL BST8P3 TJ=O'4 B,C .BT=' P'O:
Type + B B B B B B B
3efa-lt 2$. $ #1 $ 2 2 1 $

First optional Card
Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 'OT2SCL B5T>'3 L2.SJT CST4P0 TJSJ=L
Type + B B B B
3efa-lt 1. $ $ 1 $

Second optional Card (The first card must also be defined)
Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le PST8P3 SB3T!T8 C5TCO BTS+L> B'S823
Type B B B B B
3efa-lt 1 $ $ $ $
D
R
A
F
T
`CONTROL `CONTROL_SHELL
Third optional Card (The first and second card must also be defined)
Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 5+2BL1 5+2BL! PS5+2BL A==PCS 3=L+' 3'CPSB3 3'CP'.
Type B B B B B B +
3efa-lt inactive inactive $ $ $ $ 1.$

,'P25>
Shell element warpage angle in (egree&. Bf a warpage greater than thi& an#
gle i& fo-n(, a warning me&&age i& printe(. 3efa-lt i& 2$ (egree&.
=SO'T
2-tomatic &orting of triang-lar &hell element& to treat (egenerate ;-a(rilat#
eral &hell element& a& C$ or 3AT triang-lar &hell&, &ee option TJ=O'4
9elow)
=S.$) no &orting re;-ire( C(efa-ltD,
=S.1) f-ll &orting CC$ triang-lar &hell&D,
=S.2) f-ll &orting C3AT triang-lar &hell&D 71 ver&ion '% an( later. The
3AT triang-lar element form-lation will 9e -n&ta9le if -&e( to
mo(el an -ncommonly thic7, triang-lar &hell.
B'5LL
Shell normal -p(ate option. Thi& option affect& the J-ghe&#Li-, Be#
lyt&ch7o#,ong#Chiang, an( the Belyt&ch7o#T&ay &hell form-lation&. The
latter i& affecte( if an( only if the warping &tiffne&& option i& active, i.e.,
B,C]1.
=S.#2) -ni;-e no(al fi9er& which are incrementally -p(ate( 9a&e( on
the no(al rotation at the location of the fi9er,
=S.#1) recomp-te( fi9er (irection& each cycle,
=S.$) (efa-lt &et to #1,
=S.1) comp-te on re&tart&,
=S.n) comp-te every n cycle& CJ-ghe&#Li- &hell& onlyD.
BST8P3
Shell thic7ne&& change option for (eforma9le &hell&. The parameter,
PSST8P3, on the &econ( optional car( allow& thi& option to 9e applie( 9y
part B3. +or cra&h analy&i&, neglecting the ela&tic component of the
&train&, BST8P3]!, may improve energy con&ervation an( &ta9ility.
=S.$) no thic7ne&& change.
=S.1) mem9rane &training ca-&e& thic7ne&& change in % an( ! no(e
D
R
A
F
T
LS-DYNA R7.0 12#2!% CCO5T'OLD
&hell element&. Thi& option i& very important in &heet metal form#
ing or whenever mem9rane &tretching i& important.
=S.2) mem9rane &training ca-&e& thic7ne&& change in / no(e thic7
&hell element&, type& 1 an( 2. Thi& option i& not recommen(e(
for implicit or explicit &ol-tion& which -&e the f-lly integrate(
type 2 element. The type % thic7 &hell i& a contin--m 9a&e( &hell
an( thic7ne&& change& are alway& con&i(ere(.
=S.%) option& 1 an( 2 apply.
=S.!) option 1 applie&, 9-t the ela&tic &train& are neglecte( for the
thic7ne&& -p(ate. Thi& option only applie& to the mo&t common
ela&tic#pla&tic material& for which the ela&tic re&pon&e i& i&otropic.
TJ=O'4
3efa-lt &hell form-lation C&ee 'emar7 2 9elowD)
=S.1) J-ghe&#Li-,
=S.2) Belyt&ch7o#T&ay C(efa-ltD,
=S.%) BCBK triang-lar &hell Cnot recommen(e(D,
=S.!) C$ triang-lar &hell,
=S.") Belyt&ch7o#T&ay mem9rane,
=S.0) SF' J-ghe& Li-,
=S.7) SF' co#rotational J-ghe& Li-,
=S./) Belyt&ch7o#Leviathan &hell,
=S.) f-lly integrate( Belyt&ch7o#T&ay mem9rane,
=S.1$) Belyt&ch7o#,ong#Chiang,
=S.11) +a&t Cco#rotationalD J-ghe&#Li-.
=S.12) Plane &tre&& Cx#y planeD,
=S.1%) Plane &train Cx#y planeD,
=S.1!) 2xi&ymmetric &oli( Cy#axi& of &ymmetryD W area weighte(,
=S.1") 2xi&ymmetric &oli( Cy#axi& of &ymmetryD W vol-me weighte(
=S.10) +-lly integrate( &hell element Cvery fa&tD
=S.17) 3i&crete Airchhoff triang-lar &hell C3ATD
=S.1/) 3i&crete Airchhoff linear &hell either ;-a(rilateral or Triang-lar
with 03O+ per no(e,
=S.2$) C$ linear &hell element with 0 3O+ per no(e
=S.21) C$ linear &hell element with " 3O+ per no(e with the Pian#
S-mihara mem9rane hy9ri( ;-a(rilateral mem9rane.
D
R
A
F
T
12#2!! CCO5T'OLD LS-DYNA R7.0
=S.2") Belyt&ch7o#T&ay &hell with thic7ne&& &tretch.
=S.20) +-lly integrate( &hell with thic7ne&& &tretch.
=S.27) C$ triang-lar &hell with thic7ne&& &tretch.
+or the 23 axi&ymmetric &oli( element&, high explo&ive application& wor7
9e&t with the area weighte( approach an( &tr-ct-ral application& wor7 9e&t
with the vol-me weighte( approach. The vol-me weighte( approach can
lea( to pro9lem& along the axi& of &ymmetry -n(er very large (eformation&.
Often the &ymmetry con(ition i& not o9eye(, an( the element& will 7in7
along the axi&. The vol-me weighte( approach m-&t 9e -&e( if 23 &hell
element& are -&e( in the me&h. Type 1! an( 1" element& cannot 9e mixe(
in the &ame calc-lation.
B,C
,arping &tiffne&& for Belyt&ch7o#T&ay &hell&)
=S.1) Belyt&ch7o#,ong#Chiang warping &tiffne&& a((e(.
=S.2) Belyt&ch7o#T&ay C(efa-ltD.
.BT='
Plane &tre&& pla&ticity option Capplie& to material& %, 1/, 1, an( 2!D)
=S.1) iterative pla&ticity with % &ecant iteration& C(efa-ltD,
=S.2) f-ll iterative pla&ticity,
=S.%) ra(ial ret-rn noniterative pla&ticity. .ay lea( to fal&e re&-lt& an(
ha& to 9e -&e( with great care.
P'O:
ProHection metho( for the warping &tiffne&& in the Belyt&ch7o#T&ay &hell
Cthe B,C option a9oveD an( the Belyt&ch7o#,ong#Chiang element& C&ee
'emar7 1 9elowD. Thi& parameter applie& to explicit calc-lation& &ince the
f-ll proHection metho( i& alway& -&e( if the &ol-tion i& implicit an( thi& in#
p-t parameter i& ignore(.
=S.$) (rill proHection,
=S.1) f-ll proHection.
'OT2SCL
3efine a &cale factor for the rotary &hell ma&&. Thi& option i& not for gen#
eral -&e. The rotary inertia for &hell& i& a-tomatically &cale( to permit a
larger time &tep &iIe. 2 &cale factor other than the (efa-lt, i.e., -nity, i& not
recommen(e(.
B5T>'3
3efa-lt thro-gh thic7ne&& n-merical integration r-le for &hell& an( thic7
&hell&. Bf more than 1$ integration point& are re;-e&te(, a trapeIoi(al r-le
i& -&e( -nle&& a -&er (efine( r-le i& &pecifie(.
=S.$) >a-&& integration. Bf 1#1$ integration point& are &pecifie(, the (e#
fa-lt r-le i& >a-&& integration.
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LS-DYNA R7.0 12#2!" CCO5T'OLD
=S.1) Lo9atto integration. Bf %#1$ integration point& are &pecifie(, the
(efa-lt r-le i& Lo9atto. +or 2 point integration, the Lo9atto r-le i&
very inacc-rate, &o >a-&& integration i& -&e( in&tea(. Lo9atto in#
tegration ha& an a(vantage in that the inner an( o-ter integration
point& are on the &hell &-rface&.
L2.SJT
Laminate( &hell theory i& availa9le for all thin &hell an( thic7 &hell materi#
al& except tho&e that -&e the >reen#Lagrange &train 9y &etting L2.SJT]%,
!, or " an( 9y -&ing NP2'TOCO.POSBT= or NB5T=>'2TBO5OSJ=LL
to (efine the integration r-le. Lamination theory i& applie( to correct for
the a&&-mption of a -niform con&tant &hear &train thro-gh the thic7ne&& of
the &hell. 8nle&& thi& correction i& applie(, the &tiffne&& of the &hell can 9e
gro&&ly incorrect if there are (ra&tic (ifference& in the ela&tic con&tant& from
ply to ply, e&pecially for &an(wich type &hell&. >enerally, witho-t thi& cor#
rection the re&-lt& are too &tiff. +or the (i&crete Airchhoff &hell element&,
which (o not con&i(er tran&ver&e &hear, thi& option i& ignore(. +or thin
&hell& of material type&, N.2TOCO.POSBT=O32.2>=, N.2T
O=5J25C=3OCO.POSBT=O32.2>=, an( N.2TO>=5='2L
OMBSCO=L2STBC, laminate( &hell theory may al&o 9e (one 9y &tiffne&&
correction 9y &etting L2.SJT]1.
=S.$) (o not -p(ate &hear correction&,
=S.1) activate laminate( &hell theory,
=S.%) activate laminate( thin &hell&,
=S.!) activate laminate( &hell theory for thic7 &hell&,
=S.") activate laminate( &hell theory for thin an( thic7 &hell&.
CST4P0
Coor(inate &y&tem for the type 0 &hell element. The (efa-lt &y&tem com#
p-te& a -ni;-e local &y&tem at each in plane point. The -niform local &y&#
tem comp-te& H-&t one &y&tem -&e( thro-gho-t the &hell element. Thi& in#
volve& fewer calc-lation& an( i& therefore more efficient. The change of
&y&tem& ha& a &light effect on re&-lt&E therefore, the ol(er, le&& efficient
metho( i& the (efa-lt.
=S.1) varia9le local coor(inate &y&tem C(efa-ltD,
=S.2) -niform local &y&tem.
TJSJ=L
Thermal &hell option Capplie& only to thermal an( co-ple( &tr-ct-ral ther#
mal analy&e&.D
=S.$) 5o temperat-re gra(ient i& con&i(ere( thro-gh the &hell thic7ne&&
C(efa-ltD.
=S.1) 2 temperat-re gra(ient i& calc-late( thro-gh the &hell thic7ne&&.
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PST8P3
iPST8P3i i& the optional &hell part &et B3 &pecifying which part B3V& have
or (o not have their thic7ne&& -p(ate(. The &hell thic7ne&& -p(ate 9y (e#
fa-lt applie& to all &hell element& in the me&h. >enerally, thi& part &et B3 i&
not nee(e(.
LT.$) the&e &hell part& are excl-(e( from the &hell thic7ne&& -p(ate
=S.$) all (eforma9le &hell& have their thic7ne&& -p(ate(
>T.$) the&e &hell part& are incl-(e( in the &hell thic7ne&& -p(ate
SB3T!T8
Part &et B3 for part& which -&e the type ! thic7ne&& -p(ate where ela&tic
&train& are ignore(. Thi& option i& -&ef-l if (ifferent component& of the fi#
nal mo(el are vali(ate( -&ing (ifferent -p(ate option&.)
C5TCO
+lag affecting location of contact &-rface& for &hell& when 5LOC i& non#
Iero in NS=CTBO5OSJ=LL or in NP2'TOCO.POSBT=, or when O++#
S=T i& &pecifie( -&ing N=L=.=5TOSJ=LLOO++S=T. C5TCO i& not
&-pporte( for the &lave &i(e of 5O3=SOTOOS8'+2C= type contact&.
=S.$) 5LOC an( O++S=T have no effect on location of &hell contact
&-rface&.
=S.1) Contact reference plane C&ee comment& 9elowD coinci(e& with
&hell reference &-rface.
=S.2) Contact reference plane C&ee comment& 9elowD i& affecte( 9y con#
tact thic7ne&&. Thi& i& typically not phy&ical.
+or a-tomatic contact type&, the &hell contact &-rface& are alway&, regar(#
le&& of C5TCO, off&et from a contact reference plane 9y half a contact
thic7ne&&. Contact thic7ne&& i& ta7en a& the &hell thic7ne&& 9y (efa-lt 9-t
can 9e overri((en, e.g., with inp-t on Car( % of NCO5T2CT. The parame#
ter C5TCO affect& how the location of the contact reference plane i& (e#
termine(. +or C5TCO]$, the contact reference plane coinci(e& with the
plane of the &hell no(e&. +or C5TCO]1, the contact reference plane coin#
ci(e& with the &hell reference &-rface a& (etermine( 9y 5LOC or 9y O++#
S=T. +or C5TCO]2, the contact reference plane i& off&et from the plane
of the no(e& 9y #5LOCF2 N contact thic7ne&& or 9y O++S=T N Ccontact
thic7ne&&F&hell thic7ne&&D, whichever applie&.
BTS+L>
+lag to activateF(eactivate initial tran&ver&e &hear &tre&&e&)
=S.$) 7eep tran&ver&e &hear &tre&&e&
=S.1) &et tran&ver&e &hear &tre&&e& to Iero
B'S823
Bn plane integration r-le for the / no(e &hell element)
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=S.2) 2 x 2 >a-&& ;-a(rat-re,
=S.%) % x % >a-&& ;-a(rat-re.
5+2BL1
+lag to chec7 for highly (i&torte( -n(er#integrate( &hell element&, print a
me&&age, an( (elete the element or terminate. >enerally, thi& flag i& not
nee(e( for one point element& that (o not -&e the warping &tiffne&&. 2 (i&#
torte( element i& one where a negative :aco9ian exi&t within the (omain of
the &hell, not H-&t at integration point&. The chec7& are ma(e away from the
CP8 re;-irement& for one point element&. Bf nonIero, 5+2BL1 can 9e
change( in a re&tart.
=S.1) print me&&age an( (elete element.
=S.2) print me&&age, write 3%38.P file, an( terminate
>T.2) print me&&age an( (elete element. ,hen 5+2BL1 element& are
(elete( then write 3%38.P file an( terminate. The&e 5+2BL1
faile( element& al&o incl-(e all &hell element& that faile( for other
rea&on& than (i&tortion. Before the 3%38.P file i& written,
5+2BL1 i& (o-9le(, &o the r-n can imme(iately 9e contin-e( if
(e&ire(.
5+2BL!
+lag to chec7 for highly (i&torte( f-lly#integrate( &hell element&, print a
me&&age an( (elete the element or terminate. >enerally, thi& flag i& rec#
ommen(e(. 2 (i&torte( element i& one where a negative :aco9ian exi&t
within the (omain of the &hell, not H-&t at integration point&. The chec7&
are ma(e away from the integration point& to ena9le the 9a( element& to 9e
(elete( 9efore an in&ta9ility lea(ing to an error termination occ-r&. Bf non#
Iero, 5+2BL1 can 9e change( in a re&tart.
>T.2) print me&&age an( (elete element. ,hen 5+2BL! element& are
(elete( then write 3%38.P file an( terminate. The&e 5+2BL!
5+2BL! i& (o-9le(, &o the r-n can imme(iately 9e contin-e( if
(e&ire(.
PS5+2BL
Optional &hell part &et B3 &pecifying which part B3V& are chec7e( 9y the
5+2BL1 an( 5+2BL! option&. Bf Iero, all &hell part B3V& are incl-(e(.
A==PCS
+lag to 7eep the contact &egment& of faile( &hell element& in the calc-la#
tion. The contact &egment& of the faile( &hell& remain active -ntil a no(e
&hare( 9y the &egment& ha& no active &hell& attache(. Only then are the
&egment& (elete(..
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12#2!/ CCO5T'OLD LS-DYNA R7.0
=S.$) Bnactive
=S.1) 2ctive
3=L+'
+lag to (elete &hell element& who&e neigh9oring &hell element& have faile(E
con&e;-ently, the &hell i& (etache( from the &tr-ct-re an( moving freely in
&pace. Thi& con(ition i& chec7e( if 5+2BL1 or 5+2BL! are nonIeroR
=S.$) Bnactive
=S.1) 2ctive
3'CPSB3
Part &et B3 for (rilling rotation con&traint metho( C&ee 'emar7 % 9elowD.
3'CP'.
3rilling rotation con&traint parameter C(efa-lt]1.$D.
Remarks:
1. The (rill proHection i& -&e( in the a((ition of warping &tiffne&& to the Belyt&ch7o#T&ay an(
the Belyt&ch7o#,ong#Chiang &hell element&. Thi& proHection generally wor7& well an( i&
very efficient, 9-t to ;-ote Belyt&ch7o an( Leviathan)
ZThe &hortcoming of the (rill proHection i& that even element& that are in#
variant to rigi( 9o(y rotation will &train -n(er rigi( 9o(y rotation if the
(rill proHection i& applie(. On one han(, the exce&&ive flexi9ility ren(ere(
9y the 1#point ;-a(rat-re &hell element i& correcte( 9y the (rill proHection,
9-t on the other han( the element 9ecome& too &tiff (-e to lo&& of the rigi(
9o(y rotation invariance -n(er the &ame (rill proHectionZ.
They later went on to a(( in the concl-&ion&)
ZThe proHection of only the (rill rotation& i& very efficient an( har(ly in#
crea&e& the comp-tation time, &o it i& recommen(e( for mo&t ca&e&. Jow#
ever, it &ho-l( 9e note( that the (rill proHection can re&-lt in a lo&& of in#
variance to rigi( 9o(y motion when the element& are highly warpe(. +or
mo(erately warpe( config-ration& the (rill proHection appear& ;-ite acc-#
rateZ.
Bn cra&hworthine&& an( impact analy&i&, element& that have little or no warpage in the ref#
erence config-ration can 9ecome highly warpe( in the (eforme( config-ration an( may af#
fect rigi( 9o(y rotation& if the (rill proHection i& -&e(, i.e., 3O 5OT 8S= TJ= 3'BLL
P'O:=CTBO5. Of co-r&e it i& (iffic-lt to (efine what i& meant 9y Zmo(erately warpe(Z.
The f-ll proHection circ-mvent& the&e pro9lem& 9-t at a &ignificant co&t. The co&t increa&e
of the (rill proHection ver&-& no proHection a& reporte( 9y Belyt&ch7o an( Leviathan i& 12
percent an( 9y timing& in LS#3452, 7 percent, 9-t for the f-ll proHection they report a
11$ percent increa&e an( in LS#3452 an increa&e clo&er to "$ percent i& o9&erve(.
Bn Mer&ion !$.xx of LS#3452 the (rill proHection wa& -&e( excl-&ively, 9-t in one pro9#
lem the lac7 of invariance wa& o9&erve( an( reporte(E con&e;-ently, the (rill proHection
wa& replace( in the Belyt&ch7o#Leviathan &hell with the f-ll proHection an( the f-ll proHec#
tion i& now optional for the warping &tiffne&& in the Belyt&ch7o#T&ay an( Belyt&ch7o#
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LS-DYNA R7.0 12#2! CCO5T'OLD
,ong#Chiang element&. 8ntil thi& pro9lem occ-rre(, the (rill proHection &eeme( o7ay. Bn
ver&ion "$.xx an( later ver&ion& of LS#3452 the Belyt&ch7o#Leviathan &hell i& &ome#
what &lower than previo-&ly. Bn general in light of the&e pro9lem&, the (rill proHection
cannot 9e recommen(e(. +or implicit pro9lem&, the f-ll proHection metho( i& -&e( in the
(evelopment of the &tiffne&& matrix.
2. 2ll &hell part& nee( not &hare the &ame element form-lation. 2 nonIero val-e of =L+O'.,
given either in NS=CTBO5OSJ=LL or NP2'TOCO.POSBT=, overri(e& the element form-#
lation &pecifie( 9y TJ=O'4 in NCO5T'OLOSJ=LL.
%. The (rilling rotation con&traint metho( which i& -&e( 9y (efa-lt in implicit calc-lation& C&ee
parameter 3'C. on NCO5T'OLOB.PLBCBTOSOLM='D can 9e -&e( in explicit calc-la#
tion& a& well 9y (efining an appropriate 3'CPSB3. Thi& might 9e helpf-l in &it-ation& where
&ingle con&traint& Ce.g. &potwel(&D are connecte( to flat &hell element topologie&. The a((i#
tional (rill force can 9y &cale( with 3'CP'., where a mo(erate val-e &ho-l( 9e cho&en to
avoi( exce&&ive &tiffening of the &tr-ct-re.
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`CONTROL `CONTROL_SOLID
12#2"$ CCO5T'OLD LS-DYNA R7.0
`CONTROL_SOLID
P-rpo&e) Provi(e control& for &oli( element re&pon&e.

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le =SO'T +.2T'L 5BPT=TS S,LOCL PS+2BL T1$:TOL
Type B B B B B +
3efa-lt $ $ ! 2 $ $.

This card is optional.
Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 / 1$
Maria9le P.1 P.2 P.% P.! P." P.0 P.7 P./ P. P.1$
Type B B B B B B B B B B
3efa-lt none none none none none none none none none none

=SO'T
2-tomatic &orting of tetrahe(ron an( pentahe(ron element& to treat (egen#
erate tetrahe(ron an( pentahe(ron element& a& tetrahe(ron Cform-lation 1$D
an( pentahe(ron Cform-lation 1"D &oli(&, re&pectively. See NS=CTBO5
OSOLB3.
=S.$) no &orting C(efa-ltD
=S.1) &ort tetrahe(ron to type 1$, pentahe(ron to type 1"
=S.2) &ort tetrahe(ron to type 1$, 1#point integrate( pentahe(ron to type
11", f-lly integrate( pentahe(ron to type 1"
=S.%) &ame a& =S.1 9-t al&o print &witche( element& in me&&age file
=S.!) &ame a& =S.2 9-t al&o print &witche( element& in me&&age file
+.2T'L
3efa-lt metho( -&e( in the calc-lation of the (eformation gra(ient matrix.
=S.1) 8p(ate incrementally in time. Thi& i& the (efa-lt for explicit.
=S.2) 3irectly comp-te +. Thi& i& the (efa-lt for implicit an( implic#
itFexplicit &witching.
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`CONTROL_SOLID `CONTROL
5BPT=TS
5-m9er of integration point& -&e( in the ;-a(ratic tetrahe(ron element&.
=ither ! or " can 9e &pecifie(. Thi& option applie& to the type& !, 10, an(
17 tetrahe(ron element&.
S,LOCL
O-tp-t option for &tre&&e& in &oli( element& -&e( a& &pot wel(& with materi#
al N.2TOSPOT,=L3.
=S.1) >lo9al C(efa-ltD,
=S.2) Local
PS+2BL
Optional &oli( part &et B3 &pecifying which part B3V& are chec7e( for nega#
tive vol-me& prior to element proce&&ing. Bf Iero, an( if ='O3= on
NCO5T'OLOTB.=ST=P i& &et to 1, all &oli( element& are chec7e( each
&tep. The ='O3= flag i& ignore( whenever PS+2BL i& (efine(. PS+2BL
(oe& not apply to &oli( form-lation& 11 an( 12.
T1$:TOL
Tolerance for Haco9ian in !#point 1$#no(e( ;-a(ratic tetrahe(ra Ctype 10D.
Bf the ;-otient 9etween the minim-m an( maxim-m Haco9ian val-e fall&
9elow thi& tolerance, a warning me&&age i& i&&-e( in the me&&ag file. Thi& i&
-&ef-l for trac7ing 9a(ly &hape( element& in implicit analy&i& that (eterio#
rate& convergence, a val-e of 1.$ in(icate& a perfectly &hape( element.
P.1#P.1$
Component& of a perm-tation vector for no(e& that (efine the 1$#no(e tet#
rahe(ron. The no(al n-m9ering of 1$#no(e tetrahe(ron element& i& &ome#
what ar9itrary. The perm-tation vector allow& other n-m9ering &cheme& to
9e -&e(. 8nle&& (efine(, thi& perm-tation vector i& not -&e(. P.1#P.1$
are -ni;-e n-m9er& 9etween 1 to 1$ incl-&ive that reor(er& the inp-t no(e
B3V& for a 1$#no(e tetrahe(ron into the or(er -&e( 9y LS#3452.
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`CONTROL `CONTROL_SOLUTION
`CONTROL_SOLUTION
P-rpo&e) To &pecify the analy&i& &ol-tion proce(-re if thermal only or co-ple( thermal analy&i& i&
performe(. Other &ol-tion& parameter& incl-(ing the vector length an( 5a5 Cnot a n-m9erD chec7#
ing can 9e &et.

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le SOL5 5LS BS525 LCB5T
Type B B B B
3efa-lt $ $ $ 1$$

SOL5
2naly&i& &ol-tion proce(-re)
=S.$) Str-ct-ral analy&i& only,
=S.1) Thermal analy&i& only,
=S.2) Co-ple( &tr-ct-ral thermal analy&i&.
5LS
3efine the vector length -&e( in &ol-tion. Thi& val-e m-&t not excee( the
vector length of the &y&tem which varie& 9a&e( on the machine man-fact-r#
er. The (efa-lt vector length i& printe( at termination in the .=SS2> file.
BS525
+lag to chec7 for a 5a5 in the force an( moment array& after the a&&em9ly
of the&e array& i& complete(. Thi& option can 9e -&ef-l for (e9-gging p-r#
po&e&. 2 co&t overhea( of approximately 2b i& inc-rre( when thi& option
i& active.
=S.$) 5o chec7ing,
=S.1) Chec7ing i& active.
LCB5T
5-m9er of e;-ally &pace( interval& -&e( in c-rve CN3=+B5=OC8'M=D
re(i&cretiIation. C-rve re(i&cretiIation applie& only to c-rve& -&e( in ma#
terial mo(el&. C-rve& (efining loa(&, motion, etc. are not re(i&cretiIe(.
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`CONTROL_SPH `CONTROL
LS-DYNA R7.0 12#2"% CCO5T'OLD
`CONTROL_SPH
P-rpo&e) Provi(e control& relating to SPJ CSmooth Particle Jy(ro(ynamic&D.

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 5CBS BOLB3 3T B3B. .=.O'4 +O'. ST2'T .2LM
Type B B + B B B + +
3efa-lt 1 $ 1.e2$ none 1"$ $ $.$ 1.e1"

Optional Card
Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le CO5T 3='BM B5B BSJO, B='O3 BCO5T B2MBS
Type B B B B B B B
3efa-lt $ $ $ $ $ $ $

5CBS
5-m9er of time &tep& 9etween particle &orting.
BOLB3
SPJ approximation& are comp-te( in&i(e a &pecifie( BOL. ,hen a parti#
cle ha& gone o-t&i(e the BOL, it i& (eactivate(. Thi& will &ave comp-ta#
tional time 9y eliminating particle& that no longer interact with the &tr-c#
t-re.
3T
3eath time. 3etermine& when the SPJ calc-lation& are &toppe(.
B3B.
Space (imen&ion for SPJ particle&)
=S.%) for %3 pro9lem&
=S.2) for 23 plane &train pro9lem&
=S.#2) for 23 axi&ymmetric pro9lem&
.=.O'4
3efine& the initial n-m9er of neigh9or& per particle C&ee 'emar7 1 9elowD.
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`CONTROL `CONTROL_SPH

12#2"! CCO5T'OLD LS-DYNA R7.0
+O'.
Particle approximation theory, applie& only when B3B. k#2)
=S.$) (efa-lt form-lation,
=S.1) renormaliIation approximation
=S.2) &ymmetric form-lation,
=S.%) &ymmetric renormaliIe( approximation
=S.!) ten&or form-lation,
=S.") fl-i( particle approximation
=S.0) fl-i( particle with renormaliIation approximation,
=S.7) Total Lagrangian form-lation
=S./) Total Lagrangian form-lation with renormaliIation
ST2'T
Start time for particle approximation. Particle approximation& will 9e com#
p-te( when time of the analy&i& ha& reache( the val-e (efine( in ST2'T.
.2LM
.axim-m val-e for velocity for the SPJ particle&. Particle& with a velocity
greater than .2LM are (eactivate(. 2 negative .2LM will t-rn off the
velocity chec7ing.
CO5T
3efine& the comp-tation of the particle approximation 9etween (ifferent
SPJ part&)
=S.$) Particle approximation i& (efine( C(efa-ltD
=S.1) Particle approximation i& not comp-te(. 3ifferent SPJ material&
will not interact with each other an( penetration i& allowe( -nle&&
N3=+B5=OSPJOTOOSPJOCO8PLB5> i& (efine(.
3='BM
Time integration type for the &moothing length)
=S.$)
d
dt
(b(t)) =
1
d
b(t)Ji:(:)C(efa-ltD,
=S.1)
d
dt
(b(t)) =
1
d
b(t)(Ji:(:))
13

B5B
Comp-tation of the &moothing length (-ring the initialiIation)
=S.$) B-c7et &ort 9a&e( algorithm C(efa-lt, very fa&tD.
=S.1) >lo9al comp-tation on all the particle& of the mo(el.
=S.2) Ba&e( on the ma&& of the SPJ particle.
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`CONTROL_SPH `CONTROL
LS-DYNA R7.0 12#2"" CCO5T'OLD
BSJO,
3i&play option& for SPJ particle&)
=S.$) Show all SPJ particle& in LS#PrePo&t.
=S.1) =xcl-(e (eactivate( SPJ particle& in LS#PrePo&t.
B='O3
3eactivation control for SPJ particle&)
=S.$) Particle& remain active.
=S.1) SPJ particle& are (eactivate( an( &tre&& &tate& are &et to $ when
ero&ion criteria are &ati&fie(. See 'emar7 2.
BCO5T
Control& contact 9ehavior for (eactivate( SPJ particle&)
=S.$) 2ny contact (efine( for SPJ remain& active for (eactivate( parti#
cle&.
=S.1) Contact i& inactive for (eactivate( particle&.
B2MBS 3efine& artificial vi&co&ity form-lation for SPJ element& C'emar7 %D)
=S.$) .onaghan type artificial vi&co&ity form-lation i& -&e(.
=S.1) Stan(ar( type artificial vi&co&ity form-lation from &oli( element
i& -&e( Cthi& option i& not &-pporte( in SPJ 23 an( 23 axi&ym#
metric element&D.
Remark:
1. Thi& varia9le i& for memory allocation of array& (-ring the initialiIation pha&e. Bt can 9e
po&itive or negative. Bf thi& val-e i& po&itive, memory allocation i& (ynamic. 3-ring the
calc-lation, &ome particle& can re;-e&t more neigh9or& an( LS#3452 will a-tomatically
a(apt the &iIe of that varia9le. 3efa-lt val-e &ho-l( apply for mo&t application&. Bf thi&
val-e i& negative, memory allocation i& &tatic. 3-ring the calc-lation only the clo&e&t SPJ
particle& will 9e con&i(ere( a& neigh9or&. 8&ing thi& option can avoi( memory allocation
pro9lem&.
2. The ero&ion criteria which trigger& particle (eactivation with B='O3]1 may come from
the material mo(el, N.2TO233O='OSBO5, or per the ='O3= parameter in
NCO5T'OLOTB.=ST=P. 3eactivate( particle& will remain vi&i9le -nle&& BSJO,]1. To
(i&a9le contact for (eactivate( particle&, &et BCO5T]1.
%. The artificial vi&co&ity for &tan(ar( &oli( element i& given 9y)
q = p l(
1
l e
kk
2
-
2
oe
kk
) if e
kk
< u
q = u if e
kk
u

where
1
an(
2
are (imen&ionle&& inp-t con&tant& which (efa-lt to 1." an( .$0, re&pec#
tively, an( l i& a characteri&tic length given a& the &;-are root of the area in two (imen#
&ion& an( a& the c-9e root of the vol-me in three, o i& the local &o-n( &pee(. Thi& form-la#
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`CONTROL `CONTROL_SPH

tion i& con&i&tent with &oli( artificial vi&co&ity, ha& 9etter energy 9alance for SPJ ele#
ment&.
The .onaghan type artificial vi&co&ity i& (efine( a& follow)
q = (-
2
c
+
1
)p
if :
< u
q = u if :
u

,here
=
b
2
+
2
c
= u.S(c
+c
)
p
= u.S(p
+p
)
b
= u.S(b
+b
)
= u.1b
1

2
aie input constants. It is iecommenueu that the usei oveiiiues these
uefaults via the Contiol _Bulk _viscosity oi Bouiglas keywoiu anu
set those constants to be aiounu 1.u see foi example u. R. Liu.
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`CONTROL_SPOTWELD_BEAM `CONTROL
`CONTROL_SPOTWELD_BEAM
P-rpo&e) Provi(e& factor& for &caling the fail-re force re&-ltant& of 9eam &pot wel(& a& a f-nction of
their parametric location on the contact &egment an( the &iIe of the &egment. 2l&o, an option i& pro#
vi(e( to replace 9eam wel(& with &oli( hexahe(ron element cl-&ter&.

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le LCT LCS TOO'T P'T+L> TOO'S 'PBJL B.SB3 B3OO++
3efa-lt $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $

LCT
Loa( c-rve B3 for &caling the re&pon&e in ten&ion 9a&e( on the &hell ele#
ment &iIe.
LCS
Loa( c-rve B3 for &caling the re&pon&e in &hear 9a&e( on the &hell element
&iIe.
TOO'T
Ta9le B3 for &caling the ten&ion re&pon&e Can( &hear re&pon&e if TOO'S]$D
9a&e( on the location of the 9eam no(e relative to the centroi( of the &hell.
P'T+L>
Set thi& flag to 1 to print for each &pot wel( attachment) the 9eam, no(e,
an( &hell B3V&, the parametric coor(inate& that (efine the con&traint loca#
tion, the angle -&e( in the ta9le loo7-p, an( the three &cale factor& o9taine(
from the loa( c-rve& an( ta9le loo7-p. See +ig-re 12#"2.
TOO'S
Optional ta9le B3 for &caling the &hear re&pon&e 9a&e( on the location of the
9eam no(e relative to the centroi( of the &hell.
'PBJL
'eplace each &pot wel( 9eam element with a cl-&ter of 'PBJL &oli( ele#
ment&. The net cro&&#&ection of the cl-&ter of element& i& (imen&ione( to
have the &ame area a& the replace( 9eam. 'PBJL may 9e &et to 1, !, or /.
,hen 'PBJL i& &et to ! or /, a ta9le i& generate( to o-tp-t the force an(
moment re&-ltant& into the S,+O'C file, if thi& file i& active. Thi& ta9le i&
(e&cri9e( 9y the 7eywor() N3=+B5=OJ=LOSPOT,=L3O2SS=.BL4.
The B3V& of the 9eam element& are -&e( a& the cl-&ter &pot wel( B3V& &o the
B3V& in the S,+O'C file are -nchange(. The 9eam element& are a-tomat#
ically (elete( from the calc-lation, an( the &ection an( material (ata i& a-#
tomatically change( to 9e -&e( with &oli( element&. See +ig-re 11#1".
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`CONTROL `CONTROL_SPOTWELD_BEAM

12#2"/ CCO5T'OLD LS-DYNA R7.0
B.SB3
Optional 9eam &et B3 (efining the 9eam element B3V& that are to 9e con#
verte( to hex a&&em9lie&. Bf Iero, all &pot wel( 9eam element& are convert#
e( to hex a&&em9lie&. See the 7eywor(, NS=TOB=2.O>=5='2L for an
efficient way of (efining 9eam &et&.
B3OO++
Thi& optional B3 off&et applie& if an( only if B.SB3 i& nonIero. Beam&,
which &hare part B3V& with 9eam& that are converte( to hex a&&em9lie&, will
9e a&&igne( new part B3V& 9y a((ing to the original part B3 the val-e of B3
OO++. Bf B3OO++, i& Iero the new part B3 for &-ch 9eam& will 9e a&&igne(
to 9e larger than the large&t part B3 in the mo(el.
Remarks:
The loa( c-rve& an( ta9le provi(e a mean& of &caling the re&pon&e of the 9eam &pot wel(& to re#
(-ce any me&h (epen(encie& for fail-re mo(el 0 in N.2TOSPOT,=L3. +ig-re 12#"% &how&
&-ch (epen(encie& that can lea( to premat-re &pot wel( fail-re. Separate &cale factor& are calc-#
late( for each of the 9eamV& no(e&. The &cale factor& s
T
, s
S
, s
OT
, an( s
OS
are calc-late( -&ing the
loa( c-rve& LCT, LCS, ta9le TOO'T, an( ta9le TOO'S, re&pectively, an( are intro(-ce( in the
fail-re criteria,
s
0
o
P
(e
c]]
)
2
+
s
S
s
0S
P
(e
c]]
)
2
-1 = u
Bf a c-rve or ta9le i& given an B3 of $, it& &cale factor i& &et to 1.$. The loa( c-rve& LCT an( LCS are
f-nction& of the characteri&tic &iIe of the &hell element -&e( in the time &tep calc-lation at the &tart of
the calc-lation. The orientation ta9le i& a f-nction of the &pot wel(V& i&oparametric coor(inate loca#
tion on the &hell element. 2 vector %=Js,tL i& (efine( from the centroi( of the &hell to the contact
point of the 9eamV& no(e. The arg-ment& for the orientation ta9le are the angle)
= tan
-1
_
min(|s| |t|)
max(|s| |t|)
]
,
an( the normaliIe( (i&tance J
=
J
= max(|s| |t|). See +ig-re 12#"2 The ta9le i& perio(ic over
a range of $ C% aligne( with either the s or t axi&D to !" (egree& C% i& along the (iagonal of the ele#
mentD. The ta9le i& &pecifie( 9y the angle of M in (egree&, ranging from $ to !", an( the in(ivi(-al
c-rve& give the &cale factor a& a f-nction of the normaliIe( (i&tance of the 9eam no(e, J
, for a con#
&tant angle.
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`CONTROL_SPOTWELD_BEAM `CONTROL

+ig-re 12#"% The fail-re force re&-ltant& can (epen( 9oth on me&h &iIe an( the location of wel(
relative to the center of the contact &egment.
EDGE DIRECTION
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
SPOT BEAM LOCATION
R
U
P
U
T
U
R
E

F
O
R
C
E

v
s
.

C
e
n
t
e
r

l
o
c
a
t
i
o
n
Both side
One side
Center Point1 Point2 Point3 Point4 Edge
CORNER DIRECTION
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
SPOT BEAM LOCATION
R
U
P
U
T
U
R
E

F
O
R
C
E

v
s
.

C
e
n
t
e
r

l
o
c
a
t
i
o
n
Both side
One side
Center Point1 Point2 Point3 Point4 Corner
V
d
s
t
D

+ig-re 12#"2. 3efinition of parameter& for ta9le (efinition.
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`CONTROL `CONTROL_START
`CONTROL_START
P-rpo&e) 3efine the &tart time of analy&i&.

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le B=>TB.
Type +

B=>TB.
Start time of analy&i& C(efa-lt]$.$D.
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`CONTROL_STAGED_CONSTRUCTION `CONTROL
`CONTROL_STAGED_CONSTRUCTION
Thi& control car( i& -&e( to help 9rea7 (own analy&e& of con&tr-ction proce&&e& into &tage&.
5ote) Thi& 7eywor( car( will 9e availa9le &tarting in relea&e % of ver&ion 71.

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le TST2'T ST>S ST>= 2CC=L +2CT ST'=+ 3O'3=L 5OP3=L
Type + B B + + B B B
3efa-lt $ $ $ $.$ 1.e#0 $ $ $

TST2'T
Time at &tart of analy&i& Cnormally leave 9lan7D
ST>S
Con&tr-ction &tage at &tart of analy&i&
ST>=
Con&tr-ction &tage at en( of analy&i&
2CC=L
3efa-lt acceleration for gravity loa(ing
+2CT
3efa-lt &tiffne&& an( gravity factor for part& 9efore they are a((e(
ST'=+
'eference &tage for (i&placement& in (%plot file
3O'3=L
3ormant part treatment in (%plot file, &ee note&.
=S.$) Part& not &hown when (ormant Cflagge( a& X(elete(YD,
=S.1) Part& &hown normally when (ormant.
5OP3=L
Treatment of pre&&-re loa(& on (elete( element&, &ee note&.
=S.$) Pre&&-re loa(& a-tomatically (elete(,
=S.1) 5o a-tomatic (eletion.
Remarks:
See al&o N3=+B5=OCO5ST'8CTBO5OST2>=S an( N3=+B5=OST2>=3OCO5ST'8CTBO5
OP2'T.
The &tage( con&tr-ction option& offer flexi9ility to carry o-t the whole con&tr-ction &im-lation in
one analy&i&, or to r-n it &tage 9y &tage. Provi(e( that at lea&t one con&tr-ction &tage i& (efine(
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`CONTROL `CONTROL_STAGED_CONSTRUCTION
CN3=+B5=OCO5ST'8CTBO5OST2>=SD, a (ynain file will 9e written at the en( of each &tage Cfile
name& are en(O&tage$$1O(ynain, etcD. The&e contain no(e an( element (efinition& an( the &tre&&
&tateE the in(ivi(-al &tage& can then 9e re#r-n witho-t re#r-nning the whole analy&i&. To (o thi&,
ma7e a new inp-t file a& follow&)
h Copy the original inp-t file, containing N3=+B5=OCO5ST'8CTBO5OST2>=S an(
N3=+B5=OST2>=3OCO5ST'8CTBO5OP2'T.
h 3elete no(e an( element (efinition& a& the&e will 9e pre&ent in the (ynain file CN5O3=,
N=L=.=5TOSOLB3, N=L=.=5TOSJ=LL, an( N=L=.=5TOB=2.D.
h 3elete any NB5BTB2L car(&E the initial &tre&&e& in the new analy&i& will 9e ta7en from the
(ynain file.
h On NCO5T'OLOST2>=3OCO5ST'8CTBO5 &et ST>S to &tart at the (e&ire( &tage
h 2(( an NB5CL83= &tatement referencing, for example, en(O&tage$$2O(ynain if &tarting
the new analy&i& from Stage %.
h .ove or copy the (ynain file into the &ame (irectory a& the new inp-t file.
,hen ST>S i& @1 the analy&i& &tart& at a non#Iero time Cthe &tart of &tage ST>SD. Bn thi& ca&e a
(ynain file m-&t 9e incl-(e( to &tart the analy&i& from the &tre&& &tate at the en( of the previo-& &tage.
The en( time for &tage ST>= overri(e& the termination time on NCO5T'OLOT='.B52TBO5. 2
new (ynain file will 9e written at the en( of all &tage& from ST>S to ST>=.
2CC=L an( +2CT are -&e( with NST2>=3OCO5ST'8CTBO5OP2'T for &impler inp-t (efinition
of the part& pre&ent at (ifferent con&tr-ction &tage&.
Bf ST>S@1 an( element& have 9een (elete( in a previo-& &tage, the&e element& will 9e a9&ent from
the new analy&i& an( &ho-l( not 9e referre( to Ce.g. N32T2B2S=OJBSTO'4OSOLB3D in the new
inp-t file.
TST2'T can 9e -&e( to &et a non#Iero &tart time Cagain, a&&-ming a compati9le (ynain file i& in#
cl-(e(D. Thi& option i& -&e( only if con&tr-ction &tage& have not 9een (efine(.
ST'=+ allow& the -&er to &et a con&tr-ction &tage at the &tart of which (i&placement& are con&i(ere(
to 9e Iero W e.g. &o that initial analy&i& &tage& that achieve a pre#con&tr-ction e;-ili9ri-m (o not con#
tri9-te to conto-r plot& of (i&placement. The c-rrent coor(inate& are not mo(ifie(, only the Xinitial
geometryY coor(inate& in the (%plot file. Bf thi& analy&i& &tart& from a &tage later than ST'=+, the
reference geometry will 9e ta7en from the (ynain file that wa& written at the en( of the &tage previ#
o-& to ST'=+ W thi& (ynain file m-&t 9e in the &ame (irectory a& the c-rrent mo(el for thi& proce&& to
occ-r. Thi& feat-re i& not availa9le in .PP.
3O'3=L) By (efa-lt, part& for which N3=+B5=OST2>=3OCO5ST'8CTBO5OP2'T i& (efine(
are flagge( a& X(elete(Y in the (%plot file at time#&tate& for which the part i& not active Ci.e. ST>2
ha& not yet 9een reache(D. Part& that are (elete( 9eca-&e ST>' ha& 9een reache( are al&o flagge( a&
X(elete(Y. ,hen animating the re&-lt&, the part& &ho-l( appear a& they 9ecome active an( (i&appear
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`CONTROL_STAGED_CONSTRUCTION `CONTROL
a& they are (elete(. Bf 3O'3=L i& non#Iero, inactive part& C9efore ST>2D are &hown normally. The
part& are &till &hown a& (elete( after ST>' i& reache(.
5OP3=L) By (efa-lt, pre&&-re loa( X&egment&Y are a-tomatically (elete( 9y LS#3452 if they
&hare all fo-r no(e& with a (elete( &oli( or &hell element. Bn &tage( con&tr-ction, the -&er may want
to apply pre&&-re loa( to the &-rface of an element C2D that i& initially &hare( with an element CBD,
where B i& (elete( (-ring the calc-lation. +or example, B may 9e in a layer of &oil that i& excavate(,
leaving 2 a& the new top &-rface. The (efa-lt &cheme wo-l( (elete the pre&&-re &egment when B i&
remove(, (e&pite the fact that 2 i& &till pre&ent. 5OP3=L in&tr-ct& LS#3452 to &7ip the a-tomatic
(eletion of pre&&-re &egment&, irre&pective of whether the element& have 9een (elete( (-e to &tage(
con&tr-ction or material fail-re. The -&er m-&t then en&-re that pre&&-re loa(& are not applie( to
no(e& no longer &-pporte( 9y an active element.
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`CONTROL `CONTROL_STEADY_STATE_ROLLING
` CONTROL_STEADY_STATE_ROLLING

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le B.2SS LC3.8 LC3.8' BM=L SCLOA
Type B B B B B
3efa-lt $ $ $ $

B.2SS
Bnertia &witching flag
=S.$) incl-(e inertia (-ring an implicit (ynamic &im-lation.
=S.1) treat &tea(y &tate rolling &-9&y&tem& a& ;-a&i#&tatic (-ring implic#
it (ynamic &im-lation&.
LC3.8
Optional loa( c-rve for &caling the friction force& in contact.
LC3.8'
Optional loa( c-rve for &caling the friction force& in contact (-ring (ynam#
ic relaxation. Bf LC3.8' i&nVt &pecifie(, LC3.8 i& -&e(.
BM=L
Melocity &witching flag.
=S.$) eliminate the &tea(y &tate rolling 9o(y force& an( &et the veloci#
tie& of the no(e& after (ynamic relaxation.
=S.1) 7eep the &tea(y &tate rolling 9o(y force& after (ynamic relaxation
in&tea( of &etting the velocitie&.
SCLOA
Scale factor for the friction &tiffne&& (-ring contact loa(ing an( -nloa(ing.
The (efa-lt val-e& are 1.$ an( $.$1 for explicit an( implicit, re&pectively.
2ny &caling applie( here applie& only to contact involving the &-9&y&tem of
part& (efine( for &tea(y &tate rolling.
Remarks:
1. Treating the &tea(y &tate rolling &-9&y&tem& a& ;-a&i#&tatic (-ring an implicit &im-lation may
eliminate vi9ration& in the &y&tem that are not of intere&t an( i& generally recommen(e(.
2. 'amping -p the friction 9y &caling it with LC3.8 an( LC3.8' may improve the conver#
gence 9ehavior of implicit calc-lation&. The val-e& of the loa( c-rve& &ho-l( 9e $.$ at initial
contact an( ramp -p &moothly to a val-e of 1.$.
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`CONTROL_STEADY_STATE_ROLLING `CONTROL
%. 2fter (ynamic relaxation, the (efa-lt 9ehavior i& to initialiIe the no(e& with the velocitie& re#
;-ire( to generate the 9o(y force& on element& an( remove the 9o(y force&. Thi& initialiIation
i& &7ippe(, an( the 9o(y force& retaine(, after (ynamic relaxation if BM=L]1.
!. The friction mo(el in contact i& &imilar to pla&ticity, where there i& an ela&tic region (-ring
the loa(ing an( -nloa(ing of the friction (-ring contact. The ela&tic &tiffne&& i& &cale( from
the normal contact &tiffne&&. +or implicit calc-lation&, the (efa-lt &cale factor i& $.$1, which
re&-lt& in long perio(& of time 9eing re;-ire( to 9-il( the friction force, an(, in &ome ca&e&,
o&cillation& in the contact force&. 2 val-e 9etween 1$ an( 1$$ pro(-ce& &moother &ol-tion&
an( a fa&ter 9-il(#-p an( (ecay of the friction force a& the tire velocity or &lip angle i& varie(,
allowing a parameter &t-(y to 9e performe( in a &ingle r-n.
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`CONTROL `CONTROL_STRUCTURED
`CONTROL_STRUCTURED_POPTIONQ
<BLANK>
TERM
P-rpo&e) ,rite o-t an LS#3452 &tr-ct-re( inp-t (ec7 that i& largely or wholly e;-ivalent to the
7eywor( inp-t (ec7. 5ot all LS#3452 feat-re& are &-pporte( in &tr-ct-re( inp-t format. The name
of the &tr-ct-re( inp-t (ec7 i& X(yna.&trY. Some (ata &-ch a& loa( c-rve n-m9er& will 9e o-tp-t in an
internal n-m9ering &y&tem. Bf the T='. option i& activate(, termination will occ-r after the &tr-c#
t-re( inp-t (ec7 i& written. Thi& option i& -&ef-l in (e9-gging e&pecially if pro9lem& occ-r in rea(#
ing the inp-t file.
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`CONTROL_SUBCYCLE `CONTROL
`CONTROL_SUBCYCLE_POPTIONQ
<BLANK>
MASS_SCALED_PART
MASS_SCALED_PART_SET
P-rpo&e) Control time &tep &-9cycling. Thi& feat-re i& (e&cri9e( in the LS#3452 Theory .an-al,
Section 21.2, an( it& -&e may 9e (etrimental in ca&e& of vectoriIe( comp-tation. Thi& 7eywor( acti#
vate& &-9cycling. The -&e of ma&& &caling to pre&erve a rea&ona9le time &tep &iIe often wor7& 9etter
than &-9cycling. To -&e ma&& &caling with or witho-t &-9cycling &et the inp-t parameter, 3T2.S,
to the negative val-e of the minim-m accepta9le time &tep &iIe. See the 7eywor(, NCO5T'OL
OTB.=ST=P. ,ith &-9cycling active, part& or part &et& can 9e ma&& &cale( to a larger time &tep &iIe
than given 9y i3T2.Si. +or example, thi& allow& a finely me&he( part with &oli( element& within a
vehicle mo(el to r-n with a time &tep &iIe of i3T2.Si while the re&t of the vehicle mo(el i& ma&&
&cale( to 7eep it& time &tep &iIe to a typical &tep &iIe normally -&e( in a-tomotive cra&h analy&i&.
Define the following if and only if the options MASS_SCALED_(PART or PART_SET) are
active. Provide one card for each part ID or part set ID. Input is terminated when the next
"`" card is encountered.
Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le PB3FPSB3 TS
Type B +
3efa-lt none none

PB3FPSB3
Part B3 or part &et B3 if the S=T option i& &pecifie(.
TS
Time &tep &iIe at which ma&& &caling i& invo7e( for the PB3 or PSB3
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`CONTROL `CONTROL_TERMINATION
P-rpo&e) Stop the Ho9.

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le =53TB. =53C4C 3T.B5 =53=5> =53.2S 5OSOL
Type + B + + + B
3efa-lt $.$ $ $.$ $.$ $.$ $
'emar7& 1 2

=53TB.
Termination time. .an(atory.
=53C4C
Termination cycle. The termination cycle i& optional an( will 9e -&e( if the
&pecifie( cycle i& reache( 9efore the termination time. Cycle n-m9er i&
i(entical with the time &tep n-m9er.
3T.B5
'e(-ction Cor &caleD factor for initial time &tep &iIe to (etermine minim-m
time &tep, TS.B5. TS.B5]3TST2'TN3T.B5 where 3TST2'T i& the
initial &tep &iIe (etermine( 9y LS#3452. ,hen TS.B5 i& reache(,
LS#3452 terminate& with a re&tart (-mp.
=53=5>
Percent change in energy ratio for termination of calc-lation. Bf -n(efine(,
thi& option i& inactive.
=53.2S
Percent change in the total ma&& for termination of calc-lation. Thi& option
i& relevant if an( only if ma&& &caling i& -&e( to limit the minim-m time
&tep &iIe, &ee NCO5T'OLOTB.=ST=P varia9le name X3T2.SY.
5OSOL
+lag for a non#&ol-tion r-n, i.e. normal termination (irectly after initialiIa#
tion. =S.$) off C(efa-ltD, =S.1) on.
Remarks:
1. Termination 9y (i&placement may 9e (efine( in the NT='.B52TBO5 &ection.
2. Bf the ero&ion flag on NCO5T'OLOTB.=ST=P i& &et C='O3=]1D, then the thic7 &hell
element& an( &oli( element& with time &tep& falling 9elow TS.B5 will 9e ero(e(. Thi&
time#&tep#9a&e( fail-re option i& not recommen(e( when &oli( form-lation& 11 or 12 are
incl-(e( in the mo(el.
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`CONTROL_THERMAL_EIGENVALUE `CONTROL
`CONTROL_THERMAL_EIGENVALUE
P-rpo&e) Comp-te eigenval-e& of thermal con(-ctance matrix for mo(el eval-ation p-rpo&e&.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 5=B>
Type B
3efa-lt $ . .

5=B>
5-m9er of eigenval-e& to comp-te.
=S.$) 5o eigenval-e& are comp-te(.
>T.$) Comp-te 5=B> eigenval-e& of each thermal con(-ctance matrix.
Remarks:
1. Comp-te& 5=B> eigenval-e& for each thermal con(-ctance matrix. Thi& i& a mo(el eval-ation
tool an( it i& recommen(e( that only a &mall n-m9er, &-ch a& 1, thermal time &tep& are -&e(
when -&ing thi& feat-re...
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`CONTROL `CONTROL_THERMAL_NONLINEAR
`CONTROL_THERMAL_NONLINEAR
P-rpo&e) Set parameter& for a nonlinear thermal or co-ple( &tr-ct-ralFthermal analy&i&. The control
car(, NCO5T'OLOSOL8TBO5, i& al&o re;-ire(.

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le '=+.2L TOL 3CP L8.PBC TJLSTL 5LTJP' PJCJP5
Type B + + B + B +
3efa-lt 1$ 1.e#$! 1.$ F $." $ $. $ 1$$.

'=+.2L
.axim-m n-m9er of matrix reformation& per time &tep)
=S.$) &et to 1$ reformation&.
TOL
Convergence tolerance for temperat-re)
=S.$.$) &et to 1$$$ N machine ro-n(off.
3CP
3ivergence control parameter)
&tea(y &tate pro9lem& $.% j 3CP j 1.$ (efa-lt 1.$
tran&ient pro9lem& $.$ ? 3CP j 1.$ (efa-lt $."
L8.PBC
L-mp enclo&-re ra(iation 9o-n(ary con(ition)
=S.$) off C(efa-ltD
=S.1) on
TJLSTL
Line &earch convergence tolerance)
=S.$.$) 5o line &earch
>T.$.$) Line &earch convergence tolerance
5LTJP'
Thermal nonlinear print o-t level)
=S.$) 5o print o-t
=S.1) 1 Print convergence parameter& (-ring &ol-tion of nonlinear &y&#
tem
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`CONTROL_THERMAL_NONLINEAR `CONTROL
PJCJP5
Pha&e change penalty parameter)
=S.$.$) Set to (efa-lt val-e 1$$.
>T.$.$) Penalty to enforce con&tant pha&e change temperat-re
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`CONTROL `CONTROL_THERMAL_SOLVER
`CONTROL_THERMAL_SOLVER
P-rpo&e) Set option& for the thermal &ol-tion in a thermal only or co-ple( &tr-ct-ral#thermal analy#
&i&. The control car(, NCO5T'OLOSOL8TBO5, i& al&o re;-ire(.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 2T4P= PT4P= SOLM=' C>TOL >PT =SJ=2T +,O'A SBC
Type B B B + B + + +
3efa-lt $ $ % 1.$e#$! / 1. 1. $.

Optional Card (Define if SOLVER 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 or 16)
Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le .S>LML .2LBT' 2BSTOL '=LTOL O.=>2 TS+
Type B B + + + +
3efa-lt $ "$$ 1.$e#1$ 1.$e#$! 1.$ or $. 1.

Optional Card (Define if SOLVER 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 or 16)
Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le .L3.P
Type B
3efa-lt $ .

2T4P=
Thermal analy&i& type)
=S.$) Stea(y &tate analy&i&,
=S.1) tran&ient analy&i&.
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`CONTROL_THERMAL_SOLVER `CONTROL
PT4P=
Thermal pro9lem type) C&ee NCO5T'OLOTJ='.2LO5O5LB5=2' if
no#IeroD
=S.$) linear pro9lem,
=S.1) nonlinear pro9lem with material propertie& eval-ate( at ga-&&
point temperat-re.
=S.2) nonlinear pro9lem with material propertie& eval-ate( at element
average temperat-re.
SOLM='
Thermal analy&i& &olver type)
=S.1) -&ing &olver 11 Center #1 to -&e the ol( 2CTCOL &olverD,
=S.2) non&ymmetric (irect &olver,
=S.%) (iagonal &cale( conH-gate gra(ient iterative C(efa-ltD,
=S.!) incomplete chole&7i conH-gate gra(ient iterative,
=S.") non&ymmetric (iagonal &cale( 9i#conH-gate gra(ient
=S.11) &ymmetric (irect &olver Crecommen(e( over ^1D
+or .PP exec-tion&)
=S.11) &ymmetric (irect &olver,
=S.12) (iagonal &caling C(efa-lt for mppD conH-gate gra(ient iterative,
=S.1%) &ymmetric >a-&&#Sie(el conH-gate gra(ient iterative,
=S.1!) SSO' conH-gate gra(ient iterative,
=S.1") BL3LT$ Cincomplete factoriIationD conH-gate gra(ient iterative,
=S.10) mo(ifie( BL3LT$ Cincomplete factoriIationD conH-gate gra(ient
iterative.
C>TOL
Convergence tolerance for SOLM=' ] % an( !.
=S.$.$) -&e (efa-lt val-e 1.e#$! &ingle or 1.e#$0 (o-9le preci&ion
>PT
5-m9er of >a-&& point& to 9e -&e( in the &oli( element&)
=S.$.$) -&e (efa-lt val-e /,
=S.1.$) one point ;-a(rat-re i& -&e(.
=SJ=2T
.echanical e;-ivalent of heat Ce.g., 1 : F 5 mD.
=S.$.$) -&e (efa-lt val-e 1.$,
LT.$.$) (e&ignate& a loa( c-rve n-m9er for =SJ=2T ver&-& time.
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`CONTROL `CONTROL_THERMAL_SOLVER
+,O'A
+raction of mechanical wor7 converte( into heat.
=S.$.$) -&e (efa-lt val-e 1.$.
SBC
Stefan BoltImann con&tant. Mal-e i& -&e( with enclo&-re ra(iation &-rfac#
e&, &ee NBO8532'4O'23B2TBO5O.....
LT.$.$) -&e a &moothing algorithm when calc-lating view factor& to
force the row &-m]1.
.S>LML
O-tp-t me&&age level C+or SOLM=' @ 1$D
=S.$) no o-tp-t C(efa-ltD,
=S.1) &-mmary information,
=S.2) (etaile( information, -&e only for (e9-gging.
.2LBT'
.axim-m n-m9er of iteration&. +or SOLM=' @11.
=S.$) -&e (efa-lt val-e "$$,
2BSTOL
29&ol-te convergence tolerance. +or SOLM=' @11.
=S.$.$) -&e (efa-lt val-e 1.e#1$
'=LTOL
'elative convergence tolerance. 'eplace& C>TOL for SOLM=' @11.
=S.$.$) -&e (efa-lt val-e 1.e#$0
O.=>2
'elaxation parameter omega for SOLM=' 1! an( 10.
=S.$.$) -&e (efa-lt val-e 1.$ for Solver 1!, -&e (efa-lt val-e $.$ for
Solver 10.
.L3.P
.atrix 3-mping for SOLM=' @ 11
=S.$ 5o 3-mping
>T.$ 3-mp -&ing 2SCBB format every .L3.P time &tep&.
LT.$ 3-mp -&ing 9inary format every i.L3.Pi time &tep&.
Remarks:
2. Solver& 1, 2, % an( ! are only for S.P environment&. Solver& 11, 12, 1%, 1!, 1" an( 10 are for
S.P an( .PP.
%. Solver 11 i& the preferre( (irect &olver. Solver 11 -&e& &par&e matrix &torage an( re;-ire& m-ch
le&& memory than Solver 1.
!. 8&e of a (irect &olver Ce.g., SOLM=' ] 1, 2 or 11D i& -&-ally le&& efficient than -&ing an itera#
tive &olver CSOLM=' ] %, !, 12, 1%, 1!, 1" or 10D. Con&i(er -&ing a (irect &olver to get the
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`CONTROL_THERMAL_SOLVER `CONTROL
mo(el r-nning an( then &witch to an iterative &olver to (ecrea&e exec-tion time Cpartic-larly for
large mo(el&D. 3irect &olver& &ho-l( 9e -&e( when experiencing &low or no convergence.
". +or tran&ient pro9lem&, (iagonal &caling conH-gate gra(ient CSOLM=' ] % or 12D &ho-l( 9e a(#
e;-ate.
0. +or &tea(y &tate pro9lem&, convergence may 9e &low or -naccepta9le, &o con&i(er -&ing (irect
&olver CSOLM=' ] 1, 2 or 11D or a more powerf-l precon(itioner CSOLM=' ] !, 1%, 1!, 1" or
10D.
7. Solver 1% C&ymmetric >a-&&#Sei(elD an( &olver 1! CSSO'D are relate(. ,hen O.=>2 ] 1,
&olver 1! i& e;-ivalent to &olver 1%. The optimal omega val-e for SSO' i& pro9lem (epen(ent
9-t lie& 9etween 1 an( 2.
/. Solver 1" Cincomplete L3LT$D an( &olver 10 Cmo(ifie( incomplete L3LT$D are relate(. Both
are no#fill factoriIation& that re;-ire one extra n#vector of &torage. The &par&ity pattern of the
precon(itioner i& exactly the &ame a& that of the thermal &tiffne&& matrix. Solver 10 -&e& the re#
laxation parameter O.=>2. The optimal O.=>2 val-e i& pro9lem (epen(ent, 9-t lie& 9e#
tween $ an( 1.
. Solver& 12, 1%, 1!, 1" an( 10 terminate the iterative &ol-tion proce&& when C1D the n-m9er of
iteration& excee(& .2LBT' or C2D the 2#norm of the re&i(-al (rop& 9elow 2BSTOL [ '=L#
TOLN2#norm of the initial re&i(-al.
1$. Solver&11 an( -p have the a9ility to (-mp the thermal con(-ctance matrix an( right#han(#&i(e
-&ing the &ame format& a& (oc-mente( -n(er NCO5T'OLOB.PLBCBTOSOLM='. Bf thi& op#
tion i& -&e( file& 9eginning with TOwill 9e generate(.
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`CONTROL `CONTROL_THERMAL_TIMESTEP
`CONTROL_THERMAL_TIMESTEP
P-rpo&e) Set time &tep control& for the thermal &ol-tion in a thermal only or co-ple( &tr-ct-ralF
thermal analy&i&. 2l&o NCO5T'OLOSOL8TBO5, NCO5T'OLOTJ='.2LOSOLM=' nee(e(.

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le TS TBP BTS T.B5 T.2L 3T=.P TSCP LCTS
Type B + + + + + + B
3efa-lt $ $." none # # 1.$ $." $

TS
Time &tep control)
=S.$) fixe( time &tep,
=S.1) varia9le time &tep Cmay increa&e or (ecrea&eD.
TBP
Time integration parameter)
=S.$.$) &et to $." # Cran7#5ichol&on &cheme,
=S.1.$) f-lly implicit.
BTS
Bnitial thermal time &tep
T.B5
.inim-m thermal time &tep)
=S.$.$) &et to &tr-ct-ral explicit time &tep.
T.2L
.axim-m thermal time &tep)
=S.$.$) &et to 1$$ N &tr-ct-ral explicit time &tep.
3T=.P
.axim-m temperat-re change in each time &tep a9ove which the thermal
time &tep will 9e (ecrea&e()
=S.$.$) &et to a temperat-re change of 1.$.
TSCP
Time &tep control parameter. The thermal time &tep i& (ecrea&e( 9y thi&
factor if convergence i& not o9taine(. $. ? TSCP ? 1.$)
=S.$.$) &et to a factor of $.".
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`CONTROL_THERMAL_TIMESTEP `CONTROL
LCTS
LCTS (e&ignate& a loa( c-rve n-m9er which (efine& (ata pair& of Cthermal
time 9rea7point, new time &tepD. The time &tep will 9e a(H-&te( to hit the
time 9rea7point& exactly. 2fter the time 9rea7point, the time &tep will 9e
&et to the nnew time &tepV or(inate val-e in the loa( c-rve.
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`CONTROL `CONTROL_TIMESTEP
`CONTROL_TIMESTEP
P-rpo&e) Set &tr-ct-ral time &tep &iIe control -&ing (ifferent option&.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 3TB5BT TSS+2C BS3O TSLB.T 3T2.S LCT. ='O3= .S1ST
Type + + B + + B B B
3efa-lt # $.F$.07 $ $.$ $.$ $ $ $

This card is optional.
Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 3T2.S+ 3T2.SLC B.SCL '.SCL
Type + B B +
3efa-lt not -&e( not -&e( $ $.$

3TB5BT
Bnitial time &tep &iIe)
=S.$.$) LS#3452 (etermine& initial &tep &iIe.
TSS+2C
Scale factor for comp-te( time &tep Col( name SC+TD. See 'emar7 1 9e#
low. C3efa-lt ] .$E if high explo&ive& are -&e(, the (efa-lt i& lowere(
to .07D.
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`CONTROL_TIMESTEP `CONTROL
BS3O
Ba&i& of time &iIe calc-lation for !#no(e &hell element&. %#no(e &hell& -&e
the &horte&t altit-(e for option& $,1 an( the &horte&t &i(e for option 2. Thi&
option ha& no relevance to &oli( element&, which -&e a length 9a&e( on the
element vol-me (ivi(e( 9y the large&t &-rface area.
=S.$) characteri&tic length]areaFCminim-m of the longe&t &i(e or the
longe&t (iagonalD.
=S.1) characteri&tic length]areaFClonge&t (iagonalD.
=S.2) 9a&e( on 9ar wave &pee( an( .2L T&horte&t &i(e, areaFCminim-m
of the longe&t &i(e or the longe&t (iagonalD.U. TJBS L2ST OP#
TBO5 C25 >BM= 2 .8CJ L2'>=' TB.= ST=P SBK= TJ2T
C25 L=23 TO B5ST2BBLBTB=S B5 SO.= 2PPLBC2TBO5S,
=SP=CB2LL4 ,J=5 T'B25>8L2' =L=.=5TS 2'=
8S=3.
=S.%) time &tep &iIe i& 9a&e( on the maxim-m eigenval-e. Thi& option
i& o7ay for &tr-ct-ral application& where the material &o-n( &pee(
change& &lowly. The co&t relate( to (etermining the maxim-m
eigenval-e i& &ignificant, 9-t the increa&e in the time &tep &iIe of#
ten allow& for &ignificantly &horter r-n time& witho-t -&ing ma&&
&caling.
TSLB.T
Shell element minim-m time &tep a&&ignment, TSLB.T. ,hen a &hell con#
trol& the time &tep, element material propertie& Cmo(-li not ma&&e&D will 9e
mo(ifie( &-ch that the time &tep (oe& not fall 9elow the a&&igne( &tep &iIe.
Thi& option i& applica9le only to &hell element& -&ing material mo(el&)
N.2TOPL2STBCOAB5=.2TBC, N.2TOPO,='OL2,OPL2STBCBT4,
N.2TOST'2B5O'2T=O3=P=53=5TOPL2STBCBT4, N.2TOPB=C=#
,BS=OLB5=2'OPL2STBCBT4. Thi& &o#calle( &tiffne&& &caling option i&
5OT recommen(e(. The 3T2.S option 9elow applie& to all material& an(
element cla&&e& an( i& preferre(. Bf 9oth TSLB.T an( 3T2.S 9elow are
active an( if TSLB.T i& inp-t a& a po&itive n-m9er, then TSLB.T i& &et to
1.=#1/, which ma7e& it inactive. Bf TSLB.T i& negative an( le&& than
i3T2.Si, then iTSLB.Ti i& applie( prior to the ma&& 9eing &cale(. Bf
i3T2.Si excee(& the magnit-(e of TSLB.T, then TSLB.T i& &et to 1.=#
1/.
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12#2/$ CCO5T'OLD LS-DYNA R7.0
3T2.S
Time &tep &iIe for ma&& &cale( &ol-tion&, 3T2.S. Po&itive val-e& are for
;-a&i#&tatic analy&e& or time hi&tory analy&e& where the inertial effect& are
in&ignificant. 3efa-lt ] $.$. Bf negative, TSS+2CNi3T2.Si i& the mini#
m-m time &tep &iIe permitte( an( ma&& &caling i& (one if an( only if it i&
nece&&ary to meet the Co-rant time &tep &iIe criterion. Thi& latter option
can 9e -&e( in tran&ient analy&e& if the ma&& increa&e& remain in&ignificant.
See NCO5T'OLOT='.B52TBO5 varia9le name X=53.2SY. ,2'5#
B5>) S-perelement&, N=L=.=5TO3B'=CTO.2T'BLOB5P8T, are not
ma&& &cale(E con&e;-ently, 3T2.S (oe& not affect their time &tep &iIe. Bn
thi& ca&e an error termination will occ-r, an( 3T2.S will nee( to 9e re&et
to a &maller val-e.
LCT.
Loa( c-rve B3 that limit& the maxim-m time &tep &iIe CoptionalD. Thi& loa(
c-rve (efine& the maxim-m time &tep &iIe permitte( ver&-& time. Bf the &o#
l-tion time excee(& the final time val-e (efine( 9y the c-rve the comp-te(
&tep &iIe i& -&e(. Bf the time &tep &iIe from the loa( c-rve i& exactly Iero,
the comp-te( time &tep &iIe i& al&o -&e(.
='O3=
=ro&ion flag for Soli(, T#Shell an( SPJ element& when TS.B5 C&ee
NCO5T'OLOT='.B52TBO5D i& reache(. Bf thi& flag i& not &et the calc-#
lation will terminate. +or SPJ element&, particle& will 9e (eactivate( when
TS.B5 i& reache( +or &oli( element& the PS+2BL option i& availa9le an(
can re(-ce CP8 time, &ee NCO5T'OLOSOLB3.
=S.$) no,
=S.1) ye&.
Bf ='O3=]1, an( TS.B5@$ CSee NCO5T'OLOT='.B52TBO5D, all &ol#
i( element& are chec7e( at the 9eginning of element proce&&ing to chec7 for
negative vol-me&. The &oli( element&, which are fo-n( with negative vol#
-me&, are ero(e( an( the calc-lation contin-e&.
.S1ST
Limit ma&& &caling to the fir&t &tep an( fix the ma&& vector accor(ing to the
time &tep& once. The time &tep will not 9e fixe( 9-t may (rop (-ring the
calc-lation from the &pecifie( minim-m)
=S.$) no,
=S.1) ye&.
3T2.S+
'e(-ction Cor &caleD factor for initial time &tep &iIe to (etermine the mini#
m-m time &tep &iIe permitte(. .a&& &caling i& (one if it i& nece&&ary to
meet the Co-rant time &tep &iIe criterion. Bf thi& option i& -&e( 3T2.S] W
3T2.S+ m-ltiplie( 9y the initial time &tep &iIe, &t, 9efore &t i& &cale( 9y
TSS+2C. Thi& option i& active if an( only if 3T2.S]$ a9ove.
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`CONTROL_TIMESTEP `CONTROL
3T2.SLC
Loa( c-rve &pecifying 3T2.S a& a f-nction of time (-ring the explicit &o#
l-tion& pha&e. The loa( c-rve can only 9e -&e( for increa&ing the magni#
t-(e of 3T2.S. Con&e;-ently, the magnit-(e of 3T2.S i& ta7en a& the
maxim-m of the c-rrent val-e an( the val-e from the loa( c-rve.
B.SCL
+lag for &elective ma&& &caling if an( only if ma&& &caling active. Selective
ma&& &caling (oe& not &cale the rigi( 9o(y ma&& an( i& therefore more acc-#
rate. Since it i& memory an( CP8 inten&ive, it &ho-l( 9e applie( only to
&mall finely me&he( part&. Thi& option i& availa9le &tarting with the thir(
revi&ion of ver&ion 71.
=S.$) no &elective ma&& &caling.
=S.1) all part& -n(ergo &elective ma&& &caling.
LT.$) recommen(e(. iB.SCLi i& the part &et B3 of the part& that -n(er#
go &elective ma&& &calingE all other part& are ma&& &cale( the -&-al
way.
'.SCL
+lag for -&ing rotational option in &elective ma&& &caling
=S.$.) Only tran&lational inertia are &electively ma&& &cale(
5=.$.) Both tran&lational an( rotational inertia are &electively ma&&
&cale(
Remarks:
1. 3-ring the &ol-tion we loop thro-gh the element& an( (etermine a new time &tep &iIe 9y ta7#
ing the minim-m val-e over all element&.
At
n+1
= ISSFAC min{At
1
At
2
. . . At
N
]
where N i& the n-m9er of element&. The time &tep &iIe ro-ghly corre&pon(& to the tran&ient
time of an aco-&tic wave thro-gh an element -&ing the &horte&t characteri&tic (i&tance. +or
&ta9ility rea&on& the &cale factor TSS+2C i& typically &et to a val-e of .$ C(efa-ltD or &ome
&maller val-e. To (ecrea&e &ol-tion time we (e&ire to -&e the large&t po&&i9le &ta9le time
&tep &iIe. Mal-e& larger than .$ will often lea( to in&ta9ilitie&. Some comment& follow)
G The &o-n( &pee( in &teel an( al-min-m i& approximately "mm per micro&econ(E there#
fore, if a &teel &tr-ct-re i& mo(ele( with element &iIe& of "mm, the comp-te( time &tep
&iIe wo-l( 9e 1 micro&econ(. =lement& ma(e from material& with lower &o-n( &pee(&,
&-ch a& foam&, will give larger time &tep &iIe&. 2voi( exce&&ively &mall element& an( 9e
aware of the effect of rotational inertia on the time &tep &iIe in the Belyt&ch7o 9eam ele#
ment. So-n( &pee(& (iffer for each material, for example, con&i(er)
2B' %%1 mF&
,2T=' 1!7/
ST==L "2!$
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TBT25B8. "22$
PL=LB>L2S 2"/
G .o(el &tiff component& with rigi( 9o(ie&, not 9y &caling 4o-ngV& mo(-l-& which can
&-9&tantially re(-ce the time &tep &iIe.
G The altit-(e of the triang-lar element &ho-l( 9e -&e( to comp-te the time &tep &iIe. 8&#
ing the &horte&t &i(e i& o7ay only if the calc-lation i& clo&ely examine( for po&&i9le in#
&ta9ilitie&. Thi& i& controlle( 9y parameter BS3O.

G Bn the explicit time integration context an( in contra&t to conventional ma&& &cal#
ing,&elective ma&& &caling CS.SD i& a well tho-ght o-t &cheme that not only re(-ce& the
n-m9er of &im-lation cycle& 9-t that al&o (oe& not &ignificantly affect the (ynamic re#
&pon&e of the &y&tem -n(er con&i(eration. The (raw9ac7 i& that a linear &y&tem of e;-a#
tion& m-&t 9e &olve( in each time &tep for the acceleration&, in thi& implementation a pre#
con(itione( conH-gate gra(ient metho( CPC>D i& -&e(. 2n -nfort-nate con&e;-ence of
thi& choice of &olver i& that the efficiency will wor&en when attempting large time &tep&
&ince the con(ition n-m9er of the a&&em9le( ma&& matrix increa&e& with the a((e( ma&&.
Therefore ca-tion &ho-l( 9e ta7en when choo&ing the (e&ire( time &tep &iIe. +or large
mo(el& it i& al&o recommen(e( to only -&e S.S on critical part& &ince it i& otherwi&e
li7ely to &low (own exec-tion, once again the 9ottle nec7 9eing the &ol-tion of the linear
&y&tem of e;-ation&. +inally, one &ho-l( 9e aware that all con&traint& an( 9o-n(ary con#
(ition& availa9le in LS#3452 may not 9e &-pporte( for S.S 9-t are contin-o-&ly im#
plemente( when re;-e&te( 9y -&er&. 8p to (ate an( in 9rief, the following feat-re& are
&-pporte( in thi& context
Pointwi&e no(al con&traint& in glo9al an( local (irection&
Pre&cri9e( motion in glo9al an( local (irection&
2(aptivity
'igi( wall&
3eforma9le element& merge( with rigi( 9o(ie&
Con&traint contact& an( &potwel(&
By (efa-lt, only the tran&lational (ynamic propertie& are treate(. Thi& mean& that only rigi( 9o(y
tran&lation will 9e -naffecte( 9y the ma&& &caling impo&e(. There i& an option to al&o properly treat
rigi( 9o(y rotation in thi& way, thi& i& invo7e( 9y flagging the parameter '.SCL. 2 penalty in
comp-tational expen&e i& inc-rre( 9-t the re&-lt& co-l( 9e improve( if rotation& are (ominating the
&im-lation.
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`CONTROL_UNITS `CONTROL
LS-DYNA R7.0 12#2/% CCO5T'OLD
`CONTROL_UNITS
P-rpo&e) Specify the -&er -nit& for the c-rrent 7eywor( inp-t (ec7. Thi& (oe& not provi(e any mech#
ani&m for a-tomatic conver&ion of -nit& of any entry in the 7eywor( inp-t (ec7. Bt i& inten(e( to 9e
-&e( for &everal p-rpo&e&, 9-t c-rrently only for the &it-ation where an external (ata9a&e in another
&et of -nit& will 9e loa(e( an( -&e( in the &im-lation. Bn thi& ca&e, `CONTROL_UNITS provi(e&
the information nece&&ary to convert the external (ata into internal -nit& C&ee `CHEMISTRY
_CONTROL for &-ch external (ata9a&e&D.
Bf the nee(e( -nit i& not one of the pre(efine( one& li&te( for -&e on the fir&t car(, then the &econ(
optional car( i& -&e( to (efine that -nit. 2ny non#Iero &cale& that are entere( on optional car( 2 over#
ri(e what i& &pecifie( on the fir&t car(. The&e &cale& are given in term& of the (efa-lt -nit& on car( 1.
+or in&tance, if %0$$.$ i& given in the &econ( 2$ character fiel( on the optional &econ( car( CTB.=
OSC2L=D, then nho-rV i& the time -nit C%0$$ &econ(&D.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le L=5>TJ TB.= .2SS T=.P
Type 2 2 2 2
3efa-lt m &ec 7g A

Optional Card only used when a new unit needs to be defined:
Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le L=5>TJOSC2L= TB.=OSC2L= .2SSOSC2L=
Type + + +
3efa-lt 1.$ 1.$ 1.$

L=5>TJ Length -nit&)
=S.m CmeterD C(efa-ltD
=S.mm CmillimeterD
=S.cm CcentimeterD
=S.in CinchD
=S.ft CfootD
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`CONTROL `CONTROL_UNITS
12#2/! CCO5T'OLD LS-DYNA R7.0
TB.= Time -nit&)
=S.&ec C&econ(D C(efa-ltD
=S.m& Cm&ec, milli&ecD
=S.microO& Cmicro&ecD
.2SS .a&& -nit&)
=S.7g C7ilogramD C(efa-ltD
=S.g CgramD
=S.mg CmilligramD
=S.l9 Cpo-n(D
=S.&l-g) po-n(#&ecNN2Ffoot
=S.&linch) po-n(#&ecNN2Finch
=S.mtrcOton CmetricOtonD
T=.P Temperat-re -nit&)
=S.A CAelvinD C(efa-ltD
=S.C CCel&i-&D
=S.+ C+ahrenheitD
=S.' C'an7ineD
L=5>TJ
OSC2L=
5-m9er of meter& in the length -nit for the inp-t (ec7
TB.=OSC2L= 5-m9er of &econ(& in the time -nit for the inp-t (ec7
.2SSOSC2L= 5-m9er of 7ilogram& in the ma&& -nit for the inp-t (ec7
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`DAMPING
LS-DYNA R7.0 1%#1 C32.PB5>D
`DAMPING
The Aeywor( option& in thi& &ection in alpha9etical or(er are)
`DAMPING_FREQUENCY_RANGE
`DAMPING_GLOBAL
`DAMPING_PART_MASS
`DAMPING_PART_STIFFNESS
`DAMPING_RELATIVE
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`DAMPING `DAMPING_FREQUENCY_RANGE
1%#2 C32.PB5>D LS-DYNA R7.0
`DAMPING_FREQUENCY_RANGE
P-rpo&e) Thi& feat-re provi(e& approximately con&tant (amping Ci.e. fre;-ency#in(epen(entD over a
range of fre;-encie&.

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le C32.P +LO, +JB>J PSB3
Type + + + B
3efa-lt $.$ $.$ $.$ $

C32.P
3amping in fraction of critical.
+LO,
Lowe&t fre;-ency in range of intere&t Ccycle& per -nit time, e.g. JI if time
-nit i& &econ(&D
+JB>J
Jighe&t fre;-ency in range of intere&t Ccycle& per -nit time, e.g. JI if time
-nit i& &econ(&D
PSB3
Part &et B3. The re;-e&te( (amping i& applie( only to the part& in the &et. Bf
PSB3 ] $, the (amping i& applie( to all part& except tho&e referre( to 9y
other N32.PB5>O+'=S8=5C4O'25>= car(&.
Remarks:
Thi& feat-re provi(e& approximately con&tant (amping Ci.e. fre;-ency#in(epen(entD over a range of
fre;-encie& +
low
? + ? +
high
. Bt i& inten(e( for &mall (amping ratio& Ce.g. ? $.$"D an( fre;-ency rang#
e& &-ch that +
high
F +
low
i& in the range 1$#%$$. The (raw9ac7 to thi& metho( of (amping i& that it re#
(-ce& the (ynamic &tiffne&& of the mo(el, e&pecially at low fre;-encie&. Thi& effect i& pre(icta9le)
the nat-ral fre;-encie& of mo(e& clo&e to +
low
are re(-ce( 9y %b for a (amping ratio of $.$1 an(
+
high
F +
low
in the range 1$#%$. 5ear +
high
the error i& 9etween Iero an( one thir( of the error at +
low
.
=&timate( fre;-ency error& are &hown in the next ta9le.

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`DAMPING_FREQUENCY_RANGE `DAMPING
LS-DYNA R7.0 1%#% C32.PB5>D

+re;-ency

+
high
F +
low

=rror at +
low

% to %$

%$ to %$$

%$$ to %$$$

3amping

$.$1

%b

!."b

0b

'atio

$.$2

0b

b

12b

$.$!

12b

1/b

2!b
Bt i& recommen(e( that the ela&tic &tiffne&&e& in the mo(el 9e increa&e( &lightly to acco-nt for thi&,
e.g. for $.$1 (amping acro&& a fre;-ency range of %$ to 0$$JI, the average error acro&& the fre;-en#
cy range i& a9o-t 2b. Bncrea&e the &tiffne&& 9y C1.$2D
2
, i.e. 9y !b.
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`DAMPING `DAMPING_GLOBAL
1%#! C32.PB5>D LS-DYNA R7.0
`DAMPING_GLOBAL
P-rpo&e) 3efine ma&& weighte( no(al (amping that applie& glo9ally to the no(e& of (eforma9le 9o(#
ie& an( to the ma&& center of the rigi( 9o(ie&.

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le LCB3 M2L3.P STL ST4 STK S'L S'4 S'K
Type B + + + + + + +
3efa-lt $ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$
'emar7& 1 2 2 2 2 2 2

LCB3
Loa( c-rve B3 which &pecifie& the &y&tem (amping con&tant)
=S.$) a con&tant (amping factor a& (efine( 9y M2L3.P i& -&e(,
=S.n) &y&tem (amping i& given 9y loa( c-rve n. The (amping force ap#
plie( to each no(e i& f]#(CtD mv, where (CtD i& (efine( 9y loa(
c-rve n.
M2L3.P
Sy&tem (amping con&tant,
s
Cthi& option i& 9ypa&&e( if the loa( c-rve
n-m9er (efine( a9ove i& non IeroD.
STL
Scale factor on glo9al x tran&lational (amping force&.
ST4
Scale factor on glo9al y tran&lational (amping force&.
STK
Scale factor on glo9al I tran&lational (amping force&.
S'L
Scale factor on glo9al x rotational (amping moment&.
S'4
Scale factor on glo9al y rotational (amping moment&.
S'K
Scale factor on glo9al I rotational (amping moment&.
Remarks)
1. Thi& 7eywor( i& al&o -&e( for the re&tart, &ee N'=ST2'T.
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`DAMPING_GLOBAL `DAMPING
LS-DYNA R7.0 1%#" C32.PB5>D
2. Bf STL]ST4]STK]S'L]S'4]S'K]$.$ in the inp-t a9ove, all &ix val-e& are (efa-lte( to
-nity.
,ith ma&& proportional &y&tem (amping the acceleration i& comp-te( a&)
o
n
= H
-1
(

P
n
-F
n

-F
dump
n
)
where, H i& the (iagonal ma&& matrix, P
n
i& the external loa( vector, F
n
i& the internal loa(
vector, an( F
dump
n
i& the force vector (-e to &y&tem (amping. Thi& latter vector i& (efine( a&)
F
dump
n
=
s
m:
The 9e&t (amping con&tant for the &y&tem i& -&-ally &ome val-e approaching the critical
(amping factor for the lowe&t fre;-ency mo(e of intere&t.
(
s
)
ctcuI
= 2
mn

The nat-ral fre;-ency
min
Cgiven in ra(ian& per -nit timeD i& generally ta7en a& the f-n(a#
mental fre;-ency of the &tr-ct-re. Thi& fre;-ency can 9e (etermine( from an eigenval-e
analy&i& or from an -n(ampe( tran&ient analy&i&. 5ote that thi& (amping applie& to 9oth
tran&lational an( rotational (egree& of free(om. 2l&o note that ma&& proportional (amping
will (amp rigi( 9o(y motion a& well a& vi9ration.
=nergy (i&&ipate( 9y thro-gh ma&& weighte( (amping i& reporte( a& &y&tem (amping energy
in the 2SCBB file >LST2T. Thi& energy i& comp-te( whenever &y&tem (amping i& active.
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`DAMPING `DAMPING_PART_MASS
1%#0 C32.PB5>D LS-DYNA R7.0
`DAMPING_PART_MASS_{OPTION}
OPTION &pecifie& that a part &et B3 i& given with the &ingle option)
SET
P-rpo&e) 3efine ma&& weighte( (amping 9y part B3. Part& may 9e either rigi( or (eforma9le. Bn
rigi( 9o(ie& the (amping force& an( moment& act at the center of ma&&.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le PB3FPSB3 LCB3 S+ +L2>
Type B B + B
3efa-lt $ $ 1.$ $

(This card is optional and is read if and only if FLAG1. If this card is not read STX, STY,
STZ, SRX, SRY, and SRZ default to unity.)
Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le STL ST4 STK S'L S'4 S'K
Type + + + + + +
3efa-lt $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$

PB3FPSB3
Part B3, &ee NP2'T or part &et B3, &ee NS=TOP2'T.
LCB3
Loa( c-rve B3 which &pecifie& &y&tem (amping for part&.
S+
Scale factor for loa( c-rve. Thi& allow& a &imple mo(ification of the loa(
c-rve val-e&.
+L2>
Set thi& flag to -nity if the glo9al component& of the (amping force& re;-ire
&eparate &cale factor&.
STL
Scale factor on glo9al x tran&lational (amping force&.
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`DAMPING_PART_MASS `DAMPING
LS-DYNA R7.0 1%#7 C32.PB5>D
ST4
Scale factor on glo9al y tran&lational (amping force&.
STK
Scale factor on glo9al I tran&lational (amping force&.
S'L
Scale factor on glo9al x rotational (amping moment&.
S'4
Scale factor on glo9al y rotational (amping moment&.
S'K
Scale factor on glo9al I rotational (amping moment&.
Remarks)
.a&& weighte( (amping (amp& all motion& incl-(ing rigi( 9o(y motion&. +or high fre;-ency o&cil#
latory motion &tiffne&& weighte( (amping may 9e preferre(. ,ith ma&& proportional &y&tem (amp#
ing the acceleration i& comp-te( a&)
o
n
= H
-1
(P
n
-F
n
-F
dump
n
)
where, H i& the (iagonal ma&& matrix, P
n
i& the external loa( vector, F
n
i& the internal loa( vector,
an( F
dump
n
i& the force vector (-e to &y&tem (amping. Thi& latter vector i& (efine( a&)
F
dump
n
=
s
mv
The 9e&t (amping con&tant for the &y&tem i& -&-ally 9a&e( on the critical (amping factor for the low#
e&t fre;-ency mo(e of intere&t. Therefore,
s
= 2
mn

i& recommen(e( where the nat-ral fre;-ency Cgiven in ra(ian& per -nit timeD i& generally ta7en a&
the f-n(amental fre;-ency of the &tr-ct-re. The (amping i& applie( to 9oth tran&lational an( rota#
tional (egree& of free(om. The component &cale factor& can 9e -&e( to limit which glo9al compo#
nent& &ee (amping force&.
=nergy (i&&ipate( 9y thro-gh ma&& weighte( (amping i& reporte( a& &y&tem (amping energy in the
2SCBB file >LST2T. Thi& energy i& comp-te( whenever &y&tem (amping i& active.
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`DAMPING `DAMPING_PART_STIFFNESS
1%#/ C32.PB5>D LS-DYNA R7.0
`DAMPING_PART_STIFFNESS_{OPTION}
OPTION &pecifie& that a part &et B3 i& given with the &ingle option)
SET
P-rpo&e) 2&&ign 'ayleigh &tiffne&& (amping coefficient 9y part B3.

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le PB3FPSB3 CO=+
Type B +
3efa-lt none $.$

PB3FPSB3
Part B3, &ee NP2'T or part &et B3, &ee NS=TOP2'T.
CO=+
'ayleigh (amping coefficient. Two metho(& are now availa9le)
LT.$.$) 'ayleigh (amping coefficient i& &et 9a&e( on a given fre;-ency
an( applie( -niformly to each element in the part B3. Thi& ap#
proach i& -&e( in ver&ion& of LS#3452 prior to ver&ion 0$.
See note& 9elow.
=S.$.$) Bnactive.
>T.$.$) 'ayleigh (amping coefficient for &tiffne&& weighte( (amping.
Mal-e& 9etween $.$1 an( $.2" are recommen(e(. Jigher val-e&
are &trongly (i&co-rage(, an( val-e& le&& than $.$1 may have
little effect. The (amping coefficient i& -ni;-ely (efine( for
each element of the part B3.
Remarks)
The (amping matrix in 'ayleigh (amping i& (efine( a&)
C = oH +[
where C, ., an( A are the (amping, ma&&, an( &tiffne&& matrice&, re&pectively. The con&tant& . an(
are the ma&& an( &tiffne&& proportional (amping con&tant&. The ma&& proportional (amping can 9e
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`DAMPING_PART_STIFFNESS `DAMPING
LS-DYNA R7.0 1%# C32.PB5>D
treate( 9y &y&tem (amping, &ee 7eywor(&) N32.PB5>O>LOB2L an( 32.PB5>OP2'TO.2SS.
Tran&forming C with the ith eigenvector
give&)
t
C
t
(oH +[)
= o +[
2
= 2

where
i& the ith fre;-ency Cra(ian&F-nit timeD an(
i& the corre&pon(ing mo(al (amping parame#

ter.
>enerally, the &tiffne&& proportional (amping i& effective for high fre;-encie& an( i& orthogonal to
rigi( 9o(y motion. .a&& proportional (amping i& more effective for low fre;-encie& an( will (amp
rigi( 9o(y motion. Bf a large val-e of the &tiffne&& 9a&e( (amping coefficient i& -&e(, it may 9e nec#
e&&ary to lower the time &tep &iIe &ignificantly. Thi& m-&t 9e (one man-ally 9y re(-cing the time
&tep &cale factor on the NCO5T'OLOTB.=ST=P control car(. Since a goo( val-e of i& not ea&ily
i(entifie(, the coefficient, CO=+, i& (efine( &-ch that a val-e of .1$ ro-ghly corre&pon(& to 1$b
(amping in the high fre;-ency (omain.
Bn ver&ion& prior to 0$, one (amping coefficient i& (efine( that applie& to all element& of the entire
part. ,ith thi& ol(er approach if 1$b of critical (amping i& &o-ght in the ith mo(e then &et)
[ =
. 2u

an( inp-t [ a& a negative n-m9er. Typically, [ i& &ome fraction of the time &tep &iIe.
=nergy (i&&ipate( 9y 'ayleigh (amping i& comp-te( if an( only if the flag, '4L=5, on the control
car(, NCO5T'OLO=5='>4 i& &et to 2. Thi& energy i& acc-m-late( a& element internal energy an(
i& incl-(e( in the energy 9alance. Bn the >LST2T file thi& energy will 9e l-mpe( in with the inter#
nal energy.
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`DAMPING `DAMPING_RELATIVE
1%#1$ C32.PB5>D LS-DYNA R7.0
`DAMPING_RELATIVE
P-rpo&e) 2pply (amping relative to the motion of a rigi( 9o(y.

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le C32.P +'=S PB3'B PSB3
Type + + + B
3efa-lt $ $ $ $

C32.P
+raction of critical (amping.
+'=S
+re;-ency at which C32.P i& to apply Ccycle& per -nit time, e.g. JI if
time -nit i& &econ(&D.
PB3'B
Part B3 of rigi( 9o(y, &ee NP2'T. .otion relative to thi& rigi( 9o(y will 9e
(ampe(.
PSB3
Part &et B3. The re;-e&te( (amping i& applie( only to the part& in the &et.
Remarks)
1. Thi& feat-re provi(e& (amping of vi9ration& for o9Hect& that are moving thro-gh &pace. The
vi9ration& are (ampe(, 9-t not the rigi( 9o(y motion. Thi& i& achieve( 9y calc-lating the ve#
locity of each no(e relative to that of a rigi( 9o(y, an( applying a (amping force proportion#
al to that velocity. The force& are reacte( onto the rigi( 9o(y &-ch that overall moment-m i&
con&erve(. Bt i& inten(e( that the rigi( 9o(y i& em9e((e( within the moving o9Hect.
2. Mi9ration& at fre;-encie& 9elow +'=S are (ampe( 9y more than C32.P, while tho&e at
fre;-encie& a9ove +'=S are (ampe( 9y le&& than C32.P. Bt i& recommen(e( that +'=S
9e &et to the fre;-ency of the lowe&t mo(e of vi9ration.
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`DATABASE
LS-DYNA R7.0 1!#1 C32T2B2S=D
`DATABASE
The (ata9a&e (efinition& are optional, 9-t are nece&&ary to o9tain o-tp-t file& containing re&-lt& in#
formation. Bn thi& &ection the (ata9a&e 7eywor(& are (efine( in alpha9etical or(er)
`DATABASE_OPTION
`DATABASE_ADAMS
`DATABASE_BINARY_OPTION
`DATABASE_CPM_SENSOR
`DATABASE_CROSS_SECTION_OPTION1_POPTION2Q
`DATABASE_EXTENT_OPTION
`DATABASE_FORMAT
`DATABASE_FSI
`DATABASE_FSI_SENSOR
`DATABASE_HISTORY_OPTION
`DATABASE_MASSOUT
`DATABASE_NODAL_FORCE_GROUP
`DATABASE_PROFILE
`DATABASE_PAP_OUTPUT
`DATABASE_PWP_FLOW
`DATABASE_PWP_OUTPUT
`DATABASE_RCFORC_MOMENT
`DATABASE_SPRING_FORWARD
`DATABASE_SUPERPLASTIC_FORMING
`DATABASE_TRACER
The or(ering of the (ata9a&e (efinition car(& in the inp-t file i& completely ar9itrary.
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`DATABASE `DATABASE_OPTION
1!#2 C32T2B2S=D LS-DYNA R7.0
`DATABASE_OPTION
Option& for 2SCBB file& incl-(e Cif the file i& not &pecifie( it will not 9e create(D)
ABSTAT 2ir9ag &tati&tic&.
ATDOUT 2-tomatic tie9rea7 (amage &tati&tic& for NCO5T2CTO28TO.2TBCO
O5=O,24OS8'+2C=OTOOS8'+2C=OTB=B'=2A, OPTBO5& 7, , 1$,
an( 11 Conly S.P at the momentD.
AVSFLT 2MS (ata9a&e. See N32T2B2S=O=LT=5TOOPTION.
BNDOUT Bo-n(ary con(ition force& an( energy
CURVOUT O-tp-t from N3=+B5=OC8'M=O+85CTBO5.
DEFGEO 3eforme( geometry file. C5ote that to o-tp-t thi& file in Chry&ler format in&ert
the following line in yo-r #/shr/ file) X&etenv LSTCO3=+>=O chry&lerYD The
52SB3+ file C52ST'25 B-l7 3ataD i& create( whenever the 3=+>=O file i&
re;-e&te(.
DCFAIL +ail-re f-nction (ata for N.2TOSPOT,=L3O32B.L='CJ'4SL='
DEFORC 3i&crete element&.
DISBOUT 3i&crete 9eam element, type 0, relative (i&placement&, rotation&, an( force re#
&-ltant&, all in the local coor(inate &y&tem, which i& al&o o-tp-t.
ELOUT =lement (ata. See N32T2B2S=OJBSTO'4OOPTION. 2l&o, &ee Car( % of
the N32T2B2S=O=LT=5TOBB52'4 parameter& B5TO8T an( 5O3O8T.
Thi& latter option will o-tp-t all integration point (ata or extrapolate( (ata to
the connectivity no(e& in a file call =LO8T3=T.
GCEOUT >eometric contact entitie&.
GLSTAT >lo9al (ata. 2lway& o9taine( if SSST2T file i& activate(.
H3OUT Jy9ri(BBB rigi( 9o(y (-mmie&.
1NTFORC :oint force file
MATSUM .aterial energie&. See 'emar7& 1 an( 2 9elow.
MOVIE .OMB=. See N32T2B2S=O=LT=5TOOPTION.
MPGS .P>S. See N32T2B2S=O=LT=5TOOPTION.
NCFORC 5o(al interface force&. See NCO5T2CT # Car( 1 CSP' an( .P'D
NODFOR 5o(al force gro-p&. See N32T2B2S=O5O32LO+O'C=O>'O8P.
NODOUT 5o(al point (ata. See N32T2B2S=OJBSTO'4OOPTION.
PLLYOUT P-lley element (ata for N=L=.=5TOB=2.OP8LL=4.
RBDOUT 'igi( 9o(y (ata. See 'emar7 2 9elow.
RCFORC 'e&-ltant interface force&. O-tp-t in a local coor(inate &y&tem i& availa9le,
&ee NCO5T2CT, Optional Car( C.
RWFORC ,all force&.
SBTOUT Seat 9elt o-tp-t file
SECFORC Cro&& &ection force&. See N32T2B2S=OC'OSSOS=CTBO5OOPTION.
SLEOUT Sli(ing interface energy. See NCO5T'OLO=5='>4
SPCFORC SPC reaction force&.
SPHOUT SPJ (ata. See N32T2B2S=OJBSTO'4OOPTION.
SSSTAT S-9&y&tem (ata. See N32T2B2S=O=LT=5TOSSST2T.
SWFORC 5o(al con&traint reaction force& C&pot wel(& an( rivet&D.
TPRINT Thermal o-tp-t from a co-ple( &tr-ct-ralFthermal or thermal only analy&i&.
TRHIST Tracer particle hi&tory information. See N32T2B2S=OT'2C='.
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`DATABASE_OPTION `DATABASE
LS-DYNA R7.0 1!#% C32T2B2S=D
To incl-(e glo9al an( &-9&y&tem ma&& an( inertial propertie& in the >LST2T an( SSST2T file& a((
the optionO.2SSOP'OP='TB=S a& &how 9elow. Bf thi& option i& active the c-rrent ma&& an( iner#
tia propertie& are o-tp-t incl-(ing the principle inertia& an( their axe&. .a&& of (elete( no(e& an(
rigi( 9o(ie& are not incl-(e( in the calc-late( propertie&.
GLSTAT_MASS_PROPERTIES Thi& i& an option for the gl&tat file to incl-(e ma&& an( in#
ertial propertie&.
SSSTAT_MASS_PROPERTIES Thi& i& an option for the &&&tat file to incl-(e ma&& an( in#
ertial propertie& for the &-9&y&tem&.

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 3T BB52'4 LC8' BOOPT OPTBO51 OPTBO52 OPTBO5% OPTBO5!
Type + B B B +FB B B B
3efa-lt $. 1 or 2 none $. $ $ $ $

3T
Time interval 9etween o-tp-t&. Bf 3T i& Iero, no o-tp-t i& printe(.
BB52'4
+lag for 9inary o-tp-t. See remar7& -n(er ZO-tp-t +ile& an( Po&t#
Proce&&ingZ in 2ppen(ix O, XLS#3452 .PP 8&er >-i(Ye.
=S.1) 2SCBB file i& written. Thi& i& the (efa-lt for &hare( memory par#
allel CS.PD LS#3452 exec-ta9le&.
=S.2) 3ata written to a 9inary (ata9a&e X9ino-tY, which contain& (ata
that wo-l( otherwi&e 9e o-tp-t to the 2SCBB file. The 2SCBB file
in thi& ca&e i& not create(. Thi& i& the (efa-lt for .PP LS#3452
exec-ta9le&.
=S.%) 2SCBB file i& written an( the (ata i& al&o written to the 9inary (a#
ta9a&e C5OT=) .PP LS#3452 exec-ta9le& will only pro(-ce
the 9inary (ata9a&eD.
LC8'
Optional loa( c-rve B3 &pecifying time interval 9etween (-mp&.
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1!#! C32T2B2S=D LS-DYNA R7.0
BOOPT
+lag to govern 9ehavior of the plot fre;-ency loa( c-rve (efine( 9y LC8')
=S.1) 2t the time each plot i& generate(, the loa( c-rve val-e i& a((e(
to the c-rrent time to (etermine the next plot time.Cthi& i& the (e#
fa-lt 9ehaviorD
=S.2) 2t the time each plot i& generate(, the next plot time T i& comp-t#
e( &o that T ] the c-rrent time pl-& the loa( c-rve val-e at time T.
=S.%) 2 plot i& generate( for each a9&ci&&a point in the loa( c-rve (efi#
nition. The act-al val-e of the loa( c-rve i& ignore(.
OPTBO51 OPTBO51 applie& to either the 5O3O8T or =LO8T file&. +or the 5O#
3O8T file OPTBO51 i& a rea. varia9le that (efine& the time interval 9e#
tween o-tp-t& for the high fre;-ency file, 5O3O8TJ+. Bf OPTBO51 i&
Iero, no o-tp-t i& printe(. 5o(al point& that are to 9e o-tp-t at a higher
fre;-ency are flagge( -&ing J+O in the 32T2B2S=OJBSTO'4O5O3=
OLOC2L inp-t. +or the =LO8T file OPTBO51 i& a inte6er varia9le that
give& the n-m9er of a((itional hi&tory varia9le& written into the =LO8T
file for each integration point in the &oli( element&. 'elate( to the =LO8T
file, &ee 'emar7 7 9elow.
OPTBO52
OPTBO52 applie& to either the 5O3O8TJ+ or =LO8T file&. +or the
5O3O8TJ+ OPTBO52 (efine& the 9inary file flag for the high fre;-ency
5O3O8TJ+ file. See BB52'4 a9ove. +or the =LO8T file OPTBO52 i&
a inte6er varia9le that give& the n-m9er of a((itional hi&tory varia9le& writ#
ten into the =LO8T file for each integration point in the &hell element&.
See 'emar7 7 9elow.
OPTBO5%
OPTBO5% applie& to the =LO8T file only. +or the =LO8T file OPTBO5%
i& a inte6er varia9le that give& the n-m9er of a((itional hi&tory varia9le&
written into the =LO8T file for each integration point in the thic7 &hell el#
ement&. See 'emar7 7 9elow.
OPTBO5!
OPTBO5! applie& to the =LO8T file only. +or the =LO8T file OPTBO5!
i& a inte6er varia9le that give& the n-m9er of a((itional hi&tory varia9le&
written into the =LO8T file for each integration point in the 9eam ele#
ment&. See 'emar7 7 9elow.
The file name& an( corre&pon(ing -nit n-m9er& are)
BFO 85BT ^ +BL= 52.=
2ir9ag &tati&tic& iFo -nit ^!% 2BST2T
2-tomatic tie9rea7 (amage iFo -nit ^12 2T3O8T
2SCBB (ata9a&e iFo -nit ^!! 2MS+LT
Bo-n(ary con(ition& iFo -nit ^!0 B53O8T Cno(al force& an( energie&D
Sm-g animator (ata9a&e iFo -nit^!$ 3=+>=O
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LS-DYNA R7.0 1!#" C32T2B2S=D
3i&crete element& iFo -nit^%0 3=+O'C
3i&crete 9eam element& iFo -nit^21" 3BSBO8T
=lement (ata iFo -nit^%! =LO8T
Contact entitie& iFo -nit ^!/ >C=O8T
>lo9al (ata iFo -nit^%" >LST2T
:oint force& iFo -nit ^"% :5T+O'C
.aterial energie& iFo -nit^%7 .2TS8.
.OMB= file family iFo -nit ^"$ .OMB=nnn.xxx where.nnn]$$1#
.P>S file family iFo -nit ^"$ .P>Snnn.xxx where nnn]$$1#
5a&tranFB3+ file iFo -nit^! 52SB3+ C&ee comment 9elowD
5o(al interface force& iFo -nit^%/ 5C+O'C
5o(al force gro-p iFo -nit ^!" 5O3+O'
5o(al point (ata iFo -nit^%% 5O3O8T
P-lley element (ata iFo -nit ^210 PLL4O8T
'igi( 9o(y (ata iFo -nit ^!7 'B3O8T
'e&-ltant interface force& iFo -nit^% 'C+O'C
'igi(wall force& iFo -nit^%2 ',+O'C
Seat 9elt& iFo -nit ^"2 SBTO8T
Cro&&#&ection force& iFo -nit^%1 S=C+O'C
Bnterface energie& iFo -nit ^"1 SL=O8T
SPC reaction force& iFo -nit^!1 SPC+O'C
SPJ element (ata iFo -nit^0/ SPJO8T
S-9&y&tem& &tati&tic& iFo -nit^"/ SSST2T
5o(al con&traint re&-ltant& iFo -nit ^!2 S,+O'C C&pot wel(&Frivet&D
Thermal o-tp-t iFo -nit ^7% TP'B5T
Tracer particle& iFo -nit ^7$ T'JBST
Output Components for ASCII Files

ABSTAT BNDOUT DCFAIL DEFORC
volume x, y, z force failure function x, y, z force
pressure normal term
internal energy bending term
input mass flow rate shear term
output mass flow rate weld area
mass effective strain rate
temperature axial force
density shear force
torsional moment
bending moment

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ELOUT
Beam Shell and Tshell
Stress
Solid Stress Strain (see remark)
axial force resultant xx, yy, zz stress xx, yy, zz stress xx, yy, zz strain
s shear resultant xy, yz, zx stress xy, yz, zx stress xy, yz, zx strain
t shear resultant plastic strain effective stress
s moment resultant yield function
t moment resultant
torsional resultant
Strains written for solids and for lower and upper integration points of shells and tshells if
STRFLG1 in `DATABASE_EXTENT_BINARY.

GCEOUT
x, y, z force x, y, z moment

GLSTAT
time step total energy
kinetic energy external work
internal energy total energy / initial energy
spring & damper energy energy ratio w/o eroded energy
hourglass energy element id controlling time step
system damping energy global x, y, z velocity
sliding interface energy time per zone cycle
eroded kinetic energy joint internal energy
eroded internal energy stonewall energy
eroded hourglass energy rigid body stopper energy

1NTFORC
x, y, z force x, y, z moment

MATSUM
kinetic energy x, y, z rigid body velocity
internal energy eroded internal energy
hourglass energy eroded kinetic energy
x, y, z momentum added mass

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NCFORC NODOUT NODFOR
x force x, y, z displacement x, y, z force
y force x, y, z velocity
z force x, y, z acceleration
x, y, z rotation
x, y, z rotational velocity
x, y, z rotational acceleration

PLLYOUT RBDOUT RCFORC RWFORC
adjacent beam ids x, y, z displacement x, y, z force normal
slip x, y, z velocity Mass of nodes in contact x, y, z force
slip rate x, y, z acceleration
resultant force
wrap angle

SECFORC SLEOUT SPCFORC SWFORC
x, y, z force slave energy x, y, z force axial force
x, y, z moment master energy x, y, z moment shear force
x, y, z center frictional energy failure function
area weld length
resultant force resultant moment
torsion

SPHOUT
xx, yy, zz stress xx, yy, zz strain
xy, yz, zx stress xy, yz, zx strain
density half of smoothing length
number of neighbors plastic strain
Remarks)
1. The 7inetic energy ;-antitie& in the .2TS8. an( >LST2T file& may (iffer &lightly in val#
-e& for &everal rea&on&. +ir&t, the energy a&&ociate( with a((e( ma&& Cfrom ma&&#&calingD i&
incl-(e( in the >LST2T calc-lation, 9-t i& not incl-(e( in .2TS8.. Secon(ly, the ener#
gie& are comp-te( element 9y element in .2TS8. for the (eforma9le material& an(, con#
&e;-ently, no(e& which are merge( with rigi( 9o(ie& will al&o have their 7inetic energy in#
cl-(e( in the rigi( 9o(y total. +-rthermore, 7inetic energy i& comp-te( from no(al velocitie&
in >LST2T an( from element mi(point velocitie& in .2TS8..
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1!#/ C32T2B2S=D LS-DYNA R7.0
2. The P'B5T option in the part (efinition allow& &ome control over the extent of the (ata that
i& written into the .2TS8. an( 'B3O8T file&. Bf the print option i& -&e( the varia9le
P'B+ can 9e (efine( &-ch that the following n-m9er& ta7e on the meaning&)
=S.$) (efa-lt i& ta7en from the 7eywor( NCO5T'OLOO8TP8T,
=S.1) write (ata into 'B3O8T file only,
=S.2) write (ata into .2TS8. file only,
=S.%) (o not write (ata into 'B3O8T an( .2TS8..
2l&o &ee CO5T'OLOO8TP8T an( P2'TOP'B5T.
%. Thi& 7eywor( i& al&o -&e( in the re&tart pha&e, &ee N'=ST2'T. Th-&, the o-tp-t interval can
9e change( when re&tarting.
!. 2ll information in the file& except in 2MS+LT, .OMB=, 253 .P>S can al&o 9e plotte(
-&ing LS#PrePo&t. 2r9itrary cro&& plotting of re&-lt& 9etween 2SCBB file& i& ea&ily han(le(.
". 'e&-ltant contact force& reporte( in 'C+O'C are average( over the prece(ing o-tp-t inter#
val.
0. XSpring an( (amper energyY reporte( in >LST2T i& a &-9&et of XBnternal energyY. The
XSpring an( (amper energyY incl-(e& internal energy of (i&crete element&, &eat9elt element&,
an( that a&&ociate( with Hoint &tiffne&& C&ee NCO5ST'2B5=3O:OB5TOSTB++5=SSO...D.
7. OPTBO51, OPTBO52, OPTBO5%, an( OPTBO5! give the n-m9er of a((itional hi&tory vari#
a9le& o-tp-t for the integrate( &oli(&, &hell&, thic7 &hell&, an( 9eam&, re&pectively. ,ithin
thi& &pecial option, each integration point i& printe( with it& corre&pon(ing hi&tory (ata. 5o
integration point& are average(. Thi& i& (ifferent than the (efa-lt o-tp-t where the &tre&& (ata
within a &hell ply of a f-lly integrate( &hell, for example, are average( an( then written a&
o-tp-t. The primary p-rpo&e of thi& (ata9a&e exten&ion i& to allow the act-al integration
point &tre&& (ata an( hi&tory varia9le (ata to 9e chec7e(. There are no tran&formation& ap#
plie( to either the o-tp-t &tre&&e& or hi&tory (ata.
/. The fail-re f-nction reporte( to the 3C+2BL (ata9a&e i& &et to Iero when the wel( fail&. Bf
(amage i& active, then it i& &et to the negative of the (amage &cale factor which goe& from 1
to $ a& (amage grow&.
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`DATABASE_ADAMS `DATABASE
LS-DYNA R7.0 1!# C32T2B2S=D
`DATABASE_ADAMS
P-rpo&e) 'e;-e&t o-tp-t of an .3B .o(al 5e-tral +ile for later -&e in the 232.S &oftware.

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le B+L2> .O85BTS LO85BTS TO85BTS
Type B + + +
3efa-lt $ none none none

B+L2>
+lag controlling write of mo(al ne-tral file after eigenval-e analy&i&
=S.$) (o not write C(efa-ltD,
=S.1) write to file Z(%mnfZ
.O85BTS
.a&& -nit& of mea&-re -&e( in thi& mo(el.
=S.#1) 7ilogram
=S.#2) gram
=S.#%) megagram Cmetric tonD
=S.#!) l9fN&ecNN2Fin Cp&i#compati9leD
=S.#") &l-g
=S.#0) po-n(#ma&&
LO85BTS
Length -nit& of mea&-re -&e( in thi& mo(el.
=S.#1) meter
=S.#2) centimeter
=S.#%) millimeter
=S.#!) inch
=S.#") foot
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`DATABASE `DATABASE_ADAMS
1!#1$ C32T2B2S=D LS-DYNA R7.0
TO85BTS
Time -nit& of mea&-re -&e( in thi& mo(el.
=S.#1) &econ(
=S.#2) milli&econ(
=S.#%) min-te
=S.#!) ho-r
Remarks:
1. Thi& option i& not availa9le for every platform. Chec7 LS#3452 Banner -pon exec-tion of
the program to &ee if thi& feat-re i& ena9le(.
2. .o(el& m-&t 9e create( -&ing a com9ination of the a9ove -nit&.
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`DATABASE_ALE_MAT `DATABASE
`DATABASE_ALE_MAT

P-rpo&e) +or each 2L= gro-p, thi& car( allow& to o-tp-t the hi&torie& Cin a .xy format that can 9e
plotte( 9y LS#PrePo&t via the L4Plot 9-ttonD of the)
# material vol-me Calematvol.xyD,
# material ma&& Calematma&.xyD,
# internal energy Calemat=int.xyD,
# 7inetic energy Calemat=7in.xyD
# 7inetic energy lo&& (-ring the a(vection Calemat=7inlo&.xyD

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 3TO8T
Type +
3efa-lt none

3TO8T
Time interval 9etween the o-tp-t&
Remarks:
1. The .xy file& are create( when the termination time i& reache( or if one of the following
&witche& Cafter pre&&ing the 7ey& Ctrl [ CD &top& the Ho9) &w1, &top, ;-it. 3-ring the r-n, they
can 9e create( with the &witch &w2.
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`DATABASE `DATABASE_BINARY
Option& for 9inary o-tp-t file& with the (efa-lt name& given incl-(e)
BLSTFOR Bla&t pre&&-re (ata9a&e. See al&o NLO23OBL2STO=5J25C=3 an( 'e#
mar7 !.
CPMFOR CP. interface force (ata9a&e Cplea&e &ee 'emar7 %D
D3DRLF 3ynamic relaxation (ata9a&e.
D3DUMP Binary o-tp-t re&tart file&. 3efine o-tp-t fre;-ency in cycle&.
D3PART 3t for partial o-tp-t &tate& See al&o N32T2B2S=O=LT=5TOBB52'4 an(
N32T2B2S=O=LT=5TO3%P2'T.
D3PLOT 3t for complete o-tp-t &tate&. See al&o N32T2B2S=O=LT=5TOBB52'4.
D3PROP O-tp-t property (ata.
D3THDT 3t for time hi&tory (ata of element &-9&et&. See N32T2B2S=OJBSTO'4.
DEMFOR 3=. interface force (ata9a&e Cplea&e &ee 'emar7 "D
FSIFOR 2L= interface force (ata9a&e Cplea&e &ee 'emar7 1D.
RUNRSF Binary o-tp-t re&tart file. 3efine o-tp-t fre;-ency in cycle&.
INTFOR 3t for o-tp-t of contact interface (ata Cfile name m-&t 9e given on the exec-#
tion line -&ing ZS]ZD. 2l&o &ee NCO5T2CT varia9le& SP' an( .P'.
D3CRACK 3t for o-tp-t of an 2SCBB XaeaOcrac7Y (ata file for the ,infrith concrete
mo(el CN.2TO$/!F$/"D. Thi& (t (oe& not control the o-tp-t of the altogether
(ifferent 9inary crac7 (ata9a&e. The 9inary crac7 (ata9a&e i& written when
X;]Y appear& on the exec-tion line an( it& o-tp-t interval i& ta7en from
N32T2B2S=OBB52'4O3%PLOT, BtV& -&e( 9y LS#PrePo&t together with
the 3%PLOT (ata9a&e to (i&play crac7& in the (eforme( ,infrith concrete ma#
terial&.
The 3%38.P an( the '85'S+ option& create complete (ata9a&e& which are nece&&ary for re&tart&,
&ee N'=ST2'T. ,hen '85'S+ i& &pecifie(, the &ame file i& overwritten after each interval, an
option allow& a &erie& of file& to 9e overwritten in a cyclic or(er. ,hen 3%38.P i& &pecifie(, a
new re&tart file i& create( after each interval. ,hen 3%38.P i& &pecifie(, a new re&tart file i& cre#
ate( after each interval, th-& a XfamilyY of file& i& create( n-m9ere( &e;-entially, e.g., (%(-mp$1,
(%(-mp$2, etc. The (efa-lt file name& are r-nr&f an( (%(-mp -nle&& other name& are &pecifie( on
the exec-tion line, &ee the B5T'O38CTBO5, =L=C8TBO5 S45T2L. Since all (ata hel( in
memory i& written into the re&tart file&, the&e file& can 9e ;-ite large an( care &ho-l( 9e ta7en with
the (%(-mp file& not to create too many. Bf N32T2B2S=OBB52'4O3%PLOT i& not &pecifie( in
the 7eywor( (ec7 then the o-tp-t interval for (%plot i& a-tomatically &et to 1F2$
th
the termination
time.
The (%plot, (%part, (%(rlf, an( intfor (ata9a&e& contain hi&torie& of geometry an( of &tate varia9le&.
Th-& -&ing the&e (ata9a&e&, one can, e.g., animate (eforme( geometry an( plot time hi&torie& of el#
ement &tre&&e& an( no(al (i&placement& with LS#PrePo&t. The (%th(t (ata9a&e contain& no geometry
9-t rather time hi&tory (ata for element &-9&et& a& well a& glo9al information, &ee N32T2B2S=
OJBSTO'4. Thi& (ata can 9e plotte( with LS#PrePo&t. The intfor (ata9a&e (oe& not have a (efa-lt
filename an( one m-&t 9e &pecifie( 9y a((ing &]-i.ename to the exec-tion line. Similarly, for the
f&ifor (ata9a&e, a -ni;-e filename m-&t 9e &pecifie( on the exec-tion line with h]-i.enameE &ee the
B5T'O38CTBO5, =L=C8TBO5 S45T2L. The file &tr-ct-re i& &-ch that each file contain& the
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`DATABASE_BINARY `DATABASE
LS-DYNA R7.0 1!#1% C32T2B2S=D
f-ll geometry at the 9eginning, followe( 9y the analy&i& generate( o-tp-t (ata at the &pecifie( time
interval&. +or the content& of the (%plot, (%part an( (%th(t (ata9a&e&, &ee al&o the N32T2B2S=
O=LT=5TOBB52'4 (efinition. Bt i& po&&i9le to re&trict the information that i& (-mpe( an( con&e#
;-ently re(-ce the &iIe of the (ata9a&e&. The content& of the (%th(t (ata9a&e are al&o &pecifie( with
the N32T2B2S=OJBSTO'4 (efinition. Bt &ho-l( al&o 9e note( in partic-lar that the (ata9a&e& can
9e con&i(era9ly re(-ce( for mo(el& with rigi( 9o(ie& containing many element&.

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 3TFC4CL LC3TF5' B=2. 5PLTC PS=TB3
Type + B B B B
3efa-lt # # # # #
'emar7& 2

Optional Card that only applies to the D3PLOT database
Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le BOOPT
Type B
3efa-lt $

Use only for D3PROP option (No other cards are necessary)
Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le B+BL= B.2TL B,2LL
Type B B B
3efa-lt 1 $ $

3T
Time interval 9etween o-tp-t&.
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1!#1! C32T2B2S=D LS-DYNA R7.0
C4CL
O-tp-t interval in time &tep& Ca time &tep i& a cycleD. +or the 3%3'+L file
a po&itive n-m9er GnG will ca-&e plot (-mp& to 9e written at every nGth con#
vergence chec7 interval &pecifie( on the NCO5T'OLO3452.BC
O'=L2L2TBO5 car(.
5'
5-m9er of '-nning 'e&tart +ile&, '85'S+, written in a cyclical fa&hion.
The (efa-lt n-m9er i& one, i.e. the &ame file i& overwritten each time.
LC3T
Optional loa( c-rve B3 &pecifying time interval 9etween (-mp&. Thi& op#
tion i& only availa9le for the 3%PLOT, 3%P2'T, 3%TJ3T, B5T+O' an(
BLST+O' file&.
B=2.
3i&crete element option flag CN32T2B2S=OBB52'4O3%PLOT onlyD.
=S.$) 3i&crete &pring an( (amper element& are a((e( to the 3%PLOT
(ata9a&e where they are (i&play a& 9eam element&. The element
glo9al L, glo9al 4, glo9al K an( re&-ltant force& are written to the
(ata9a&e.
=S.1) 5o (i&crete &pring an( (amper element& are a((e( to the
3%PLOT (ata9a&e. Thi& option i& -&ef-l when tran&lating ol(
LS#3452 inp-t (ec7& to A=4,O'3 inp-t. Bn ol(er inp-t
(ec7& there i& no re;-irement that 9eam an( &pring element& have
-ni;-e B3G&, an( 9eam element& may 9e create( for the &pring an(
(amper& with i(entical B3G& to exi&ting 9eam element& ca-&ing a
fatal error. Contact interface& which are 9a&e( on part B3& of
&eat9elt element& will not 9e properly generate( if thi& option i&
-&e(.
=S.2) 3i&crete &pring an( (amper element& are a((e( to the 3%PLOT
(ata9a&e where they are (i&playe( a& 9eam element& C&imilar to
option $D. Bn thi& option the element re&-ltant force i& written to
it& fir&t (ata9a&e po&ition allowing 9eam axial force& an( &pring
re&-ltant force& to 9e plotte( at the &ame time. Thi& can 9e -&ef-l
(-ring &ome po&t#proce&&ing application&.
Thi& flag, &et in N32T2B2S=OBB52'4O3%PLOT, al&o affect& the (i&#
play of (i&crete element& in 3%3'L+, 3%P2'T, etc.
5PLTC
3T]=53TB.=F5PLTC applie& to 3%PLOT an( 3%P2'T only. Thi&
overri(e& the 3T &pecifie( in the fir&t fiel(.
PS=TB3
S=TOP2'T B3 for 3%P2'T an( 3%PLOT only.
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`DATABASE_BINARY `DATABASE
LS-DYNA R7.0 1!#1" C32T2B2S=D
BOOPT
Thi& option applie& to the 3%PLOT file only. +lag to govern 9ehavior of
the plot fre;-ency loa( c-rve (efine( 9y LC3T)
=S.1) 2t the time each plot i& generate(, the loa( c-rve val-e i& a((e(
to the c-rrent time to (etermine the next plot time Cthi& i& the (e#
fa-lt 9ehaviorD.
=S.2) 2t the time each plot i& generate(, the next plot time T i& comp-t#
e( &o that T ] the c-rrent time pl-& the loa( c-rve val-e at time T.
=S.%) 2 plot i& generate( for each a9&ci&&a point in the loa( c-rve (efi#
nition. The act-al val-e of the loa( c-rve i& ignore(.
B+BL=
Specify file for 3%P'OP o-tp-t. CThi& can al&o 9e (efine( on the com#
man( line 9y a((ing (%prop ] 1 or (%prop ] 2 which al&o &et& B.2TL ]
B,2LL ] 1D
=S.1) O-tp-t (ata at the en( of the fir&t (%plot file.
=S.2) O-tp-t (ata to the file (%prop.
B.2TL
O-tp-t N=OS, NJO8'>L2SS, N.2T, NP2'T an( NS=CTBO5 (ata.
=S.$) 5o
=S.1) 4e&
B,2LL
O-tp-t N'B>B3,2LL (ata.
=S.$) 5o
=S.1) 4e&
Remarks:
1. N32T2B2S=OBB52'4O+SB+O' only applie& to mo(el& having penalty#9a&e( co-pling
9etween Lagrangian an( 2L= material& CCT4P=]! or " in the co-pling car(,
NCO5ST'2B5=3OL2>'25>=OB5OSOLB3D. ,hen N32T2B2S=O+SB i& (efine(, a few
piece& of co-pling information of &ome Lagrangian &-rface entitie& interacting with the 2L=
material& may 9e o-tp-t a& hi&tory parameter& into a file calle( X(9f&iY. Co-pling pre&&-re i&
one of the o-tp-t varia9le&. Jowever, thi& co-pling pre&&-re i& average( over the whole &-r#
face entity 9eing monitore(. To o9tain co-pling pre&&-re conto-r plot a& a f-nction of time
over the co-ple( &-rface, a -&er can (efine the N32T2B2S=OBB52'4O+SB+O' 7eywor(.
To -&e it, three thing& m-&t 9e (one)
1D The B5T+O'C parameter CNCO5ST'2B5=3OL2>'25>=OB5OSOLB3, !
th
row, %
r(

col-mnD m-&t 9e t-rne( O5 CB5T+O'C]1D.
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2D 2 N32T2B2S=OBB52'4O+SB+O' car( i& (efine( controlling the o-tp-t interval. The
time interval 9etween o-tp-t i& (efine( 9y the parameter 3T in thi& car(.
%D Thi& interface force file i& activate( 9y exec-ting l&7$ a& follow)
l&7$ i]inp-tfilename.7 R h]interfaceforcefilename
LS3452 will then write& o-t the &egment co-pling pre&&-re an( force& to a 9inary inter#
face force file for conto-r plotting over the whole &im-lation interval.
To plot the 9inary (ata in thi& file, type) l&prepo&t interfaceforcefilename.
+or example, when all % of the a9ove action& are ta7en, an( letV& a&&-me we (efine the
interfaceforcefilename ] f&ifor a &erie& of Xf&ifor^^Y 9inary file& are o-tp-t for con#
to-r plotting. To plot thi&, type Xl&prepo&t f&iforY Cwitho-t the (o-9le ;-ote&D.
2, +or the 3%PLOT (ata9a&e, part& in PS=TB3 will excl-(e(.. +or the 3%P2'T (ata9a&e, only
part& in PS=TB3 will 9e incl-(e(.
%, N32T2B2S=OBB52'4OCP.+O' applie& to mo(el& -&ing N2B'B2>OP2'TBCL= feat-re
which control& the o-tp-t interval of CP. interface force file. Thi& interface force file i& ac#
tivate( 9y exec-ting l&7$ with comman( line option Ccpm]D.
l&71 i]inp-tfilename.7 R cpm]interfaceforceOfilename
CP. interface force file &tore& &egmentV& co-pling pre&&-re an( force& Cfx, fy, an( fID. The
co-pling pre&&-re i& average( over each &egment witho-t con&i(ering the effect of am9ient
pre&&-re CPOatmD.
!. The BLST+O' (ata9a&e i& not availa9le for two (imen&ional axi&ymmetric analy&i&.
". N32T2B2S=OBB52'4O3=.+O' applie& to mo(el& -&ing 3=. co-pling option
N3=+B5=O3=OTOOS8'+2C=OCO8PLB5>. Thi& car( will control the o-tp-t interval of
3=. interface force file. Thi& interface force file i& activate( 9y LS#3452 comman( line
option C(em]D.
l&71 i]inp-tfilename.7 R (em]interfaceforceOfilename
3=. interface force file &tore& &egmentV& co-pling pre&&-re an( force& Cfx, fy, an( fID.
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`DATABASE_CPM_SENSOR `DATABASE
`DATABASE_CPM_SENSOR
P-rpo&e) Thi& car( activate& an 2SCBB file XcpmO&en&orY. Bt& inp-t (efine& &en&or&V location& 9a&e(
on the po&ition& of &ome Lagrangian &egment&. The o-tp-t give& the hi&tory of the velocity, temper#
at-re, (en&ity an( pre&&-re average( on the n-m9er of particle& containe( in the &en&or&. Thi& car( i&
activate( only when the N2B'B2>OP2'TBCL= car( i& -&e(.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 3T BB52'4
Type + B

Card 2,., Define one segment set per line. Input stops when the next ~` Keyword is found.
Car(
2,%,... 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le S=>B3 O++S=T 'FLL L=5FL4 LK
Type B + + + +

3T
O-tp-t interval
BB52'4
+lag for the 9inary file
=S.1) 2SCBB file i& written,
=S.2) 3ata written to the 9inary file X9ino-tY,
=S.%) 2SCBB file i& written an( the (ata written to the 9inary file
X9ino-tY
S=>B3
Segment &et B3
O++S=T
Off&et (i&tance 9etween the center of the &phere &en&or an( the &egment
center. Bf it i& po&itive, Or, the (i&tance 9etween the 9a&e of the cylin(er
an( the &egment center while L=5>TJ i& not Iero. it i& on the &i(e pointe(
to 9y the &egment normal vector. See remar7&1 an( %.
'FLL
'a(i-&C&phereDFlength in local L (irectionCrectang-larD of the &en&or. See
remar7& 2 an( %.
L=5FL4
LengthCcylin(erDFlength in local 4 (irectionCrectang-larD of the &en&or.
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`DATABASE `DATABASE_CPM_SENSOR
1!#1/ C32T2B2S=D LS-DYNA R7.0
LK
Length in local K (irectionCrectang-larD of the &en&or &ee remar7 !
Remarks:
1. =ach &egment ha& a &en&or. The (i&tance 9etween the &egment center an( the &en&or center i&
(efine( 9y O++S=T C2
n(
parameter on the 2
n(
lineD in the normal (irection (efine( 9y the
&egment. Thi& (i&tance i& con&tant) the &en&or move& along with the &egment.
2. The &en&or i& a &phere with a ra(i-& given 9y '23B8S C%
r(
parameter on the 2
n(
lineD.
%. O++S=T &ho-l( 9e larger than '23B8S to prevent the &egment from c-tting the &phere. +or
cylin(rical &en&or, O++S=T i& the (i&tance from &egment to the 9a&e of the cylin(er.
!. +or rectang-lar &en&or, O++S=T i& the (i&tance from reference &egment to the &en&or. The
&en&or i& (efine( -&ing the &egmentV& coor(inate& &y&tem. The 9a&e point i& n1 an( local L
(irection i& alone the vector n2#n1. The local K (irection i& the &egment normal (irection
an( local 4 (irection i& con&tr-cte( 9y local L an( K (irection&.
". The o-tp-t parameter& in the XcpmO&en&orY file are)
velx ] x#velocity
vely ] y#velocity
velI ] I#velocity
velr ] velocity
temp ] temperat-re
(en& ](en&ity
pre& ]pre&&-re
The&e val-e& are average( on the n-m9er of particle& in the &en&or. '23B8S &ho-l( 9e
large eno-gh to contain a rea&ona9le n-m9er of particle& for the average&.
$...|....1....|....2....|....3....|....4....|....5....|....6....|....7....|.
$ INP)TD
$...|....1....|....2....|....3....|....4....|....5....|....6....|....7....|.
*DATABASE_#PM_SENSOR
"."1
$ SEGSID O!!SET RADI)S LENGT,
123 5." 5."
124 '".2 ".1
125 ".7 ".6 1."
$...|....1....|....2....|....3....|....4....|....5....|....6....|....7....|..
$ TC- <-=>-03 <-3 :;D 123 C1< 1 <-=>-03.
$ TC- <-=>-03 <-3 :;D 123 C1< 1 <-=>-03.
$ TC- <-=>-03 <-3 :;D 123 C1< 11 <-=>-03<.
$ E16C <-=>-03 C1< 10 ID ;-5:0-; :0 D3,SP
$ TC- D3,SP 5:2- 2ooQ< 2:Q- 3C- 5o22oL:0=D
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`DATABASE_CPM_SENSOR `DATABASE
$...|....1....|....2....|....3....|....4....|....5....|....6....|....7....|..
S-=>-03< 5o7 <-0<o7 1
S-0<o7 :; 01 02 03 04
1 3842 3843 3848 3847
S-=>-03< 5o7 <-0<o7 2
S-0<o7 :; 01 02 03 04
2 3&47 3&48 3&53 3&52

S-=>-03< 5o7 <-0<o7 3
S-0<o7 :; 01 02 03 04
3 3867 3868 2146 2145
4 3862 3863 3868 3867
5 3857 3858 3863 3862
6 3852 3853 3858 3857
7 3847 3848 3853 3852
8 3837 3838 3843 3842
& 3842 3843 3848 3847
1" 3832 3833 3838 3837
11 3827 3828 3833 3832
12 3822 3823 3828 3827
13 1125 1126 3823 3822
$...|....1....|....2....|....3....|....4....|....5....|....6....|....7....|..
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`DATABASE `DATABASE_CROSS_SECTION
`DATABASE_CROSS_SECTION_OPTION1_POPTION2Q
Option 1 incl-(e&)
PLANE
SET
To (efine an B3 an( hea(ing for the (ata9a&e cro&& &ection -&e the option)
ID
P-rpo&e) 3efine a cro&& &ection for re&-ltant force& written to 2SCBB file S=C+O'C. +or the
PL25= option, a &et of two car(& i& re;-ire( for each cro&& &ection. Then a c-tting plane ha& to 9e
(efine(, &ee +ig-re 1!#1. Bf the S=T option i& -&e(, H-&t one car( i& nee(e( which i(entifie& a no(e
&et an( at lea&t one element &et. Bn thi& latter ca&e the no(e &et (efine& the cro&& &ection an( the forc#
e& from the element& 9elonging to the element &etC&D are &-mme( -p to form the &ection force&. Th-&
the element &etC&D &ho-l( incl-(e element& to only one &i(e Cnot 9oth &i(e&D of the cro&& &ection.
The cro&&#&ection &ho-l( c-t thro-gh (eforma9le element& only, not rigi( 9o(ie&. C-tting thro-gh
ma&ter &egment& for (eforma9le &oli( element &pot wel(& can lea( to incorrect &ection force& &ince
the con&traint force& are not acco-nte( for in the force an( moment &-mmation&. Beam element
mo(eling of wel(& (oe& not re;-ire any &pecial preca-tion&.

Optional 1 2
Maria9le CSB3 J=23B5>
Type B 27$

CSB3
Cro&& &ection B3. Thi& m-&t 9e a -ni;-e n-m9er.
J=23B5>
Cro&& &ection (e&criptor. Bt i& &-gge&te( that -ni;-e (e&cription& 9e -&e(.

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`DATABASE_CROSS_SECTION `DATABASE
Card (1 of 2) for the PLANE option
Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le PSB3 LCT 4CT KCT LCJ 4CJ KCJ '23B8S
Type B + + + + + + +
3efa-lt $ $. $. $. $. $. $. $.

Card (2 of 2) for the PLANE option
Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le LJ=M 4J=M KJ=M L=5L L=5. B3 BT4P=
Type + + + + + B B
3efa-lt $. $. $. infinity infinity glo9al $

Origin of c-tting plane
N
L
M
'e&-ltant& are comp-te(
on thi& plane
a
b

+ig-re 1!#1. 3efinition of c-tting plane for a-tomatic (efinition of interface for cro&&#&ectional
force&. The a-tomatic (efinition (oe& not chec7 for &pring& an( (amper& in the &ec#
tion. +or 9e&t re&-lt& the c-tting plane &ho-l( cleanly pa&& thro-gh the mi((le of the
element&, (i&tri9-ting them e;-ally on either &i(e. =lement& that inter&ect the e(ge&
of the c-tting plane are (elete( from the cro&&#&ection.
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`DATABASE `DATABASE_CROSS_SECTION
The &et option re;-ire& that the e;-ivalent of the a-tomatically generate( inp-t via the c-tting plane
9e i(entifie( man-ally an( (efine( in &et&. 2ll no(e& in the cro&&#&ection an( their relate( element&
that contri9-te to the cro&&#&ectional force re&-ltant& &ho-l( 9e (efine(.

Card (1 of 1) for the SET option
Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 5SB3 JSB3 BSB3 SSB3 TSB3 3SB3 B3 BT4P=
3efa-lt re;-ire( $ $ $ $ $ glo9al $

CSB3
Optional B3 for cro&& &ection. Bf not &pecifie( cro&& &ection B3 i& ta7en to
9e the cro&& &ection or(er in the inp-t (ec7.
PSB3
Part &et B3. Bf Iero all part& are incl-(e(.
LCT
x#coor(inate of tail of any o-twar( (rawn normal vector, N, originating on
wall CtailD an( terminating in &pace Chea(D, &ee +ig-re 1!#1.
4CT
y#coor(inate of tail of normal vector, N.
KCT
I#coor(inate of tail of normal vector, N.
LCJ
x#coor(inate of hea( of normal vector, N.
4CJ
y#coor(inate of hea( of normal vector, N.
KCJ
I#coor(inate of hea( of normal vector, N.
'23B8S
Optional ra(i-&. Bf '23B8S @ $., a circ-lar c-t plane centere( at CLCT,
4CT ,KCTD of ra(i-&]'23B8S, with the normal vector originating at CLCT,
4CT, KCTD an( pointing towar(& CLCJ, 4CJ, KCJD will 9e create(. Bn thi&
ca&e the varia9le& LJ=M, 4J=M, KJ=M, L=5L, an( L=5., which are (efine(
on the 2
n(
car( will 9e ignore(.
LJ=M
x#coor(inate of hea( of e(ge vector, L.
4J=M
y#coor(inate of hea( of e(ge vector, L.
KJ=M
I#coor(inate of hea( of e(ge vector, L.
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`DATABASE_CROSS_SECTION `DATABASE
L=5L
Length of e(ge a, in L (irection.
L=5.
Length of e(ge 9, in M (irection.
5SB3
JSB3
Soli( element &et B3, &ee NS=TOSOLB3.
BSB3
Beam element &et B3, &ee NS=TOB=2..
SSB3
Shell element &et B3, &ee NS=TOSJ=LLOOPTION.
TSB3
Thic7 &hell element &et B3, &ee NS=TOTSJ=LL.
3SB3
3i&crete element &et B3, &ee NS=TO3BSC'=T=.
B3
'igi( 9o(y C&ee N.2TO'B>B3, type 2$D, accelerometer B3 C&ee
N=L=.=5TOS=2TB=LTO2CC=L='O.=T='D or coor(inate B3, &ee
N3=+B5=OCOO'3B52T=O5O3=S. The force re&-ltant& are o-tp-t in the
-p(ate( local &y&tem of the rigi( 9o(y, accelerometer, or coor(inate &y&#
tem.
BT4P=
=S.$) rigi( 9o(y,
=S.1) accelerometer,
=S.2) coor(inate B3.
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`DATABASE `DATABASE_EXTENT
`DATABASE_EXTENT_OPTION
AVS
BINARY
D3PART
INTFOR
MOVIE
MPGS
SSSTAT
P-rpo&e) Control to &ome extent the content of &pecific o-tp-t (ata9a&e&.
The BB52'4 option of N32T2B2S=O=LT=5T applie& to the 9inary (ata9a&e& (%plot, (%th(t, an(
(%part. Bn the ca&e of the (%part (ata9a&e, varia9le& &et -&ing the 3%P2'T option will overri(e the
corre&pon(ing varia9le& of the BB52'4 option. See al&o N32T2B2S=OBB52'4OOPTION#
The 2MS, .OMB= an( .P>S (ata9a&e& will 9e familiar to -&er& that have a -&e for tho&e (ata9a&e&.
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`DATABASE_EXTENT_AVS `DATABASE
`DATABASE_EXTENT_AVS
Thi& comman( control& content to the av&flt (ata9a&e. See al&o N32T2B2S=Ooption where op#
tion]2MS+LT. 3efine a& many car(& a& nece&&ary.

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le MT4P= CO.P
Type B B

MT4P=
Maria9le type)
=S.$) no(e,
=S.1) 9ric7,
=S.2) 9eam,
=S.%) &hell,
=S.!) thic7 &hell.
CO.P
Component B3. +or the corre&pon(ing MT4P=, integer component& from
the following ta9le& can 9e cho&en)
MT4P=.=S.$) Ta9le 1$.1,
MT4P=.=S.1) Ta9le 1$.2,
MT4P=.=S.2) not &-pporte(,
MT4P=.=S.%) Ta9le 1$.%,
MT4P=.=S.!) not &-pporte(.
Remarks:
The 2MS (ata9a&e con&i&t& of a title car(, then a control car( (efining the n-m9er of no(e&, 9ric7#
li7e element&, 9eam element&, &hell element&, an( the n-m9er of no(al vector&, 5M, written for each
o-tp-t interval. The next 5M line& con&i&t of character &tring& that (e&cri9e the no(al vector&. 5o(al
coor(inate& an( element connectivity follow. +or each &tate the &ol-tion time i& written, followe( 9y
the (ata re;-e&te( 9elow. The la&t wor( in the file i& the n-m9er of &tate&. ,e recommen( creating
thi& file an( examining it& content&, &ince the organiIation i& relatively tran&parent.
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`DATABASE `DATABASE_EXTENT_AVS
Table 10.1. 5o(al S-antitie&
Component B3 S-antity
1 x, y, I#(i&placement&
2 x, y, I#velocitie&
% x, y, I#acceleration&
Table 10.2. Bric7 =lement S-antitie&
1 x#&tre&&
2 y#&tre&&
% I#&tre&&
! xy#&tre&&
" yI#&tre&&
0 Ix#&tre&&
7 effective pla&tic &train
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`DATABASE_EXTENT_AVS `DATABASE
Table 10.3. Shell an( Thic7 Shell =lement S-antitie&
1 mi(&-rface x#&tre&&
2 mi(&-rface y#&tre&&
% mi(&-rface I#&tre&&
! mi(&-rface xy#&tre&&
" mi(&-rface yI#&tre&&
0 mi(&-rface xI#&tre&&
7 mi(&-rface effective pla&tic &train
/ inner &-rface x#&tre&&
inner &-rface y#&tre&&
1$ inner &-rface I#&tre&&
11 inner &-rface xy#&tre&&
12 inner &-rface yI#&tre&&
1% inner &-rface Ix#&tre&&
1! inner &-rface effective pla&tic &train
1" o-ter &-rface x#&tre&&
10 o-ter &-rface y#&tre&&
17 o-ter &-rface I#&tre&&
1/ o-ter &-rface xy#&tre&&
1 o-ter &-rface yI#&tre&&
2$ o-ter &-rface Ix#&tre&&
21 o-ter &-rface effective pla&tic &train
22 9en(ing moment#mxx C!#no(e &hellD
2% 9en(ing moment#myy C!#no(e &hellD
2! 9en(ing moment#mxy C!#no(e &hellD
2" &hear re&-ltant#;xx C!#no(e &hellD
20 &hear re&-ltant#;yy C!#no(e &hellD
27 normal re&-ltant#nxx C!#no(e &hellD
2/ normal re&-ltant#nxx C!#no(e &hellD
2 normal re&-ltant#nxx C!#no(e &hellD
%$ thic7ne&& C!#no(e &hellD
%1 element (epen(ent varia9le
%2 element (epen(ent varia9le
%% inner &-rface x#&train
%! inner &-rface y#&train
%" inner &-rface I#&train
%0 inner &-rface xy#&train
%7 inner &-rface yI#&train
%/ inner &-rface Ix#&train
% o-ter &-rface x#&train
!$ o-ter &-rface y#&train
!1 o-ter &-rface I#&train
!2 o-ter &-rface xy#&train
!% o-ter &-rface yI#&train
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`DATABASE `DATABASE_EXTENT_AVS
Table 10.3. Shell an( Thic7 Shell =lement S-antitie& Ccont.D.
!! o-ter &-rface Ix#&train
!" internal energy
!0 mi(&-rface effective &tre&&
!7 inner &-rface effective &tre&&
!/ o-ter &-rface effective &tre&&
! mi(&-rface max. principal &train
"$ thro-gh thic7ne&& &train
"1 mi(&-rface min. principal &train
"2 lower &-rface effective &train
"% lower &-rface max. principal &train
"! thro-gh thic7ne&& &train
"" lower &-rface min. principal &train
"0 lower &-rface effective &train
"7 -pper &-rface max. principal &train
"/ thro-gh thic7ne&& &train
" -pper &-rface min. principal &train
0$ -pper &-rface effective &train
Table 10.4. Beam =lement S-antitie&
1 x#force re&-ltant
2 y#force re&-ltant
% I#force re&-ltant
! x#moment re&-ltant
" y#moment re&-ltant
0 I#moment re&-ltant
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`DATABASE_EXTENT_BINARY `DATABASE
`DATABASE_EXTENT_BINARY
P-rpo&e) Control to &ome extent the content of 9inary o-tp-t (ata9a&e& (%plot, (%th(t, an( (%part.
See al&o N32T2B2S=OBB52'4OOPTION an( N32TB2S=O=LT=5TO3%P2'T. The content of
the 9inary o-tp-t (ata9a&e intfor may 9e mo(ifie( -&ing N32T2B2S=O=LT=5TOB5T+O'.

For the BINARY option the following cards apply (Card 3 is optional):
Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 5=BPJ 5=BPS .2LB5T ST'+L> SB>+L> =PS+L> 'LT+L> =5>+L>
3efa-lt $ $ % $ 1 1 1 1
'emar7& 1

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le C.P+L> B=M='P B=2.BP 3CO.P SJ>= STSSK 5%TJ3T B2L=.2T
3efa-lt $ $ $ $ $ $ 2 1
'emar7& 2

Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 5B5TSL3 PAPOS=5 SCLP J43'O .SSCL TJ='. B5TO8T 5O3O8T
Type B B + B B B 2 2
3efa-lt 1 $ 1.$ $ $ $ none none
'emar7& !#1$ !#1$

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`DATABASE `DATABASE_EXTENT_BINARY
1!#%$ C32T2B2S=D LS-DYNA R7.0
Car( ! 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 3T3T '=SPLT 5=BPB
Type B B B
3efa-lt 1 $ $
'emar7& 11

5=BPJ
5-m9er of a((itional integration point hi&tory varia9le& written to the 9inary
(ata9a&e for &oli( element&. The integration point (ata i& written in the &ame
or(er that it i& &tore( in memory#each material mo(el ha& it& own hi&tory
varia9le& that are &tore(. +or -&er (efine( material& it i& important to &tore
the hi&tory (ata that i& nee(e( for plotting 9efore the (ata which i& not of
intere&t.
5=BPS
5-m9er of a((itional integration point hi&tory varia9le& written to the 9inary
(ata9a&e for 9oth &hell an( thic7 &hell element& for each integration point,
&ee 5=BPJ a9ove.
.2LB5T
5-m9er of &hell integration point& written to the 9inary (ata9a&e, &ee al&o
NB5T=>'2TBO5OSJ=LL. Bf the (efa-lt val-e of % i& -&e( then re&-lt& are
o-tp-t for the o-termo&t CtopD an( innermo&t C9ottomD integration point& to#
gether with re&-lt& for the ne-tral axi&. Bf .2LB5T i& &et to % an( the ele#
ment ha& 1 integration point then all three re&-lt& will 9e the &ame. Bf a val#
-e other than % i& -&e( then re&-lt& for the fir&t .2LB5T integration point&
in the element will 9e o-tp-t. 5ote) Bf the element ha& an even n-m9er of
integration point& an( .2LB5T i& not &et to % then yo- will not get mi(#
&-rface re&-lt&. See 'emar7& 9elow. Bf .2LB5T i& &et to a negative n-m#
9er, .2LB5T integration point& are o-tp-t for each in plane integration
point location an( no averaging i& -&e(. Thi& can greatly increa&e the &iIe
of the 9inary (ata9a&e& (%plot, (%th(t, an( (%part.
ST'+L>
Set to 1 to (-mp &train ten&or& for &oli(, &hell an( thic7 &hell element& for
plotting 9y LS#PrePo&t an( 2SCBB file elo-t. +or &hell an( thic7 &hell ele#
ment& two ten&or& are written, one at the innermo&t an( one at the o-termo&t
integration point. +or &oli( element& a &ingle &train ten&or i& written.
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LS-DYNA R7.0 1!#%1 C32T2B2S=D
SB>+L>
+lag for incl-(ing the &tre&& ten&or for &hell&.
=S.1) incl-(e C(efa-ltD,
=S.2) excl-(e.
=PS+L>
+lag for incl-(ing the effective pla&tic &train& for &hell&.
=S.2) excl-(e.
'LT+L>
+lag for incl-(ing &tre&& re&-ltant& in the &hell LS#3452 (ata9a&e)
=S.2) excl-(e.
=5>+L>
+lag for incl-(ing &hell internal energy (en&ity an( &hell thic7ne&&.
=S.2) excl-(e.
C.P+L>
+lag to in(icate the coor(inate &y&tem for o-tp-t of &tre&& an( &train in &ol#
i(&, &hell& an( thic7 &hell& compri&e( of orthotropic or ani&otropic material&.
=S.$) glo9al coor(inate &y&tem,
=S.1) local material coor(inate &y&tem Ca& (efine( 9y 2OPT an( a&&oci#
ate( parameter& in the N.2T inp-t, an( if applica9le, 9y angle&
B1, B2, etc. in NS=CTBO5OSJ=LL, NS=CTBO5OTSJ=LL, or
NP2'TOCO.POSBT=, an( 9y optional inp-t in the N=L=.=5T
(ataD. C.P+L>]1 affect& 9oth (%plot an( elo-t (ata9a&e&.
B=M='P
=very o-tp-t &tate for the (%plot (ata9a&e i& written to a &eparate file.
=S.$) more than one &tate can 9e on each plotfile,
=S.1) one &tate only on each plotfile.
B=2.BP
5-m9er of 9eam integration point& for o-tp-t. Thi& option (oe& not apply to
9eam& that -&e a re&-ltant form-lation.
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1!#%2 C32T2B2S=D LS-DYNA R7.0
3CO.P
3ata compre&&ion to eliminate rigi( 9o(y (ata)
=S.1) off C(efa-ltD, no rigi( 9o(y (ata compre&&ion,
=S.2) on, rigi( 9o(y (ata compre&&ion active,
=S.%) off, no rigi( 9o(y (ata compre&&ion, 9-t no(al velocitie& an( ac#
celeration& are eliminate( from the (ata9a&e.
=S.!) on, rigi( 9o(y (ata compre&&ion active an( no(al velocitie& an(
acceleration& are eliminate( from the (ata9a&e.
SJ>=
+lag for incl-(ing &hell ho-rgla&& energy (en&ity.
=S.1) off C(efa-ltD, no ho-rgla&& energy written,
=S.2) on.
STSSK
+lag for incl-(ing &hell element time &tep, ma&&, or a((e( ma&&.
=S.1) off C(efa-ltD,
=S.2) o-tp-t time &tep &iIe,
=S.%) o-tp-t ma&&, a((e( ma&&, or time &tep &iIe.
See remar7 % 9elow.
5%TJ3T
+lag for incl-(ing material energy in (%th(t (ata9a&e.
=S.1) off, energy i& 5OT written to (%th(t (ata9a&e,
=S.2) on C(efa-ltD, energy i& written to (%th(t (ata9a&e.
B2L=.2T
O-tp-t &oli( part B3 li&t containing 2L= material&.
=S.1) on C(efa-ltD
5B5TSL3
5-m9er of &oli( element integration point& written to the LS#3452 (ata#
9a&e. The (efa-lt val-e i& 1. +or &oli(& with m-ltiple integration point&
5B5TSL3 may 9e &et to /. C-rrently, no other val-e& for 5B5TSL3 are
allowe(. +or &oli(& with m-ltiple integration point&, an average val-e i&
o-tp-t if 5B5TSL3 i& &et to 1.
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LS-DYNA R7.0 1!#%% C32T2B2S=D
PAPOS=5
+lag to o-tp-t the pea7 pre&&-re an( &-rface energy comp-te( 9y each con#
tact interface into the interface force (ata9a&e. To o9tain the &-rface ener#
gy, +'C=5>, m-&t 9e &ent to 1 on the control contact car(. ,hen PAP
OS=5]1, it i& po&&i9le to i(entify the energie& generate( on the -pper an(
lower &hell &-rface&, which i& important in metal forming application&. Thi&
(ata i& mappe( after each J#a(aptive reme&hing.
=S.$) 5o (ata i& written
=S.1) O-tp-t the pea7 pre&&-re& an( &-rface energy 9y contact interface
SCLP
2 &caling parameter -&e( in the comp-tation of the pea7 pre&&-re. Thi& pa#
rameter i& generally &et to -nity Cthe (efa-ltD, 9-t it m-&t 9e greater than $.
J43'O
=ither % or " a((itional hi&tory varia9le& -&ef-l to &hoc7 phy&ic& are o-tp-t
a& the la&t hi&tory varia9le&. +or J43'O]1, the internal energy per refer#
ence vol-me, the reference vol-me, an( the val-e of the 9-l7 vi&co&ity are
a((e( to the (ata9a&e, an( for J43'O]2, the vol-me &train an( c-rrent
(en&ity are al&o a((e(.
.SSCL
O-tp-t no(al information relate( to ma&& &caling into the 3%PLOT (ata9a&e.
Thi& option can 9e activate( if an( only if 3T2.S ? $.$, &ee control car(
NCO5T'OLOTB.=ST=P. Thi& option i& availa9le &tarting with the &econ(
relea&e of Mer&ion 71.
=S.$) 5o (ata i& written
=S.1) O-tp-t incremental no(al ma&&
=S.2) O-tp-t percentage increa&e in no(al ma&&
TJ='.
O-tp-t of thermal (ata to (%plot. The -&e of thi& option CTJ='.@$D may
ma7e the (ata9a&e incompati9le with other %
r(
party &oftware.
=S.$) C(efa-ltD o-tp-t temperat-re
=S.1) o-tp-t temperat-re
=S.2) o-tp-t temperat-re an( fl-x
=S.%) o-tp-t temperat-re, fl-x, an( &hell 9ottom an( top &-rface temper#
at-re
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1!#%! C32T2B2S=D LS-DYNA R7.0
B5TO8T
O-tp-t &tre&&F&train at all integration point& for (etaile( element o-tp-t in
the 2SCBB fileelo-t(et. 3T an( BB52'4 of N32T2B2S=O=LO8T apply
to elo-t(et. See remar7& !#1$ 9elow.
=S.ST'=SS) when &tre&& o-tp-t i& re;-ire(
=S.ST'2B5) when &train o-tp-t i& re;-ire(
=S.2LL) when 9oth &tre&& an( &train o-tp-t are re;-ire(
5O3O8T
O-tp-t extrapolate( &tre&&F&train at connectivity no(e& for (etaile( element
o-tp-t in the 2SCBB file elo-t(et. 3T an( BB52'4 of N32T2B2S=
O=LO8T apply to elo-t(et.
=S.ST'=SS) when &tre&& o-tp-t i& re;-ire(
=S.ST'2B5) when &train o-tp-t i& re;-ire(
=S.2LL) when 9oth &tre&& an( &train o-tp-t are re;-ire(
=S.ST'=SSO>L) when no(al average( &tre&& o-tp-t along the glo9al
coor(inate &y&tem i& re;-ire(
=S.ST'2B5O>L) when no(al average( &train o-tp-t along the glo9al
coor(inate &y&tem i& re;-ire(
=S.2LLO>L) for glo9al no(al average( &tre&& an( &train o-tp-t
3T3T
O-tp-t of no(e point &temperat-reF&time (ata to (%plot.
=S.$) C(efa-ltD no o-tp-t
=S.1) o-tp-t uTFut
'=SPLT
O-tp-t of tran&lational an( rotational re&i(-al force& to (%plot an( (%iter.

=S.$) 5o o-tp-t
=S.1) O-tp-t re&i(-al
5=BPB
=S.$) 3efa-lt no o-tp-t to (%plot Cwill create an 2SCBB nel9wl&.7V file
that can 9e fringe( in LS#PrePo&tD.
=S.1) O-tp-t of loop#&tre&&e& to (%plot for the =LBO, 9eam element.
Remarks:
1. Bf .2LB5T i& &et to % then mi(#&-rface, inner#&-rface an( o-ter#&-rface &tre&&e& are o-tp-t
at the center of the element. +or an even n-m9er of integration point&, the point& clo&e&t to
the center are average( to o9tain the mi(&-rface val-e&. Bf m-ltiple integration point& are
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LS-DYNA R7.0 1!#%" C32T2B2S=D
-&e( in the &hell plane, the &tre&&e& at the center of the element are fo-n( 9y comp-ting the
average of the&e point&. +or .2LB5T e;-al to %, LS#3452 a&&-me& that the (ata for the
-&er (efine( integration r-le& are or(ere( from 9ottom to top even if thi& i& not the ca&e. Bf
.2LB5T i& not e;-al to %, then the &tre&&e& at the center of the element are o-tp-t in the or#
(er that they are &tore( for the &electe( integration r-le. Bf m-ltiple point& are -&e( in plane
the &tre&&e& are fir&t average(.
2. Beam &tre&&e& are o-tp-t if an( only if B=2.BP i& greater than Iero. Bn thi& latter ca&e the
(ata that i& o-tp-t i& written in the &ame or(er that the integration point& are (efine(. The (a#
ta at each integration point con&i&t& of the following five val-e& for ela&tic#pla&tic J-ghe&#
Li- 9eam&) the normal &tre&&,
rr
E the tran&ver&e &hear &tre&&e&,
r&
an(
tr
E the effective pla&#
tic &train, an( the axial &train which i& logarithmic. +or 9eam& that are not ela&tic#pla&tic, the
fir&t hi&tory varia9le, if any, i& o-tp-t in&tea( of the pla&tic &train. +or the 9eam element& of
Belyt&ch7o an( hi& co#wor7er&, the tran&ver&e &hear &tre&& component& are not -&e( in the
form-lation. 5o (ata i& o-tp-t for the Belyt&ch7o#Schwer re&-ltant 9eam.
%. Bf ma&& &caling i& active, the o-tp-t of the time &tep &iIe reveal& little information a9o-t the
calc-lation. Bf glo9al ma&& &caling i& -&e( for a con&tant time &tep, the total element ma&& i&
o-tp-tE however, if the ma&& i& increa&e( &o that a minim-m time &tep &iIe i& maintaine(
C3T2.S i& negativeD, the a((e( ma&& i& o-tp-t. 2l&o, &ee the control car( NCO5T'OL
OTB.=ST=P.
!. O-tp-t coor(inate &y&tem -&e(. ,hen the parameter&) B5TO8T or 5O3O8T i& &et to
ST'=SS, ST'2B5, or 2LL, the o-tp-t coor(inate &y&tem the (ata, &imilar to the 2SCBB file
elo-t, i& (etermine( 9y C.P+L> in N32T2B2S=O=LT=5TOBB52'4.
". 5o(al o-tp-t when 5O3O8T i& &et to ST'=SS, ST'2B5 , or 2LL. =ach no(e of the
element no(al connectivity will 9e o-tp-t.
=xample 1)
=xcerpt from elo-t(et file for a &hell element with two thro-gh#thic7ne&& integration point&
an( fo-r in#plane integration point&, with B5TO8T]ST'=SS an( 5O3O8T]ST'=SS)
element materl
ipt &tre&& &ig#xx &ig#yy &ig#II &ig#xy &ig$yI &ig#Ix yiel( location
1# 1
1# 1$ ela&tic !.!1$!=#$2 2."1!1=#$1 $.$$$$=[$$ 7.70!$=#$/ $.$$$$=[$$ $.$$$$=[$$ $.$$$$=[$$ int. point 1
1# 1$ ela&tic !.!1$!=#$2 2."1!1=#$1 $.$$$$=[$$ 7.70!$=#$/ $.$$$$=[$$ $.$$$$=[$$ $.$$$$=[$$ int. point 2
1# 1$ ela&tic !.!1$!=#$2 2."1!1=#$1 $.$$$$=[$$ 7.70!$=#$/ $.$$$$=[$$ $.$$$$=[$$ $.$$$$=[$$ int. point %
1# 1$ ela&tic !.!1$!=#$2 2."1!1=#$1 $.$$$$=[$$ 7.70!$=#$/ $.$$$$=[$$ $.$$$$=[$$ $.$$$$=[$$ int. point !
1# 1$ ela&tic !.!1$!=#$2 2."1!1=#$1 $.$$$$=[$$ 7.70!$=#$/ $.$$$$=[$$ $.$$$$=[$$ $.$$$$=[$$ no(e 21
1# 1$ ela&tic !.!1$!=#$2 2."1!1=#$1 $.$$$$=[$$ 7.70!$=#$/ $.$$$$=[$$ $.$$$$=[$$ $.$$$$=[$$ no(e 22
1# 1$ ela&tic !.!1$!=#$2 2."1!1=#$1 $.$$$$=[$$ 7.70!$=#$/ $.$$$$=[$$ $.$$$$=[$$ $.$$$$=[$$ no(e 2$
1# 1$ ela&tic !.!1$!=#$2 2."1!1=#$1 $.$$$$=[$$ 7.70!$=#$/ $.$$$$=[$$ $.$$$$=[$$ $.$$$$=[$$ no(e 1
2# 1$ ela&tic !.!1$!=#$2 2."1!1=#$1 $.$$$$=[$$ 7.70!$=#$/ $.$$$$=[$$ $.$$$$=[$$ $.$$$$=[$$ int. point 1
2# 1$ ela&tic !.!1$!=#$2 2."1!1=#$1 $.$$$$=[$$ 7.70!$=#$/ $.$$$$=[$$ $.$$$$=[$$ $.$$$$=[$$ int. point 2
2# 1$ ela&tic !.!1$!=#$2 2."1!1=#$1 $.$$$$=[$$ 7.70!$=#$/ $.$$$$=[$$ $.$$$$=[$$ $.$$$$=[$$ int. point %
2# 1$ ela&tic !.!1$!=#$2 2."1!1=#$1 $.$$$$=[$$ 7.70!$=#$/ $.$$$$=[$$ $.$$$$=[$$ $.$$$$=[$$ int. point !
2# 1$ ela&tic !.!1$!=#$2 2."1!1=#$1 $.$$$$=[$$ 7.70!$=#$/ $.$$$$=[$$ $.$$$$=[$$ $.$$$$=[$$ no(e 21
2# 1$ ela&tic !.!1$!=#$2 2."1!1=#$1 $.$$$$=[$$ 7.70!$=#$/ $.$$$$=[$$ $.$$$$=[$$ $.$$$$=[$$ no(e 22
2# 1$ ela&tic !.!1$!=#$2 2."1!1=#$1 $.$$$$=[$$ 7.70!$=#$/ $.$$$$=[$$ $.$$$$=[$$ $.$$$$=[$$ no(e 2$
2# 1$ ela&tic !.!1$!=#$2 2."1!1=#$1 $.$$$$=[$$ 7.70!$=#$/ $.$$$$=[$$ $.$$$$=[$$ $.$$$$=[$$ no(e 1
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1!#%0 C32T2B2S=D LS-DYNA R7.0
0. 5o(al o-tp-t when 5O3O8T i& &et to ST'=SSO>L, ST'2B5O>L, or 2LLO>L. 2verage(
no(al re&-lt& are calc-late( 9y &-mming -p all contri9-tion& from element& &haring the
common no(e, an( then (ivi(ing the total 9y the n-m9er of contri9-ting element&. 2verage(
no(al val-e& are alway& o-tp-t in the glo9al coor(inate &y&tem.
=xample 2)
=xcerpt from elo-t(et file for average( no(al &train)
n o ( a l & t r a i n c a l c - l a t i o n & f o r t i m e & t e p 2! C at time ./!7=[$1 D
no(e Cglo9alD
&train ep&#xx ep&#yy ep&#II ep&#xy ep&#yI ep&#Ix
1#
lower &-rface 2.$202=#$1 #2.0$"/=#$2 #7."00=#$2 #".1!"=#$% $.$$$$=[$$ $.$$$$=[$$
-pper &-rface 2.$202=#$1 #2.0$"/=#$2 #7."00=#$2 #".1!"=#$% $.$$$$=[$$ $.$$$$=[$$
2#
lower &-rface 1.%!7=#$1 2.%72/=#$! #/.%$1=#$2 #1.!!/!=#$2 $.$$$$=[$$ $.$$$$=[$$
-pper &-rface 1.%!7=#$1 2.%72/=#$! #/.%$1=#$2 #1.!!/!=#$2 $.$$$$=[$$ $.$$$$=[$$
%#
lower &-rface 2.$"!1=#$1 #".7"21=#$2 #0.%%/%=#$2 #1.700/=#$% $.$$$$=[$$ $.$$$$=[$$
-pper &-rface 2.$"!1=#$1 #".7"21=#$2 #0.%%/%=#$2 #1.700/=#$% $.$$$$=[$$ $.$$$$=[$$
!#......
7. 2vaila9le &tre&&F&train component& in elo-t(et &tre&& component& incl-(e& 0 &tre&&
component& C&ig#xx, &ig#yy, &ig#II, &ig#xy, &ig#yI, &ig#IxD, yiel(ing &tat-&, an( effective
pla&tic &train. Strain component& incl-(e& 0 &train component&
/. Shell element o-tp-t at integration point) &tre&&e& at all integration point& can 9e o-tp-t. The
&train at the top an( 9ottom integration layer can 9e o-tp-t. 2t a connective no(e the
extrapolate( &tre&& an( &train at the top an( 9ottom layer can 9e o-tp-t
. Thic7 &hell element o-tp-t incl-(e& the &ix &tre&& component& at each integration point.
Strain at the top an( 9ottom layer can 9e o-tp-t. 2t the element no(e, val-e& at the 9ottom
layer are extrapolate( to yiel( the val-e& of no(e& 1#!, an( val-e& at the top layer are
extrapolate( to yiel( val-e& of no(e& "#/.
1$. Soli( element o-tp-t at integration point) &tre&&e& an( &train at all integration point& can 9e
o-tp-t. +or the no(al point&, val-e& at the integration point& are extrapolate(.
11. The o-tp-t of re&i(-al force& an( moment& i& &-pporte( for implicit an( (o-9le preci&ion on#
ly. ,ith thi& option the force& an( moment& appear -n(er the 5(v 9-tton in the fringe men-
in LS#PrePo&t. The re&i(-al for rigi( 9o(ie& i& (i&tri9-te( to the &lave no(e& for the 9o(y
witho-t &caling for the p-rpo&e of capt-ring the complete re&i(-al vector.
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`DATABASE_EXTENT_D3PART `DATABASE
LS-DYNA R7.0 1!#%7 C32T2B2S=D
`DATABASE_EXTENT_D3PART
The following car(& control content to the (%part 9inary (ata9a&e CCar( % i& optionalD. The parame#
ter& given here will &-perce(e the corre&pon(ing parameter& in N32T2B2S=O=LT=5TOBB52'4
when writing the (%part 9inary (ata9a&e. See al&o N32T2B2S=OBB52'4O3%P2'T which (e#
fine& the o-tp-t interval for (%part an( the &et of part incl-(e( in (%part.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 5=BPJ 5=BPS .2LB5T ST'+L> SB>+L> =PS+L> 'LT+L> =5>+L>
3efa-lt $ $ % $ 1 1 1 1
'emar7& 1

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le B=M='P SJ>= STSSK
Type B B B
3efa-lt $ $ $
'emar7&

Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 5B5TSL3
Type B
3efa-lt 1
'emar7&

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`DATABASE `DATABASE_EXTENT_D3PART
1!#%/ C32T2B2S=D LS-DYNA R7.0
5=BPJ
5-m9er of a((itional integration point hi&tory varia9le& written to the 9ina#
ry (ata9a&e for &oli( element&. The integration point (ata i& written in the
&ame or(er that it i& &tore( in memory#each material mo(el ha& it& own hi&#
tory varia9le& that are &tore(. +or -&er (efine( material& it i& important to
&tore the hi&tory (ata that i& nee(e( for plotting 9efore the (ata which i& not
of intere&t.
5=BPS
5-m9er of a((itional integration point hi&tory varia9le& written to the 9ina#
ry (ata9a&e for 9oth &hell an( thic7 &hell element& for each integration
point, &ee 5=BPJ a9ove.
.2LB5T
5-m9er of &hell integration point& written to the 9inary (ata9a&e, &ee al&o
NB5T=>'2TBO5OSJ=LL. Bf the (efa-lt val-e of % i& -&e( then re&-lt& are
o-tp-t for the o-termo&t CtopD an( innermo&t C9ottomD integration point&
together with re&-lt& for the ne-tral axi&. Bf .2LB5T i& &et to % an( the
element ha& 1 integration point then all three re&-lt& will 9e the &ame. Bf a
val-e other than % i& -&e( then re&-lt& for the fir&t .2LB5T integration
point& in the element will 9e o-tp-t. 5ote) Bf the element ha& an even
n-m9er of integration point& an( .2LB5T i& not &et to % then yo- will not
get mi(#&-rface re&-lt&. See 'emar7& 9elow. Bf .2LB5T i& &et to a nega#
tive n-m9er, .2LB5T integration point& are o-tp-t for each in plane inte#
gration point location an( no averaging i& -&e(. Thi& can greatly increa&e
the &iIe of the 9inary (%part (ata9a&e.
ST'+L>
Set to 1 to (-mp &train ten&or& for &oli(, &hell an( thic7 &hell element& for
plotting 9y LS#PrePo&t an( 2SCBB file elo-t. +or &hell an( thic7 &hell ele#
ment& two ten&or& are written, one at the innermo&t an( one at the o-ter#
mo&t integration point. +or &oli( element& a &ingle &train ten&or i& written.
SB>+L>
+lag for incl-(ing the &tre&& ten&or for &hell&.
=S.2) excl-(e.
=PS+L>
+lag for incl-(ing the effective pla&tic &train& for &hell&.
=S.2) excl-(e.
'LT+L>
+lag for incl-(ing &tre&& re&-ltant& for &hell&.
=S.2) excl-(e.
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`DATABASE_EXTENT_D3PART `DATABASE
LS-DYNA R7.0 1!#% C32T2B2S=D
=5>+L>
+lag for incl-(ing &hell internal energy (en&ity an( &hell thic7ne&&.
=S.2) excl-(e.
B=M='P
=very plot &tate for (%part (ata9a&e i& written to a &eparate file. Thi& option
will limit the (ata9a&e to 1$$$ &tate&)
=S.$) more than one &tate can 9e on each plot file,
=S.1) one &tate only on each plot file.
SJ>=
+lag for incl-(ing &hell ho-rgla&& energy (en&ity.
=S.1) off C(efa-ltD, no ho-rgla&& energy written,
=S.2) on.
STSSK
+lag for incl-(ing &hell element time &tep, ma&&, or a((e( ma&&.
=S.1) off C(efa-ltD,
=S.2) o-tp-t time &tep &iIe,
=S.%) o-tp-t ma&&, a((e( ma&&, or time &tep &iIe.
See remar7 % 9elow.
5B5TSL3
5-m9er of &oli( element integration point& written. The (efa-lt val-e i& 1.
+or &oli(& with m-ltiple integration point& 5B5TSL3 may 9e &et to /. C-r#
rently, no other val-e& for 5B5TSL3 are allowe(. +or &oli(& with m-ltiple
integration point&, an average val-e i& o-tp-t if 5B5TSL3 i& &et to 1.
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`DATABASE `DATABASE_EXTENT_INTFOR
1!#!$ C32T2B2S=D LS-DYNA R7.0
`DATABASE_EXTENT_INTFOR
The following car( control& to &ome extent the content of the optional intfor 9inary (ata9a&e. See
al&o N32T2B2S=OBB52'4OB5T+O'. The intfor (ata9a&e contain& geometry an( time hi&tory
(ata pertaining to tho&e contact &-rface& which are flagge( in NCO5T2CT with the varia9le& SP'
an(For .P'. The name of the intfor (ata9a&e m-&t 9e given on the exec-tion line via X&]-i.enameY.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 5>LBM 5M=LO 5P'=S8 5SJ=2' 5+O'C 5>2PC B=M='+
Type B B B B B B B
3efa-lt 1 1 1 1 1 1 $
'emar7&

5>LBM
O-tp-t glo9al varia9le&)
=S.#1) no,
=S.1) ye& C(efa-ltD.
5M=LO
O-tp-t no(al velocity)
=S.#1) no,
5P'=S8
O-tp-t pre&&-re&)
=S.#1) no,
=S.1) normal interface pre&&-re C(efa-ltD,
=S.2) normal interface pre&&-re an( pea7 pre&&-re,
=S.%) normal interface pre&&-re, pea7 pre&&-re an( time to pea7.
5SJ=2'
O-tp-t &hear &tre&&e&)
=S.#1) no,
=S.1) &hear &tre&& in r#(irection an( &#(irection C(efa-ltD.
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`DATABASE_EXTENT_INTFOR `DATABASE
LS-DYNA R7.0 1!#!1 C32T2B2S=D
5+O'C
O-tp-t force&)
=S.#1) no,
=S.1) x#, y#, I#force at all no(e& C(efa-ltD.
5>2PC
O-tp-t contact gap& at all no(e& an( &-rface energy (en&ity
=S.#1) no,
B=M='+
=very interface force &tate for the XintforY (ata9a&e i& written to a &eparate
file)
=S.$) more than one interface force &tate can 9e on each intfor file,
=S.1) one interface force o-tp-t &tate only on each intfor file.
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`DATABASE `DATABASE_EXTENT_MOVIE
1!#!2 C32T2B2S=D LS-DYNA R7.0
`DATABASE_EXTENT_MOVIE
3efine a& many car(& a& nece&&ary. The create( .OMB= (ata9a&e& con&i&t of a geometry file an(
one file for each o-tp-t (ata9a&e. See al&o N32T2B2S=Ooption where option].OMB=.

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le MT4P= CO.P
Type B B

MT4P=
Maria9le type)
=S.$) no(e,
=S.1) 9ric7,
=S.2) 9eam,
=S.%) &hell,
=S.!) thic7 &hell.
CO.P
MT4P=.=S.$) Ta9le 1$.1 C&ee 32T2B2S=O=LT=5TO2MSD,
MT4P=.=S.1) Ta9le 1$.2 C&ee 32T2B2S=O=LT=5TO2MSD,
MT4P=.=S.%) Ta9le 1$.% C&ee 32T2B2S=O=LT=5TO2MSD,
.
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`DATABASE_EXTENT_MPGS `DATABASE
LS-DYNA R7.0 1!#!% C32T2B2S=D
`DATABASE_EXTENT_MPGS
3efine a& many car(& a& nece&&ary. The create( .P>S (ata9a&e& con&i&t of a geometry file an( one
file for each o-tp-t (ata9a&e. See al&o N32T2B2S=Ooption where option].P>S.

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le MT4P= CO.P
Type B B

MT4P=
Maria9le type)
=S.$) no(e,
=S.1) 9ric7,
=S.2) 9eam,
=S.%) &hell,
=S.!) thic7 &hell.
CO.P
MT4P=.=S.$) Ta9le 1$.1 C&ee 32T2B2S=O=LT=5TO2MSD,
MT4P=.=S.1) Ta9le 1$.2 C&ee 32T2B2S=O=LT=5TO2MSD,
MT4P=.=S.%) Ta9le 1$.% C&ee 32T2B2S=O=LT=5TO2MSD,
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`DATABASE `DATABASE_EXTENT_SSSTAT
1!#!! C32T2B2S=D LS-DYNA R7.0
`DATABASE_EXTENT_SSSTAT
Thi& comman( (efine& one or more &-9&y&tem&. 2 &-9&y&tem i& &imply a &et of part&, gro-pe( for
convenience. The 2SCBB o-tp-t file &&&tat provi(e& hi&torie& of energy C7inetic, internal, ho-rgla&&D
an( moment-m Cx, y, an( ID for each &-9&y&tem. The &&&tat file i& th-& &imilar to gl&tat an( mat&-m,
9-t wherea& gl&tat provi(e& (ata for the whole mo(el an( mat&-m provi(e& (ata for each in(ivi(-al
part, &&&tat provi(e& (ata for each &-9&y&tem. The o-tp-t interval for the &&&tat file i& given -&ing
N32T2B2S=OSSST2T. To al&o incl-(e hi&torie& of &-9&y&tem ma&& propertie& in the &&&tat file,
-&e N32T2B2S=OSSST2TO.2SSOP'OP='TB=S.
+or N32T2B2S=O=LT=5TOBB52'4, the following car(C&D apply. 3efine a& many car(& a& nec#
e&&ary. 3efine one part &et B3 per &-9&y&tem, -p to / &-9&y&tem& per car(.

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le PSB31 PSB32 PSB3% PSB3! PSB3" PSB30 PSB37 PSB3/

PSB3n
Part &et B3 for &-9&y&tem nE &ee NS=TOP2'T.
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`DATABASE_FORMAT `DATABASE
LS-DYNA R7.0 1!#!" C32T2B2S=D
`DATABASE_FORMAT
P-rpo&e) 3efine the o-tp-t format for 9inary file&.

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le B+O'. BBB52'4
Type B B
3efa-lt $ $
'emar7& 1 2

B+O'.
O-tp-t format for 3%PLOT an( 3%TJ3T file&
=S.$) LS#3452 (ata9a&e format C(efa-ltD,
=S.1) 25S4S (ata9a&e format,
=S.2) Both LS#3452 an( 25S4S (ata9a&e format&.
BBB52'4
,or( &iIe of the 9inary o-tp-t file& C3%PLOT, 3%TJ3T, 3%3'L+ an(
interface file& for 0! 9it comp-ter &-ch a& C'24 an( 5=C.
=S.$) (efa-lt 0! 9it format,
=S.1) %2 9it B=== format
Remarks:
1. Thi& option i& not availa9le for every platform. Chec7 LS#3452 Banner -pon exec-tion of
the program
2. By -&ing thi& option one can re(-ce the &iIe of the 9inary o-tp-t file& which are create( 9y
0! 9it& comp-ter &-ch a& C'24 an( 5=C.
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`DATABASE `DATABASE_FREQUENCY_BINARY
1!#!0 C32T2B2S=D LS-DYNA R7.0
`DATABASE_FREQUENCY_BINARY_OPTION
Option& for fre;-ency (omain 9inary o-tp-t file& with the (efa-lt name& given incl-(e)
D3ACS Binary o-tp-t file for +=. aco-&tic& Caco-&tic pre&&-re an( &o-n( pre&&-re
levelD. See al&o N+'=S8=5C4O3O.2B5O2CO8STBCO+=..
D3FTG Binary o-tp-t file for ran(om vi9ration fatig-e analy&i&. See al&o
N+'=S8=5C4O3O.2B5O'253O.OMBB'2TBO5O+2TB>8=.
D3PSD Binary Power Spectral 3en&ity o-tp-t file for ran(om vi9ration analy&i&. See
al&o N+'=S8=5C4O3O.2B5O'253O.OMBB'2TBO5.
D3RMS Binary 'oot .ean S;-are o-tp-t file for ran(om vi9ration analy&i&. See al&o
N+'=S8=5C4O3O.2B5O'253O.OMBB'2TBO5.
D3SPCM Binary o-tp-t file for re&pon&e &pectr-m analy&i&. See al&o N+'=S8=5C4
O3O.2B5O'=SPO5S=OSP=CT'8..
D3SSD Binary o-tp-t file for &tea(y &tate (ynamic&. See al&o N+'=S8=5C4
O3O.2B5OSS3.
The 3%2CS, 3%+T>, 3%PS3, 3%'.S, 3%SPC. an( 3%SS3 file& contain plotting information to
plot (ata over the three (imen&ional geometry of the mo(el. The&e (ata9a&e& can 9e plotte( with
LS#P'=POST. The 3%PS3 file contain& PS3 &tate (ata for a range of fre;-encie&. The 3%SS3 file
contain& &tate (ata for a range of fre;-encie&. +or 3%SS3, the (ata can 9e real or complex, (epen(#
ing on the varia9le BB52'4 (efine( 9elow. The 3%2CS file contain& aco-&tic re&-lt& incl-(ing
aco-&tic pre&&-re an( &o-n( pre&&-re level for a range of fre;-encie&, which are (efine( in the 7ey#
wor( N+'=S8=5C4O3O.2B5O2CO8STBCO+=.. The 3%+T>, 3%'.S an( 3%SPC. file&
contain only one &tate each a& they are the (ata for c-m-lative fatig-e (amage ratio, root mean
&;-are for ran(om vi9ration an( pea7 re&pon&e for re&pon&e &pectr-m analy&i& &eparately.

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le BB52'4
Type B
3efa-lt #
'emar7& 1

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`DATABASE_FREQUENCY_BINARY `DATABASE
LS-DYNA R7.0 1!#!7 C32T2B2S=D
Optional Card that only applies to D3PSD and D3SSD database.
Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le +.B5 +.2L 5+'=S +SP2C= LC+'=S
Type + + B B B
3efa-lt $.$ $.$ $ $ $

BB52'4
+lag for writing the 9inary plot file.
=S.$) Off
=S.1) write the 9inary plot file
=S.2) write the complex varia9le 9inary plot file C3%SS3 onlyD
=S.$) write only real part of fre;-ency re&pon&e C3%SS3 onlyD
=S.1) write only imaginary part of fre;-ency re&pon&e C3%SS3 onlyD
+.B5
.inim-m fre;-ency for o-tp-t Ccycle&FtimeD
+.2L
.axim-m fre;-ency for o-tp-t Ccycle&FtimeD.
5+'=S
5-m9er of fre;-encie& for o-tp-t.
+SP2C=
+re;-ency &pacing option for o-tp-t)
=S.$) linear
=S.1) logarithmic
=S.2) 9ia&e(
LC+'=S
Loa( C-rve B3 (efining the fre;-encie& for o-tp-t.
Remarks:
1. +or OPTBO5]3%SS3, Bf BB52'4]1, only the magnit-(e of the (i&placement, velocity, ac#
celeration an( &tre&& re&pon&e i& written into the 9inary (ata9a&e X(%&&(Y which can 9e ac#
ce&&e( 9y LS#P'=POST %.$ or ol(er ver&ion&. +or c-&tomer& -&ing LS#P'=POST %.$ or
ol(er ver&ion&, it i& &-gge&te( to &et BB52'4]1. Bf BB52'4]2, 9oth the magnit-(e an( the
pha&e angle of the re&pon&e are written into X(%&&(Y &o that LS#P'=POST C%.1 or higher ver#
&ion&D can r-n mo(al expan&ion Cto &how the cyclic time hi&tory fringe plotD on each o-tp-t
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`DATABASE `DATABASE_FREQUENCY_BINARY
1!#!/ C32T2B2S=D LS-DYNA R7.0
fre;-ency. Bf BB52'4]$ or 1, only real or imaginary part of the re&pon&e i& written into
X(%&&(Y.
2. There are two metho(& to (efine the o-tp-t fre;-encie&.
The fir&t metho( i& to (efine +.B5, +.2L, 5+'=S an( +SP2C=. +.B5 an( +.2L
&pecify the fre;-ency range of intere&t an( 5+'=S &pecifie& the n-m9er of fre;-encie&
at which re&-lt& are re;-ire(. +SP2C= &pecifie& the type of fre;-ency &pacing Clinear,
logarithmic or 9ia&e(D to 9e -&e(. The&e fre;-ency point& for which re&-lt& are re;-ire(
can 9e &pace( e;-ally along the fre;-ency axi& Con a linear or logarithmic &caleD. Or they
can 9e 9ia&e( towar( the eigenfre;-encie& Cthe fre;-ency point& are place( clo&er togeth#
er at eigenfre;-encie& in the fre;-ency rangeD &o that the (etaile( (efinition of the re#
&pon&e clo&e to re&onance fre;-encie& can 9e o9taine(.

The &econ( metho( i& to -&e a loa( c-rve CLC+'=SD to (efine the fre;-encie& of inter#
e&t.

.o(e n .o(e n[1 .o(e n[2
+.2L +.B5
CBia&e( &pacingD
CLogarithmic &pacingD
CLinear &pacingD
+ig-re 1!#2. Spacing option& of the fre;-ency point&.
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`DATABASE_FSI `DATABASE
LS-DYNA R7.0 1!#! C32T2B2S=D
`DATABASE_FSI
P-rpo&e) Thi& car( may 9e -&e( to o-tp-t information a9o-t certain co-ple( Lagrangian &-rface&.
The Lagrangian &hellF&egment entity to 9e monitore( CSB3D m-&t 9e incl-(e( in Cor part ofD the &lave
&et in a NCO5ST'2B5=3OL2>'25>=OB5OSOLB3 CCLBSD car(. N32T2B2S=O+SB activate& the
o-tp-t of an 2SCBB file calle( X(9f&iY. Thi& file contain& &ome co-pling information Cforce, pre&#
&-re, acc-m-late( ma&& flowing acro&& &ome monitoring &-rface&, etc.D for the co-ple( Lagrangian
&-rface. Thi& car( &ho-l( only 9e -&e( for penalty co-pling type in CLBS car( C(oe& not wor7 with
con&traine(#9a&e( co-plingD.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 3TO8T
Type +

Define one surface per card
Car(
2,%,... 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 3B+SBOB3 SB3 SB3T4P= S,B3 CO5MB3
Type B B B B B

3TO8T
O-tp-t interval time &tep
3B+SBOB3
S-rface B3 Cfor reference p-rpo&e& onlyD or a 32T2B2S=O+SB entity B3.
Bt con&i&t& of a geometric entity (efine( 9y the SB3 9elow.
SB3
Set B3 (efining the geometrical &-rfaceC&D thro-gh which or -pon which
&ome (ata i& to 9e trac7e( an( o-tp-t to a file calle( X(9f&iY. Thi& &et B3
can 9e a C1D PB3 or C2D PSB3 or C%D S>SB3. Thi& Lagrangian SB3 m-&t 9e
containe( in a Lagrangian &lave SB3 (efine( in a corre&pon(ing co-pling
car(, NCO5ST'2B5=3OL2>'25>=OB5OSOLB3.
SB3T4P=
Set type)
=S.$) Part &et
=S.1) Part
=S.2) Segment &et
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`DATABASE `DATABASE_FSI
1!#"$ C32T2B2S=D LS-DYNA R7.0
S,B3
Thi& i& an B3 from a corre&pon(ing N2L=O+SBOS,BTCJO..>OB3 car(.
Thi& car( allow& for the 2..> B3 of an 2L= material to 9e &witche( a& it
pa&&e& acro&& a monitoring &-rface. Bf (efine(, the acc-m-lative ma&& of the
X&witche(Y 2L= m-lti#material gro-p C2..>D i& written o-t -n(er the
Xmo-tY parameter in the X(9f&iY file.
CO5MB3
Thi& i& -&e( mo&tly for air9ag application only) CO5MB3 i& an B3 from a
corre&pon(ing NLO23O2L=OCO5M=CTBO5OB3 car( which comp-te&
the heat tran&fer 9etween inflator ga& C2L= materialD an( the inflator cani&#
ter CLagrangian partD. Bf (efine(, the temperat-re of the Lagrangian part
having heat tran&fer with the ga&, an( it& change in temperat-re a& f-nction
of time are o-tp-t in the X(9f&iY file.
Remarks:
1. ,hen a Lagrangian me&h overlap& with an =-lerian or 2L= me&h, the fl-i(#&tr-ct-re Cor
2L=#LagrangianD interaction may 9e mo(ele( via a NCO5ST'2B5=3OL2>'25>=OB5
OSOLB3 CCLBSD car(. Thi& (ata9a&e comman( allow& for the monitoring of certain co-pling
information relate( to the flow acro&&, an( the loa( on &ome &electe( Lagrangian &-rface& (e#
fine( in corre&pon(ing CLBS car(.
2. The (9f&i parameter& o-tp-t are (efine( in the following Cwith metric -nit& &hown H-&t for
clarificationD)
pre& ] 2verage( e&timate( co-pling pre&&-re over each &-rface entity 9eing moni#
tore( CPaD.
fx,fy,fI ] 2verage( total e&timate( co-pling force component& C5D along the glo9al
coor(inate (irection&, over each &-rface entity (efine(, an( acting at the
centroi( of each &-rface.
mo-t ] 2cc-m-late( mass CAgD pa&&ing thro-gh each 3B+SOB3 &-rface entity.
See remar7 % 9elow. CThi& parameter -&e( to 9e calle( Xplea7YD.
o9&olete ] CThi& parameter -&e( to 9e calle( Xmfl-xYD.
gx,gy,gI ] 2verage e&timate( xiyiI lea7age#control force component over the &-rface
entity. Thi& i& -&e( for (e9-gging only. Too high lea7age control force&
Crelative to the main co-pling force&, fx, fy an( fID may in(icate that alter#
nate co-pling approach &ho-l( 9e con&i(ere( &ince the main co-pling force
i& p-tting o-t too little re&i&tance to lea7age. CThe&e parameter& -&e( to 9e
calle( fx#lc, fy#lc an( fI#lcD.
Ptmp ] Lagrangian part Temperat-re C2ctivate( only when the NLO23O2L=
OCO5M=CTBO5 car( i& -&e(D.
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`DATABASE_FSI `DATABASE
LS-DYNA R7.0 1!#"1 C32T2B2S=D
P3t ] Lagrangian part Temperat-re change C2ctivate( only when the NLO23
O2L=OCO5M=CTBO5 car( i& -&e(D.
%. ~mout parameter in the X(9f&iY o-tp-t from thi& 7eywor( contain& the acc-m-late( mass
CAgD pa&&ing thro-gh each 3B+SOB3 &-rface entity. +or ! (ifferent ca&e&)
aD ,hen LCB3PO' i& (efine( in the co-pling car( CCLBSD, poro-& acc-m-late( ma&&
tran&port acro&& a Lagrangian &hell &-rface may 9e monitore( an( o-tp-t in ~mout.
9D Poro-& flow acro&& Lagrangian &hell may al&o 9e (efine( via a loa( c-rve in the
N.2TO+2B'BC car(, an( &imilar re&-lt will 9e trac7e( an( o-tp-t. Thi& i& an alter#
nate form of CaD.
cD ,hen 5M=5T in the CLBS car( i& (efine( Ci&entropic ventingD, the venting ma&&
tran&port acro&& the i&entropic vent hole &-rface may 9e o-tp-t in ~mout.
(D ,hen an N2L=O+SBOS,BTCJO..>OB3 car( i& (efine(, an( the S,B3 parameter
&pecifie& thi& B3 to 9e trac7e(, then the amo-nt of acc-m-late( ma&& that ha& 9een
&witche( when pa&&ing acro&& a monitoring &-rface i& o-tp-t.
Example:
Con&i(er a mo(el with a Lagrangian me&h overlap& with an =-lerian or 2L= me&h. On the Lagran#
gian me&h, there are % Lagrangian &-rface &et& over which &ome (ata i& to 9e written o-t.
$...|....1....|....2....|....3....|....4....|....5....|....6....|....7....|....8
$ INPUT#
$...|....1....|....2....|....3....|....4....|....5....|....6....|....7....|....8
*DATAA!E_F!I
$ 48
2.97E$6
$ DF!I_ID !ID !TYPE 5O34 2/;B34 "!TYPE# $%P!ID&1%PID&2%!G!ID'
11 1 2
12 2 2
13 3 1
$...|....1....|....2....|....3....|....4....|....5....|....6....|....7....|....8
$ T>35 .=745#
$ DF!I_ID 11 35 4=63;=4 E9 7 !ID%1# 7 !G!ID % 75 5:=2363=4 E9 !TYPE%2
$ DF!I_ID 12 35 4=63;=4 E9 7 !ID%2# 7 !G!ID % 75 5:=2363=4 E9 !TYPE%2
$ DF!I_ID 13 35 4=63;=4 E9 7 !ID%3# 7 PID % 75 5:=2363=4 E9 !TYPE%1
$...|....1....|....2....|....3....|....4....|....5....|....6....|....7....|....8
$ A; OUTPUT 631= 2711=4 Q4E653R 1//?5 13?= 8>= 6/11/O3;<#
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`DATABASE `DATABASE_FSI
1!#"2 C32T2B2S=D LS-DYNA R7.0
$...|....1....|....2....|....3....|....4....|....5....|....6....|....7....|....8
F1A3458.A28A.= 3;8=.7283/; /A8:A8
NACE=. /6 5A.672=5# 3

34 :.=5 6J 69 6K C/A8
/E5/1=8= <J <9 <K P8C:
PD8
83C=% $.$$$$$EN$$
11 $.$$$$EN$$ $.$$$$EN$$ $.$$$$EN$$ $.$$$$EN$$ $.$$$$EN$$
$.$$$$EN$$ $.$$$$EN$$ $.$$$$EN$$ $.$$$$EN$$ $.$$$$EN$$
$.$$$$EN$$

12 $.$$$$EN$$ $.$$$$EN$$ $.$$$$EN$$ $.$$$$EN$$ $.$$$$EN$$
$.$$$$EN$$ $.$$$$EN$$ $.$$$$EN$$ $.$$$$EN$$ $.$$$$EN$$
$.$$$$EN$$

13 $.$$$$EN$$ $.$$$$EN$$ $.$$$$EN$$ $.$$$$EN$$ $.$$$$EN$$
$.$$$$EN$$ $.$$$$EN$$ $.$$$$EN$$ $.$$$$EN$$ $.$$$$EN$$
$.$$$$EN$$

83C=% $.297$9E$5
11 $.$$$$EN$$ $.$$$$EN$$ $.$$$$EN$$ $.$$$$EN$$ $.$$$$EN$$
$.$$$$EN$$ $.$$$$EN$$ $.$$$$EN$$ $.$$$$EN$$ $.$$$$EN$$
$.$$$$EN$$

12 $.$$$$EN$$ $.$$$$EN$$ $.$$$$EN$$ $.$$$$EN$$ $.$$$$EN$$
$.$$$$EN$$ $.$$$$EN$$ $.$$$$EN$$ $.$$$$EN$$ $.$$$$EN$$
$.$$$$EN$$

13 $.$$$$EN$$ $.$$$$EN$$ $.$$$$EN$$ $.$$$$EN$$ $.$$$$EN$$
$.1832E$6 $.$$$$EN$$ $.$$$$EN$$ $.$$$$EN$$ $.$$$$EN$$
$.$$$$EN$$
$...|....1....|....2....|....3....|....4....|....5....|....6....|....7....|....8
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`DATABASE_FSI_SENSOR `DATABASE
LS-DYNA R7.0 1!#"% C32T2B2S=D
`DATABASE_FSI_SENSOR
P-rpo&e) Thi& car( activate& the o-tp-t of an 2SCBB file calle( X(9&en&orY. Bt& inp-t (efine& the
pre&&-re &en&or&V location& which follow the po&ition& of &ome Lagrangian &egment& (-ring the &im#
-lation. Bt& 2SCBB o-tp-t file, (9&en&or, contain& the &patial po&ition of the &en&or an( it& recor(e(
pre&&-re from the 2L= element& containing the &en&or&. Thi& car( i& activate( when a
NCO5ST'2B5=3OL2>'25>=OB5OSOLB3 car( i& -&e( an( the Lagrangian &hell element& (efin#
ing the location& of the &en&or& m-&t 9e incl-(e( in the &lave or &tr-ct-re co-pling &et.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 3T
Type +

Card(s) 2+ Format: Define one surface per line
Car(
2,%,... 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 3B+SBOB3 5B3 S=>.B3 O++S=T 531 532 53%
Type B B B + B B B

3T
O-tp-t interval
3B+SBOB3
Pre&&-re#Sen&or B3.
5B3
2n optional Lagrangian no(e B3 (efining an approximate pre&&-re &en&or
location with re&pect to a Lagrangian &hell element. Thi& i& not a re;-ire(
inp-t.
S=>.B3
2 re;-ire( Lagrangian element B3 for locating the pre&&-re &en&or. Bf
5B3]$ or 9lan7, the &en&or will 9e a-tomatically place( in the center of
thi& S=>.B3, acco-nting for the off&et (i&tance. Bf the mo(el i& %3, the
Lagrangian element can 9e a &hell or &oli( Cfor thi& latter, 531 an( 532
are re;-ire( to (efine the faceD. Bf the mo(el i& 23, the Lagrangian element
can 9e a 9eam or &hell Cfor thi& latter, 531 an( 532 are re;-ire( to (efine
the &i(eD.
O++S=T
Off&et (i&tance 9etween the pre&&-re &en&or an( the Lagrangian &egment
&-rface. Bf it i& po&itive, it i& on the &i(e pointe( to 9y the &egment normal
vector an( vice ver&a.
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`DATABASE `DATABASE_FSI_SENSOR
1!#"! C32T2B2S=D LS-DYNA R7.0
531,532,53%
5o(e& (efining the &oli( face in %3 or &hell &i(e in 23, from which the &en#
&or i& locate(. Bn %3, if the &oli( face ha& ! no(e&, only the (iagonal oppo#
&ite& 531 an( 532 are re;-ire(. Bf the &oli( face i& triang-lar, a thir( no(e
53% &ho-l( 9e provi(e(. Bn 23, only 531 an( 532 are re;-ire( to (efine
the &hell &i(e.
Remarks:
1. The o-tp-t parameter& in the X(9&en&orY 2SCBB file are)
B3 ] Sen&or B3.
x,y,I ] Sen&or &patial location.
P ] Sen&or recor(e( pre&&-re CPaD from the 2L= fl-i( element containing the &en&or.
+or example to plot the &en&or pre&&-re in LS#Prepo&t, &elect)
2SCBB (9&en&or LO23 C&elect &en&or B3D Pre&&-re PLOT
Example 1:
$...|....1....|....2....|....3....|....4....|....5....|....6....|....7....|....8
$ INPUT#
$...|....1....|....2....|....3....|....4....|....5....|....6....|....7....|....8
*DATAA!E_F!I_!EN!OR
$.$1
$ DF!I_ID NID !EGMENTID OFF!ET
1$ 36$ 355 $.5
2$ 396 388 $.5
3$ 324 332 $.5
$...|....1....|....2....|....3....|....4....|....5....|....6....|....7....|....8
$ T>= 1
58
13;= .=745#
$ !EN!OR_ID 1$ 35 1/278=4 E9 5=<C=;8ID%355. N/4=ID%36$ :.=235=19 1/278= 8>35
$ 5=;5/. F36 NID%$M 8>=; 8>= 5=;5/. 35 1/278=4 78 8>= 5=<C=;8 2=;8=.G. T>35
$ 5=;5/. 35 1/278=4 $.5 1=;<8> A;38 7O79 6./C 8>= 5=<C=;8 5A.672=. N=<783B=
$ 53<; 3;43278=5 7 43.=283/; /::/538= 8/ 8>= 5=<C=;8 ;/.C71 B=28/..
$...|....1....|....2....|....3....|....4....|....5....|....6....|....7....|....8
$ A; OUTPUT 631= 2711=4 Q4E5=;5/.R 1//?5 13?= 8>= 6/11/O3;<#
$...|....1....|....2....|....3....|....4....|....5....|....6....|....7....|....8
ALE 5=;5/.5 /A8:A8
NACE=. /6 5=;5/.5# 3

34 J 9 K :
83C=% $.17861E$2
1$ $.$$$$EN$$ $.$$$$EN$$ $.39$$EN$$ $.1$85E$3
2$ $.225$EN$2 $.225$EN$2 $.39$$EN$$ $.1$85E$3
3$ $.225$EN$2 $.225$EN$2 $.39$$EN$$ $.1$85E$3
83C=% $.2$$81E$2
1$ $.$$$$EN$$ $.$$$$EN$$ $.39$$EN$$ $.1$66E$3
2$ $.225$EN$2 $.225$EN$2 $.39$$EN$$ $.1$66E$3
3$ $.225$EN$2 $.225$EN$2 $.39$$EN$$ $.1$66E$3
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`DATABASE_FSI_SENSOR `DATABASE
LS-DYNA R7.0 1!#"" C32T2B2S=D
$...|....1....|....2....|....3....|....4....|....5....|....6....|....7....|....8
$ ID % DF!I_ID
$ JM9MK % !=;5/. 1/2783/; F4=63;=4 E75=4 /; 7 L7<.7;<37; 5=<C=;8G
$ : % !=;5/. :.=55A.= 75 87?=; 6./C 8>= 61A34 =1=C=;8 2/;873;3;< 8>= 5=;5/..
$...|....1....|....2....|....3....|....4....|....5....|....6....|....7....|....8
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`DATABASE `DATABASE_HISTORY
1!#"0 C32T2B2S=D LS-DYNA R7.0
`DATABASE_HISTORY_OPTION
BEAM
BEAM_SET
BEAM_ID
DISCRETE
DISCRETE_ID
DISCRETE_SET
NODE
NODE
NODE_ID
NODE_LOCAL
NODE_LOCAL_ID
NODE_SET
NODE_SET_LOCAL
SEATBELT
SEATBELT_ID
SHELL
SHELL_ID
SHELL_SET
SOLID
SOLID_ID
SOLID_SET
SPH
SPH_SET
TSHELL
TSHELL_ID
TSHELL_SET
P-rpo&e) Control which no(e& or element& are o-tp-t into the 9inary hi&tory file, 3%TJ3T, the
2SCBB file 5O3O8T, the 2SCBB file =LO8T an( the 2SCBB file SPJO8T. 3efine a& many car(&
a& nece&&ary. The next XNY car( terminate& the inp-t. See al&o N32T2B2S=OBB52'4OOPTION
an( N32T2B2S=OOPTION.
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`DATABASE_HISTORY `DATABASE
LS-DYNA R7.0 1!#"7 C32T2B2S=D
+or option& B=2., B=2.OS=T, 3BSC'=T=, 3BSC'=T=OS=T, 5O3=, 5O3=OS=T, S=2T#
B=LT, SJ=LL, SJ=LLOS=T, SOLB3, SOLB3OS=T, SPJ, SPJOS=T, TSJ=LL, an( TSJ=LL
OS=T
Car(& 1,2,... 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /

B3n
5O3=F5O3=OS=T or elementFelement &et B3 n. =lement& may 9e
B=2.FB=2.OS=T, 3BSC'=T=F3BSC'=T=OS=T, S=2TB=LT,
SJ=LLFSJ=LLOS=T, SOLB3FSOLB3OS=T, or TSJ=LLF TSJ=LLOS=T.
The content& of the file& are given in Ta9le 1$.1 for no(e&, Ta9le 1$.2 for
&oli( element&, Ta9le 1$.% for &hell& an( thic7 &hell&, an( Ta9le 1$.! for
9eam element&. Bn the 9inary file, 3%TJ3T, the content& may 9e exten(e(
or re(-ce( with the N32T2B2S=O=LT=5TOBB52'4 (efinition.

For options BEAM_ID, NODE_ID, SEATBELT_ID, SHELL_ID, SOLID_ID, and TSHELL
_ID
Car(
1,2,... 1 2
Maria9le B3 J=23B5>
Type B 27$

B3
5o(e or element B3
J=23B5>
2 (e&cription of the no(e or element. Bt i& &-gge&te( that -ni;-e (e&crip#
tion& 9e -&e(. Thi& (e&cription i& written into the 3%JSP file an( into the
2SCBB (ata9a&e& 5O3O8T an( =LO8T.

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`DATABASE `DATABASE_HISTORY
1!#"/ C32T2B2S=D LS-DYNA R7.0
For options NODE_LOCAL, NODE_LOCAL_ID, and NODE_SET_LOCAL
Car(& 1,.. 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le B3 CB3 '=+ J+O
Type B B B B

Read the second card for NODE_LOCAL_ID, otherwise, skip.
Car(
1,2,... 1 2
Maria9le J=23B5>
Type 27$

B3
5O3=F5O3=OS=T &et B3. The content& of the file& are given in Ta9le .1
for no(e&. See the remar7 9elow concerning accelerometer no(e&.
CB3
Coor(inate &y&tem B3 for no(al o-tp-t. See 3=+B5=OCOO'3B52T= op#
tion&.
'=+
O-tp-t reference)
=S.$) O-tp-t i& in the local &y&tem fixe( for all time from the 9eginning
of the calc-lation.
=S.1) O-tp-t i& the proHection of the no(eV& a9&ol-te motion onto the
local &y&tem. The local &y&tem i& (efine( 9y the N3=+B5=
OCOO'3B52T=O5O3=S comman( an( can change orientation
accor(ing to the movement of the three (efining no(e&. The (e#
fining no(e& can 9elong to either (eforma9le or rigi( part&.
=S.2) O-tp-t i& the proHection of the no(eV& relative motion onto the lo#
cal &y&tem. Jere, relative mean& relative to no(e 51 of that local
&y&tem. Bn other wor(&, the (i&placement of the origin Cno(e 51D
of the local coor(inate &y&tem i& fir&t &-9tracte( from the (i&#
placement of the no(e of intere&t 9efore proHecting it onto the
tran&lating an( rotating local coor(inate &y&tem. The local &y&#
tem i& (efine( a& (e&cri9e( in '=+]1 a9ove. Bf (ynamic relaxa#
tion i& -&e(, the reference location i& re&et when convergence i&
achieve(.
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`DATABASE_HISTORY `DATABASE
LS-DYNA R7.0 1!#" C32T2B2S=D
J+O
+lag for high fre;-ency o-tp-t into 5O3O8TJ+
=S.$) 5o(al (ata written to 5O3O8T file only
=S.1) 5o(al (ata al&o written 5O3O8TJ+ at the higher fre;-ency
J=23B5>
2 (e&cription of the no(al point. Bt i& &-gge&te( that -ni;-e (e&cription 9e
-&e(. Thi& (e&cription i& written into the 3%JSP file an( into the 2SCBB
(ata9a&e 5O3O8T.
Remarks:
1. Bf a no(e 9elong& to an accelerometer, &ee N=L=.=5TOS=2TB=LTO2CC=L='O.=T=',
an( if it al&o appear& a& an active no(e in the 5O3=OLOC2L or 5O3=OS=TOLOC2L 7ey#
wor(, the coor(inate &y&tem, CB3, tran&formation& will 9e &7ippe( an( the LOC2L option
will have no effect.
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`DATABASE `DATABASE_MASSOUT
`DATABASE_MASSOUT
P-rpo&e) O-tp-t no(al ma&&e& into 2SCBB file .2SSO8T.

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le S=TB3 53+L> 'B+L>
Type B B B
3efa-lt $ 1 $

S=TB3
Optional &et B3.
=S.$) ma&& o-tp-t for all no(e&,
LT.$) no o-tp-t,
>T.$) &et B3 i(entifying no(e& who&e ma&& will 9e o-tp-t.
53+L>
3ata9a&e extent)
=S.1) o-tp-t tran&lational ma&& for (eforma9le no(e& i(entifie( 9y
S=TB3 C(efa-ltD,
=S.2) o-tp-t tran&lational ma&& an( rotary inertia& for the (eforma9le
no(e& i(entifie( 9y the S=TB3.
=S.%) o-tp-t tran&lational ma&& for (eforma9le an( rigi( no(e& i(enti#
fie( 9y S=TB3 C(efa-ltD,
=S.!) o-tp-t tran&lational ma&& an( rotary inertia& for the (eforma9le
an( rigi( no(e& i(entifie( 9y the S=TB3.
'B+L>
'igi( 9o(y (ata)
=S.$) no o-tp-t for rigi( 9o(ie&,
=S.1) o-tp-t rigi( 9o(y ma&& an( inertia.
Remarks:
1. 5o(e& an( rigi( 9o(ie& with no ma&& are not o-tp-t. By inference, when the &et B3 i& Iero
an( no o-tp-t &how& -p for a no(e, then the ma&& of that no(e i& Iero.
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`DATABASE_NODAL_FORCE_GROUP `DATABASE
`DATABASE_NODAL_FORCE_GROUP
P-rpo&e) 3efine a no(al force gro-p for o-tp-t into 2SCBB file 5O3+O'. See al&o N32T2B2S=
OOPTION.

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 5SB3 CB3
Type B B
3efa-lt none none

5SB3
CB3
Coor(inate &y&tem B3 for o-tp-t of (ata in local &y&tem,

Remarks:
1. The reaction force& in the glo9al x, y, an( I (irection& Can( local x, y, an( I (irection& if CB3
i& (efine( a9oveD for the no(al force gro-p are written to the 5O3+O' file C&ee
N32T2B2S=O5O3+O'D along with the external wor7 (one 9y the&e reaction force&. The
reaction force& in the glo9al x, y, an( I (irection& for each no(e in the no(al force gro-p are
al&o written to 5O3+O'. The&e force& can 9e a re&-lt of applie( 9o-n(ary force& &-ch a&
no(al point force& an( pre&&-re 9o-n(ary con(ition&, 9o(y force&, an( contact interface forc#
e&. Bn the a9&ence of 9o(y force&, interior no(e& wo-l( alway& yiel( a n-ll force re&-ltant
vector. Bn general thi& option wo-l( 9e -&e( for &-rface no(e&.
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`DATABASE `DATABASE_PAP_OUTPUT
`DATABASE_PAP_OUTPUT
P-rpo&e) Set content& of o-tp-t file& for pore air pre&&-re calc-lation&.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le BM=L B2CCL B2CC4 B2CCK 5C4O8T
Type B B B B B
3efa-lt $ $ $ $ 1$$

BM=L
.eaning of XMelocityY in (%plot an( (%th(t o-tp-t file&
=S.$) 5o(al velocity vector
=S.1) Seepage velocity vector
B2CCL,4,K
.eaning of XLF4FK#2ccelerationY in (%plot an( (%th(t o-tp-t file&
=S.$) 5ot written
=S.21) 5o(al air (en&ity
=S.22) 5o(al pore air pre&&-re
=S.2!) 5o(al air ma&&
=S.2") 5o(al air ma&& flow rate
5C4O8T
5-m9er of cycle& 9etween o-tp-t& of calc-lation &tat-& to (%h&p an( log
file&
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`DATABASE_PROFILE `DATABASE
`DATABASE_PROFILE
P-rpo&e) Plot the (i&tri9-tion or profile of a (ata along x, y, or I#(irection.

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 3T B3 T4P= 32T2 3B' 8P3LOC
Type B B B B B B
3efa-lt none none none none none $

3T
Bnterval time.
B3
Set B3.
T4P=
Set type)
=S.1) 5o(e Set,
=S.2) Soli( Set,
=S.%) Shell Set,
=S.!) Segment Set.
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`DATABASE `DATABASE_PROFILE
32T2
3ata type)
=S.1) x#velocity,
=S.2) y#velocity,
=S.%) I#velocity,
=S.!) velocity magnit-(e,
=S.") x#acceleration,
=S.0) y#acceleration,
=S.7) I#acceleration,
=S./) acceleration magnit-(e,
=S.) pre&&-re,
=S.1$) xx#&tre&&,
=S.11) yy#&tre&&,
=S.12) II#&tre&&,
=S.1%) xy#&tre&&,
=S.1!) yI#&tre&&,
=S.1") Ix#&tre&&,
=S.10) temperat-re.
3B'
3irection)
=S.1) x#(irection,
=S.2) y#(irection,
=S.%) I#(irection,
=S.!) C-rvilinear Crelative (i&tance& 9etween element& of &et B3 are
a((e( -p in the or(er (efine( 9y the &etD
8P3LOC
+lag to -p(ate the &et location)
=S.$) Only the initial po&ition of &et B3 i& con&i(ere(
=S.1) The po&ition& of the element& compo&ing the &et are -p(ate( each
3T
Remarks:
1. 2t a given time T the profile i& written in a file name( profileO32T2O3B'OtimeT.xy C32#
T2 an( 3B' are replace( 9y the (ata an( (irection name& re&pectivelyD. The file ha& a xyplot
format that l&prepo&t can rea( an( plot. +or example, 32T2], 3B']2 an( 3T]$.1&ec will
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`DATABASE_PROFILE `DATABASE
&ave a pre&&-re profile at t]$.$&ec in profileOpre&&-reOyOtime$.$.xy, at t]$.1&ec in profile
Opre&&-reOyOtime$.1.xy, at t]$.2&ec in profileOpre&&-reOyOtime$.2.xy, R
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`DATABASE `DATABASE_PWP_FLOW
`DATABASE_PWP_FLOW
P-rpo&e) 'e;-e&t o-tp-t containing net inflow of fl-i( at a &et of no(e&.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 5S=T
Type B
3efa-lt $

5S=T
5o(e &et B3
Remarks:
2ny n-m9er of the&e car(& can 9e -&e(. 5ett inflow or o-tflow ari&e& when maintaining an applie(
P,P 9o-n(ary con(ition implie& a((ition or removal of water.
O-tp-t i& written to a file name( (ata9a&eOpwpOflow.c&v, a comma#&eparate( a&cii file. =ach line
con&i&t& of Ctime, flow1, flow2RD where flow1 i& the total inflow at the no(e &et for the fir&t 32#
T2B2S=OP,PO+LO, re;-e&t, flow2 i& for the &econ(, etc.
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`DATABASE_PWP_OUTPUT `DATABASE
`DATABASE_PWP_OUTPUT
P-rpo&e) Set content& of o-tp-t file& for pore pre&&-re calc-lation&.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le BM=L B2CCL B2CC4 B2CCK 5C4O8T
Type B B B B B
3efa-lt $ $ $ $ 1$$

BM=L
.eaning of XMelocityY in (%plot an( (%th(t o-tp-t file&
=S.$) 5o(al velocity vector
=S.1) Seepage velocity vector
B2CCL,4,K
.eaning of XLF4FK#2ccelerationY in (%plot an( (%th(t o-tp-t file&
=S.$) 5ot written
=S.1) Total pwp hea(
=S.2) =xce&& pwp hea( Cthi& i& al&o written a& temperat-reD
=S.%) Target rate of vol-me change
=S.!) 2ct-al rate of vol-me change
=S.7) Jy(ra-lic pwp hea(
=S./) =rror in rate of vol-me change Ccalc-late( from &eepage min-&
act-alD
=S.) Mol-me at no(e
=S.1$) 'ate of vol-me change calc-late( from &eepage
=S.1!) Moi( vol-me Cgenerate( at &-ction limitD
=S.17) 5+BLCO5 Ce.g. [!F#! for no(e& on &-ction limitD
5C4O8T
5-m9er of cycle& 9etween o-tp-t& of calc-lation &tat-& to (%h&p, log,
an( t(cOcontrolOo-tp-t.c&v file& Ctime#(epen(ent an( &tea(y#&tate anal#
y&i& type&D
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`DATABASE `DATABASE_RCFORC_MOMENTS
`DATABASE_RCFORC_MOMENT
P-rpo&e) 3efine contact B3 an( no(e& for moment calc-lation&. .oment& are written to rcforc ac#
cor(ing to o-tp-t interval given in N32T2B2S=O'C+O'C. Bf N32T2B2S=O'C+O'C
O.O.=5T i& not -&e(, the moment& reporte( to rcforc are a9o-t the origin C$,$,$D.

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le CB3 5O3=S 5O3=.
Type B B B

CB3
Contact B3
5O3=S
5o(e a9o-t which moment& are calc-late( (-e to contact force& on &lave
&-rface.
5O3=.
5o(e a9o-t which moment& are calc-late( (-e to contact force& on ma&ter
&-rface.
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`DATABASE_SPRING_FORWARD `DATABASE
`DATABASE_SPRING_FORWARD
P-rpo&e) Create &pring forwar( no(al force file. Thi& option i& to o-tp-t re&-ltant no(al force com#
ponent& of &heet metal at the en( of the forming &im-lation into an 2SCBB file, XSP'B5>#
+O',2'3Y, for &pring forwar( an( (ie corrective &im-lation&.

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le B+L2>
Type B

B+L2>
O-tp-t type)
=S.$) off,
=S.1) o-tp-t element no(al force vector for (eforma9le no(e&.
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`DATABASE `DATABASE_SUPERPLASTIC_FORMING
`DATABASE_SUPERPLASTIC_FORMING
P-rpo&e) Specify the o-tp-t interval& to the &-perpla&tic forming o-tp-t file&. The option NLO23
OS8P='PL2STBCO+O'.B5> m-&t 9e active.

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 3TO8T
Type +

3TO8T
O-tp-t time interval for o-tp-t to Xpre&&-reY, Xc-rve1Y an( Xc-rve2Y file&.
The Xpre&&-reY file contain& general information from the analy&i& an( the
file& Xc-rve1Y an( Xc-rve2Y contain pre&&-re ver&-& time from pha&e& 1 an(
2 of the analy&i&. The (ata in the pre&&-re an( c-rve file& may 9e plotte(
-&ing 2SCBB @ &-perpl in LS#Prepo&t.
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`DATABASE_TRACER `DATABASE
`DATABASE_TRACER_OPTION
P-rpo&e) Tracer particle& will &ave a hi&tory of either a material point or a &patial point into an
2SCBB file, T'JBST. Thi& hi&tory incl-(e& po&ition&, velocitie&, an( &tre&& component&. The option
N32T2B2S=OT'JBST m-&t 9e active. Thi& option applie& to 2L=, SPJ an( 3=. pro9lem&.
OPTBO5 &pecifie& (i&crete element tracer. See remar7 !
DE

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le TB.= T'2CA L 4 K 2..>B3 5B3 '23B8S
Type + B + + + B B +
3efa-lt $.$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $.$

TB.=
Start time for tracer particle
T'2CA
Trac7ing option)
=S.$) particle follow& material,
=S.1) particle i& fixe( in &pace.
L
Bnitial x#coor(inate
4
Bnitial y#coor(inate
K
Bnitial I#coor(inate
2..>B3
The 2..> B3 C2L= m-lti#material gro-pD of the material 9eing trac7e(
in a m-lti#material 2L= element. See remar7 1.
5B3
2 no(e B3 Cof a ma&&le&& (-mmy no(eD (efining the initial po&ition of a
tracer particle. Bf (efine(, it& coor(inate& will overwrite the x#y#I (efini#
tion& a9ove. Thi& feat-re i& for T'2CA]$ CLagrangian tracerD option only.
See remar7 2.
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`DATABASE `DATABASE_TRACER
'23B8S
For_DE only
>T.$) 2verage re&-lt of all particle& in a &phere with ra(i-& '23B8S at
the center of tracer point i& reporte(.
LT.$) The re&-lt& of the clo&e&t particle to the tracer in the &phere with
a9&C'23B8SD i& reporte(.
Remarks:
1. 2L= element can contain m-lti#material&. =ach i& referre( to a& an 2L= m-lti#material
gro-p or 2..>. =ach 2..> ha& it& li&t of hi&tory varia9le& that can 9e o-tp-t. +or exam#
ple, if a tracer i& in a mixe( element con&i&ting of 2 2..>&, an( the hi&tory varia9le& of
2..> 1 are to 9e o-tp-t or trac7e(, the 2..>B3 &ho-l( 9e (efine( a& 2..>B3]1. Bf
2..>B3]$, a vol-me#fraction#weighte(#average( pre&&-re will 9e reporte( in&tea(.
2. Bf ma&&le&& no(eV& 5B3 i& nonIero, it& initial coor(inate po&ition overwrite& the x#y#I (efini#
tion&, an( it& location will 9e trac7e( thro-gho-t the comp-tation a& it move& with the mate#
rial in the element it c-rrently re&i(e&.
%. Bf XBB52'4]2 or %Y -n(er N32T2B2S=OT'JBST the o-tp-t to N32T2B2S=OT'2C='
will 9e written to a file li7e X9ino-t$$$$Y. To acce&& the o-tp-t in LS#P'=POST) TT2B 2U
TLO23U T9ino-t$$$$U Ttrhi&tU XTrhi&t 3ataY win(ow contain& a li&t of varia9le&
o-tp-t for each tracer.
!. Bf a tracer no(e i& given then the tracer move with thi& no(e.
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`DEFINE
LS-DYNA R7.0 1"#1 C3=+B5=D
`DEFINE
The 7eywor( N3=+B5= provi(e& a way of (efining 9oxe&, coor(inate &y&tem&, loa( c-rve&, ta9le&,
an( orientation vector& for vario-& -&e&. The 7eywor( car(& in thi& &ection are (efine( in alpha9eti#
cal or(er)
`DEFINE_ADAPTIVE_SOLID_TO_SPH
`DEFINE_ALEBAG_BAG
`DEFINE_ALEBAG_HOLE
`DEFINE_BOX
`DEFINE_BOX_ADAPTIVE
`DEFINE_BOX_COARSEN
`DEFINE_BOX_DRAWBEAD
`DEFINE_BOX_SPH
`DEFINE_CONNECTION_PROPERTIES_OPTION]
`DEFINE_CONSTRUCTION_STAGES
`DEFINE_CONTACT_VOLUME
`DEFINE_COORDINATE_NODES
`DEFINE_COORDINATE_SYSTEM
`DEFINE_COORDINATE_VECTOR
`DEFINE_CURVE_OPTION]
`DEFINE_CURVE_COMPENSATION
`DEFINE_CURVE_DRAWBEAD
`DEFINE_CURVE_DUPLICATE
`DEFINE_CURVE_ENTITY
`DEFINE_CURVE_FEEDBACK
`DEFINE_CURVE_FUNCTION
`DEFINE_CURVE_SMOOTH
`DEFINE_CURVE_TRIM_OPTION]
`DEFINE_DEATH_TIMES_OPTION]
`DEFINE_ELEMENT_DEATH_OPTION]
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`DEFINE
1"#2 C3=+B5=D LS-DYNA R7.0
`DEFINE_ELEMENT_GENERALIZED_SHELL
`DEFINE_ELEMENT_GENERALIZED_SOLID
`DEFINE_FRICTION
`DEFINE_FUNCTION
`DEFINE_FUNCTION_TABULATED
`DEFINE_HEX_SPOTWELD_ASSEMBLY_POPTIONQ
`DEFINE_SD_ORIENTATION
`DEFINE_SET_ADAPTIVE
`DEFINE_SPOTWELD_FAILURE_RESULTANTS
`DEFINE_SPOTWELD_RUPTURE_PARAMETER
`DEFINE_SPOTWELD_RUPTURE_STRESS
`DEFINE_STAGED_CONSTRUCTION_PART
`DEFINE_TABLE
`DEFINE_TABLE_2D
`DEFINE_TABLE_3D
`DEFINE_TRANSFORMATION
`DEFINE_VECTOR
2n a((itional optionOTITLE may 9e appen(e( to all the `DEFINE 7eywor(&. Bf thi& option i& -&e(
then an a((ition line i& rea( for each &ection in /$a format which can 9e -&e( to (e&cri9e the (efine(
c-rve, ta9le, etc. 2t pre&ent LS#3452 (oe& ma7e -&e of the title. Bncl-&ion of title& give& greater
clarity to inp-t (ec7&.
=xample& for the N3=+B5= 7eywor( can 9e fo-n( at the en( of thi& &ection.
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`DEFINE_ADAPTIVE_SOLID_TO_SPH `DEFINE
LS-DYNA R7.0 1"#% C3=+B5=D
`DEFINE_ADAPTIVE_SOLID_TO_SPH_OPTION]
P-rpo&e) 2(aptively tran&form a Lagrangian &oli( Part or Part Set to SPJ particle&, when the La#
grange &oli( element& compri&ing tho&e part& fail. One or more SPJ particle& Celement&D will 9e gen#
erate( for each faile( element to. The SPJ particle& replacing the faile( element inherit all of the
propertie& of faile( &oli( element, e.g. ma&&, 7inematic varia9le&, an( con&tit-tive propertie&.
The availa9le option& incl-(e)
?BLANK@
ID

The following card is required if and only if the ID option is specified.
Optional 1 2
Maria9le 3B3 J=23B5>
Type B 2
3efa-lt none none

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le BPB3 BT4P= 5S BPSPJ BSSPJ BCPL BOPT
Type B B B B B B B

3B3 3efinition B3. Thi& m-&t 9e a -ni;-e n-m9er.
J=23B5> 3efinition (e&criptor. Bt i& &-gge&te( that -ni;-e (e&cription& 9e -&e(.
BPB3 B3 of the &oli( part or part &et to tran&form.
BT4P= BPB3 type)
=S.$) Part B3,
5=.$) Part &et B3.
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`DEFINE `DEFINE_ADAPTIVE_SOLID_TO_SPH
1"#! C3=+B5=D LS-DYNA R7.0
5S 2(aptive option for hexahe(ral element&. +or tetrahe(ral an( pentahe(ral
element&, &ee remar7 1)
=S.1) 2(apt one &oli( element to one SPJ element,
=S.2) 2(apt one &oli( element to / SPJ element&,
=S.%) 2(apt one &oli( element to 27 SPJ element&.
BPSPJ Part B3 for newly generate( SPJ element&, See 'emar7 2.
BSSPJ Section B3 for SPJ element&, See 'emar7 2.
BCPL Co-pling of newly generate( SPJ element& to the a(Hacent &oli( element&)
=S.$) +ail-re witho-t co-pling C(e9ri& &im-lationD,
=S.1) Co-ple( to Soli( element.
BOPT Co-pling metho( Cfor BCPL]1 only See 'emar7 %D)
=S.$) Co-pling from 9eginning C-&e( a& con&traint 9etween SPJ ele#
ment& an( Soli( element&D,
=S.1) Co-pling 9egin& when Lagrange element fail&.
Remarks:
1. The SPJ particle& are evenly (i&tri9-te( within the &oli( element. +or hexahe(ral element& the
n-m9er of the generate( SPJ particle& i& 5SN5SN5S. +or pentahe(ral element&, the n-m9er
of generate( SPJ particle& i& 1, 0, an( 1/ for 5S]1, 2, an( % re&pectively. +or tetrahe(ral
element&, the n-m9er generate( SPJ particle& i& 1, !, an( 1$ for 5S]1, 2, an( % re&pectively.
2. The Part B3 for newly generate( SPJ particle& can 9e either a new Part B3 or the B3 of an
exi&ting SPJ Part. +or con&train co-pling Ci.e. BCPL]1 an( BOPT]$D, the newly generate( SPJ
part B3 &ho-l( 9e (ifferent from the exi&ting one.
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`DEFINE_ADAPTIVE_SOLID_TO_SPH `DEFINE
LS-DYNA R7.0 1"#" C3=+B5=D
%. BCPL]$ i& -&e( for (e9ri& &im-lation, no co-pling happen& 9etween newly generate( SPJ
particle& an( &oli( element&, -&er nee( to (efine no(e to &-rface contact for the interaction
9etween tho&e two part&. ,hen BCPL]1 an( BOPT]1, the newly generate( SPJ particle& are
9on(e( with &oli( element& a& one part thro-gh the co-pling, an( the new material B3 with
(ifferent fail-re criteria can 9e applie( to the newly generate( SPJ particle&.
+ig-re 1"#1.
SPJ no(e
=xample of SPJ no(e& for hexa#
he(ron element with 5S]2
=xample of SPJ no(e& for penta#
he(ron element with 5S]2

=xample of SPJ no(e& for a tetrahe(ron
element with 5S]2

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`DEFINE `DEFINE_ALEBAG_BAG
1"#0 C3=+B5=D LS-DYNA R7.0
`DEFINE_ALEBAG_BAG
P-rpo&e) Thi& car( (efine& information a9o-t the Lagrangian air9ag &tr-ct-re that i& re;-ire( a&
complementary (efinition to the N2B'B2>O23M25C=3O2L= C222D car(. Bt contain& infor#
mation a9o-t CaD one Lagrangian &hell &tr-ct-re repre&enting an air9ag Cor part of oneD, C9D venting
characteri&tic& of thi& air9ag, an( CcD it& main co-pling control feat-re& C'emar7 1D. The 222 car( i&
-&e( to mo(el the air9ag#to#inflator#ga& interaction via the 2L= metho( C'emar7 2D.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le B2>B3 SB3 SB3T4P= CMB2> BBLOCA MTCO=+ M=5TSB3 M=5T4P
3efa-lt none none 1 none none none $ none
'emar7& 1 % ! " 0

Card 2 (All coupling parameters are also defined similarly under the `CONSTRAINED
_LAGRANGE_IN_SOLID card)
Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 5S823 CT4P= P+2C +'BC +'C.B5 5O'.T4P BL=2A PL=2A
3efa-lt none none $.1 none none 2 $.1 none
'emar7& 7 /

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`DEFINE_ALEBAG_BAG `DEFINE
LS-DYNA R7.0 1"#7 C3=+B5=D
Card 3 Format (All coupling parameters are also defined similarly under the
`CONSTRAINED_LAGRANGE_IN_SOLID card)
Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 5O'. ST2'T =53
Type B + +
3efa-lt 1 $.$ 1.$=1$
'emar7& 1$

B2>B3
2n B3 a&&ociate( with the air9ag me&h (efinition (efine( to 9e -&e( in a
corre&pon(ing N2B'B2>O23M25C=3O2L= car( CSee 'emar7 1D.
SB3
2 &et B3 (efining the Lagrangian air9ag &tr-ct-re that i& to 9e co-ple( to
the inflator ga& in a corre&pon(ing N2B'B2>O23M25C=3O2L= car(.
B2>B3 point& to SB3.
SB3T4P
Set type for the SB3 a9ove)
=S.$) for a part &et B3 CPSB3D
=S.1) for a part B3 CPB3D
CMB2>
+lag for incl-(ing the SB3 a9ove in the control vol-me CCMD analy&i& pha&e
CSee 'emar7 %D)
=S.$) 3o not incl-(e the a9ove SB3 in &-9&e;-ent CM analy&i&
=S.1) Bncl-(e the a9ove SB3 in &-9&e;-ent CM analy&i&
BBLOCA
+lag for con&i(ering contact 9loc7age for venting hole& an( poro-& flow
CSee 'emar7 !D)
=S.$) 3o not con&i(er contact 9loc7age
=S.1) Con&i(er contact 9loc7age
MTCO=+
+low coefficient for each vent &-rface area (efine( 9y M=5TSB3 CSee 'e#
mar7 "D.
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1"#/ C3=+B5=D LS-DYNA R7.0
M=5TSB3
Set B3 (efining the vent hole &-rface C&hape, See 'emar7 0D. Thi& venting
e&timate i& &ometime& referre( to a& Xi&entropic ventingY a& the flow i& e&#
timate( via i&entropic flow correlation&. The amo-nt of ma&& that e&cape&
o-t of the vent hole i& &imply &-9tracte( C(elete(D from the ma&& in&i(e the
air9ag, re(-cing the inflating potential of the inflator ga&. The vente( flow
2..> cannot 9e vi&-aliIe( in LS#PrePo&t.
M=5T4P
Set B3 type of the vent &-rface area (efine( 9y M=5TSB3)
=S.$) Part &et B3 CPSB3D.
5S823
5-m9er of C;-a(rat-reD co-pling point& (i&tri9-te( over each co-ple( La#
grangian &-rface &egment CSee 'emar7 7D.
=S.$) 5S823 will 9e &et 9y (efa-lt to !,
=S.n) 2n 5S823N5S823 co-pling point& (i&tri9-tion over each
Lagrangian &egment i& (efine(,
=S.#n) 5S823 i& re&et to a po&itive val-e. Co-pling at no(e& i& o9&o#
lete.
CT4P=
+l-i(#Str-ct-re co-pling metho()
=S.!) penalty co-pling for &hell Cwith or witho-t ero&ionD an( &oli( el#
ement& Cwitho-t ero&ionD. 3B'=C i& &et to 2 C(efa-ltD.
=S.0) penalty co-pling (e&igne( for air9ag mo(eling which a-tomati#
cally control& the 3B'=C parameter internally. Bt i& e;-ivalent to
&etting PCT4P=]!E 3B'=C]1Q for -nfol(e( regionE an(
PCT4P=]!E 3B'=C]2QE in fol(e( region. +or 9oth ca&e&)
PBL=2A]2E +'C.B5]$.%Q.
P+2C
Penalty factor CCT4P= ! an( 0D. P+2C i& a &cale factor for &caling the e&#
timate( &tiffne&& of the interacting Cco-plingD &y&tem. Bt i& -&e( to comp-te
the co-pling force& to 9e (i&tri9-te( on the &lave an( ma&ter part&.
Bf po&itive real) +raction of e&timate( critical &tiffne&&.
Bf negative integer, #n) 'efer& to loa( c-rve B3 n. The c-rve (efine& the
co-pling pre&&-re Cy#axi&D a& a f-nction of the pene#
tration Cx#axi&D. CSee 'emar7 /D.
+'BC
Coefficient of friction C-&e( with 3B'=C 2 onlyD.
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`DEFINE_ALEBAG_BAG `DEFINE
LS-DYNA R7.0 1"# C3=+B5=D
+'C.B5
.inim-m vol-me fraction of a co-ple( 2L= m-lti#material gro-p
C2..>D, or fl-i(, in a m-lti#material 2L= element to activate co-pling.
3efa-lt val-e i& $.". 'e(-cing +'C.B5 Ctypically, 9etween $.1 an( $.%D
wo-l( t-rn on co-pling earlier to prevent lea7age in hypervelocity impact
ca&e&.
5O'.T4P
Penalty co-pling &pring Cor forceD (irection C3B'=C 1 an( 2D)
=S.$) normal vector& are interpolate( from no(al normal& C(efa-ltD.
=S.1) normal vector& are interpolate( from &egment normal&. Thi& i&
&ometime& a little more ro9-&t for &harp Lagrangian corner&, an(
fol(&.
BL=2A
Co-pling lea7age control flag CSee 'emar7 D)
=S.$) none C(efa-ltD,
=S.1) wea7, lea7age control i& t-rne( off if the penetrating volfrac @
+'C.B5[$.1.
=S.2) &trong, with improve( energy con&i(eration. Lea7age control i&
t-rne( off if the penetrating volfrac @ +'C.B5[$.%.
PL=2A
Lea7age control penalty factor, $ ? PL=2A ? $.2. Thi& factor infl-ence&
the a((itional co-pling force magnit-(e to prevent lea7age. Bt i& concept-#
ally &imilar to P+2C. .o&t of the time, the (efa-lt val-e C$.1D i& a(e;-ate.
5O'.
2 flag in(icating the r-le for (efining which &i(e of the Lagrangian &eg#
ment the fl-i( i& &-ppo&e( to 9e co-ple( to. By (efa-lt C5O'.]$D the fl-#
i( on the &i(e pointe( to 9y the Lagrangian &egment normal Chea(#&i(eD i&
co-ple( to. To co-ple to the fl-i( on the &i(e not pointe( to 9y the &egment
normal& Ctail#&i(eD, &et 5O'.]1 CSee 'emar7 1$D. XJea(Y an( XtailY refer
to the normal vector of the co-pling &egment.
=S.$) Co-ple fl-i( to hea(#&i(e of Lagrangian &egment.
=S.1) Co-ple fl-i( to tail#&i(e of Lagrangian &egment.
ST2'T
=53
Remarks:
1. Thi& comman( provi(e& &-pplemental information for the main N2B'B2>O23M25C=3
O2L= C222D car(. Specifically, it (efine& CaD a Lagrangian air9ag &tr-ct-re that co-ple&
with the inflator ga&, C9D it& venting characteri&tic&, an( CcD &ome of the main co-pling pa#
rameter&. The information inp-t for the 222 &et i& tran&late( into the 2L= 7eywor(& inter#
nally in LS#3452. Thi& inp-t approach (oe& not incl-(e all the control feat-re& availa9le in
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1"#1$ C3=+B5=D LS-DYNA R7.0
the reg-lar 2L= mo(eling approach, e&pecially for co-pling&. Therefore highly complex fl-#
i(#&tr-ct-re interaction& may re;-ire going 9ac7 to the tra(itional 2L= inp-t approach. +or
more (etail& on all co-pling parameter&, plea&e &ee NCO5ST'2B5=3OL2>'25>=OB5
OSOLB3 car(.
2. The air9ag inflation proce&& may 9e mo(ele( in 2 &tage&. Bn the 1
&t
&tage the 9ag#ga& interac#
tion i& mo(ele( via 2L= metho( where a varia9le pre&&-re fiel( in&i(e the air9ag may 9e
&im-late(. Bn the 2
n(
&tage, after the air9ag ha& opene( -p &-fficiently, the -niform pre&&-re
inflation metho( Cal&o calle( control vol-me, or CM, approachD i& -&e( to inflate the 9ag.
Plea&e refer to the 222 car( for more information.
%. Bf the Lagrangian &tr-ct-re i& to 9e incl-(e( in the 1
&t
&tage only C(eployment -&ing 2L=
metho(D 9-t to 9e excl-(e( from the 2
n(
&tage analy&i& C-niform pre&&-re analy&i&D, then &et
CMB2>]$. One &-ch example may 9e the inner 9ag of a 9ag#in#9ag mo(el. Bf the (efine(
Lagrangian &tr-ct-re i& to 9e incl-(e( in 9oth comp-tational pha&e&, &et CMB2>]1.
!. +a9ric venting an( poro-& flow 9ehavior& for 2L= an( CM pha&e& C&ee NCO5ST'2B5=3
OL2>'25>B25OB5OSOLB3 CCLBSD an( N2B'B2>OJ4B'B3D i& (efine( -n(er the
N.2TO+2B'BC car( P+LCCtD, +2CCPD, +MOPTQ. The +LCCtD i& the orifice flow coefficient
Ctypically i& clo&e to 1.$D. +2CCPD i& a relative poro-& ga& &pee( c-rve a& a f-nction of a9&o#
l-te -p&tream pre&&-re. +or 222 application, +MOPT m-&t 9e either 7 or /. +MOPT 7 an(
/ will 9e -&e( for 9oth 2L= an( CM pha&e& CN2B'B2>OJ4B'B3D. Bloc7age con&i(eration
for 9oth venting an( poro-& flow& i& acco-nte( for 9y the BBLOCA flag. Bf BBLOCA]$ then
in the CM pha&e +MOPT i& &et to 7, no contact 9loc7age con&i(eration. Bf BBLOCA]1 then
in the CM pha&e +MOPT i& &et to /, with contact 9loc7age con&i(eration. BBLOCA over#
write& +MOPT.
". MTCO=+ will 9e -&e( to &cale the vent area for 2L= venting. 8pon &witching to the CM
pha&e, thi& coefficient will 9e -&e( in place of the vent coefficient XC2%Y of the N2B'B2>
OJ4B'B3 car(.
0. M=5TSB3 (efine& the i&entropic venting area (efinition which i& -&e( for 2L= venting.
8pon &witching to the CM pha&e, the venting area will 9e -&e( for venting in place of param#
eter X22%Y of the N2B'B2>OJ4B'B3 car(.
7. See remar7 2 -n(er NCO5ST'2B5=3OL2>'25>B25OB5OSOLB3.
/. See remar7 0 -n(er NCO5ST'2B5=3OL2>'25>B25OB5OSOLB3
. See remar7 1$ -n(er NCO5ST'2B5=3OL2>'25>B25OB5OSOLB3.
1$. See remar7 7 -n(er NCO5ST'2B5=3OL2>'25>B25OB5OSOLB3. Typically, if the air#
9ag &hell element& have their normal vector& pointing o-twar(. Then to co-ple to the inflat#
or ga& from the in&i(e of the 9ag 5O'. i& &et to 1 Cthe (efa-lt val-e for 5O'. in thi&
car(D.
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`DEFINE_ALEBAG_HOLE `DEFINE
LS-DYNA R7.0 1"#11 C3=+B5=D
`DEFINE_ALEBAG_HOLE
P-rpo&e) Thi& optional car( (efine& information a9o-t a phy&ical vent hole &tr-ct-re of a Lagrangian
air9ag. Thi& car( i& only -&e( with an a&&ociate( N2B'B2>O23M25C=3O2L= C222D car( to
provi(e &-pplemental venting flow information for an air9ag (eployment &im-lation C'emar7 1D.
Thi& car( (efine& CaD geometry of a vent hole, C9D information for &witching the 2L= m-lti#material
gro-p C2..>D B3 of the inflator ga& when it pa&&e& thro-gh a vent hole, an( CcD type of vent hole.
The information inp-t here i& tran&late( into a N2L=O+SBOS,BTCJO..>OB3 car( C'emar7 2D.

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le JOL=B3 SB3 SB3T4P= 5S823 LO++ 5+OL3 LCL=5
Type B B B B + B +
'emar7& 1 %

JOL=B3
2n B3 a&&ociate( with a vent hole &-rface in an air9ag &tr-ct-re (efinition.
Bt i& (efine( to 9e -&e( in a corre&pon(ing N2B'B2>O23M25C=3O2L=
car(. CSee 'emar7 1.D
SB3
2 &et B3 (efining the phy&ical geometry a vent hole in the Lagrangian air#
9ag &tr-ct-re. The inflator ga& i& &-ppo&e( to pa&& thro-gh thi& hole.
SB3T4P
=S.$) for a part &et B3 CPSB3D
=S.1) for a part B3 CPB3D
5S823
The n-m9er of flow#&en&or point& to 9e (i&tri9-te( over each monitoring
&-rface or &egment C(efine( 9y SB3D. There &ho-l( 9e eno-gh &en&or
point&, (i&tri9-te( in each 2L= element, to monitor the flow acro&& thi&
monitoring &-rface C&ee remar7 %D. 2t lea&t 1 or 2 &en&or point& are nee(e(
in each 2L= element to monitor the flow thro-gh that element. 2n alter#
nate metho( for (efining flow#&en&or point& i& 9y (efining LCL=5 pa#
rameter 9elow.
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`DEFINE `DEFINE_ALEBAG_HOLE
1"#12 C3=+B5=D LS-DYNA R7.0
LO++
2n off&et (i&tance away from the monitoring &-rface, 9eyon( which the
2..>B3 &witching occ-r&. 2 po&itive val-e of LO++ mean& the off&et
(i&tance i& along the normal vector (irection of the monitoring &egment,
an( vice ver&a. Thi& off&et (i&tance, in general, &ho-l( 9e a9o-t 1." to 2
time& the 2L= element wi(th& where the vent flow i& occ-rring C(e#
fa-lt]$.$D.
5+OL3
+lag for chec7ing fol(ing logic C(efa-lt]$]offD. Bf 5+OL3]1]on, then
LS#3452 will chec7 if the &hell element& (efining the monitoring &-rface
are in the fol(e( region or not. Bf the monitoring &egment i& &till locate(
within a fol(e( region, then no 2..> &witching i& allowe( yet -ntil it ha&
-nfol(e(.
LCL=5
Thi& i& an a9&ol-te (i&tance for (i&tri9-ting the flow &en&or point& over
each monitoring &egment C&-rfaceD. To ma7e &-re that at lea&t 1 or 2 &en&or
point& are pre&ent in each 2L= element to trac7 the flow of an 2..>,
LCL=5 may 9e ro-ghly e&timate( a& a thir( or one#half the wi(th of the
&malle&t 2L= element in the me&h C&ee 'emar7 %D.
Remarks:
1. 2 vent hole a&&ociate( with an air9ag &tr-ct-re may 9e (efine( for mo(eling phy&ical venting
Cact-al flow of material acro&& the hole &-rface may 9e monitore(, in contra&t to i&entropic
venting where vente( material i& &imply (elete(D. The primary f-nction of thi& car( i& to (e#
fine the vent hole geometry an( the 2..> &witching a& the ga& pa&&e& thro-gh it.
Thi& car( provi(e& &-pplemental information for an a&&ociate( N2B'B2>O23M25C=3O2L=
C222D car(. The vent hole &tr-ct-re i& a&&ociate( with an( air9ag B3 -n(er 222 &o that the
co-pling an( 2..>B3 &witching may 9e performe(. Thi& i& e;-ivalent to mo(eling Xphy&i#
cal venting hole&Y via the NCO5ST'2B5=3OL2>'25>=OB5OSOLB3 car(. Bt i& -&e( only
when -&er& (efine fine eno-gh 2L= me&h to re&olve the flow acro&& the vent Cphy&ical venting,
&ee remar7 12 -n(er NCO5ST'2B5=3OL2>'25>=OB5OSOLB3 car(D.
The information inp-t for the 222 car( an( all it& &-pplemental comman(& are converte( into
the 2L= 7eywor(& internally in LS#3452. The corre&pon(ing 2L= 7eywor(& are written o-t
to a file calle( Xa(vale9ag.7wY for chec7ing. +or an in#(epth -n(er&tan(ing of the interaction
mo(eling, it i& recommen(e( that the -&er& -n(er&tan( how to &et -p the co-pling with the tra#
(itional 2L= metho(.
2. +or more (etaile( information, the -&er may review the N2L=O+SBOS,BTCJO..>OB3 car(
&ince it i& the action& of thi& car( that are 9eing exec-te(. The 2..>B3& of the ga&e& in#
volve( in the &witching, -p&tream an( (own&tream of the hole are (efine( a-tomatically.
%. ,hen 9oth 5S823 an( LCL=5 are (efine(, whichever give& &maller (i&tance 9etween
&en&or#point& will 9e -&e(. LCL=5 may give 9etter control a& in the ca&e of a n-ll &hell act#
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`DEFINE_ALEBAG_HOLE `DEFINE
LS-DYNA R7.0 1"#1% C3=+B5=D
ing a& the monitoring &-rface. 2& thi& n-ll &hell i& &tretche(, 5S823 (i&tri9-tion of &en&or#
point& may not 9e a(e;-ate, 9-t LCL=5 wo-l( 9e.
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`DEFINE `DEFINE_ALEBAG_INFLATOR
1"#1! C3=+B5=D LS-DYNA R7.0
P-rpo&e) Thi& car( (efine& &-pplemental information a9o-t an air9ag inflator that i& re;-ire( a&
complementary (efinition to the N2B'B2>O23M25C=3O2L= C222D car(. Bt (efine& the CaD ori#
fice&, C9D ga& propertie&, an( CcD inlet con(ition& C'emar7 1D. Thi& comman( i& only -&e( with an
a&&ociate( N2B'B2>O23M25C=3O2L= car(. Thi& car( contain& 9a&ic information that i& re#
;-ire( 9y the 2L= comman( NS=CTBO5OPOB5TOSO8'C=O.BLT8'=S. Bt i& only -&e( for mo(#
eling air9ag (eployment proce&& C'emar7 2D via the 2L= metho(.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le B5+L2B3 -n-&e( -n-&e( -n-&e( 5>2S 5O'B+ LCB3M=L LCB3T
Type B B B B B
3efa-lt none none none $ none
'emar7& 1

See ÀIRBAG_HYBRID
Repeat this card ~NGAS times, one for each species in the mixture.
Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le LCB3.3 -n-&e( -n-&e( .,>2S -n-&e( 2 B C
Type B + + + +
3efa-lt none none none $.$ $.$
'emar7& % % %

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`DEFINE_ALEBAG_INFLATOR `DEFINE
LS-DYNA R7.0 1"#1" C3=+B5=D
Repeat this card ~NORIF times. See `SECTION_POINT_SOURCE_MIXTURE
Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 5O3=B3 M=CB3 O'B+2'=2 -n-&e( -n-&e( -n-&e( -n-&e( -n-&e(
Type B B +
3efa-lt $ $ $.$
'emar7& !

B5+L2B3
2n inflator B3. Bt i& (efine( to 9e -&e( in a corre&pon(ing N2B'B2>
O23M25C=3O2L= car(. CSee 'emar7 1D.
5>2S
5-m9er of thermally e;-ili9rate( i(eal ga& &pecie& ma7ing -p one inflator
ga& mixt-re.
5O'B+
5-m9er of inflator inlet orifice& thro-gh which the inflator ga& mixt-re i&
inHecte( into the air9ag. =ach orifice re;-ire& a no(e B3 to (efine it& loca#
tion C&ee 5O3=B3 9elowD.
LCB3M=L
8&er#e&timate( inflator ga& mixt-re average velocity loa( c-rve B3. Bf
LCB3M=L]$ or 9lan7, LS3452 will e&timate the inlet ga& velocity.
LCB3T
Bnflator ga& mixt-re thermally e;-ili9rate( &tagnation temperat-re loa(
c-rve B3. 2ll &pecie& of the mixt-re are a&&-me( to have the &ame average
&tagnation temperat-re.
LCB3.3
The inlet ma&& flow rate loa( c-rve B3 of thi& &pecie& of the inflator ga&
mixt-re.
.,>2S
.olec-lar weight of thi& &pecie& Ce.g., 7gFmoleD.
2
5ominal con&tant#pre&&-re heat capacity Cper#mole -nitD at STP
C&ee 'emar7 %D.
B
1
&t
or(er ClinearD coefficient of temperat-re (epen(ent heat capacity of the
inflator ga&. C&ee 'emar7 %D.
C
2
n(
or(er C;-a(raticD coefficient of temperat-re (epen(ent heat capacity of
the inflator ga&. C&ee 'emar7 %D.
5O3=B3
2 no(e B3 (efining the location of a point &o-rce C&ee 'emar7 !D.
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`DEFINE `DEFINE_ALEBAG_INFLATOR
1"#10 C3=+B5=D LS-DYNA R7.0
M=CB3
2 vector B3 (efining the (irection of flow at each point &o-rce.
O'B+2'=2
The orifice area at each point &o-rce.
Remarks:
1. Thi& car( (efine& the inflator inflow information for one inflator referre( to 9y an N2B'B2>
O23M25C=3O2L= C222D car(. The 9a&ic information incl-(e& CaD ga& propertie&, C9D or#
ifice&, an( CcD inlet con(ition&. The ga& propertie& are (efine( &imilarly to that of the
N2B'B2>OJ4B'B3 car(. The orifice&, an( inlet con(ition& C&ee `SECTION_POINT
_SOURCE_MIXTURED, con&i&t of m (t) I
sng
(t) an( may9e an e&timate( inlet ga& ve#
locity c-rve, v
gus
(t), if availa9le. The information inp-t for the 222 car( an( all it& a&&oci#
ate& are tran&late( into 2L= 7eywor(& internally in LS#3452. The 2L= 7eywor(& tran&lat#
e( 9y 222 are o-tp-t to the Xa(vale9ag.7wY file for review. +or in (epth -n(er&tan(ing of
the interaction mo(eling, it i& recommen(e( that the -&er& -n(er&tan( how to &et -p the co-#
pling with the tra(itional 2L= metho(. The 222 car( re;-ire& 2 a((itional car(& for com#
plementary (efinition&, N3=+B5=O2L=B2>OB2> an( N3=+B5=O2L=B2>OB5+L2TO'.
One optional car(, N3=+B5=O2L=B2>OJOL=, may 9e -&e( to (efine the vent hole of the
air9ag.
2. The air9ag inflation proce&& may 9e mo(ele( in 2 &tage&. Bn the 1
&t
&tage the 9ag#ga& interac#
tion i& mo(ele( via 2L= metho( where a varia9le pre&&-re fiel( in&i(e the air9ag may 9e
&im-late(. Bn the 2
n(
&tage, after the air9ag ha& opene( -p &-fficiently, the -niform pre&&-re
inflation metho( Cal&o calle( control vol-me, or CM, approachD i& -&e( to inflate the 9ag.

%. The per#ma&&#-nit, temperat-re#(epen(ent, con&tant#pre&&-re heat capacity i&
C
p
(I) =
+B-+C-
2
~
]
kg-
A = C
P0
~[ (molc - ) /

~[ (molc -
2
) /
C~[ (molc -
3
) /

The -nit& &hown are only for (emon&tration of the e;-ation. Plea&e &ee the N.2TO>2S
O.BLT8'= car( (efinition.
!. Bn general, it i& 9e&t to locate a point &o-rce near the center of an 2L= element. 2&&ociate(
wi(th each point &o-rce i& an area an( a vector in(icating flow (irection. =ach point
&o-rce &ho-l( occ-py 1 2L= element 9y it&elf, an( there &ho-l( 9e at lea&t 2 empty 2L=
element& 9etween any 2 point#&o-rce&. 2 point &o-rce &ho-l( 9e locate( at lea&t 2 or % el#
ement& away from the free &-rface of an 2L= me&h or a Lagrangian &-rface to prevent in#
teraction with the me&h 9o-n(ary or co-pling 9o-n(ary C&ee NS=CTBO5OPOB5T
OSO8'C=O.BLT8'=D.
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`DEFINE_BOX `DEFINE
LS-DYNA R7.0 1"#17 C3=+B5=D
`DEFINE_BOX_POPTIONQ
<BLANK>
LOCAL
P-rpo&e) 3efine a 9ox#&hape( vol-me. Two (iagonally oppo&ite corner point& of a 9ox are &peci#
fie( in glo9al or local coor(inate& if the LOC2L option i& active. The 9ox vol-me i& then -&e( for
vario-& &pecification& for a variety of inp-t option&, e.g., velocitie&, contact, etc.
Bf the option, LOC2L, i& active, a local coor(inate &y&tem with two vector&, &ee +ig-re 1"#!, i& (e#
fine(. The vector cro&& pro(-ct, = x y, (etermine& the local I#axi&. The local y#axi& i& then
given 9y y = x. 2 point, C in the glo9al coor(inate &y&tem i& con&i(ere( to lie with the vol-me
of the 9ox if the coor(inate C$1, where 1 i& the glo9al coor(inate off&et vector (efine( on Car( %,
lie& within the 9ox after tran&formation into the local &y&tem, C1_.o/a.=TMJC$1L# The local coor(i#
nate, C1_.o/a., i& chec7e( again&t the minim-m an( maxim-m coor(inate& (efine( on Car( 1 in the
local &y&tem. +or the NB5CL83=OT'25S+O'. option& that incl-(e tran&lation& an( rotation&, all
9ox option& are a-tomatically converte( from N3=+B5=OBOLO:::: to N3=+B5=OBOLO::::
OLOC2L in the 3452.B5C file. Jere, :::: repre&ent& the 9ox option&) 232PTBM=, CO2'S=5,
an( SPJ, which are (efine( 9elow.

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le BOLB3 L.5 L.L 4.5 4.L K.5 K.L
Type B + + + + + +
3efa-lt $ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$

Define the following 2 cards if option_LOCAL is specified.
Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le LL 4L KL LM 4M KM
Type + + + + + +
3efa-lt $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$

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`DEFINE `DEFINE_BOX
1"#1/ C3=+B5=D LS-DYNA R7.0
Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le CL C4 CK
Type + + +
3efa-lt $.$ $.$ $.$

BOLB3
Box B3. 3efine -ni;-e n-m9er&.
L.5
.inim-m x#coor(inate. 3efine in the local coor(inate &y&tem if the option
LOC2L i& active.
L.L
.axim-m x#coor(inate. . 3efine in the local coor(inate &y&tem if the op#
tion LOC2L i& active.
4.5
.inim-m y#coor(inate. . 3efine in the local coor(inate &y&tem if the op#
4.L
.axim-m y#coor(inate. . 3efine in the local coor(inate &y&tem if the op#
K.5
.inim-m I#coor(inate. . 3efine in the local coor(inate &y&tem if the op#
K.L
.axim-m I#coor(inate. . 3efine in the local coor(inate &y&tem if the op#
LL
L#coor(inate on local x#axi&. Origin lie& at C$,$,$D. 3efine if the LOC2L
option i& active.
4L
4#coor(inate on local x#axi&. 3efine if the LOC2L option i& active.
KL
K#coor(inate on local x#axi&. 3efine if the LOC2L option i& active.
LM
L#coor(inate of local x#y vector. 3efine if the LOC2L option i& active.
4M
4#coor(inate of local x#y vector. 3efine if the LOC2L option i& active.
KM
K#coor(inate of local x#y vector. 3efine if the LOC2L option i& active.
CL
L#glo9al coor(inate of off&et vector to origin of local &y&tem. 3efine if the
LOC2L option i& active.
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`DEFINE_BOX `DEFINE
LS-DYNA R7.0 1"#1 C3=+B5=D
C4
4#glo9al coor(inate of off&et vector to origin of local &y&tem. 3efine if the
CK
K#glo9al coor(inate of off&et vector to origin of local &y&tem. 3efine if the
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`DEFINE `DEFINE_BOX_ADAPTIVE
1"#2$ C3=+B5=D LS-DYNA R7.0
`DEFINE_BOX_ADAPTIVE_POPTIONQ
<BLANK>
LOCAL
P-rpo&e) 3efine a 9ox#&hape( vol-me enclo&ing the &hell& where the h#a(aptive level i& to 9e &peci#
fie(. Bf the mi(point of the element fall& within the 9ox, the h#a(aptive level i& re&et. Shell& falling
o-t&i(e of thi& vol-me -&e the val-e, .2LLML, on the NCO5T'OLO232PTBM= control car(&.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le BOLB3 L.5 L.L 4.5 4.L K.5 K.L
Type B + + + + + +
3efa-lt none $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le PB3 L=M=L
Type B B
3efa-lt $ none

Define the following 2 cards if option LOCAL is specified. See `DEFINE_BOX for a
description of the LOCAL option.
Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Type + + + + + +
3efa-lt $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$

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`DEFINE_BOX_ADAPTIVE `DEFINE
LS-DYNA R7.0 1"#21 C3=+B5=D
Car( ! 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le CL C4 CK
Type + + +
3efa-lt $.$ $.$ $.$

BOLB3
L.5
LOC2L i& active.
L.L
4.5
4.L
K.5
K.L
PB3
Part B3. Bf Iero, all active element& within 9ox are con&i(ere(.
L=M=L
.axim-m n-m9er of refinement level& for element& that are containe( in
the 9ox. Mal-e& of 1, 2, %, !,... allow a maxim-m of 1, !, 10, 0!, ... ele#
ment&, re&pectively, to 9e create( for each original element.
LL
option i& active.
4L
KL
LM
4M
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`DEFINE `DEFINE_BOX_ADAPTIVE
1"#22 C3=+B5=D LS-DYNA R7.0
KM
CL
C4
CK
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`DEFINE_BOX_COARSEN `DEFINE
LS-DYNA R7.0 1"#2% C3=+B5=D
`DEFINE_BOX_COARSEN_POPTIONQ
<BLANK>
LOCAL
P-rpo&e) 3efine a &pecific 9ox#&hape( vol-me in(icating element& which are protecte( from me&h
coar&ening. See al&o NCO5T'OLOCO2'S=5.

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le BOLB3 L.5 L.L 4.5 4.L K.5 K.L B+L2>
Type B + + + + + + B
3efa-lt none $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Type + + + + + +
3efa-lt $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$

Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le CL C4 CK
Type + + +
3efa-lt $.$ $.$ $.$

BOLB3
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`DEFINE `DEFINE_BOX_COARSEN
1"#2! C3=+B5=D LS-DYNA R7.0
L.5
LOC2L i& active.
L.L
4.5
4.L
K.5
K.L
B+L2>
+lag for protecting element& in&i(e or o-t&i(e of 9ox.
=S.$) element& in&i(e the 9ox cannot 9e coar&ene(
=S.1) element& o-t&i(e the 9ox cannot 9e coar&ene(
LL
option i& active.
4L
KL
LM
4M
KM
CL
C4
CK
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`DEFINE_BOX_COARSEN `DEFINE
LS-DYNA R7.0 1"#2" C3=+B5=D
Remarks:
1. .any 9oxe& may 9e (efine(. Bf an element i& protecte( 9y any 9ox then it may not 9e coar&#
ene(.
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`DEFINE `DEFINE_BOX_DRAWBEAD
1"#20 C3=+B5=D LS-DYNA R7.0
`DEFINE_BOX_DRAWBEAD
P-rpo&e) 3efine a &pecific 9ox or t-9e &hape( vol-me aro-n( a (raw 9ea(. Thi& option i& -&ef-l for
the (raw 9ea( contact. Bf 9ox &hape(, the vol-me will contain the (raw 9ea( no(e& an( element&
9etween the 9ea( an( the o-ter e(ge of the 9lan7. Bf t-9-lar, the t-9e i& centere( aro-n( the (raw
9ea(. 2ll element& within the t-9-lar vol-me are incl-(e( in the contact (efinition.

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le BOLB3 PB3 SB3 B3B' ST4P= '23B8S CB3
Type B + + + B + B
3efa-lt $ $.$ $.$ $.$ ! $.$ $
'emar7& optional optional

BOLB3
PB3
Part B3 of 9lan7.
SB3
Set B3 that (efine& the no(al point& that lie along the (raw 9ea(. Bf a no(e
&et i& (efine(, the no(e& in the &et m-&t 9e con&ec-tive along the (raw 9ea(.
Bf a part or part &et i& (efine(, the &et m-&t con&i&t of 9eam or tr-&& ele#
ment&. ,ithin the part &et, no or(ering of the element& i& a&&-me(, 9-t the
n-m9er of no(e& m-&t e;-al the n-m9er of 9eam element& pl-& 1.
B3B'
3irection of tooling movement. The movement i& in the glo9al coor(inate
(irection -nle&& the t-9-lar 9ox option i& active an( CB3 i& nonIero. Bn thi&
latter ca&e, the movement i& in the local coor(inate (irection.
=S.1) tooling move& in x#(irection,
=S.2) tooling move& in y#(irection,
=S.%) tooling move& in I#(irection.
ST4P=
Set type)
=S.2) part &et B3,
=S.%) part B3,
=S.!) no(e &et B3.
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`DEFINE_BOX_DRAWBEAD `DEFINE
LS-DYNA R7.0 1"#27 C3=+B5=D
'23B8S
The ra(i-& of the t-9e, which i& centere( aro-n( the (raw 9ea(. =lement&
of part B3, PB3, that lie within the t-9e will 9e incl-(e( in the contact. Bf
the ra(i-& i& not (efine(, a rectang-lar 9ox i& -&e( in&tea(. Thi& option i&
recommen(e( for c-rve( (raw 9ea(& an( for (raw 9ea(& that are not
aligne( with the glo9al axe&.
CB3
Optional coor(inate &y&tem B3. Thi& option i& only availa9le for the t-9-#
lar (raw9ea(. Thi& option i& availa9le &tarting in the thir( relea&e of ver#
&ion 71.
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`DEFINE `DEFINE_BOX_SPH
1"#2/ C3=+B5=D LS-DYNA R7.0
`DEFINE_BOX_SPH_POPTIONQ
<BLANK>
LOCAL
P-rpo&e) 3efine a 9ox#&hape( vol-me. Two (iagonally oppo&ite corner point& of a 9ox are &peci#
fie( in glo9al coor(inate&. Particle approximation& of SPJ element& are comp-te( when particle&
are locate( in&i(e the 9ox. The loa( c-rve (e&cri9e& the motion of the maxim-m an( minim-m co#
or(inate& of the 9ox.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le BOLB3 L.5 L.L 4.5 4.L K.5 K.L MB3
Type B + + + + + + B
3efa-lt none $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le LCB3 M3 5B3
Type B B B
3efa-lt $ $ $

Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Type + + + + + +
3efa-lt $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$

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`DEFINE_BOX_SPH `DEFINE
LS-DYNA R7.0 1"#2 C3=+B5=D
Car( ! 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le CL C4 CK
Type + + +
3efa-lt $.$ $.$ $.$

BOLB3
L.5
LOC2L i& active.
L.L
.axim-m x#coor(inate. 3efine in the local coor(inate &y&tem if the option
LOC2L i& active.
4.5
.inim-m y#coor(inate. 3efine in the local coor(inate &y&tem if the option
LOC2L i& active.
4.L
.axim-m y#coor(inate. 3efine in the local coor(inate &y&tem if the option
LOC2L i& active.
K.5
.inim-m I#coor(inate. 3efine in the local coor(inate &y&tem if the option
LOC2L i& active.
K.L
.axim-m I#coor(inate. 3efine in the local coor(inate &y&tem if the option
LOC2L i& active.
MB3
Mector B3 for 3O+, &ee N3=+B5=OM=CTO'.
LCB3
OC8'M=
M3
MelocityF3i&placement flag)
=S.$) velocity,
=S.1) (i&placement,
=S.2) referential no(e
5B3
'eferential no(al B3 for M3]2 CSPJ 9ox will move with thi& no(eD.
LL
option i& active.
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`DEFINE `DEFINE_BOX_SPH
1"#%$ C3=+B5=D LS-DYNA R7.0
4L
KL
LM
4M
KM
CL
C4
CK
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`DEFINE_CONNECTION_PROPERTIES `DEFINE
LS-DYNA R7.0 1"#%1 C3=+B5=D
`DEFINE_CONNECTION_PROPERTIES_POPTIONQ
<BLANK>
ADD
P-rpo&e) 3efine fail-re relate( parameter& for &oli( element &pot wel( fail-re 9y N.2T
OSPOT,=L3O32B.L='CJ'4SL='. +or each connection i(entifier, CO5OB3, a &eparate
N3=+B5=OCO55=CTBO5OP'OP='TB=S &ection m-&t 9e incl-(e(. The ADD option allow& ma#
terial &pecific propertie& to 9e a((e( to an exi&ting connection B3. See remar7 2.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le CO5OB3 P'OP'8L 2'=2=S 3>OT4P .O2'+L
Type + B B B B
3efa-lt $ $ $ $ $

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 3OSB>4 3O=T25 3O3>OP' 3O'25A 3OS5 3OSB 3OSS
Type + + + + + + +
3efa-lt none none 1.$e[1$ none none none none

Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 3O=LS5 3O=LSB 3O=LSS 3OLCS5 3OLCSB 3OLCSS 3O>+23 3OSCL.''
Type + + + B B B + +
3efa-lt 1.$ 1.$ 1.$ $ $ $ none 1.$

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`DEFINE `DEFINE_CONNECTION_PROPERTIES
1"#%2 C3=+B5=D LS-DYNA R7.0
Define the following 2 cards for each shell material that will have material specific data
defined for this CON_ID. The input is terminated by the next ~` keyword card.
Car( ! 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le .B3 S>B4 =T25 3>OP' '25A S5 SB SS
Type 2/ + + + + + + +
3efa-lt 1.$e[1$

Car( " 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le =LS5 =LSB =LSS LCS5 LCSB LCSS >+23 SCL.''
Type + + + B B B + +
3efa-lt 1.$

CO5OB3
Connection B3, reference( on N.2TOSPOT,=L3
O32B.L='CJ'4SL='. .-ltiple &et& of connection (ata may 9e -&e( 9y
a&&igning (ifferent connection B3&.
P'OP'8L
The fail-re r-le n-m9er for thi& connection.
=S.1) 8&e (ata of wel( partner with lower '25A C(efa-ltD.
>=.2) 8&e 3=+B5=O+85CTBO5 expre&&ion& to (etermine wel( (ata
(epen(ing on &everal val-e& of 9oth wel( partner&. Maria9le& 3
OSB>4, 3O=T25, 3O3>OP', 3OS5, 3OSB, 3OSS, 3O=LS5, 3
O=LSB, 3O=LSS, an( 3O>+23 m-&t 9e (efine( a& f-nction
B3&, &ee 'emar7 ".
2'=2=S
2rea e;-ation n-m9er for the connection area calc-lation.
=S.$) C(efa-ltD areaOtr-e]areaOmo(ele(
=S.1) millimeter formE &ee 'emar7 !
=S.#1) meter formE &ee 'emar7 !
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LS-DYNA R7.0 1"#%% C3=+B5=D
3>OT4P
3amage type
=S.$) no (amage f-nction i& -&e(
=S.1) &train 9a&e( (amage
=S.2) fail-re f-nction 9a&e( (amage
=S.% or !) fa(ing energy 9a&e( (amageE &ee 'emar7 !
.O2'+L
.o(ele( area flag
=S.$) areaOmo(ele( goe& (own with &hear C(efa-ltD
=S.1) areaOmo(ele( &tay& con&tant
3OSB>4
3efa-lt yiel( &tre&& for the &pot wel( element.
3O=T25
3efa-lt tangent mo(-l-& for the &pot wel( element.
3O3>OP'
3efa-lt (amage parameter for hyper9olic 9a&e( (amage f-nction.
3O'25A
3efa-lt ran7 val-e.
3OS5
3efa-lt normal &trength.
3OSB
3efa-lt 9en(ing &trength.
3OSS
3efa-lt &hear &trength.
3O=LS5
3efa-lt exponent on normal &tre&& term.
3O=LSB
3efa-lt exponent on 9en(ing &tre&& term.
3O=LSS
3efa-lt exponent on &hear &tre&& term.
3OLCS5
3efa-lt c-rve B3 for normal &trength &cale factor a& a f-nction of &train
rate.
3OLCSB
3efa-lt c-rve B3 for 9en(ing &trength &cale factor a& a f-nction of &train
rate.
3OLCSS
3efa-lt c-rve B3 for &hear &trength &cale factor a& a f-nction of &train rate.
3O>+23
3efa-lt fa(ing energy for (amage type % an( type !.
3OSCL.''
3efa-lt &caling factor for tor&ional moment in fail-re f-nction.
.B3
.aterial B3 of the &hell material for which propertie& are (efine(.
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1"#%! C3=+B5=D LS-DYNA R7.0
SB>4
4iel( &tre&& to 9e -&e( in the &pot wel( element calc-lation.
=T25
Tangent mo(-l-& to 9e -&e( in the &pot wel( element calc-lation.
3>OP'
3amage parameter for hyper9olic 9a&e( (amage f-nction.
'25A
'an7 val-e. See 'emar7 !.
S5
5ormal &trength.
SB
Ben(ing &trength.
SS
Shear &trength.
=LS5
=xponent on normal &tre&& term.
=LSB
=xponent on 9en(ing &tre&& term.
=LSS
=xponent on &hear &tre&& term.
LCS5
C-rve B3 for normal &trength &cale factor a& a f-nction of &train rate.
LCSB
C-rve B3 for 9en(ing &trength &cale factor a& a f-nction of &train rate.
LCSS
C-rve B3 for &hear &trength &cale factor a& a f-nction of &train rate.
>+23
+a(ing energy for (amage type % an( !.
SCL.''
Scaling factor for tor&ional moment in fail-re f-nction.
Remarks:
1. Thi& 7eywor( i& -&e( only with N.2TOSPOT,=L3O32B.L='CJ'4SL='. The (ata
inp-t i& -&e( in a % parameter fail-re mo(el. =ach &oli( &pot wel( element connect& &hell
element& that may have the &ame or (ifferent material&. The fail-re mo(el a&&-me& that
fail-re of the &pot wel( (epen(& on the propertie& of the wel(e( material&, &o thi& 7eywor(
allow& &hell material &pecific (ata to 9e inp-t for the connection. The (efa-lt (ata will 9e
-&e( for any &pot wel( connecte( to a &hell material that (oe& not have material &pecific
(ata (efine(, &o it i& not nece&&ary to (efine material &pecific (ata for all wel(e( &hell ma#
terial&.
2. To &implify (ata inp-t, the 233 7eywor( option allow& material &pecific (ata to 9e a((e(
to an exi&ting N3=+B5=OCO55=CTBO5OP'OP='TB=S ta9le. To -&e the 233 option,
omit car(& 2 an( %, an( inp-t only CO5OB3 on car( 1. Then -&e car(& ! an( " to inp-t
material &pecific (ata. +or each -ni;-e CO5OB3, control parameter& an( (efa-lt val-e&
m-&t 9e inp-t in one &et of N3=+B5=OCO55=CTBO5OP'OP='TB=S (ata. The &ame
CO5OB3 may 9e -&e( for any n-m9er of &et& of material &pecific (ata inp-t with the 233
option.
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LS-DYNA R7.0 1"#%" C3=+B5=D
%. The three parameter fail-re f-nction i&
=
c
n
c
n
F
m
n
+_
c
F
]
m
-1
where the three &trength term& are S5, SB, an( SS, an( the three exponent& are =LS5,
=LSB, an( =LSS. The &trength& may 9e a f-nction of &train rate 9y -&ing the loa( c-rve&,
LCS5, LCSB, an( LCSS. The pea7 &tre&&e& in the n-merator& are calc-late( from force
re&-ltant& an( &imple 9eam theory.
o
n
=
N
A
o
b
=
H
s
2
+H
t
2
= SCLNRR
H
2
+
N
s
2
+N
t
2
A

where the area i& the cro&& &ection area of the wel( element an( K i& given 9y)
=
J
3
S2

where d i& the e;-ivalent (iameter of the &oli( &pot wel( element a&&-ming a circ-lar cro&&
&ection.
!. There are three control parameter& that (efine how the ta9le (ata will 9e -&e( for the con#
nection, P'OP'8L, 2'=2O=S, an( 3>OT4P. P'OP'8L (etermine& how the parame#
ter& will 9e -&e(. Beca-&e each wel( connect& two &hell &-rface&, one wel( can have two
&et& of fail-re (ata a& well a& two val-e& for =T25 an( SB>4. +or P'OP'8L]1 C(efa-ltD,
a &imple r-le i& implemente( an( the (ata with the lower '25A will 9e -&e(. +or P'O#
P'8L]2, f-nction expre&&ion& can 9e -&e( to (etermine the (ata 9a&e( on &everal inp-t
val-e& from 9oth wel( partner& C&ee 'emar7 " for (etail&D.
The &econ( control parameter i& 2'=2O=S which &pecifie& a r-le for calc-lating a tr-e
wel( cro&& &ection area, A
tuc
to 9e -&e( in the fail-re f-nction in place of the mo(ele(
&oli( element area, (. +or 2'=2O=S]1, A
tuc
i& calc-late( 9y
A
tuc
=

4
(S
t
mIn _shcII
)
2

where t
mIn _shcII
i& the thic7ne&& of the wel(e( &hell &-rface that ha& the &maller thic7ne&&.
+or 2'=2O=S]1, A
tuc
i& calc-late( 9y
A
tuc
=

4
_
S
1uuu
1uuu - t
mIn _shcII
]
2

The e;-ation for 2'=2O=S]1 i& vali( only for a length -nit of millimeter&, an( 2'=2
O=S]1 i& vali( only for a length -nit of meter&.
The thir( control parameter, 3>OT4P, choo&e& from two availa9le (amage type&. +or 3>
OT4P]$, (amage i& t-rne( off an( the wel( fail& imme(iately when u. +or 3>
OT4P@$, (amage i& initiate( when u an( complete fail-re occ-r& when 1. +or
3>OT4P]1, (amage growth i& a f-nction of pla&tic &train)
=
e
c]]
p
-e
]uIuc
p
e
uptuc
p
-e
]uIuc
p
i e
]uIuc
p
e
c]]
p
e
uptuc
p

where e
c]]
p
i& the effective pla&tic &train in the wel( material. ,hen the val-e of the fail-re
f-nction fir&t excee(& Iero, the pla&tic &train at fail-ree
]uIuc
p
i& &et to the c-rrent pla&tic
&train, an( the r-pt-re &train i& off&et from the pla&tic &train at fail-re 9y
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1"#%0 C3=+B5=D LS-DYNA R7.0
e
uptuc
p
= e
]uIuc
p
[ 'S =+2BL

where 'S an( =+2BL are the r-pt-re &train an( pla&tic &train at fail-re which are inp-t on
the N.2TOSPOT,=L3O32B.L='CJ'4SL=' car(. Bf fail-re occ-r& when the pla&tic
&train i& Iero, the wel( material yiel( &tre&& i& re(-ce( to the c-rrent effective &tre&& &-ch
that (amage can progre&&.
+or 3>OT4P]2, (amage i& a f-nction of the fail-re f-nction, -)
=
]
]
rprc
if u
where
uptuc
i& the val-e of the fail-re f-nction at r-pt-re which i& (efine( 9y
uptuc
] 'S#=+2BL
an( 'S an( =+2BL are inp-t on the N.2TOSPOT,=L3O32B.L='CJ'4SL=' car(.
Beca-&e the 3>OT4P]1 (amage f-nction i& &cale( 9y pla&tic &train, it will monotonically
increa&e in time. The 3>OT4P]2 (amage f-nction i& force( to 9e a monotonically increa&#
ing f-nction in time 9y -&ing the maxim-m of the c-rrent val-e an( the maxim-m previo-&
val-e. +or 9oth 3>OT4P]1 an( 3>OT4P]2, the &tre&& &cale factor i& then calc-late( 9y
o =
_PR(1 -)
1
2
+
1
4
+ _PR + _PR
o
Thi& e;-ation 9ecome& nearly linear at the (efa-lt val-e of 3>OP' which i& 1.$e[1$.
+or 3>OT4P]%, (amage i& a f-nction of total &train)
=
e
n
e
]udng

where e
n
i& the acc-m-late( total &train increment 9etween moment of (amage initiation
Cfail-reD an( c-rrent time &tep t
n

e
n
= e
n-1
+t
n
2S
n

n
e|
t
cilrc
= u

an( e
]udng
i& the total &train increment for fa(ing Cre(-ction of &tre&&e& to IeroD
e
]udng
=
2 FA
o
]uIuc

where >+23 i& the fa(ing energy from inp-t an( o
]uIuc
i& the effective &tre&& at fail-re.
The &tre&& &cale factor i& then calc-late( 9y a linear e;-ation
o = (1 -)o
where o i& the Ca-chy &tre&& ten&or at fail-re an( i& the act-al (amage val-e. Pro9lem&
can occ-r, if the loa(ing (irection change& after the on&et of fail-re, &ince (-ring the (am#
age proce&&, the component& of the &tre&& ten&or are 7ept con&tant an( hence repre&ent the
&tre&& &tate at fail-re.
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LS-DYNA R7.0 1"#%7 C3=+B5=D
Therefore 3>OT4P]! &ho-l( 9e -&e( (e&cri9ing the (amage 9ehavior of the &potwel( in a
more reali&tic way. +or 3>OT4P]!, (amage i& a f-nction of the internal wor7 (one 9y the
&potwel( after fail-re, i. e.,
o = (1 -)o
cp
=
uscd
2 FA

uscd
=
uscd
n-1
+uet
F
cp
Ae

Therein, F
i& the (eformation gra(ient. o

cp
i& a &cale( Ca-chy &tre&& ten&or 9a&e( on the
-n(amage( Ca-chy &tre&& ten&or o
d
an( &cale( in &-ch a way that the &ame internal wor7
i& (one in the c-rrent time &tep a& in the time &tep 9efore Ce;-ipotentialD)
o
cp
= oo
d
o =
o
n-1cp
Ae
d
Ae

". 2 new fail-re r-le CP'OP'8L.>=.%D i& availa9le &tarting with 'elea&e '7. To -&e thi& new
option, 1$ varia9le& have to 9e (efine( a& f-nction B3&) 3OSB>4, 3O=T25, 3O3>OP', 3
OS5, 3OSB, 3OSS, 3O=LS5, 3O=LSB, 3O=LSS, an( 3O>+23. The&e f-nction& incor#
porate the following inp-t val-e&) thic7ne&&e& of 9oth wel( partner& Ct1, t2D, initial yiel(
&tre&&e& at pla&tic &train]$.$$2 C&y1, &y2D, maxim-m engineering yiel( &tre&&e&, al&o calle(
nec7ing point& C&m1, &m2D, &train rate CrD, an( &pot wel( area CaD. B.e. &-ch a f-nction co-l(
loo7 li7e that for 3OSB>4]1$$)
*DE!INE_!)N#TION
1""
5806?31H32H<41H<42H<>1H<>2H7H1@.".5*?<41G<42@

+or P'OP'8L]2, the thinner part i& the fir&t wel( partner. +or P'OP'8L]%, the 9ottom
part Cno(e& 1#2#%#!D i& the fir&t wel( partner. Since material parameter& have to 9e i(enti#
fie( from 9oth wel( partner& (-ring initialiIation, thi& feat-re i& only availa9le for a &-9&et
of material mo(el& at the moment, namely no. 2!, 12$, an( 12%. Bf thi& new option i& -&e(,
the 233 car(& are not nece&&ary anymore.
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`DEFINE `DEFINE_CONSTRUCTION_STAGES
1"#%/ C3=+B5=D LS-DYNA R7.0
`DEFINE_CONSTRUCTION_STAGES
P-rpo&e) 3efine time& an( (-ration& of con&tr-ction &tage&.

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le BST2>= 2TS 2T= 2T' 'TS 'T=
Type B + + + + +
3efa-lt none $.$ $.$ none ]2TS ]2T=

BST2>=
Stage B3
2TS
2naly&i& time at &tart of &tage
2T=
2naly&i& time at en( of &tage
2T'
2naly&i& time (-ration of ramp
'TS
'eal time at &tart of &tage
'T=
'eal time at en( of &tage
Remarks:
See al&o NCO5T'OLOCO5ST'8CTBO5OST2>=S an( N3=+B5=OST2>=3OCO5ST'8CTBO5
OP2'T.
The fir&t &tage &ho-l( &tart at time Iero. There m-&t 9e no gap& 9etween &tage&, i.e. 2TS for each
&tage m-&t 9e the &ame a& 2T= for the previo-& &tage.
The ramp time allow& gravity loa(ing an( part &tiffeningFremoval to 9e applie( gra(-ally (-ring the
fir&t time perio( 2T' of the con&tr-ction &tage.
The analy&i& alway& r-n& in Xanaly&i& timeY W typically mea&-re( in &econ(&. The Xreal timeY i& -&e(
only a& a n-m9er to appear on o-tp-t plot& an( graph&, an( i& completely ar9itrary. 2 (ynain file i&
written at the en( of each &tage.
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`DEFINE_CONTACT_VOLUME `DEFINE
LS-DYNA R7.0 1"#% C3=+B5=D
`DEFINE_CONTACT_VOLUME
P-rpo&e) 3efine a rectang-lar, a cylin(rical, or a &pherical vol-me in a local coor(inate &y&tem.
5o(e& an( &egment& which 9elong to &pecifie( part B3V& an( lie in&i(e of the (efine( vol-me are
-&e( in the treatment of contact.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le CMB3 CB3 T4P= LC 4C KC
Type B B B + + +
3efa-lt $ $ $ $. $. $.

For type0, rectangular prism
Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le L.5 L.L 4.5 4.L K.5 K.L
Type + + + + + +
3efa-lt $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$

For type1, cylindrical volume
Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le L=5>TJ 'B55=' 'O8T=' 3O25>C
Type + + + +
3efa-lt $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$

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1"#!$ C3=+B5=D LS-DYNA R7.0
For type3, spherical volume
Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 'B55=' 'O8T=' 3O25>S
Type + + +
3efa-lt $.$ $.$ $.$

CMB3
Contact vol-me B3
CB3
Coor(inate &y&tem B3. 'e;-ire( for rectang-lar an( cylin(rical vol-me&
T4P=
Mol-me type. Set to $ for rectang-lar, 1 for cylin(rical, an( 2 for &pherical.
LC
x#coor(inate which (efine& the origin of coor(inate &y&tem or the center of
the &phere for type]% reference( to the glo9al coor(inate &y&tem.
4C
y#coor(inate which (efine& the origin of coor(inate &y&tem or the center of
KC
I#coor(inate which (efine& the origin of coor(inate &y&tem or the center of
L.5
.inim-m x#coor(inate in local coor(inate &y&tem.
L.L
.axim-m x#coor(inate in local coor(inate &y&tem.
4.5
.inim-m y#coor(inate in local coor(inate &y&tem.
4.L
.axim-m y#coor(inate in local coor(inate &y&tem.
K.5
.inim-m I#coor(inate in local coor(inate &y&tem.
K.L
.axim-m I#coor(inate in local coor(inate &y&tem.
L=5>TJ
Length of cylin(er originating at CLC,4C,KCD an( revolving aro-n( the
local x#axi&.
'B55='
Bnner ra(i-& of cylin(er or &phere.
'O8T='
O-ter ra(i-& of cylin(er or &phere.
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LS-DYNA R7.0 1"#!1 C3=+B5=D
3O25>C
Bf the incl-(e( angle 9etween the axi& of the cylin(er an( the normal vector
to the contact &egment i& .ess than thi& angle, the &egment i& (elete(.
3O25>S
Bf the incl-(e( angle 9etween a line (raw from the center of the &phere to
the centroi( of the &egment, an( the normal vector to the contact &egment i&
6reater than thi& angle, the &egment i& (elete(.
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`DEFINE `DEFINE_COORDINATE_NODES
1"#!2 C3=+B5=D LS-DYNA R7.0
`DEFINE_COORDINATE_NODES
P-rpo&e) 3efine a local coor(inate &y&tem with three no(e n-m9er&. The local carte&ian coor(inate
&y&tem i& (efine( in the following &tep&. Bf the primary (irection i& along the x#axi&, then the #axi&
i& comp-te( from the cro&& pro(-ct of x an(y, C&ee +ig-re 1"#2D, = x y, then the y#axi& i& com#
p-te( via y = x. 2 &imilar proce(-re applie& if the local axi& i& along the 9 or 8 axe&. The 3B'
option 9elow applie& to the thir( relea&e of 71 an( later ver&ion&.

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le CB3 51 52 5% +L2> 3B'
Type B B B B B 2
3efa-lt $ $ $ $ $ L

CB3
Coor(inate &y&tem B3. 2 -ni;-e n-m9er ha& to 9e (efine(.
51
B3 of no(e locate( at local origin.
52
B3 of no(e locate( along local x#axi& if 3B']L, the y#axi& if 3B']4, an(
along the I axi& if 3B']K.
5%
B3 of no(e locate( in local x#y plane if 3B']L, the local y#I plane if
3B']4, an( the local I#x plane if 3B']K.
+L2>
Set to -nity, 1, if the local &y&tem i& to 9e -p(ate( each time &tep for the
BO8532'4OSPC no(al con&traint& an( =L=.=5TOB=2. type 0, the
(i&crete 9eam element. >enerally, thi& option when -&e( with no(al SPCG&
i& not re/ommended &ince it can ca-&e exc-r&ion& in the energy 9alance 9e#
ca-&e the con&traint force& at the no(e may go thro-gh a (i&placement if the
no(e i& partially con&traine(
3B'
2xi& (efine( 9y no(e 52 moving from the origin no(e 51. The (efa-lt
(irection i& the x#axi&.
Remarks:
1. The no(e& 51, 52, an( 5% m-&t 9e &eparate( 9y a rea&ona9le (i&tance an( not colinear to
avoi( n-merical inacc-racie&.
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`DEFINE_COORDINATE_NODES `DEFINE
LS-DYNA R7.0 1"#!% C3=+B5=D
y
5
5
5
1
2
3
y
I
x

+ig-re 1"#2. 3efinition of local coor(inate &y&tem -&ing three no(e& when the no(e 52 lie& along
the x#axi&.
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`DEFINE `DEFINE_COORDINATE_SYSTEM
1"#!! C3=+B5=D LS-DYNA R7.0
`DEFINE_COORDINATE_SYSTEMOPOPTIONQ
<BLANK>
IGES
P-rpo&e) 3efine a local coor(inate &y&tem.
,hen no option i& -&e(, the local coor(inate &y&tem i& (efine( 9y three point&. The &ame proce(-re
a& (e&cri9e( in +ig-re 1"#2!, &ee N3=+B5=OCOO'3B52T=O5O3=S, i& -&e(. The coor(inate& of
the no(e& are given in&tea(. 5
1
i& (efine( 9y CL
$
,4
$
,K
$
D, 5
2
i& (efine( 9y CL
L
,4
L
,K
L
D, an( 5
%
9y
CL
P
,4
P
,K
P
D.
,hen option IGES i& invo7e(, LS#3452 will rea( the B>=S file containing three &traight c-rve&
each repre&enting L, 4, K axe&, an( create a local coor(inate &y&tem accor(ing to what are (e&cri9e(
in 'emar7&.

Card 1 of 2 - Required (for no option).
Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le CB3 LO 4O KO LL 4L KL CB3L
Type B + + + + + + B
3efa-lt $ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $

Card 2 of 2 - Required (for no option).
Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le LP 4P KP
Type + + +
3efa-lt $.$ $.$ $.$

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`DEFINE_COORDINATE_SYSTEM `DEFINE
LS-DYNA R7.0 1"#!" C3=+B5=D
Card 1 of 1 - Required for option_IGES.
Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le +BL=52.=
Type C
3efa-lt none

CB3
LO
L#coor(inate of origin.
4O
4#coor(inate of origin.
KO
K#coor(inate of origin.
LL
L#coor(inate of point on local x#axi&.
4L
4#coor(inate of point on local x#axi&.
KL
K#coor(inate of point on local x#axi&.
CB3L
Coor(inate &y&tem B3 applie( to the coor(inate& -&e( to (efine the c-rrent
&y&tem. The coor(inate& L$, 4$, K$, LL, 4L, KL, LP, 4P, an( KP are (e#
fine( with re&pect to the coor(inate &y&tem CB3L.
LP
L#coor(inate of point in local x#y plane.
4P
4#coor(inate of point in local x#y plane.
KP
K#coor(inate of point in local x#y plane.
+BL=52.=
5ame of the B>=S file containing three c-rve& C&ee Remarks 9elowD.
Remarks:
1. The coor(inate& of the point& m-&t 9e &eparate( 9y a rea&ona9le (i&tance an( not colinear to
2. Care m-&t 9e ta7en to avoi( chain& of coor(inate tran&formation& 9eca-&e there i& no g-arantee
that they will 9e exec-te( in the correct or(er.
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`DEFINE `DEFINE_COORDINATE_SYSTEM
1"#!0 C3=+B5=D LS-DYNA R7.0
%. ,hen optionOB>=S i& -&e(, three c-rve& in the B>=S format will 9e -&e( to (efine a local co#
or(inate &y&tem. B>=S c-rve entity type& 120, 11$ an( 1$0 are c-rrently &-pporte(. 2mong the
three c-rve&, the longe&t length will 9e ma(e a& local K#axi&, the mi(#length will 9e 4#axi& an(
the &horte&t length L#axi&. S-gge&te( L, 4 an( K#axi& length i& 1$$mm, 2$$mm an( %$$mm,
re&pectively. 2ll the three c-rve& m-&t have one i(entical point, an( will 9e -&e( for the origin
of the new local coor(inate &y&tem. Coor(inate &y&tem B3 of the local coor(inate &y&tem will
9e 9a&e( on the B>=S file name inp-t. The B>=S file name m-&t &tart with a n-m9er, followe(
9y an X-n(er&coreY or a X(otY. The n-m9er prece(ing the file name will 9e -&e( a& the new lo#
cal coor(inate &y&tem B3, which can then 9e reference( in N.2TO2$ car(&, for example.
2fter the LS#3452 r-n, three 9eam element& of a new PB3 will 9e create( in place of the
three c-rve& repre&enting the local L, 4 an( K#axi& in the 3%PLOT file for viewing in LS#
PrePo&t.
The following i& a partial inp-t example of -&ing the 7eywor( to create a local coor(inate &y&#
tem B3 2" from an B>=S file name( calle( X2"Oige&Y. The B>=S file contain& three c-rve& in
one of the three B>=S entity type&. The newly create( coor(inate &y&tem B3 2" will 9e -&e( to
(efine rigi( 9o(y .B3 2 of PB3 2 to move in the local coor(inate &y&tem, of which the local L
(egree of free(om i& &et free. Bn 7eywor( NBO8532'4OP'=SC'BB=3O.OTBO5O'B>B3,
optionOLOC2L i& -&e( an( the varia9le 3O+ i& &et to X1Y to move the PB3 2 accor(ing to lo#
cal c-rve& % an( ".
*$EYORD
*DE!INE_#OORDINATE_SYSTEM_IGES_TITLE
!210=:0= OP25
25_:=-<
$'''G''''1''''G''''2''''G''''3''''G''''4''''G''''5''''G''''6''''G''''7''''G''''8
*PART
/806C
2 2 2
*MAT_RIGID
$ MID RO E PR N #O)PLE M ALIAS
2 7.83"E'"& 2."7"EG"5 ".28
$ #MO #ON1 #ON2
'1 25 "11111
$L#O o7 A1 A2 A3 %1 %2 %3
25
$'''G''''1''''G''''2''''G''''3''''G''''4''''G''''5''''G''''6''''G''''7''''G''''8
*BO)NDARY_PRES#RIBED_MOTION_RIGID_LO#AL
2 1 " 3 '1." " ".""241 "."
2 1 " 5 '1." " "."115243 ".""241
The 7eywor( can 9e repeate( for each new coor(inate &y&tem if m-ltiple coor(inate &y&tem&
are nee(e(.
The following fig-re ill-&trate& the corre&pon(ing axe&.
Thi& option i& availa9le in LS#3452 '" 'evi&ion 027/ an( later relea&e&.
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`DEFINE_COORDINATE_SYSTEM `DEFINE
LS-DYNA R7.0 1"#!7 C3=+B5=D

CCo-rte&y of 3aimler 2>D
+ig-re 1"#%. Bnp-t c-rve&. >enerate( local coor(inate &y&tem 9eam& when viewe( in LS#
PrePo&t CrightD
Longest length curve
Shortest length curve
Mid-length curve
Local Z-axis
Local X-axis
Local Y-axis
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`DEFINE `DEFINE_COORDINATE_VECTOR
1"#!/ C3=+B5=D LS-DYNA R7.0
`DEFINE_COORDINATE_VECTOR
P-rpo&e) 3efine a local coor(inate &y&tem with two vector&, &ee +ig-re 1"#!. The vector cro&&
pro(-ct, = x xy, (etermine& the I#axi&. The y#axi& i& then given 9y y = x. Bf thi& coor(inate
&y&tem i& a&&igne( to a no(al point, then at each time &tep (-ring the calc-lation, the coor(inate &y&#
tem i& incrementally rotate( -&ing the ang-lar velocity of the no(al point to which it i& a&&igne(.

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le CB3 LL 4L KL LM 4M KM 5B3
Type B + + + + + + B
3efa-lt $ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.

CB3
LL
L#coor(inate on local x#axi&. Origin lie& at C$,$,$D.
4L
4#coor(inate on local x#axi&
KL
K#coor(inate on local x#axi&
LM
L#coor(inate of local x#y vector
4M
4#coor(inate of local x#y vector
KM
K#coor(inate of local x#y vector
5B3
Optional no(al point B3. The coor(inate &y&tem rotate& with the rotation of
thi& no(e. Bf the no(e i& not (efine(, the coor(inate &y&tem i& &tationary.
Remarks:
1. The&e vector& &ho-l( 9e &eparate( 9y a rea&ona9le incl-(e( angle to avoi( n-merical inacc-#
racie&.
2. B(eally, thi& no(al point &ho-l( 9e attache( to a rigi( 9o(y or a &tr-ct-ral part where the no(#
al point ang-lar velocitie& are meaningf-l. Bt &ho-l( 9e note( that ang-lar velocitie& of no(e&
may not 9e meaningf-l if the no(al point i& attache( only to &oli( element& an( even to &hell
element& where the (rilling (egree of free(om may 9e &ing-lar, which i& li7ely in flat geome#
trie&.
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`DEFINE_COORDINATE_VECTOR `DEFINE
LS-DYNA R7.0 1"#! C3=+B5=D
xy
y
I
x
Origin C$,$,$D

+ig-re 1"#!. 3efinition of the coor(inate &y&tem with two vector&.
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`DEFINE `DEFINE_CPM_BAG_INTERACTION
1"#"$ C3=+B5=D LS-DYNA R7.0
`DEFINE_CPM_BAG_INTERACTION
P-rpo&e) To allow interaction 9etween two particle 9ag&. The ma&ter 9ag &ho-l( 9e an active parti#
cle 9ag an( the &lave 9ag i& a control vol-me CCMD 9ag converte( from a particle 9ag. The co(e will
a-tomatically &earch for all the common vent part& 9etween the&e two 9ag& for the interaction. The
energy vente( from the ma&ter 9ag will 9e recor(e( every time &tep a& the energy inp-t to the &lave
9ag. Thi& energy flow i& applie( in one (irection only Cma&ter to &laveD. The &lave 9ag pre&&-re will
9e -&e( a& the (own&tream pre&&-re for the ma&ter venting e;-ation.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le Bag B31 Bag B32
Type B B
3efa-lt none none

Bag B31
2ir9ag B3 of ma&ter CP. particle 9ag
Bag B32
2i9ag B3 of &lave CM 9ag &witche( from CP. 9ag
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`DEFINE_CPM_CHAMBER `DEFINE
LS-DYNA R7.0 1"#"1 C3=+B5=D
`DEFINE_CPM_CHAMBER
P-rpo&e) To (efine air9ag cham9er& for air particle initialiIation or cham9er interaction.
Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le B3 5CJ.
Type B B
3efa-lt none $

Each chamber definition:
Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le SB31 SB32 5B5T=' CJ.OB3
Type B B B B
3efa-lt none $ $ $

Optional cards if NINTER>0(n1...NINTER)
Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le SB3% BT4P=% TOCJ.
Type B B B

B3 8ni;-e B3 for thi& car(
5CJ. 5-m9er of cham9er& (efine( in thi& car(
SB31 Part &et (efining the cham9er Cnormal& pointe( inwar(E &ee 'emar7 1D.
SB32 Part &et (efining the cham9er Cnormal& pointe( o-twar(E &ee 'emar7 1D.
5B5T=' 5-m9er of vent hole (efinition for cham9er interaction.
CJ.OB3 Cham9er B3 C&ee 'emar7 2D.
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`DEFINE `DEFINE_CPM_CHAMBER
1"#"2 C3=+B5=D LS-DYNA R7.0
SB3% Set (efining interaction 9etween cham9er&
BT4P=%
Set type =S.$) Part
=S.1) Part &et
TOCJ. The cham9er B3 of the connecte( cham9er.
Remarks
1. =ach cham9erG& vol-me i& calc-late( 9a&e( on part normal pointe( inwar(. Part& with wrong orienta#
tion nee( to -&e the SB32 to invert the normal.

*SET_PART_LIST
1
1 2 3 4
*SET_PART_LIST
2"
1 2
*DE!INE_#PM_#,AMBER
1234 2
2" " 1 &&8
2 " &&7
1 2" 1 &&7
2 " &&8
Cham9er 7
Cham9er /
P1
P2
P%
P!
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`DEFINE_CPM_CHAMBER `DEFINE
LS-DYNA R7.0 1"#"% C3=+B5=D
2. Particle& with (ifferent cham9er B3 will not interact in particle to particle colli&ion. Thi& feat-re will
allow program to (i&ting-i&h particle& &eparate( 9y a thin wall.
%. 2ll cham9er& (ata are o-tp-t to l&(a 9ino-t (ata9a&e. The -tility Xl2aY can convert it into a9&tat
Ocham9er 2SCBB file an( proce&& with l&prepo&t -n(er a9&tat format
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`DEFINE `DEFINE_CPM_GAS_PROPERTIES
1"#"! C3=+B5=D LS-DYNA R7.0
`DEFINE_CPM_GAS_PROPERTIES
P-rpo&e) To (efine exten(e( ga& thermo(ynamic propertie&

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le B3 Lmm Cp$ Cp1 Cp2 Cp% Cp!
Type B + + + + + +
3efa-lt none none $. $. $. $. $.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le vt$ vt1 vt2 vt% vt! ChmOB3 Mini
Type + + + + + B +
3efa-lt $. $. $. $. $. $ $.

B3
8ni;-e B3 for thi& car(
Lmm
.olar ma&&
Cp$..Cp!
Coefficient& of temperat-re (epen(ent &pecific heat with con&tant pre&&-re
C
p
CTD ] C
p$
[ C
p1
T [ C
p2
T
2
[ C
p%
T
%
[ C
p!
T
!
vt$..vt!
Coefficient& of temperat-re (epen(ent :o-le#Thom&on effect
H
t
CTD ] H
t$
[ H
t1
T [ H
t2
T
2
[ H
t2
T
%
[ H
t2
T
!
ChmOB3
Cham9er B3 Cremar7 1D
Mini
Bnitial vol-me for -&er (efine( inflator Cremar7 1D
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`DEFINE_CPM_GAS_PROPERTIES `DEFINE
LS-DYNA R7.0 1"#"" C3=+B5=D
*AIRBAG_PARTI#LE
$....1....$....2....$....3....$....4....$....5....$....6....$....7....$....8....
1"1" 1 1"11 1 " "." "." 1
1""""" " 1 3""." 1."-'"4 1
1 1 1
61 " 1." " " 1 "."
1."E'"4 3""." '&&""
651 653 '&&1"
3"""""1 1."
$....................................................
*DE!INE_#PM_GAS_PROPERTIES
$....1....$....2....$....3....$....4....$....5....$....6....$....7....$....8....
&&"" 2.8&7E'"2 2.671EG"1 7.466E'"3'1.323E'"6

&&1" 4."E'"3 2".7&
'61".63 '"."&26
Remark:
1. Bf ChmOB3 an( Mini are (efine(. Thi& ga& property will 9e -&e( in the -&erOinflator ro-tine
which i& provi(e( in the (yn219.f of general -&ermat pac7age. The co(e will give c-rrent
cham9er vol-me, pre&&-re, temperat-re an( time &tep an( expect ret-rning val-e of change
of cham9er, 9-rne( ga& temperat-re an( ma&& flow rate to fee(9ac7 to the co(e for relea&ing
particle&. 2ll &tate (ata for thi& cham9er will 9e o-tp-t 9ino-t -n(er a9&tatOcham9er &-9(i#
rectory.
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`DEFINE `DEFINE_CPM_VENT
1"#"0 C3=+B5=D LS-DYNA R7.0
`DEFINE_CPM_VENT
P-rpo&e) To (efine exten(e( vent hole option&

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le B3 C2% LCTC2% LCPC2% =5JOM PPOP C2%8P BOPT
Type B + B B B + +

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le :T B3S1 B3S2 BOPT1
Type B B B
3efa-lt $ none none

B3
8ni;-e B3 for thi& car(
C2%
Ment hole coefficient CParameter for ,ang#5ef&7e lea7ageD C3efa-lt 1.$D
LCTC2%
Loa( c-rve (efining vent hole coefficient a& a f-nction of time.
LCPC2%
Loa( c-rve (efining vent hole coefficient a& a f-nction of pre&&-re.
=5JOM
=nhance venting option. C3efa-lt $D Jowever if :o-le#Thom&on effect i&
con&i(ere(, the option will &et to 1 a-tomatically.
=S.$) (i&a9le
=S.1) ena9le
PPOP
Pre&&-re (ifference 9etween interior an( am9ient pre&&-re to open the vent
hole. Once the vent i& open then it will &tay open.
C2%8P
Scale factor of C2% while &witching from CP. to -niform pre&&-re calc-#
lation
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`DEFINE_CPM_VENT `DEFINE
LS-DYNA R7.0 1"#"7 C3=+B5=D
BOPT
3irectional venting
=S.1) in &hell normal
=S.2) again&t &hell normal
One#way venting
=S.[1$) in &hell normal
=S.[2$) again&t &hell normal
:T
:o-le#Thom&on effect, Bf :o-le#Thom&on effect i& con&i(ere(, =5JOM will
&et to ena9le.
=S.$) (i&a9le
=S.1) -&e part pre&&-re
=S.2) -&e cham9er pre&&-re
B3S1
:TG& -p &tream con(ition part B3Fcham9er B3
B3S2
:TG& (own&tream con(ition part B3Fcham9er B3
BOPT1
8p&tream cham9er B3 for one#way vent hole. Thi& will help the co(e to
(etermine the pro9a9ility f-nction.
*AIRBAG_PARTI#LE
$....1....$....2....$....3....$....4....$....5....$....6....$....7....$....8....
1"1" 1 1"11 1 " "." "." 1
1""""" " 1 3""." 1."-'"4 1
1 1 1
61 " '&&1"
1."E'"4 3""." 2.8&7E'"2 2.671EG"1 7.466E'"3 '1.323E'"6
1""" 1""1 4."E'"3 2".7&
3"""""1 1."
$....................................................
*DE!INE_#PM_%ENT
$....1....$....2....$....3....$....4....$....5....$....6....$....7....$....8....
&&1" 1." " " 1 "."
1 51 2
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`DEFINE `DEFINE_CURVE
1"#"/ C3=+B5=D LS-DYNA R7.0
`DEFINE_CURVEOPOPTIONQ
P-rpo&e) 3efine a c-rve Tfor example, loa( Cor(inate val-eD ver&-& time Ca9&ci&&a val-eDU, often re#
ferre( to a& a loa( c-rve.
C-rve& are (i&cretiIe( internally with e;-al interval& along the a9&ci&&a for fa&t eval-ation in con&ti#
t-tive mo(el&. 3i&cretiIe( c-rve& are not -&e( for eval-ating loa(ing con(ition&, e.g., pre&&-re&,
concentrate( force&, (i&placement 9o-n(ary con(ition&, etc. 2l&o, &ee remar7 1 9elow. To improve
the acc-racy of the (i&cretiIe( c-rve& in later relea&e& of ver&ion 7$ change& were ma(e in the (i&#
cretiIation proce&&. The&e change& ha( the -nexpecte( effect of changing the re&-lt& generate( with
vali(ate( mo(el& &-ch a& 9arrier& an( occ-pant&. Con&e;-ently, OPTION wa& a((e( to ma7e avail#
a9le the ol( (i&cretiIation if nee(e( for the vali(ate( mo(el&.
<OPTION>
3858
5434a
which corre&pon( to the fir&t relea&e& of ver&ion 7$ an( the 2$$" relea&e, re&pectively.
Since inp-t error& an( wrong re&-lt& are &ometime& relate( to loa( c-rve -&age, a X=oad /ur+e us$
a6eY ta9le i& printe( in the 3%JSP file after all the inp-t i& rea(. Thi& ta9le &ho-l( 9e chec7e( to
in&-re that each c-rve B3 i& reference( 9y the option for which the c-rve i& inten(e(.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le LCB3 SB3' S+2 S+O O++2 O++O 32TT4P
Type B B + + + + B
3efa-lt none $ 1. 1. $. $. $

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`DEFINE_CURVE `DEFINE
LS-DYNA R7.0 1"#" C3=+B5=D
Card 2, 3, 4, etc. Put one pair of points per card (2E20.0). Input is terminated when a ~` card
is found. (Use only two points for applying loads if the implicit arc-length method is active.)
Car( 2R 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 21 O1
Type + +
3efa-lt $.$ $.$

LCB3
Loa( c-rve B3. Ta9le& C&ee N3=+B5=OT2BL=D an( loa( c-rve& may not
&hare common B3G&. LS#3452 allow& loa( c-rve B3G& an( ta9le B3G& to 9e
-&e( interchangea9ly. 2 -ni;-e n-m9er ha& to 9e (efine(.
SB3'
Stre&& initialiIation 9y (ynamic relaxation)
=S.$) loa( c-rve -&e( in tran&ient analy&i& only or for other applica#
tion&,
=S.1) loa( c-rve -&e( in &tre&& initialiIation 9-t not tran&ient analy&i&,
=S.2) loa( c-rve applie& to 9oth initialiIation an( tran&ient analy&i&.
S+2
Scale factor for a9&ci&&a val-e. Thi& i& -&ef-l for &imple mo(ification&.
=S.$.$) (efa-lt &et to 1.$.
S+O
Scale factor for or(inate val-e Cf-nctionD. Thi& i& -&ef-l for &imple mo(ifi#
cation&.
=S.$.$) (efa-lt &et to 1.$.
O++2
Off&et for a9&ci&&a val-e&, &ee explanation 9elow.
O++O
Off&et for or(inate val-e& Cf-nctionD, &ee explanation 9elow.
32TT4P
3ata type. 8&-ally $, &et to 1 only for general xy (ata. Thi& affect& how
off&et& are applie(. >eneral xy (ata c-rve& refer to c-rve& who&e a9&ci&&a
val-e& (o not increa&e monotonically. >enerally, 32TT4P]$ for time (e#
pen(ent c-rve&, force ver&-& (i&placement c-rve&, an( &tre&& &train c-rve&.
21, 22,...
29&ci&&a val-e&. See remar7& 9elow.
O1, O2,...
Or(inate Cf-nctionD val-e&. See remar7& 9elow.
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`DEFINE `DEFINE_CURVE
1"#0$ C3=+B5=D LS-DYNA R7.0
Remarks:
1. Warning) Bn the (efinition of Loa( C-rve& -&e( in the con&tit-tive mo(el&, rea&ona9le &pac#
ing of the point& &ho-l( alway& 9e o9&erve(, i.e., never &et a &ingle point off to a val-e ap#
proaching infinity. LS#3452 -&e& internally (i&cretiIe( c-rve& to improve efficiency in the
con&tit-tive mo(el&. 2l&o, &ince the con&tit-tive mo(el& extrapolate the c-rve&, it i& im#
portant to en&-re that extrapolation (oe& not lea( to phy&ically meaningle&& val-e&, &-ch a& a
negative flow &tre&&. The n-m9er of point& in each re(i&cretiIe( c-rve i& controlle( 9y the
parameter LCB5T in NCO5T'OLOSOL8TBO5. By changing LCB5T to a val-e greater than
the (efa-lt of 1$$, the re(i&cretiIe( c-rve& may 9etter re&em9le the inp-t c-rve&. The (ata
point& of the re(i&cretiIe( c-rve& are written to me&&ag an( (%h&p if the parameter BPC8'M
i& &et to 1 in NCO5T'OLOO8TP8T.
2. The loa( c-rve val-e& are &cale( after the off&et& are applie(, i.e.)
Abscisso :oluc = SFA (cincJ :oluc +FFA)
rJinotc :oluc = SF (cincJ :oluc +FF)

%. Po&itive off&et& for the loa( c-rve& C32TT4P]$D are inten(e( for time ver&-& f-nction
c-rve& &ince two a((itional point& are generate( a-tomatically at time Iero an( at
time .NO++2 with the f-nction val-e& &et to Iero. Bf 32TT4P]1, then the off&et& (o not
create the&e a((itional point&. 5egative off&et& for the a9&ci&&a &imply &hift& the a9&ci&&a
val-e& witho-t creating a((itional point&.
!. Loa( c-rve& are not extrapolate( 9y LS#3452 for applie( loa(& &-ch a& pre&&-re&, concen#
trate( force&, (i&placement 9o-n(ary con(ition&, etc. +-nction val-e& are &et to Iero if the
time, etc., goe& off &cale. Therefore, extreme care m-&t 9e o9&erve( when (efining loa(
c-rve&. Bn the con&tit-tive mo(el&, extrapolation i& employe( if the val-e& on the a9&ci&&a go
off &cale.
". The loa( c-rve off&et& an( &cale factor& are ignore( (-ring re&tart& if the c-rve i& re(efine(.
See NCJ25>=OC8'M=O3=+B5BTBO5 in the re&tart &ection.
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`DEFINE_CURVE_COMPENSATION `DEFINE
LS-DYNA R7.0 1"#01 C3=+B5=D
`DEFINE_CURVE_COMPENSATION
P-rpo&e) To (efine a c-rve for local compen&ation. 2ll element& in&i(e or o-t&i(e of a c-rve can 9e
compen&ate( locally with a tran&itional region. Thi& 7eywor( m-&t 9e -&e( with NB5T='+2C=
OCO.P=5S2TBO5O5=,.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le B5O8T
Type B
3efa-lt none

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le L 4 K
Type + + +

B5O8T
=S.1) element& in&i(e the c-rve will 9e compen&ate(
=S.2) element& o-t&i(e the c-rve will 9e compen&ate(
L,4,K
Coor(inate& of c-rve point&
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`DEFINE `DEFINE_CURVE_COMPENSATION_CONSTRAINT
1"#02 C3=+B5=D LS-DYNA R7.0
`DEFINE_CURVE_COMPENSATION_CONSTRAINT_POPTIONQ
P-rpo&e) The&e two 7eywor(& allow for the (efinition of a localiIe( (ie face region for &pring9ac7
compen&ation of &tamping tool&. The&e 7eywor(& together form a file to 9e -&e( in NB5CL83=
OCO.P=5S2TBO5OC8'M=.
Option& availa9le incl-(e)
OBEGIN
_END

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le C'MB3 B5FO8T T4P=
Type B B B
3efa-lt $ $ none

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le L 4 K
Type + + +
3efa-lt $.$ $.$ $.$
Card 3, 4, 5, etc. is defined for one pair of points per card. Input is terminated when a ~` card
is found.

C'MB3
C-rve B3E m-&t 9e -ni;-e, with the &ame 9egin an( en( point coor(inate&.
B5FO8T
+lag to in(icate local area to 9e compen&ate()
=S.1) Compen&ate area incl-(e& enclo&e( c-rve -n(er 7eywor(
nB=>B5V an( tran&ition area 9etween the two c-rve&E no change&
will 9e ma(e to the area o-t&i(e the c-rve -n(er 7eywor( n=53V.
T4P=
Type co(e # m-&t 9e X$Y.
L
L#coor(inate of a point on the c-rve.
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`DEFINE_CURVE_COMPENSATION_CONSTRAINT `DEFINE
LS-DYNA R7.0 1"#0% C3=+B5=D
4
4#coor(inate of a point on the c-rve.
K
K#coor(inate of a point on the c-rve.
Remarks:
1. Sometime& &pring9ac7 occ-r& in a localiIe( region of the (ie face. Since other part& of the (ie
face (o not nee( to 9e (i&t-r9e(, a localiIe( compen&ation ma7e& the mo&t &en&e to 9ring the
part &hape 9ac7 to the (e&ign intent. 2 typical &-ch example will 9e the front portion along the
grill an( hea(lamp, or the rear portion along the win(&hiel( of a trimme( hoo( inner panel. 2
(ec7li( Cor tr-n7li7(D inner al&o exhi9it& the &imilar nee(&. Bterative compen&ation &cheme may
9e employe( within thi& localiIe( region to 9ring the &pring9ac7 panel 9ac7 to (e&ign intent.
2. The 7eywor(& nCO.P=5S2TBO5OCO5ST'2B5T_B=>B5V an( nCO.P=5S2TBO5
OCO5ST'2B5T_=53V m-&t 9e -&e( together in a file, which in t-rn will 9e incl-(e( in 7ey#
wor( NB5CL83=OCO.P=5S2TBO5OC8'M=. The 7eywor( nB=>B5V prece(e& the 7eywor(
n=53V, each i& (efine( 9y (i&crete point&. Bn a((ition, each c-rve m-&t form a clo&e( loop. The
area forme( 9etween the two c-rve& i& a tran&ition area, an( will 9e reflecte( in the compen#
&ate( tooling. LS#PrePo&t Cpage2Fc-rveD can 9e -&e( to Hoin m-ltiple (i&connecte( c-rve&, an(
o-tp-t in n.xyIV format re;-ire( here.
%. The c-rve can 9e a %#3 piecewi&e linear c-rve with coor(inate& in L, 4 an( K. Jowever, K#
coor(inate& are ignore(E meaning the tooling to 9e compen&ate( m-&t 9e po&itione( &o (raw (i#
rection i& in glo9al K. Otherwi&e error will occ-r. Bn a((ition, it i& a&&-me( that 9oth X9lan7 9e#
fore &pring9ac7Y an( X9lan7 after &pring9ac7Y will 9e &maller than rigi( tool& in (imen&ion. Bt
i& note( the rigi( tool me&he& &ho-l( 9e (i&cretiIe( fine eno-gh to provi(e eno-gh (egree& of
free(om for the compen&ation.
!. 2 complete inp-t (ec7 i& provi(e( 9elow for a local compen&ation &im-lation. The 7eywor(
file& state1#> an( state2#> con&i&t mo(el Cno(e& an( element&D information of the 9lan7 9efore
an( after &pring9ac7, re&pectively. Bt i& note here that if the 9lan7 i& a(aptively refine(, the
a(aptive con&traint& m-&t 9e incl-(e( in the 7eywor( file&. The 7eywor( file too.s#> con&i&t&
the &tamping tool& Cwith PB3 1, 2, % an( !D all po&itione( in home po&ition. The 7eywor( file
/ur+es:9#:98 con&i&t& 7eywor(& nB=>B5V an( n=53V (efining the two clo&e(#loop c-rve& -&e(
to (efine a localiIe( area.
*$EYORD
*TITLE
LS'D401&71 #o>/-0<13:o0 MoF
$'''G''''1''''G''''2''''G''''3''''G''''4''''G''''5''''G''''6''''G''''7''''G''''8
*INTER!A#E_#OMPENSATION_NE
$ MET,OD SL S! ELRE! PSID> )ND#T ANGLE NOLINEAR
6 1".""" ".7"" " 1 " " 1
*IN#L)DE_#OMPENSATION_BLAN$_BE!ORE_SPRINGBA#$
<313-1.Q
*IN#L)DE_#OMPENSATION_BLAN$_A!TER_SPRINGBA#$
<313-2.Q
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1"#0! C3=+B5=D LS-DYNA R7.0
*IN#L)DE_#OMPENSATION_DESIRED_BLAN$_S,APE
<313-1.Q
*IN#L)DE_#OMPENSATION_#OMPENSATED_S,APE
<313-1.Q
*IN#L)DE_#OMPENSATION_#)RRENT_TOOLS
3oo2<.Q
*IN#L)DE_#OMPENSATION_#)R%E
6879-<A4.A4B
*SET_PART_LIST
1
1H2H3H4
*END
2 portion of the file /ur+es:9#:98 i& &hown 9elow,
*$EYORD
*DE!INE_#)R%E_#OMPENSATION_#ONSTRAINT_BEGIN
$ #ID INNO)T TYPE
1 1 "
'1.86&25-G"2 1.83338-G"3 '1.5552"-G"1
'1.83545-G"2 1.83""3-G"3 '1.5546&-G"1
'1.8"162-G"2 1.82668-G"3 '1.55428-G"1
'1.&1811-G"2 1.83884-G"3 '1.56"14-G"1
'1.&"187-G"2 1.837"1-G"3 '1.55852-G"1
'1.8856"-G"2 1.8351&-G"3 '1.55688-G"1
'1.86&25-G"2 1.83338-G"3 '1.5552"-G"1
*DE!INE_#)R%E_#OMPENSATION_#ONSTRAINT_END
$ #ID INNO)T TYPE
2 1 "
'4."773"-G"2 1.61371-G"3 '8."4858-G"1
'3.8448"-G"2 1.5&8&"-G"3 '7.&&16&-G"1
'3.611&3-G"2 1.58423-G"3 '7.&3471-G"1
'3.37832-G"2 1.56&84-G"3 '7.87756-G"1
'4.4&28&-G"2 1.67556-G"3 '8."4582-G"1
'4.35672-G"2 1.65473-G"3 '8."5162-G"1
'4.21764-G"2 1.633&6-G"3 '8."553"-G"1
'4."773"-G"2 1.61371-G"3 '8."4858-G"1
*END
5ote the 1
&t
point an( la&t point are exactly the &ame, forming a clo&e( loop. .-lti#region lo#
caliIe( compen&ation i& al&o po&&i9le 9y (efining m-ltiple pair& of theOB=>B5 an(O=53
7eywor(&, each forming a localiIe( region. +or example, for localiIe( compen&ation of two
region&, the file /ur+es:9#:98 will rea( a& follow&,
*$EYORD
$ #ID INNO)T TYPE
1 1 "
3.67&67-G"2 1.63423-G"3 '6.&8532-G"1
3.6"66&-G"2 1.62&&2-G"3 '6.&2&21-G"1
3.53586-G"2 1.62525-G"3 '6.88777-G"1
...
$ #ID INNO)T TYPE
2 1 "
4.12534-G"2 1.75537-G"3 '5.83&75-G"1
3.&8853-G"2 1.75264-G"3 '5.5886"-G"1
3.852&2-G"2 1.74&21-G"3 '5.35&15-G"1
...
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`DEFINE_CURVE_COMPENSATION_CONSTRAINT `DEFINE
LS-DYNA R7.0 1"#0" C3=+B5=D
$ #ID INNO)T TYPE
3 1 "
'4.37478-G"2 2.673&3-G"3 '1.7"421-G"2
'4.456"5-G"2 2.672"&-G"3 '1.71724-G"2
'4.5364&-G"2 2.66&85-G"3 '1.728&4-G"2
...
$ #ID INNO)T TYPE
4 1 "
'4.4&426-G"2 2.7&"57-G"3 '2.1874"-G"2
'4.633&4-G"2 2.7874&-G"3 '2.2"&55-G"2
'4.77223-G"2 2.7837"-G"3 '2.22&38-G"2
...
*END
". 2n example 9elow &how& compen&ate( re&-lt on a localiIe( center portion of a rigi( tool of a
&phere &hape. Compen&ation &cale factor of $.7 wa& -&e( an( &mooth tran&ition area& are
achieve(. 2nother example 9elow &how& the m-lti#region localiIe( compen&ation re&-lt&.

+ig-re 1"#". LocaliIe( Compen&ation Bll-&tration
Begin c-rve
=n( c-rve
Tran&ition area
Section 2#2
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1"#00 C3=+B5=D LS-DYNA R7.0

+ig-re 1"#0. LocaliIe( Compen&ation 'e&-lt& along Section 2#2

+ig-re 1"#7. .-lti#region LocaliIe( Compen&ation
Section A-A

Spring9ac7 .e&h
Compen&ate( tool
Target me&h
Section A-A
Compen&ate( Tool
Target .e&h
Spring9ac7 .e&h
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`DEFINE_CURVE_DRAWBEAD `DEFINE
LS-DYNA R7.0 1"#07 C3=+B5=D
`DEFINE_CURVE_DRAWBEAD
P-rpo&e) Thi& 7eywor( &implifie& the creation of (raw9ea(, previo-&ly re;-ire& a few 7eywor(& to
(efine.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le CB3 TCT4P= MB3 PB3 BLAB3 P='CT LCB3
Type B B B B B + B
3efa-lt none none none none none $.$ none

Card 2,3,4, etc., define if and only if TCTYPE1, with one pair of X,Y,Z data per card. Input
is terminated when a ~` card is found.

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le CL C4
Type + +
3efa-lt $.$ $.$

Card 2 defined if and only if TCTYPE2.
Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le +BL=52.=
Type C
3efa-lt none

CB3
3raw 9ea( c-rve B3E m-&t 9e -ni;-e for each (raw 9ea( &egment.
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1"#0/ C3=+B5=D LS-DYNA R7.0
TCT4P=
+lag to in(icate inp-t c-rve (ata format)
=S.1) L4K (ata,
=S.2) B>=S format (ata.
MB3
Mector B3, a& (efine( 9y N3=+B5=OM=CTO'. Thi& vector i& -&e( to pro#
Hect the &-pplie( c-rve& to the rigi( tool, (efine( 9y varia9le PB3.
PB3
Part B3 of the rigi( tool to which the c-rve& are proHecte( an( attache(.
BLAB3
Part &et B3 of the 9lan7.
P='CT
3raw 9ea( loc7 percentage or (raw 9ea( force.
>T.$) Percentage of the f-ll loc7 force for thi& &egment of the 9ea( (ef#
inition. Thi& i& the ratio of (e&ire( re&training force over the f-ll
loc7 force. The val-e &ho-l( 9e 9etween $.$ an( 1$$.$.
LT.$) 29&ol-te val-e i& the (raw 9ea( force.
LCB3
Loa( c-rve B3 (efining material har(ening c-rve of the &heet 9lan7.
Remarks:
1. 3raw 9ea( c-rve in &pace either in L4K or B>=S (ata format i& proHecte( to the rigi( tool
C9in(erD. =xtra no(e &et& are create( an( attache( to the 9in(er. By referring to the material
har(ening c-rve of the &heet 9lan7 in the 7eywor(, f-ll loc7 force i& calc-late(, along with re#
&training force c-rve an( normal 9ea( force c-rve create( a-tomatically. Bn a((ition to the two
N3=+B5=OC8'M= car(& for the force&, there i& no nee( to (efine NCO5T2CT
O3'2,B=23 an( NCO5ST'2B5=3O'B>B3OBO3B=S &ince they are treate( internally
within the co(e now.
2. LS#PrePo&t Cpage2Fc-rveD can 9e -&e( to 9rea7 or Hoin m-ltiple (i&connecte( c-rve&, an( o-t#
p-t in nL4KV format.
%. The following partial 7eywor( example (efine& &ix (raw 9ea(& to re&train 9lan7 with PB3 0%,
with &train har(ening c-rve B3 !$$. The (raw 9ea(& are proHecte( along vector B3 1, in
B>=S format, an( are attache( to a rigi( tool with PB3 %.
$'''G''''1''''G''''2''''G''''3''''G''''4''''G''''5''''G''''6''''G''''7''''G''''8
*$EYORD
*/171>-3-7
I F2Q/:; 63
I 9:; &&1
*;-5:0-_9-63o7
&&1H"."H"."H"."H"."H"."H1"."
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`DEFINE_CURVE_DRAWBEAD `DEFINE
LS-DYNA R7.0 1"#0 C3=+B5=D
*;-5:0-_6879-_;71LF-1;
$ #ID T#TYPE %ID PID BL$ID PER#T L#ID
&8 2 &&1 3 63 52.442 4""
F-1;1.:=-<
*;-5:0-_6879-_;71LF-1;
&& 2 &&1 3 63 72.1"8" 4""
F-1;2.:=-<
*;-5:0-_6879-_;71LF-1;
1"" 2 &&1 3 63 65.55 4""
F-1;3.:=-<
*;-5:0-_6879-_;71LF-1;
1"1 2 &&1 3 63 65.55 4""
F-1;4.:=-<
*;-5:0-_6879-_;71LF-1;
1"2 2 &&1 3 63 55.72 4""
F-1;5.:=-<
*;-5:0-_6879-_;71LF-1;
1"3 2 &&1 3 63 72.1"8 4""
F-1;6.:=-<
*END
!. Thi& feat-re i& availa9le in LS#3452 '" 'evi&ion 02!0! an( later relea&e&.
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`DEFINE `DEFINE_CURVE_DUPLICATE
1"#7$ C3=+B5=D LS-DYNA R7.0
`DEFINE_CURVE_DUPLICATE
P-rpo&e) 3efine a c-rve 9y optionally &caling an( off&etting the a9&ci&&a an( or(inate& of another
c-rve (efine( 9y the N3=+B5=OC8'M= 7eywor(.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le LCB3 'LCB3 S+2 S+O O++2 O++O
Type B B + + + +
3efa-lt none none 1. 1. $. $.

LCB3
Loa( c-rve B3. Ta9le& C&ee N3=+B5=OT2BL=D an( loa( c-rve B3V& m-&t
9e -ni;-e.
'LCB3
'eference loa( c-rve B3.
S+2
Scale factor for a9&ci&&a val-e of c-rve B3, 'LCB3. Thi& val-e &cale& the
S+2 val-e (efine( for 'LCB3.
=S.$.$) (efa-lt &et to 1.$.
S+O
Scale factor for or(inate val-e Cf-nctionD of c-rve B3, 'LCB3. Thi& val-e
&cale& the S+O val-e (efine( for 'LCB3.
=S.$.$) (efa-lt &et to 1.$.
O++2
Off&et for a9&ci&&a val-e&. Thi& val-e i& a((e( to the O++2 val-e (efine(
for 'LCB3.
O++O
Off&et for or(inate val-e& Cf-nctionD. Thi& val-e i& a((e( to the O++O val#
-e (efine( for 'LCB3.
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`DEFINE_CURVE_ENTITY `DEFINE
LS-DYNA R7.0 1"#71 C3=+B5=D
`DEFINE_CURVE_ENTITY
P-rpo&e) 3efine a c-rve of &traight line &egment& an( circ-lar arc& that (efine& an axi&ymmetric &-r#
face. Thi& c-rve can only 9e -&e( with the 7eywor(, NCO5T2CTO=5TBT4 for the loa( c-rve enti#
ty, >=OT4P]11. Thi& option i& in the thir( relea&e.

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le LCB3 S+2 S+O S+' O++2 O++O O++'
Type B + + + + + +
3efa-lt none 1. 1. 1. $. $. $.

Card 2, 3, 4, etc. Put one pair of points per card (3E20.0,I20). Input is terminated when a ~`
card is found.
Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 2i Oi 'i B+L2>
Type + + + B
3efa-lt $.$ $.$ optional 'e;-ire( if i'1i@$

LCB3
S+2
Scale factor for axi& val-e. Thi& i& -&ef-l for &imple mo(ification&.
=S.$.$) (efa-lt &et to 1.$.
S+O
Scale factor for ra(i-& val-e&. Thi& i& -&ef-l for &imple mo(ification&.
=S.$.$) (efa-lt &et to 1.$.
S+'
Scale factor for circ-lar ra(i-&. Thi& i& -&ef-l for &imple mo(ification&.
=S.$.$) (efa-lt &et to 1.$.
O++2
Off&et for axi& val-e&, &ee explanation 9elow.
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`DEFINE `DEFINE_CURVE_ENTITY
1"#72 C3=+B5=D LS-DYNA R7.0
O++O
Off&et for ra(i-& val-e&, &ee explanation 9elow.
O++'
Off&et for circ-lar ra(i-&, &ee explanation 9elow.
2i
K#axi& coor(inate& along the axi& of rotation.
Oi
'a(ial coor(inate& from the axi& of rotation
'i
'a(i-& of arc 9etween point& C2i,OiD an( C2i[1,Oi[1D. Bf Iero, a &traight
line &egment i& a&&-me(.
B+L2>
3efine( if i'ii@$. Set to 1 if center of arc i& in&i(e axi&ymmetric &-rface
an( to #1 if the center i& o-t&i(e the axi&ymmetric &-rface.
Remarks:
1. The loa( c-rve val-e& are &cale( after the off&et& are applie(, i.e.)
Axis :oluc = SFA (cincJ :oluc +FFA)
RoJius :oluc = SF (cincJ :oluc +FF)
Circulor roJius = SFR (cincJ :oluc +FFR)
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`DEFINE_CURVE_FEEDBACK `DEFINE
LS-DYNA R7.0 1"#7% C3=+B5=D
`DEFINE_CURVE_FEEDBACK
P-rpo&e) 3efine information that i& -&e( a& the &ol-tion evolve& to &cale the or(inate val-e& of the
&pecifie( loa( c-rve B3. One application for thi& capa9ility i& in &heet metal &tamping.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le LCB3 PB3 BOLB3 +L3B3
Type B B B B
3efa-lt none none $ none

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le +SL TSL S++ S+T BB2S
Type + + + + +
3efa-lt none none 1.$ 1.$ $.$

LCB3
B3 n-m9er for loa( c-rve to 9e &cale(.
PB3
2ctive part B3 for loa( c-rve control
BOLB3
Box B3. =lement& of &pecifie( part B3 containe( in 9ox are chec7e(. Bf the
9ox B3 i& &et to Iero the all element& of the active part are chec7e(.
+L3B3
Loa( c-rve B3 which (efine& the flow limit (iagram a& &hown in +ig-re 1"#
/.
+SL
Bf the &train ratio, e
muo
crpicc

e
muo
l

excee(& ;S=, the &cale factor
for flow, SF, i& active.
TSL
Thic7ne&& &train limit. Bf the thro-gh thic7ne&& &train i& excee(e( the &cale
factor for thic7ening, SI, i& active.
S++
Scale factor for the flow limit (iagram, SF C3efa-lt]1.$D.
S+T
Scale factor for thic7ening, SI C3efa-lt]1.$D.
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`DEFINE `DEFINE_CURVE_FEEDBACK
1"#7! C3=+B5=D LS-DYNA R7.0
BB2S
Bia& for com9ine( flow an( thic7ening, S, -1 S 1.
Remarks:
The &cale factor for the loa( c-rve or(inate val-e i& -p(ate( a&)
S
Ioud cuc
n+1
= S
Ioud cuc
n
S
]nuI

where S
]nuI
i& e;-al to SF if the &train ratio i& excee(e( or to SI if the thic7ne&& &train limit i& ex#
cee(e(. The 9ia& val-e (etermine& the final &cale factor, S
]nuI
, in the event that the thic7ne&& an(
flow limit (iagram criteria 9oth &ati&fie(. Bn thi& ca&e the &cale factor for the loa( c-rve i& given 9y)
S
]nuI
=
1
2
(1 -S) SF +
1
2
(1 +S)SI
>enerally, SFi& &lightly le&& than -nity an( SIi& &lightly greater than -nity &o that S
Ioudcuc
chang#
e& in&ignificantly from time &tep to time &tep.

150 140 130 120 110 0 A10 A20 A30 A40 A50
10
20
30
40
50
(0
70
80

3'2,
ST'=TCJ
MINOR STRAIN

M
A
1
O
R

S
T
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I
N
PL25= ST'2B5
mnr
m2r
m2r
mnr
mnr
= $
m2r

+ig-re 1"#/ . +low limit (iagram
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`DEFINE_CURVE_FLC `DEFINE
LS-DYNA R7.0 1"#7" C3=+B5=D
`DEFINE_CURVE_FLC
P-rpo&e) Thi& 7eywor( allow& for (efining +orming Limit 3iagram C+L3D -&ing &heet metal thic7#
ne&& an( &train har(ening val-e nnV.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le LCB3 TJ 5
Type B + +
3efa-lt none $.$ $.$

LCB3
Loa( c-rve B3.
TJ
Sheet metal thic7ne&&.
5
Strain har(ening val-e of the &heet metal, a& in power law.
Remarks:
1. Thi& 7eywor( i& -&e( in conH-nction with 7eywor( N.2TOT'25SM='S=L4
O25BSOT'OPBCO=L2STBCOPL2STBCO5LPO+2BL8'=. +or (etaile( form-la of calc-lating
the +L3 9a&e( on &heet metal thic7ne&& an( n#val-e, plea&e refer to the following paper) .ing
+. Shi, Shawn >eli&&e, XB&&-e& on the 2JSS +orming Limit 3eterminationY, B33'> 2$$0.
2. Bt i& note( that thi& +L3 calc-lation metho( i& limite( to &heet metal &teel& with thic7ne&& e;-al
to or le&& than 2." mm, an( it i& not &-ita9le for al-min-m &heet&.
%. Bn an example 9elow, the +L3 i& (efine( -&ing a thic7ne&& val-e of 1." an( n#val-e of $.1".
The nLCB3V of /1 i& -&e( to (efine a varia9le nBC+L3V in 7eywor( N.2T
OT'25SM='S=L4O25BSOT'OPBCO=L2STBCOPL2STBCO5LPO+2BL8'=.

*DE!INE_#)R%E_!L#
$ L#IDH T,H N
8&1H1.5H".15&
!. +or al-min-m &heet&, N3=+B5=OC8'M= can 9e -&e( to inp-t the +L3 for the varia9le
nBC+L3V in N.2TOT'25SM='S=L4O25BSOT'OPBCO=L2STBCOPL2STBCO5LP
O+2BL8'=.
". Thi& feat-re i& availa9le in LS#3452 '" 'evi&ion 01!%" an( later relea&e&.
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`DEFINE `DEFINE_CURVE_FUNCTION
1"#70 C3=+B5=D LS-DYNA R7.0
`DEFINE_CURVE_FUNCTION
P-rpo&e) 3efine a c-rve Tfor example, loa( Cor(inate val-eD ver&-& time Ca9&ci&&a val-eDU where the
or(inate i& given 9y a f-nction expre&&ion. The f-nction can reference other c-rve (efinition, 7ine#
matical ;-antitie&, force&, interpolating polynomial&, intrin&ic f-nction&, an( com9ination& thereof.
Plea&e note that many f-nction& re;-ire the (efinition of a local coor(inate &y&tem C&ee 'emar7 1
9elowD. To o-tp-t the c-rve to an 2SCBB (ata9a&e, &ee N32T2B2S=OC8'MO8T. Thi& comman(
i& not for (efining c-rve& for material mo(el&.

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le LCB3 SB3'
Type B B
3efa-lt none $

Card 2, 3, 4, etc. These cards are combined to form a single line of input. The next ~`
terminates the input.
Car( 1
Maria9le +85CTBO5
Type C
'emar7& 1

LCB3
SB3'
tion&,
+85CTBO5
2rithmetic expre&&ion involving a com9ination of the following po&&i9ili#
tie&.
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`DEFINE_CURVE_FUNCTION `DEFINE
LS-DYNA R7.0 1"#77 C3=+B5=D
Constants and Variables
FUNCTION DESCRIPTION
TB.=
C-rrent &im-lation time
PB
Proportionality con&tant relating the circ-mference of a circle to it& (iame#
ter
3TO'
3egree& to ra(ian& conver&ion factor CPBF1/$.D
'TO3
'a(ian& to (egree& conver&ion factor C1/$.FPBD
Intrinsic Functions
2BSCaD
29&ol-te val-e of CaD
2B5TCaD
5eare&t integer who&e magnit-(e i& not larger than CaD
25B5TCaD
5eare&t whole n-m9er to CaD
.O3Ca1,a2D
'emain(er when a1 i& (ivi(e( 9y a2
SB>5Ca1,a2D
Tran&fer &ign of a2 to magnit-(e of a1
.2LCa1,a2D
.axim-m of a1 an( a2
.B5Ca1,a2D
.inim-m of a1 an( a2
SS'TCaD
S;-are root of CaD
=LPCaD
e rai&e( to the power of CaD
LO>CaD
5at-ral logarithm of CaD
LO>1$CaD
Log 9a&e 1$ of CaD
SB5CaD
Sine of CaD
COSCaD
Co&ine of CaD
T25CaD
Tangent of CaD
2SB5CaD
2rc &ine of CaD
2COSCaD
2rc co&ine of CaD
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1"#7/ C3=+B5=D LS-DYNA R7.0
2T25CaD
2rc tangent of CaD
2T252Ca1,a2D
2rc tangent of Ca1Fa2D
SB5JCaD
Jyper9olic &ine of CaD
COSJCaD
Jyper9olic co&ine of CaD
T25JCaD
Jyper9olic tangent of CaD
Load Cures
LCn
Or(inate val-e of c-rve n (efine( el&ewhere C&ee N3=+B5=OC8'M=D
Coordinate Functions
CLCn1D
Mal-e of x#coor(inate for no(e n1.
C4Cn1D
Mal-e of y#coor(inate for no(e n1.
CKCn1D
Mal-e of I#coor(inate for no(e n1.
Dis!lace"ent Functions
3.Cn1T,n2UD
.agnit-(e of tran&lational (i&placement of no(e n1 relative to no(e n2.
5o(e n2 i& optional an( if omitte( the (i&placement i& comp-te( relative to
gro-n(.
3.'BCpi(D
.agnit-(e of tran&lational (i&placement of rigi( 9o(y pi(
3LCn1T,n2,n%UD
x#tran&lational (i&placement of no(e n1 relative to no(e n2 expre&&e( in the
local coor(inate &y&tem of no(e n%. Bf no(e n2 i& omitte( it (efa-lt& to
gro-n(. Bf no(e n% i& not &pecifie( the (i&placement i& reporte( in the
glo9al coor(inate &y&tem.
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LS-DYNA R7.0 1"#7 C3=+B5=D
34Cn1T,n2,n%UD
y#tran&lational (i&placement of no(e n1 relative to no(e n2 expre&&e( in the
3KCn1T,n2,n%UD
I#tran&lational (i&placement of no(e n1 relative to no(e n2 expre&&e( in the
3L'BCpi(D
x#tran&lational (i&placement of rigi( 9o(y pi(
34'BCpi(D
y#tran&lational (i&placement of rigi( 9o(y pi(
3K'BCpi(D
I#tran&lational (i&placement of rigi( 9o(y pi(
2LCn1T,n2UD
'otation (i&placement of no(e n1 a9o-t the local x#axi& of no(e n2. Bf n2
i& not &pecifie( then it (efa-lt& to gro-n(. Bn comp-ting thi& val-e it i& a&#
&-me( the rotation a9o-t the other two axe& Cy#, I#axe&D of no(e n2 i& Iero.
24Cn1T,n2UD
'otation (i&placement of no(e n1 a9o-t the local y#axi& of no(e n2. Bf n2
i& not &pecifie( then it (efa-lt& to gro-n(. Bn comp-ting thi& val-e it i& a&#
&-me( the rotation a9o-t the other two axe& Cx#, I#axe&D of no(e n2 i& Iero.
2KCn1T,n2UD
'otation (i&placement of no(e n1 a9o-t the local I#axi& of no(e n2. Bf n2 i&
not &pecifie( then it (efa-lt& to gro-n(. Bn comp-ting thi& val-e it i& a&#
&-me( the rotation a9o-t the other two axe& Cx#, y#axe&D of no(e n2 i& Iero.
PSBCn1T,n2UD
+ir&t angle in the 9o(y2)%1% =-ler rotation &e;-ence which orient& no(e n1
in the frame of no(e n2. Bf n2 i& omitte( it (efa-lt& to gro-n(.
TJ=T2Cn1T,n2UD
Secon( angle in the 9o(y2)%1% =-ler rotation &e;-ence which orient& no(e
n1 in the frame of no(e n2. Bf n2 i& omitte( it (efa-lt& to gro-n(.
PJBCn1T,n2UD
Thir( angle in the 9o(y2)%1% =-ler rotation &e;-ence which orient& no(e
n1 in the frame of no(e n2. Bf n2 i& omitte( it (efa-lt& to gro-n(.
42,Cn1T,n2UD
+ir&t angle in the 9o(y%)%21 yaw#pitch#roll rotation &e;-ence which orient&
no(e n1 in the frame of no(e n2. Bf n2 i& omitte( it (efa-lt& to gro-n(.
PBTCJCn1T,n2UD
Secon( angle in the 9o(y%)%21 yaw#pitch#roll rotation &e;-ence which ori#
ent& no(e n1 in the frame of no(e n2. Bf n2 i& omitte( it (efa-lt& to gro-n(.
'OLLCn1T,n2UD
Thir( angle in the 9o(y%)%21 yaw#pitch#roll rotation &e;-ence which ori#
ent& no(e n1 in the frame of no(e n2. Bf n2 i& omitte( it (efa-lt& to gro-n(.
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1"#/$ C3=+B5=D LS-DYNA R7.0
Velocit# Functions
M.Cn1T,n2UD
.agnit-(e of tran&lational velocity of no(e n1 relative to no(e n2. 5o(e
n2 i& optional an( if omitte( the velocity i& comp-te( relative to gro-n(.
M'Cn1T,n2UD
'elative ra(ial tran&lational velocity of no(e n1 relative to no(e. Bf no(e n2
i& omitte( it (efa-lt& to gro-n(.
MLCn1T,n2,n%UD
x#component of the (ifference 9etween the tran&lational velocity vector& of
no(e n1 an( no(e n2 in the local coor(inate &y&tem of no(e n%. Bf no(e n2
i& omitte( it (efa-lt& to gro-n(. 5o(e n% i& optional an( if not &pecifie( the
glo9al coor(inate &y&tem i& -&e(.
M4Cn1T,n2,n%UD
y#component of the (ifference 9etween the tran&lational velocity vector& of
MKCn1T,n2,n%UD
I#component of the (ifference 9etween the tran&lational velocity vector& of
,.Cn1T,n2UD
.agnit-(e of ang-lar velocity of no(e n1 relative to no(e n2. 5o(e n2 i&
optional an( if omitte( the ang-lar velocity i& comp-te( relative to gro-n(.
,LCn1T,n2,n%UD
x#component of the (ifference 9etween the ang-lar velocity vector& of no(e
n1 an( no(e n2 in the local coor(inate &y&tem of no(e n%. Bf no(e n2 i&
omitte( it (efa-lt& to gro-n(. 5o(e n% i& optional an( if not &pecifie( the
,4Cn1T,n2,n%UD
y#component of the (ifference 9etween the ang-lar velocity vector& of no(e
,KCn1T,n2,n%UD
I#component of the (ifference 9etween the ang-lar velocity vector& of no(e
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LS-DYNA R7.0 1"#/1 C3=+B5=D
$cceleration Functions
2CC.Cn1T,n2UD
.agnit-(e of tran&lational acceleration of no(e n1 relative to no(e n2.
5o(e n2 i& optional an( if omitte( the acceleration i& comp-te( relative to
gro-n(.
2CCLCn1T,n2,n%UD
x#component of the (ifference 9etween the tran&lational acceleration vec#
tor& of no(e n1 an( no(e n2 in the local coor(inate &y&tem of no(e n%. Bf
no(e n2 i& omitte( it (efa-lt& to gro-n(. 5o(e n% i& optional an( if not
&pecifie( the glo9al coor(inate &y&tem i& -&e(.
2CC4Cn1T,n2,n%UD
y#component of the (ifference 9etween the tran&lational acceleration vec#
2CCKCn1T,n2,n%UD
I#component of the (ifference 9etween the tran&lational acceleration vec#
,3T.Cn1T,n2UD
.agnit-(e of ang-lar acceleration of no(e n1 relative to no(e n2. 5o(e
n2 i& optional an( if omitte( the ang-lar acceleration i& comp-te( relative
to gro-n(.
,3TLCn1T,n2,n%UD
x#component of the (ifference 9etween the ang-lar acceleration vector& of
no(e n1 an( no(e n2 in the local coor(inate &y&tem of no(e n%. Bf no(e
n2 i& omitte( it (efa-lt& to gro-n(. 5o(e n% i& optional an( if not &peci#
fie( the glo9al coor(inate &y&tem i& -&e(.
,3T4Cn1T,n2,n%UD
y#component of the (ifference 9etween the ang-lar acceleration vector& of
,3TKCn1T,n2,n%UD
I#component of the (ifference 9etween the ang-lar acceleration vector& of
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1"#/2 C3=+B5=D LS-DYNA R7.0
%eneric Force Functions
+.Cn1T,n2UD
.agnit-(e of net tran&lational force acting 9etween no(e n1 an( n2. 5o(e
n2 i& optional an( if omitte( the force that acting only on n1.
+LCn1T,n2,n%UD
x#component of the net tran&lational force acting at no(e n1 a& comp-te( in
the optional local &y&tem of no(e n%. Bf n2 i& &pecifie( then all force& act#
ing 9etween n1 an( n2 are incl-(e( in the force comp-tation.
+4Cn1T,n2,n%UD
y#component of the of the net tran&lational force acting at no(e n1 a& com#
p-te( in the optional local &y&tem of no(e n%. Bf n2 i& &pecifie( then all
force& acting 9etween n1 an( n2 are incl-(e( in the force comp-tation.
+KCn1T,n2,n%UD
I#component of the of the net tran&lational force acting at no(e n1 a& com#
p-te( in the optional local &y&tem of no(e n%. Bf n2 i& &pecifie( then all
force& acting 9etween n1 an( n2 are incl-(e( in the force comp-tation.
T.Cn1T,n2UD
.agnit-(e of net tor;-e acting 9etween no(e n1 an( n2. 5o(e n2 i& op#
tional an( if omitte( the tor;-e that acting only on n1.
TLCn1T,n2,n%UD
x#component of the net tor;-e acting at no(e n1 a& comp-te( in the option#
al local &y&tem of no(e n%. Bf n2 i& &pecifie( then all force& acting 9etween
n1 an( n2 are incl-(e( in the tor;-e comp-tation.
T4Cn1T,n2,n%UD
y#component of the net tor;-e acting at no(e n1 a& comp-te( in the option#
TKCn1T,n2,n%UD
I#component of the net tor;-e acting at no(e n1 a& comp-te( in the option#
Sensor Functions
S=5SO'Ccntli(D
'et-rn& a val-e]1.$ if NS=5SO'OCO5T'OL cntli( ha& a
&tat-& of on. Bf &tat-& i& off, f-nction ret-rn& a val-e ] T4P=B3 where
T4P=B3 i& an inp-t parameter in NS=5SO'OCO5T'OL.
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LS-DYNA R7.0 1"#/% C3=+B5=D
Contact Force Functions
'C+O'CCi(,im&,comp,localD
'et-rn& the component /omp C&ee (e&cription 9elowD of contact
interface id C&ee NCO5T2CTO...OB3D a& calc-late( in the local
coor(inate &y&tem .o/a. C&ee N3=+B5=OCOO'3B52T=O...D. Bf
.o/a. e;-al& Iero then force& are reporte( in the glo9al coor(inate
&y&tem. +orce& are reporte( for the &lave &i(e when ims]1 or
ma&ter &i(e when ims]2.
+ollowing are the a(mi&&i9le val-e& of /omp an( their corre#
&pon(ing force component.
1) x force component
2) y force component
%) I force component
!) re&-ltant force
&le"ent S!eci'ic Functions
B=2.Ci(,Hflag,comp,rmD
'et-rn& the force component /omp C&ee (e&cription 9elowD of
9eam id a& calc-late( in the local coor(inate &y&tem rm.
+orce& are reporte( in the glo9al coor(inate &y&tem if rm i&
Iero. Bf rm e;-al& #1 the 9eamV& r, &, an( t forceFmoment i&
ret-rne(. Bf 2-.a6 i& &et to Iero then the forceFtor;-e acting on
n1 en( of the 9eam i& ret-rne(, el&e if 2-.a6 i& &et to -nity the
forceFtor;-e on the n2 en( of the 9eam i& ret-rne(. See
N=L=.=5TOB=2. for the no(al connectivity r-le (efining
n1 an( n2.
2(mi&&i9le val-e& of /omp are 1#/ an( corre&pon( to the fol#
lowing component&.
1) force magnit-(e
2) x force Caxial r#force, rm]#1D
%) y force C&#&hear force, rm]#1D
!) I force Ct#&hear force, rm]#1D
") tor;-e magnit-(e
0) x tor;-e Ctor&ion, rm]#1D
7) y tor;-e C&#moment, rm]#1D
/) I tor;-e Ct#moment, rm]#1D
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1"#/! C3=+B5=D LS-DYNA R7.0
=LJBSTCei(,etype,comp,ipt,localD
'et-rn& the elemental ;-antity /omp C&ee (e&cription 9elowD
of element eid a& calc-late( in the local coor(inate &y&tem
.o/a.. S-antitie& are reporte( in the glo9al coor(inate &y&tem
if .o/a. i& Iero. The parameter ipt &pecifie& whether the
;-antity i& for partic-lar integration point or maxim-m, min#
im-m, or averaging i& applie( acro&& the integration point&.
The following element cla&&e&, &pecifie( with et9pe, are &-p#
porte(.
$) &oli(
2) thin &hell
+ollowing are a(mi&&i9le val-e& of /omp an( the corre&pon(#
ing elemental ;-antity.
1#0) x, y, I, xy, yI, an( Ix &tre&&, re&pectively
7) effective pla&tic &train
/) hy(ro&tatic pre&&-re
1$) effective &tre&&
!"#"$) lower &-rface x,y,I,xy,yI,Ix &train
"1#"0) -pper &-rface x,y,I,xy,yI,Ix &train
"7#02) mi((le &-rface x,y,I,xy,yI,Ix &train
Bntegration point option&, &pecifie( with ipt, follow.
>=.1) ;-antity i& reporte( for integration point
n-m9er ipt
=S.#1) maxim-m of all integration point& C(efa-ltD
=S.#2) average of all integration point&
=S.#%) minim-m of all integration point&
=S.#!) lower &-rface integration point
=S.#") -pper &-rface integration point
=S.#0) mi((le &-rface integration point
The local coor(inate option .o/a. c-rrently (efa-lt& to the
glo9al coor(inate &y&tem for &oli( element& an( other coor(i#
nate &y&tem option& are -navaila9le. Bn the ca&e of thin &hell
element& the ;-antity i& reporte( only in the element local
coor(inate &y&tem.
=S.1) glo9al coor(inate &y&tem C&oli( element&D
=S.2) element coor(inate &y&tem Cthin &hell element&D
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LS-DYNA R7.0 1"#/" C3=+B5=D
:OB5TCi(,Hflag,comp,rmD
'et-rn& the force component /omp C&ee (e&cription 9elowD
(-e to rigi( 9o(y Hoint id a& calc-late( in the local coor(inate
&y&tem rm. Bf 2-.a6 i& &et to Iero then the forceFtor;-e acting
on n1 en( of the Hoint i& ret-rne(. The forceFtor;-e on the n2
en( of the Hoint i& ret-rne( if Hflag i& &et to 1. See
NCO5ST'2B5=3O:OB5T for the r-le (efining n1 an( n2.

Nodal S!eci'ic Functions
T=.PCni(D
'et-rn& the temperat-re of no(e ni(
%eneral Functions
CJ=B4Cx,x$,a$,R,a%$D
=val-ate& a Che9y&hev polynomial at the -&er &pecifie( val-e
x. The parameter& x$, a$, a1, R, a%$ are -&e( to (efine the
con&tant& for the polynomial (efine( 9y)
C(x) = o
(x -x
0
)
where the f-nction& T
2
i& (efine( rec-r&ively a&
I
(x -x
0
) = 2 (x -x
0
) I
-1
(x -x
0
) -I
-2
(x -x
0
)
where
I
0
(x -x
0
) = 1
I
1
(x -x
0
) = x -x
0

+O'COSCx,x$,C,a$,R,a%$D
=val-ate& a +o-rier co&ine &erie& at the -&er &pecifie( val-e x.
The parameter& x$, a$, a1, R, a%$ are -&e( to (efine the con#
&tant& for the &erie& (efine( 9y)
F(x) = o
(x -x
0
)
where
I
(x -x
0
) = cos| (x -x
0
)]
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1"#/0 C3=+B5=D LS-DYNA R7.0
+O'SB5Cx,x$,C,a$,R,a%$D
=val-ate& a +o-rier &ine &erie& at the -&er &pecifie( val-e x.
F(x) = o
(x -x
0
)
where
I
(x -x
0
) = sin| (x -x
0
)]
B+Clci(1,lci(2,lci(%,lci(!D
2rithmetic if con(itional where lci(^ i& the loa( c-rve B3 for
N3=+B5=OC8'M= or N3=+B5=OC8'M=O+85CTBO5.
'et-rn& the or(inate val-e of lci(2 if or(inate val-e of lci(1?$
'et-rn& the or(inate val-e of lci(% if or(inate val-e of lci(1]$
'et-rn& the or(inate val-e of lci(! if or(inate val-e of lci(1@$
POL4Cx,x$,a$,R,a%$D
=val-ate& a &tan(ar( polynomial at the -&er &pecifie( val-e x.
&tant& for the polynomial (efine( 9y)
P(x) = o
0
+o
1
(x -x
0
) +o
2
(x -x
0
)
2
+. . . o
n
(x -x
0
)
n

SJ+Cx,x$,a,C,phi,9D
=val-ate& a +o-rier &ine &erie& at the -&er &pecifie( val-e x.
SF = o sin| (x -x
0
) -pbi] +b
ST=PCx,x$,h$,x1,h1D
2pproximate& the Jeavy&i(e f-nction with a c-9ic polynomial
-&ing the e;-ation)
SIEP
=
b
0
b
0
+(b
1
-b
0
) |(x -x
0
)(x
1
-x
0
)]
2
{S -2 |(x -x
0
)(x
1
-x
0
)]] x
0
< x < x
1
b
1
x x
x
0
< x
x x
1
Remarks:
1. 2 local coor(inate &y&tem m-&t 9e attache( to no(e& if they are reference( 9y f-nction& in#
volving rotational motion, for example, ang-lar (i&placement or ang-lar velocity. The local
coor(inate &y&tem i& attache( to the no(e -&ing N3=+B5=OCOO'3B52T=O5O3=S an(
+L2>]1 i& a re;-irement. +-rthermore, the three no(e& which compri&e the coor(inate &y&#
tem m-&t lie on the &ame 9o(y. Similarly, a local coor(inate &y&tem m-&t al&o 9e attache( to
no(e n% if n% i& reference( in f-nction&) 3L, 34, 3K, ML, M4, MK, ,L, ,4, ,K, 2CCL,
2CC4, 2CCK, ,3TL, ,3T4, ,3TK, +L, +4, +K, TL, T4, or TK.
2. 8nle&& otherwi&e note( -nit& of ra(ian& are alway& -&e( for the arg-ment& an( o-tp-t of
f-nction& involving ang-lar mea&-re&. .
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LS-DYNA R7.0 1"#/7 C3=+B5=D
%. The following example& &erve only a& an ill-&tration of &yntax.
=xample 1) 3efine a c-rve 1$ who&e or(inate i& $."NCor(inate of c-rve DNCmagnit-(e of
tran&lational velocity of no(e 22D
%
.
*DE!INE_#)R%E_!)N#TION
1"
".5*26&*9>?22@**3
=xample 2) 3efine a c-rve 1$1 who&e or(inate i& #2.NCI#tran&lational (i&placement of no(e
%/DN&inC2$tD.
*DE!INE_#)R%E_!)N#TION
1"1
'2.*;B?38@*<:0?2.*/:*1".*3:>-@
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`DEFINE `DEFINE_CURVE_SMOOTH
1"#// C3=+B5=D LS-DYNA R7.0
`DEFINE_CURVE_SMOOTH
P-rpo&e) 3efine a &moothly varying c-rve -&ing few parameter&. Thi& &hape i& -&ef-l for velocity
control of tool& in metal forming application&.

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le LCB3 SB3' 3BST TST2'T T=53 T'BS= M$
Type B B + + + + +

LCB3
Loa( c-rve B3, m-&t 9e -ni;-e.
SB3'
tion&,
3BST
Total (i&tance tool will travel Carea -n(er c-rveD.
TST2'T
Time c-rve &tart& to ri&e
T=53
Time c-rve ret-rn& to Iero. Bf T=53 i& nonIero, M.2L will 9e comp-te(
a-tomatically to &ati&fy re;-ire( travel (i&tance 3BST. Bnp-t either T=53
or M.2L.
T'BS=
'i&e time
M.2L
.axim-m velocity Cmaxim-m val-e of c-rveD. Bf M.2L i& nonIero,
T=53 will 9e comp-te( a-tomatically to &ati&fy re;-ire( travel (i&tance
3BST. Bnp-t either T=53 or M.2L.
Remarks:
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`DEFINE_CURVE_SMOOTH `DEFINE
LS-DYNA R7.0 1"#/ C3=+B5=D

+ig-re 1"#. Smooth c-rve create( a-tomatically -&ing N3=+B5=OC8'M=OS.OOTJ.
Thi& &hape i& commonly -&e( to control velocity of tool& in metal forming application& a&
&hown in the a9ove graph, 9-t can 9e -&e( for other application& in place of any &tan(ar(
loa( c-rve.
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`DEFINE `DEFINE_CURVE_TRIM
1"#$ C3=+B5=D LS-DYNA R7.0
`DEFINE_CURVE_TRIMOPOPTIONQ
<BLANK>
3D
NEW
P-rpo&e) Thi& 7eywor( i& (evelope( to (efine c-rve& for trimming. ,hen the optionO%3 i& -&e(, the
trimming i& proce&&e( 9a&e( on the element normal rather than a vector. The optionO5=, i& -&e( to
trim in a fixe( (irection &pecifie( 9y a vector, an( i& al&o calle( 23 trimming.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le TCB3 TCT4P= T+L> T3B' TCTOL TOL5FB>B 5S==31 5S==32
Type B B B B + + B B
3efa-lt none none none none $.2" 2.$ F $ none none
'emar7& +ig. 1"#1" 7, +ig.1". % %

Card 2, 3, 4, etc. defined if and only if TCTYPE1. Put one pair of points per card (2E20.0).
Input is terminated when a ~` card is found.
Car( 2R 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le CL C4
Type + +
3efa-lt $.$ $.$

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`DEFINE_CURVE_TRIM `DEFINE
LS-DYNA R7.0 1"#1 C3=+B5=D
Defined if and only if TCTYPE2.
Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le +BL=52.=
Type C

TCB3
B3 n-m9er for trim c-rve.
TCT4P=
Trim c-rve type)
=S.1) (igitiIe( c-rve provi(e(,
=S.2) B>=S trim c-rve.
T+L>
=lement removal option)
=S.#1) remove material o-t&i(e c-rve,
=S.1) remove material in&i(e c-rve.
T3B'
B3 of vector CN3=+B5=OM=CTO'D giving (irection of proHection for trim
c-rve C&ee +ig-re 1"#1"D.
=S.$) (efa-lt vector C$,$,1D i& -&e(. C-rve i& (efine( in glo9al L4
plane, an( proHecte( onto me&h in glo9al K#(irection to (efine
trim line.
TCTOL
Tolerance limiting &iIe of &mall element& create( (-ring trimming C&ee
+ig-re 1"#10D.
LT.$) Z&impleZ trimming, pro(-cing Hagge( e(ge me&h
,hen -&e( together with NCO5T'OLO232PTBM=OC8'M=, it i& a (i&#
tance from the c-rve o-t C9oth &i(e&D. ,ithin thi& (i&tance the 9lan7 me&h
will 9e refine(. See Remark 7 9elow.
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1"#2 C3=+B5=D LS-DYNA R7.0
TOL5 F B>B
Bf optionO3D i& -&e(, TOL5 repre&ent& the maxim-m gap 9etween the
trimming c-rve an( the me&h. Bf the gap i& 9igger than thi& val-e, thi& &ec#
tion in the c-rve will not 9e -&e(.
Bf optionONEW i& -&e(, then the varia9le B>B i& (efine( a& follow&)
B>B.=S.$) trimming c-rve i& (efine( in local coor(inate &y&tem. Thi& i&
the (efa-lt val-e. Bf thi& val-e i& cho&en for B>B, then the
varia9le T3B' an( the 7eywor( N3=+B5=OM=CTO' nee(
to 9e (efine( accor(ing to +ig-re 1"#1"E
B>B.=S.1) trimming c-rve i& (efine( in glo9al coor(inate &y&tem.
5S==31F
5S==32
2 no(e B3 on the 9lan7 in the area that remain& after trimming, applica9le
to 9oth option&O3D orONEW.
LT.$) po&itive n-m9er i& a no(e B3, which may not nece&&arily 9e from
the 9lan7. See 'emar7 %.
CL
x#coor(inate of trim c-rve. 3efine if an( only if TCT4P=]1.
C4
y#coor(inate of trim c-rve. 3efine if an( only if TCT4P=]1.
+BL=52.=
5ame of B>=S (ata9a&e containing trim c-rveC&D. 3efine if an( only if
TCT4P=]2.
Remarks)
1. The optionONEW activate& a new &earching algorithm, which ena9le& a m-ch fa&ter trimming
operation compare( with optionO3D. +or 9ig mo(el&, the improvement in comp-tational effi#
ciency of theONEW option i& &ignificant. Bn a((ition, li7e the optionO3D, -&er& are re;-ire( to
pic7 a &ee( no(e Cor po&ition coor(inate&D. 2l&o, Remarks in 7eywor( NB5T='+2C=
OSP'B5>B2CA provi(e& &ome more (etail&.
2. Thi& comman( in com9ination with N=L=.=5TOT'B. trim& the re;-e&te( part& 9efore a Ho9
&tart& Cpre#trimmingD, an( can han(le a(aptive me&h. Bf the comman( N=L=.=5TOT'B.
(oe& not exi&t the part& are trimme( after the Ho9 i& terminate( Cpo&t#trimmingD. The 7eywor(
N3=+B5=OC8'M=OT'B. 9y it&elf cannot (eal with an a(aptive me&h. See the (etaile( pro#
ce(-re o-tline( in the 'emar7& in the Section NB5T='+2C=OSP'B5>B2CA.
%. ,ith the fre;-ent application of a(aptive re#me&hing, the &ee( no(e for trimming i& often -n#
7nown -ntil the (raw forming i& complete. ,ith the negative 5S==3 option, an extra no(e
can 9e create( for the (efinition of the &ee( no(e. Since thi& no(e i& not relate( to the 9lan7
an( tool&, the trimming proce&& i& no longer (epen(ent on the previo-& proce&& &im-lation re#
&-lt&. The extra no(e can 9e (efine( -&ing 7eywor( N5O3=. 2 partial 7eywor( inp-t example
for the trimming of a (o-9le#attache( N!"IS)55T2II2 -ender outer with optionONEW i&
li&te( 9elow, where a 23 trimming i& performe( with B>=S file dou?.etrim#i6es in the glo9al
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LS-DYNA R7.0 1"#% C3=+B5=D
K#axi&, with two no(e& of negative B3 1$"220 an( 1/70! a&&igne( to the varia9le& 5S==31
an( 5S==32, re&pectively. The two &ee( no(e& are (efine( from the &tationary lower po&t, a&
&hown in the fig-re& 9elow.
*$EYORD
"."""
*#ONTROL_S,ELL
......
*#ONTROL_O)TP)T
......
......
*DATABASE_E*TENT_BINARY
......
$'''G''''1''''G''''2''''G''''3''''G''''4''''G''''5''''G''''6''''G''''7''''G''''8
*SET_PART_LIST
......
*PART
B210Q
......
*SE#TION_S,ELL
......
*MAT_3'PARAMETER_BARLAT
......
$'''G''''1''''G''''2''''G''''3''''G''''4''''G''''5''''G''''6''''G''''7''''G''''8
*IN#L)DE_TRIM
;71L0.;401:0
*ELEMENT_TRIM
1
*DE!INE_#)R%E_TRIM_NE
$# T#ID T#TYPE T!LG TDIR T#TOL TOLN NSEED1 NSEED2
1 2 " ".25" 1 '43356 '18764
;o8F2-37:>.:=-<
$'''G''''1''''G''''2''''G''''3''''G''''4''''G''''5''''G''''6''''G''''7''''G''''8
*NODE
18764H'184.565H84.755H78.3&2
43356H'1"38.41H11&.154H78.375
$ 1Fo9- 0o;-< 17- 57o> <313:o0174 /806C >-<C N18764 10; N43356
*INTER!A#E_SPRINGBA#$_LSDYNA
......
*END
Bf the &ee( no(e i& too far away from the 9lan7 it will 9e proHecte( to the 9lan7 an( the new po#
&ition will 9e -&e( a& the &ee( no(e. Typically, thi& no(e can 9e &electe( from the &tationary
tool in it& home po&ition.
2lternatively, if the varia9le 5S==3& are not (efine(, the &ee(& can 9e (efine( -&ing
N3=+B5=OT'B.OS==3OPOB5TOCOO'3B52T=S. 2 partial 7eywor( inp-t i& provi(e( 9e#
low for trimming of the &ame (o-9le#attache( fen(er o-ter.
*IN#L)DE_TRIM
;71L0.;401:0
*ELEMENT_TRIM
1
$# T#ID T#TYPE T!LG TDIR T#TOL TOLN NSEED1 NSEED2
1 2 " ".25" 1
;o8F2-37:>.:=-<
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1"#! C3=+B5=D LS-DYNA R7.0
*DE!INE_TRIM_SEED_POINT_#OORDINATES
$ NSEED *1 Y1 +1 *2 Y2 +2
2 '184.565 84.755 78.3&2 '1"38.41 11&.154 78.375

+ig-re 1"#1$. 8&ing the two no(e& from the &tationary tool& at it& home po&ition to
(efine 5S==31 an( 5S==32 for trimming of a (o-9le#attache( part C58.BSJ#
==T2$$2 +en(er O-terD
+ig-re 1"#11. 2 (o-9le#attache( (rawn part in wireframe mo(e
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LS-DYNA R7.0 1"#" C3=+B5=D

!. Bn ca&e of 9ig element &iIe an( complex trim c-rve&, the 9lan7 me&h can 9e pre#a(apte( along
the trim c-rve& 9efore trimming 9y a((ing the 7eywor( NCO5T'OLO232PTBM=OC8'M= to
the a9ove example for a 9etter ;-ality trim e(ge. The following in(icate& refine me&he& for
part &et B3 1 no more than ! level& along the trim c-rve&, or -ntil element &iIe reache& %.$)
*#ONTROL_ADAPTI%E_#)R%E
$# IDSET ITYPE N SMIN ITRIOPT
1 2 4 3." "
+ig-re 1"#12. 2 (o-9le#attache( (rawn part Cthic7ne&&Fthinning plotD
+ig-re 1"#1%. 2 (o-9le#attache( (rawn part trimme( into two piece& with
5S==31F5S==32 Cthic7ne&&Fthinning plotD
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1"#0 C3=+B5=D LS-DYNA R7.0
". Sometime& it i& helpf-l to con(-ct a chec7 of the trimme( me&h along the e(ge in the &ame
trimming inp-t (ec7 -&ing NCO5T'OLOCJ=CAOSJ=LL. Thi& i& e&pecially -&ef-l for the
next contin-e( proce&& &im-lation. +or (etaile( -&age, chec7 for an -p(ate( Remarks for thi&
7eywor(.
0. =nclo&e( trimming c-rve& C&ame &tart an( en( point&D are re;-ire( for all option&. +-rther#
more, for each enclo&e( trimming c-rve, one c-rve &egment i& re;-ire( for optionO3DE while
&everal c-rve &egment& are accepta9le with optionONEW.
7. The trimming tolerance TCTOL limit& the &iIe of the &malle&t element create( (-ring trim#
ming. 2 val-e of $.$ place& no limit on element &iIe. 2 val-e of $." re&trict& new element& to
9e at lea&t half of the &iIe of the parent element. 2 val-e of 1.$ allow& no new element& to 9e
generate(, only repo&itioning of exi&ting no(e& to lie on the trim c-rve. 2 negative tolerance
val-e activate& Z&impleZ trimming, where entire element& are remove(, leaving a Hagge( e(ge.
,hen TCTOL i& -&e( a& a (i&tance (efinition, an( in conH-nction with NCO5T'OL
O232PTBM=OC8'M=, the me&h will 9e refine( in the 9eginning of a Cforming, etc.D &im-la#
tion, along 9oth &i(e& of the (efine( c-rve, limite( within the (i&tance &pecifie(, a& &hown in
the following fig-re&. Thi& i& -&ef-l in line (ie &im-lation. Thi& me&h refinement feat-re hap#
pen& when N=L=.=5TOT'B., which m-&t 9e (efine( for trimming, i& a9&ent from the inp-t
(ec7. To incl-(e a (ynain file from the previo-& proce&& &im-lation for thi& a(aptive applica#
tion, the 7eywor( NB5CL83= Cnot NB5CL83=OT'B.D i& to 9e -&e(. Bn a((ition, thi& feat-re
wor7& with trim optionO3D only. 2 partial inp-t example i& li&te( 9elow, where me&h will re#
fine within a range of !.$mm, forme( 9y 2.$mm (i&tance of 9oth &i(e& of the c-rve, (efine( 9y
file Xa(pc-rve&.ige&Y. The maxim-m refine level i& ! an( minim-m element &iIe allowe( i&
$.%mm.
*IN#L)DE
;71L0.;401:0
*DE!INE_#)R%E_TRIM_3D
$ T#ID T#TYPE T!LG TDIR T#TOL
1 2 " " 2."""
1;/6879-<.:=-<
*#ONTROL_ADAPTI%E_#)R%E
$ IDSET ITYPE N SMIN
1 2 4 ".3
.e&h refinement along a c-rve i& very -&ef-l (-ring line (ie &im-lation. +or example, in a
flanging &im-lation, trimme( 9lan7, where it i& flat in the flanging ra(i-& area, can 9e refine(
-&ing a c-rve generate( from the trim po&t ra(i-&. Bn =S$PrePost 3#2, the c-rve can 9e generat#
e( -&ing 1ur+e/Sp.ine/;rom "esh/'9 5d6e, chec7 Prop, an( (efine a large (n6 to create a
contin-o-& c-rve along element e(ge. Thi& c-rve can then 9e proHecte( onto the 9lan7 me&h
-&ing @eoTo./Pro2e/t feat-re, to 9e -&e( a& the c-rve file Xa(pc-rve&.ige&Y here. The me&h pre#
refinement along c-rve& are implemente( in nflangingV proce&& in =S$PrePost4#I eKSet-p for
metal forming application.
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LS-DYNA R7.0 1"#7 C3=+B5=D
Bn the fig-re& at the en( of thi& 7eywor( page&, thi& feat-re i& (emon&trate( on two example&.
Bn the fen(er o-ter example, the effect of TCTOL val-e i& o9vio-&. Thi& feat-re offer& 9etter
control on how many element& to 9e create( for line (ie &im-lation, compare( with the previ#
o-& metho( a& (e&cri9e( in 7eywor( NCO5T'OLO232PTBM=OC8'M= man-al page&.
/. The 7eywor( NB5CL83=OT'B. i& recommen(e( to 9e -&e( at all time&, in&tea( of &imply
NB5CL83=, when a (ynain file from the previo-& proce&& i& to 9e incl-(e(, either for trim#
ming or for me&h refinement p-rpo&e.
. +or optionONEW, '0 'evi&ion 0/0!% an( later relea&e& ena9le trimming of a part where trim
line& go 9eyon( the part 9o-n(ary. Thi& i& ill-&trate( in the fig-re 9elow.

1$. 5egative &ee( no(e option i& availa9le in LS#3452 '! 'evi&ion "!0$/ an( later relea&e&, an(
in '!O"2%12 an( later relea&e&, for option&O3D an(ONEW, re&pectively. Late&t relea&e& incor#
porate more improvement&. The feat-re TCTOL a& a (i&tance for me&h refinement when -&e(
together with NCO5T'OLO232PTBM=OC8'M= i& availa9le in '0 'evi&ion 0"0%$ an( later
relea&e&.
+ig-re 1"#1!. '0 'evi&ion 0/0!% ena9le& trimming for ca&e& where trim line& go 9eyon(
part 9o-n(ary
Trim line& go 9eyon(
the part periphery
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1"#/ C3=+B5=D LS-DYNA R7.0
T
H
x
y
I
L
K
4
deformed
mesh
trim curve
(local system)
trim line

+ig-re 1"#1". Trimming Orientation Mector. The tail CTD an( hea( CHD point& (efine a local coor#
(inate &y&tem Cx,y,ID. The glo9al coor(inate &y&tem i& name( CL,4,KD. The local x#
(irection i& con&tr-cte( in the LI plane. Bf L an( I nearly coinci(e CiL h Ii @ $."D,
then the local x#(irection i& in&tea( con&tr-cte( in the 4I plane. Trim c-rve (ata i&
inp-t in the x#y plane, an( proHecte( in the I#(irection onto the (eforme( me&h to
o9tain the trim line.

tol = 0.25 (default) tol = 0.01
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LS-DYNA R7.0 1"# C3=+B5=D
+ig-re 1"#10. Trimming Tolerance. The tolerance limit& the &iIe of the &mall element& generate(
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1"#1$$ C3=+B5=D LS-DYNA R7.0
(-ring trimming. The (efa-lt tolerance CleftD pro(-ce& large element&. 8&ing a tol#
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LS-DYNA R7.0 1"#1$1 C3=+B5=D
erance of $.$1 CrightD allow& &maller element&, an( more (etail in the trim line.
+ig-re 1"#17. C-rve& -&e( for me&h refinement can 9e (i&contin-o-& an( written in one
B>=S file.
+ig-re 1"#1/. 3efine the varia9le TCTOL to limit the me&h a(aptivity area.
TCTOL
+ig-re 1"#1. 2 more complex me&h refinement example C58.BSJ==T2$$2 +en(erD
+ig-re 1"#2$. Original me&h with target c-rve& (efine(.
+ig-re 1"#21. .e&h refinement with TCTOL]$.".
+ig-re 1"#22. .e&h refinement with TCTOL]1.$
+ig-re 1"#2%. .e&h refinement with TCTOL]2.$
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`DEFINE `DEFINE_DEATH_TIMES
1"#1$2 C3=+B5=D LS-DYNA R7.0
`DEFINE_DEATH_TIMES_OPTION
NODES
SET
RIGID
P-rpo&e) To (ynamically (efine the (eath time& for NBO8532'4OP'=SC'BB=3O.OTBO5
9a&e( on the location& of no(e& an( rigi( 9o(ie&. Once a no(e or rigi( 9o(y move& pa&t a plane or a
geometric entity, the (eath time i& &et to the c-rrent time. The inp-t in thi& &ection contin-e& -ntil the
next nNV car( i& (etecte(.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le >=O 51 52 5%
Type B B B B
3efa-lt $ $ $

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le LOT 4OT KOT LOJ 4OJ KOJ ' +L2>
Type + + + + + + +
3efa-lt 1

Cards 3, ., The next ~` card terminates the friction definition.
Car( %R 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 5SB31 5SB32 5SB3% 5SB3! 5SB3" 5SB30 5SB37 5SB3/

>=O
>eometric entity type. ]1 plane, ]2 infinite cylin(er, ]% &phere
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`DEFINE_DEATH_TIMES `DEFINE
LS-DYNA R7.0 1"#1$% C3=+B5=D
51
5o(e (efining the origin of the geometric entity CoptionalD.
52
5o(e (efining the tail of the orientation vector CoptionalD.
5%
5o(e (efining the hea( of the orientation vector CoptionalD.
LOT
L coor(inate of the origin of the geometric entity an( the tail of the orienta#
tion vector.
4OT
4 coor(inate of the origin of the geometric entity an( the tail of the orienta#
tion vector.
KOT
K coor(inate of the origin of the geometric entity an( the tail of the orienta#
tion vector.
LOJ
L coor(inate of the hea( of the orientation vector.
4OJ
4 coor(inate of the hea( of the orientation vector.
KOJ
K coor(inate of the hea( of the orientation vector.
'
'a(i-& of cylin(er or &phere.
+L2>
[1 for 7illing motion when the no(e i& o-t&i(e of the geometric entity or on
the po&itive &i(e of the plane a& (efine( 9y the normal (irection, or #1 for
the in&i(e.
5SB3i
i#th no(e, no(e &et, or rigi( 9o(y
Remarks:
1. =ither 51 or LOT, 4OT, an( KOT &ho-l( 9e &pecifie(, 9-t not 9oth.
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`DEFINE `DEFINE_DEATH_TIMES
1"#1$! C3=+B5=D LS-DYNA R7.0
2. =ither 52 an( 5% or LOJ, 4OJ, an( KOJ &ho-l( 9e &pecifie(, 9-t not 9oth. Bf 52 an( 5%.
Specifying 52 an( 5% i& e;-ivalent of &etting the hea( of the vector e;-al to the tail of the
vector CLOT, 4OT, an( KOTD pl-& the vector from 52 to 5%.
+ig-re 1"#2!.
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`DEFINE_DE_ACTIVE_REGION `DEFINE
LS-DYNA R7.0 1"#1$" C3=+B5=D
`DEFINE_DE_ACTIVE_REGION
P-rpo&e) To (efine an intere&te( region for (i&crete element& C3=D for high efficiency colli&ion pair
&earching. 2ny 3= leaving thi& (omain will not 9e con&i(ere( in the f-t-re 3= &earching an( al&o
(i&a9le( in the contact algorithm.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le B3 T4P= Lm 4m Km
Type B B + + +
3efa-lt none $ $. $. $.

B3
Set B3FBox B3
T4P=
=S.$) Part &et B3
1) BOL B3
Lm, 4m, Km
+actor for regionG& margin on each (irection 9a&e( on region length.
The &tatic coor(inate& limit& are (etermine( either 9y part &et or 9ox option.
To exten(e( tho&e limit& to provi(e a 9-ffer Ione, the&e factor& can 9e
-&e(. The margin in each (irection i& calc-late( in the following way.

Limit& for L#(irection) Lmin, Lmax
3L ] Lmax#Lmin
LOmargin ] LmN3L

Lmax ] Lmax [ LOmargin
Lmin ] Lmin # LOmargin
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`DEFINE `DEFINE_DE_BOND
1"#1$0 C3=+B5=D LS-DYNA R7.0
`DEFINE_DE_BOND
P-rpo&e) To (efine a 9on( mo(el for (i&crete element& C3=D.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le SB3 ST4P= B3+O'. B3B.
Type B B B B
3efa-lt none $ 1 %

SB3
3=S no(e&
ST4P=
=S.$) 3=S no(e &et
=S.1) 3=S no(e
B3+O'.
Bon( form-lation)
=S.1)
=S.2) Linear ela&tic 9on( form-lation for 9rittle material& for fract-re
analy&i&.
B3B.
Space (imen&ion for 3=S 9on(&)
=S.2) for 23 plane &tre&& pro9lem&
=S.%) for %3 pro9lem&.

Card 2 if BDFORM1
Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le PB5 PBS PB5OS PBSOS S+2 2LPJ2 # .2L>2P
Type + + + + + + +
3efa-lt none none none none 1.$ $.$ 1.=#!

PB5
Parallel#9on( normal &tiffne&&
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`DEFINE_DE_BOND `DEFINE
LS-DYNA R7.0 1"#1$7 C3=+B5=D
PBS
Parallel#9on( &hear &tiffne&&
PB5OS
Parallel#9on( maxim-m normal &tre&&. 2 Iero val-e (efine& an infinite
maxim-m normal &tre&&.
PBSOS
Parallel#9on( maxim-m &hear &tre&&. 2 Iero val-e (efine& an infinite max#
im-m &hear &tre&&.
S+2
Bon( ra(i-& m-ltiplier
2LPJ2
5-merical (amping
.2L>2P
.axim-m gap 9etween two 9on(e( &phere&
>T. $.$ (efine& the ratio of the &maller ra(i-& of two 9on(e( &phere&
a& the maxim-m gap, i.e. .2L>2P N minCr1,r2D
LT.$.$ a9&ol-te val-e i& -&e( a& the maxim-m gap.

Card 2 if BDFORM2
Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le PBAOS+ PBSOS+ +=5'>A +=5'>S BO53' 2LPJ2
Type + + + + + +
3efa-lt 1.$ 1.$ none none none $.$
PBAOS+
Scale factor for vol-metric &tiffne&& of the 9on(.
PBSOS+
Scale factor for &hear &tiffne&& of the 9on(.
+=5'>A
+ract-re energy relea&e rate for vol-metric (eformation. 2 Iero val-e (e#
fine& an infinite energy relea&e rate for -n9rea7a9le 9on(&.
+=5'>S
+ract-re energy relea&e rate for &hear (eformation. 2 Iero val-e (efine& an
infinite energy relea&e rate for -n9rea7a9le 9on(&.
BO53'
Bnfl-ence ra(i-& of the 3=S no(e&.
2LPJ2
5-merical (amping

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`DEFINE `DEFINE_DE_BOND
1"#1$/ C3=+B5=D LS-DYNA R7.0
Optional Card 3
Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le P'=C'A CAT4P=
Type B B
3efa-lt none $

P'=C'A
Shell &et, (efine %3 &-rface& of the pre#crac7
CAT4P=
=S.$) Part &et
=S.1) Part
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`DEFINE_DE_IN1ECTION `DEFINE
LS-DYNA R7.0 1"#1$ C3=+B5=D
`DEFINE_DE_IN1ECTION
P-rpo&e) To allow 3= particle& (ropping from -&er (efine( rectang-lar plane.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le PB3 SB3 LC 4C KC LL 4L CB3
Type B B + + + + + B
3efa-lt none none $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $

PB3
Part B3 of new generate( 3=S no(e&
SB3
5o(e &et B3 of new generate( 3=S no(e&
LC,4C,KC
L,4,K coor(inate of the center of inHection plane
LL
Length of the rectang-lar inHection plane along L#axi& in the coor(inate
&y&temCCB3D (efine(
4L
Length of the rectang-lar inHection plane along 4#axi& in the coor(inate
&y&temCCB3D (efine(
CB3
Optional local coor(inate &y&tem B3, &ee N3=+B5=OCOO'3B52T=
OS4ST=.

Card 2
Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le '.2SS '.B5 '.2LOS ML M4 MK TB=> T=53
Type + + + + + + + +
3efa-lt none none '.B5 $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ 1.$=2$

'.2SS
.a&& flow rate
'.B5
.inim-m 3=S ra(i-&
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`DEFINE `DEFINE_DE_IN1ECTION
1"#11$ C3=+B5=D LS-DYNA R7.0
'.2L
.axim-m 3=S ra(i-&
ML,M4,MK
Mector component& (efining the initial velocity of inHecte( 3=S in the co#
or(inate &y&temCCB3D (efine(
TB=>
Birth time
T=53
3eath time
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`DEFINE_DE_TO_BEAM_COUPLING `DEFINE
LS-DYNA R7.0 1"#111 C3=+B5=D
`DEFINE_DE_TO_BEAM_COUPLING
P-rpo&e) To (efine co-pling interface 9etween 3=S an( 9eam.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le SL2M= .2ST=' ST4P= .T4P=
Type B B B B
3efa-lt $ $ $ $

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le +ricS +ric3 32.P BSO'T
Type + + + B
3efa-lt $ $ $ 1$$

SL2M=
3=S no(e&
.2ST='
Shell &et
ST4P=
=S.$) Slave no(e &et
=S.1) Slave no(e
=S.2) Slave part &et
=S.%) Slave part
.T4P=
=S.$) Part &et
=S.1) Part
+ricS
+ric3
32.P
3amping coefficient
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`DEFINE `DEFINE_DE_TO_BEAM_COUPLING
1"#112 C3=+B5=D LS-DYNA R7.0
BSO'T
5-m9er of cycle 9etween 9-c7et &ort. C3efa-lt]1$$D
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`DEFINE_DE_TO_SURFACE_COUPLING `DEFINE
LS-DYNA R7.0 1"#11% C3=+B5=D
`DEFINE_DE_TO_SURFACE_COUPLING
P-rpo&e) To (efine co-pling interface 9etween 3=S an( &hell &-rface.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le SL2M= .2ST=' ST4P= .T4P=
Type B B B B
3efa-lt $ $ $ $

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le +ricS +ric3 32.P BSO'T LCMx LCMy LCMI
Type + + + B B B B
3efa-lt $ $ $ 1$$ $ $ $

SL2M=
3=S no(e&
.2ST='
Shell &et
ST4P=
=S.$) Slave no(e &et
=S.1) Slave no(e
=S.2) Slave part &et
=S.%) Slave part
.T4P=
=S.$) Part &et
=S.1) Part
+ricS
+ric3
32.P
3amping coefficient
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`DEFINE `DEFINE_DE_TO_SURFACE_COUPLING
1"#11! C3=+B5=D LS-DYNA R7.0
BSO'T
5-m9er of cycle 9etween 9-c7et &ort. C3efa-lt]1$$D
LMCx
Loa( c-rve (efine& &-rface velocity in L (irection
LMCy
Loa( c-rve (efine& &-rface velocity in 4 (irection
LMCI
Loa( c-rve (efine& &-rface velocity in K (irection
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`DEFINE_ELEMENT_DEATH `DEFINE
LS-DYNA R7.0 1"#11" C3=+B5=D
`DEFINE_ELEMENT_DEATH_OPTION
SOLID
SOLID_SET
BEAM
BEAM_SET
SHELL
SHELL_SET
THICK_SHELL
THICK_SHELL_SET
P-rpo&e) To (efine a (i&crete time or 9ox to (elete an element or element &et (-ring the &im-lation.
Thi& 7eywor( i& only for (eforma9le element&, not rigi( 9o(y element&.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le =B3FSB3 TB.= BOLB3 B5O8T
Type B B B B
3efa-lt $ $ $

=B3FSB3
=lement B3 or element &et B3.
TB.=
3eletion time for elimination of the element or element &et. Bf BOLB3 i&
nonIero, a TB.= val-e of Iero i& re&et to 1.$=[10.
BOLB3
=lement in&i(e or o-t&i(e of (efine( 9ox are (elete( (epen(ing on the val#
-e of B5O8T.
B5O8T
Location of (elete( element)
=S.$) =lement& in&i(e 9ox are (elete(
=S.1) =lement o-t&i(e of 9ox are (elete(
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`DEFINE `DEFINE_ELEMENT_GENERALIZED_SHELL
1"#110 C3=+B5=D LS-DYNA R7.0
`DEFINE_ELEMENT_GENERALIZED_SHELL
P-rpo&e) 3efine a general %3 &hell form-lation to 9e -&e( in com9ination with N=L=.=5T
O>=5='2LBK=3OSJ=LL. The o9Hective of thi& feat-re i& to allow the rapi( prototyping of new
&hell element form-lation& 9y a((ing them thro-gh the 7eywor( inp-t file. 2ll nece&&ary infor#
mation, li7e the val-e& of the &hape f-nction& an( their (erivative& at vario-& location& Cat the inte#
gration point& an( at the no(al point&D have to 9e (efine( via thi& 7eywor(. 2n example for a #
no(e( generaliIe( &hell element with ! integration point& in the plane i& given in +ig-re 1"#2" to il#
l-&trate the proce(-re. The element form-lation B3 C =L+O'.D -&e( in thi& 7eywor( nee(& to 9e
greater or e;-al than 1$$$ an( will 9e reference( thro-gh NS=CTBO5OSJ=LL C&ee +ig-re 1"#2 in
N=L=.=5TO>=5='2LBK=3OSJ=LLD.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le =L+O'. 5>P 5.5P B.2SS +O'.
Type B B B B B

Block A:
Define for every (NGP) in-plane integration point i a block of NA1+NMNP cards Ai. Card Ai
_1 specifies the integration weight of integration point i followed by NMNP cards (Ai_2 . Ai
_(NMNP+1)) specifying the shape functions and their derivatives for all NMNP nodes ( at the
location of the integration point i. The total number of cards necessary in Block A is:
NATNGP`(1+NMNP)
Car( 2iO1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le ,B
Type +

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`DEFINE_ELEMENT_GENERALIZED_SHELL `DEFINE
LS-DYNA R7.0 1"#117 C3=+B5=D
Cr(&
2iO1[> 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 5AB 35AB3' 35AB3S
Type + + +
Block B:
The next block of data depends on the shell formulation specified by FORM in Card 1.

If FORM0 or FORM1:
Define for every (NMNP) node l NMNP cards B( (B(_1 . B(_l) specifiying the shape function
derivatives for all NMNP nodes ( at the location of the node l. The number of cards necessary
in Block B: NBTNMNP`NMNP
Car(&
B._> 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 35AL3' 35AL3S
Type + +

If FORM2 or FORM3:
Define for every (NGP) in-plane integration point i NMNP cards B( (B(_1 . B(_l) specifiying
the second shape function derivatives for all NMNP nodes ( at the location of the integration
point i. The number of cards necessary in Block B: NBTNGP`NMNP
Remark: This requires that the shape functions are at least C1-continuos.
Car(&
Bi_> 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 325AB3'2 325AB3'3S 325AB3S2
Type + + +

=L+O'.
=lement +orm-lation B3 reference( via NS=CTBO5OSJ=LL to connect
N=L=.=5TO>=5='2LBK=3OSJ=LL with the appropriate &hell form-lation.
The cho&en n-m9er nee(& to 9e greater or e;-al than 1$$$.
5>P
5-m9er of in#plane integration point&.
5.5P
5-m9er of no(e& for thi& element form-lation.
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`DEFINE `DEFINE_ELEMENT_GENERALIZED_SHELL
1"#11/ C3=+B5=D LS-DYNA R7.0
B.2SS
Option for l-mping of ma&& matrix)
=S.$) row &-m
=S.1) (iagonal weighting.
+O'.
Shell form-lation to 9e -&e(
=S.$) &hear (eforma9le &hell theory with rotational 3O+& C&hell normal
eval-ate( at the no(e&D
=S.1) &hear (eforma9le &hell theory witho-t rotational 3O+& C&hell normal
eval-ate( at the no(e&D
=S.2) thin &hell theory witho-t rotational 3O+& C&hell normal eval-ate( at
the integration point&D
=S.%) thin &hell theory with rotational 3O+& C&hell normal eval-ate( at the
integration point&D
,B
Bntegration weight at integration point i.
5AB
Mal-e of the &hape f-nction 5
7
eval-ate( at integration point i.
35AB3'
Mal-e of the (erivative of the &hape f-nction 5
7
with re&pect to the local coor(i#
nate r at the integration point i _
N
].
35AB3S
7
nate & at the integration point i _
N
i
s
].
35AL3'
7
nate r at the no(al point . _
N
].
35AL3S
7
nate & at the no(al point . _
N
l
s
].
325AB3'2
Mal-e of the &econ( (erivative of the &hape f-nction 5
7
with re&pect to the local
coor(inate r at the integration point i _
2
N
2
].
325AB3'3S
7
coor(inate& r an( & at the integration point i _
2
N
i
s
].
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`DEFINE_ELEMENT_GENERALIZED_SHELL `DEFINE
LS-DYNA R7.0 1"#11 C3=+B5=D
325AB3S2
7
coor(inate & at the integration point i _
2
N
i
s
2
].
Remarks:
1. +or po&t#proce&&ing an( the treatment of contact 9o-n(ary con(ition&, the -&e of interpola#
tion &hell element& C&ee N=L=.=5TOB5T='POL2TBO5OSJ=LL an( NCO5ST'2B5=3
O5O3=OB5T='POL2TBO5D i& nece&&ary.
2. The or(er of how to p-t in the (ata for the 5.5P no(al point& ha& to 9e in correlation with
the (efinition of the connectivity of the element in N=L=.=5TO>=5='2LBK=3OSJ=LL.
+ig-re 1"#2". =xample of a generailIe( &hell form-lation with
N3=+B5=O=L=.=5TO>=5='2LBK=3 SJ=LL.

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`DEFINE `DEFINE_ELEMENT_GENERALIZED_SOLID
1"#12$ C3=+B5=D LS-DYNA R7.0
`DEFINE_ELEMENT_GENERALIZED_SOLID
P-rpo&e) 3efine a general %3 &oli( form-lation to 9e -&e( in com9ination with N=L=.=5T
O>=5='2LBK=3OSOLB3. The o9Hective of thi& feat-re i& to allow the rapi( prototyping of new &ol#
i( element form-lation& 9y a((ing them thro-gh the 7eywor( inp-t file. 2ll nece&&ary information,
li7e the val-e& of the &hape f-nction& an( their (erivative& at all integration point& have to 9e (efine(
via thi& 7eywor(. 2n example for a 1/#no(e( generaliIe( &oli( element with / integration point& i&
given in +ig-re 1"#2" to ill-&trate the proce(-re. The element form-lation B3 C =L+O'.D -&e( in
thi& 7eywor( nee(& to 9e greater or e;-al than 1$$$ an( will 9e reference( thro-gh NS=CTBO5
OSOLB3 C&ee +ig-re 1/#2$ in N=L=.=5TO>=5='2LBK=3OSOLB3D.
Card Format (8I10)
Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le =L+O'. 5>P 5.5P B.2SS
Type B B B B

Block A:
Define for every (NGP) integration point i a block of NA1+NMNP cards Ai. Card Ai_1 speci-
fies the integration weight of integration point i followed by NMNP cards (Ai_2 . Ai
_(NMNP+1)) specifying the shape functions and their derivatives for all NMNP nodes ( at the
location of the integration point i. The total number of cards necessary in Block A is:
NATNGP`(1+NMNP)
Card Format (4E20.0)
Car( 2iO1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le ,B
Type +
3efa-lt none

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`DEFINE_ELEMENT_GENERALIZED_SOLID `DEFINE
LS-DYNA R7.0 1"#121 C3=+B5=D
Cr(&
2iO1[> 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 5AB 35AB3' 35AB3S 35AB3T
Type + + + +

=L+O'.
=lement +orm-lation B3 reference( via NS=CTBO5OSOLB3 to connect
N=L=.=5TO>=5='2LBK=3OSOLB3 with the appropriate &oli( form-lation.
The cho&en n-m9er nee(& to 9e greater or e;-al than 1$$$.
5>P
5-m9er of integration point&.
5.5P
5-m9er of no(e& for thi& element form-lation.
B.2SS
=S.$) row &-m
,B
Bntegration weight at integration point i.
5AB
Mal-e of the &hape f-nction 5
7
eval-ate( at integration point i.
35AB3'
7
nate r at the integration point i _
N
].
35AB3S
7
nate & at the integration point i _
N
i
s
].
35AB3T
7
nate t at the integration point i _
N
i
t
].
Remarks:
%. +or po&t#proce&&ing the -&e of interpolation &oli( element& C&ee N=L=.=5TO
B5T='POL2TBO5OSOLB3 an( NCO5ST'2B5=3O5O3=OB5T='POL2TBO5D i& nece&#
&ary.
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`DEFINE `DEFINE_ELEMENT_GENERALIZED_SOLID
1"#122 C3=+B5=D LS-DYNA R7.0
!. The or(er of how to p-t in the (ata for the 5.5P no(al point& ha& to 9e in correlation with
the (efinition of the connectivity of the element in N=L=.=5TO
>=5='2LBK=3OSOLB3.

Figure 15.11. =xample of a generaliIe( &oli( form-lation with N3=+B5=O=L=.=5T
O>=5='2LBK=3OSOLB3
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`DEFINE_FILTER `DEFINE

LS-DYNA R7.0 1"#12% C3=+B5=D
`DEFINE_FILTER
P-rpo&e) 3efine a general p-rpo&e filter, c-rrently -&e( 9y thi& option)
S=5SO'OS,BTCJ,
The inp-t in thi& &ection con&i&t& of two car(&)

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le B3 Title
Type B 27$

Car( 2R 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Type Type 3ata1 3ata2 3ata% 3ata! 3ata" 3ata0 3ata7
Type 21$

B3
B(entification n-m9er.
Title
Title for thi& filter.
Type
One of the % c-rrently (efine( filter type&) 3BSC'=T=, CO5TB58O8S, or
CJ2B5
3ata1#7
+ilter type &pecific (ata, which (etermine& what the filter (oe&.
Remarks:
There are c-rrently % type& of filter& availa9le. The (ata an( 9ehavior of each i& a& follow&)
3BSC'=T=) The (i&crete filter operate& on a fixe( n-m9er of val-e& of the inp-t (ata.
The fir&t (ata fiel( i& an 21$ character fiel(, which give& the type of opera#
tion the filter perform&) .B5, .2L, an( 2M> are the availa9le option&.
The &econ( (ata fiel( i& an B1$ fiel(, giving the n-m9er of inp-t val-e&
over which the minim-m, maxim-m, or average i& comp-te(.
CO5TB58O8S) Similar to the 3BSC'=T= filter, except that it operate& over a fixe( time
interval. The fir&t (ata fiel( i& exactly the &ame a& for the 3BSC'=T= op#
tion. The &econ( (ata fiel( i& an +1$ fiel(, in(icating the (-ration of the
filter. +or example, if 2M> i& given, an( the (-ration i& &et to $.1, a r-n#
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`DEFINE `DEFINE_FILTER

1"#12! C3=+B5=D LS-DYNA R7.0
ning time&tep weighte( average i& comp-te( over the la&t $.1 time of the
&im-lation.
CJ2B5) Jere, (ata fiel(& 1#7 are all B1$ fiel(&, an( give the B3& of a li&t of other
filter& Cincl-(ing other CJ2B5 filter&, if (e&ire(D, each of which will 9e
applie( in or(er. So the raw (ata i& fe( to the filter in(icate( 9y 3ata1.
The o-tp-t of that i& fe( to the next filter, an( &o on, with -p to 7 filter& in
the chain. Li&t only a& many filter& a& yo- nee(.
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`DEFINE_FORMING_BLANKMESH `DEFINE
LS-DYNA R7.0 1"#12" C3=+B5=D
`DEFINE_FORMING_BLANKMESH
P-rpo&e) Thi& 7eywor(, together with 7eywor( N=L=.=5TOBL25AB5>, ena9le me&h generation
for a &heet metal 9lan7. Thi& 7eywor( i& rename( from the previo-& 7eywor( NCO5T'OL
O+O'.B5>OBL25A.=SJ. The 7eywor( N3=+B5=OC8'M=OT'B.O5=, can 9e co-ple( with
thi& 7eywor( to (efine a 9lan7 with a complex periphery an( a n-m9er of inner hole c-to-t&.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le B3.SJ =L=5> LL=5> 4L=5> 25>L=L 5PL25= CB3
Type B + + + + B B
3efa-lt none $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ 1 $

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le PB3BA 5B3 =B3 LC=5T 4C=5T KC=5T LSJB+T 4SJB+T
Type B B B + + + + +
3efa-lt 1 1 1 $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$

B3.SJ
B3 of the 9lan7me&h Cnot the 9lan7 PB3DE m-&t 9e -ni;-e.
=L=5>
=lement e(ge length.
LL=5>
Length of the rectang-lar 9lan7 along L#axi& in the coor(inate &y&tem
CCB3D (efine(.
4L=5>
Length of the rectang-lar 9lan7 along 4#axi& in the coor(inate &y&tem
CCB3D (efine(.
25>L=L
2n angle (efine( a9o-t K#axi& of the CB3 &pecifie(, &tarting from the L#
axi& a& the Iero (egree, to rotate the 9lan7 an( the orientation of the me&h
to 9e generate(. The &ign of the rotation angle follow& the right han( r-le.
See Remark 3.
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`DEFINE `DEFINE_FORMING_BLANKMESH
1"#120 C3=+B5=D LS-DYNA R7.0
5PL25=
Plane in which a flat 9lan7 to 9e generate(, in reference to the coor(inate
&y&tem (efine( CCB3D)
=S.$ or 1) L4#plane C(efa-ltD
=S.2) LK#plane
=S.%) 4K#plane
CB3
B3 of the local coor(inate &y&tem, (efine( 9y N3=+B5=OCOO'3B52T=
OS4ST=.. 3efa-lt i& $ repre&enting glo9al coor(inate &y&tem.
PB3BA
Part B3 of the 9lan7, a& (efine( 9y NP2'T.
5B3
Starting no(e B3 of the 9lan7 to 9e generate(.
=B3
Starting element B3 of the 9lan7 to 9e generate(.
LC=5T L#coor(inate of the center of the 9lan7.
4C=5T 4#coor(inate of the center of the 9lan7.
KC=5T K#coor(inate of the center of the 9lan7.
LSJB+T Blan7 &hifting (i&tance in L#axi& in coor(inate &y&tem (efine( CCB3D.
4SJB+T Blan7 &hifting (i&tance in 4#axi& in coor(inate &y&tem (efine( CCB3D.
Remarks:
1. 2 rectang-lar 9lan7 i& (efine(, which can 9e trimme( with B>=S c-rve& to a (e&ire( periphery
an( inner c-to-t&. Thi& 7eywor( i& -&e( in conH-nction with 7eywor( N=L=.=5T
OBL25AB5>. The 9lan7 o-tline& an( inner hole& can 9e (efine( -&ing 7eywor( N3=+B5=
OC8'M=OT'B.O5=,.
2. 2 partial 7eywor( example of generating a flat 9lan7 with PB3 1 i& provi(e( 9low. Bn thi& ex#
ample, the 9lan7 me&h i& to 9e generate( in L4 plane in a glo9al coor(inate &y&tem, with an
average element e(ge length of 12 mm an( a 9lan7 (imen&ion of 11$$.$ x 1$"$.$ mm, with
no(e an( element B3 &tarting at /$$$, an( with the center of the 9lan7 in the glo9al origin. The
9lan7 i& to 9e trimme( o-t with an inner c-t#o-t hole, given 9y the B>=S file innerholes.iges.
Blan7 o-ter line i& (efine( with an B>=S file outerlines.iges# Both B>=S file& are -&e( to
trim the rectang-lar 9lan7 -&ing 7eywor( N3=+B5=OC8'M=OT'B.O5=,, where the varia#
9le T+L> i& -&e( to in(icate whether it i& an in&i(e or o-t&i(e trim. The 9lan7 generate( for
example i& &hown in the fig-re 9elow.
*$EYORD
$'''G''''1''''G''''2''''G''''3''''G''''4''''G''''5''''G''''6''''G''''7''''G''''8
$# -0;3:>
"."""
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LS-DYNA R7.0 1"#127 C3=+B5=D
*#ONTROL_!ORMING_BLAN$MES,
$ IDMS, ELENG *LENG YLENG ANGLE* NPLANE #ID
3 12."" 11""."" 8&5." "." " "
$ PIDB$ NID EID *#ENT Y#ENT +#ENT *S,I!T YS,I!T
1 8""" 8"""
*ELEMENT_BLAN$ING
$# /<:;
1
$# 36:; 3634/- T!LG TDIR T#TOL TOLN NSEED1 NSEED2
11111 2 1 " ".25"""" 1.""""""
:00-7Co2-<.:=-<
$# 36:; 3634/- T!LG TDIR T#TOL TOLN NSEED1 NSEED2
11112 2 '1 " ".25"""" 1.""""""
o83-72:0-<.:=-<
*#ONTROL_S,ELL
......
*#ONTROL_SOL)TION
......
......
*DATABASE_E*TENT_BINARY
......
*SET_PART_2:<3
1
1
*PART
B210Q
$# /:; <-6:; >:;
1 1 1
*SE#TION_S,ELL
$# <-6:; -25o7> <C75 0:/ /7o/3 P7N:7:; :6o>/ <-34/
1 16 ".833""" 7 1 " " "
$# 31 32 33 34 02o6 >17-1 :;o5 -;=<-3
1.5""""" 1.5""""" 1.5""""" 1.5""""" ".""" ".""" ".""" "
*MAT_"37
$# >:; 7o - /7 <:=4 -310 7 C26:;
1 7.&"""E'& 2."7""EG5 ".3""""" 253.25&"" ".""" 1.4"8""" &"&"3
*DE!INE_#)R%E
&"&"3
"." 253.25&""27
......
".&8&83"" 616.7&&&878
*INTER!A#E_SPRINGBA#$_LSDYNA
$# /<:; 0<C9
1 1"""
*END

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`DEFINE `DEFINE_FORMING_BLANKMESH
1"#12/ C3=+B5=D LS-DYNA R7.0

%. The 9lan7 an( me&h orientation can 9e rotate( a9o-t K#axi& (efine(. +ollowing the right han(
r-le, the 9lan7 in thi& ca&e i& rotate( a9o-t K#axi& for a po&itive %$', a& &hown in the pict-re 9e#
low, with the angle of $' aligne( with L#axi&.

+ig-re 1"#20. 8&ing an B>=S o-tline an( an inner c-to-t c-rve to create a 9lan7 with any
ar9itrary &hape.
Blan7 o-tline& outlines.iges Bnner c-to-t innerholes.iges
'ectang-lar 9lan7 of 11$$.$x1$"$.$mm
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LS-DYNA R7.0 1"#12 C3=+B5=D

!. Bnner hole an( o-ter periphery can al&o 9e trimme( -&ing the 5S==3& varia9le& in 7eywor(
N3=+B5=OC8'M=OT'B.O5=,.
". Thi& feat-re i& availa9le in LS#3452 '" 'evi&ion "10" or later relea&e&. The 7eywor( name
change from NCO5T'OLR to N3=+B5=R &tart& in '0 'evi&ion 0$7! an( later relea&e&.
+or 5PL25= in glo9al coor(inate &y&tem, -&e '0 'evi&ion 012/ an( later relea&e&.
+ig-re 1"#27. Set 25>L=L]%$.$ to rotate 9oth the 9lan7 an( me&h orientation 9y
%$'.
%$'
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`DEFINE `DEFINE_FRICTION
1"#1%$ C3=+B5=D LS-DYNA R7.0
`DEFINE_FRICTION
P-rpo&e) 3efine friction coefficient& 9etween part& for -&e in the contact option&)
SB5>L=OS8'+2C=,
28TO.2TBCO>=5='2L,
28TO.2TBCOSB5>L=OS8'+2C=,
28TO.2TBCO5O3=SOTOOS8'+2C=,
='O3B5>OSB5>L=OS8'+2C=.
The inp-t in thi& &ection contin-e& -ntil then next XNY car( i& enco-ntere(. 3efa-lt friction val-e&
are -&e( for any part B3 pair that i& not (efine(. Bf +S]#2.$, thi& ta9le will overri(e the coefficient&
(efine( in NP2'TOCO5T2CT, which i& activate( 9y &etting +S]#1.$. Bf only one friction ta9le i&
(efine(, the only ta9le i& -&e( for all contact& an( no (efinition of +3, the (ynamic coefficient of
friction in NCO5T2CT, i& nee(e(. Bf more than one friction ta9le i& (efine(, the ta9le B3 to 9e -&e(
in each contact ha& to 9e &pecifie( 9y +3.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le B3 +SO3 +3O3 3CO3 MCO3
Type B + + + +
3efa-lt $ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$

Cards 2, 3, ., The next ~` card terminates the friction definition.
Car( 2R 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le PB3OB PB3O: +SOB: +3OB: 3COB: MCOB: PT4P=B PT4P=:
Type B B + + + + 2 2
3efa-lt $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$

B3
B(entification n-m9er. Only one ta9le i& allowe(.
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`DEFINE_FRICTION `DEFINE
LS-DYNA R7.0 1"#1%1 C3=+B5=D
+SO3
3efa-lt val-e of the &tatic coefficient of friction. The frictional coefficient
i& a&&-me( to 9e (epen(ent on the relative velocity +
re.
of the &-rface& in
contact p
c
= F +(FS -F)c
-C|
rcl
|
. 3efa-lt val-e& are -&e( when
part pair are -n(efine(.
+3O3
3efa-lt val-e of the (ynamic coefficient of friction. The frictional coeffi#
cient i& a&&-me( to 9e (epen(ent on the relative velocity +
re.
of the &-rface&
in contact p
c
= F +(FS -F)c
-C|
rcl
|
3CO3
3efa-lt val-e of the exponential (ecay coefficient. The frictional coeffi#
cient i& a&&-me( to 9e (epen(ent on the relative velocity +
re.
of the &-rface&
in contact p
c
= F +(FS -F)c
-C|
rcl
|
MCO3
3efa-lt val-e of the coefficient for vi&co-& friction. Thi& i& nece&&ary to
limit the friction force to a maxim-m. 2 limiting force i& comp-te(
F
Im
= IC A
cont
. (
/ont
9eing the area of the &egment contacte( 9y the
no(e in contact. The &-gge&te( val-e for %1 i& to -&e the yiel( &tre&& in
&hear IC =
c
c
3
where
o
i& the yiel( &tre&& of the contacte( material. 3e#
fa-lt val-e& are -&e( when part pair are -n(efine(.
PB3OB
Part, or part &et, B3 B.
PB3O:
Part, or part &et, B3 :.
+SOB:
Static coefficient of friction 9etween part& B an( :.
+3OB:
3ynamic coefficient of friction 9etween part& B an( :.
3COB:
=xponential (ecay coefficient 9etween part& B an( :.
MCOB:
Mi&co-& friction 9etween part& B an( :.
PT4P=B,
PT4P=:
=S) nPS=TV when PT4P=B or PT4P=: refer& to a &etOpart.
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`DEFINE `DEFINE_FRICTION_ORIENTATION
1"#1%2 C3=+B5=D LS-DYNA R7.0
`DEFINE_FRICTION_ORIENTATION
P-rpo&e) Thi& 7eywor( allow& for (efinition of (ifferent coefficient& of friction CCO+D in &pecific
(irection&, &pecifie( -&ing a vector an( angle& in (egree. Bn a((ition, CO+ can 9e &cale( accor(ing to
the amo-nt of pre&&-re generate( in the contact interface. Thi& feat-re i& inten(e( for -&e with
+O'.B5>OO5=O,24 type of contact&.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le PB3 LCB3 LCB3P M1 M2 M%
Type B B B + + +
3efa-lt none $ $ $.$ $.$ $.$

PB3
Part B3 to which (irectional an( pre&&-re#&en&itive CO+ i& to 9e applie(.
See NP2'T.
LCB3
B3 of the loa( c-rve (efining CO+ v&. orientation in (egree.
LCB3P
B3 of the loa( c-rve (efining CO+ &cale factor v&. pre&&-re.
M1 Mector component& of vector M (efining Iero#(egree CrollingD (irection.
M2 Mector component& of vector M (efining Iero#(egree CrollingD (irection.
M% Mector component& of vector M (efining Iero#(egree CrollingD (irection.
Remarks)
1. Loa( c-rve& LCB3 an( LCB3P are not extrapolate( 9eyon( what are (efine(. Bt i& recom#
men(e( that the (efinition i& &pecifie( for the complete range of angle an( pre&&-re ex#
pecte(.
2. One e(ge of all element& on the &heet metal 9lan7 m-&t align initially with the vector (e#
fine( 9y M1, M2, an( M%.
%. The following i& a partial 7eywor( inp-t of -&ing thi& feat-re to (efine (irectional friction&
an( pre&&-re#&en&itive CO+ &cale factor.
*DE!INE_!RI#TION_ORIENTATION
$ PID L#ID L#IDP %1 %2 %3
1 15 16 1." ". ".
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`DEFINE_FRICTION_ORIENTATION `DEFINE
LS-DYNA R7.0 1"#1%% C3=+B5=D
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
$ ;-5:0- #O! 9<. o7:-0313:o0 10=2-
*DE!INE_#)R%E
15
"."H ".3
&"."H "."
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
$ ;-5:0- #O! <612- 5163o7 9<. /7-<<87-
*DE!INE_#)R%E
16
".1H ".3
".2H ".3
".3H ".3
".4H ".2
".5H ".5
".6H ".4
!. 'eferring to +ig-re 1"#2/, a (eforma9le 9lan7 i& clampe( with 1$$$5 of force 9etween
two rigi( plate& an( i& p-lle( along L for $ mm -&ing (i&placement control. Bnitial an( fi#
nal po&ition& of the 9lan7 are &hown in +ig-re 1"#2. The normal force can 9e recovere(
from 'C+O'C file, a& &hown in +ig-re 1"#%$, which agree& with what i& applie(. +riction#
al force Cp-lling forceD in L#(irection i& plotte( a& /5, &hown in +ig-re 1"#%1. 2 han(
calc-lation from the inp-t verifie& thi& re&-lt)
1$$$5 x $.% Cx#(ir. CO+D x $.% CCO+ &cale factor at $.27 pre&&-reD ] $5.

+ig-re 1"#2/. Bo-n(ary an( loa(ing con(ition& of a &mall te&t mo(el.
Lower rigi( plate fixe(
1$$$5 Ccon&tantD applie( on -pper rigi( plate.
29o-t $.27 5Fmm
2
of pre&&-re on the (eforma9le 9lan7.
P-ll $mm in L on each no(e along
the e(ge of a (eforma9le 9lan7
C01.2"x01.2"mmD
'igi( plate& 10x10mm
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1"#1%! C3=+B5=D LS-DYNA R7.0

+ig-re 1"#2. 3eforme( &hape.
L#(i&placement CmmD
+inal po&ition
Bnitial po&ition
+ig-re 1"#%$. 5ormal force from 'C+O'C file.
Z
-
F
o
r
c
e

(
x
1
0
0
0

N
)

Time (sec)
+ig-re 1"#%1. P-lling force Cfrictional forceD from 'C+O'C file.
Time (sec)
X
-
F
o
r
c
e

(
N
)

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LS-DYNA R7.0 1"#1%" C3=+B5=D
". The left &i(e of +ig-re 1"#%2 &how& the element (irection& of the incoming &heet 9lan7. The
7eywor( will re#orient the element (irection& 9a&e( on the vector M, which ha& a compo#
nent of T1.$, $.$, $.$U in thi& ca&e. The re#oriente( element (irection& for the 9lan7 are
&hown on the right &i(e of the fig-re.

0. +ollowing the n-meric (irection& provi(e( in +ig-re 1"#%%, LS#PrePo&t!.$ can 9e -&e( to
chec7 the element (irection& of a &heet 9lan7.
7. Thi& feat-re i& generally (evelope( for -&e with +O'.B5>OO5=O,24 type of contact in
S.P. Jowever, thi& 7eywor( can 9e -&e( in com9ination with
NCO5T2CTO+O'.B5>OO5=O,24OS8'+2C= TOOS8'+2C=OO'TJOO+'BCTBO5,
an( in fact, it can only 9e -&e( in thi& manner if r-nning .PP. Bn thi& com9ination, the var#
ia9le& LCB3 an( LCB3P are overri((en 9y friction factor inp-t in O'TJOO+'BCTBO5,
while the vector TM1, M2, M%U (efine& the fir&t orthogonal (irection. Bt f-rthermore allow&
the convenience of SSB3 an( .SB3 in NCO5T2CT 9eing inp-t a& part &et B3& Cwhen
SST4PF.ST4P]2D, in which ca&e the &egment& &et& nece&&ary for O'TJOO+'BCTBO5
are generate( a-tomatically with orientation accor(ing to the vector& (efine( 9y TM1, M2,
M%U. The part &et B3 inp-t option i& typically -&e( 9y metal forming -&er&. 2 (etaile( 7ey#
wor( example i& &hown in +ig-re 1"#%!.
/. Thi& feat-re i& availa9le in LS#3452 '" 'evi&ion 0$27" an( later relea&e& for S.P. Bt
wor7& with .PP with one way forming type of contact with O'TJOO+'BCTBO5 &tarting
from 'ev 7%220. Bn a((ition, it wor7& with S.OOTJ contact option &tarting from 'evi#
&ion 00%1.

+ig-re 1"#%2. =lement (irection& C51#52D of an incoming &heet 9lan7 CleftD an( (irection&
after re#orientation.
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1"#1%0 C3=+B5=D LS-DYNA R7.0

+ig-re 1"#%%. Chec7ing element (irection& C51#52D 9y part -&ing LS#PrePo&t!.$
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
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LS-DYNA R7.0 1"#1%7 C3=+B5=D
+ig-re 1"#%!. 2n example &howing it& -&age with OO'TJOO+'BCTBO5 in .PP
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`DEFINE `DEFINE_FUNCTION
1"#1%/ C3=+B5=D LS-DYNA R7.0
`DEFINE_FUNCTION
P-rpo&e) 3efine a f-nction that can 9e reference( 9y a limite( n-m9er of 7eywor( option&.

Car( 1 1 2#/
Maria9le +B3 J=23B5>
Type B 27$

Card 2, 3, 4, etc. These cards are combined to form a single line of input. The next ~`
terminates the input.
Car(&
2,%,.. 1
Maria9le +85CTBO5
Type C

+B3
+-nction B3. +-nction&, ta9le& C&ee N3=+B5=OT2BL=D, an( loa( c-rve&
may not &hare common B3G&. 2 -ni;-e n-m9er ha& to 9e (efine(.
J=23B5>
2n optional (e&criptive hea(ing.
+85CTBO5
2rithmetic expre&&ion involving a com9ination of in(epen(ent varia9le&
an( other f-nction&, i.e., fCa,9,cD]aN2[9Nc[&;rtCaNcD where a, 9, an( c are
the in(epen(ent varia9le&. The f-nction name, fCa,9,cD, m-&t 9e -ni;-e
&ince other f-nction& can then -&e an( reference thi& f-nction. +or exam#
ple, gCa,9,c,(D]fCa,9,cDNN2[(. Bn thi& example, two N3=+B5=O+85CTBO5
(efinition& are nee(e( to (efine f-nction& f an( g.
Remarks:
The following example& &erve only a& an ill-&tration of &yntax.
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`DEFINE_FUNCTION `DEFINE
LS-DYNA R7.0 1"#1% C3=+B5=D
=xample 1) Pre&cri9e &in-&oi(al x#velocity an( I#velocity for &ome no(e&.
$# 0<:; ;o5 91; 26:; <5
1 1 " 1
1 3 " 2
*DE!INE_!)N#TION
1HA'9-2o
A?3@.1"""*<:0?1""*3@
*DE!INE_!)N#TION
2HB'9-2o
1?3@.A?3@G2""
=xample 2) 'amp -p a hy(ro&tatic pre&&-re on a &-9merge( &-rface.
*6o>>-03
80:3<D >Q<

A//24 1 C4;7o<313:6 /7-<<87- 71>/-; 8/ o9-7 1 5:0:3- 3:>- . 37:<-.

/7-<<87- o0 <-=>-03 . 7Co * =719 * ;-/3C o5 L13-7
LC-7- ;-/3C o5 L13-7 :< 7-54 ' 4'6oo7;:013- o5 <-=>-03
10; 7-54 :< 3C- 4'6oo7;:013- o5 3C- L13-7 <87516-

*DE!INE_!)N#TION
1"
52o13 C/7-<?52o13 3H 52o13 AH 52o13 4H 52o13 BH 52o13 A"H 52o13 4"H 52o13
B"@
X
52o13 516H 37:<-H 7-54H 7CoH =719E
37:<-.".1E 7-54.".5E 7Co.1""".E =719.&.81E
516.1."E
:5?3J.37:<-@ 516.3N37:<-E
7-3870 516*7Co*=719*?7-54'4@E
Y
*LOAD_SEGMENT_SET
1H1"
=xample 2 ill-&trate& that a programming lang-age re&em9ling C can 9e -&e( in (efining a f-nction.
Before a varia9le or f-nction i& -&e(, it& type m-&t 9e (eclare(E that i& the p-rpo&e of ZfloatZ Ci.e., a
real varia9le rather than integer typeD appearing 9efore tho&e entitie&. The 9race& in(icate the 9egin#
ning an( en( of the f-nction 9eing programme(. Semicolon& m-&t appear after each &tatement 9-t
&everal &tatement& may appear on a &ingle line. Plea&e refer to a C programming g-i(e for more (e#
taile( information.
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`DEFINE `DEFINE_FUNCTION_TABULATED
1"#1!$ C3=+B5=D LS-DYNA R7.0
`DEFINE_FUNCTION_TABULATED
P-rpo&e) 3efine a f-nction of one varia9le -&ing two col-mn& of inp-t (ata Cin the manner of
N3=+B5=OC8'M=D that can 9e reference( 9y a limite( n-m9er of 7eywor( option& or 9y other
f-nction& (efine( via N3=+B5=O+85CTBO5.

Car( 1 1 2#/
Maria9le +B3 J=23B5>
Type B 27$

Car( 2 1
Maria9le +85CTBO5
Type 2

Card 3, 4, 5, etc. Put one pair of points per card (2E20.0). Input is terminated when a ~` card
is found.
Car(& %,... 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 21 O1
Type + +
3efa-lt $.$ $.$

+B3
+-nction B3. +-nction&, ta9le& C&ee N3=+B5=OT2BL=D, an( loa( c-rve&
may not &hare common B3G&. 2 -ni;-e n-m9er ha& to 9e (efine(.
J=23B5>
2n optional (e&criptive hea(ing.
+85CTBO5
+-nction name.
21, 22,...
29&ci&&a val-e&.
O1, O2,...
Or(inate Cf-nctionD val-e&.
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`DEFINE_FUNCTION_TABULATED `DEFINE
LS-DYNA R7.0 1"#1!1 C3=+B5=D
Example:
$ 58063:o0 3"" /7-<67:F-< B'166-2-713:o0 o5 0o;- <-3 1"""
1"""H3H1H3""
*DE!INE_!)N#TION_TAB)LATED
2"1
31F5806
".H 2""
"."3H 2""".
1."H 2""".
*DE!INE_!)N#TION
3""
1?3@.31F5806?3@*3
$$ 5o22oL:0= 58063:o0 :< -P8:912-03 3o o0- 1Fo9- 5o7 3 J "."3
$ 1?3@.?2"". G 6"""".*3@*3
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`DEFINE `DEFINE_GROUND_MOTION
1"#1!2 C3=+B5=D LS-DYNA R7.0
`DEFINE_GROUND_MOTION
P-rpo&e) 3efine an earth;-a7e gro-n( motion hi&tory -&ing gro-n( motion recor(& provi(e( a& loa(
c-rve&, for -&e in conH-nction with NLO23OS=BS.BCOSSB for (ynamic earth;-a7e analy&i& incl-(#
ing nonlinear &oil#&tr-ct-re interaction.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le >.B3 2LCB3 MLCB3
Type B B B
3efa-lt none none $

>.B3
>ro-n( motion B3. 2 -ni;-e n-m9er ha& to 9e (efine(.
2LCB3
Loa( c-rve B3 of gro-n( acceleration hi&tory.
MLCB3
Loa( c-rve B3 of gro-n( velocity hi&tory.
Remarks:
1. =arth;-a7e gro-n( motion (ata i& typically availa9le either only a& gro-n( acceleration&, or
a& a triple of gro-n( acceleration&, velocitie& an( (i&placement&. 8&-ally, the velocitie& an(
the (i&placement& are comp-te( from the acceleration& -&ing &pecialiIe( filtering an(
9a&eline correction techni;-e&, e.g. &ee peer.9er7eley.e(-F&mcatFproce&&.html. =ither inp-t i&
accepte(, with each ;-antity &pecifie( a& a loa( c-rve. Only the acceleration an( the velocity
i& re;-ire( in the latter ca&eE LS#3452 (oe& not re;-ire the gro-n( (i&placement.
2. Bf only the gro-n( acceleration (ata i& provi(e( for a partic-lar gro-n( motion, LS#3452
generate& a corre&pon(ing loa( c-rve for the velocity 9y integrating the acceleration
n-merically. The generate( loa( c-rve& are printe( o-t to the 3%JSP file. Bt i& -p to the -&er
to en&-re that the&e generate( loa( c-rve& are &ati&factory for the analy&i&.
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`DEFINE_HAZ_PROPERTIES `DEFINE
LS-DYNA R7.0 1"#1!% C3=+B5=D
`DEFINE_HAZ_PROPERTIES
P-rpo&e) To mo(el the heat affect Ione in a wel(e( &tr-ct-re, the yiel( &tre&& an( fail-re &train are
&cale( in &hell mo(el& a& a f-nction of their (i&tance from &pot wel(& an( the no(e& &pecifie( in
N3=+B5=OT2BLO'O,=L3=3OBL25A.
Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le B3OJ2K BOP PB3 PB3OT4P
Type B B B B
3efa-lt $ $ $ $

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le BSS B+S BSB B+B BSC B+C BS, B+,
3efa-lt $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $

B3OJ2K
Property &et B3. 2 -ni;-e B3 n-m9er m-&t 9e -&e(.
BOP
2ctivity flag. Bf BOP]$, then the &caling i& not applie(, an( if BOP]1, the
&caling i& active.
PB3
Part or part &et B3.
PB3OT4P
PB3 type. PB3OT4P]$ in(icate& that PB3 i& a NP2'T B3, an( PB3OT4P]1,
a part &et.
BSS
C-rve B3 for &caling the yiel( &tre&& 9a&e( on the (i&tance to the clo&e&t
&oli( element &pot wel(.
B+S
C-rve B3 for &caling the fail-re &train 9a&e( on the (i&tance to the clo&e&t
&oli( element &pot wel(.
BSB
9eam element &pot wel(.
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`DEFINE `DEFINE_HAZ_PROPERTIES
1"#1!! C3=+B5=D LS-DYNA R7.0
B+B
BSC
B+C
con&traine( &pot wel(.
BS,
tailor wel(e( 9lan7 no(e.
B+,
C-rve B3 for &caling the fail-re &train 9a&e( on the (i&tance to the tailor
wel(e( 9lan7 no(e.
Remarks:
The yiel( &tre&& an( fail-re &train are a&&-me( to vary ra(ially a& a f-nction of the (i&tance of a point
to it& neigh9oring &pot wel(&. Since larger &pot wel(& may have a larger ra(i-& of infl-ence, the
&malle&t &cale factor for the yiel( &tre&& from all the neigh9oring &pot wel(& i& cho&en to &cale the
yiel( &tre&& at a partic-lar point. The fail-re &train -&e& the &caling c-rve for the &ame wel(.
The (i&tance from a &pot wel( Cor no(e for the 9lan7D i& mea&-re( along the &-rface of the part& in
the part &et. Thi& prevent& the heat &oftening effect& of a wel( from H-mping acro&& empty &pace.
The J2K capa9ility only wor7& with part& with material& -&ing the STOCJ2STBC option. Bt may
optionally 9e &im-ltaneo-&ly -&e( with N3=+B5=OSTOCJ2STBCOM2'B2TBO5 to al&o acco-nt for
the &patial variation& in the material propertie&. See N3=+B5=OSTOCJ2STBCOM2'B2TBO5 for
more (etail&.
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`DEFINE_HEX_SPOTWELD_ASSEMBLY `DEFINE
LS-DYNA R7.0 1"#1!" C3=+B5=D
`DEFINE_HEX_SPOTWELD_ASSEMBLY_POPTIONQ
2vaila9le option& incl-(e the n-m9er of &oli( hexahe(ron element& that are -&e( in the &pot wel(
patch)
<BLANK>
N
P-rpo&e) 3efine a li&t of hexahe(ral &oli( element& cl-&ter& that ma7e -p a &ingle &pot wel( for
comp-ting the force an( moment re&-ltant& that are written into the S,+O'C o-tp-t file. 2 maxi#
m-m of a 10 element cl-&ter may 9e -&e( to (efine a &ingle &pot wel(. See +ig-re 1"#%". Thi& ta9le
i& generate( a-tomatically when 9eam element& are converte( to &oli( element&. See the inp-t pa#
rameter, 'PBJL, which i& (e&cri9e( in the control &ection) NCO5T'OLOSPOT,=L3OB=2..

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le B3OS,
Type B
3efa-lt $

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le =B31 =B32 =B3% =B3! =B3" =B30 =B37 =B3/
3efa-lt $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $

Define the following card if and only if N>8
Optional 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le =B3 =B31$ =B311 =B312 =B31% =B31! =B31" =B310
3efa-lt $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $

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`DEFINE `DEFINE_HEX_SPOTWELD_ASSEMBLY
1"#1!0 C3=+B5=D LS-DYNA R7.0
B3OS,
Spot wel( B3. 2 -ni;-e B3 n-m9er m-&t 9e -&e(.
=B3n
=lement B3 n for -p to 10 &oli( hexahe(ral element&.

+ig-re 1"#%". Sample fo-r, eight, an( &ixteen element &pot wel( cl-&ter& compri&e( of &oli( hex#
ahe(ron element&.
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`DEFINEL_MULTI_DRAWBEADS_IGES `DEFINE
LS-DYNA R7.0 1"#1!7 C3=+B5=D
`DEFINE_MULTI_DRAWBEADS_IGES
P-rpo&e) Thi& 7eywor( i& (evelope( to &implify the (raw 9ea(& (efinition an( creation.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le +BL=52.=
Type C
3efa-lt none

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 3BB3 MB3 PB3 BLAB3 5C8'
Type B B B B B
3efa-lt none none 1 1 none
Define card 2, 3, 4, etc. for multiple draw bead curves. Input is terminated when a ~` is
found.

Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le C'MB3 B+O'C=
Type B +
3efa-lt none $.$

3BB3
3raw 9ea( &et B3, which may con&i&t& many (raw 9ea( &egment&.
MB3
Mector B3, a& (efine( 9y N3=+B5=OM=CTO'. Thi& vector i& -&e( to pro#
Hect the &-pplie( c-rve& to the rigi( tool, (efine( 9y varia9le PB3.
PB3
Part B3 of the rigi( tool to which the c-rve& are proHecte( an( attache(.
BLAB3
Part &et B3 of the 9lan7.
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`DEFINE `DEFINEL_MULTI_DRAWBEADS_IGES
1"#1!/ C3=+B5=D LS-DYNA R7.0
5C8'
5-m9er of (raw 9ea( c-rve &egment& Cin the B>=S fileD to 9e (efine(.
CM'B3
B>=S c-rve B3 for each &egment.
B+O'C=
3raw 9ea( force for each &egment.
Remarks:
1. Thi& 7eywor( alone can 9e -&e( to (efine (raw 9ea( force& aro-n( a &tamping part. The fol#
lowing partial 7eywor( example &how& a (raw 9ea( &et with B3 /, con&i&t& of three c-rve&
with B3, 12, 2%, an( !", each with 9ea( force& of 1$2.1, 2$%.%, 1!2." 5ewton, re&pectively, are
9eing create( for 9lan7 with PB3 1, an( are proHecte( an( attache( to rigi( tool with PB3 %,
along vector B3 . The B>=S file to 9e rea( i& X(raw9ea(&%.ige&Y.
*DE!INE_M)LTI_DRABEADS_IGES
;71LF-1;3.:=-<
$ #ID %ID PID BL$ID N#)R
&8 && 3 1 3
$ #ID B!OR#E
12 1"2.1
23 2"3.3
45 142.5
*;-5:0-_9-63o7
&&H"."H"."H"."H"."H"."H1."
2. Thi& feat-re i& availa9le in LS#3452 '" 'evi&ion 02/!$ an( later relea&e&.
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`DEFINE_PLANE `DEFINE
LS-DYNA R7.0 1"#1! C3=+B5=D
`DEFINE_PLANE
P-rpo&e) 3efine a plane with three non#collinear point&. The plane can 9e -&e( to (efine a reflection
9o-n(ary con(ition for pro9lem& li7e aco-&tic&.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le PB3 L1 41 K1 L2 42 K2 CB3
Type B + + + + + + B
3efa-lt $ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le L% 4% K%
Type + + +
3efa-lt $.$ $.$ $.$

PB3
Plane B3. 2 -ni;-e n-m9er ha& to 9e (efine(.
L1
L#coor(inate of point 1.
41
4#coor(inate of point 1.
K1
K#coor(inate of point 1.
L2
L#coor(inate of point 2.
42
4#coor(inate of point 2.
K2
K#coor(inate of point 2.
CB3
Coor(inate &y&tem B3 applie( to the coor(inate& -&e( to (efine the c-rrent
plane. The coor(inate& L1, 41, K1, L2, 42, K2, L%, 4% an( K% are (e#
fine( with re&pect to the coor(inate &y&tem CB3.
L%
L#coor(inate of point %.
4%
4#coor(inate of point %.
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`DEFINE `DEFINE_PLANE
1"#1"$ C3=+B5=D LS-DYNA R7.0
K%
K#coor(inate of point %.
Remarks:
%. The coor(inate& of the point& m-&t 9e &eparate( 9y a rea&ona9le (i&tance an( not collinear to
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`DEFINE_SD_ORIENTATION `DEFINE
LS-DYNA R7.0 1"#1"1 C3=+B5=D
`DEFINE_SD_ORIENTATION
P-rpo&e) 3efine orientation vector& for (i&crete &pring& an( (amper&. The&e orientation vector& are
optional for thi& element cla&&. +o-r alternative option& are po&&i9le. ,ith the fir&t two option&,
BOP] $ or 1, the vector i& (efine( 9y coor(inate& an( i& fixe( permanently in &pace. The thir( an(
fo-rth option orient& the vector 9a&e( on the motion of two no(e&, &o that the (irection can change a&
the line (efine( 9y the no(e& rotate&.

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le MB3 BOP LT 4T KT 5B31 5B32
Type B B + + + B B
3efa-lt $ $ $.$ $.$ $.$ $ $
'emar7& none 1 BOP]$,1 BOP]$,1 BOP]$,1 BOP]2,% BOP]2,%

MB3
Orientation vector B3. 2 -ni;-e B3 n-m9er m-&t 9e -&e(.
BOP
Option)
=S.$) (eflection&Frotation& are mea&-re( an( force&Fmoment& applie(
along the following orientation vector.
=S.1) (eflection&Frotation& are mea&-re( an( force&Fmoment& applie(
along the axi& 9etween the two &pringF(amper no(e& proHecte(
onto the plane normal to the following orientation vector.
=S.2) (eflection&Frotation& are mea&-re( an( force&Fmoment& applie(
along a vector (efine( 9y the following two no(e&.
=S.%) (eflection&Frotation& are mea&-re( an( force&Fmoment& applie(
along the axi& 9etween the two &pringF(amper no(e& proHecte(
onto the plane normal to the a vector (efine( 9y the following
two no(e&.
LT
x#val-e of orientation vector. 3efine if BOP]$,1.
4T
y#val-e of orientation vector. 3efine if BOP]$,1.
KT
I#val-e of orientation vector. 3efine if BOP]$,1.
5B31
5o(e 1 B3. 3efine if BOP]2,%.
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`DEFINE `DEFINE_SD_ORIENTATION
1"#1"2 C3=+B5=D LS-DYNA R7.0
5B32
5o(e 2 B3. 3efine if BOP]2, %.
Remarks)
1. The orientation vector& (efine( 9y option& $ an( 1 are fixe( in &pace for the (-ration of the
&im-lation. Option& 2 an( % allow the orientation vector to change with the motion of the
no(e&. >enerally, the no(e& &ho-l( 9e mem9er& of rigi( 9o(ie&, 9-t thi& i& not man(atory.
,hen -&ing no(e& of (eforma9le part& to (efine the orientation vector, care m-&t 9e ta7en to
en&-re that the&e no(e& will not move pa&t each other. Bf thi& happen&, the (irection of the
orientation vector will imme(iately change with the re&-lt that initiate &evere in&ta9ilitie& can
(evelop.
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`DEFINE_SET_ADAPTIVE `DEFINE
LS-DYNA R7.0 1"#1"% C3=+B5=D
`DEFINE_SET_ADAPTIVE
P-rpo&e) To control the a(aptive refinement level 9y element or part &et.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le S=TB3 ST4P= 23PLML 23PSBK=
Type B B B +

S=TB3
=lement &et B3 or part &et B3
ST4P=
Set type for S=TB3) 1#element &et 2#part &et
23PLML
2(aptive refinement level for all element& in S=TB3 &et.
23SBK=
.inim-m element &iIe to 9e a(apte( 9a&e( on element e(ge length for all
element& in S=TB3 &et.
Remarks:
1. Thi& option i& for %3#&hell h#a(aptivity only at the pre&ent time.
2. The or(er of (efining refinement level for any element& i& NCO5T'OLO232PTBM= an(
N3=+B5=OBOLO232PTBM=.
%. Bf there are m-ltiple (efinition& of refinement level or element &iIe for any element&, the
latter one will 9e -&e(.
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`DEFINE `DEFINE_SPH_TO_SPH_COUPLING
1"#1"! C3=+B5=D LS-DYNA R7.0
`DEFINE_SPH_TO_SPH_COUPLINGOPOPTIONQ
P-rpo&e) 3efine a penalty 9a&e( contact. Thi& option i& to 9e -&e( for the no(e to no(e contact& 9e#
tween SPJ part&.
?BLANK@
ID

The following card is required if and only if the ID option is specified.
Optional 1 2#/
Maria9le 3B3 J=23B5>
Type B 2
3efa-lt none none

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le SSB3 .SB3 SST4P .ST4P BBOL1 BBOL2 P+2CT S'23
3efa-lt none none none none none none 1.$ 1.$

The following card is read if and only if ~& is defined in column 1 of the first field.
Optional 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 3+2CT
Type +
3efa-lt $.$

3B3 3efinition B3. Thi& m-&t 9e a -ni;-e n-m9er.
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`DEFINE_SPH_TO_SPH_COUPLING `DEFINE
LS-DYNA R7.0 1"#1"" C3=+B5=D
J=23B5> 3efinition (e&criptor. Bt i& &-gge&te( that -ni;-e (e&cription& 9e -&e(.
SSB3 Slave part or part &et B3.
.SB3 .a&ter part or part &et B3.
SST4P Slave part type)
=S.$) Part &et B3,
=S.1) Part B3.
.ST4P .a&ter part type)
=S.$) Part &et B3,
=S.1) Part B3.
BBOL1 Box B3 for &lave part&, See 'emar7 1.
BBOL2 Box B3 for ma&ter part&, See 'emar7 1.
P+2CT Penalty &cale factor, See 'emar7 2.
S'23 Scale factor for no(e& to no(e& contact criteria, See 'emar7 %.
3+2CT Penalty &cale factor for contact (amping coefficient, See 'emar7 !.
Remarks:
1. BBOL1 an( BBOL2 are -&e( to (efine the 9ox B3& for the &lave part& an( the ma&ter part&
re&pectively. Only the particle& that in&i(e the 9oxe& are (efine( for the no(e to no(e contact&.
2. +or Jigh Melocity Bmpact pro9lem&, a &maller val-e Crange& from $.$1 to 1.$e#!D of P+2CT
varia9le i& recommen(e(. 2 n-m9er range& from $.1 to 1 i& recommen(e( for low velocity
contact 9etween two SPJ part&.
%. Contact 9etween two SPJ particle& from (ifferent part& i& (etecte( when the (i&tance of two
SPJ particle& i& le&& than S'23NC&-m of &mooth length& from two particle&DF2.$.
!. 3+2CT]$.$ i& the (efa-lt an( i& recommen(e(. +or 3+2CT@$.$, interaction 9etween SPJ
part& incl-(e& a vi&co-& effect, provi(ing &ome &tic7ine&& &imilar to the particle approximation
invo7e( when CO5T]$ in NCO5T'OLOSPJ. 2t pre&ent, no recommen(ation can 9e given
for a val-e of 3+2CT other than the val-e &ho-l( 9e le&& than 1.$.
.
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`DEFINE `DEFINE_SPOTWELD_FAILURE_RESULTANTS
1"#1"0 C3=+B5=D LS-DYNA R7.0
`DEFINE_SPOTWELD_FAILURE_RESULTANTS
P-rpo&e) 3efine fail-re criteria 9etween part pair& for pre(icting &pot wel( fail-re. Thi& ta9le i& im#
plemente( for so.id element &pot wel(&, which are -&e( with the tie(, con&traint 9a&e(, contact op#
tion) NCO5T2CTOTB=3OS8'+2C=OTOOS8'+2C=. Note that other tied /onta/t t9pes /annot ?e
used# The inp-t in thi& &ection contin-e& -ntil then next XNY car( i& enco-ntere(. 3efa-lt val-e& are
-&e( for any part B3 pair that i& not (efine(. Only one ta9le can (efine(. See N.2TOSPOT,=L3
where thi& option i& -&e( whenever OPT]7.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le B3 3S5 3SS 3LCB3S5 3LCB3SS
Type B + + B B
3efa-lt $ $.$ $.$ $ $

Cards 2, 3, ., The next ~` card terminates the table definition.
Car( 2R 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le PB3OB PB3O: S5B: SSB: LCB3S5B: LCB3SSB:
Type B B + + B B
3efa-lt none none $.$ $.$ $ $

B3
B(entification n-m9er. Only one ta9le i& allowe(.
3S5
3efa-lt val-e of the normal &tatic &tre&& at fail-re.
3SS
3efa-lt val-e of the tran&ver&e &tatic &tre&& at fail-re.
3LCB3S5
Loa( c-rve B3 (efining a &cale factor for the normal &tre&& a& a f-nction of
&train rate. Thi& factor m-ltiplie& 3S5 to o9tain the fail-re val-e at a given
&train rate.
3LCB3SS
Loa( c-rve B3 (efining a &cale factor for &tatic &hear &tre&& a& a f-nction of
&train rate. Thi& factor m-ltiplie& 3S5 to o9tain the fail-re val-e at a given
&train rate.
PB3OB
Part B3 B.
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`DEFINE_SPOTWELD_FAILURE_RESULTANTS `DEFINE
LS-DYNA R7.0 1"#1"7 C3=+B5=D
PB3O:
Part B3 :.
S5B:
The maxim-m axial &tre&& at fail-re 9etween part& B an( :. The axial &tre&&
i& comp-te( from the &oli( element &tre&& re&-ltant&, which are 9a&e( on the
no(al point force& of the &oli( element.
3SSB:
The maxim-m &hear &tre&& at fail-re 9etween part& B an( :. The &hear &tre&&
i& comp-te( from the &oli( element &tre&& re&-ltant&, which are 9a&e( on the
no(al point force& of the &oli( element.
LCB3S5B:
Loa( c-rve B3 (efining a &cale factor for the normal &tre&& a& a f-nction of
&train rate. Thi& factor m-ltiplie& S5B: to o9tain the fail-re val-e at a given
&train rate.
LCB3SSB:
Loa( c-rve B3 (efining a &cale factor for &tatic &hear &tre&& a& a f-nction of
&train rate. Thi& factor m-ltiplie& SSB: to o9tain the fail-re val-e at a given
&train rate.
Remarks:
The &tre&& 9a&e( fail-re mo(el, which wa& (evelope( 9y To9ota "otor 1orporation, i& a f-nction of
the pea7 axial an( tran&ver&e &hear &tre&&e&. The entire wel( fail& if the &tre&&e& are o-t&i(e of the
fail-re &-rface (efine( 9y)
_
o
P
]
2
+

2
-1 = u
where o
P
an(
P
are &pecifie( in the a9ove ta9le 9y part B3 pair&. LS#3452 a-tomatically i(enti#
fie& the part B3 of the attache( &hell element for each no(e of the &pot wel( &oli( an( chec7& for fail#
-re. Bf fail-re i& (etecte( the &oli( element i& (elete( from the calc-lation.
Bf the effect& of &train rate are con&i(ere(, then the fail-re criteria 9ecome&)
o
rr
J
dxn
s
p
o
rr
F
_
2
+
z
J
dxx
s
p
z
F
_
2
-1 =
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`DEFINE `DEFINE_SPOTWELD_MULTISCALE
1"#1"/ C3=+B5=D LS-DYNA R7.0
`DEFINE_SPOTWELD_MULTISCALE
P-rpo&e) 3efine 9eam&et#@m-lti&cale &potwel( type mapping& for mo(eling &potwel( fail-re via the
m-lti&cale &potwel( metho(. 2ny n-m9er of car(& can 9e (efine(.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le T4P= BS=T T4P= BS=T T4P= BS=T T4P= BS=T

T4P=
.8LTBSC2L= &potwel( type to -&e. See NB5CL83=OSPOT,=L3
O.8LTBSC2L=
BS=T
Beam &et which -&e& thi& m-lti&cale &potwel( type for fail-re mo(eling.
Remarks:
See NB5CL83=O.8LTBSC2L=OSPOT,=L3 for a (etaile( explanation of thi& capa9ility.
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`DEFINE_SPOTWELD_RUPTURE_PARAMETER `DEFINE
LS-DYNA R7.0 1"#1" C3=+B5=D
`DEFINE_SPOTWELD_RUPTURE_PARAMETER
P-rpo&e) 3efine a parameter 9y part B3 for &hell element& attache( to &pot wel( ?eam element& -&#
ing the con&traine( contact option) NCO5T2CTOSPOT,=L3. This ta?.e *i.. not *or> *ith other
/onta/t t9pes. Only one ta9le i& permitte( in the pro9lem (efinition. 3ata, which i& (efine( in thi&
ta9le, i& -&e( 9y the &tre&& 9a&e( &pot wel( fail-re mo(el (evelope( 9y To9ota "otor 1orporation.
See N.2TOSPOT,=L3 where thi& option i& activate( 9y &etting the parameter OPT to a val-e of .
Thi& &pot wel( fail-re mo(el i& a (evelopment of To9ota "otor 1orporation.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le PB3
Type B
3efa-lt

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le C11 C12 C1% 511 512 51% SB>OP+
Type + + + + + + +
3efa-lt

Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le C21 C22 C2% 52 SB>O5+
Type + + + +
3efa-lt

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`DEFINE `DEFINE_SPOTWELD_RUPTURE_PARAMETER
1"#10$ C3=+B5=D LS-DYNA R7.0
Car( ! 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le LC3P2 LC3P. LC3PS LC352 LC35. LC35S 5S.T
Type B B B B B B B
3efa-lt $ $ $ $ $ $ $

PB3
Part B3 for the attache( &hell.
C11#52
Parameter& for mo(el, &ee 'emar7& 9elow.
SB>OP+
5-gget p-ll#o-t &tre&&,
P
.
SB>O5+
5-gget fract-re &tre&&,
+
.
LC3P2
C-rve B3 (efining (ynamic &cale factor of &pot wel( axial loa( rate for
n-gget p-ll#o-t mo(e.
LC3P.
C-rve B3 (efining (ynamic &cale factor of &pot wel( moment loa( rate for
LC3PS
C-rve B3 (efining (ynamic &cale factor of &pot wel( &hear loa( rate for
LC352
C-rve B3 (efining (ynamic &cale factor of &pot wel( axial loa( rate for
n-gget fract-re mo(e.
LC35.
C-rve B3 (efining (ynamic &cale factor of &pot wel( moment loa( rate for
LC35S
C-rve B3 (efining (ynamic &cale factor of &pot wel( &hear loa( rate for
5S.T
The n-m9er of time &tep& -&e( for averaging the re&-ltant rate& for the (y#
namic &cale factor&.
Remarks:
Thi& fail-re mo(el incorporate& two fail-re f-nction&, one for n-gget p-ll#o-t an( the other for n-g#
get fract-re. The n-gget p-ll#o-t fail-re f-nction i&
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`DEFINE_SPOTWELD_RUPTURE_PARAMETER `DEFINE
LS-DYNA R7.0 1"#101 C3=+B5=D
F
p
=
C11 A
N11
+C12 H
N12
+C1S S
N13
o
P
_1 +
e
p
C

1
p
_

where (, ", an( S are the axial force, moment, an( &hear re&-ltant& re&pectively, i& the &pot wel(
(iameter, an( the Cowper#Symon(& coefficient& are from the attache( &hell material mo(el. Bf the
Cowper#Symon(& coefficient& arenVt &pecifie(, the term within the &;-are 9rac7et&, T U, i& 1.$. The
fract-re fail-re f-nction i&
F
n
=
(C21+C22)
2
+3(C23S)
2
N2
c
F
_1+
s
p
C

1
p
_
.
,hen the loa( c-rve& for the rate effect& are &pecifie(, the fail-re criteria are
F
p
=
C11
dpu
(A
) A
N11
+C12
dpu
(H
) H
N12
+C1S
dpu
(S
) S
N13
o
P

F
n
=
(C21
dnu
(A
) A +C22
dnm
(H
) H)
2
+S(C2S
dns
(S
) S)
2
N2
o
P

where - i& the appropriate loa( c-rve &cale factor. The &cale factor for each term i& &et to 1.$ for
when no loa( c-rve i& &pecifie(. 5o extrapolation i& performe( if the rate& fall o-t&i(e of the range
&pecifie( in the loa( c-rve to avoi( negative &cale factor&. 2 negative loa( c-rve B3 (e&ignate& that
the c-rve a9&ci&&a i& the log
1$
of the re&-ltant rate. Thi& option i& recommen(e( when the c-rve (ata
cover& &everal or(er& of magnit-(e in the re&-ltant rate. 5ote that the loa( c-rve (ynamic &caling
replace& the Cowper#Symon(& mo(el for rate effect&.
+ail-re occ-r& when either of the fail-re f-nction& i& greater than 1.$.
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`DEFINE `DEFINE_SPOTWELD_RUPTURE_STRESS
1"#102 C3=+B5=D LS-DYNA R7.0
`DEFINE_SPOTWELD_RUPTURE_STRESS
P-rpo&e) 3efine a &tatic &tre&& r-pt-re ta9le 9y part B3 for &hell element& connecte( to &pot wel(
?eam element& -&ing the con&traine( contact option) NCO5T2CTOSPOT,=L3. This ta?.e *i.. not
*or> *ith other /onta/t t9pes. Only one ta9le i& permitte( in the pro9lem (efinition. 3ata, which i&
(efine( in thi& ta9le, i& -&e( 9y the &tre&& 9a&e( &pot wel( fail-re mo(el (evelope( 9y To9ota "otor
1orporation. See N.2TOSPOT,=L3 where thi& option i& activate( 9y &etting the parameter OPT
to a val-e of 0.

Define rupture stresses part by part. The next ~` card terminates this input.
Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le PB3 S'SB> SB>T28 2LPJ2
Type B + + +

PB3
Part B3 for the attache( &hell.
S'SB>
2xial CnormalD r-pt-re &tre&&, o
P
.
S'T28
Tran&ver&e C&hearD r-pt-re &tre&&,
P
.
2LPJ2
Scaling factor for the axial &tre&& a& (efine( 9y Toyota. The (efa-lt val-e i&
1.$.
Remarks:
The &tre&& 9a&e( fail-re mo(el, which wa& (evelope( 9y To9ota "otor 1orporation, i& a f-nction of
the pea7 axial an( tran&ver&e &hear &tre&&e&. The entire wel( fail& if the &tre&&e& are o-t&i(e of the
fail-re &-rface (efine( 9y)
_
o
P
]
2
+

2
-1 = u
where o
P
an(
P
are &pecifie( in the a9ove ta9le 9y part B3. LS#3452 a-tomatically i(entifie& the
part B3 of the attache( &hell element for each no(e of the &pot wel( 9eam an( in(epen(ently chec7&
each en( for fail-re. Bf fail-re i& (etecte( in the en( attache( to the &hell with the greate&t pla&tic
&train, the 9eam element i& (elete( from the calc-lation.
Bf the effect& of &train rate are con&i(ere(, then the fail-re criteria 9ecome&)
_
o
P
(e
p
)
]
2
+_

P
(e
p
)
]
2
-1 = u
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`DEFINE_SPOTWELD_RUPTURE_STRESS `DEFINE
LS-DYNA R7.0 1"#10% C3=+B5=D
where o
P
(e
p
) an(
P
(e
p
) are fo-n( 9y -&ing the Cowper an( Symon(& mo(el which &cale& the
&tatic fail-re &tre&&e&)
o
P
(e
p
) = o
P
_1 +_
e
p
C
]
1
p
P
(e
p
) =
P
_1 +_
e
p
C
]
1
p
_

where e
p
i& the average pla&tic &train rate which i& integrate( over the (omain of the attache( &hell
element, an( the con&tant& p an( 1 are -ni;-ely (efine( at each en( of the 9eam element 9y the con#
&tit-tive (ata of the attache( &hell. The con&tit-tive mo(el i& (e&cri9e( in the material &ection -n(er
7eywor() N.2TOPB=C=,BS=OLB5=2'OPL2STBCBT4.
The pea7 &tre&&e& are calc-late( from the re&-ltant& -&ing &imple 9eam theory.
o
=
N
A
+
H
s
2
+H
t
2
o
=
H
2
+
N
s
2
+N
t
2
A

where the area an( &ection mo(-l-& are given 9y)
A =
J
2
4
=
J
3
S2

an( d i& the (iameter of the &pot wel( 9eam.
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`DEFINE `DEFINE_STAGED_CONSTRUCTION_PART
1"#10! C3=+B5=D LS-DYNA R7.0
`DEFINE_STAGED_CONSTRUCTION_PART_OPTION]
<BLANK>
SET
P-rpo&e) Stage( con&tr-ction. Thi& 7eywor( offer& a &imple way to (efine part& that are remove(
Ce.g., (-ring excavationD, a((e( Ce.g., new con&tr-ctionD an( -&e( temporarily Ce.g., prop&D (-ring the
analy&i&. 2vaila9le for &oli(, &hell, an( 9eam element part&.

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le PB3FPSB3 ST>2 ST>'
Type B B B
3efa-lt none
See
'emar7&
See
'emar7&

PB3
Part B3 Cor Part Set B3 for theOS=T optionD
ST>2
Con&tr-ction &tage at which part i& a((e(
ST>'
Con&tr-ction &tage at which part i& remove(
Remarks:
8&e( with N3=+B5=OCO5ST'8CTBO5OST2>=S C(efine& the meaning of &tage& ST>2 an(
ST>'D an( NCO5T'OLOST2>=3OCO5ST'8CTBO5. Bf ST>2]$, the part i& pre&ent at the &tart
of the analy&i&. Bf ST>']$, the part i& &till pre&ent at the en( of the analy&i&. =xample&)
1. Soil that i& excavate( wo-l( have ST>2]$ 9-t ST>'@$
2. 5ew con&tr-ction wo-l( have ST>2@$ an( ST>']$
%. Temporary wor7& wo-l( have ST>2@$, ST>'@ST>2.
Thi& i& a convenience feat-re that re(-ce& the amo-nt of inp-t (ata nee(e( for many typical con#
&tr-ction mo(el&. Bnternally, LS#3452 chec7& for NLO23O'=.OM=OP2'T, NLO23O>'2MBT4
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`DEFINE_STAGED_CONSTRUCTION_PART `DEFINE
LS-DYNA R7.0 1"#10" C3=+B5=D
OP2'T an( NLO23OSTB++=5OP2'T referencing the &ame PB3. >enerally, the&e will not 9e pre#
&ent an( LS#3452 create& the (ata -&ing ST>2 an( ST>', an( (efa-lt gravity an( pre#
con&tr-ction &tiffne&& factor from NCO5T'OLOST2>=3OCO5ST'8CTBO5. Bf exi&ting car(& are
fo-n(, ST>2 an( ST>' are in&erte( into the exi&ting (ata. 3-ring the analy&i&, any loa( c-rve& en#
tere( on tho&e exi&ting car(& will overri(e ST>2 an( ST>'.
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`DEFINE `DEFINE_STOCHASTIC_VARIATION
1"#100 C3=+B5=D LS-DYNA R7.0
`DEFINE_STOCHASTIC_VARIATION
P-rpo&e) 3efine the &tocha&tic variation in the yiel( &tre&& an( (amageFfail-re mo(el& for material
mo(el& with the STOCJ2STBC option, c-rrently material& 1$, 1", 2!, /1, an( /.
Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le B3OSM PB3 PB3OT4P BCO' M2'OS M2'O+
Type B B B B B B
3efa-lt $ $ $ $ $ $
Two a((itional car(& are re;-ire(, one for M2'OS an( one for M2'O+. Their format (epen(& on
val-e& of M2'OS an( M2'O+. +or val-e& of $, 1, an( 2, the format i&)
Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le '1 '2 '%
Type + + +
3efa-lt
+or the val-e& % an( !, the format i&
Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le LCB3
Type B
3efa-lt $

B3OSM
Stocha&tic variation B3. 2 -ni;-e B3 n-m9er m-&t 9e -&e(.
PB3
NP2'T B3 or NS=TOP2'T B3.
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`DEFINE_STOCHASTIC_VARIATION `DEFINE
LS-DYNA R7.0 1"#107 C3=+B5=D
PB3OT4P
+lag for PB3 type. Bf PB3 an( PB3OT4P are 9oth $, then the propertie& (e#
fine( here apply to all &hell an( &oli( part& -&ing material& with the STO#
CJ2STBC option.
=S.$) PB3 i& a NP2'T B3.
=S.1) PB3 i& a NS=TOP2'T B3
BCO'
Correlation 9etween the yiel( &tre&& an( fail-re &train &caling.
=S.$) Perfect correlation.
=S.1) 5o correlation) The yiel( &tre&& an( fail-re &train are in(e#
pen(ently &cale(.
M2'OS
Mariation type for &caling the yiel( &tre&&.
=S.$) The &cale factor i& 1.$ everywhere.
=S.1) The &cale factor i& ran(om n-m9er in the -niform ran(om (i&tri#
9-tion in the interval (efine( 9y '1 an( '2.
=S.2) The &cale factor i& a ran(om n-m9er o9eying the >a-&&ian (i&tri#
9-tion (efine( 9y '1, '2, an( '%.
=S.%) The &cale factor i& (efine( 9y the proa9ility (i&tri9-tion f-nction
(efine( 9y c-rve LCB3.
=S.!) The &cale factor i& (efine( 9y the c-m-lative (i&tri9-tion f-nction
M2'O+
Mariation type for &caling fail-re &train.
=S.$) The &cale factor i& 1.$ everywhere.
=S.1) The &cale factor i& ran(om n-m9er in the -niform ran(om (i&tri#
9-tion in the interval (efine( 9y '1 an( '2.
=S.2) The &cale factor i& a ran(om n-m9er o9eying the >a-&&ian (i&tri#
9-tion (efine( 9y '1, '2, an( '%.
=S.%) The &cale factor i& (efine( 9y the proa9ility (i&tri9-tion f-nction
=S.!) The &cale factor i& (efine( 9y the c-m-lative (i&tri9-tion f-nction
'1,'2,'%
'eal val-e& to (efine the &tocha&tic (i&tri9-tion. See 9elow.
LCB3
C-rve B3 (efining the &tocha&tic (i&tri9-tion. See 9elow.

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`DEFINE `DEFINE_STOCHASTIC_VARIATION
1"#10/ C3=+B5=D LS-DYNA R7.0
Remarks:
=ach integration point x
g
in the part& &pecife( 9y PB3 i& a&&igne( the ran(om &cale factor& R
S
an( R
P

that are applie( to the val-e& calc-late( 9y the material mo(el for the yiel( &tre&& an( fail-re &train.
o
= R
s
(x
g
)o
(e
p
. . . ) an( e
PIL
p
= R
P
(x
g
)e
PIL
p
(e e
p
. . . )
The &cale factor& vary &patially over the mo(el accor(ing to the cho&en &tati&tical (i&tri9-tion& (e#
fine( in thi& &ection an( are in(epen(ent of time. The &cale factor& may 9e completely correlate( or
-ncorrelate( with the (efa-lt 9eing completely correlate( &ince the fail-re &train i& generally re(-ce(
a& the yiel( &tre&& increa&e&.
The -&er i& re&pon&i9le for (efining the (i&tri9-tion& &o that they are phy&ically meaningf-l an( are
re&tricte( to a reali&tic range. Since neither the yiel( &tre&& nor the fail-re &train may 9e negative, for
example, the minim-m val-e& of the (i&tri9-tion& m-&t alway& 9e greater than Iero.
The pro9a9ility that a partic-lar val-e & will occ-r (efine& the pro?a?i.it9 distri?ution -un/tion PJ&L#
Since a val-e m-&t 9e cho&en from the (i&tri9-tion, the integral from the minim-m to the maxim-m
val-e of & of the pro9a9ility (i&tri9-tion f-nction m-&t 9e 1.$,
P(R)JR = 1
R
HAX
R
HIN
.
2nother way to characteriIe a (i&tri9-tion i& the /umu.ati+e distri?ution -un/tion 1J&L which (efine&
the pro9a9ility that a val-e will lie 9etween R
IN
an( &,
C(R) = P(R
`
)JR
`
MIN
#
By (efinition C(R
IN
) = u an( C(R
X
) = 1. 2n inver&e c-m-lative pro9a9ility f-nction give&
the n-m9er for a c-m-lative pro9a9ility of 1J&L,
(C(R)) = R.
2 ran(om (i&tri9-tion &ati&fying the pro9a9ility (i&tri9-tion f-nction PJ&L from a &e;-ence of -ni#
formly (i&tri9-te( n-m9er&, R
`
I
, for I=1,N, can generate( from the inver&e c-m-lative (i&tri9-tion
f-nction a&
R
I
= (R
`
I
).
The &cale factor& for the yiel( &tre&& an( the fail-re &train may 9e generate( -&ing the &ame val-e of
R
`
I
for 9oth CBCO']$D or 9y -&ing in(epen(ent val-e& each one CBCO']1D. Bf the &ame val-e& are
-&e(, there i& perfect correlation, an( the fail-re &train &cale factor 9ecome& an implicit val-e of yiel(
&tre&& &cale factor.
Bf M2']$, the corre&pon(ing yiel( &tre&& or fail-re &train i& not &cale(.
+or the -niform ran(om (i&tri9-tion, the pro9a9ility of a partic-lar val-e i&
P(R) =
1
MAX
-
MIN

an( the c-m-lative pro9a9ilility f-nction i&
C(R) =
R -R
IN
R
X
-R
IN
.
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`DEFINE_STOCHASTIC_VARIATION `DEFINE
LS-DYNA R7.0 1"#10 C3=+B5=D
2 -niform (i&tri9-tion i& &pecifie( 9y &etting M2']1 an( R1 = R
IN
an( R2 = R
X
. Bf &1=&2,
the yiel( &tre&& or fail-re &train will 9e &cale( 9y &1#
The >a-&&ian (i&tri9-tion, M2']%, i& &moothly varying with a pea7 at w an( 0% percent of the val#
-e& occ-rring within the interval of one &tan(ar( (eviation r, Tw#r,w[rU, where R1 = p an( R2 = o.
There i& a finite pro9a9ility that the val-e& of & will 9e o-t&i(e of the range that are phy&ically mean#
ingf-l in the &caling proce&&, an( RS = ore&trict& the range of ' to |p -o p +o]. The re#
&-lting tr-ncate( >a-&&ian (i&tri9-tion i& re&cale( &-ch that (p +o) = 1.
The -&er may (irectly &pecify the pro9a9ility (i&tri9-tion f-nction or the c-m-lative pro9a9ility (i&#
tri9-tion f-nction with N3=+B5=OC8'M= 9y &etting M2']% or M2']!, re&pectively, an( &pecify#
ing the re;-ire( c-rve B3.
Stocha&tic variation& may 9e -&e( &im-ltaneo-&ly with the heat affecte( Ione CJ2KD option& in LS#
3452 C&ee N3=+B5=OJ2KOP'OP='TB=SD. The effect of the &cale factor& from &tocha&tic varia#
tion an( J2K option& are m-ltiplie( together to &cale the yiel( &tre&& an( fail-re &train,
o
= R
S
(x
g
)R
S
H
o
(e
p
. . . ) an( e
PIL
p
= R
P
(x
g
)R
P
H
e
PIL
p
(e e
p
. . . )
.
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`DEFINE `DEFINE_TABLE
1"#17$ C3=+B5=D LS-DYNA R7.0
`DEFINE_TABLE
P-rpo&e) 3efine a ta9le. Thi& inp-t &ection i& &omewhat -ni;-e in that another 7eywor(, N3=+B5=
OC8'M=, i& -&e( a& part of the inp-t in thi& &ection. 2 ta9le con&i&t& of a N3=+B5=OT2BL= car(
followe( 9y n line& of inp-t. =ach of the n a((itional line& (efine a n-merical val-e in a&cen(ing
or(er corre&pon(ing to a N3=+B5=OC8'M= inp-t which follow& the N3=+B5=OT2BL= 7eywor(
an( the relate( inp-t. +or example, to (efine &train rate (epen(ency where it i& (e&ire( to provi(e a
&tre&& ver&-& &train c-rve for each &train rate, n &train rate& wo-l( 9e (efine( following the N3=+B5=
OT2BL= 7eywor(. The c-rve& then follow which ma7e -p the ta9le. =ach c-rve may have -ni;-e
&pacing an( an ar9itrary n-m9er of point& in their (efinition. CLoa( c-rve B3G& (efine( for the ta9le
may 9e reference( el&ewhere in the inp-t.D However, the curves must not cross except at the
origin and the curves must share the same origin and end point. Thi& rather aw7war( inp-t i&
(one for efficiency rea&on& relate( to the (e&ire to avoi( in(irect a((re&&ing in the inner loop& -&e(
in the con&tit-tive mo(el &tre&& eval-ation.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le TBB3 S+2 O++2
Type B + +
3efa-lt none 1. $.

Card 2, 3, 4, etc. Put one point per card (E20.0). Input is terminated when a ~`DEFINE
_CURVE card is found.
Car( 2R 1 2 % !
Maria9le M2L8=
Type +
3efa-lt $.$
Bn&ert one `DEFINE_CURVE inp-t &ection here for each point (efine( a9ove.

TBB3
Ta9le B3. Ta9le& an( Loa( c-rve& may not &hare common B3G&.
LS#3452 allow& loa( c-rve B3G& an( ta9le B3G& to 9e -&e( interchangea#
9ly.
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`DEFINE_TABLE `DEFINE
LS-DYNA R7.0 1"#171 C3=+B5=D
S+2
Scale factor for M2L8=.
O++2
Off&et for M2L8=, &ee explanation 9elow.
M2L8=
Loa( c-rve will 9e (efine( corre&pon(ing to thi& val-e, e.g., thi& val-e
co-l( 9e a &train rate, &ee p-rpo&e a9ove.
Remarks:
1. Bf for example, 1$ &tre&&#&train c-rve& for 1$ (ifferent &train rate& are given, 1$ car(& with the
a&cen(ing val-e& of &train rate then follow the fir&t car(. 2fterwar(&, 1$ corre&pon(ing
N3=+B5=OC8'M= &pecification& have to follow.
2. M2L8= i& &cale( in the &ame manner a& in N3=+B5=OC8'M=, i.e.,
S/a.ed +a.ue = S;(UJe-ined +a.ue H O;;(L.

%. 8nle&& &tate( otherwi&e in the (e&cription of a 7eywor( comman( that reference& a ta9le,
there i& no extrapolation 9eyon( the range of M2L8=& (efine( for the ta9le. +or example, if
the ta9le M2L8= repre&ent& &train rate an( the calc-late( &train rate excee(& the la&tFhighe&t
M2L8= given 9y the ta9le, the &tre&&#&train c-rve corre&pon(ing to the la&tFhighe&t ta9le
M2L8= will 9e -&e(.
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`DEFINE `DEFINE_TABLE_2D
1"#172 C3=+B5=D LS-DYNA R7.0
`DEFINE_TABLE_2D
P-rpo&e) 3efine a ta9le. 8nli7e the N3=+B5=OT2BL= 7eywor( a9ove, a c-rve B3 i& &pecifie( for
each val-e (efine( in the ta9le. Thi& allow& the &ame c-rve B3 to 9e reference( 9y m-ltiple ta9le&,
an( the c-rve& may 9e (efine( anywhere in the inp-t file. 2& in N3=+B5=OT2BL=, each c-rve may
have -ni;-e &pacing an( an ar9itrary n-m9er of point& in their (efinition. )o*e+er, the /ur+es must
not /ross e:/ept at the ori6in and the /ur+es must share the same ori6in and end point

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Type B + +
3efa-lt none 1. $.

Card 2, 3, 4, etc. Define one point and curve ID per card (E20.0,I20). Input is terminated when
a ~` card is found.
Car( 2R 1 2 % !
Maria9le M2L8= C8'M= B3
Type + B
3efa-lt $.$ none

TBB3
9ly.
S+2
O++2
M2L8=
co-l( 9e a &train rate for example.
C8'M=B3
Loa( c-rve B3.
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`DEFINE_TABLE_2D `DEFINE
LS-DYNA R7.0 1"#17% C3=+B5=D
Remarks:
2. 8nle&& &tate( otherwi&e in the (e&cription of a 7eywor( comman( that reference& a ta9le,
M2L8= will 9e -&e(.
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`DEFINE `DEFINE_TABLE_3D
1"#17! C3=+B5=D LS-DYNA R7.0
`DEFINE_TABLE_3D
P-rpo&e) 3efine a three (imen&ional ta9le. +or each val-e (efine( 9elow, a ta9le B3 i& &pecifie(.
+or example, in a thermally (epen(ent material mo(el, the val-e given 9elow co-l( corre&pon( to
tempert-re for a ta9le B3 (efining effective &tre&& ver&-& &train c-rve& for a &et of &train rate val-e&.
=ach ta9le B3 can 9e reference( 9y m-ltiple three (imen&ional ta9le&, an( the ta9le& may 9e (efine(
anywhere in the inp-t.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Type B + +
3efa-lt none 1. $.

Card 2, 3, 4, etc. Define one point and table ID per card (E20.0,I20). Input is terminated when
a ~` card is found.
Car( 2R 1 2 % !
Maria9le M2L8= T2BL= B3
Type + B
3efa-lt $.$ none

TBB3
9ly.
S+2
O++2
M2L8=
co-l( 9e a &train rate for example.
T2BL=B3
Ta9le B3.
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`DEFINE_TABLE_3D `DEFINE
LS-DYNA R7.0 1"#17" C3=+B5=D
Remarks:

2. 8nle&& &tate( otherwi&e in the (e&cription of a 7eywor( comman( that reference& a ta9le,
M2L8= will 9e -&e(.
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`DEFINE `DEFINE_TARGET_BOUNDARY
1"#170 C3=+B5=D LS-DYNA R7.0
`DEFINE_TARGET_BOUNDARY
P-rpo&e) The 7eywor( i& (evelope( to (efine 9o-n(ary no(e& of a 9lan7 to 9e -&e( a& target no(e&
for 9lan7 &iIe (evelopment in &heet metal forming. Thi& 7eywor( i& -&e( together with
NB5T='+2C=OBL25ASBK=O3=M=LOP.=5T.
Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le L 4 K
Type + + +
Define as many as necessary Card 2, 3, 4, etc. following the format above, to complete the defi-
nition of the blank boundary as an enclosed loop. Input is terminated with ÈND.
L, 4, K
Location coor(inate& of a target no(e.
Remarks)
1. Thi& 7eywor( an( it& content& are to 9e ma(e into a 7eywor( file, for example, ntargetno(e&.7V,
to 9e -&e( in Car( 2 of the 7eywor( NB5T='+2C=OBL25ASBK=O3=M=LOP.=5T.
2. 2 partial 7eywor( inp-t i& &hown 9elow, an( i& the content of a file name( ntargetno(e&.7V.
*$EYORD
*DE!INE_TARGET_BO)NDARY
'1.83355-G"2 '5.&4"68-G"2 '1.5863&-G"2
'1.8"736-G"2 '5.&4"71-G"2 '1.581&6-G"2
'1.78126-G"2 '5.&4"&8-G"2 '1.57813-G"2
'1.75546-G"2 '5.&4"&6-G"2 '1.57433-G"2
'1.72888-G"2 '5.&4117-G"2 '1.57"26-G"2
.....
*END
Typically, the&e 9o-n(ary no(e& can 9e create( from 9o-n(ary c-rve& of a final Ctrimme(D
pro(-ct, or from a (raw 9lan7 e(ge at a certain (i&tance o-t&i(e of the (raw 9ea(&, etc. To cre#
ate a file of thi& format from B>=S c-rve& in LS#PrePo&t!.$, the men- option 1ur+e/1on+ert
J1ur+esL/To or ;rom C47 -i.e can 9e -&e(. Once the file i& written, the fir&t few line& can 9e
replace( with thi& 7eywor(.
%. Thi& feat-re i& availa9le in LS#3452 '0 'evi&ion 7!"0$ an( later relea&e&.
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`DEFINE_TRACER_PARTICLES_2D `DEFINE
LS-DYNA R7.0 1"#177 C3=+B5=D
`DEFINE_TRACER_PARTICLES_2D
P-rpo&e) 3efine tracer particle& that follow the (eformation of a material. Thi& i& -&ef-l for vi&-aliI#
ing the (eformation of a part that i& 9eing a(apte( in a metal forming operation. 5o(e& -&e( a& tracer
particle& &ho-l( only 9e -&e( for vi&-aliIation an( not a&&ociate( with anything in the mo(el that
may alter the re&pon&e of the mo(el, e.g., they &ho-l( not 9e -&e( in any element& except tho&e with
n-ll material&.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 5S=T PS=T
Type B B
3efa-lt none $

5S=T
The no(e &et B3 for the no(e& -&e( a& tracer particle&.
PS=T
Optional part &et B3. Bf thi& part &et i& &pecifie(, only tracer particle& in
the&e part& are -p(ate( an( the other& are &tationary. Bf thi& part &et i& not
&pecifie(, all tracer particle& are -p(ate(.
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`DEFINE `DEFINE_TRANSFORMATION
1"#17/ C3=+B5=D LS-DYNA R7.0
`DEFINE_TRANSFORMATION
P-rpo&e) 3efine a tran&formation for the B5CL83=OT'25S+O'. 7eywor( option. The
N3=+B5=OT'25S+O'.2TBO5 comman( m-&t 9e (efine( 9efore the NB5CL83=
OT'25S+O'. comman( can 9e -&e(.

Cards 1, 2, 3, 4, ... (The next ~` card terminates the input.) This set is a combination of a
series of options listed in the table defined below.
Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le T'25B3
Type B
3efa-lt none

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le OPTBO5 21 22 2% 2! 2" 20 27
Type 2 + + + + + + +

T'25B3
Tran&form B3.
OPTBO5
+or the availa9le option& &ee the ta9le 9elow.
21#27
Specifie( entity. =ach car( m-&t have an option &pecifie(. See Ta9le 11.1
9elow for the availa9le option&.

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`DEFINE_TRANSFORMATION `DEFINE
LS-DYNA R7.0 1"#17 C3=+B5=D
FORMAT (A10,7F10.0)
OPTBO5 =5TBTB=S [ 2TT'BB8T=S +85CTBO5
SC2L=
a1, a2, a%
Scale the glo9al x, y, an( I coor(inate& of a point 9y
a1, a2, an( a%, re&pectively. Bf Iero, a (efa-lt of
-nity i& &et.
'OT2T=
a1, a2, a%, a!, a", a0, a7 'otate thro-gh an angle C(egD, a7, a9o-t a line with
(irection co&ine& a1, a2, an( a% pa&&ing thro-gh the
point with coor(inate& a!, a", an( a0.
Bf a! thro-gh a7 are Iero, then a1 an( a2 are the
B3V& of two POB5T& an( a% (efine& the rotation an#
gle. The axi& of rotation i& (efine( 9y a vector going
from point with B3 a1 to point with B3 a2.
T'25SL
a1, a2, a% Tran&late the x, y, an( I coor(inate& of a point 9y
a1, a2, an( a%, re&pectively.
POB5T
a1,a2,a%,a! 3efine a point with B3, a1, with the initial coor(i#
nate& a2, a%, an( a!.
POS0P
a1, a2, a%, a!, a", a0 Po&itioning 9y 0 point&. 2ffine tran&formation Crota#
tion an( tran&lation, no &calingD given 9y three &tart
point& a1, a2, an( a% an( three target point& a!, a",
an( a0. The &ix POB5T& m-&t 9e (efine( 9efore
they are reference(. Only 1 POS0P option i& permit#
te( within a N3=+B5=OT'25S+O'.2TBO5 (ef#
inition.
Table 11.1
The or(ering of the SC2L=, 'OT2T=, an( T'25SL comman(& i& important. Bt i& generally rec#
ommen( to fir&t &cale, then rotate, an( finally tran&late the mo(el.
The POB5T option in 'OT2T= provi(e& a mean& of (efining rotation& a9o-t axe& (efine( 9y the
previo-& tran&formation&. The coor(inate& of the two POB5T& are tran&forme( 9y all the tran&for#
mation& -p to the tran&formation where they are reference(. The POB5T& m-&t 9e (efine( 9efore
they are reference(, an( their i(entification n-m9er& are local to each N3=+B5=
OT'25S+O'.2TBO5. The coor(inate& of a POB5T are tran&forme( -&ing all the tran&formation&
9efore it i& reference(, not H-&t the tran&formation& 9etween it& (efinition an( it& reference. To p-t it
another way, while the or(ering of the tran&formation& i& important, the or(ering 9etween the
POB5T& an( the tran&formation& i& not important.
Bn the following example, the N3=+B5=OT'25S+O'.2TBO5 comman( i& -&e( % time& to inp-t
the &ame (-mmy mo(el an( po&ition it a& follow&)
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`DEFINE `DEFINE_TRANSFORMATION
1"#1/$ C3=+B5=D LS-DYNA R7.0
1. Tran&formation i( 1$$$ import& the (-mmy mo(el C(-mmy.7D an( rotate& it !" (egree&
a9o-t I#axi& at the point C$.$,$.$,$.$D. Tran&formation i( 1$$1 perform& the &ame tran&for#
mation -&ing the POB5T option.
2. Tran&formation i( 2$$$ import& the &ame (-mmy mo(el C(-mmy.7D an( tran&late& 1$$$
-nit& in the x (irection.
%. Tran&formation i( %$$$ import& the &ame (-mmy mo(el C(-mmy.7D an( tran&late& 2$$$
-nit& in the x (irection. +or each N3=+B5=OT'25S+O'.2TBO5, the comman(&
T'25SL, SC2L=, an( 'OT2T= are availa9le. The tran&formation& are applie( in the or(er
in which they are (efine( in the file, e.g., tran&formation i( 1$$$ in thi& example wo-l(
tran&late, &cale an( then rotate the mo(el. NB5CL83=OT'25S+O'. -&e& a tran&formation
i( (efine( 9y a N3=+B5=OT'25S+O'.2TBO5 comman( to import a mo(el an( perform
the a&&ociate( tran&formation&. Bt al&o allow& the -&er -pon importing the mo(el to apply
off&et& to the vario-& entity i(& an( perform -nit conver&ion of the importe( mo(el.
*$EYORD
*DE!INE_TRANS!ORMATION
1"""
$ o/3:o0 R ;AR ;4R ;BR
TRANSL """"." "." "."
$ o/3:o0 R ;AR ;4R ;BR
S#ALE 1."" 1." 1."
$ o/3:o0 R ;AR ;4R ;BR /AR /4R /BR
10=2-R
ROTATE "."" "." 1." "."" "."" "."
45.""
1""1
POINT 1 "." "." "."
POINT 2 "." "." 1."
ROTATE 1 2 45."
2"""
$ o/3:o0 R ;AR ;4R ;BR
TRANSL 1"""." "." "."
$ 3710:; R
3"""
$ o/3:o0 R ;AR ;4R ;BR

TRANSL 2"""." "." "."
*IN#L)DE_TRANS!ORM
;8>>4.Q
$:;0o55 R :;-o55R :;/o55R :;>o55 R :;<o55 R :;;o55R :;;o55 R
" " " " " " "
$ :;7o55R :263>5R
" "
$ 563>1<R 5633:>R 5632-0R 5633-> R :06o83R
1."""" 1."""" 1."" 1." 1
$ 3710:; R
1"""
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`DEFINE_TRANSFORMATION `DEFINE
LS-DYNA R7.0 1"#1/1 C3=+B5=D
*IN#L)DE_TRANS!ORM
;8>>4.Q
$:;0o55 R :;-o55R :;/o55R :;>o55 R :;<o55 R :;;o55R :;;o55 R
1"""""" 1"""""" 1"""""" 1"""""" 1"""""" 1"""""" 1""""""
$ :;7o55R :263>5R
1"""""" 1""""""
$ 563>1<R 5633:>R 5632-0R 5633-> R :06o83R
1."""" 1."""" 1."" 1." 1
$ 3710:; R
2"""
*IN#L)DE_TRANS!ORM
;8>>4.Q
$:;0o55 R :;-o55R :;/o55R :;>o55 R :;<o55 R :;;o55R :;;o55 R
2"""""" 2"""""" 2"""""" 2"""""" 2"""""" 2"""""" 2""""""
$ :;7o55R :263>5R
2"""""" 2""""""
$ 563>1<R 5633:>R 5632-0R 5633-> R :06o83R
1."""" 1."""" 1."" 1." 1
$ 3710:; R
3"""
*END
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`DEFINE `DEFINE_TRIM_SEED_POINT_COORDINATES
1"#1/2 C3=+B5=D LS-DYNA R7.0
`DEFINE_TRIM_SEED_POINT_COORDINATES
P-rpo&e) The 7eywor( i& (evelope( to facilitate 9lan7 trimming in a &tamping line (ie &im-lation.
Thi& new 7eywor( allow& for the trimming proce&& an( inp-t& to 9e (efine( in(epen(ent of the pre#
vio-& proce&& &im-lation re&-lt&.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 5S==3 L1 41 K1 L2 42 K2
Type B + + + + + +
3efa-lt none $ $ $ $ $.$ $.$

5S==3
5-m9er of &ee( point&. .axim-m val-e of two i& allowe(.
L1, 41, K1
Location coor(inate& of &ee( point ^1.
L2, 42, K2
Location coor(inate& of &ee( point ^2.
Remarks)
1. Maria9le 5S==3 i& &et to the n-m9er of &ee( point& (e&ire(. +or example, in a (o-9le attache(
(rawn panel trimming, 5S==3 wo-l( e;-al to 2.
2. Thi& 7eywor( i& -&e( in conH-nction with 7eywor(& N=L=.=5TOT'B. an( N3=+B5=
OC8'M=OT'B.O5=,, where varia9le 5S==3 &ho-l( 9e left a& 9lan7. 2 partial 7eywor( in#
p-t& for a &ingle (rawn panel trimming i& li&te( 9elow.
*IN#L)DE_TRIM
;71L0.;401:0
*ELEMENT_TRIM
1
$# T#ID T#TYPE T!LG TDIR T#TOL TOLN NSEED
1 2 11 ".25"
37:>2:0-<.:=-<
*DE!INE_TRIM_SEED_POINT_#OORDINATES
$ NSEED *1 Y1 +1 *2 Y2 +2
1 '271.4 8&.13 1125.67&
*DE!INE_%E#TOR
11H"."H"."H"."H"."H"."H1"."
Typically, &ee( point coor(inate& can 9e &electe( from the &tationary po&t in home po&ition.
%. Thi& feat-re i& availa9le in LS#3452 '! 'evi&ion "%$!/ an( later relea&e&.
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`DEFINE_VECTOR `DEFINE
LS-DYNA R7.0 1"#1/% C3=+B5=D
`DEFINE_VECTOR
P-rpo&e) 3efine a vector 9y (efining the coor(inate& of two point&.

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le MB3 LT 4T KT LJ 4J KJ CB3
Type B + + + + + + B
3efa-lt $ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $
'emar7&

MB3
Mector B3
LT
L#coor(inate of tail of vector
4T
4#coor(inate of tail of vector
KT
K#coor(inate of tail of vector
LJ
L#coor(inate of hea( of vector
4J
4#coor(inate of hea( of vector
KJ
K#coor(inate of hea( of vector
CB3
Coor(inate &y&tem B3 to (efine vector in local coor(inate &y&tem. 2ll co#
or(inate&, LT, 4T, KT, LJ, 4J, an( KJ are in re&pect to CB3.
=S.$) glo9al C(efa-ltD.
Remarks:
1. The coor(inate& &ho-l( (iffer 9y a certain margin to avoi( n-merical inacc-racie&.
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`DEFINE `DEFINE_VECTOR_NODES
1"#1/! C3=+B5=D LS-DYNA R7.0
`DEFINE_VECTOR_NODES
P-rpo&e) 3efine a vector with two no(al point&.

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le MB3 5O3=T 5O3=J
Type B B B
3efa-lt $ $ $

MB3
Mector B3
5O3=T
5o(al point to (efine tail of vector
5O3=J
5o(al point to (efine hea( of vector
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EXAMPLES `DEFINE
LS-DYNA R7.0 1"#1/" C3=+B5=D
EXAMPLES
The following example& (emon&trate the inp-t for the&e option&)
N3=+B5=OBOL
N3=+B5=OCOO'3B52T=O5O3=S,
N3=+B5=OCOO'3B52T=OS4ST=.,
N3=+B5=OCOO'3B52T=OM=CTO'
N3=+B5=OC8'M=
N3=+B5=OS3OO'B=5T2TBO5
N3=+B5=OM=CTO' comman(&.
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
$
$$$$ *DE!INE_BO*
$
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
$
$ D-5:0- FoA 08>F-7 -:=C3 LC:6C -062o<-< 1 9o28>- ;-5:0-; F4 3Lo 6o70-7
$ /o:03<D ?'2"."H '3&."H "."@ 10; ?2"."H 3&."H 51."@. A< 10 -A1>/2-H 3C:<
$ FoA 610 F- 8<-; 1< 10 :0/83 5o7 3C- *INITIAL_%ELO#ITY Q-4Lo7; :0 LC:6C
$ 122 0o;-< L:3C:0 3C:< FoA 17- =:9-0 1 </-6:5:6 :0:3:12 9-2o6:34.
$
*DE!INE_BO*
$
$...K....1....K....2....K....3....K....4....K....5....K....6....K....7....K....8
$ FoA:; A>> A>A 4>0 4>A B>0 B>A
8 '2"." 2"." '3&." 3&." "." 51."
$
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
$
$$$$ *DE!INE_#OORDINATE_NODES
$
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
$
$ D-5:0- 2o612 6oo7;:013- <4<3-> 08>F-7 5 8<:0= 3C7-- 0o;-<D 1"H 11 10; 2".
$ No;-< 1" 10; 11 ;-5:0- 3C- 2o612 A';:7-63:o0. No;-< 1" 10; 2" ;-5:0-
$ 3C- 2o612 A'4 /210-.
$
$ !o7 -A1>/2-H 3C:< 6oo7;:013- <4<3-> ?o7 104 6oo7;:013- <4<3-> ;-5:0-; 8<:0=
$ 1 *DE!INE_#OORDINATE_o/3:o0 Q-4Lo7;@ 610 F- 8<-; 3o ;-5:0- 3C- 2o612
$ 6oo7;:013- <4<3-> o5 1 To:03H LC:6C :< 7-P8:7-; :0 o7;-7 3o ;-5:0- To:03
$ <3:550-<< 8<:0= 3C- *#ONSTRAINED_MOINT_STI!!NESS_GENERALI+ED Q-4Lo7;.
$
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`DEFINE EXAMPLES
1"#1/0 C3=+B5=D LS-DYNA R7.0
*DE!INE_#OORDINATE_NODES
$
$...K....1....K....2....K....3....K....4....K....5....K....6....K....7....K....8
$ 6:; 01 02 03
5 1" 11 2"
$
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
$
$$$$ *DE!INE_#OORDINATE_SYSTEM
$
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
$
$ D-5:0- 2o612 6oo7;:013- <4<3-> 08>F-7 3 8<:0= 3C7-- /o:03<. TC- o7:=:0 o5
$ 2o612 6oo7;:013- <4<3-> :< 13 ?35."H "."H "."@. TC- A';:7-63:o0 :< ;-5:0-;
$ 57o> 3C- 2o612 o7:=:0 3o ?35."H 5."H "."@. TC- A'4 /210- :< ;-5:0-; 8<:0=
$ 3C- 9-63o7 57o> 3C- 2o612 o7:=:0 3o ?2"."H "."H 2"."@ 12o0= L:3C 3C- 2o612
$ A';:7-63:o0 ;-5:0:3:o0.
$
$
$...K....1....K....2....K....3....K....4....K....5....K....6....K....7....K....8
$ 6:; *o Yo +o *2 Y2 +2
3 35." "." "." 35." 5." "."
$
$ */ Y/ +/
2"." "." 2"."
$
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
$
$$$$ *DE!INE_#OORDINATE_%E#TOR
$
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
$
$ D-5:0- 2o612 6oo7;:013- <4<3-> 08>F-7 4 8<:0= 3Lo 9-63o7<.
$ %-63o7 1 :< ;-5:0-; 57o> ?"."H "."H "."@ 3o ?1."H 1."H "."@
$ %-63o7 2 :< ;-5:0-; 57o> ?"."H "."H "."@ 3o ?1."H 1."H 1."@
$ S-- 3C- 6o77-</o0;:0= Q-4Lo7; 6o>>10; 5o7 1 ;-<67:/3:o0.
$
*DE!INE_#OORDINATE_%E#TOR
$
$...K....1....K....2....K....3....K....4....K....5....K....6....K....7....K....8
$ 6:; *A YA +A *9 Y9 +9
4 1." 1." "." 1." 1." 1."
$
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
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EXAMPLES `DEFINE
LS-DYNA R7.0 1"#1/7 C3=+B5=D
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
$
$$$$ *DE!INE_#)R%E
$
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
$
$ D-5:0- 6879- 08>F-7 517. TC:< /173:68217 6879- :< 8<-; 3o ;-5:0- 3C-
$ 5o76-';-52-63:o0 /7o/-73:-< o5 1 </7:0= ;-5:0-; F4 1 *MAT_SPRING_INELASTI#
$ Q-4Lo7;. TC- 1F<6:<<1 9128- :< o55<-3 25." 1< 1 >-10< o5 >o;-2:0= 1 =1/
$ 13 3C- 57o03 o5 3C- </7:0=. TC:< 34/- o5 </7:0= Lo82; F- 1 6o>/7-<<:o0
$ o024 </7:0=.
$
*DE!INE_#)R%E
$
$...K....1....K....2....K....3....K....4....K....5....K....6....K....7....K....8
$ 26:; <:;7 <621 <62o o551 o55o
517 25."
$
$ 1F<6:<<1 o7;:013-
"." "."
8"." 58."
&5." 35."
15"." 44.5
35"." 45.5
$
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
$
$$$$ *DE!INE_SD_ORIENTATION
$
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
$
$ A ;:<67-3- </7:0= :< ;-5:0-; L:3C 3Lo 0o;-< :0 3'D </16-. ,oL-9-7H :3 :<
$ ;-<:7-; 3o C19- 3C- 5o76- o5 3C13 </7:0= 3o 163 o024 :0 3C- B';:7-63:o0.
$ TC- 5o22oL:0= ;-5:0:3:o0 >1Q-< 3C:< C1//-0. A;;:3:o01224H 9:; . 7
$ >8<3 F- </-6:5:-; :0 3C- *ELEMENT_DIS#RETE Q-4Lo7; 5o7 3C:< </7:0=.
$
*DE!INE_SD_ORIENTATION
$
$...K....1....K....2....K....3....K....4....K....5....K....6....K....7....K....8
$ 9:; :o/ A3 43 B3 0:;1 0:;2
7 " "." "." 1."
$
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
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`DEFINE EXAMPLES
1"#1// C3=+B5=D LS-DYNA R7.0
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
$
$$$$ *DE!INE_%E#TOR
$
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
$
$ D-5:0- 9-63o7 08>F-7 5 57o> ?"H"H"@ 3o ?"H1H1@. A< 10 -A1>/2-H 3C:< 9-63o7
$ 610 F- 8<-; 3o ;-5:0- 3C- ;:7-63:o0 o5 3C- /7-<67:F-; 9-2o6:34 o5 1 0o;-
$ 8<:0= 3C- *BO)NDARY_PRES#RIBED_MOTION_NODE Q-4Lo7;.
$
*DE!INE_%E#TOR
$
$...K....1....K....2....K....3....K....4....K....5....K....6....K....7....K....8
$ 9:; A3 43 B3 AC 4C BC
3 "." "." "." "." 1." 1."
$
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
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LS-DYNA R7.0 10#1 C3=+O'.2BL=OTOO'B>B3D
The car(& in thi& &ection are (efine( in alpha9etical or(er an( are a& follow&)
`DEFORMABLE_TO_RIGID_AUTOMATIC
`DEFORMABLE_TO_RIGID_INERTIA
Bf one of the&e car(& i& (efine(, then any (eforma9le part (efine( in the mo(el may 9e &witche( to
rigi( (-ring the calc-lation. Part& that are (efine( a& rigi( CN.2TO'B>B3D in the inp-t are perma#
nently rigi( an( cannot 9e change( to (eforma9le.
3eforma9le part& may 9e &witche( to rigi( at the &tart of the calc-lation 9y &pecifying them on the
N3=+O'.2BL=OTOO'B>B3 car(.
Part &witching may 9e &pecifie( on a re&tart C&ee '=ST2'T &ection of thi& man-alD or it may 9e per#
forme( a-tomatically 9y -&e of the N3=+O'.2BL=OTOO'B>B3O28TO.2TBC car(&.
The N3=+O'.2BL=OTOO'B>B3OB5='TB2 car(& allow inertial propertie& to 9e (efine( for (e#
forma9le part& that are to 9e &wappe( to rigi( at a later &tage.
Bt i& not po&&i9le to perform part material &witching on a re&tart if it wa& not flagge( in the initial
analy&i&. The rea&on for thi& i& that extra memory nee(& to 9e &et -p internally to allow the &witch#
ing to ta7e place. Bf part &witching i& to ta7e place on a re&tart, 9-t no part& are to 9e &witche( at the
&tart of the calc-lation, no inertia propertie& for &witching an( no a-tomatic &witching &et& are to 9e
(efine(, then H-&t (efine one N3=+O'.2BL=OTOO'B>B3 car( witho-t f-rther inp-t.
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`DEFORMABLE_TO_RIGID `DEFORMABLE_TO_RIGID
10#2 C3=+O'.2BL=OTOO'B>B3D LS-DYNA R7.0
P-rpo&e) 3efine material& to 9e &witche( to rigi( at the &tart of the calc-lation.

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le PB3 .'B PT4P=
Type B B 2
3efa-lt none $

PB3
Part B3 of the part which i& &witche( to a rigi( material, al&o &ee NP2'T.
.'B
Part B3 of the ma&ter rigi( 9o(y to which the part i& merge(. Bf Iero, the
part 9ecome& either an in(epen(ent or ma&ter rigi( 9o(y.
PT4P=
Type of PB3)
=S.YPS=TY) when PB3 i& a part &et B3. 2ll part& incl-(e( in part &et
PB3 will 9e &witche( to rigi( at the &tart of the calc-lation.
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`DEFORMABLE_TO_RIGID_AUTOMATIC`DEFORMABLE_TO_RIGID
LS-DYNA R7.0 10#% C3=+O'.2BL=OTOO'B>B3D
`DEFORMABLE_TO_RIGID_AUTOMATIC
P-rpo&e) 3efine a &et of part& to 9e &witche( to rigi( or to (eforma9le at &ome &tage in the calc-la#
tion. Thi& comman( re;-ire& C2 [ 32' [ '23D car(&.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le S,S=T CO3= TB.= 1 TB.= 2 TB.= % =5T5O '=LS, P2B'=3
Type B B + + + B B B
3efa-lt none $ $. 1.$=2$ $. $. $ $
'emar7 1 1,2 %

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 5'B+ 5CS+ ',+ 3T.2L 32' '23 O++S=T
Type B B B + B B +
3efa-lt $ $ $ $. $ $ $
'emar7 ! ! !

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`DEFORMABLE_TO_RIGID`DEFORMABLE_TO_RIGID_AUTOMATIC
10#! C3=+O'.2BL=OTOO'B>B3D LS-DYNA R7.0
S,S=T
Set n-m9er for thi& a-tomatic &witch &et. .-&t 9e -ni;-e.
CO3=
2ctivation &witch co(e. 3efine& the te&t to activate the a-tomatic material
&witch of the part)
=S.$) &witch ta7e& place at time 1,
=S.1) &witch ta7e& place 9etween time 1 an( time 2 if rigi( wall force
C&pecifie( 9elowD i& Iero,
=S.2) &witch ta7e& place 9etween time 1 an( time 2 if contact &-rface
force C&pecifie( 9elowD i& Iero,
=S.%) &witch ta7e& place 9etween time 1 an( time 2 if rigi( wall force
C&pecifie( 9elowD i& non#Iero,
=S.!) &witch ta7e& place 9etween time 1 an( time 2 if contact &-rface
force C&pecifie( 9elowD i& non#Iero.
=S." &witch i& controlle( 9y N&en&orOcontrol with
T4P=]3=+2'B>, &ee NS=5SO'OCO5T'OL. ,hen CO3=]",
inp-t& of col-mn % to col-mn /, TB.=1mP2B'=3, are ignore(.
TB.= 1
Switch will not ta7e place 9efore thi& time.
TB.= 2
Switch will not ta7e place after thi& time)
=S.$ Time 2 &et to 1.$e2$.
TB.= %
3elay perio(. 2fter thi& part &witch ha& ta7en place, another a-tomatic
&witch will not ta7e place for the (-ration of the (elay perio(. Bf &et to Iero
a part &witch may ta7e place imme(iately after thi& &witch.
=5T5O
'igi( wallFcontact &-rface n-m9er for &witch co(e& 1, 2, %, !.
'=LS,
'elate( &witch &et. The relate( &witch &et i& another a-tomatic &witch &et
that m-&t 9e activate( 9efore thi& part &witch can ta7e place)
=S.$) no relate( &witch &et.
P2B'=3
3efine a pair of relate( &witche&.
=S.$) not paire(
=S.1) paire( with &witch &et '=LS, an( i& the .a&ter &witch.
=S.#1) paire( with &witch &et '=LS, an( i& the Slave &witch.
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LS-DYNA R7.0 10#" C3=+O'.2BL=OTOO'B>B3D
5'B+
+lag to (elete or activate no(al rigi( 9o(ie&.
Bf no(al rigi( 9o(ie& or generaliIe(, wel( (efinition& are active in the (e#
forma9le 9o(ie& that are &witche( to rigi(, then the (efinition& &ho-l( 9e
(elete( to avoi( in&ta9ilitie&)
=S.$) no change,
=S.1) (elete,
=S.2) activate.
5CS+
+lag to (elete or activate no(al con&traint &et.
Bf no(al con&traintF&pot wel( (efinition& are active in the (eforma9le 9o(ie&
that are &witche( to rigi(, then the (efinition& &ho-l( 9e (elete( to avoi(
in&ta9ilitie&)
=S.$) no change,
=S.1) (elete,
=S.2) activate.
',+
+lag to (elete or activate rigi( wall&)
=S.$) no change,
=S.1) (elete,
=S.2) activate.
3T.2L
.axim-m permitte( time &tep &iIe after &witch.
32'
5-m9er of (eforma9le part& to 9e &witche( to rigi( pl-& n-m9er of rigi(
part& for which new ma&terF&lave rigi( 9o(y com9ination& will 9e (efine()
=S.$) no part& (efine(.
'23
5-m9er of rigi( part& to 9e &witche( to (eforma9le)
=S.$) no part& (efine(.
O++S=T
Optional contact thic7ne&& for &witch to (eforma9le. +or contact, it& val-e
&ho-l( 9e &et to a val-e greater than the contact thic7ne&& off&et& to en&-re
the &witching occ-r& prior to impact. Thi& option applie& if an( only if
CO3= i& &et to % or !. +or CO3=]% all rigi( wall option& are implement#
e(. +or CO3=]!, the implementation wor7& for the contact type CO5#
T2CTO28TO.2TBCOwhen the option&) O5=O,24OS8'+2C=OTO
OS8'+2C=, 5O3=SOTOOS8'+2C=, an( S8'#+2C=OTOOS8'+2C=
are invo7e(.
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`DEFORMABLE_TO_RIGID`DEFORMABLE_TO_RIGID_AUTOMATIC
10#0 C3=+O'.2BL=OTOO'B>B3D LS-DYNA R7.0

Define D2R cards below:
Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le PB3 .'B
Type B B
3efa-lt none $

PB3
Part B3 of the part which i& &witche( to a rigi( material.
.'B

Define R2D cards below:
Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le PB3
Type B
3efa-lt none

PB3
Part B3 of the part which i& &witche( to a (eforma9le material.
Remarks:
1. Only &-rface to &-rface an( no(e to &-rface contact& can 9e -&e( to activate an a-tomatic part
&witch.
2. 'igi( wall n-m9er& are the or(er in which they are (efine( in the (ec7. The fir&t rigi( wall
an( the fir&t contact &-rface enco-ntere( in the inp-t (ec7 will have an entity n-m9er of 1.
The contact &-rface i( i& that a& (efine( on the NCO5T2CTO.....OB3 car(.
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LS-DYNA R7.0 10#7 C3=+O'.2BL=OTOO'B>B3D
%. Switch &et& may 9e paire( together to allow a pair of &witche& to 9e activate( more than
once. =ach pair of &witche& &ho-l( -&e con&i&tent val-e& for CO3=, i.e. 1d% or 2d!. ,ithin
each pair of &witche& the relate( &witch, '=LS,, &ho-l( 9e &et to the B3 of the other &witch
in the pair. The .a&ter &witch CP2B'=3 ] 1D will 9e activate( 9efore the Slave &witch
CP2B'=3 ] #1D. Pairing allow& the m-ltiple &witche& to ta7e place a& for example when con#
tact i& ma(e an( lo&t &everal time& (-ring an analy&i&.
!. Bf the (elete &witch i& activate(, 2LL corre&pon(ing con&traint& are (eactivate( regar(le&& of
their relation&hip to a &witche( part. By (efa-lt, con&traint& which are (irectly a&&ociate(
with a &witche( part are (eactivate(Factivate( a& nece&&ary.
$ D-5:0- 1 /1:7 o7 7-213-; <L:36C-< 3C13 L:22 F- 163:913-; F4 ?0o@5o76- o0
$ #o03163 3. To <3173 L:3C <L:36C <-3 2" L:22 F- 163:913-; ?PAIRED.1@ <L1//:0=
$ 3C- PARTS 3o RIGID. C-0 3C- 6o03163 5o76- :< 0o0- B-7o <L:36C <-3 1" L:22 F-
$ 163:913-; <L1//:0= 3C- PARTS 3o DE!ORMABLE. I5 3C- 6o03163 5o76- 7-3870< 3o
$ B-7o <L:36C <-3 2" L:22 F- 163:913-; 1=1:0 >1Q:0= 3C- PARTS RIGID.
$
*DE!ORMABLE_TO_RIGID_A)TOMATI#
$...K....1....K....2....K....3....K....4....K....5....K....6....K....7....K....8
$ <L<-3 6o;- 3:>- 1 3:>- 2 3:>- 3 -030o 7-2<L /1:7-;
2" 2 3 1" 1
$ 07F5 06<5 7L5 ;3>1A D2R R2D
1
*DE!ORMABLE_TO_RIGID_A)TOMATI#
$...K....1....K....2....K....3....K....4....K....5....K....6....K....7....K....8
$ <L<-3 6o;- 3:>- 1 3:>- 2 3:>- 3 -030o 7-2<L /1:7-;
1" 4 3 2" '1
$ 07F5 06<5 7L5 ;3>1A D2R R2D
1
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`DEFORMABLE_TO_RIGID `DEFORMABLE_TO_RIGID_INERTIA
10#/ C3=+O'.2BL=OTOO'B>B3D LS-DYNA R7.0
`DEFORMABLE_TO_RIGID_INERTIA
P-rpo&e) Bnertial propertie& can 9e (efine( for the new rigi( 9o(ie& that are create( when the (e#
forma9le part& are &witche(. The&e can only 9e (efine( in the initial inp-t if they are nee(e( in a
later re&tart. 8nle&& the&e propertie& are (efine(, LS#3452 will recomp-te the new rigi( 9o(y
propertie& from the finite element me&h. The latter re;-ire& an acc-rate me&h (e&cription. When
rigid bodies are merged to a master rigid body, the inertial properties defined for the master
rigid body apply to all members of the merged set.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le PB3
Type B
3efa-lt none

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le LC 4C KC T.
Type + + + +

Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Type + + + + + +
3efa-lt none $.$ $.$ none $.$ none

PB3
Part B3, &ee NP2'T.
LC
x#coor(inate of center of ma&&
4C
KC
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`DEFORMABLE_TO_RIGID_INERTIA `DEFORMABLE_TO_RIGID
LS-DYNA R7.0 10# C3=+O'.2BL=OTOO'B>B3D
T.
Tran&lational ma&&
BLL
B
xx
, xx component of inertia ten&or
BL4
B
xy

BLK
B
xI

B44
B
yy

B4K
B
yI

BKK
B
II

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ÈF
LS-DYNA R7.0 17#1 C=+D
ÈF
=xchange factor& characteriIe ra(iative heat tran&fer 9etween collection& of flat &-rface&, the -nion
of which i& a clo&e( &-rface Can enclo&-reD. LS#3452 can calc-late exchange factor& an( then -&e
them a& 9o-n(ary con(ition& for thermal r-n&. The ?:HT@
th
element of an exchange factor matrix,
=
iH
, i& the fraction of the Stefan#BoltIman &-rface energy ra(iate( from &-rface : that i& a9&or9e( 9y
&-rface T. LS#3452 employ& a .onte Carlo algorithm to calc-late the&e exchange factor&. +or
each &-rface, LS#3452 &im-late& photon emi&&ion one photon at a time. +or each photon, LS#
3452 generate& a ran(om initial po&ition on the emitting &-rface& a& well a& a ran(om initial (irec#
tion that point& into the enclo&-re. LS#3452 ray trace& each photon -ntil it i& a9&or9e(. The path
of a &im-late( photon can 9e complex involving m-ltiple (iff-&e an( &pec-lar reflection& a& well a&
m-ltiple (iff-&e an( &pec-lar tran&mi&&ion&. The re&-lt& of thi& .onte Carlo algorithm are -&e( to
a&&em9le a matrix that i& relate( to the exchange factor matrix, for which, the ?:HT@
th
entry contain&
the n-m9er of photon& emitte( from &-rface : that are a9&or9e( 9y &-rface T. +rom thi& matrix LS#
3452 then a&&em9le& the exchange factor matrix.
Limitations
The exchange factor algorithm i& -&e( to mo(el heat tran&fer acro&& an enclo&-re containing a non#
participating me(ia. The me(ia within the enclo&-re i& a&&-me( to 9e tran&parent to the electromag#
netic ra(iation. +or mo(eling heat tran&fer acro&& enclo&-re& that are ma(e entirely of (iff-&ively re#
flecting grey#9o(y &-rface&, LS#3452 feat-re& a &impler an( fa&ter#r-nning algorithm than the
.onte Carlo algorithm, that i&, the view factor metho( C&ee *BO)NDARY_RADATION_%!H 34/-.2@.
The exchange factor calc-lation cannot 9e -&e( conc-rrently with view factor&. 2 f-rther limitation
i& that LS#3452 i& capa9le of incl-(ing only one exchange factor enclo&-re per &im-lation.
Output
The file XexchflY i& a text file containing the exchange factor&. Thi& file i& written when -&ing the
NBO8532'4O'23B2TBO5OS=TOM+OC2LC8L2T= 7eywor( an( rea( when -&ing the
NBO8532'4O'23B2TBO5OS=TOM+O'=23 7eywor(.
EF Cards
LS#3452 re;-ire& that the -&er &-pply all of the car(& li&te( 9elow -nle&& note( a& optional.
ÈF_CONTROL
ÈF_GRID CoptionalD
ÈF_MATERIAL
ÈF_TOGGLES CoptionalD
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ÈF ÈF_CONTROL

17#2 C=+D LS#3452 Mer&ion 71
ÈF_CONTROL
P-rpo&e) Thi& car( allow& the -&er to &et the parameter& for the .onte Carlo algorithm.
Thi& 7eywor( &ho-l( 9e -&e( only once.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 5PJTO5 5'=+S 5,2'5S 5LOST 5LOOPS =''3=+ B5S==3
Type B B B B B + B
3efa-lt none 1$$ 1$$ 1$$ 1 .$1 $

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 3=LT SPLTOL 2'=2TOL 5B5C'
Type + + + B
3efa-lt $.$1 $.$$$1 $.$$$1 $

5PJTO5
The 9a&e n-m9er of photon& emitte( per 9an( per &-rface per convergence
loop. 5ote that 5PJT from NBO8532'4O'23B2TBO5OS=TO=+
OC2LC8L2T= al&o effect& the n-m9er of photon& emitte( per &-rface per
9an( per convergence loop.
5'=+S
The maxim-m n-m9er of reflection& allowe( per photon 9efore LS#3452
i&&-e& a warning.
5,2'5S
The maxim-m n-m9er of warning& allowe( per &-rface 9efore the r-n i&
a9orte(
5LOST
The maxim-m n-m9er of lo&t photon& allowe( per &-rface. 'o-n( off er#
ror often ca-&e& the lo&& of photon&, &o thi& n-m9er o-ght not to 9e &et too
&mall C-&-ally the (efa-lt i& rea&ona9leD.
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ÈF_CONTROL ÈF

LS-DYNA R7.0 17#% C=+D
5LOOPS
Thi& &pecifie& the maxim-m n-m9er of convergence loop&. Bf the relative
error o9taine( -pon the completion of a r-n i& not within the &pecifie( tol#
erance&, LS#3452 will rer-n the mo(el com9ining the re&-lt& of all previ#
o-& r-n& together with the re&-lt& of the pre&ent r-n to o9tain a more acc-#
rate re&-lt. LS#3452 will rer-n the pro9lem 5LOOPS time& to achieve
error margin& within the &pecifie( tolerance&. Bf the (e&ire( level of con#
vergence i& not o9taine( within 5LOOPS iteration& LS#3452 error termi#
nate&.
=''3=+
Specifie& that tolerance for convergence of the &-rface exchange fraction&.
Thi& may 9e overri((en on a &-rface 9y &-rface 9a&i& with the =''.2L
&etting. C&ee NBO8532'4O'23B2TBO5OS=TO=+OC2LC8L2T=D
B5S==3
Tell& LS#3452 how to o9tain an initial &ee( for the .onte Carlo ran(om
n-m9er generator.
ifCB5S==3.e;.$D then T-&e (ate an( timeU
ifCB5S==3.gt.$D then T-&e B5S==3 a& &ee(U
ifCB5S==3.lt.$D then T-&e a (efa-lt &ee(U
3=LT
The cone angle interval -&e( to n-merically integrate material propertie&.
SPLTOL
To calc-late exchange factor&, LS#3452 &plit& all of the enclo&-reV& ;-a(#
rilateral &-rface& into two triang-lar &-rface&. SPLTOL &pecifie& the
amo-nt 9y which the (ot pro(-ct of the -nit normal vector& of the two tri#
ang-lar &-rface& can (iffer from -nity.
2'=2TOL
LS#3452 &plit& ;-a(rilateral &-rface& in the enclo&-re& along the line
connecting the fir&t an( thir( no(e&. S-a(rilateral& co-l(, H-&t a& well, 9e
&plit along the line connecting the &econ( an( fo-rth no(e&. +or n-merical
&ta9ility it i& important the area& of the triangle& create( 9y either &plitting
9e almo&t i(entical. 2'=2TOL &pecifie& the large&t allowa9le (ifference
in area.
5B5C'
Control& re&tart#relate( 9ehavior of LS#3452V& exchange factor &olver.
=S.$ '-n normal, no re&tart file& o-tp-t
>T.$ ,rite re&tart file after every 5B5C &-rface& D
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ÈF ÈF_GRID
17#! C=+D LS#3452 Mer&ion 71
ÈF_GRID
P-rpo&e) Thi& car( allow& the -&er to &pecify gri( parameter&.
Thi& 7eywor( &ho-l( appear only once.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 5>L 5>4 5>K
Type B B B

5>L
The mathematical algorithm -n(erlying the ray tracer, involve& gri((ing
the enclo&-re. 5>L &pecify the n-m9er of gri( (ivi&ion& along the x axi&.
Thi& parameter (oe& not affect LS#3452V& a9ility to o9tain a &ol-tion, 9-t
it (oe& effect the amo-nt of CP8 time con&-me( to proce&& each photon.
There i& no fixe( r-le for pic7ing 5>L, 5>4, an( 5>K, however for large
geometrie& involving 1,$$$ to 1",$$$ &-rface& 5>L ] 5>4 ] 5>K ] 2" i&
often optimal. +or &maller geometrie& &maller val-e& are recommen(e(.
5>4
Specifie& the n-m9er of gri( (ivi&ion& along the y#axi&.
5>K
Specifie& the n-m9er of gri( (ivi&ion& along the I#axi&.
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ÈF_MATERIAL ÈF
LS-DYNA R7.0 17#" C=+D
ÈF_MATERIAL
P-rpo&e) Thi& 7eywor( (efine& exchange factor material B3&. To (efine m-ltiple material& -&e thi&
7eywor( more than once.

(Material Specifier)
Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 5.2T 52.=
Type + 27$
3efa-lt none none

These next two cards specify the properties of the material.
Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le .T4P =L= =4= =K=
Type B + + +
3efa-lt $ $ $ $

Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 'JOS 'JO3 T28S T283 '3B++' '3B++T
Type + + + + + +
3efa-lt $ $ $ $ 1 1
'emar7 1 1 1 1 2 2

5.2T
Specifie& the material B3, of the exchange factor material.
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ÈF ÈF_MATERIAL
17#0 C=+D LS#3452 Mer&ion 71
52.=
Specifie& the materialV& name. Thi& parameter i& -&e( only to ma7e the
o-tp-t file ea&ier to rea(.
.T4P
Specifie& if an( how emi&&ion occ-r&)
=S.#2) There i& to 9e no emi&&ion an( F
= 1 i& written to the o-tp-t

file for thi& &-rface.
=S.#1) There i& to 9e no emi&&ion an( F
= u i& written to the o-tp-t

file for thi& &-rface.
=S.$) =mi&&ion i& to 9e (i&tri9-te( in accor(ing to)
e() = cos
r
()
=S.1) Beam emi&&ion i& to occ-r in the (irection {E
X
E
Y
E
Z
]
=S.2) Thi& &pecifie& that emi&&ion accor(ing to -&er &pecifie( f-nction.
=L=
Specifie& the x component of emi&&ion for a type 1 material.
=4=
Specifie& the y component of emi&&ion for a type 1 material.
=K=
Specifie& the I component of emi&&ion for a type 1 material.
'JOS
Specifie& the &pec-lar reflectance.
'JO3
Specifie& the (iff-&e reflectance.
T28S
Specifie& the &pec-lar tran&mittance.
T283
Specifie& the (iff-&e tran&mittance.
'3B++'
LS#3452 &im-late& (iff-&e reflection accor(ing to the e;-ation) e(0) =
cos
(0). The -&er &pecifie& the val-e for r with '3B++'.

'3B++T
LS#3452 &im-late& (iff-&e tran&mittance accor(ing to the e;-ation)
e(0) = cos
(0). The -&er &pecifie& the val-e for r with '3B++T.

Remarks:
1. The &tan(ar( co&ine (epen(ent pro9a9ility f-nction can 9e replace( with -&er#(efine(
pro9a9ility f-nction&. 5egative val-e& of thi& parameter are ta7en to 9e material c-rve B(&
that i(entify &-ch -&er#(efine( pro9a9ility f-nction&. The range of the (efine( c-rve i& $ to
$ (egree&.
2. Mal-e& (ifferent from 1 have 9een o9&erve( to re&-lt in error& in reciprocity, &o the -&er i&
&trongly enco-rage( to con&i(er thi& when &electing val-e& for '3B++' an( '3B++T (if#
ferent from 1. Lam9ertian 9ehavior i& achieve( 9y -&ing a val-e of 1. Mal-e& greater than 1
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ÈF_MATERIAL ÈF
LS-DYNA R7.0 17#7 C=+D
re&-lt in 9ia&ing the (i&tri9-tion towar( the normal, wherea& val-e& le&& than one re&-lt in
9ia&ing the (i&tri9-tion towar( the graIing angle.
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ÈF ÈF_TOGGLES
17#/ C=+D LS#3452 Mer&ion 71
ÈF_TOGGLES
P-rpo&e) Thi& car( allow& the -&er to &et o-tp-t option&.
Thi& 7eywor( &ho-l( 9e -&e( only once.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le BP'B5T1 BP'B5T2 BP'B5T% BP'B5T! B32T2 BT'2C=S B'ST'T
Type B B B B B B B
3efa-lt $ $ $ $ $ $ $

BP'B5T1
Control& o-tp-t of exchange fraction& to the (%h&p file. Bn almo&t all &it-a#
tion& thi& &ho-l( 9e &et to $ 9eca-&e the Xexchange factor&Y are written to
the file exchfl.
=S.$) (o not write exchange fraction&
=S.1) write exchange fraction.
BP'B5T2
Control& o-tp-t of a li&t of lo&t photon& to the (%h&p file. Thi& i& -&ef-l for
(e9-gging.
=S.$) (o not write lo&t photon li&t
=S.1) write lo&t photon li&t
BP'B5T%
Control& o-tp-t a9o-t the gri( algorithm to the (%h&p file.
=S.$) (o not write gri( algorithm information
=S.1) write gri( algorithm information
BP'B5T!
Control& o-tp-t a9o-t material information pertaining to exchange factor&
to the (%h&p file.
=S.$) (o not write material information
=S.1) write material information
B32T2
Control& exec-tion
=S.$) r-n procee(&
=S.1) terminate after inp-t parameter chec7
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ÈF_TOGGLES ÈF
LS-DYNA R7.0 17# C=+D
BT'2C=S
BT'2C=S Control& o-tp-t of photon traHectorie&.
=S.$) (o not write traHectory information
=S.1) write traHectory information. Thi& file 9ecome& large ;-ic7ly an(
i& only -&ef-l for (e9-gging.
B'=ST2'T
B'=ST2'T &ho-l( 9e &et either to 1 or $. Bf B'=ST2'T i& &et to 1 then
LS#3452 re&tart& the exchange factor &olver. Bf B'=ST2'T i& &et to 1
an( a .crh file exi&t&, the .onte Carlo &olver will pic7 -p where it left off
prior to a cra&h. Bf there i& a .niH file 9-t no .crh file, then LS#3452 will
recycle the re&-lt& of the previo-& exchange factor r-nning emitting more
photon& to increa&e acc-racy.

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ÈLEMENT
LS-DYNA R7.0 1/#1 C=L=.=5TD
ÈLEMENT
The element car(& in thi& &ection are (efine( in alpha9etical or(er)
ÈLEMENT_BLANKING
ÈLEMENT_BEAM_POPTIONQOPOPTIONQ
ÈLEMENT_BEAM_PULLEY
ÈLEMENT_DIRECT_MATRIX_INPUT
ÈLEMENT_DISCRETE_POPTIONQ
ÈLEMENT_DISCRETE_SPHERE_POPTIONQ
ÈLEMENT_GENERALIZED_SHELL
ÈLEMENT_GENERALIZED_SOLID
ÈLEMENT_INERTIA_POPTIONQ
ÈLEMENT_INTERPOLATION_SHELL
ÈLEMENT_INTERPOLATION_SOLID
ÈLEMENT_MASS_POPTIONQ
ÈLEMENT_MASS_MATRIX_POPTIONQ
ÈLEMENT_MASS_PART_POPTIONQ
ÈLEMENT_PLOTEL
ÈLEMENT_SEATBELT
ÈLEMENT_SEATBELT_ACCELEROMETER
ÈLEMENT_SEATBELT_PRETENSIONER
ÈLEMENT_SEATBELT_RETRACTOR
ÈLEMENT_SEATBELT_SENSOR
ÈLEMENT_SEATBELT_SLIPRING
ÈLEMENT_SHELL_POPTIONQ
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ÈLEMENT
1/#2 C=L=.=5TD LS-DYNA R7.0
ÈLEMENT_SHELL_NURBS_PATCH
ÈLEMENT_SHELL_SOURCE_SINK
ÈLEMENT_SOLID_POPTIONQ
ÈLEMENT_SPH
ÈLEMENT_TRIM
ÈLEMENT_TSHELL
The or(ering of the element car(& in the inp-t file i& completely ar9itrary. 2n ar9itrary n-m9er of
element 9loc7& can 9e (efine( prece(e( 9y a 7eywor( control car(.
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ÈLEMENT_BLANKING ÈLEMENT
LS-DYNA R7.0 1/#% C=L=.=5TD
ÈLEMENT_BLANKING
P-rpo&e) Thi& 7eywor( i& -&e( to (efine a part &et to 9e -&e( in 7eywor( N3=+B5=O+O'.B5>
OBL25A.=SJ for a 9lan7 me&h generation.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le PSB3
Type B
3efa-lt none

PSB3
Part &et B3, (efine( 9y NS=TOP2'T.
Remarks:
1. Thi& 7eywor( i& -&e( in conH-nction with N3=+B5=O+O'.B5>OBL25A.=SJ to generate
me&h on a &heet 9lan7 for metal forming &im-lation.
2. Thi& feat-re i& availa9le in LS#3452 '" 'evi&ion "10" or later relea&e&.
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ÈLEMENT ÈLEMENT_BEAM
1/#! C=L=.=5TD LS-DYNA R7.0
ÈLEMENT_BEAM_POPTIONQ_POPTIONQ
<BLANK>
THICKNESS, SCALAR, SCALR or SECTION
PID
OFFSET
ORIENTATION
WARPAGE
ELBOW J?etaL
P-rpo&e) 3efine two no(e element& incl-(ing %3 9eam&, tr-&&e&, 23 axi&ymmetric &hell&, an( 23
plane &train 9eam element&. The type of the element an( it& form-lation i& &pecifie( thro-gh the part
B3 C&ee NP2'TD an( the &ection B3 C&ee NS=CTBO5OB=2.D.
Two alternative metho(& are availa9le for (efining the cro&& &ectional property (ata. The TJBCA#
5=SS an( S=CTBO5 option& are provi(e( for the -&er to overri(e the NS=CTBO5OB=2. (ata
which i& ta7en a& the (efa-lt if the TJBCA5=SS or S=CTBO5 option i& not -&e(. . The S=CTBO5
option applie& only to re&-ltant 9eam& C=L+O'..e;.2 on NS=CTBO5OB=2.D. =n( relea&e con(i#
tion& are impo&e( -&ing con&traint e;-ation&, an( ca-tion m-&t 9e -&e( with thi& option a& (i&c-&&e(
in remar7 2 9elow. The SC2L2'FSC2L' option& applie& only to material mo(el type 1!0, N.2T
O13O+O>=5='2LBK=3OSP'B5>.
The PB3 option i& -&e( 9y the type &pot wel( element only an( i& ignore( for all other 9eam type&.
,hen the PB3 option i& active an a((itional car( i& rea( that give& two part B3G& that are tie( 9y the
&pot wel( element. Bf the PB3 option i& inactive for the type element the no(al point& of the &pot
wel( are locate( to the two neare&t ma&ter &egment&. Bn either ca&e, NCO5T2CTOSPOT,=L3
m-&t 9e (efine( with the &pot wel( 9eam part a& &lave an( the &hell part& Cincl-(ing part& PB31 an(
PB32D a& ma&ter. The &-rface of each &egment &ho-l( proHect to the other an( in the mo&t typical
ca&e the no(e (efining the wel(, a&&-ming only one no(e i& -&e(, &ho-l( lie in the mi((leE however,
thi& i& not a re;-irement. 5ote that with the &pot wel( element& only one no(e i& nee(e( to (efine
the wel(, an( two no(e& are optional.
The option& O'B=5T2TBO5 an( O++S=T are not availa9le for (i&crete 9eam element&.
The =LBO, option i& a %#no(e 9eam element with ;-a(ratic interpolation that i& tailore( for the
piping in(-&try. Bt incl-(e& 12 (egree& of free(om, incl-(ing 0 ovaliIation (egree& of free(om for
(e&cri9ing the ovaliIation, per no(e. That i& a total of %0 3O+& for each element. 2n internal pre&#
&-re can al&o 9e given that trie& to &tiffen the pipe. The pre&&-re, if activate( accor(ingly, can al&o
contri9-te to the elongation of the pipe. The control no(e m-&t 9e given 9-t it i& only -&e( for initial#
ly &traight el9ow element&. +or c-rve( element& the c-rvat-re center i& -&e( a& the control no(e. See
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LS-DYNA R7.0 1/#" C=L=.=5TD
NS=CTBO5OB=2. for more information a9o-t the phy&ical propertie& &-ch a& pre&&-re an( o-tp-t
option&.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 / 1$
Maria9le =B3 PB3 51 52 5% 'T1 ''1 'T2 ''2 LOC2L
3efa-lt none none none none none $ $ $ $ 2
'emar7& 1 2,% 2,% 2,% 2,% 2,%

Optional Card (Required if THICKNESS is specified after the keyword)
Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 / 1$
Maria9le P2'.1 P2'.2 P2'.% P2'.! P2'."
Type + + + + +
'emar7& " " " " ",0

Optional Card (Required if SECTION is specified after the keyword)
Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le ST4P= 31 32 3% 3! 3" 30
Type 2 + + + + + +
'emar7&

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Optional Card (Required if SCALAR is specified after the keyword)
Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 / 1$
Maria9le MOL B5=' CB3 3O+51 3O+52
Type + + + + +

Optional Card (Required if SCALR is specified after the keyword)
Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 / 1$
Maria9le MOL B5=' CB31 CB32 3O+5S
Type + + + + +

Optional Card (Required if PID is specified after the keyword)
Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 / 1$
Maria9le PB31 PB32
Type B B
3efa-lt none none
'emar7&

Optional Card (Required if OFFSET is specified after the keyword)
Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le ,L1 ,41 ,K1 ,L2 ,42 ,K2
Type + + + + + +
3efa-lt $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$
'emar7& / / / / / /

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Optional Card (Required if ORIENTATION is specified after the keyword)
Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le ML M4 MK
Type + + +
3efa-lt $.$ $.$ $.$
'emar7&

Optional Card (Required if WARPAGE is specified after the keyword)
Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le S51 S52
Type B B
3efa-lt none none
'emar7&

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1/#/ C=L=.=5TD LS-DYNA R7.0
Optional Card (Required if ELBOW is specified after the keyword)
Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le .5
Type B
3efa-lt none
'emar7&
=B3
=lement B3. 2 -ni;-e B3 i& generally re;-ire(, i.e., =B3 m-&t 9e (ifferent
from the element B3V& al&o (efine( -n(er N=L=.=5TO3BSC'=T= an(
N=L=.=5TOS=2TB=LT. Bf the parameter, B=2., i& &et to 1 on the
7eywor( inp-t for N32T2B2S=OBB52'4O3%PLOT, the n-ll 9eam&
-&e( for vi&-aliIation are not create( for the latter two type&, an( the B3V&
-&e( for the (i&crete element& an( the &eat9elt element& can 9e i(entical to
tho&e (efine( here.
PB3
Part B3, &ee NP2'T.
51
5o(al point Cen(D 1.
52
5o(al point Cen(D 2. Thi& no(e i& optional for the &pot wel(, 9eam type ,
&ince if it not (efine( it will 9e create( a-tomatically an( given a non#
conflicting no(al point B3. 5o(e& 51 an( 52 are a-tomatically po&itione(
for the &pot wel( 9eam element. +or the Iero length (i&crete 9eam ele#
ment& where one en( i& attache( to gro-n(, &et 52]#51. Bn thi& ca&e, a f-l#
ly con&traine( no(al point will 9e create( with a -ni;-e B3 for no(e 52.
5%
5o(al point % for orientation. The thir( no(e, 5%, i& optional for 9eam
type& %, 0, 7, /, an( if the latter, type , ha& a circ-lar cro&& &ection. The
thir( no(e i& -&e( for the (i&crete 9eam, type 0, if an( only if SCOO' i& &et
to 2.$ in the NS=CTBO5OB=2. inp-t, 9-t even in thi& ca&e it i& optional.
2n orientation vector can 9e (efine( (irectly 9y -&ing the option, O'B=5#
T2TBO5. Bn thi& ca&e 5% can 9e (efine( a& Iero.
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LS-DYNA R7.0 1/# C=L=.=5TD
'T1, 'T2
'elea&e con(ition& for tran&lation& at no(e& 51 an( 52, re&pectively)
=S.$) no tran&lational (egree&#of#free(om are relea&e(
=S.1) x#tran&lational (egree#of#free(om
=S.2) y#tran&lational (egree#of#free(om
=S.%) I#tran&lational (egree#of#free(om
=S.!) x an( y#tran&lational (egree&#of#free(om
=S.") y an( I#tran&lational (egree&#of#free(om
=S.0) I an( x#tran&lational (egree&#of#free(om
=S.7) x, y, an( I#tran&lational (egree&#of#free(om C%3O+D
Thi& option (oe& not apply to the &pot wel(, 9eam type .
''1, ''2
'elea&e con(ition& for rotation& at no(e& 51 an( 52, re&pectively)
=S.$) no rotational (egree&#of#free(om are relea&e(
=S.1) x#rotational (egree#of#free(om
=S.2) y#rotational (egree#of#free(om
=S.%) I#rotational (egree#of#free(om
=S.!) x an( y#rotational (egree&#of#free(om
=S.") y an( I#rotational (egree&#of#free(om
=S.0) I an( x#rotational (egree&#of#free(om
=S.7) x, y, an( I#rotational (egree&#of#free(om C%3O+D
Thi& option (oe& not apply to the &pot wel(, 9eam type .
LOC2L
Coor(inate &y&tem option)
=S.1) glo9al coor(inate &y&tem
=S.2) local coor(inate &y&tem C(efa-ltD
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P2'.1
Ba&e( on 9eam type)
Type.=S.1) 9eam thic7ne&&, & (irection at no(e 1
Type.=S.2) area
Type.=S.%) area
Type.=S.!) 9eam thic7ne&&, & (irection at no(e 1
Type.=S.") 9eam thic7ne&&, & (irection at no(e 1
Type.=S.0) vol-me, &ee (e&cription for MOL 9elow.
Type.=S./) 9eam thic7ne&&, & (irection at no(e 1
Type.=S.) 9eam thic7ne&&, & (irection at no(e 1
P2'.2
Ba&e( on 9eam type)
Type.=S.2) B&&

Type.=S.%) ramp#-p time for (ynamic relaxation
Type.=S.!) 9eam thic7ne&&, & (irection at no(e 2
Type.=S.") 9eam thic7ne&&, & (irection at no(e 2
Type.=S.0) Bnertia, &ee (e&cription for B5=' 9elow.
Type.=S./) 9eam thic7ne&&, & (irection at no(e 2
Type.=S.) 9eam thic7ne&&, & (irection at no(e 2
P2'.%
Ba&e( on 9eam type)
Type.=S.1) 9eam thic7ne&&, t (irection at no(e 1
Type.=S.2) Btt

Type.=S.%) initial &tre&& for (ynamic relaxation
Type.=S.!) 9eam thic7ne&&, t (irection at no(e 1
Type.=S.") 9eam thic7ne&&, t (irection at no(e 1
Type.=S.0) local coor(inate B3
Type.=S.7) not -&e(.
Type.=S./) not -&e(.
Type.=S.) 9eam thic7ne&&, t (irection at no(e 1
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LS-DYNA R7.0 1/#11 C=L=.=5TD
P2'.!
Ba&e( on 9eam type)
Type.=S.1) 9eam thic7ne&&, t (irection at no(e 2
Type.=S.2) Brr

Type.=S.%) not -&e(
Type.=S.!) 9eam thic7ne&&, t (irection at no(e 2
Type.=S.") 9eam thic7ne&&, t (irection at no(e 2
Type.=S.0) area
Type.=S.) 9eam thic7ne&&, t (irection at no(e 2
P2'."
Ba&e( on 9eam type)
Type.=S.1) not -&e(
Type.=S.2) &hear area
Type.=S.%) not -&e(
Type.=S.!) not -&e(
Type.=S.") not -&e(
Type.=S.0) off&et
Type.=S.) print flag to S,+O'C file. The (efa-lt i& ta7en from the
S=CTBO5OB=2. inp-t. To overri(e &et P2'." to 1.$ to
&-ppre&& printing, an( to 2.$ to print.
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1/#12 C=L=.=5TD LS-DYNA R7.0
ST4P=
Section type C2 formatD of re&-ltant 9eam, &ee +ig-re %!#!)
=S.S=CTBO5O$1) B#&hape =S.S=CTBO5O12) Cro&&
=S.S=CTBO5O$2) Channel =S.S=CTBO5O1%) J#&hape
=S.S=CTBO5O$%) L#&hape =S.S=CTBO5O1!) T#&hape1
=S.S=CTBO5O$!) T#&hape =S.S=CTBO5O1") B#&hape2
=S.S=CTBO5O$") T-9-lar 9ox =S.S=CTBO5O10) Channel1
=S.S=CTBO5O$0) K#&hape =S.S=CTBO5O17) Channel2
=S.S=CTBO5O$7) TrapeIoi(al =S.S=CTBO5O1/) T#&hape2
=S.S=CTBO5O$/) Circ-lar =S.S=CTBO5O1) Box#&hape1
=S.S=CTBO5O$) T-9-lar =S.S=CTBO5O2$) Jexagon
=S.S=CTBO5O1$) B#&hape1 =S.S=CTBO5O21) Jat#&hape
=S.S=CTBO5O11) Soli( 9ox =S.S=CTBO5O22) Jat#&hape1
31#30
Bnp-t parameter& for &ection option -&ing ST4P= a9ove.
PB31
Optional part B3 for &pot wel( element type .
PB32
Optional part B3 for &pot wel( element type .
MOL
Mol-me of (i&crete 9eam an( &calar CmatO1!0D 9eam. Bf the ma&& (en&ity
of the material mo(el for the (i&crete 9eam i& &et to -nity, the magnit-(e of
the l-mpe( ma&& can 9e (efine( here in&tea(. Thi& l-mpe( ma&& i& parti#
tione( to the two no(e& of the 9eam element. The tran&lational time &tep
&iIe for the type 0 9eam i& (epen(ent on the vol-me, ma&& (en&ity, an( the
tran&lational &tiffne&& val-e&, &o it i& important to (efine thi& parameter.
3efining the vol-me i& al&o e&&ential for ma&& &caling if the type 0 9eam
control& the time &tep &iIe.
B5='
.a&& moment of inertia for the &ix (egree of free(om (i&crete 9eam an(
&calar CmatO1!0D 9eam. Thi& l-mpe( inertia i& partitione( to the two no(e&
of the 9eam element. The rotational time &tep &iIe for the type 0 9eam i&
(epen(ent on the l-mpe( inertia an( the rotational &tiffne&& val-e&, &o it i&
important to (efine thi& parameter if the rotational &pring& are active. 3e#
fining the rotational inertia i& al&o e&&ential for ma&& &caling if the type 0
9eam rotational &tiffne&& control& the time &tep &iIe.
CB3
Coor(inate &y&tem B3 for orientation, material type 1!0, &ee N3=+B5=
OCOO'3B52T=OS4ST=.. Bf CB3]$, a (efa-lt coor(inate &y&tem i& (e#
fine( in the glo9al &y&tem.
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3O+51
2ctive (egree#of#free(om at no(e 1, a n-m9er 9etween 1 to 0 where 1, 2,
an( % are the x, y, an( I#tran&lation& an( !, ", an( 0 are the x, y, an( I#
rotation&. Thi& (egree#of#free(om act& in the local &y&tem given 9y CB3
a9ove. Thi& inp-t applie& to material mo(el type 1!0.
3O+52
2ctive (egree#of#free(om at no(e 2, a n-m9er 9etween 1 to 0. Thi& (e#
gree#of#free(om act& in the local &y&tem given 9y CB3 a9ove. Thi& inp-t
applie& to material mo(el type 1!0.
CB31
Coor(inate &y&tem B3 at no(e 1 for orientation, material type 1!0, &ee
N3=+B5=OCOO'3B52T=OS4ST=.. Bf CB31]$, a (efa-lt coor(inate
&y&tem i& (efine( in the glo9al &y&tem.
CB32
Coor(inate &y&tem B3 at no(e 2 for orientation, material type 1!0, &ee
N3=+B5=OCOO'3B52T=OS4ST=.. Bf CB32]$, a (efa-lt coor(inate
&y&tem i& (efine( in the glo9al &y&tem.
3O+5S
2ctive (egree&#of#free(om at no(e 1 an( no(e 2. 2 two#(igit n-m9er, the
fir&t for no(e 1 an( the &econ( for no(e 2, 9etween 11 to 00 i& expecte(
where 1, 2, an( % are the x, y, an( I#tran&lation& an( !, ", an( 0 are the x, y,
an( I#rotation&. The&e (egree&#of#free(om act& in the local &y&tem given
9y CB31 an( CB32 a9ove. Thi& inp-t applie& to material mo(el type 1!0.
Bf 3O+5S]12 the no(e one ha& an x#tran&lation an( no(e 2 ha& a y tran&la#
tion.
,L1#,K1
Off&et vector at no(al point 51. See 'emar7 /.
,L2#,K2
Off&et vector at no(al point 52. See 'emar7 /.
ML,M4, MK
Orientation vector at no(e 51. Bn thi& ca&e the orientation no(al point 5%,
i& (efine( a& Iero.
S51
Scalar no(al point Cen(D 1. Thi& no(e i& re;-ire( for the ,2'P2>= op#
tion.
S52
Scalar no(al point Cen(D 2. Thi& no(e i& re;-ire( for the ,2'P2>= op#
tion.
.5
.i((le no(e for the =LBO, element. See 'emar7 .
Remarks)
1. 2 plane thro-gh 5
1
, 5
2
, an( 5
%
(efine& the orientation of the principal r#& plane of the 9eam,
&ee +ig-re 1/#1.
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2. Thi& option applie& to all three#(imen&ional 9eam element&. The relea&e( (egree&#of#
free(om can 9e either glo9al, or local relative to the local 9eam coor(inate &y&tem, &ee +ig#
-re 1/#1. 2 local coor(inate &y&tem i& &tore( for each no(e of the 9eam element an( the ori#
entation of the local coor(inate &y&tem& rotate& with the no(e. To properly trac7 the re#
&pon&e, the no(al point& with a relea&e( re&-ltant are a-tomatically replace( with new no(e&
to accommo(ate the a((e( (egree&#of#free(om. Then con&traint e;-ation& are -&e( to Hoin
the no(al point& together with the proper relea&e con(ition& impo&e(. Consequently, nodal
points which belong to beam elements which have release conditions applied cannot be
subjected to other constraints such as applied displacement /velocity/acceleration
boundary conditions, nodal rigid bodies, nodal constraint sets, or any of the constraint
type contact definitions. +orce type loa(ing con(ition& an( penalty 9a&e( contact algo#
rithm& may 9e -&e( with thi& option.
%. Plea&e note that thi& option may lea( to nonphy&ical con&traint& if the tran&lational (egree&#
of#free(om are relea&e(, 9-t thi& &ho-l( not 9e a pro9lem if the (i&placement& are infinite&i#
mal.
!. Bf the TJBCA5=SS option i& not -&e(, or if TJBCA5=SS i& -&e( 9-t e&&ential P2'.x val#
-e& are not provi(e(, 9eam propertie& are ta7en from NS=CTBO5OB=2..
". Bn the ca&e of the TJBCA5=SS option for type 0, i.e., (i&crete 9eam element&, P2'.1
thro-gh P2'." replace the fir&t five parameter& on car( 2 of NS=CTBO5OB=2.. Ca9le&
are a &-9&et of type 0 9eam&. P2'.1 i& for non#ca9le (i&crete 9eam& an( i& optional for ca#
9le&, P2'.2 an( P2'.% apply only to non#ca9le (i&crete 9eam&, an( P2'.! an(
P2'." apply only to ca9le&.
0. Bn the TJBCA5=SS option, P2'." applie& only to 9eam type& 2, 0 Cca9le& onlyD, an( .
7. The &tre&& re&-ltant& are o-tp-t in local coor(inate &y&tem for the 9eam. Stre&& information
i& optional an( i& al&o o-tp-t in the local &y&tem for the 9eam.
/. Beam off&et& are &ometime& nece&&ary for correctly mo(eling 9eam& that act compo&itely
with other element& &-ch a& &hell& or other 9eam&. ,hen the O++S=T option i& &pecifie(,
glo9al L, 4, an( K component& of two off&et vector& are given, one vector for each of the
two 9eam no(e&. The off&et vector exten(& from the 9eam no(e C51 or 52D to the reference
axi& of the 9eam. The 9eam reference axi& lie& at the origin of the local & an( t axe&. +or
9eam form-lation& 1 an( 11, thi& origin i& halfway 9etween the o-termo&t &-rface& of the
9eam cro&&#&ection. 5ote that for cro&&#&ection& that are not (o-9ly &ymmetric, e.g, a T#
&ection, the reference axi& (oe& not pa&& thro-gh the centroi( of the cro&&#&ection. +or 9eam
form-lation 2, the origin i& at the centroi( of the cro&&#&ection.
. The =l9ow 9eam i& (efine( with ! no(e&, &ee +ig-re 1/.2. 5o(e n1, n2 9eing the en( no(e&,
an( no(e n% i& the mi((le no(e. Bt i& c-&tom to &et n% at the mi(point of the 9eam. 5o(e n!
i& an orientation no(e that &ho-l( 9e at the c-rvat-re center of the 9eam. Bf a &traight 9eam i&
(efine( initially, the orientation no(e m-&t 9e (efine( an( &ho-l( 9e on the convex &i(e of
the 9eam. Bf a c-rve( 9eam i& (efine( initially the orientation no(e i& a-tomatically calc-lat#
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e( a& the center of the 9eam c-rvat-re. Jowever, an orientation no(e i& &till re;-ire( at the
inp-t.
The extra no(e& that incl-(e the ovaliIation (egree of free(om are written to the me&&ag file
(-ring initialiIation. The&e extra no(e& have % (of& each. That mean& that there are 2 extra
no(e& for each phy&ical no(e. +or example it can loo7 &omething li7e thi&)
ELBO BEAMD 1
01'03'02D 1 3 2
o912:B13:o0 0o;-<D 5 7 6
8 1" &
2n( it mean& that no(e 1 have the ovaliIation extra no(e& " an( /. The fir&t line of ovaliIa#
tion no(e& incl-(e& the c
1
, c
2
an( c
%
parameter&, an( the &econ( line incl-(e& the (
1
, (
2
an( (
%

parameter&. That mean& that no(e " incl-(e c
1
, c
2
an( c
%
, an( no(e / incl-(e (
1
, (
2
an( (
%
for
9eam no(e 1. 2ll ovaliIation (of& can 9e written to the a&cii file Xel9wovY if the correct print
flag i& &et on NS=CTBO5OB=2.. The&e extra no(e& can 9e con&traine( a& -&-al no(e&. +or
example for a cantilever 9eam that i& mo-nte( at no(e 1, the no(e& 1, " an( / &ho-l( 9e con#
&traine(. The ovaliIation i& approximate( with the following trigonometric f-nction)
w(r 0) = _ _ b
k
(r)(c
m
k
cos 2m0 +J
m
k
sin 2m0) -1 r 1 u 0 < 2
3
m=1
3
k=1

where h
7
i& the interpolation f-nction at the phy&ical no(e 7.
The =l9ow 9eam only &-pport& t-9-lar cro&& &ection& an( the pipe o-ter ra(i-&, a, &ho-l( 9e
&maller than the pipe 9en( ra(i-&, '. That i& aF'??1. .oreover, the =LBO, 9eam& have !
&tre&&e&) axial rr#, &hear r&#, &hear rt# an( loop#&tre&&e&. The loop &tre&& i& written at each in#
tegration point an( can 9e vi&-aliIe( in LS#PrePo&t with the -&er fringe plot file Xel9wlp.7Y.
5OT= that the loop#&tre&& i& not written to (%plot a& (efa-ltx The 5=BPB flag on
N32T2B2S=O=LT=5TOBB52'4 m-&t 9e &et to ena9le (%plot &-pport.
'ight now there i& only 9a&ic &-pport from the material li9rary. The following material& are
c-rrently &-pporte( for the =LBO, 9eam Cif re;-e&te( more material& might 9e a((e( in the
f-t-reD)
N.2TO=L2STBC C.2TO$$1D
N.2TOPL2STBCOAB5=.2TBC C.2TO$$%D
N.2TO=L2STBCOPL2STBCOTJ='.2L C.2TO$$!D
N.2TOMBSCO=L2STBC C.2TO$$0D
N.2TOPB=C=,BS=OLB5=2'OPL2STBCBT4 C.2TO$2!D
N.2TO32.2>=O% C.2TO1"%, explicit onlyD
N.2TOCO5C'=T=OB=2. C.2TO1"D
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r
s
t
The thir( no(e, i.e., the reference no(e,
m-&t 9e -ni;-e to each 9eam element if
the coor(inate -p(ate option i& -&e( on
Control Car( /, col-mn& 70#/$.

n
1
n
2
n
%
The thir( no(e, i.e. the reference no(e,
m-&t 9e -ni;-e to each 9eam element if
the coor(inate -p(ate option i& -&e(,
&ee NCO5T'OLOO8TP8T.

+ig-re 1/#1. LS#3452 9eam element&. 5o(e n
%
(etermine& the initial orientation of the cro&&
&ection.
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LS-DYNA R7.0 1/#17 C=L=.=5TD

+ig-re 1/#2. LS#3452 =l9ow element. 5o(e n! i& the control no(e an( i& given a& the 9eam center
of c-rvat-re.
n1
n!
n%
n2
r
&
t
'
a
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1/#1/ C=L=.=5TD LS-DYNA R7.0
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ÈLEMENT_BEAM_PULLEY ÈLEMENT
ÈLEMENT_BEAM_PULLEY
P-rpo&e) 3efine p-lley for 9eam element&. Thi& feat-re i& only implemente( for tr-&& 9eam ele#
ment& CNS=CTBO5OB=2., =L+O'.]%D an( for material& N.2TO$$1 an( N.2TO1"0 at the mo#
ment.

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le P8B3 BB31 BB32 P5B3 +3 +S L.B5 3C
3efa-lt $ $ $ $ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$

P8B3
P-lley B3. 2 -ni;-e n-m9er ha& to 9e -&e(.
BB31
Tr-&& 9eam element 1 B3.
BB32
Tr-&& 9eam element 2 B3.
P5B3
P-lley no(e, 5B3.
+3
Co-lom9 (ynamic friction coefficient.
+S
Optional Co-lom9 &tatic friction coefficient.
L.B5
.inim-m length, &ee note& 9elow.
3C
Optional (ecay con&tant to allow &mooth tran&ition 9etween the &tatic an(
(ynamic friction coefficient, i.e.,
p
c
= F +(FS -F)c
-C|
rcl
|

Remarks:
=lement& 1 an( 2 &ho-l( &hare a no(e which i& coinci(ent with the p-lley no(e. The p-lley no(e
&ho-l( not 9e on any 9eam element&.
P-lley& allow contin-o-& &li(ing of a tr-&& 9eam element thro-gh a &harp change of angle. Two el#
ement& C1 d 2 in +ig-re 1/#11 of N=L=.=5TOS=2TB=LTOSLBP'B5>D meet at the p-lley. 5o(e
B in the 9eam material remain& attache( to the p-lley no(e, 9-t 9eam material Cin the form of -n#
&tretche( lengthD i& pa&&e( from element 1 to element 2 to achieve &lip. The amo-nt of &lip at each
time &tep i& calc-late( from the ratio of force& in element& 1 an( 2. The ratio of force& i& (etermine(
9y the relative angle 9etween element& 1 an( 2 an( the coefficient of friction, +3. The ten&ion in the
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ÈLEMENT ÈLEMENT_BEAM_PULLEY
1/#2$ C=L=.=5TD LS-DYNA R7.0
9eam& are ta7en a& T
1
an( T
2
, where T
2
i& on the high ten&ion &i(e an( T
1
i& the force on the low
ten&ion &i(e. Th-&, if T
2
i& &-fficiently clo&e to T
1
, no &lip occ-r&E otherwi&e, &lip i& H-&t &-fficient to
re(-ce the ratio T
2
yT
1
toc
PC0
, where0 i& the wrap angle, &ee +ig-re& 1/#1% of N=L=.=5T
OS=2TB=LTOSLBP'B5>. The o-t#of#9alance force at no(e B i& reacte( on the p-lley no(eE the
motion of no(e B follow& that of p-lley no(e.
Bf, (-e to &lip thro-gh the p-lley, the -n&tretche( length of an element 9ecome& le&& than the mini#
m-m length L.B5, the 9eam i& reme&he( locally) the &hort element pa&&e& thro-gh the p-lley an(
reappear& on the other &i(e C&ee +ig-re 1/#11D. The new -n&tretche( length of e1 i& 1.1 minim-m
length. +orce an( &train in e2 an( e% are -nchange(E force an( &train in e1 are now e;-al to tho&e in
e2. S-9&e;-ent &lip will pa&& material from e% to e1. Thi& proce&& can contin-e with &everal ele#
ment& pa&&ing in t-rn thro-gh the p-lley.
To (efine a p-lley, the -&er i(entifie& the two 9eam element& which meet at the p-lley, the friction
coefficient, an( the p-lley no(e. The two element& m-&t have a common no(e coinci(ent with the
p-lley no(e. 5o attempt &ho-l( 9e ma(e to re&train or con&train the common no(e for it& motion
will a-tomatically 9e con&traine( to follow the p-lley no(e. Typically, the p-lley no(e i& part of a
&tr-ct-re an(, therefore, 9eam element& &ho-l( not 9e connecte( to thi& no(e (irectly, 9-t any other
feat-re can 9e attache(, incl-(ing rigi( 9o(ie&.
N32T2B2S=OPLL4O8T can 9e -&e( to write a time hi&tory o-tp-t (ata9a&e p..9out for the p-lley
which recor(& 9eam B3&, &lip, &lip rate, re&-ltant force, an( wrap angle.
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ÈLEMENT_DIRECT_MATRIX_INPUT ÈLEMENT
LS-DYNA R7.0 1/#21 C=L=.=5TD
ÈLEMENT_DIRECT_MATRIX_INPUT_POPTIONQ
<BLANK>
BINARY
P-rpo&e) 3efine an element con&i&ting of ma&&, (amping, &tiffne&&, an( inertia matrice& in a &peci#
fie( file which follow& the format -&e( in the (irect matrix inp-t, 3.B>, of 52ST'25. The &-p#
porte( format i& the type 0 &ymmetric matrix in real (o-9le preci&ion. LS#3452 &-pport& 9oth the
&tan(ar( an( the exten(e( preci&ion format&. The 9inary format from NCO5T'OLOB.PLBCBT
O.O3=S or NCO5T'OLOB.PLBCBTOST2TBCOCO53=5S2TBO5 i& another inp-t option. The
ma&& an( &tiffne&& matrice& are re;-ire(. The inertia matrix i& re;-ire( when -&ing NLO23OBO34
OOPTBO5 to correctly comp-te the action of a pre&cri9e( 9a&e acceleration on the &-perelement,
otherwi&e the inertia matrix i& -n-&e(. The (amping matrix i& optional. The com9ination of the&e
matrice& i& referre( to a& a &-perelement. Three inp-t car(& are re;-ire( for each &-perelement.
The (egree&#of#free(om for thi& &-perelement may con&i&t of generaliIe( coor(inate& a& well wa&
no(al point ;-antitie&. 3egree&#of#free(om, (efine( -&ing N5O3= inp-t, are calle( attachment
no(e&. Only attachment no(e& are incl-(e( in the o-tp-t to the 2SCBB an( 9inary (ata9a&e&.
The matrice& for a given &-perelement can 9e of (ifferent or(er. Jowever, the explicit integration
&cheme re;-ire& the inver&ion of the -nion of the element ma&& matrix an( no(al ma&&e& a&&ociate(
with attachment no(e&. 2ny (egree of free(om incl-(e( in the other C&tiffne&&, (amping, inertiaD
matrice& 9-t witho-t nonIero col-mn& in the com9ine( ma&& matrix will 9e viewe( a& ma&&le&& an(
con&traine( not to move. 2fter (eleting Iero row& an( col-mn& the com9ine( ma&& matrix i& re#
;-ire( to 9e po&itive (efinite.
The inertia matrix i& re;-ire( to have % col-mn& which corre&pon(& to the % glo9al coor(inate&. Bt i&
-&e( to comp-te the force& acting on the &-perelement 9y m-ltiplying the inertia matrix time& the
gravitational acceleration &pecifie( via NLO23OBO34OOPTBO5.
There i& no a&&-mption ma(e on the or(er of the matrice& nor the &par&e matrix &tr-ct-re of the ele#
ment matrice& except that they are &ymmetric an( the com9ine( ma&& matrix i& inverti9le a& (e#
&cri9e( a9ove.
.-ltiple element& may 9e inp-t -&ing N=L=.=5TO3B'=CTO.2T'BLOB5P8T. They may &hare
attachment no(e& with other (irect matrix inp-t element&. Only NBO8532'4OP'=SC'BB=3
O.OTBO5 an( glo9al con&traint& impo&e( viaN5O3= or NBO8532'4OSPC on attachment no(e&
can 9e applie( in explicit application&. Bmplicit application& can have a((itional con&traint& on at#
tachment no(e&.

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ÈLEMENT ÈLEMENT_DIRECT_MATRIX_INPUT
1/#22 C=L=.=5TD LS-DYNA R7.0
Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le =B3 B+'.T
Type B $

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le +BL=52.=
Type C

Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le .2SS 32.P STB+ B5='T
Type C C C C

=B3
S-per element B3.
B+'.T
+ormat)
=S.$) &tan(ar( format
5=.$) exten(e( preci&ion format
.2SS
5ame of ma&& matrix in the file (efine( 9y +BL=52.=. Thi& filename
&ho-l( 9e no more than eight character& to 9e compati9le with 52ST'25.
32.P
5ame of (amping matrix in the file (efine( 9y +BL=52.=. Thi& filename
STB+
5ame of &tiffne&& matrix in the file (efine( 9y +BL=52.=. Thi& filename
B5='T
5ame of inertia matrix in the file (efine( 9y +BL=52.=. Thi& filename
Thi& file m-&t 9e pre&ent when NLO23OBO34 i& -&e( to p-t gravitational
force& on the mo(el.
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ÈLEMENT_DISCRETE ÈLEMENT
LS-DYNA R7.0 1/#2% C=L=.=5TD
ÈLEMENT_DISCRETE_POPTIONQ
<BLANK>
LCO
P-rpo&e) 3efine a (i&crete C&pring or (amperD element 9etween two no(e& or a no(e an( gro-n(. 2n
option, LCO, i& availa9le for -&ing a loa( c-rveC&D to initialiIe the off&et to avoi( the excitation of
n-merical noi&e that can &ometime& re&-lt with an in&tantaneo-& impo&ition of the off&et. Thi& can
9e (one -&ing a &ingle c-rve at the &tart of the calc-lation or two c-rve& where the &econ( i& -&e(
(-ring (ynamic relaxation prior to 9eginning the tran&ient part. Bn the latter ca&e, the fir&t c-rve
wo-l( &imply &pecify the off&et a& con&tant (-ring time. Bf the LCO option i& active, a &econ( car( i&
rea(. Bt i& recommen(e( that 9eam type 0, &ee N=L=.=5TOB=2. an( S=CTBO5OB=2., 9e -&e(
whenever po&&i9le, e&pecially if orientation i& &pecifie(. The latter option ten(& to 9e more acc-rate
an( co&t effective. The N=L=.=5TO3BSC'=T= option i& no longer 9eing (evelope( an( exten(e(
5ote) The (i&crete element& enter into the time &tep calc-lation&. Care m-&t 9e ta7en to en&-re that
the no(al ma&&e& connecte( 9y the &pring& an( (amper& are (efine( an( -nreali&tically high
&tiffne&& an( (amping val-e& m-&t 9e avoi(e(. All rotations are in radians.

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 / 1$
Maria9le =B3 PB3 51 52 MB3 S P+ O++S=T
Type B B B B B + B +
3efa-lt none none none none $ 1. $ $

Define this card if and only if the option LCO is active
Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le LCB3 LCB33'
Type B B
3efa-lt none none

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ÈLEMENT ÈLEMENT_DISCRETE
1/#2! C=L=.=5TD LS-DYNA R7.0
=B3
=lement B3. 2 -ni;-e n-m9er i& re;-ire(. Since n-ll 9eam& are create(
for vi&-aliIation, thi& element B3 &ho-l( not 9e i(entical to element B3V&
(efine( for =L=.=5TOB=2. an( =L=.=5TOS=2TB=LT.
PB3
Part B3, &ee NP2'T.
51
5o(al point 1.
52
5o(al point 2. Bf Iero, the &pringF(amper connect& no(e 51 to gro-n(.
MB3
Orientation option. The orientation option &ho-l( 9e -&e( ca-tio-&ly &ince
force&, which are generate( a& the no(al point& (i&place, are not orthogonal
to rigi( 9o(y rotation -nle&& the no(e& are coinci(ent.. The type 0, %3
9eam element, i& recommen(e( when orientation i& re;-ire( with the a9&o#
l-te val-e of the parameter SCOO' &et to 2 or %, &ince thi& option avoi(&
rotational con&traint&.
=S.$) the &pringF(amper act& along the axi& from no(e 51 to 52,
5=.$) the &pringF(amper act& along the axi& (efine( 9y the orientation
vector, MB3 (efine( in the N3=+B5=OS3OO'B=5T2#TBO5 &ec#
tion.
S
Scale factor on force&.
P+
Print flag)
=S.$) force& are printe( in 3=+O'C file,
=S.1) force& are not printe( 3=+O'C file.
O++S=T
Bnitial off&et. The initial off&et i& a (i&placement or rotation at time Iero.
+or example, a po&itive off&et on a tran&lational &pring will lea( to a ten&ile
force 9eing (evelope( at time Iero. Bgnore thi& inp-t if LCB3 i& (efine(
9elow.
LCB3
Loa( c-rve B3 (efining the initial O++S=T a& a f-nction of time. Po&itive
off&et& corre&pon( to ten&ile force&, an(, li7ewi&e negative off&et re&-lt in#
compre&&ive force&.
LCB33'
Loa( c-rve B3 (efining O++S=T a& a f-nction of time (-ring the (ynamic
relaxation pha&e.
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ÈLEMENT_DISCRETE_SPHERE ÈLEMENT
LS-DYNA R7.0 1/#2" C=L=.=5TD
ÈLEMENT_DISCRETE_SPHERE_POPTIONQ
<BLANK>
VOLUME
P-rpo&e) 3efine a (i&crete &pherical element for (i&crete element metho( C3=.D calc-lation&. =ach
particle con&i&t& of a &ingle no(e with it& ma&&, ma&& moment of inertia, an( ra(i-& (efine( 9y the
inp-t 9elow. Bnitial coor(inate& an( velocitie& are &pecifie( via the no(al (ata. The element B3 corre#
&pon(& to the B3 of the no(e. The (i&crete &pherical element& are vi&-aliIe( in LS#PrePo&t -&ing the
&ame option& a& the SPJ element&.
Bf the MOL8.= option i& active, the fiel(& for .2SS an( B5='TB2 are 9a&e( on per -nit (en&ity.
Plea&e note, the 3=. part re;-ire& NP2'T, NS=CTBO5, an( N.2T 7eywor(&, however, the
NS=CTBO5 inp-t i& ar9itrary. Bn other wor(&, the element type an( form-lation from NS=CTBO5
are ignore(. 3=. retrieve& the 9-l7 mo(-l-& from the N.2T inp-t for co-pling &tiffne&& an( time
&tep &iIe eval-ation, an( (en&ity from the N.2T inp-t if OMOL8.= i& -&e( to calc-late the proper
ma&&. N.2TO=L2STBC an( N.2TO'B>B3 are mo&t commonly -&e(, 9-t other material mo(el& are
al&o permi&&i9le.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 5B3 PB3 .2SS B5='TB2 '23B8S
Type B B + + +

5B3
5o(e B3.
PB3
Part B3, &ee NP2'T.
.2SS
.a&&.
Bf the MOL8.= option i& active, the act-al ma&& i& calc-late( from mate#
rial (en&ity, i.e., . ] .2SS N material (en&ity.
B5='TB2
.a&& moment of inertia.
Bf the MOL8.= option i& active, the act-al inertia i& calc-late( from mate#
rial (en&ity, i.e., B ] B5='TB2 N material (en&ity.
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ÈLEMENT ÈLEMENT_DISCRETE_SPHERE
1/#20 C=L=.=5TD LS-DYNA R7.0
'23B8S
Particle ra(i-&. The particle ra(i-& i& -&e( for (efining contact 9etween par#
ticle&.
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ÈLEMENT_GENERALIZED_SHELL ÈLEMENT
LS-DYNA R7.0 1/#27 C=L=.=5TD
ÈLEMENT_GENERALIZED_SHELL
P-rpo&e) 3efine a general %3 &hell element with an ar9itrary n-m9er of no(e&. The form-lation of
thi& element i& &pecifie( in N3=+B5=O=L=.=5TO>=5='2LBK=3OSJ=LL, which i& &pecifie(
thro-gh the part B3 C&ee NP2'TD an( the &ection B3 C&ee NS=CTBO5OSJ=LLD. +or an ill-&tration of
thi& referencing, &ee +ig-re 1"#2". 8&ing thi& generaliIe( &hell implementation allow& a rapi( proto#
typing of new &hell element form-lation& witho-t f-rther co(ing.
The element form-lation -&e( in NS=CTBO5OSJ=LL nee(& to 9e greater or e;-al than 1$$$.
Card Format (8I10)
Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le =B3 PB3 5.5P
Type B B B

Define the connectivity of the element by specifying NMNP-nodes (up to eight nodes per card).
Define as many cards as needed
Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 51 52 5% 5! 5" 50 57 5/

Car(& 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 5 51$ =tc. =tc. =tc. =tc. =tc. =tc.

=B3
=lement B3. Cho&e a -ni;-e n-m9er with re&pect to other element&.
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ÈLEMENT ÈLEMENT_GENERALIZED_SHELL
1/#2/ C=L=.=5TD LS-DYNA R7.0
PB3
Part B3, &ee NP2'T.
5.5P
5-m9er of no(e& to (efine thi& element.
5
i

5o(al point i C(efine( via N5O3=D to (efine connectivity of thi& element.
Remarks:
". +or po&t#proce&&ing an( the treatment of contact 9o-n(ary con(ition&, the -&e of interpola#
tion &hell element& C&ee N=L=.=5TOB5T='POL2TBO5OSJ=LL an( NCO5ST'2B5=3
O5O3=OB5T='POL2TBO5D i& nece&&ary.
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ÈLEMENT_GENERALIZED_SHELL ÈLEMENT
0. The (efinition of the connectivity of the element i& 9a&ically ar9itrary 9-t it ha& to 9e in cor#
relation with the (efinition of the element form-lation in N3=+B5=O=L=.=5T
O>=5='2LBK=3OSJ=LL.
+ig-re 1/#%. =xample oftheconnection9etween N=L=.=5TO>=5='2LBK=3OSJ=LL
an( N3=+B5=O=L=.=5TO>=5='2LBK=3OSJ=LL.
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ÈLEMENT ÈLEMENT_GENERALIZED_SOLID
1/#%$ C=L=.=5TD LS-DYNA R7.0
ÈLEMENT_GENERALIZED_SOLID
P-rpo&e) 3efine a general %3 &oli( element with an ar9itrary n-m9er of no(e&. The form-lation of
thi& element i& &pecifie( in N3=+B5=O=L=.=5TO>=5='2LBK=3OSOLB3, which i& reference(
thro-gh the part B3 C&ee NP2'TD an( the &ection B3 C&ee NS=CTBO5OSOLB3D. +or an ill-&tration of
thi& referencing, &ee +ig-re 1/#!. 8&ing thi& generaliIe( &oli( implementation allow& a rapi( proto#
typing of new &oli( element form-lation& witho-t f-rther co(ing.
The element form-lation -&e( in NS=CTBO5OSOLB3 nee(& to 9e greater or e;-al than 1$$$.
Card Format (8I10)
Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le =B3 PB3 5.5P
Type B B B

Define the connectivity of the element by specifying NMNP-nodes (up to eight nodes per card).
Define as many cards as needed
Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 51 52 5% 5! 5" 50 57 5/

Car(& 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 5 51$ =tc. =tc. =tc. =tc. =tc. =tc.

=B3
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ÈLEMENT_GENERALIZED_SOLID ÈLEMENT
LS-DYNA R7.0 1/#%1 C=L=.=5TD
PB3
Part B3, &ee NP2'T.
5.5P
5-m9er of no(e& to (efine thi& element.
5
i

5o(al point i C(efine( via N5O3=D to (efine connectivity of thi& element.
Remarks:
7. +or po&t#proce&&ing the -&e of interpolation &oli( element& C&ee N=L=.=5TO
B5T='POL2TBO5OSOLB3 an( NCO5ST'2B5=3O5O3=OB5T='POL2TBO5D i& nece&#
&ary.
/. The (efinition of the connectivity of the element i& 9a&ically ar9itrary 9-t it ha& to 9e in cor#
relation with the (efinition of the element form-lation in N3=+B5=O=L=.=5T
O>=5='2LBK=3OSOLB3.
+ig-re 1/#!. =xample of the connection 9etween
N=L=.=5TO>=5='2LBK=3OSOLB3 an(
N3=+B5=O=L=.=5TO>=5='2LBK=3OSOLB3.
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ÈLEMENT ÈLEMENT_INERTIA
1/#%2 C=L=.=5TD LS-DYNA R7.0
ÈLEMENT_INERTIA_POPTIONQ
<BLANK>
OFFSET
to allow the l-mpe( ma&& an( inertia ten&or to 9e off&et from the no(al point. The no(al point can
9elong to either a (eforma9le or rigi( no(e.
P-rpo&e) 3efine a l-mpe( inertia element a&&igne( to a no(al point.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 / 1$
Maria9le =B3 5B3 CSB3
Type B B B
'emar7& 1

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le BLL BL4 BLK B44 B4K BKK .2SS
Type + + + + + + +
3efa-lt $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$
'emar7& 2 2 2

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ÈLEMENT_INERTIA ÈLEMENT
LS-DYNA R7.0 1/#%% C=L=.=5TD
Define if and only if the OFFSET option is active. Card Format (3E10.0)
Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le L#O++ 4#O++ K#O++
Type + + +
3efa-lt $. $. $.
'emar7& 2 2

=B3
=lement B3. 2 -ni;-e n-m9er m-&t 9e -&e(.
5B3
5o(e B3. 5o(e to which the ma&& i& a&&igne(.
CSB3
Coor(inate &et B3
=S.$) glo9al inertia ten&or
>=.1) principal moment& of inertia& with orientation vector& (efine( 9y
Coor(inate &et CSB3. See N3=+B5=OCOO'3B52T=OS4ST=.
an( N3=+B5=OCOO'3B52T=OM=CTO'.
BLL
LL component of inertia ten&or.
BL4
L4 component of inertia ten&or.
BLK
LK component of inertia ten&or.
B44
44 component of inertia ten&or.
B4K
4K component of inertia ten&or.
BKK
KK component of inertia ten&or.
.2SS
L-mpe( ma&&
L#O++
x#off&et from no(al point.
4#O++
y#off&et from no(al point.
K#O++
I#off&et from no(al point.
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ÈLEMENT ÈLEMENT_INERTIA
1/#%! C=L=.=5TD LS-DYNA R7.0
Remarks:
1. The coor(inate &y&tem cannot 9e (efine( for thi& element -&ing the option
N3=+B5=OCOO'3B52T=O5O3=.
2. Bf CSB3 i& (efine( then BL4, BLK an( B4K are &et to Iero. The no(al inertia ten&or m-&t 9e
po&itive (efinite, i.e., it& (eterminant m-&t 9e greater than Iero, &ince it& inver&e i& re;-ire(.
Thi& chec7 i& (one after the no(al inertia i& a((e( to the (efine( inertia ten&or.
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ÈLEMENT_INTERPOLATION_SHELL ÈLEMENT
LS-DYNA R7.0 1/#%" C=L=.=5TD
ÈLEMENT_INTERPOLATION_SHELL
P-rpo&e) ,ith the (efinition of interpolation &hell&, the &tre&&e& an( other &ol-tion varia9le& can 9e
interpolate( from the generaliIe( &hell element& C&ee N=L=.=5TO>=5='2LBK=3OSJ=LL an(
N3=+B5=O=L=.=5TO>=5='2LBK=3OSJ=LLD permitting the &ol-tion to 9e vi&-aliIe( -&ing
&tan(ar( !#no(e( &hell element& with one integration point Cone val-e of each &ol-tion varia9le per
interpolation &hellD. The (efinition of the interpolation &hell& i& 9a&e( on interpolation no(e& C&ee
NCO5ST'2B5=3O5O3=OB5T='POL2TBO5D. The connection 9etween the&e vario-& 7eywor(&
are ill-&trate( in +ig-re 1/#".
Card Format (8I10)
Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le =B3S =B3>S 5>P
Type B B B

Define for every in-plane integration point (NGP) of the master element (ÈLEMENT
_GENERALIZED_SHELL) the appropriate weighting factor for the interpolation of the solu-
tion to the center of this interpolation shell (up to four weights per card). Define as many cards
as needed
Car(& 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le BP1 ,1 BP2 ,2 BP% ,% BP! ,!

Car(& 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le BP" ," =tc. =tc. =tc. =tc. =tc. =tc.

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ÈLEMENT ÈLEMENT_INTERPOLATION_SHELL
1/#%0 C=L=.=5TD LS-DYNA R7.0
=B3S
=lement B3 of the interpolation &hell. Thi& nee(& to coinci(e with a proper (efinition
of a !#no(e( &hell element CN=L=.=5TOSJ=LLD -&ing interpolation no(e&
CNCO5ST'2B5=3O5O3=OB5T='POL2TBO5D.
=B3>S
=lement B3 of the ma&ter element (efine( in N=L=.=5TO>=5='2LBK=3OSJ=LL.
5>P
5-m9er of in#plane integration point& of the ma&ter element.
BP
i

Bntegration point n-m9er C1 to 5>PD in the or(er how they were (efine( in N3=+B5=
O=L=.=5TO>=5='2LBK=3OSJ=LL.
,
i

Bnterpolation weight of integration point i.
Remarks:
. +or each interpolation &hell element, one &ingle val-e (:
IS
) of a &ol-tion varia9le i& interpo#
late( 9a&e( on val-e& at the integration point& (:
) of the ma&ter element CN=L=.=5T

O>=5='2LBK=3OSJ=LLD an( the appropriate weighting factor& (w
). The interpolation i&

comp-te( a& follow&) :
IS
= _ w
NuP
=1

1$. To -&e N=L=.=5TOB5T='POL2TBO5OSJ=LL, =L+O'.]/ ha& to 9e -&e( in
NS=CTBO5OSJ=LL
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ÈLEMENT_INTERPOLATION_SHELL ÈLEMENT
LS-DYNA R7.0 1/#%7 C=L=.=5TD
+ig-re 1/#". =xample for N=L=.=5TOB5T='POL2TBO5OSJ=LL.
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ÈLEMENT ÈLEMENT_INTERPOLATION_SOLID
1/#%/ C=L=.=5TD LS-DYNA R7.0
ÈLEMENT_INTERPOLATION_SOLID
P-rpo&e) ,ith the (efinition of interpolation &oli(&, the &tre&&e& an( other &ol-tion varia9le& can 9e
interpolate( from the generaliIe( &oli( element& C&ee N=L=.=5TO>=5='2LBK=3OSOLB3 an(
N3=+B5=O=L=.=5TO>=5='2LBK=3OSOLB3D permitting the &ol-tion to 9e vi&-aliIe( -&ing
&tan(ar( /#no(e( &oli( element& with one integration point Cone val-e of each &ol-tion varia9le per
interpolation &oli(D. The (efinition of the interpolation &oli(& i& 9a&e( on interpolation no(e& C&ee
NCO5ST'2B5=3O5O3=OB5T='POL2TBO5D. The connection 9etween the&e vario-& 7eywor(&
are ill-&trate( in +ig-re1/#0.
Card Format (8I10)
Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le =B3S =B3>S 5>P
Type B B B

Define for every in-plane integration point (NGP) of the master element (ÈLEMENT
_GENERALIZED_SOLID) the appropriate weighting factor for the interpolation of the solu-
tion to the center of this interpolation solid (up to four weights per card). Define as many cards
as needed
Car(& 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le BP1 ,1 BP2 ,2 BP% ,% BP! ,!

Car(& 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le BP" ," =tc. =tc. =tc. =tc. =tc. =tc.

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ÈLEMENT_INTERPOLATION_SOLID ÈLEMENT
=B3S
=lement B3 of the interpolation &oli(. Thi& nee(& to coinci(e with a proper (efinition
of a /#no(e( &oli( element CN=L=.=5TOSOLB3D -&ing interpolation no(e&
CNCO5ST'2B5=3O5O3=OB5T='POL2TBO5D.
=B3>S
=lement B3 of the ma&ter element (efine( in N=L=.=5TO>=5='2LBK=3OSOLB3.
5>P
5-m9er of integration point& of the ma&ter element.
BP
i

Bntegration point n-m9er C1 to 5>PD in the or(er how they were (efine( in N3=+B5=
O=L=.=5TO>=5='2LBK=3OSOLB3.
,
i

Bnterpolation weight of integration point i.
Remarks:
11. +or each interpolation &oli( element, one &ingle val-e (:
IS
) of a &ol-tion varia9le i& interpo#
late( 9a&e( on val-e& at the integration point& (:
) of the ma&ter element CN=L=.=5T

O>=5='2LBK=3OSOLB3D an( the appropriate weighting factor& (w
). The interpolation i&

comp-te( a& follow&) :
IS
= _ w
NuP
=1

12. To -&e N=L=.=5TOB5T='POL2TBO5OSOLB3, =L+O'.]/ ha& to 9e -&e( in
NS=CTBO5OSOLB3
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ÈLEMENT ÈLEMENT_INTERPOLATION_SOLID
1/#!$ C=L=.=5TD LS-DYNA R7.0
+ig-re 1/#0. =xample for N=L=.=5T B5T='POL2TBO5 SOLB3.
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ÈLEMENT_MASS ÈLEMENT
LS-DYNA R7.0 1/#!1 C=L=.=5TD
ÈLEMENT_MASSOPOPTIONQ
<BLANK>
NODE_SET
P-rpo&e) 3efine a l-mpe( ma&& element a&&igne( to a no(al point or e;-ally (i&tri9-te( to the no(e&
of a no(e &et.
C5ote) 5O3=OS=T option i& availa9le &tarting with the '% relea&e of Mer&ion 71.D

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 / 1$
Maria9le =B3 B3 .2SS PB3
Type B B + B
3efa-lt none none $. none

=B3
=lement B3. 2 -ni;-e n-m9er i& recommen(e(. The no(e& in a no(e &et
&hare the &ame element B3.
B3
5o(e B3 or no(e &et B3 if the 5O3=OS=T option i& active. Thi& i& the
no(e or no(e &et to which the ma&& i& a&&igne(.
.2SS
.a&& val-e. ,hen the 5O3=OS=T option i& active, the ma&& i& e;-ally
(i&tri9-te( to all no(e& in a no(e &et.
PB3
Part B3. Thi& inp-t i& optional.
Remarks)
1. Ainetic energy of l-mpe( ma&& element& i& o-tp-t a& 7inetic energy of part $ in mat&-m
CN32T2B2S=O.2TS8.D.
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ÈLEMENT ÈLEMENT_MASS_MATRIX
1/#!2 C=L=.=5TD LS-DYNA R7.0
ÈLEMENT_MASS_MATRIX_POPTIONQ
<BLANK>
NODE_SET
P-rpo&e) 3efine a 0x0 &ymmetric no(al ma&& matrix a&&igne( to a no(al point or each no(e within a
no(e &et

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le =B3 B3 CB3
Type B B B
3efa-lt none none $

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le .11 .21 .22 .%1 .%2 .%% .!1
Type + + + + + + +
3efa-lt $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$

Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le .!2 .!% .!! ."1 ."2 ."% ."!
Type + + + + + + +
3efa-lt $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$

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ÈLEMENT_MASS_MATRIX ÈLEMENT
LS-DYNA R7.0 1/#!% C=L=.=5TD
Car( ! 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le ."" .01 .02 .0% .0! .0" .00
Type + + + + + + +
3efa-lt $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$

=B3
=lement B3. 2 -ni;-e n-m9er i& recommen(e(. The no(e& in a no(e &et
&hare the &ame element B3.
B3
5o(e B3 or no(e &et B3 if the 5O3=OS=T option i& active. Thi& i& the
no(e or no(e &et to which the ma&& i& a&&igne(.
CB3
Local coor(inate B3 which (efine& the orientation of the ma&& matrix
.B:
The B:
th
term of the &ymmetric ma&& matrix. The lower triang-lar part of
the matrix i& (efine(.
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ÈLEMENT_MASS ÈLEMENT_MASS_PART
1/#!! C=L=.=5TD LS-DYNA R7.0
ÈLEMENT_MASS_PART_POPTIONQ
<BLANK>
SET
P-rpo&e) 3efine a((itional non#&tr-ct-ral ma&& to 9e (i&tri9-te( 9y an area C&hellD F vol-me C&oli(D or
ma&& weighte( (i&tri9-tion to all no(e& of a given part, or part &et, B3. 2& an option, the total ma&&
can 9e (efine( an( the a((itional non#&tr-ct-ral ma&& i& comp-te(. Thi& option applie& to all part
B3G& (efine( 9y &hell an( &oli( element&.
Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 / 1$
Maria9le B3 233.2SS +B5.2SS LCB3 .,3
Type B + + B B
3efa-lt none $. $. $ $

B3
Part or part &et B3 if the S=T option i& active. 2 -ni;-e n-m9er m-&t 9e
-&e(.
233.2SS
2((e( tran&lational ma&& to 9e (i&tri9-te( to the no(e& of the part B3 or
part &et B3. Set to Iero if +B5.2SS i& nonIero. Since the a((itional ma&&
i& not incl-(e( in the time &tep calc-lation of the element& in the PB3 or
SB3, 233.2SS m-&t 9e greater than Iero if +B5.2SS i& Iero.
+B5.2SS
+inal tran&lational ma&& of the part B3 or part &et B3. The total ma&& of the
PB3 or SB3 i& comp-te( an( &-9tracte( from the final ma&& of the part or
part &et to o9tain the a((e( tran&lational ma&&, which m-&t excee( Iero.
Set +B5.2SS to Iero if 233.2SS i& nonIero. +B5.2SS i& availa9le in
the '% relea&e of ver&ion 71.
LCB3
Optional loa( c-rve B3 to &cale the a((e( ma&& at time]$. Thi& c-rve (e#
fine& the &cale factor a& a f-nction ver&-& time. The c-rve m-&t &tart at -ni#
ty at t]$. Thi& option applie& to (eforma9le 9o(ie& only.
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ÈLEMENT_MASS_PART ÈLEMENT_MASS
LS-DYNA R7.0 1/#!" C=L=.=5TD
.,3
Optional flag for ma&&#weighte( (i&tri9-tion, vali( for S=T option only)
=S.$) non#&tr-ct-ral ma&& i& (i&tri9-te( 9y areaC&hellDFvol-meC&oli(D
weighte( (i&tri9-tion,
=S.1) non#&tr-ct-ral ma&& i& (i&tri9-te( 9y ma&& weighte(, ar#
eaN(en&ityNthic7ne&&C&hellDFvol-meN(en&ityC&oli(D, (i&tri9-tion.
.ixe( -&e& with .,3 for the &ame part &ho-l( 9e avoi(e(.
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ÈLEMENT ÈLEMENT_PLOTEL
1/#!0 C=L=.=5TD LS-DYNA R7.0
ÈLEMENT_PLOTEL
P-rpo&e) 3efine a n-ll 9eam element for vi&-aliIation.

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 / 1$
Maria9le =B3 51 52
Type B B B
'emar7& 1

=B3
=lement B3. 2 -ni;-e n-m9er m-&t 9e -&e(.
51
52
Remarks:
1. Part B3, 1$$$$$$$, i& a&&igne( to PLOT=L element&.
2. PLOT=L element B3V& m-&t 9e -ni;-e with re&pect to other 9eam element&.
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ÈLEMENT_SEATBELT ÈLEMENT
LS-DYNA R7.0 1/#!7 C=L=.=5TD
ÈLEMENT_SEATBELT
P-rpo&e) 3efine a &eat 9elt element.

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 / 1$
Maria9le =B3 PB3 51 52 SB'B3 SL=5 5% 5!
3efa-lt none none none none none $.$ $ $
'emar7& 1 2 %

=B3
=lement B3. 2 -ni;-e n-m9er i& re;-ire(. Since n-ll 9eam& are create( for
vi&-aliIation, thi& element B3 &ho-l( not 9e i(entical to element B3V& (e#
fine( for =L=.=5TOB=2. an( =L=.=5TO3BSC'=T=.
PB3
Part B3
51
5o(e 1 B3
52
5o(e 2 B3
SB'B3
'etractor B3, &ee N=L=.=5TOS=2TB=LTO'=T'2CTO'.
SL=5
Bnitial &lac7 length
5%
Optional no(e % B3. ,hen 5%@$ an( 5!@$, the element& 9ecome& a &hell
&eat 9elt element. The thic7ne&& of the &hell &eat9elt i& (efine( in
NS=CTBO5OSJ=LL, not in NS=CTBO5OS=2TB=LT. The &hell#type
&eat9elt m-&t 9e of a rectang-lar &hape a& &hown in +ig-re 1/#7 an( con#
taine( in a logically reg-lar me&h.
5!
5o(e ! B3, which i& re;-ire( if an( only if 5% i& (efine(.
Remarks:
1. The retractor B3 &ho-l( 9e (efine( only if the element i& initially inside a retractor, &ee
N=L=.=5TOS=2TB=LTO'=T'2CTO'.
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ÈLEMENT ÈLEMENT_SEATBELT
1/#!/ C=L=.=5TD LS-DYNA R7.0
2. Belt element& are &ingle (egree of free(om element& connecting two no(e&. ,hen the &train
in an element i& po&itive Ci.e. the c-rrent length i& greater then the -n&tretche( lengthD, a ten#
&ion force i& calc-late( from the material characteri&tic& an( i& applie( along the c-rrent axi&
of the element to oppo&e f-rther &tretching. The -n&tretche( length of the 9elt i& ta7en a& the
initial (i&tance 9etween the two no(e& (efining the po&ition of the element pl-& the initial
&lac7 length.
%. Seat9elt &hell element& are a new feat-re in ver&ion 71 an( m-&t 9e -&e( with ca-tion. The
&eat9elt &hell& (i&tri9-te the loa(ing on the &-rface of the (-mmy more reali&tically than the
two no(e 9elt element&. +or the &eat9elt &hell& to wor7 with &lipring& an( retractor& it i& nec#
e&&ary to -&e a logically reg-lar me&h of ;-a(rilateral element&. ( seat?e.t de-ined ?9 a part
I must not ?e dis2oint#
4# 13 an( 23 &eat9elt element& may not &hare the &ame material B3.
+ig-re 1/#7. 3efinition of &eat9elt &hell element&. The or(ering of the no(e& an( ele#
ment& are important for &eat9elt &hell&. See the inp-t (e&cription& for S=C#
TBO5OSJ=LL, =L=.=5TOS=2TB=LTO'=T'2CTO' an( =L=#
.=5TOS=2TB=LTOSLBP'B5>.
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ÈLEMENT_SEATBELT_ACCELEROMETER ÈLEMENT
LS-DYNA R7.0 1/#! C=L=.=5TD
ÈLEMENT_SEATBELT_ACCELEROMETER
P-rpo&e) 3efine &eat 9elt accelerometer. The accelerometer i& fixe( to a rigi( 9o(y containing the
three no(e& (efine( 9elow. ,henever comp-te( acceleration& are compare( to experimental re&-lt&
or whenever comp-te( acceleration& are compare( 9etween (ifferent r-n&, accelerometer& are e&&en#
tial. 'aw no(al acceleration& contain con&i(era9le n-merical noi&e an( their compari&on& are gener#
ally meaningle&& an(, therefore, mi&lea(ing.

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le SB2CB3 5B31 5B32 5B3% B>'2M B5TOPT .2SS
Type B B B B B B +
3efa-lt $ $ $ $ $ $ $.
'emar7&

SB2CB3
2ccelerometer B3. 2 -ni;-e n-m9er m-&t 9e -&e(.
5B31
5o(e 1 B3
5B32
5o(e 2 B3
5B3%
5o(e % B3
B>'2M
>ravitational acceleration& (-e to 9o(y force loa(&.
=S.#0) K an( L component& remove( from acceleration o-tp-t
=S.#" 4 an( K component& remove( from acceleration o-tp-t
=S.#!) L an( 4 component& remove( from acceleration o-tp-t
=S.#%) K component remove( from acceleration o-tp-t
=S.#2) 4 component remove( from acceleration o-tp-t
=S.#1) L component remove( from acceleration o-tp-t
=S.$) all component& incl-(e( in acceleration o-tp-t
=S.1) all component& remove( from acceleration o-tp-t
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ÈLEMENT ÈLEMENT_SEATBELT_ACCELEROMETER
1/#"$ C=L=.=5TD LS-DYNA R7.0
B5TOPT
Bntegration option. Bf the accelerometer -n(ergoe& rigi( 9o(y tran&lation
witho-t rotation thi& option ha& no effectE however, if rotation occ-r&, op#
tion 1 may provi(e 9etter agreement with the o-tp-t of the accelerometer.
=S.$) velocitie& are integrate( from the glo9al acceleration& an( tran&#
forme( into the local &y&tem of the accelerometer
=S.1) velocitie& are integrate( (irectly from the local acceleration& of
the accelerometer.
.2SS
Optional a((e( ma&& for accelerometer. Thi& ma&& i& e;-ally (i&tri9-te( to
no(al point& 5B31, 5B32, an( 5B3%. Thi& option avoi(& the nee( to -&e
the N=L=.=5TO.2SS 7eywor( inp-t if a((itional ma&& i& re;-ire(.
Remarks:
The pre&ence of the accelerometer mean& that the acceleration& an( velocitie& of no(e 1 will 9e o-t#
p-t to all o-tp-t file& in local in&tea( of glo9al coor(inate&.
The local coor(inate &y&tem i& (efine( 9y the three no(e& a& follow&)
h local x from no(e 1 to no(e 2,
h local z perpen(ic-lar to the plane containing no(e&, 1, 2, an( % Cz ] x a), where a i&
from no(e 1 to no(e %D,
h local y ] z x.
The three no(e& &ho-l( all 9e part of the &ame rigi( 9o(y. The local axi& then rotate& with the 9o(y.
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ÈLEMENT_SEATBELT_PRETENSIONER ÈLEMENT
LS-DYNA R7.0 1/#"1 C=L=.=5TD
ÈLEMENT_SEATBELT_PRETENSIONER
P-rpo&e) 3efine &eat 9elt preten&ioner. 2 com9ination with &en&or& an( retractor& i& al&o po&&i9le.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le SBP'B3 SBP'T4 SBSB31 SBSB32 SBSB3% SBSB3!
Type B B B B B B
3efa-lt $ $ $ $ $ $
'emar7& 1

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le SB'B3 TB.= PTLCB3 L.T+'C
Type B + B +
3efa-lt $ $.$ $ $
'emar7&

SBP'B3
Preten&ioner B3. 2 -ni;-e n-m9er ha& to 9e -&e(.
SBP'T4
Preten&ioner type C&ee 'emar7 2 9elowD)
=S.1) pyrotechnic retractor with force limit&,
=S.2) pre#loa(e( &pring 9ecome& active,
=S.%) loc7 &pring remove(,
=S.!) force ver&-& time retractor.
=S.") pyrotechnic retractor Col( type in ver&ion "$D 9-t with optional
force limiter, L.T+'C.
=S.0) com9ination of type& ! an( " a& (e&cri9e( in the note& 9elow.
=S.7) in(epen(ent preten&ionerFretractor.
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ÈLEMENT ÈLEMENT_SEATBELT_PRETENSIONER
1/#"2 C=L=.=5TD LS-DYNA R7.0
SBSB31
Sen&or 1, &ee N=L=.=5TOS=2TB=LTOS=5SO'.
SBSB32
Sen&or 2, &ee N=L=.=5TOS=2TB=LTOS=5SO'.
SBSB3%
Sen&or %, &ee N=L=.=5TOS=2TB=LTOS=5SO'.
SBSB3!
Sen&or !, &ee N=L=.=5TOS=2TB=LTOS=5SO'.
SB'B3
'etractor n-m9er CSBP'T4 ] 1, !, ", or 0D or &pring element n-m9er
CSBP'T4 ] 2 or %D.
TB.=
Time 9etween &en&or triggering an( preten&ioner acting.
PTLCB3
Loa( c-rve for preten&ioner CTime after activation, P-ll#inD CSBP'T4 ] 1,
!, " or 0D.
L.T+'C
Optional limiting force for retractor type ". Bf Iero, thi& option i& ignore(.
Remarks:
1. 2t lea&t one &en&or &ho-l( 9e (efine(.
Preten&ioner& allow mo(eling of &even type& of active (evice& which tighten the 9elt (-ring
the initial &tage& of a cra&h. Type& 1 an( " repre&ent a pyrotechnic (evice which &pin& the
&pool of a retractor, ca-&ing the 9elt to 9e reele( in. The -&er (efine& a p-ll#in ver&-& time
c-rve which applie& once the preten&ioner activate&. Type& 2 an( % repre&ent preloa(e(
&pring& or tor&ion 9ar& which move the 9-c7le when relea&e(. The preten&ioner i& a&&ociate(
with any type of &pring element incl-(ing rotational. 5ote that the preloa(e( &pring, loc7ing
&pring an( any re&traint& on the motion of the a&&ociate( no(e& are (efine( in the normal
wayE the action of the preten&ioner i& merely to cancel the force in one &pring -ntil Cor afterD
it fire&. ,ith the &econ( type, the force in the &pring element i& cancele( o-t -ntil the preten#
&ioner i& activate(. Bn thi& ca&e the &pring in ;-e&tion i& normally a &tiff, linear &pring which
act& a& a loc7ing mechani&m, preventing motion of the &eat 9elt 9-c7le relative to the vehi#
cle. 2 preloa(e( &pring i& (efine( in parallel with the loc7ing &pring. Thi& type avoi(& the
pro9lem of the 9-c7le 9eing free to n(riftV 9efore the preten&ioner i& activate(. Type& !, 0,
an( 7, force type&, are (e&cri9e( 9elow.
To activate the preten&ioner, the following &e;-ence of event& m-&t occ-r)
1. 2ny one of -p to fo-r &en&or& m-&t 9e triggere(.
2. Then a -&er#(efine( time (elay occ-r&.
%. Then the preten&ioner act&.
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2. Bn the "$ ver&ion of LS#3452, there are three type& of &eat9elt preten&ioner& that can 9e
&im-late(. Type& 2 an( % are &imple trigger& for activating or (eactivating &pring&, which
then p-ll on the 9-c7le. 5o change& have 9een ma(e to the&e, an( they are not (i&c-&&e(
here. The type 1 preten&ioner i& inten(e( to &im-late a pyrotechnic retractor. The -&er in#
p-t& a loa( c-rve (e&cri9ing the p-ll#in of the preten&ioner a& a f-nction of time. Thi& pre#
ten&ioner type interact& with the retractor, forcing it to p-ll in the amo-nt of 9elt in(icate(. Bt
wor7& well, an( (oe& exactly what it &ay& it will (o, 9-t it can 9e (iffic-lt to -&e in practice.
The rea&on for thi& i& that it ha& no regar( for the force& 9eing exerte( on the 9elt. Bf a p-ll#in
of 2$mm i& &pecifie( at a partic-lar time, then 2$mm of 9elt will 9e p-lle( in, even if thi& re#
&-lt& in -nreali&tic force& in the &eat9elt. +-rthermore, there wa& no explicit way to t-rn thi&
preten&ioner off. Once (efine(, it overro(e the retractor completely, an( the amo-nt of 9elt
pa&&ing into or o-t of the retractor (epen(e( &olely on the loa( c-rve &pecifie(.
Bn the 7$ ver&ion of LS#3452, the 9ehavior of the type 1 preten&ioner wa& change( (-e to
-&er fee(9ac7 regar(ing the&e &hortcoming&. The 9ehavior now i& f-n(amentally &impler,
tho-gh a 9it conf-&ing to explain. =ach retractor ha& a loa(ing Can( optional -nloa(ingD
c-rve that (e&cri9e& the force on the 9elt element a& a f-nction of the amo-nt of 9elt that ha&
9een p-lle( o-t of the retractor &ince the retractor loc7e(. The new type 1 preten&ioner act&
a& a &hift of thi& retractor loa( c-rve. 2n example will ma7e thi& clear. S-ppo&e at a partic-#
lar time that "mm of 9elt material ha& left the retractor. The retractor will re&pon( with a
force corre&pon(ing to "mm p-ll#o-t on itG& loa(ing c-rve. B-t &-ppo&e thi& retractor ha& a
type 1 preten&ioner (efine(, an( at thi& in&tant of time the preten&ioner &pecifie& a p-ll#in of
2$mm. The retractor will then re&pon( with a force that corre&pon(& to C"mm [ 2$mmD on
itG& loa(ing c-rve. Thi& re&-lt& in a m-ch larger force. The effect can 9e that 9elt material
will 9e p-lle( in, 9-t -nli7e in the "$ ver&ion, there i& no g-arantee. The 9enefit of thi& im#
plementation i& that the force v&. p-ll#in loa( c-rve for the retractor i& followe( an( no -nre#
ali&tic force& are generate(. Still, it may 9e (iffic-lt to pro(-ce reali&tic mo(el& -&ing thi&
option, &o two new type& of preten&ioner& have 9een a((e(. The&e are availa9le in 7$ ver#
&ion& 1%$$ an( later.
The type ! preten&ioner ta7e& a force v&. time c-rve, See +ig-re 1/#/. =ach time &tep, the
retractor comp-te& the (e&ire( force witho-t regar( to the preten&ioner. Bf the re&-lting force
i& le&& than that &pecifie( 9y the preten&ioner loa( c-rve, then the preten&ioner val-e i& -&e(
in&tea(. 2& time goe& on, the preten&ioner loa( c-rve &ho-l( (rop 9elow the force& generat#
e( 9y the retractor, an( the preten&ioner i& then e&&entially inactive. Thi& provi(e& for goo(
control of the act-al force&, &o no -nreali&tic val-e& are generate(. The act-al (irection an(
amo-nt of 9elt movement i& -n&pecifie(, an( will (epen( on the other force& 9eing exerte(
on the 9elt. Thi& i& &-ita9le when the force the preten&ioner exert& over time i& 7nown.
The type " preten&ioner i& e&&entially the &ame a& the ol( type 1 preten&ioner, 9-t with the
a((ition of a force limiting val-e. The p-ll#in i& given a& a f-nction of time, an( the 9elt i&
(rawn into the retractor exactly a& (e&ire(. Jowever, if at any point the force& generate( in
the 9elt excee( the preten&ioner force limit, then the preten&ioner i& (eactivate( an( the re#
tractor ta7e& over. Bn or(er to prevent a large (i&contin-ity in the force at thi& point, the loa(#
ing c-rve for the retractor i& &hifte( Cin the a9&ci&&aD 9y the amo-nt re;-ire( to p-t the c-r#
rent Cp-ll#o-t, forceD on the loa( c-rve. +or example, &-ppo&e the c-rrent force i& 1$$$, an(
the c-rrent p-ll#o-t i& #1$ C1$mm of 9elt ha& 9een p-lle( B5 9y the preten&ionerD. Bf the re#
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tractor wo-l( normally generate a force of 1$$$ after 2"mm of 9elt ha( 9een p-lle( O8T,
then the loa( c-rve i& &hifte( to the left 9y %", an( remain& that way for the (-ration of the
calc-lation. So that at the c-rrent p-ll#in of 1$, it will generate the force normally a&&ociate(
with a p-ll o-t of 2". Bf the 9elt reache& a p-ll o-t of ", the force will 9e a& if it were p-lle(
o-t !$ C" [ the &hift of %"D, an( &o on. Thi& option i& incl-(e( for tho&e who li7e( the gen#
eral 9ehavior of the ol( type 1 preten&ioner, 9-t ha& the a((e( feat-re of the force limit to
prevent -nreali&tic 9ehavior.
The type 0 preten&ioner i& a variation of the type ! preten&ioner, with feat-re& of the type "
preten&ioner. 2 force v&. time c-rve i& inp-t an( the preten&ioner force i& comp-te( each cy#
cle. The retractor lin7e( to thi& preten&ioner &ho-l( &pecify a po&itive val-e for P8LL,
which i& the (i&tance the 9elt p-ll& o-t 9efore it loc7&. 2& the preten&ioner p-ll& the 9elt into
the retractor, the amo-nt of p-ll#in i& trac7e(. 2& the preten&ioner force (ecrea&e& an( (rop&
9elow the 9elt ten&ion, 9elt will 9egin to move 9ac7 o-t of the retractor. Once P8LL amo-nt
of 9elt ha& move( o-t of the retractor Crelative to the maxim-m p-ll in enco-ntere(D, the re#
tractor will loc7. 2t thi& time, the preten&ioner i& (i&a9le(, an( the retractor force c-rve i&
&hifte( to match the c-rrent 9elt ten&ion. Thi& &hifting i& (one H-&t li7e the type " preten&ion#
er. Bt i& important that a po&itive val-e of P8LL 9e &pecifie( to prevent premat-re retractor
loc7ing which co-l( occ-r (-e to &mall o-twar( 9elt movement& generate( 9y noi&e in the
&im-lation.
The type 7 preten&ioner i& a &imple com9ination of retractor an( preten&ioner. Bt i& &imilar to
the type 0 except for the following change&) when the retractor loc7&, the preten&ioner i&
5OT (i&a9le( W it contin-e& to exert force accor(ing to the force v&. time c-rve -ntil the en(
of the &im-lation. CThe force v&. time c-rve &ho-l( pro9a9ly (rop to $ at &ome time.D +-r#
thermore, the retractor loa( c-rve i& not &hifte( W the retractor 9egin& to exert force accor(ing
to the force v&. p-ll#o-t c-rve. The&e two force& are a((e( together an( applie( to the 9elt.
Th-&, the preten&ioner an( retractor are e&&entially in(epen(ent.
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LS-DYNA R7.0 1/#"" C=L=.=5TD
)et ra#t +r !ull1
7ut F+r#e
F+r#e
)et ra#t +r L+#= Time
'e0 ined F+r#e Is.
Time Cur/e
Ti me

+ig-re 1/#/. +orce ver&-& time preten&ioner. 2t the inter&ection, the retractor loc7&.
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ÈLEMENT ÈLEMENT_SEATBELT_RETRACTOR
1/#"0 C=L=.=5TD LS-DYNA R7.0
ÈLEMENT_SEATBELT_RETRACTOR
P-rpo&e) 3efine &eat 9elt retractor. See remar7& 9elow for &eat9elt &hell element&.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le SB'B3 SB'5B3 SBB3 SB31 SB32 SB3% SB3!
Type B B B B B B B
3efa-lt $ $ $ $ $ $ $
'emar7& 1,2 2 %

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le T3=L P8LL LLCB3 8LCB3 L+=3
Type + + B B +
3efa-lt $.$ $.$ $ $ $.$
'emar7& ! "

SB'B3
'etractor B3. 2 -ni;-e n-m9er ha& to 9e -&e(.
SB'5B3
'etractor no(e B3
SBB3
Seat 9elt element B3
SB31
Sen&or B3 1
SB32
Sen&or B3 2
SB3%
Sen&or B3 %
SB3!
Sen&or B3 !
T3=L
Time (elay after &en&or trigger&.
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ÈLEMENT_SEATBELT_RETRACTOR ÈLEMENT
LS-DYNA R7.0 1/#"7 C=L=.=5TD
P8LL
2mo-nt of p-ll#o-t 9etween time (elay en(ing an( retractor loc7ing, a
length val-e.
LLCB3
Loa( c-rve for loa(ing CP-ll#o-t, +orceD, &ee +ig-re 1/#.
8LCB3
Loa( c-rve for -nloa(ing CP-ll#o-t, +orceD, &ee +ig-re 1/#.
L+=3
+e( length, &ee explanation 9elow.
Remarks:
1. The retractor no(e &ho-l( not 9e on any 9elt element&. The element (efine( &ho-l( have one
no(e coinci(ent with the retractor no(e 9-t &ho-l( not 9e in&i(e the retractor.
2. ,hen SB'5B3?$, thi& retractor i& for &hell#type &eat9elt, #SB'5B3 i& the NS=TO5O3=
containing '51, '52, R'5". SBB3 i& then NS=TOSJ=LLOLBST. 5ote that the n-m9ering
of WSB'5B3, SBB3 ha& to 9e con&i&tent in the (irection of n-m9ering. +or example, if
NS=TO5O3= for SB'5B3 ha& no(e& of C'51, '52, '5%, '5!, '5"D then NS=TOSJ=LL
OLBST for SBB3 &ho-l( have elem. of C'=1, '=2, '=%, '=!D. See +ig-re 1/.0.
%. 2t lea&t one &en&or &ho-l( 9e (efine(.
!. The fir&t point of the loa( c-rve &ho-l( 9e C$, T
min
D.

T
min
i& the minim-m ten&ion. 2ll &-9#
&e;-ent ten&ion val-e& &ho-l( 9e greater than T
min
.
". The -nloa(ing c-rve &ho-l( &tart at Iero ten&ion an( increa&e monotonically Ci.e., no &eg#
ment& of negative or Iero &lopeD.
'etractor& allow 9elt material to 9e pai( o-t into a 9elt element. 'etractor& operate in one of
two regime&) -nloc7e( when the 9elt material i& pai( o-t, or reele( in -n(er con&tant ten&ion
an( loc7e( when a -&er (efine( force#p-llo-t relation&hip applie&.
The retractor i& initially -nloc7e(, an( the following &e;-ence of event& m-&t occ-r for it to
9ecome loc7e()
1. 2ny one of -p to fo-r &en&or& m-&t 9e triggere(. CThe &en&or& are (e&cri9e( 9elow.D
2. Then a -&er#(efine( time (elay occ-r&.
%. Then a -&er#(efine( length of 9elt m-&t 9e pai( o-t CoptionalD.
!. Then the retractor loc7& an( once loc7e(, it remain& loc7e(.
Bn the -nloc7e( regime, the retractor attempt& to apply a con&tant ten&ion to the 9elt. Thi&
feat-re allow& an initial tightening of the 9elt an( ta7e& -p any &lac7 whenever it occ-r&. The
ten&ion val-e i& ta7en from the fir&t point on the force#p-llo-t loa( c-rve. The maxim-m
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rate of p-ll o-t or p-ll in i& given 9y $.$1 fe( length per time &tep. Beca-&e of thi&, the
con&tant ten&ion val-e i& not alway& achieve(.
Bn the loc7e( regime, a -&er#(efine( c-rve (e&cri9e& the relation&hip 9etween the force in the
attache( element an( the amo-nt of 9elt material pai( o-t. Bf the ten&ion in the 9elt &-9&e#
;-ently relaxe&, a (ifferent -&er#(efine( c-rve applie& for -nloa(ing. The -nloa(ing c-rve i&
followe( -ntil the minim-m ten&ion i& reache(.
The c-rve& are (efine( in term& of initial length of 9elt. +or example, if a 9elt i& mar7e( at
1$mm interval& an( then wo-n( onto a retractor, an( the force re;-ire( to ma7e each mar7
emerge from the Cloc7e(D retractor i& recor(e(, the c-rve& -&e( for inp-t wo-l( 9e a& fol#
low&)
$ .inim-m ten&ion C&ho-l( 9e @ IeroD
1$mm +orce to emergence of fir&t mar7
2$mm +orce to emergence of &econ( mar7
. .
. .
. .
Pyrotechnic preten&ion& may 9e (efine( which ca-&e the retractor to p-ll in the 9elt at a pre#
(etermine( rate. Thi& overri(e& the retractor force#p-llo-t relation&hip from the moment
when the preten&ioner activate&.
Bf (e&ire(, 9elt element& may 9e (efine( which are initially in&i(e the retractor. The&e will
emerge a& 9elt material i& pai( o-t, an( may ret-rn into the retractor if &-fficient material i&
reele( in (-ring -nloa(ing.
=lement& e2, e% an( e! are initially in&i(e the retractor, which i& paying o-t material into el#
ement e1. ,hen the retractor ha& fe( L
crit
into e1, where
L
crit
] fe( length # 1.1 minim-m length
Cminim-m length (efine( on 9elt material inp-tD
Cfe( length (efine( on retractor inp-tD
=lement e2 emerge& with an -n&tretche( length of 1.1 x minim-m lengthE the -n&tretche(
length of element e1 i& re(-ce( 9y the &ame amo-nt. The force an( &train in e1 are -n#
change(E in e2, they are &et e;-al to tho&e in e1. The retractor now pay& o-t material into e2.
Bf no element& are in&i(e the retractor, e2 can contin-e to exten( a& more material i& fe( into
it.
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2& the retractor p-ll& in the 9elt Cfor example, (-ring initial tighteningD, if the -n&tretche(
length of the mo-th element 9ecome& le&& than the minim-m length, the element i& ta7en in#
to the retractor.
To (efine a retractor, the -&er enter& the retractor no(e, the nmo-thV element Cinto which 9elt
material will 9e fe(D, e1 in +ig-re 12#1", -p to ! &en&or& which can trigger -nloc7ing, a time
(elay, a payo-t (elay CoptionalD, loa( an( -nloa( c-rve n-m9er&, an( the fe( length. The re#
tractor no(e i& typically part of the vehicle &tr-ct-reE 9elt element& &ho-l( not 9e connecte(
to thi& no(e (irectly, 9-t any other feat-re can 9e attache( incl-(ing rigi( 9o(ie&. The mo-th
element &ho-l( have a no(e coinci(ent with the retractor 9-t &ho-l( not 9e in&i(e the retrac#
tor. The fe( length wo-l( typically 9e &et either to a typical element initial length, for the
(i&tance 9etween painte( mar7& on a real 9elt for compari&on& with high &pee( film. The fe(
length &ho-l( 9e at lea&t three time& the minim-m length.
Bf there are element& initially in&i(e the retractor Ce2, e% an( e! in the +ig-reD they &ho-l( not
9e referre( to on the retractor inp-t, 9-t the retractor &ho-l( 9e i(entifie( on the element in#
p-t for the&e element&. Their no(e& &ho-l( all 9e coinci(ent with the retractor no(e an(
&ho-l( not 9e re&traine( or con&traine(. Bnitial &lac7 will a-tomatically 9e &et to 1.1 mini#
m-m length for the&e element&E thi& overri(e& any -&er#(efine( val-e.
,e9loc7er& can 9e incl-(e( within the retractor repre&entation &imply 9y entering a nloc7ing
-pV characteri&tic in the force p-llo-t c-rve, &ee +ig-re 1/#1$. The final &ection can 9e very
&teep C9-t m-&t have a finite &lopeD.
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=lement !
=lement %
=lement 2
=lement 1
=lement !
=lement %
=lement 2
=lement 1
2ll no(e& within thi& area are
coinci(ent.
Before
After

+ig-re 1/#. =lement& in a retractor.
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F
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C
E
PULLOUT
with weblockers
without weblockers

+ig-re 1/#1$. 'etractor force p-ll characteri&tic&.
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ÈLEMENT ÈLEMENT_SEATBELT_SENSOR
1/#02 C=L=.=5TD LS-DYNA R7.0
ÈLEMENT_SEATBELT_SENSOR
P-rpo&e) 3efine &eat 9elt &en&or. +o-r type& are po&&i9le, &ee explanation 9elow.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le SBSB3 SBST4P SBS+L
Type B B B
3efa-lt $ $ $
'emar7&

Card 2 if SBSTYP1
Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 5B3 3O+ 2CC 2TB.=
Type B B + +
3efa-lt $ $ $.$ $.$
'emar7& 1

Card 2 if SBSTYP2
Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le SB'B3 P8L'2T P8LTB.
Type B + +
3efa-lt $ $.$ $.$
'emar7&

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LS-DYNA R7.0 1/#0% C=L=.=5TD
Card 2 if SBSTYP3
Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le TB.=
Type +
3efa-lt $.$
'emar7&

Card 2 if SBSTYP4
Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 5B31 5B32 3.L 3.5
Type B B + +
3efa-lt $ $ $.$ $.$
'emar7& 2 2

SBSB3
Sen&or B3. 2 -ni;-e n-m9er ha& to 9e -&e(.
SBST4P
Sen&or type)
=S.1) acceleration of no(e,
=S.2) retractor p-ll#o-t rate,
=S.%) time,
=S.!) (i&tance 9etween no(e&.
SBS+L
Sen&or flag)
=S.$) &en&or active (-ring (ynamic relaxation,
=S.1) &en&or can 9e triggere( (-ring (ynamic relaxation.
5B3
5o(e B3 of &en&or
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ÈLEMENT ÈLEMENT_SEATBELT_SENSOR
1/#0! C=L=.=5TD LS-DYNA R7.0
3O+
3egree of free(om)
=S.1) x,
=S.2) y,
=S.%) I.
2CC
2ctivating acceleration
2TB.=
Time over which acceleration m-&t 9e excee(e(
SB'B3
'etractor B3, &ee N=L=.=5TOS=2TB=LTO'=T'2CTO'.
P8L'2T
'ate of p-ll#o-t ClengthFtime -nit&D
P8LTB.
Time over which rate of p-ll#o-t m-&t 9e excee(e(
TB.=
Time at which &en&or trigger&
5B31
5o(e 1 B3
5B32
5o(e 2 B3
3.L
.axim-m (i&tance
3.5
.inim-m (i&tance
Remarks:
1. 5o(e &ho-l( not 9e on rigi( 9o(y, velocity 9o-n(ary con(ition, or other nimpo&e( motionV
feat-re.
2. Sen&or trigger& when the (i&tance 9etween the two no(e& i& ( @ (
max
or ( ? (
min
.

Sen&or& are -&e( to trigger loc7ing of retractor& an( activate preten&ioner&. +o-r type& of
&en&or& are availa9le which trigger accor(ing to the following criteria)
Type 1 - ,hen the magnit-(e of x#, y#, or I# acceleration of a given no(e ha&
remaine( a9ove a given level contin-o-&ly for a given time, the &en&or trigger&. Thi&
(oe& not wor7 with no(e& on rigi( 9o(ie&.
Type 2 - ,hen the rate of 9elt payo-t from a given retractor ha& remaine(
a9ove a given level contin-o-&ly for a given time, the &en&or trigger&.
Type 3 - The &en&or trigger& at a given time.
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ÈLEMENT_SEATBELT_SENSOR ÈLEMENT
LS-DYNA R7.0 1/#0" C=L=.=5TD
Type 4 - The &en&or trigger& when the (i&tance 9etween two no(e& excee(& a
given maxim-m or 9ecome& le&& than a given minim-m. Thi& type of &en&or i& inten(#
e( for -&e with an explicit ma&&F&pring repre&entation of the &en&or mechani&m.
By (efa-lt, the &en&or& are inactive (-ring (ynamic relaxation. Thi& allow& initial tightening of
the 9elt an( po&itioning of the occ-pant on the &eat witho-t loc7ing the retractor or firing any
preten&ioner&. Jowever, a flag can 9e &et in the &en&or inp-t to ma7e the &en&or& active (-ring
the (ynamic relaxation pha&e.
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ÈLEMENT ÈLEMENT_SEATBELT_SLIPRING

1/#00 C=L=.=5TD LS-DYNA R7.0
ÈLEMENT_SEATBELT_SLIPRING
P-rpo&e) 3efine &eat 9elt &lip ring.

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le SBS'B3 SBB31 SBB32 +C SB'5B3 LTB.= +CS O5B3
Type B B B + B + + B
3efa-lt $ $ $ $.$ $ 1.$=2$ $.$ $

Optional Card 2
Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le A +85CB3 3B'=CT 3C LC5++3 LC5++S
Type + B B + B B
3efa-lt $. $ $ $ $ $

SBS'B3
Slipring B3. 2 -ni;-e n-m9er ha& to 9e -&e(. See remar7& 9elow for the
treatment of &lipring& for &hell 9elt element&.
SBB31
Seat 9elt element 1 B3
SBB32
Seat 9elt element 2 B3
+C
Co-lom9 (ynamic friction coefficient. Bf le&& than Iero, i+Ci refer& to a
c-rve which (efine& the (ynamic friction coefficient a& a f-nction of time.
SB'5B3
Slip ring no(e, 5B3
LTB.=
Slip ring loc7-p time. 2fter thi& time no material i& move( from one &i(e of
the &lip ring to the other. Thi& option i& not active (-ring (ynamic relaxa#
tion.
+CS
Optional Co-lom9 &tatic friction coefficient. . Bf le&& than Iero, i+CSi refer&
to a c-rve which (efine& the &tatic friction coefficient a& a f-nction of time.
O5B3
Optional orientation no(e B3.
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ÈLEMENT_SEATBELT_SLIPRING ÈLEMENT
LS-DYNA R7.0 1/#07 C=L=.=5TD
A
Optional coefficient for (etermining the Co-lom9 friction coefficient relat#
e( to angle alpha
+85CB3
+-nction B3 to (etermine friction coefficient.
3B'=CT
3irection of 9elt movement)
=S.$) if the 9elt can move along 9oth (irection&.
=S.12) if the 9elt i& only allowe( to &lip along the (irection from SBB31
to SBB32
=S.21) if the 9elt i& only allowe( to &lip along the (irection from SBB32
to SBB3
3C
Optional (ecay con&tant to allow a &mooth tran&ition 9etween the &tatic an(
(ynamic friction coefficient&, i.e.,
p
c
= FC +(FCS -FC)c
-C|
rcl
|

LC5++3
Optional c-rve for normal#force#(epen(ent Co-lom9 (ynamic friction co#
efficient. ,hen (efine(, the (ynamic friction coefficient 9ecome&
+C[f
LC5++3
C+
n
D, where f
LC5++3
C+
n
D i& the f-nction val-e of LC5++3 when
contact force e;-al& +
n

LC5++S
Optional c-rve for normal#force#(epen(ent Co-lom9 &tatic friction coeffi#
cient. ,hen (efine(, the &tatic friction coefficient 9ecome&
+CS[f
LC5++S
C+
n
D, where f
LC5++S
C+
n
D i& the f-nction val-e of LC5++S when
contact force e;-al& +
n

Remarks:
,hen SB'5B3?$, thi& &lipring i& for &hell#type &eat9elt, #SB'5B3 i& the NS=TO5O3= containing
S51, S52, RS5". SBB31 an( SBB32 are then NS=TOSJ=LLOLBST. 5ote that the n-m9ering of #
SB'5B3, SBB31 an( SBB32 ha& to 9e con&i&tent in the (irection of n-m9ering. +or example if,
NS=TO5O3= for SB'5B3 ha& no(e& of CS51, S52, S5%, S5!, S5"D then NS=TOSJ=LLOLBST for
SBB31 &ho-l( have elem. of CS'=11, S'=12, S'=1%, S'=1!D an( NS=TOSJ=LLOLBST for SBB32
&ho-l( have elem. of CS'=21, S'=22, S'=2%, S'=2!D. See +ig-re 1/#12.
=lement& 1 an( 2 &ho-l( &hare a no(e which i& coinci(ent with the &lip ring no(e. The &lip ring no(e
&ho-l( not 9e on any 9elt element&.
Slipring& allow contin-o-& &li(ing of a 9elt thro-gh a &harp change of angle. Two element& C1 d 2
in +ig-re 1/#11D meet at the &lipring. 5o(e B in the 9elt material remain& attache( to the &lipring
no(e, 9-t 9elt material Cin the form of -n&tretche( lengthD i& pa&&e( from element 1 to element 2 to
achieve &lip. The amo-nt of &lip at each time &tep i& calc-late( from the ratio of force& in element& 1
an( 2. The ratio of force& i& (etermine( 9y the relative angle 9etween element& 1 an( 2 an( the coef#
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1/#0/ C=L=.=5TD LS-DYNA R7.0
ficient of friction, +C. The ten&ion in the 9elt& are ta7en a& T
1
an( T
2
, where T
2
i& on the high ten#
&ion &i(e an( T
1
i& the force on the low ten&ion &i(e. Th-&, if T
2
i& &-fficiently clo&e to T
1
, no &lip
occ-r&E otherwi&e, &lip i& H-&t &-fficient to re(-ce the ratio I
2
I
1
to c
PC0
, where 0 i& the wrap angle,
&ee +ig-re& 1/#12 an( 1/#1% 5o &lip occ-r& if 9oth element& are &lac7. The o-t#of#9alance force at
no(e B i& reacte( on the &lipring no(eE the motion of no(e B follow& that of &lipring no(e.
Bf, (-e to &lip thro-gh the &lipring, the -n&tretche( length of an element 9ecome& le&& than the mini#
m-m length Ca& entere( on the 9elt material car(D, the 9elt i& reme&he( locally) the &hort element
pa&&e& thro-gh the &lipring an( reappear& on the other &i(e C&ee +ig-re 1/#11D. The new -n&tretche(
length of e1 i& 1.1 minim-m length. +orce an( &train in e2 an( e% are -nchange(E force an( &train
in e1 are now e;-al to tho&e in e2. S-9&e;-ent &lip will pa&& material from e% to e1. Thi& proce&&
can contin-e with &everal element& pa&&ing in t-rn thro-gh the &lipring.
To (efine a &lipring, the -&er i(entifie& the two 9elt element& which meet at the &lipring, the friction
coefficient, an( the &lipring no(e. The two element& m-&t have a common no(e coinci(ent with the
&lipring no(e. 5o attempt &ho-l( 9e ma(e to re&train or con&train the common no(e for it& motion
will a-tomatically 9e con&traine( to follow the &lipring no(e. Typically, the &lipring no(e i& part of
the vehicle 9o(y &tr-ct-re an(, therefore, 9elt element& &ho-l( not 9e connecte( to thi& no(e (irectly,
9-t any other feat-re can 9e attache(, incl-(ing rigi( 9o(ie&.
Bf A i& -n(efine(, the limiting force ratio i& ta7en a& c
PC0
. Bf A i& (efine(, the maxim-m force ratio
i& comp-te( a&
c
PC0(1+
2
)

where alpha i& the angle &hown in +ig-re 1/#1!. Bf +85CB3 i& &pecifie(, the coefficient& +C, +CS,
an( A are not -&e(. The f-nction i& (efine( -&ing the N3=+B5=O+85CTBO5 7eywor( inp-t. Thi&
f-nction i& a f-nction of two varia9le&, an( the ratio i& given 9y eval-ating
I
2
I
1
= FuNC(0 o)
+or example, the (efa-lt 9ehavior can 9e o9taine( -&ing the f-nction (efinition Ca&&-ming +C ha& a
val-e of $.$2" an( the f-nction B3 i& -nityD
N3=+B5=O+85CTBO5
1,
fCtheta,alphaD ] expC$.$2"NthetaD
Behavior li7e (efa-lt option can 9e o9taine( with CA]$.1D)
N3=+B5=O+85CTBO5
1,
fCtheta,alphaD ] expC$.$2"NthetaNC1.[$.1NalphaNalphaDD
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ÈLEMENT_SEATBELT_SLIPRING ÈLEMENT
Slipring
=lement 2
=lement 1
=lement %
=lement 2
=lement 1
=lement %
Before
After
B

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1/#7$ C=L=.=5TD LS-DYNA R7.0
+ig-re 1/#11. =lement& pa&&ing thro-gh &lipring.
+ig-re 1/#12. Orientation no(e.
+ig-re 1/#1%. +ront view &howing wrap angle.
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ÈLEMENT_SHELL ÈLEMENT
LS-DYNA R7.0 1/#71 C=L=.=5TD
ÈLEMENT_SHELL_POPTIONQ
<BLANK>
THICKNESS
BETA or MCID
OFFSET
DOF
COMPOSITE
SHL4_TO_SHL8
P-rpo&e) 3efine three, fo-r, &ix, an( eight no(e element& incl-(ing %3 &hell&, mem9rane&, 23 plane
&tre&&, plane &train, an( axi&ymmetric &oli(&. The type of the element an( it& form-lation i& &pecifie(
thro-gh the part B3 C&ee NP2'TD an( the &ection B3 C&ee NS=CTBO5OSJ=LLD. 2l&o, the thic7ne&&
of each element can 9e &pecifie( when applica9le on the element car(& or el&e a (efa-lt thic7ne&&
val-e i& -&e( from the &ection (efinition. +or orthotropic an( ani&otropic material& a local material
angle Cvaria9le B=T2D can 9e (efine( which i& c-m-lative with the integration point angle& &peci#
fie( in NS=CTBO5OSJ=LL. 2lternatively, the angle B=T2 can 9e (etermine( 9y (efining a local
coor(inate &y&tem, .CB3. 2n off&et option, O++S=T, i& availa9le for moving the &hell reference
&-rface from the no(al point& that (efine the &hell. The CO.POSBT= option allow& an ar9itrary
n-m9er of integration point& acro&& the &hell thic7ne&& of &hell& &haring the &ame part B3. Thi& i&
in(epen(ent of thic7ne&& (efine( in NS=CTBO5OSJ=LL. The option, SJL!OTOOSJL/, convert& %
no(e triang-lar an( ! no(e ;-a(rilateral &hell element& to 0 no(e triang-lar an( / no(e ;-a(rilateral
;-a(ratic &hell element&, re&pectively, 9y the a((ition of mi(#&i(e no(al point&. See remar7 9elow.
+or the &hell form-lation that -&e& a((itional no(al (egree&#of#free(om, the option 3O+ i& availa9le
to connect the no(e& of the &hell to corre&pon(ing &calar no(e&. +o-r &calar no(e& are re;-ire( for
element type 2" to mo(el the thic7ne&& change& that re;-ire 2 a((itional (egree&#of#free(om per
&hell no(e. 3efining the&e no(e& i& optional, if left -n(efine(, they will 9e a-tomatically create(.

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ÈLEMENT ÈLEMENT_SHELL
1/#72 C=L=.=5TD LS-DYNA R7.0
Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 / 1$
Maria9le =B3 PB3 51 52 5% 5! 5" 50 57 5/
3efa-lt none none none none none none $ $ $ $
'emar7& % % % %

Optional Card (Required if THICKNESS or BETA is specified after the keyword)
Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 / 1$
Maria9le TJBC1 TJBC2 TJBC% TJBC! B=T2 or .CB3
Type + + + + +
3efa-lt $. $. $. $. $.
'emar7& 1 2

Optional Card (Required if OFFSET is specified after the keyword)
Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 / 1$
Maria9le O++S=T
Type +
3efa-lt $.
'emar7& 7

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LS-DYNA R7.0 1/#7% C=L=.=5TD
Optional Card for scalar nodes (Required if DOF is specified after the keyword)
Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 / 1$
Maria9le 5S1 5S2 5S% 5S!
Type B B B B
3efa-lt
'emar7& / / / /

Optional Card (Required if COMPOSITE is specified)
The material ID, thickness, and material angle for each through-thickness integration point of
a composite shell are provided below (up to two integration points per card). The integration
point data should be given sequentially starting with the bottommost integration point. The
total number of integration points is determined by the number of entries on these cards. The
thickness of each shell is the summation of the integration point thicknesses. Define as many
cards as needed.
Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le .B31 TJBCA1 B1 .B32 TJBCA2 B2
Type B + + B + +

Car(& 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le .B3% TJBCA% B% =tc.
Type B + + B + +

=B3
PB3
Part B3, &ee NP2'T.
51
5o(al point 1
52
5o(al point 2
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1/#7! C=L=.=5TD LS-DYNA R7.0
5%
5o(al point %
5!
5o(al point !
5"#5/
.i(#&i(e no(e& for eight no(e &hell
TJBC1
Shell thic7ne&& at no(e 1
TJBC2
Shell thic7ne&& at no(e 2
TJBC%
Shell thic7ne&& at no(e %
TJBC!
Shell thic7ne&& at no(e !
B=T2
Orthotropic material 9a&e off&et angle C&ee remar7& 2 an( 0 9elowD. The
angle i& given in (egree&. Bf 9lan7 the (efa-lt i& &et to Iero.
.CB3
.aterial coor(inate &y&tem B3. The angle B=T2 i& ta7en a& the angle from
the element local x#axi& C51#to#52D to the proHection of the x#axi& of the
local coor(inate &y&tem, .CB3, onto the &-rface of the &hell element.
O++S=T
The off&et (i&tance from the plane of the no(al point& to the reference &-r#
face of the &hell in the (irection of the normal vector to the &hell.
5S1
Scalar no(e 1, parameter 53O+ on the N5O3=OSC2L2' i& normally &et
to 2. Bf the thic7ne&& i& con&traine(, &et 53O+]$.
5S2
Scalar no(e 2
5S%
Scalar no(e %
5S!
Scalar no(e !
.B3i
.aterial B3 of integration point i, &ee N.2TOR. Section.
TJBCAi
Thic7ne&& of integration point i.
Bi
.aterial angle of integration point i.
Remarks:
1. 3efa-lt val-e& in place of Iero &hell thic7ne&&e& are ta7en from the cro&&#&ection property
(efinition of the PB3, &ee NS=CTBO5OSJ=LL.
2. B=T2 i& (efine( only for orthotropic an( ani&otropic material&.
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LS-DYNA R7.0 1/#7" C=L=.=5TD
%. Co-ntercloc7wi&e no(e n-m9ering (etermine& the top &-rface, &ee +ig-re 1/#1"
!. Stre&&e& an( &train o-tp-t in the 9inary (ata9a&e& are 9y (efa-lt given in the glo9al coor(i#
nate &y&tem. Stre&& re&-ltant& are o-tp-t in the local coor(inate &y&tem for the &hell element.
". Bnterior angle& m-&t 9e le&& than 1/$ (egree&.
0. To allow for an ar9itrary orientation of the &hell element& within the finite element me&h,
each ply in the compo&ite can have a -ni;-e material orientation angle which mea&-re& the
off&et from a reference &y&tem in the element. The reference &y&tem i& (etermine( 9y the
2OPT an( a&&ociate( parameter& in the N.2T inp-t. The total off&et for the iVth integration
point thro-gh the element thic7ne&& con&i&t& of two part&, the 9a&e off&et an( the layer off&et.
,e write thi& a&
0
= [ +[

where i& the 9a&e off&et an(
i
i& the layer off&et. The element B=T2 inp-t here overri(e&
the B=T2 on N.2T inp-t. The
i
angle& are inp-t either 9y NP2'TOCO.POSBT=, or 9y
-&ing the BCO.P option on NS=CTBO5OSJ=LL. +ig-re& 1/#10 an( 1/#17 (epict the&e an#
gle&.
7. The parameter O++S=T give& the off&et from the no(al point& of the &hell to the reference
&-rface. Thi& option applie& to mo&t &hell form-lation& excl-(ing two#(imen&ional element&,
mem9rane element&, an( ;-a(ratic &hell element&. The reference &-rface off&et given 9y
O++S=T i& not ta7en into acco-nt in the contact &-9ro-tine& -nle&& C5TCO i& &et to 1 in
NCO5T'OLOSJ=LL.
/. The &calar no(e& &pecifie( on the optional car( refer to the &calar no(e& (efine( 9y the -&er
to hol( a((itional (egree& of free(om for &hell& with thi& capa9ility. Scalar no(e& are -&e(
with &hell element type 2" an( 20.
. The option, SJL!OTOOSJL/, convert& % no(e triang-lar an( ! no(e ;-a(rilateral &hell ele#
ment& to 0 no(e triang-lar an( / no(e ;-a(rilateral ;-a(ratic &hell element&, re&pectively, 9y
the a((ition of mi(#&i(e no(al point&. The -&er no(e B3V& for the&e generate( no(e& are off&et
after the large&t -&er no(e B3 (efine( in the inp-t file. ,hen (efining the NS=CTBO5
OSJ=LL 7eywor(, the element type m-&t 9e &pecifie( a& either 2% or 2! corre&pon(ing to
;-a(ratic ;-a(rilateral an( triang-lar &hell&, re&pectively.
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1/#70 C=L=.=5TD LS-DYNA R7.0
n
n
n
n
2
n
2
n
1
%
%
!
n
1

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LS-DYNA R7.0 1/#77 C=L=.=5TD
+ig-re 1/#1". LS#3452 &hell element&. Co-ntercloc7wi&e no(e n-m9ering (etermine& the top
&-rface.

+ig-re 1/#10. Orientation of material (irection& C&hown relative to the 1#2 &i(e a& when
2OPT]$ in N.2TD.

+ig-re 1/#17. 2 m-lti#layer laminate can 9e (efine(. The angle
i
i& (efine( for the iVth
lamina Cintegration pointD, &ee NS=CTBO5OSJ=LL.
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ÈLEMENT ÈLEMENT_SHELL_NURBS_PATCH
1/#7/ C=L=.=5TD LS-DYNA R7.0
ÈLEMENT_SHELL_NURBS_PATCH
P-rpo&e) 3efine a 58'BS#&-rface element CpatchD 9a&e( on a rectang-lar gri( of control point&.
Thi& gri( con&i&t& of 5P'N5PS control point&, where 5P' an( 5PS are the n-m9er of control point&
in local r# an( &#(irection, re&pectively. The nece&&ary &hape f-nction& are (efine( thro-gh two 7not#
vector&)
Anot#Mector in r#(irection with length 5P'[P'[1 an(
Anot#Mector in &#(irection with length 5PS[PS[1
There i& no limit on the &iIe of the -n(erlying gri( to (efine a 58'BS#&-rface element, &o the total
n-m9er of nece&&ary Aeywor(#car(& C2[52[5B[5C[Coptional) 53DD (epen(& on the parameter&
given in the fir&t car(.
2n example of a 7eywor( (efinition i& given in +ig-re 1/#1/.
Card Format (8I10)
Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 5PB3 PB3 5P' P' 5PS PS
Type B B B B B B

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ÈLEMENT_SHELL_NURBS_PATCH ÈLEMENT
Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le ,+L +O'. B5T 5BS' 5BSS B.2SS
Type B B B B B B
3efa-lt $ $ $ P' PS $
'emar7&
&ee +ig-re
1/#1/
&ee +ig-re
1/#1/

The knot-vector in local r-direction with length LANPR+PR+1 is given below (up to eight
values per card). Number of cards necessary: NA(LA+7)/8
Car(& 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 'A1 'A2 'A% 'A! 'A" 'A0 'A7 'A/
Type + + + + + + + +
The knot-vector in local s-direction with length LBNPS+PS+1 is given below (up to eight val-
ues per card). Number of cards necessary: NB(LB+7)/8
Car(& B 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le SA1 SA2 SA% SA! SA" SA0 SA7 SA/
Type + + + + + + + +
The connectivity of the control grid will be defined in NPS rows of NPR control points, where
one row is given in one set of C-cards with length LCNPR (up to eight values per card).
Number of C-cards per row necessary: NC(LC+7)/8
Total number of C-cards: NCTNPS`NC
To define the whole control net, NPS sets of C-cards need to be defined.
Cfor f-rther (emon&tration &ee +ig-re 1/#1/D
Car(& C 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
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1/#/$ C=L=.=5TD LS-DYNA R7.0
Maria9le 51 52 5% 5! 5" 50 57 5/
Optional Cards (Required if WFL.ne.0)
The weights of the control points are specified below. They have to be set up in the same struc-
ture as the definition of the connectivity C&ee +ig-re 1/#1/D, that is in NPS rows of NPR control
points, where one row is given in one set of D-cards with length LDLC (up to eight values per
card).
Number of D-cards per row necessary: NDNC
Total number of D-cards: NDTNTC
To define the whole control net, NPS sets of D-cards need to be defined.
Car(& 3 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le ,1 ,2 ,% ,! ," ,0 ,7 ,/
Type + + + + + + + +

5PB3
5-r9&#Patch =lement B3. 2 -ni;-e n-m9er ha& to 9e cho&en
PB3
Part B3, &ee NP2'T.
5P'
5-m9er of control point& in local r#(irection.
P'
Or(er of polynomial of -nivariate n-r9& 9a&i& f-nction& in local
r#(irection.
5PS
5-m9er of control point& in local &#(irection.
PS
Or(er of polynomial of -nivariate n-r9& 9a&i& f-nction& in local
&#(irection.
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LS-DYNA R7.0 1/#/1 C=L=.=5TD
,+L
+lag for weighting factor& of the control point&
=S.$) all weight& at the control point& are &et to 1.$ CB#&pline 9a&i&D an( no option#
al car(& 3 are allowe(
5=.$) the weight& at the control point& are (efine( in optional car(& 3 which m-&t
9e (efine( after car(& C.
+O'.
Shell form-lation to 9e -&e(
=S.$) &hear (eforma9le &hell theory with rotational 3O+&
=S.1) &hear (eforma9le &hell theory witho-t rotational 3O+&
=S.#!F!) com9ination of +O'.]$ an( +O'.]1 C&ee remar7 %D
B5T
Bn#plane n-merical integration r-le.
=S.$) -niformly re(-ce( >a-&& integration C5BP]P'NPSD
=S.1) f-ll >a-&& integration C5BP]CP'[1DNCPS[1DD.
5BS'
5-m9er of Ca-tomatically create(D Bnterpolation Shell element& in local r#(irection per
create( 5-r9&#element for vi&-aliIation Cpo&tproce&&ingD an( contact C&ee remar7 !
an( +ig-re 1/#1/D.
5BSS
5-m9er of Ca-tomatically create(D Bnterpolation Shell element& in local &#(irection
per create( 5-r9&#element for vi&-aliIation Cpo&tproce&&ingD an( contact C&ee remar7
! an( +ig-re 1/#1/D.
B.2SS
=S.$) row &-m
'A
i

Mal-e& of the -nivariate 7not vector in local r#(irection (efine( in car(& 2.
SA
i

Mal-e& of the -nivariate 7not vector in local &#(irection (efine( in car(& B.
5
i

Control point& i C(efine( via N5O3=D to (efine the control gri( in car(& C.
LT.$ C+O'.]!F#!D) control point with rotational 3O+& C0 3O+&Fcontrol point,
&ee remar7 %D
,
i

COptional if ,+L.5=.$D ,eighting factor& of the control point i (efine( in car(& 3.

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1/#/2 C=L=.=5TD LS-DYNA R7.0
Remarks:
1. The thic7ne&& of the &hell i& (efine( in NS=CTBO5OSJ=LL Creference( via NP2'TD.
2. =L+O'.]2$1 ha& to 9e -&e( in NS=CTBO5OSJ=LL.
%. +O'.]! allow& the mixt-re of control point& with an( witho-t rotational 3O+&. Thi& might
9e -&ef-l at the 9o-n(arie& of 5-r9&#patche& where the contin-ity -&-ally (rop& to C
$
an( ro#
tational 3O+& are nece&&ary. To in(icate control point& with rotational 3O+& C0
3O+&Fcontrol pointD, the no(e n-m9er of the corre&pon(ing control point ha& to 9e &et a& the
negative no(e B3 in the connectivity car(& C. Po&itive no(e B3& in(icate control point& with#
o-t rotational 3O+& C% 3O+&Fcontrol pointD.
Bf +O'.]#! i& -&e(, the control point& at the patch 9o-n(ary are a-tomatically treate( with
rotational 3O+& witho-t the nee( to &pecify them explicitly in the connectivity car(& C. Thi&
might 9e &-fficient in many ca&e&.
!. The po&t#proce&&ing an( the treatment of contact 9o-n(ary con(ition& are pre&ently (ealt
with interpolation element&, (efine( via interpolation no(e&. The&e no(e& an( element& are
a-tomatically create(, where 5BS' an( 5BSS in(icate the n-m9er of interpolation element&
to 9e create( per 58'BS#element in the local r# an( &#(irection, re&pectively C&ee +ig-re 1/#
1/D.
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LS-DYNA R7.0 1/#/% C=L=.=5TD

+ig-re 1/#1/. =xample of a 9i#;-a(ratic N=L=.=5TOSJ=LLO58'BSOP2TCJ 7eywor( (efi#
nition
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ÈLEMENT ÈLEMENT_SHELL_SOURCE_SINK
1/#/! C=L=.=5TD LS-DYNA R7.0
ÈLEMENT_SHELL_SOURCE_SINK
P-rpo&e) 3efine a &trip of &hell element& of a &ingle part B3 to &im-late a contin-o-& forming opera#
tion. Thi& option re;-ire& logical reg-lar me&hing of rectang-lar element&, which implie& that the
n-m9er of no(al point& acro&& the &trip i& con&tant along the length. =lement& are create( at the
&o-rce an( (i&appear at the &in7. The a(vantage of thi& approach i& that it i& not nece&&ary to (efine
an enormo-& n-m9er of element& to &im-late a contin-o-& forming operation. C-rrently, only one
&o-rce#&in7 (efinition i& allowe(. The 9o-n(ary con(ition& at the &o-rce are (i&crete no(al point
force& to 7eep the wor7 piece in ten&ion. 2t the &in7, (i&placement 9o-n(ary con(ition& are applie(.

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 5SS' 5SSA PB3
Type B B B

5SS'
5o(e &et at &o-rce. Provi(e an or(ere( &et of no(e& 9etween corner no(e&,
which incl-(e the corner no(e&.
5SSA
5o(e &et at &in7. Provi(e an or(ere( &et of no(e& 9etween corner no(e&,
which incl-(e the corner no(e&.
PB3
Part B3 of wor7 piece.
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ÈLEMENT_SOLID ÈLEMENT
LS-DYNA R7.0 1/#/" C=L=.=5TD
ÈLEMENT_SOLID_POPTIONQ
<BLANK>
ORTHO
DOF
TET4TOTET10
P-rpo&e) 3efine three#(imen&ional &oli( element& incl-(ing ! no(e( tetrahe(ron& an( /#no(e( hex#
ahe(ron&. The type of &oli( element an( it& form-lation i& &pecifie( thro-gh the part B3 C&ee
NP2'TD an( the &ection B3 C&ee NS=CTBO5OSOLB3OOPTIOND. 2l&o, a local coor(inate &y&tem for
orthotropic an( ani&otropic material& can 9e (efine( 9y -&ing the O'TJO option. Bf extra (egree& of
free(om are nee(e(, the 3O+ option &ho-l( 9e -&e(. The option T=T!TOT=T1$ convert& ! no(e
tetrahe(ron& to 1$ no(e tetrahe(ron&. See remar7& 9elow.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 / 1$
Maria9le =B3 PB3
Type B B
3efa-lt none none
'emar7& 2

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 / 1$
Maria9le 51 52 5% 5! 5" 50 57 5/ 5 51$

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ÈLEMENT ÈLEMENT_SOLID
1/#/0 C=L=.=5TD LS-DYNA R7.0
Optional Cards (Required if ORTHO is specified after the keyword)
Optional Car(
1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 / 1$
Maria9le 21 or B=T2 22 2%
Type + + +
3efa-lt $. $. $.
'emar7& %

Optional Car(
2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 / 1$
Maria9le 31 32 3%
Type + + +
3efa-lt $. $. $.
'emar7& %

Optional Card (Required if DOF is specified after the keyword)
Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 / 1$
Maria9le 5S1 5S2 5S% 5S! 5S" 5S0 5S7 5S/
'emar7&

=B3
=lement B3. 2 -ni;-e n-m9er ha& to 9e cho&en.
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LS-DYNA R7.0 1/#/7 C=L=.=5TD
PB3
Part B3, &ee NP2'T.
51
5o(al point 1
52
5o(al point 2
5%
5o(al point %
.
.
.
.
51$
5o(al point 1$
21 or B=T2
x#component of local material (irection a, or el&e rotation angle B=T2 in
(egree& C&ee remar7 "D.
22
y#component of local material (irection a.
2%
I#component of local material (irection a.
31
x#component of vector in the plane of the material vector& a an( 9.
32
y#component of vector in the plane of the material vector& a an( 9.
3%
I#component of vector in the plane of the material vector& a an( 9.
5S1
Scalar no(e 1
5S2
Scalar no(e 2
5S%
Scalar no(e %
5S!
Scalar no(e !
5S"
Scalar no(e "
5S0
Scalar no(e 0
5S7
Scalar no(e 7
5S/
Scalar no(e /
Remarks)
1. The option T=T!TOT=T1$ a-tomatically convert& ! no(e tetrahe(ron &oli(& to 1$ no(e
;-a(ratic tetrahe(ron &oli(&. 2((itional mi(#&i(e no(e& are create( which are &hare( 9y all
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1/#// C=L=.=5TD LS-DYNA R7.0
tetrahe(ron element& that contain the e(ge. The -&er no(e B3V& for the&e generate( no(e& are
off&et after the large&t -&er no(e B3 (efine( in the inp-t file. ,hen (efining the NS=CTBO5
OSOLB3 7eywor(, the element type m-&t 9e &pecifie( a& either 10 or 17 which are the 1$#
no(e( tetrahe(ron& in LS#3452. .i(#&i(e no(e& create( a& a re&-lt of T=T!TOT=T1$ will
not 9e a-tomatically a((e( to no(e &et& that incl-(e the no(e& of the original tetrahe(ron.
So, for example, if the tetrahe(ron& are to have an initial velocity, velocity initialiIation 9y
part B3 or part &et B3 -&ing NB5BTB2LOM=LOCBT4O>=5='2TBO5 i& nece&&ary a& op#
po&e( to velocity initialiIation 9y no(e &et B3 -&ing NB5BTB2LOM=LOCBT4.
2. +o-r, &ix, an( eight no(e element& are (epicte( in +ig-re 1/#1 where the or(ering of the
no(al point& i& &hown. Thi& or(ering m-&t 9e followe( or co(e termination with occ-r (-r#
ing the initialiIation pha&e with a negative vol-me me&&age. The inp-t of no(e& on the ele#
ment car(& for the tetrahe(ron an( pentahe(ron element& i& given 9y)
!#no(e( tetrahe(ron 51, 52, 5%, 5!, 5!, 5!, 5!, 5!, $, $
0#no(e( pentahe(ron 51, 52, 5%, 5!, 5", 5", 50, 50, $, $
Bf hexahe(ron& are mixe( with tetrahe(ron& an( pentahe(ron& in the inp-t -n(er the &ame
part B3, (egenerate tetrahe(ron& an( pentahe(ron& are -&e(. One pro9lem with (egenerate
element& i& relate( to an -neven ma&& (i&tri9-tion Cno(e ! of the tetrahe(ron ha& five time&
the ma&& of no(e& 1#%D which can ma7e the&e element& &omewhat -n&ta9le with the (efa-lt
time &tep &iIe. By -&ing the control flag -n(er the 7eywor(, NCO5T'OLOSOLB3, a-tomat#
ic &orting can 9e invo7e( to treat the (egenerate element& a& type 1$ an( type 1" tetrahe(ron
an( pentahe(ron element&, re&pectively.
+or element& with !#/ no(e& the car( format& of LS#3452 ver&ion& !$#7$ are &till vali(.
Car( 2 i& not (efine( in the ol(er format.

Card Format
Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 / 1$
Maria9le =B3 PB3 51 52 5% 5! 5" 50 57 5/

%. +or the orthotropic an( ani&otropic material mo(el& the local (irection& may 9e (efine( on
the &econ( car( following the element connectivity (efinition. The local (irection& are then
comp-te( from the two vector& &-ch that C&ee +ig-re 1/#2$D)
c = o J anu b = c o
.
The&e vector& are internally normaliIe( within LS#3452. Bf the material mo(el -&e&
2OPT]%, the a an( ? axe& will 9e rotate( a9o-t the / axi& 9y the B=T2 angle on the material
car(.
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LS-DYNA R7.0 1/#/ C=L=.=5TD
!. Stre&& o-tp-t for &oli( element& i& in the glo9al coor(inate &y&tem 9y (efa-lt.
". Bf vector d i& inp-t a& a Iero length vector, then 21 i& interprete( a& an off&et rotation angle
B=T2 in (egree& which (e&cri9e& a rotation a9o-t the c#axi& of the a#b#c coor(inate &y&tem
that i& (efine( 9y 2OPT an( a&&ociate( parameter& on the N.2T inp-t. Thi& B=T2 angle
applie& to all val-e& of 2OPT, an( it overri(e& the B=T2 angle on the N.2T car( in the
ca&e of 2OPT]%.
0. The &calar no(e& &pecifie( on the optional car( refer to the &calar no(e& (efine( 9y the -&er
to hol( a((itional (egree& of free(om for &oli(& with thi& capa9ility. Thi& option i& primarily
to 9e -&e( with -&er (efine( &oli(&.
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1/#$ C=L=.=5TD LS-DYNA R7.0

+ig-re 1/#1. +o-r, &ix, an( eight no(e &oli( element&. 5o(e& 1#! are on the 9ottom &-r#
face.
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d
a
c
b

+ig-re 1/#2$. Two vector& a an( d are (efine( an( the tria( i& comp-te( an( &tore(.
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ÈLEMENT ÈLEMENT_SPH
ÈLEMENT_SPH
P-rpo&e) 3efine a l-mpe( ma&& element a&&igne( to a no(al point.

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 / 1$
Maria9le 5B3 PB3 .2SS
Type B B +
3efa-lt none none $.
'emar7& 1

5B3
5o(e B3 an( =lement B3 are the &ame for the SPJ option.
PB3
Part B3 to which thi& no(e CelementD 9elong&.
.2SS
.a&& val-e
Remarks:
1. 2xi&ymmetric SPJ, B3B.] #2 in CO5T'OLOSPJ, i& (efine( on glo9al L#4 plane, with 4#
axi& a& the axi& of rotation. 2n axi&ymmetric SPJ element ha& a ma&& of 2, where i& it&
(en&ity, 2 i& the area of the SPJ element an( can 9e approximate( 9y the area of it& corre#
&pon(ing axi&ymmetric &hell element, +ig. 1. The ma&& printo-t in (%h&p i& the ma&& per ra(i#
an, i.e., 2x
i
, +ig. 1 d 2.

2n axi&ymmetric SPJ an( corre&pon(ing &hell .a&& printo-t in (%h&p, ma&&Fra(ian
2
1 ra(
L
L
4
x
i

2,
4
K
x
i

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ÈLEMENT_TRIM ÈLEMENT
ÈLEMENT_TRIM
P-rpo&e) 3efine a part &-9&et to 9e trimme( 9y N3=+B5=OC8'M=OT'B..

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le PSB3
Type B
3efa-lt none

PSB3
Part &et B3 for trimming, &ee NS=TOP2'T.
Remarks)
1. Thi& 7eywor( i& -&e( in com9ination with N3=+B5=OC8'M=OT'B. to trim the part& in
PSB3 at time]$, i.e. 9efore the &im-lation 9egin&.
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ÈLEMENT ÈLEMENT_TSHELL
1/#! C=L=.=5TD LS-DYNA R7.0
ÈLEMENT_TSHELL
<BLANK>
COMPOSITE
P-rpo&e) 3efine an eight no(e thic7 &hell element which i& availa9le with either f-lly re(-ce( or
&electively re(-ce( integration r-le&. 8&e thi& car( along with NP2'T an( NS=CTBO5OTSJ=LL or
NP2'TOCO.POSBT= to f-lly (efine the element Thic7 &hell form-lation& 1 an( 2 are plane &tre&&
element& that can 9e -&e( a& an alternative to the ! no(e &hell element& in ca&e& where an /#no(e el#
ement i& (e&ire(. Thic7 &hell form-lation& % an( " are layere( &oli(& with %3 &tre&& -p(ate&. +or#
m-lation " i& 9a&e( on an enhance( &train. The n-m9er of thro-gh#thic7ne&& integration point& i&
(efine( 9y the -&er. The CO.POSBT= option allow& an ar9itrary n-m9er of thro-gh thic7ne&& inte#
gration point& of thic7 &hell& &haring the &ame part B3.
Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 / 1$
Maria9le =B3 PB3 51 52 5% 5! 5" 50 57 5/
'emar7& 1

Optional Card (Required if COMPOSITE is specified)
total thickness is defined by the location of nodes on the top and bottom surface, so the
THICKi values are scaled to fit the element. Define as many cards as needed.
Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le .B31 TJBCA1 B1 .B32 TJBCA2 B2
Type B + + B + +

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ÈLEMENT_TSHELL ÈLEMENT
Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le .B3% TJBCA% B% =tc.
Type B + + B + +

=B3
=lement B3. 8ni;-e n-m9er& have to 9e -&e(.
PB3
Part B3, &ee NP2'T.
51
5o(al point 1
52
5o(al point 2
5%
5o(al point %
.
.
5/
5o(al point /
.B3i
.aterial B3 of integration point i, &ee N.2TO
TJBCAi
Thic7ne&& of integration point i
Bi
.aterial angle of integration point i
Remarks:
1. The correct n-m9ering of the no(e& i& e&&ential for correct -&e. 5o(e& n
1
to n
!
(efine the
lower &-rface, an( no(e& n
"
to n
/
(efine the -pper &-rface. =xtreme care m-&t 9e -&e( in (e#
fining the connectivity to in&-re proper orientation. To (efine a thic7 &hell we(ge element
no(al pair& n% d n! an( n7 d n/ are repeate(. The or(ering i& then n1, n2, n%, n%, n!, n",
n0, n0, where no(e& n1, n2, n% form the lower triang-lar face an( no(e& n!, n", n0 for the
-pper triang-lar face of the we(ge.
2 =lement form& 1 an( " C&ee NS=CTBO5OTSJ=LLD, -&e one point integration an( the inte#
gration point& then lie along the t#axi& a& (epicte( in +ig-re 1/#21. =lement form& 2 an( %
-&e two 9y two &elective re(-ce( integration in each layer.
%. The &tre&&e& for thic7 &hell element& are o-tp-t in the glo9al coor(inate &y&tem.
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ÈLEMENT ÈLEMENT_TSHELL
r
&
t
n
n
1
n
2
n
%
n
"
n
0 7
n
/
n
!

+ig-re 1/#21. /#no(e Thic7 Shell =lement.
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ÈOS
LS-DYNA R7.0 1#1 C=OSD
ÈOS
Plea&e &ee LS#3452 Aeywor( 8&erV& .an-al, Mol-me BB C.aterial .o(el&D.
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`FREQUENCY_DOMAIN
LS-DYNA R7.0 2$#1 C+'=S8=5C4O3O.2B5D
`FREQUENCY_DOMAIN
P-rpo&e) The 7eywor( N+'=S8=5C4O3O.2B5 provi(e& a way of (efining an( &olving fre;-ency
(omain vi9ration an( aco-&tic pro9lem&. The 7eywor( car(& in thi& &ection are (efine( in alpha9eti#
cal or(er)
`FREQUENCY_DOMAIN_ACOUSTIC_BEM_OPTION]
`FREQUENCY_DOMAIN_ACOUSTIC_FEM
`FREQUENCY_DOMAIN_FRF
`FREQUENCY_DOMAIN_RANDOM_VIBRATION
`FREQUENCY_DOMAIN_RESPONSE_SPECTRUM
`FREQUENCY_DOMAIN_SSD
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`FREQUENCY_DOMAIN `FREQUENCY_DOMAIN_ACOUSTIC_BEM
2$#2 C+'=S8=5C4O3O.2B5D LS-DYNA R7.0
`FREQUENCY_DOMAIN_ACOUSTIC_BEM_POPTIONQ_POPTIONQ
ATV
HALF_SPACE
PANEL_CONTRIBUTION
P-rpo&e) 8&e 9o-n(ary element metho( in fre;-ency (omain for aco-&tic pro9lem&. Thi& Aeywor(
i& only -&e( if the option B=. ] filename in the LS#3452 r-n comman( i& -&e()
LS#3452 B]inf B=.]filename

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 'O C +.B5 +.2L 5+'=S 3TO8T TST2'T P'=+
Type + + + + B + + +
3efa-lt none none none none $ $ $ $
'emar7 1 2

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 5SB3=LT T4P=LT 5SB3B5T T4PB5T ++T,B5 T'SLT BP+BL= B85BTS
3efa-lt $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $
'emar7 % ! "

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`FREQUENCY_DOMAIN_ACOUSTIC_BEM `FREQUENCY_DOMAIN
LS-DYNA R7.0 2$#% C+'=S8=5C4O3O.2B5D
Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le .=TJO3 .2LBT TOLBT' 533 TOLL' TOL+CT BB3B. 5P>
Type B B + B + + B B
3efa-lt 1$$ 1$#! 1 1$#0 1$#0 1$$$ 2
'emar7 0 7

Car( ! 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 5BC '=ST'T B=3>= 5O=L 5+'8P
Type B B B B B
3efa-lt 1 $ $ $ $
'emar7 / 1$ 11

Car( " i& (efine( 5BC time&.
Car( " 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le SSB3 SST4P= 5O'. B=.T4P LC1 LC2
Type B B B B B B
3efa-lt $ $ $ $
'emar7 12

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2$#! C+'=S8=5C4O3O.2B5D LS-DYNA R7.0
2((itional car( 1 (efine( only for P25=LOCO5T'BB8TBO5 option.
Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 5SB3PC
Type B
3efa-lt $
'emar7 1%

2((itional car( 2 (efine( only for J2L+OSP2C= option.
Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le PB3
Type B
3efa-lt $
'emar7
'O
+l-i( (en&ity.
C
So-n( &pee( of the fl-i(.
+.B5
.inim-m val-e of o-tp-t fre;-encie&.
+.2L
.axim-m val-e of o-tp-t fre;-encie&.
5+'=S
5-m9er of o-tp-t fre;-encie&.
3TO8T
Time interval 9etween writing velocity or acceleration, an( pre&&-re at
9o-n(ary element& in the 9inary file, to 9e procee(e( at the en( of LS#
3452 &im-lation.
TST2'T
Start time for recor(ing velocity or acceleration in LS#3452 &im-lation.
P'=+
'eference pre&&-re to 9e -&e( to o-tp-t pre&&-re in (B, in the file Pre&&
O(B. Bf P'=+]$, the Pre&&O(B file will not 9e generate(. 2 file calle( Pre&&
OPa i& generate( an( contain& the pre&&-re at the o-tp-t no(e& C&ee Car( 2D.
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LS-DYNA R7.0 2$#" C+'=S8=5C4O3O.2B5D
5SB3=LT
5o(e or &egment &et B3 of o-tp-t exterior fiel( point&.
T4P=LT
O-tp-t exterior fiel( point type.
=S.1) no(e &et B3.
=S.2) &egment &et B3.
5SB3B5T
5o(e or &egment &et B3 of o-tp-t interior fiel( point&.
T4PB5T
O-tp-t interior fiel( point type.
=S.1) no(e &et B3.
++T,B5
++T win(ow& C3efa-lt]$D.
=S.$) rectang-lar win(ow.
=S.1) Janning win(ow.
=S.2) Jamming win(ow.
=S.%) Blac7man win(ow.
=S.!) rai&e( co&ine win(ow.
T'SLT
'e;-e&t time (omain re&-lt&)
=S.$) no time (omain re&-lt& are re;-e&te(.
=S.1) time (omain re&-lt& are re;-e&te( CPre&&OPaOt give& a9&ol-te val#
-e pre&&-re v&. timeD.
=S.2) time (omain re&-lt& are re;-e&te( CPre&&OPaOt give& real val-e
pre&&-re v&. timeD.
BP+BL=
+lag for o-tp-t file& C(efa-lt]$D)
=S.$) Pre&&OPa Cmagnit-(e of pre&&-re v&. fre;-encyD, Pre&&O(B
C&o-n( pre&&-re level v&. fre;-encyD an( 9epre& C2SCBB (ata9a&e
file for LS#Prepo&tD are provi(e(.
=S.1) Pre&&OPaOreal Cthe real part of the pre&&-re v&. fre;-encyD an(
Pre&&OPaOimag Cthe imaginary part of the pre&&-re v&. fre;-en#
cyD are provi(e(, in a((ition to Pre&&OPa, Pre&&O(B an( 9epre&.
=S.1$) file& for BP+BL=]$, an( fringe file& for aco-&tic pre&&-re.
=S.11) file& for BP+BL=]1, an( fringe file& for aco-&tic pre&&-re. =S.2$)
file& for BP+BL=]$, an( fringe file& for &o-n( pre&&-re level.
=S.21) file& for BP+BL=]1, an( fringe file& for &o-n( pre&&-re level.
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2$#0 C+'=S8=5C4O3O.2B5D LS-DYNA R7.0
B85BTS
+lag for -nit change&
=S.$) (o not apply -nit change.
=S.1) .AS -nit& are -&e(, no change nee(e(.
=S.2) -nit& Cl9f&2Fin, inch, &, l9f, p&i, etc.D are -&e(, change( to .AS
in B=. 2co-&tic comp-tation.
=S.%) -nit& C7g, mm, m&, 75, >Pa, etc.D are -&e(, change( to .AS in
B=. aco-&tic comp-tation.
=S.!) -nit& Cton, mm, &, 5, .Pa, etc.D are -&e(, change( to .AS in
B=. aco-&tic comp-tation.
.=TJO3
.etho( -&e( in aco-&tic analy&i&
=S.$) 'ayleigh metho( Cvery fa&tD.
=S.1) Airchhoff metho( co-ple( to +=. for aco-&tic& CN.2T
O2CO8STBCD C&ee 'emar7 0D.
=S.2) variational Bn(irect B=..
=S.%) collocation B=..
=S.!) collocation B=. with B-rton#.iller form-lation for exterior
pro9lem& Cno irreg-lar fre;-ency phenomenonD.
.2LBT
.axim-m n-m9er of iteration& for iterative &olver C(efa-lt ]1$$D if
.=TJO3 ( 2.
TOLBT'
Tolerance for the iterative &olver C(efa-lt]1.=#!D.
533
5-m9er of (omain (ecompo&ition, -&e( for memory &aving. +or large
pro9lem&, the 9o-n(ary me&h i& (ecompo&e( into 533 (omain& for le&&
memory allocation. Thi& option i& only -&e( if .=TJO3(2.
TOLL'
Tolerance for low ran7 approximation of (en&e matrix C(efa-lt]1.=#0D.
TOL+CT
Tolerance in factoriIation of the low ran7 matrix C(efa-lt]1.=#0D.
BB3B.
Bnner iteration limit in >.'=S iterative &olver C(efa-lt]1$$$D.
5P>
5-m9er of >a-&& integration point& C(efa-lt]2D.
5BC
5-m9er of 9o-n(ary con(ition car(& CCar( "D C(efa-lt]1D.
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LS-DYNA R7.0 2$#7 C+'=S8=5C4O3O.2B5D
'=ST'T
Thi& flag i& -&e( to &ave an LS#3452 analy&i& if the 9inary o-tp-t file in
the C9em]filenameD option ha& not 9een change( C(efa-lt ] $D.
=S.$) LS#3452 analy&i& i& proce&&e( an( generate& a new 9inary file.
=S.1) LS#3452 analy&i& i& not proce&&e(. The 9inary file from previ#
o-& r-n i& -&e(.
B=3>=
+ree e(ge an( m-lti#connection con&traint& option C(efa-lt ] $D.
=S.$) free e(ge an( m-lti#connection con&traint& not con&i(ere(.
=S.1) free e(ge an( m-lti#connection con&traint& con&i(ere(.
=S.2) only free e(ge con&traint& are con&i(ere(.
=S.%) only m-lti#connection con&traint& are con&i(ere(.
5O=L
Location where normal velocity or acceleration i& ta7en C(efa-lt ] $D.
=S.$) element& or &egment&.
=S.1) no(e&.
5+'8P
Precon(itioner -p(ate option.
=S.$) -p(ate( at every fre;-ency.
=S.5) -p(ate( for every 5 fre;-encie&.
SSB3
Part, part &et B3, or &egment &et B3 of 9o-n(ary element&.
SST4P=
Bo-n(ary element type)
=S.$) part Set B3
=S.1) part B3
5O'.
5O'. &ho-l( 9e &et &-ch that the normal vector& point away from the fl-#
i(.
=S.$) normal vector& are not inverte( C(efa-ltD.
=S.1) normal vector& are inverte(.
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2$#/ C+'=S8=5C4O3O.2B5D LS-DYNA R7.0
B=.T4P
Type of inp-t 9o-n(ary val-e& in B=. analy&i&.
=S.$) 9o-n(ary velocity will 9e proce&&e( in B=. analy&i&.
=S.1) 9o-n(ary acceleration will 9e proce&&e( in B=. analy&i&.
=S.2) pre&&-re i& pre&cri9e( an( the real an( imaginary part& are given
9y LC1 an( LC2.
=S.%) normal velocity i& pre&cri9e( an( the real an( imaginary part&
are given 9y LC1 an( LC2.
=S.!) impe(ance i& pre&cri9e( an( the real an( imaginary part& are
given 9y LC1 an( LC2.
=S.#n) normal velocity Conly real partD i& pre&cri9e(, thro-gh loa( c-rve
n. 2n amplit-(e ver&-&. fre;-ency loa( c-rve Cwith c-rve B3 nD
nee(& to 9e (efine(.
LC1
Loa( c-rve B3 for (efining real part of pre&&-re, normal velocity or impe(#
ance.
LC2
Loa( c-rve B3 for (efining imaginary part of pre&&-re, normal velocity or
impe(ance.
5SB3PC
5o(e &et B3 for the fiel( point& where panel contri9-tion& to SPL CSo-n(
Pre&&-re LevelD are re;-e&te(.
PB3
Plane B3 for (efining the half#&pace pro9lem, &ee 7eywor( N3=+B5=
OPL25=.
Remarks:
1. TST2'T in(icate& the time at which velocity or acceleration an( pre&&-re are &tore( in the
9inary file.
2. Thi& reference pre&&-re i& re;-ire( for the comp-tation of the pre&&-re in (B. 8&-ally, in
Bnternational 8nit Sy&tem the reference pre&&-re i& 2$ microOPa&cal.
%. Melocity or acceleration Cpre&&-reD i& provi(e( 9y LS#3452 analy&i&. They are written in
a 9inary file C9em] filenameD. The 9o-n(ary element metho( i& proce&&e( after the LS#
3452 analy&i&. 2n ++T algorithm i& -&e( to tran&form time (omain (ata into fre;-ency
(omain in or(er to -&e the 9o-n(ary element metho( for aco-&tic&. Bn or(er to overcome
the ++T lea7age pro9lem (-e to the tr-ncation of the temporal re&pon&e, &everal win(ow&
are propo&e(. ,in(owing i& -&e( to have a perio(ic velocity, acceleration an( pre&&-re in
or(er to -&e the ++T.
!. Bf time (omain re&-lt& are re;-e&te(, +.B5 i& change( to $ in the co(e.
". ,e change -nit& -&e( in B=. comp-tation to international -nit& C7g, m, &, 5, PaD &o that
the reference pre&&-re will not 9e too &mall. +or example, it can 9e 2$.=#1" >Pa if one
-&e& the -nit& C7g, mm, m&, 75, >PaD an( thi& may po&e potential tr-ncation error in the
comp-tation, e&pecially in &ingle preci&ion ver&ion.
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LS-DYNA R7.0 2$# C+'=S8=5C4O3O.2B5D
0. 'ayleigh metho( repre&ent& an approximation for the B=.. Bt i& very fa&t &ince there i& no
linear &y&tem to &olve. Bt can only 9e -&e( for external ra(iation pro9lem. Airchhoff
metho( i& a co-pling 9etween B=. an( +=. for aco-&tic& CN.2TO2CO8STBCD with
5on 'eflecting Bo-n(ary con(ition, &ee NBO8532'4O5O5O'=+L=CTB5>. Bn thi&
ca&e, at lea&t one fl-i( layer with non reflecting 9o-n(ary con(ition i& to 9e merge( to the
vi9rating &tr-ct-re. Thi& a((itional fl-i( i& given in N.2TO2CO8STBC 9y the &ame
(en&ity an( &o-n( &pee( a& -&e( in thi& 7eywor(. Both metho(& con&tit-te a goo(
approximation of B=. for external pro9lem&.
7. B=. form-lation for large an( me(i-m &iIe pro9lem& Cmore than 2$$$ 9o-n(ary
element&D i& memory an( time con&-ming. Bn thi& ca&e, -&er may r-n LS#3452 -&ing the
memory option. Bn or(er to &ave memory, (omain (ecompo&ition can 9e -&e(.
/. The 9inary file generate( 9y a previo-& r-n can 9e -&e( for the next r-n 9y -&ing the
re&tart option. The re&tart option allow& the -&er to -&e the 9inary file generate( from a
previo-& calc-lation in or(er to r-n B=.. Bn thi& ca&e, the fre;-ency range can 9e
change(. 8&er &ho-l( 7eep the &ame time parameter& a& in previo-& calc-lation.
. B=3>= option only applie& to .=TJO3]2, the Mariational Bn(irect B=..
1$. 5O=L (eci(e& if the elemental or no(al velocity Cor accelerationD i& ta7en from +=.
comp-tation. 5O=L &ho-l( 9e $ if Airchhoff metho( C.=TJO3]1D i& -&e( &ince
elemental pre&&-re i& proce&&e( in +=.. 5O=L &ho-l( 9e $ if B-rton#.iller collocation
metho( C.=TJO3]!D i& -&e( &ince a con&tant &trength element form-lation i& a(opte(. Bn
other ca&e&, it i& &trongly recommen(e( to -&e element velocity or acceleration C5O=L]$D
if XT#SectionY appear& in 9o-n(ary element me&h.

11. The precon(itioner i& o9taine( with the factoriIation of the infl-ence coefficient matrix. Bt
can 9e retaine( for &everal fre;-encie&, to &ave CP8 time. By (efa-lt C5+'8P]$D, the
precon(itioner i& -p(ate( for every fre;-ency. 5ote that in .PP ver&ion, the
precon(itioner i& -p(ate( every 5+'8P fre;-encie& on each proce&&or.
12. The Car( " can 9e (efine( if the 9o-n(ary element& are compo&e( of &everal panel&. Bt can
9e (efine( m-ltiple time& if more than 2 panel& are -&e(. =ach car( " (efine& one panel.
1%. The fiel( point& where the panel contri9-tion analy&i& i& re;-e&te( m-&t 9e one of the fiel(
point& for aco-&tic comp-tation Cit m-&t 9e incl-(e( in the no(e& &pecifie( 9y the
+ig-re 2$#1. T#&ection.
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2$#1$ C+'=S8=5C4O3O.2B5D LS-DYNA R7.0
5SB3=LT or 5SB3B5TD. The panel& are (efine( 9y car( ! an( car( ", etc. =ach car(
(efine& one panel.
1!. Plea&e note that in or(er to get acc-rate re&-lt&, the element &iIe &ho-l( not 9e greater than
1F0 of the wave length C]/F- where / i& the wave &pee( an( - i& the fre;-encyD.
1". 2co-&tic Tran&fer Mector can 9e o9taine( 9y incl-(ing the option ATV in the 7eywor(. Bt
calc-late& aco-&tic pre&&-re Can( &o-n( pre&&-re levelD at fiel( point& (-e to -nit normal
velocity of each &-rface no(e. 2TM i& (epen(ent on &tr-ct-re mo(el, propertie& of aco-&tic
fl-i( a& well a& location of fiel( point&. ,hen ATV option i& incl-(e(, the &tr-ct-re (oe&
not nee( any external excitation, an( the c-rve B3& LC1 an( LC2 are ignore(.
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`FREQUENCY_DOMAIN_ACOUSTIC_FEM `FREQUENCY_DOMAIN
LS-DYNA R7.0 2$#11 C+'=S8=5C4O3O.2B5D
`FREQUENCY_DOMAIN_ACOUSTIC_FEM
P-rpo&e) 3efine an interior aco-&tic pro9lem an( &olve the pro9lem with a fre;-ency (omain finite
element metho(.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 'O C +.B5 +.2L 5+'=S 3TO8T TST2'T P'=+
Type + + + + B + + +
3efa-lt none none none none $ $ $ $

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le PB3 PT4P
Type B B
3efa-lt none $

Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le SB3 ST4P M23 3O+ LCB31 LCB32 S+ MB3
Type B B B B B B + B
3efa-lt none $ $ none $ $ 1.$ $

Car( ! 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 5B3 5T4P BP+BL=
Type B B B
3efa-lt none $ $

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`FREQUENCY_DOMAIN `FREQUENCY_DOMAIN_ACOUSTIC_FEM
2$#12 C+'=S8=5C4O3O.2B5D LS-DYNA R7.0
'O
+l-i( (en&ity.
C
So-n( &pee( of the fl-i(.
+.B5
.inim-m val-e of o-tp-t fre;-encie&.
+.2L
.axim-m val-e of o-tp-t fre;-encie&.
5+'=S
5-m9er of o-tp-t fre;-encie&.
3TO8T
Time &tep for writing velocity or acceleration in the 9inary file.
TST2'T
Start time for recor(ing velocity or acceleration in tran&ient analy&i&.
P'=+
'eference pre&&-re, for converting the aco-&tic pre&&-re to (B.
PB3
Part B3, or part &et B3 to (efine the aco-&tic (omain.
PT4P
Set type)
=S.$) part, &ee NP2'T.
=S.1) part &et, &ee NS=TOP2'T.
SB3
Part B3, or part &et B3, or &egment &et B3, or no(e &et B3 to (efine the
9o-n(ary where vi9ration 9o-n(ary con(ition i& provi(e(
ST4P
Set type)
=S.$) part, &ee NP2'T.
=S.1) part &et, &ee NS=TOP2'T.
=S.2) &egment &et, &ee NS=TOS=>.=5T.
=S.%) no(e &et, &ee NS=TO5O3=.
M23
MelocityF2ccelerationF3i&placement flag)
=S.$) velocity 9y &tea(y &tate (ynamic& CSS3D.
=S.1) velocity 9y tran&ient analy&i&.
=S.11) velocity 9y LCB31 Camplit-(eD an( LCB32 Cpha&eD.
=S.12) velocity 9y LCB31 CrealD an( LCB32 CimaginaryD.
=S.21) acceleration 9y LCB31 Camplit-(eD an( LCB32 Cpha&eD.
=S.22) acceleration 9y LCB31 CrealD an( LCB32 CimaginaryD.
=S.%1) (i&placement 9y LCB31 Camplit-(eD an( LCB32 Cpha&eD.
=S.%2) (i&placement 9y LCB31 CrealD an( LCB32 CimaginaryD.
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LS-DYNA R7.0 2$#1% C+'=S8=5C4O3O.2B5D
3O+
=S.$) (etermine( 9y &tea(y &tate (ynamic&.
=S.!) tran&lational motion in (irection given 9y MB3,
=S.") normal (irection of the element or &egment.
LCB31
Loa( c-rve B3 to (e&cri9e the amplit-(e Cor real partD of velocity, &ee
N3=+B5=OC8'M=.
LCB32
Loa( c-rve B3 to (e&cri9e the pha&e Cor imaginary partD of velocity, &ee
N3=+B5=OC8'M=.
S+
Loa( c-rve &cale factor.
MB3
Mector B3 for 3O+ val-e& of !.
5B3
5o(e B3, or no(e &et B3, or &egment &et B3 for aco-&tic re&-lt o-tp-t.
5T4P
Set type)
=S.$) 5o(e, &ee N5O3=.
=S.1) 5o(e &et, &ee NS=TO5O3=.
BP+BL=
+lag for o-tp-t file& C(efa-lt]$D)
=S.$) Pre&&OPa Cmagnit-(e of pre&&-re v&. fre;-encyD, Pre&&O(B C&o-n(
pre&&-re level v&. fre;-encyD are provi(e(.
=S.1) Pre&&OPaOreal Creal part of pre&&-re v&. fre;-encyD an( Pre&&OPa
Oimag Cimaginary part of pre&&-re v&. fre;-encyD are provi(e(, in
a((ition to Pre&&OPa, Pre&&O(B.
Remarks:
1. Thi& comman( &olve& the interior aco-&tic pro9lem& which i& governe( 9y JelmholtI e;-a#
tion v
2
p +k
2
p = u with the 9o-n(ary con(ition
0p
0n
= -ip:
n
, where, pi& the aco-&tic
pre&&-reE k = c i& the wave n-m9erE i& the ro-n( fre;-encyE ci& the aco-&tic wave &pee(
C&o-n( &pee(DE i = -1i& the imaginary -nitE p i& the ma&& (en&ity an( :
n
i& the normal ve#
locity. Thi& comman( &olve& the aco-&tic pro9lem in fre;-ency (omain.
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`FREQUENCY_DOMAIN `FREQUENCY_DOMAIN_ACOUSTIC_FEM
2$#1! C+'=S8=5C4O3O.2B5D LS-DYNA R7.0
2. Bf ma&& (en&ity 'O i& not given, the ma&& (en&ity of PB3 Cthe part which (efine& the aco-&tic
(omainD, will 9e -&e(
%. P'=+ i& the reference pre&&-re to convert the aco-&tic pre&&-re to (B I
p
= 1ulog
10
p
2
p
rc
2
5ote
that generally p
c]
= 2upPa for air.
!. Bf the 9o-n(ary velocity i& o9taine( from &tea(y &tate (ynamic& CM23]$D -&ing the 7eywor(
N+'=S8=5C4O3O.2B5OSS3, the part CPB3D which (efine& the aco-&tic (omain ha& to
-&e one of the following material mo(el&,
.2TO=L2STBCO+L8B3
.2TO58LL Can( =OSOB3=2LO>2SD
Since only the a9ove material mo(el& ena9le implicit eigenval-e analy&i&. Bf the 9o-n(ary
excitation i& given 9y loa( c-rve& LCB31 an( LCB32 CM23@$D, the part CPB3D which (efine&
the aco-&tic (omain can -&e any material mo(el which i& compati9le with /#no(e &oli( ele#
ment&, a& only the me&h of the PB3 will 9e -tiliIe( in the comp-tation. +or example, .2T
O2CO8STBC an( .2TO=L2STBCO+L8B3 can 9e -&e(.
". Bf M23]$, the 9o-n(ary excitation i& given a& velocity o9taine( from &tea(y &tate (ynamic&.
The other parameter& in Car( % C3O+, LCB31, LCB32, S+ an( MB3D are ignore(.
0. Bf a no(eV& vi9ration 9o-n(ary con(ition i& (efine( m-ltiple time&, only the la&t (efinition i&
con&i(ere(. Thi& happen& -&-ally when a no(e i& on e(ge an( &hare( 9y two or more P2'T,
S=TOP2'T, S=TO5O3=, or S=TOS=>.=5T an( (ifferent vi9ration con(ition i& (efine(
on each of the S=TO5O3= or S=TOS=>.=5T.
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LS-DYNA R7.0 2$#1" C+'=S8=5C4O3O.2B5D

7. 'e&-lt& incl-(ing aco-&tic pre&&-re an( SPL are given in (%ac& 9inary file&, which can 9e ac#
ce&&e( 9y LS#PrePo&t. 5o(al pre&&-re an( SPL val-e& for no(e& &pecifie( 9y 5B3 an( 5T4P
are given in 2SCBB file Pre&&OPa an( Pre&&O(B, which can 9e acce&&e( 9y LS#PrePo&t. Pre&&
OPa give& magnit-(e of the pre&&-re. Pre&&O(B give& So-n( Pre&&-re Level in term& of (B.
/. Bf the 9o-n(ary velocity con(ition i& given 9y Stea(y State 3ynamic& CM23]$D, the range
an( n-m9er of fre;-encie& C+.B5, +.2L an( 5+'=SD &ho-l( 9e compati9le with the cor#
re&pon(ing parameter& in Car( 1 of the 7eywor( N+'=S8=5C4O3O.2B5OSS3
SET_SEGMENT 1
SET_SEGMENT 2
NODE shared by
two SET_SEGMENT
+ig-re 2$#2. 5o(e& &hare( 9y two S=TOS=>.=5T
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`FREQUENCY_DOMAIN `FREQUENCY_DOMAIN_FRF

2$#10 C+'=S8=5C4O3O.2B5D LS-DYNA R7.0
`FREQUENCY_DOMAIN_FRF
P-rpo&e) Set +'+ Cfre;-ency re&pon&e f-nctionD control&.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 51 51T4P 3O+1 M231 MB3 +5.2L .3.B5 .3.2L
3efa-lt none $ none % $ $.$ $ $

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 32.P+ LC32. LCT4P 3.P.2S 3.PST+
Type + B B + +
3efa-lt $.$ $ $ $.$ $.$

Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 52 52T4P 3O+2 M232 '=L2TM
Type B B B B B
3efa-lt none $ none 2 $

Car( ! 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le +.B5 +.2L 5+'=S +SP2C= LC+'=S '=ST'T O8TP8T
Type + + B B B B B
3efa-lt none none 2 $ none $ $

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`FREQUENCY_DOMAIN_FRF `FREQUENCY_DOMAIN

LS-DYNA R7.0 2$#17 C+'=S8=5C4O3O.2B5D
51
5o(e F 5o(e &etFSegment &et B3 for excitation inp-t.
51T4P
Type of 51)
=S.$) no(e B3,
=S.1) no(e &et B3,
3O+1
2pplica9le (egree&#of#free(om for excitation inp-t)
=S.)1) x#tran&lational (egree#of#free(om Cpo&itive or negativeD,
=S.)2) y#tran&lational (egree#of#free(om Cpo&itive or negativeD,
=S.)%) I#tran&lational (egree#of#free(om Cpo&itive or negativeD,
=S.)!) tran&lational movement in (irection given 9y vector MB3 Cpo&i#
tive or negativeD.
M231
=xcitation inp-t type)
=S.$) 9a&e velocity,
=S.1) 9a&e acceleration,
=S.2) 9a&e (i&placement,
=S.%) no(al force,
=S.!) pre&&-re.
MB3
Mector B3 for 3O+1]! for excitation inp-t, &ee N3=+B5=OM=CTO'.
+5.2L
Optional maxim-m nat-ral fre;-ency employe( in +'+ comp-tation.
.3.B5
The fir&t mo(e employe( in +'+ comp-tation CoptionalD.
.3.2L
The la&t mo(e employe( in +'+ comp-tation CoptionalD.
32.P+
.o(al (amping coefficient, *.
LC32.
Loa( C-rve B3 (efining mo(e (epen(ent mo(al (amping coefficient *.
LCT4P
Type of loa( c-rve (efining mo(al (amping coefficient)
=S.$) 29&ci&&a val-e (efine& fre;-ency,
=S.1) 29&ci&&a val-e (efine& mo(e n-m9er.
3.P.2S
.a&& proportional (amping con&tant , in 'ayleigh (amping.
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2$#1/ C+'=S8=5C4O3O.2B5D LS-DYNA R7.0
3.PST+
Stiffne&& proportional (amping con&tant , in 'ayleigh (amping.
52
5o(e F 5o(e &etFSegment &et B3 for re&pon&e o-tp-t.
52T4P
Type of 52)
=S.$) no(e B3,
=S.1) no(e &et B3,
3O+2
2pplica9le (egree&#of#free(om for re&pon&e o-tp-t)
=S.!) x, y an( I#tran&lational (egree&#of#free(om.
M232
'e&pon&e o-tp-t type)
=S.$) velocity,
=S.1) acceleration,
=S.2) (i&placement,
=S.%) no(al force.
'=L2TM
+L2> for (i&placement, velocity an( acceleration re&-lt&)
=S.$) a9&ol-te val-e& are re;-e&te(,
=S.1) relative val-e& are re;-e&te( Cfor M231]$,1,2 onlyD.
+.B5
.inim-m fre;-ency for +'+ o-tp-t Ccycle&FtimeD.
+.2L
.axim-m fre;-ency for +'+ o-tp-t Ccycle&FtimeD.
5+'=S
5-m9er of fre;-encie& for +'+ o-tp-t.
+SP2C=
+re;-ency &pacing option for +'+ o-tp-t)
=S.$) linear,
=S.1) logarithmic,
=S.2) 9ia&e(.
LC+'=S
Loa( C-rve B3 (efining the fre;-encie& for +'+ o-tp-t.
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LS-DYNA R7.0 2$#1 C+'=S8=5C4O3O.2B5D
'=ST'T
'e&tart option)
=S.$) initial r-n,
=S.1) re&tart with (%eigv family file&,
=S.2) re&tart with (-mpfrf,
=S.%) re&tart with (%eigv family file& an( (-mpfrf.
O8TP8T
O-tp-t option)
=S.$) write amplit-(e an( pha&e angle pair&,
=S.1) write real an( imaginary pair&.
Remarks:
1. Thi& comman( comp-te& fre;-ency re&pon&e f-nction& (-e to no(al excitation&.
2. 5at-ral fre;-encie& an( mo(e &hape& are nee(e( for comp-ting the fre;-ency re&pon&e f-nc#
tion&. Th-&, 7eywor( NCO5T'OLOB.PLBCBTO=B>=5M2L8= ha& to 9e incl-(e( in inp-t.
%. The +'+ Cfre;-ency re&pon&e f-nction&D can 9e given a& 3i&placementF+orce Ccalle( 2(mit#
tance, Compliance, or 'eceptanceD, MelocityF+orce Ccalle( .o9ilityD, 2ccelerationF+orce
Ccalle( 2ccelerance, BnertanceD.
!. +5.2L (eci(e& how many nat-ral vi9ration mo(e& are a(opte( in +'+ comp-tation. LS#
3452 -&e& only mo(e& with lower or e;-al fre;-ency than +5.2L in +'+ comp-tation. Bf
+5.2L i& not given, the n-m9er of mo(e& in +'+ comp-tation i& &ame a& the n-m9er of
mo(e&, 5=B>, from the NCO5T'OLOB.PLBCBTO=B>=5M2L8= 7eywor( car(, -nle&&
.3.B5 an( .3.2L are pre&cri9e( C&ee remar7 "D.
". .3.B5 an( .3.2L (eci(e& which mo(eC&D are a(opte( in +'+ comp-tation. Thi& option
i& -&ef-l for calc-lating the contri9-tion from a &ingle mo(e C.3.B5 ] .3.2LD or &ever#
al mo(e& C.3.B5 ? .3.2LD. Bf only .3.B5 i& given, LS#3452 -&e the &ingle mo(e
C.3.B5D to comp-te +'+.
0. 3amping can 9e pre&cri9e( in &everal way&)
To -&e a con&tant mo(al (amping coefficient * for all the mo(e&, (efine 32.P+ on#
ly. LC3.P, LCT4P, 3.P.2S an( 3.PST+ are ignore(.
To -&e mo(e (epen(ent mo(al (amping, (efine a loa( c-rve CN3=+B5=OC8'M=D
an( &pecify that if the a9&ci&&a val-e (efine& the fre;-ency or mo(e n-m9er 9y
LCT4P. 3.P.2S an( 3.PST+ are ignore(.
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2$#2$ C+'=S8=5C4O3O.2B5D LS-DYNA R7.0
To -&e 'ayleigh (amping, (efine 3.P.2S CD an( 3.PST+ CD an( 7eep 32.P+
a& $.$, an( 7eep LC3.P, LCT4P a& $. The (amping matrix in 'ayleigh (amping i&
(efine( a& C ] . [ A, where, C, . an( A are the (amping, ma&& an( &tiffne&&
matrice& re&pectively.
7. There are two metho(& to (efine the fre;-encie&.
The fir&t metho( i& to (efine +.B5, +.2L, 5+'=S an( +SP2C=. +.B5 an( +.2L &peci#
fy the fre;-ency range of intere&t an( 5+'=S &pecifie& the n-m9er of fre;-encie& at which
re&-lt& are re;-ire(. +SP2C= &pecifie& the type of fre;-ency &pacing Clinear, logarithmic or
9ia&e(D to 9e -&e(. The&e fre;-ency point& for which re&-lt& are re;-ire( can 9e &pace(
e;-ally along the fre;-ency axi& Con a linear or logarithmic &caleD. Or they can 9e 9ia&e( to#
war( the eigenfre;-encie& Cthe fre;-ency point& are place( clo&er together at eigenfre;-en#
cie& in the fre;-ency rangeD &o that the (etaile( (efinition of the re&pon&e clo&e to re&onance
fre;-encie& can 9e o9taine(.

The &econ( metho( i& to -&e a loa( c-rve CLC+'=SD to (efine the fre;-encie& of intere&t.
/. To &ave time in &-9&e;-ent r-n&, -&er can -&e the re&tart option 9y &etting '=ST'T]1. LS#
3452 will &7ip the mo(e analy&i& an( -&e (%eigv family file& generate( in the fir&t r-n, to
comp-te +'+.
. '=ST'T]2 or % i& -&e( when -&er want& to a(( extra vi9ration mo(e& to +'+ comp-tation.
2fter initial +'+ comp-tation, -&er may fin( that the n-m9er of vi9ration mo(e& i& not
eno-gh. +or example, in the initial comp-tation, -&er may -&e only vi9ration mo(e& -p to

.o(e n .o(e n[1 .o(e n[2
+.2L +.B5
CBia&e( &pacingD
CLogarithmic &pacingD
CLinear &pacingD
+ig-re 2$#%. Spacing option& of the fre;-ency point&.
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LS-DYNA R7.0 2$#21 C+'=S8=5C4O3O.2B5D
"$$ JI. Later it i& fo-n( that vi9ration mo(e& at higher fre;-encie& are nee(e(. Then it
wo-l( 9e more efficient to H-&t comp-te the extra mo(e& Cfre;-encie& a9ove "$$ JID, an(
a(( the contri9-tion from the&e extra mo(e& to the previo-& +'+ re&-lt&. Bn thi& ca&e, -&er
may -&e the option '=ST'T]2 or %. +or '=ST'T]2, LS#3452 r-n& a new mo(al analy&i&,
rea(& in the previo-& +'+ re&-lt& C&tore( in the 9inary (-mp file dump-r-D an( a(( the contri#
9-tion from the new mo(e&. +or '=ST'T]%, LS#3452 rea(& in (%eigv family file& gener#
ate( el&ewhere an( rea(& in al&o dump-r-, an( a(( the contri9-tion from the new mo(e&.
1$. +or excitation given a& 9a&e acceleration CM231]1D, the parameter& 51, 51T4P are not
-&e( an( can 9e 9lan7.
11. +or no(al force re&pon&e CM232]%D, the &ame no(e& or no(e &et nee( to 9e (efine( in
N32T2B2S=O5O32LO+O'C=O>'O8P. Bn a((ition, .ST'=S in the 7eywor(
NCO5T'OLOB.PLBCBTO=B>=5M2L8= m-&t 9e &et to 1.
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`FREQUENCY_DOMAIN `FREQUENCY_DOMAIN_MODE
2$#22 C+'=S8=5C4O3O.2B5D LS-DYNA R7.0
`FREQUENCY_DOMAIN_MODE_POPTIONQ
LIST
GENERATE
SET
P-rpo&e) 3efine vi9ration mo(e& to 9e -&e( in mo(al &-perpo&ition, mo(al acceleration or mo(al
com9ination proce(-re& for mo(e#9a&e( fre;-ency (omain analy&i& C&-ch a& fre;-ency re&pon&e
f-nction&, &tea(y &tate (ynamic&, ran(om vi9ration analy&i& an( re&pon&e &pectr-m analy&i&D.

Cards 1, 2, 3, 4, ... (OPTIONLIST) (The next ~` card terminates the input.)
Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le .B31 .B32 .B3% .B3! .B3" .B30 .B37 .B3/

Cards 1, 2, 3, 4, ... (OPTIONGENERATE) (The next ~` card terminates the input.)
Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le .1B=> .1=53 .2B=> .2=53 .%B=> .%=53 .!B=> .!=53

Card 1 (OPTIONSET)
Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le SB3
Type B

.B3n
.o(e B3 n.
.nB=>
+ir&t mo(e B3 in 9loc7 n.
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`FREQUENCY_DOMAIN_MODE `FREQUENCY_DOMAIN
LS-DYNA R7.0 2$#2% C+'=S8=5C4O3O.2B5D
.n=53
La&t mo(e B3 in 9loc7 n. 2ll mo(e B3V& 9etween an( incl-(ing .nB=>
an( .n=53 are a((e( to the li&t.
SB3
.o(e &et i(entification C&ee NS=TO.O3=D.
Remarks:
1. 8&er may -&e thi& 7eywor( if &ome of the vi9ration mo(e& have le&& contri9-tion to the total
&tr-ct-ral re&pon&e an( can 9e remove( from the mo(al &-perpo&ition, mo(al acceleration or
mo(al com9ination proce(-re& in the mo(e#9a&e( fre;-ency (omain analy&i&.
2. The mo(e li&t (efine( 9y thi& 7eywor( overri(e& the mo(e& &pecifie( 9y .3.B5, .3.2L Cor
+5.BL, +5.2LD in the 7eywor(& N+'=S8=5C4O3O.2B5O+'+, N+'=S8=5C4
O3O.2B5OSS3, etc.
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`FREQUENCY_DOMAIN `FREQUENCY_DOMAIN_PATH
2$#2! C+'=S8=5C4O3O.2B5D LS-DYNA R7.0
`FREQUENCY_DOMAIN_PATH
P-rpo&e) 3efine path an( name for 9inary (ata9a&e& Ce.g. (%eigvD containing mo(e information, for
r-nning re&tart of fre;-ency (omain analy&i& C+'+, SS3, 'an(om vi9ration, 'e&pon&e &pectr-m
analy&i&, etc.D.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le +BL=52.=
Type C
3efa-lt none

+BL=52.= Path an( name of the file which contain& mo(al information.
Remarks:
1. Bf the 9inary (ata9a&e file& are in the r-ntime (irectory, thi& car( i& not nee(e(.
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`FREQUENCY_DOMAIN_RANDOM_VIBRATION`FREQUENCY_DOMAIN
LS-DYNA R7.0 2$#2" C+'=S8=5C4O3O.2B5D
`FREQUENCY_DOMAIN_RANDOM_VIBRATION
<BLANK>
FATIGUE
P-rpo&e) Set ran(om vi9ration control option&. ,hen +2TB>8= option i& -&e(, comp-te fatig-e life
of &tr-ct-re& or part& -n(er ran(om vi9ration.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le .3.B5 .3.2L +5.B5 +5.2L '=ST'T .+T> '=ST'. B5+T>
3efa-lt 1 $.$ $ $ $ $

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 32.P+ LC32. LCT4P 3.P.2S 3.PST+ 3.PT4P
Type + B B + + B
3efa-lt $.$ $ $ $.$ $.$ $

Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le M2+L2> .=TJO3 85BT 8.LT M2PS3 M2'.S 5PS3 5+T>
Type B B B + B B B B
3efa-lt none $ 1 1

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`FREQUENCY_DOMAIN`FREQUENCY_DOMAIN_RANDOM_VIBRATION
2$#20 C+'=S8=5C4O3O.2B5D LS-DYNA R7.0
Car( ! 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le L3T4P BP25=L8 BP25=LM T=.P=' T=LPOS 3S+L2> S5T4P= S5LB.T
Type B B B + + B B B
3efa-lt $.$ $. $ $ $

Repeat Card 5 ~NPSD times if multiple excitations are present.
Car( " 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le SB3 ST4P= 3O+ L3PS3 L3M=L L3+L, L3SP5 CB3
3efa-lt $ $ $ $

Define Card 6 if option FATIGUE is used.
Repeat card 6 ~NFTG times if multiple S-N fatigue curves are present
Car( 0 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le PB3 LCB3 PT4P= LT4P= 2 B STJ'=S
Type B B B B + + +
3efa-lt $ $ $.

Define Card 7 if option FATIGUE is used and INFTG1.
Car( 7 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le +BL=52.=
Type C
3efa-lt (%ftg

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LS-DYNA R7.0 2$#27 C+'=S8=5C4O3O.2B5D
.3.B5
The fir&t mo(e in mo(al &-perpo&ition metho( CoptionalD.
.3.2L
The la&t mo(e in mo(al &-perpo&ition metho( CoptionalD.
+5.B5
The minim-m nat-ral fre;-ency in mo(al &-perpo&ition .etho( CoptionalD.
+5.2L
The maxim-m nat-ral fre;-ency in mo(al &-perpo&ition metho( CoptionalD.
'=ST'T
'e&tart option.
=S.$) 2 new mo(al analy&i& i& performe(,
=S.1) 'e&tart with (%eigv.
.+T>
.etho( for ran(om fatig-e analy&i& Cfor optionO+2TB>8=D.
=S.$) no fatig-e analy&i&,
=S.1) Stein9ergV& three#9an( metho(,
=S.2) 3irli7 metho(,
=S.%) 5arrow 9an( metho(,
=S.!) ,ir&ching metho(,
=S.") Cha-(h-ry an( 3over metho(,
=S.0) T-nna metho(,
=S.7) Jancoc7 metho(.
'=ST'.
'e&tart option when (ifferent type& of loa(& are pre&ent.
=S.$) (onVt rea( the (-mp file for p&( an( rm&,
=S.1) rea( in p&( an( rm& val-e& from the (-mp file an( a(( them to
the val-e& comp-te( in the c-rrent loa( ca&e.
B5+T>
+lag for incl-(ing initial (amage ratio..
=S.$) no initial (amage ratio,
=S.1) rea( exi&ting (%ftg file to get initial (amage ratio.
32.P+
LC32.
LCT4P
Type of loa( c-rve (efining mo(al (amping coefficient
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2$#2/ C+'=S8=5C4O3O.2B5D LS-DYNA R7.0
3.P.2S
3.PST+
Stiffne&& proportional (amping con&tant , in 'ayleigh (amping.
3.PT4P
Type of (amping
=S.$) mo(al (amping.
=S.1) 9roa(9an( (amping.
M2+L2>
Loa(ing type)
=S.$) 5o ran(om vi9ration analy&i&.
=S.1) Ba&e acceleration.
=S.2) 'an(om pre&&-re.
=S.%) Plane wave.
=S.!) Shoc7 wave.
=S.") Progre&&ive wave.
=S.0) 'ever9erant wave.
=S.7) T-r9-lent 9o-n(ary layer wave.
=S./) 5o(al force.
.=TJO3
.etho( for mo(al re&pon&e analy&i&.
=S.$) metho( &et a-tomatically 9y LS#3452 Crecommen(e(D
=S.1) mo(al &-perpo&ition metho(
=S.2) mo(al acceleration metho(
=S.%) mo(al tr-ncation a-gmentation metho(
85BT
+lag for acceleration -nit conver&ion)
=S.$) -&e Tlength -nitUFTtime -nitU2 a& -nit of acceleration.
=S.1) -&e g a& -nit for acceleration, an( SB -nit& C5ewton, 7g, meter,
&econ(, etc.D el&ewhere.
=S.2) -&e g a& -nit for acceleration, an( =ngineering -nit& Cl9f,
l9f&econ(2Finch, inch, &econ(, etc.D el&ewhere.
=S.%) -&e g a& -nit for acceleration, an( -nit& C75, 7g, mm, m&, >Pa,
etc.D el&ewhere.
=S.#1) -&e g a& -nit for acceleration an( provi(e the m-ltiplier for con#
verting g to Tlength -nitUFTtime -nitU2.
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LS-DYNA R7.0 2$#2 C+'=S8=5C4O3O.2B5D
8.LT
.-ltiplier for converting g to Tlength -nitUFTtime -nitU
2
C-&e( only for
85BT]#1D.
M2PS3
+lag for PS3 o-tp-t)
=S.$) 29&ol-te PS3 o-tp-t i& re;-e&te(.
=S.1) 'elative PS3 o-tp-t i& re;-e&te( C-&e( only for M2+L2>]1D
M2'.S
+lag for '.S o-tp-t)
=S.$) 29&ol-te '.S o-tp-t i& re;-e&te(.
=S.1) 'elative '.S o-tp-t i& re;-e&te( C-&e( only for M2+L2>]1D
5PS3
5-m9er of PS3 loa( (efinition. Car( " i& repeate( X5PS3Y n-m9er of
time&, one for each PS3 loa( (efinition. The (efa-lt val-e i& 1.
5+T>
5-m9er of S#5 fatig-e c-rve (efinition. Car( 0 i& repeate( X5+T>Y n-m#
9er of time&, one for each S#5 fatig-e c-rve (efinition. The (efa-lt val-e i&
1. Bf the option P+2TB>8=Q i& not -&e(, ignore thi& parameter.
L3T4P
=xcitation loa( CL3PS3 in car( "D type)
=S.$) PS3.
=S.1) SPL Cfor plane wave onlyD.
=S.2) time hi&tory loa(.
BP25=L8
5-m9er of &trip& in 8 (irection C-&e( only for M2+L2>]", 0, 7D
BP25=LM
5-m9er of &trip& in M (irection C-&e( only for M2+L2>]", 0, 7D
T=.P='
Temperat-re
T=LPOS
=xpo&-re time C-&e( if option +2TB>8= i& -&e(D
3S+L2>
+L2> for incl-(ing (i&placement Can( velocity an( accelerationD, &tre&&
an( &train re&-lt&.
=S.$) incl-(e only (i&placement, velocity an( acceleration,
=S.1) incl-(e (i&placement, velocity, acceleration an( &tre&&,
=S.2) incl-(e (i&placement, velocity, acceleration, &tre&& an( &train.
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2$#%$ C+'=S8=5C4O3O.2B5D LS-DYNA R7.0
S5T4P=
Stre&& type of S#5 c-rve in fatig-e analy&i&.
=S.$) von#mi&e& &tre&&
=S.1) maxim-m principal &tre&& Cnot implemente(D
=S.2) maxim-m &hear &tre&& Cnot implemente(D
=S.#n) The n#th &tre&& component.
S5LB.T
+atig-e life for &tre&& lower than the lowe&t &tre&& on S#5 c-rve.
=S.$) -&e the life at the la&t point on S#5 c-rve
=S.1) extrapolation from the la&t two point& on S#5 c-rve
=S.2) infinity.
SB3
z$) Set B3 for the panel expo&e( to aco-&tic environment, or the no(e& &-9#
Hecte( to no(al force excitation, or no(al acceleration excitation. +or
M2+L2>]1, 9a&e acceleration, leave thi& a& 9lan7
?$) -&e( to (efine the cro&&#p&(. iSB3i i& the B3 of the loa( ca&e&.
ST4P=
z$) Type of the &et B3 for the panel expo&e( to aco-&tic environment, orthe
no(e& &-9Hecte( to no(al force excitation)
=S.$) 5o(e
=S.1) 5o(e Set
=S.2) Segment Set
=S.%) Part
=S.!) Part Set
?$) -&e( to (efine the cro&&#p&(. iST4P=i i& the B3 of the loa( ca&e&.
3O+
2pplica9le (egree&#of#free(om for no(al force excitation or 9a&e accelera#
tion C3O+] 1, 2, an( %D, or wave (irection)
=S.$) tran&lational movement in (irection given 9y vector MB3.
=S.)1) x#tran&lational (egree#of#free(om Cpo&itive or negativeD
=S.)2) y#tran&lational (egree#of#free(om Cpo&itive or negativeD
=S.)%) I#tran&lational (egree#of#free(om Cpo&itive or negativeD
L3PS3
Loa( c-rve for PS3, SPL, or time hi&tory excitation.
L3M=L
Loa( c-rve for pha&e velocity.
L3+L,
Loa( c-rve for exponential (ecay for TBL in flow#wi&e (irection
L3SP5
Loa( c-rve for exponential (ecay for TBL in &pan#wi&e (irection
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LS-DYNA R7.0 2$#%1 C+'=S8=5C4O3O.2B5D
CB3
Coor(inate &y&tem B3 for (efining wave (irection, &ee N3=+B5=
OCOO'3B52T=OS4ST=.E or Mector B3 for (efining loa( (irection for
no(al force, or 9a&e excitation, &ee N3=+B5=OM=CTO'.
PB3
Part B3, or Part Set B3, or =lement C&oli(, &hell, 9eam, thic7 &hellD Set B3.
LCB3
S#5 fatig-e c-rve B3 for the c-rrent Part or Part Set.
>T.$) S#5 fatig-e c-rve B3
=S.#1) S#5 fatig-e c-rve -&e& e;-ation 5 { S9 ] a
=S.#2) S#5 fatig-e c-rve -&e& e;-ation logCSD ] a # 9 { logC5D
PT4P=
Type of PB3.
=S.$) Part C(efa-ltD
=S.1) Part Set
=S.2) S=TOSOLB3
=S.%) S=TOB=2.
=S.!) S=TOSJ=LL
=S.") S=TOTSJ=LL
LT4P=
Type of LCB3.
=S.$) Semi#log interpolation C(efa-ltD
=S.1) Log#Log interpolation
2
.aterial parameter a in S#5 fatig-e e;-ation.
B
.aterial parameter ? in S#5 fatig-e e;-ation.
STJ'=S
+atig-e thre&hol(.
+BL=52.=
Path an( name of exi&ting 9inary (ata9a&e for fatig-e information.
Remarks:
1. Thi& comman( eval-ate& the &tr-ct-ral ran(om vi9ration re&pon&e (-e to aero aco-&tic loa(&,
9a&e excitation or no(al force. Thi& capa9ility wa& originate( from the BoeingV& in#ho-&e
co(e 5#+=2'2, which i& a 5BA=%3#9a&e( +inite =lement tool for performing &tr-ct-ral
analy&i& with vi9ro#aco-&tic loa(&. The main (eveloper of 5#+=2'2 i& .o&tafa 'a&&aian
from the Boeing Company.
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2$#%2 C+'=S8=5C4O3O.2B5D LS-DYNA R7.0
2. The 5-m9er& of &trip in 8 an( M (irection are -&e( to gro-p the element& into &maller n-m#
9er of integration (omain& to re(-ce comp-tational time. Thi& option i& only availa9le for
M2+L2>]", 0, an( 7.
%. 'e&tart option '=ST'T]1 i& -&e( if mo(e analy&i& ha& 9een (one previo-&ly. Bn thi& ca&e,
LS#3452 &7ip& mo(al analy&i& an( rea(& in (%eigv family file& generate( previo-&ly. +or
'=ST.3]1, alway& -&e .3.B5]1 an( .3.2L ] n-m9er of mo(e& given 9y mo(al
analy&i& Ccan 9e fo-n( from 2SCBB file eigo-t, or from (%eigv file& 9y LSP'=POSTD.
!. +atig-e (amage ratio can 9e acc-m-late( for m-ltiple loa( ca&e& 9y &etting B5+T>]1. Thi&
i& -&ef-l if the &ame &tr-ct-re i& &-9Hecte( to m-ltiple in(epen(ent ran(om vi9ration loa(
ca&e&. ,hen r-nning fatig-e analy&i& for one loa( ca&e, LS#3452 will rea( the exi&ting fa#
tig-e (ata9a&e C(%ftg 9y (efa-ltD to get the initial (amage ratio, an( a(( it to the new (amage
ratio in(-ce( 9y the c-rrent loa( ca&e, to get the total (amage ratio. Plea&e note that the pre#
vio-& (%ftg file will 9e overwritten 9y the new one, if it i& in the &ame (irectory.
". 3S+L2> (efine& the availa9le o-tp-t varia9le& in 9inary plot file 3%'.S an( 2SCBB file
=LO8TOPS3. To get the &tre&& re&-lt&, 3S+L2> &ho-l( 9e 1 or 2, an( .ST'=S in
NCO5T'OLOB.PLBCBTO=B>=5M2L8= &ho-l( 9e 1E To get &train re&-lt&, 3S+L2>
&ho-l( 9e 2 an( ST'+L> in N32T2B2S=O=LT=5TOBB52'4 &ho-l( 9e 1.
0. Bf .=TJO3]$, LS#3452 -&e& mo(al &-perpo&ition metho( for ca&e& !,",0,7E +or ca&e&
1,2,% an( /, LS#3452 -&e& mo(al &-perpo&ition metho( when preloa( con(ition i& pre&ent
an( -&e& mo(al acceleration metho( when preloa( con(ition i& not pre&ent.
7. Bn a &et of con&i&tent -nit&, the -nit for acceleration i& (efine( a&
1 (acceleiation unit) =
1(length unit)
|1(time unit)]
2

Some -&er& in in(-&try prefer to -&e g Cacceleration (-e to gravityD a& the -nit for accelera#
tion. +or example,
1 g = 9.81
m
s
2
or, 1 g = S86.u89
Inch
s
2

Bf the inp-t an( o-tp-t -&e g a& the -nit for acceleration, &elect 85BT]1, 2, or %.
Bf 85BT]%, a m-ltiplier C8.LTD for converting g to Tlength -nitUFTtime -nitU
2
i& nee(e( an(
it i& (efine( 9y
1g]8.LTTlength -nitUFTtime -nitU
2
+or more information a9o-t the con&i&tent -nit&, &ee >S.21 C>=TTB5> ST2'T=3D.
/. 5-m9er of point& in the loa( c-rve& L3SPL, L3M=L, L3+L,, an( L3SP5 are &ame.
5-m9er of point& in the loa( c-rve L332.P can 9e (ifferent from tho&e for L3SPL,
L3M=L, L3+L,, an( L3SP5.
. ,ave (irection i& (etermine( 3O+ an( MB3.
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LS-DYNA R7.0 2$#%% C+'=S8=5C4O3O.2B5D
1$. '.S re&-lt& are given for all no(e& an( element&.
11. CB3 repre&ent& a local 8#M#, coor(inate &y&tem for (efining aco-&tic wave (irection, only
partially correlate( wave& CM2+L2>]",0,7D nee( thi& local coor(inate &y&tem. +or no(al
force, 9a&e excitation, plane wave or ran(om pre&&-re, CB3 repre&ent& a vector B3 (efining
the loa( (irection C3O+])!D.
12. 3i&placement, velocity an( acceleration re&-lt& are o-tp-t into 2SCBB file 5O3O8TOPS3.
The no(e& to 9e o-tp-t to 5O3O8TOPS3 are &pecifie( 9y car( N32T2B2S=OJBSTO'4
O5O3=OPOPTBO5Q.
1%. Stre&& re&-lt& are o-tp-t into 2SCBB file =LO8TOPS3. The &oli(, 9eam, &hell an( thic7 &hell
element& to 9e o-tp-t to =LO8TOPS3 are &pecifie( 9y the following car(&) N32T2B2S=
OJBSTO'4OSOLB3OPOPTBO5Q, N32T2B2S=OJBSTO'4OB=2.O{OPTION},
N32T2B2S=OJBSTO'4OSJ=LLO{OPTION}, N32T2B2S=OJBSTO'4OTSJ=LL
O{OPTION}.
1!. ,hen +2TB>8= option i& -&e(, 9inary plot file (%ftg i& written. " plot &tate& are incl-(e( in
(%ftg)
State 1. C-m-lative (amage ratio
State 2. =xpecte( fatig-e life
State %. Kero#cro&&ing fre;-ency
State !. Pea7#cro&&ing fre;-ency
State ". Brreg-larity factor
The&e re&-lt& are given a& element varia9le&. Brreg-larity factor i& a real n-m9er from $ to 1.
2 &ine wave ha& irreg-larity factor a& 1 an( a while noi&e ha& irreg-larity factor a& $. The
le&& the val-e i&, the clo&er the proce&& i& towar( a 9roa( 9an( ca&e.
1". Bn &ome material&, the S|5 c-rve flatten& o-t event-ally, &o that 9elow a certain thre&hol(
&tre&& STJ'=S fail-re (oe& not occ-r no matter how long the loa(& are cycle(. S5LB.T can
9e &et to 2 in thi& ca&eE +or other material&, &-ch a& al-min-m, no thre&hol( &tre&& exi&t& an(
S5LB.T &ho-l( 9e &et to $ or 1 for a((e( level of &afety.
10. ,hen +2TB>8= option i& -&e(, &ame PT4P= CP2'T or S=T of =L=.=5TSD ha& to 9e
-&e( in ca&e of m-ltiple car( 0.
17. S#5 c-rve& can 9e (efine( 9y N3=+B5=OC8'M=, or 9y the e;-ation& CLCB3?$D
N { S
?
] a or logCSD ] a $ ? { logJND
,here 5 i& the n-m9er of cycle& for fatig-e fail-re an( S i& the &tre&& amplit-(e.
1/. Bn the ca&e of m-ltiple inp-t &pectra, 9oth a-to#p&( an( cro&&#p&( nee( to 9e provi(e(. 2ll
the a-to#p&( nee( to 9e provi(e( fir&t, 9efore any cro&&#p&( (efinition. The a-to#p&( loa(&
are n-m9ere( internally from 1 to 5 a& their loa( B3. Cro&& &pectral term& are (efine( in the
car(& where 9oth SB3 an( ST4P= are le&& than $. Bn thi& ca&e, the a9&ol-te val-e& of SB3 an(
ST4P= give the B3 for the loa( ca&e& which are correlate(. The partial correlation i& in(icat#
e( 9y the &cale factor CS+D. Cro&& correlation for any &et of two loa(& i& (efine( only once.
5o cro&&#p&( i& re;-ire( if two loa(& are -ncorrelate(.
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2$#%! C+'=S8=5C4O3O.2B5D LS-DYNA R7.0
1. Cro&& correlation can 9e (efine( only for &ame type of excitation& Ce.g. no(al force, ran(om
pre&&-reD. Bn other wor(&, correlation 9etween (ifferent type& of excitation& i& not allowe(.
References:
.o&tafa 'a&&aian, :-ng#Ch-an Lee, 5#+=2'2 W 5BA=%3#9a&e( += tool for &tr-ct-ral analy&i& of
vi9ro#aco-&tic loa(&, Boeing report, %"$5#>A4#$2#$%0, 3ecem9er ", 2$$%.
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`FREQUENCY_DOMAIN
LS-DYNA R7.0 2$#%" C+'=S8=5C4O3O.2B5D
P-rpo&e) perform re&pon&e &pectr-m comp-tation to o9tain the pea7 re&pon&e of a &tr-ct-re.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le .3.B5 .3.2L +5.B5 +5.2L '=ST'T .CO.B
Type B B + + B B
3efa-lt 1 $.$ $ $

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 32.P+ LC32.P L3T4P 3.P.2S 3.PST+
Type + B B + +
3efa-lt none none $ $.$ $.$

Card 3 can be repeated if 2 or more input spectra exist (multiple-point response spectrum)
Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le LCT4P 3O+ LCFTBB3 S+ MB3 L5B3 L5T4P B5+L2>
3efa-lt 1.$ $

.3.B5 The fir&t mo(e in mo(al &-perpo&ition metho( CoptionalD.
.3.2L The la&t mo(e in mo(al &-perpo&ition metho( CoptionalD.
+5.B5 The minim-m nat-ral fre;-ency in mo(al &-perpo&ition metho( CoptionalD.
+5.2L The maxim-m nat-ral fre;-ency in mo(al &-perpo&ition metho( CoptionalD.
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`FREQUENCY_DOMAIN
2$#%0 C+'=S8=5C4O3O.2B5D LS-DYNA R7.0
'=ST'T 'e&tart option
=S.$) 2 new r-n incl-(ing mo(al analy&i&,
=S.1) 'e&tart with (%eigv family file& create( el&ewhere.
.CO.B .etho( for com9ination of mo(e&)
=S.$) S'SS metho(,
=S.1) 5'C >ro-ping metho(,
=S.2) Complete S-a(ratic Com9ination metho( CCSCD,
=S.%) 3o-9le S-m metho( 9a&e( on 'o&en9l-eth#=lor(-y coefficient,
=S.!) 5'L#S8. metho(,
=S.") 3o-9le S-m metho( 9a&e( on >-pta#Cor(ero coefficient,
=S.0) 3o-9le S-m metho( 9a&e( on mo(ifie( >-pta#Cor(ero coeffi#
cient,
=S.7) 'o&en9l-eth metho(.
32.P+ .o(al (amping ratio, *.
LC32.P Loa( C-rve B3 for (efining fre;-ency (epen(ent mo(al (amping ratio *.
L3T4P Type of loa( c-rve for LC32.P
3.P.2S .a&& proportional (amping con&tant , in 'ayleigh (amping.
3.PST+ Stiffne&& proportional (amping con&tant , in 'ayleigh (amping.
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`FREQUENCY_DOMAIN
LS-DYNA R7.0 2$#%7 C+'=S8=5C4O3O.2B5D
LCT4P Loa( c-rve type for (efining the inp-t &pectr-m.
=S.$) 9a&e velocity,
=S.2) 9a&e (i&placement,
=S.%) no(al force,
=S.!) pre&&-re,
=S.1$) 9a&e velocity time hi&tory,
=S.11) 9a&e acceleration time hi&tory,
=S.12) 9a&e (i&placement time hi&tory.
3O+ 2pplica9le (egree&#of#free(om for excitation inp-t)
=S.!) tran&lational movement in (irection given 9y vector MB3.
LCFTBB3 Loa( c-rve or ta9le B3, &ee N3=+B5=OT2BL=, (efining the re&pon&e &pec#
tr-m for fre;-encie&. Bf the ta9le (efinition i& -&e( a family of c-rve& are
(efine( for (i&crete critical (amping ratio&.
S+ Scale factor for the inp-t loa( &pectr-m.
MB3 Mector B3 for 3O+ val-e& of !.
L5B3 5o(e B3, or no(e &et B3, or &egment &et B3 where the excitation i& applie(.
Bf the inp-t loa( i& given a& 9a&e excitation &pectr-m, L5B3]$
L5T4P Set type for L5B3)
=S.1) 5o(e, &ee N5O3=,
=S.2) 5o(e &et, &ee NS=TO5O3=,
=S.%) Segment &et, &ee NS=TOS=>.=5T,
=S.!) Part, &ee NP2'T,
=S.") Part &et, &ee NS=TOP2'T.
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`FREQUENCY_DOMAIN
2$#%/ C+'=S8=5C4O3O.2B5D LS-DYNA R7.0
B5+L2> +re;-ency interpolation option
=S.$) Logarithmic interpolation,
=S.1) Semi#logarithmic interpolation.
=S.2) Linear interpolation.
Remarks:
2. Thi& comman( -&e& mo(al &-perpo&ition metho( to eval-ate the maxim-m re&pon&e of a
&tr-ct-re &-9Hecte( to inp-t re&pon&e &pectr-m loa(, &-ch a& the acceleration &pectr-m loa( in
earth;-a7e engineering.
%. .o(al analy&i& ha& to 9e performe( prece(ing the re&pon&e &pectr-m analy&i&. Th-& the
7eywor(& NCO5T'OLOB.PLBCBTO>=5='2L an( NCO5T'OLOB.PLBCBT
O=B>=5M2L8= are expecte( in the inp-t file.
!. .3.B5, .3.2L, +5.B5 an( +5.2L &ho-l( 9e &et appropriately to cover all the nat-#
ral mo(e& in&i(e the inp-t &pectr-m.
". To incl-(e &tre&& re&-lt&, mo(al &tre&& comp-tation ha& to 9e re;-e&te( in NCO5T'OL
OB.PLBCBTO=B>=5M2L8= C&et .ST'=S]1D.
0. +or 9a&e excitation ca&e&, -&er can choo&e relative val-e& or a9&ol-te val-e& for (i&place#
ment, velocity an( acceleration re&-lt& o-tp-t.
7. '=ST'T]1 ena9le& a fa&t re&tart r-n 9a&e( on (%eigv family file& generate( in la&t r-n or
el&ewhere. LS#3452 rea(& (%eigv family file& to get the nat-ral vi9ration fre;-encie& an(
mo(e &hape&. Bf the (%eigv family file& are locate( in a (irectory other than the wor7ing (i#
rectory, the (irectory m-&t 9e &pecifie( in N+'=S8=5C4O3O.2B5OP2TJ.
/. +or 3o-9le S-m metho( C.CO.B]%D, earth;-a7e (-ration time i& given 9y =53TB. in
the 7eywor( NCO5T'OLOT='.B52TBO5.
. Three interpolation option& are availa9le for fre;-ency interpolation when rea(ing re&pon&e
&pectr-m val-e&
a. ,hen B5+L2>]$ C(efa-ltD, logarithmic interpolation i& -&e(, e.g.
Iog-Iog
1
Iogx-Iogx
1
=
Iog
2
-Iog
1
Iogx
2
-Iogx
1

9. ,hen B5+L2>]1, &emi#logarithmic interpolation i& -&e(, e.g.
Iog-Iog
1
x-x
1
=
Iog
2
-Iog
1
x
2
-x
1

c. ,hen B5+L2>]2, linear interpolation i& -&e(, e.g.
-
1
x-x
1
=
2
-
1
x
2
-x
1

Linear interpolation i& -&e( for interpolation with re&pect to (amping ratio&.
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`FREQUENCY_DOMAIN_SSD `FREQUENCY_DOMAIN
LS-DYNA R7.0 2$#% C+'=S8=5C4O3O.2B5D
`FREQUENCY_DOMAIN_SSD
P-rpo&e) Comp-te &tea(y &tate (ynamic re&pon&e (-e to given &pectr-m of harmonic excitation&.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le .3.B5 .3.2L +5.B5 +5.2L '=ST.3 '=ST3P '=L2TM
Type B B + + B B B
3efa-lt 1 $.$ $ $ $

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 32.P+ LC32. LCT4P 3.P.2S 3.PST+
Type + B B + +
3efa-lt $.$ $ $ $.$ $.$

Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 5O8T 5OT4P 5OM2
Type B B B
3efa-lt $ $ $

'epeat Car( ! if m-ltiple excitation loa(& are pre&ent.
Car( ! 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 5B3 5T4P 3O+ M23 LC1 LC2 LC+L2> MB3
3efa-lt none $ none none none none $ $

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`FREQUENCY_DOMAIN `FREQUENCY_DOMAIN_SSD
2$#!$ C+'=S8=5C4O3O.2B5D LS-DYNA R7.0
.3.B5
The fir&t mo(e in mo(al &-perpo&ition metho( CoptionalD.
.3.2L
The la&t mo(e in mo(al &-perpo&ition metho( CoptionalD.
+5.B5
The minim-m nat-ral fre;-ency in mo(al &-perpo&ition metho( CoptionalD.
+5.2L
The maxim-m nat-ral fre;-ency in mo(al &-perpo&ition metho( CoptionalD.
'=ST.3
'e&tart option)
=S.$) 2 new mo(al analy&i& i& performe(,
=S.1) 'e&tart with (%eigv.
'=ST3P
'e&tart option)
=S.$) 2 new r-n witho-t (-mp&&(,
=S.1) 'e&tart with (-mp&&(.
'=L2TM
+lag for (i&placement, velocity an( acceleration re&-lt&)
=S.$) a9&ol-te val-e& are re;-e&te(,
=S.1) relative val-e& are re;-e&te( Cfor M23]2 onlyD.
32.P+
LC32.
LCT4P
Type of loa( c-rve (efining mo(al (amping coefficient.
3.P.2S
3.PST+
Stiffne&& proportional (amping con&tant , in 'ayleigh (amping..
5O8T
Part &etF PartF Segment &etF5o(e &et B3 for re&pon&e o-tp-t C-&e with aco-&#
tic comp-tationD.
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LS-DYNA R7.0 2$#!1 C+'=S8=5C4O3O.2B5D
5OT4P
Type of 5O8T)
=S.$) part &et B3 Cnot implemente(D,
=S.1) part B3 Cnot implemente(D,
=S.2) &egment &et B3,
=S.%) no(e &et B3,
=S.#2) &egment &et B3 which mi&matche& with aco-&tic 9o-n(ary no(e&.
.apping of velocity or acceleration to the aco-&tic 9o-n(ary
no(e& i& performe(.
5OM2
'e&pon&e o-tp-t type.
=S.$) velocity,
=S.1) acceleration.
5B3
5o(e F 5o(e &etFSegment &et B3 for excitation inp-t.
5T4P
Type of 5B3.
=S.$) no(e B3,
=S.1) no(e &et B3,
3O+
2pplica9le (egree&#of#free(om for excitation inp-t.
=S.!) tran&lational movement in (irection given 9y vector MB3.
M23
=xcitation inp-t type)
=S.$) no(al force,
=S.1) pre&&-re,
=S.%) enforce( velocity Cnot implemente(, &ee remar7& 12D,
=S.!) enforce( acceleration Cnot implemente(, &ee remar7& 12D,
=S.") enforce( (i&placement Cnot implemente(, &ee remar7& 12D.
LC1
Loa( C-rve B3 (efining amplit-(e CLC+L2>]$D or real Cin#pha&eD part
CLC+L2>]1D of loa( a& a f-nction of fre;-ency.
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2$#!2 C+'=S8=5C4O3O.2B5D LS-DYNA R7.0
LC2
Loa( C-rve B3 (efining pha&e angle CLC+L2>]$D or imaginary Co-t#
pha&eD part CLC+L2>]1D of loa( a& a f-nction of fre;-ency.
LC+L2>
Loa( C-rve (efinition flag.
=S.$) loa( c-rve& are given a& amplit-(e F pha&e angle,
=S.1) loa( c-rve& are given a& real F imaginary component&.
MB3
Mector B3 for 3O+]! for excitation inp-t, &ee N3=+B5=OM=CTO'.
Remarks:
%. Thi& comman( comp-te& &tea(y &tate (ynamic re&pon&e (-e to harmonic excitation &pec#
tr-m 9y mo(al &-perpo&ition metho(.
!. 5at-ral fre;-encie& an( mo(e &hape& are nee(e( for r-nning the mo(al &-perpo&ition
metho(. Th-&, the 7eywor( NCO5T'OLOB.PLBCBTO=B>=5M2L8= ha& to 9e incl-(e(
in inp-t.
". .3.B5F.3.2L an( +5.B5F+5.2L together (etermine which mo(e& are -&e( in
mo(al &-perpo&ition metho(. The fir&t mo(e m-&t have a mo(e n-m9er ( .3.B5, an(
fre;-ency ( +5.B5E The la&t mo(e m-&t have mo(e n-m9er + .3.2L, an( fre;-ency
+ +5.2L. ,hen .3.2L or +5.2L i& not given, the la&t mo(e in mo(al &-perpo&i#
tion metho( i& the la&t mo(e availa9le in +BL=5..
0. 'e&tart option '=ST.3]1 i& -&e( if mo(e analy&i& ha& 9een (one previo-&ly. Bn thi&
ca&e, LS#3452 &7ip& mo(al analy&i& an( rea(& in (%eigv family file& generate( previ#
o-&ly. +or '=ST.3]1, alway& -&e .3.B5]1 an( .3.2L ] n-m9er of mo(e& given
9y mo(al analy&i& Ccan 9e fo-n( from 2SCBB file eigo-t, or from (%eigv file& -&ing LS#
P'=POSTD.
7. 'e&tart option '=ST3P]1 i& -&e( if -&er want& to a(( contri9-tion of a((itional mo(e&
to previo-& SS3 re&-lt&. Bn thi& ca&e, LS#3452 rea(& in 9inary (-mp file X(-mp&&(Y
which contain& previo-& SS3 re&-lt& an( a((& contri9-tion from new mo(e&. +or
'=ST3P]1, the new mo(al analy&i& C'=ST.3]$D or the (%eigv family file& create(
el&ewhere C'=ST.3]1D &ho-l( excl-(e the mo(e& -&e( in previo-& SS3 comp-tation.
Thi& can 9e (one 9y &etting L+L2> Can( '+L2>, if nece&&aryD, an( &etting a nonIero
L+T=53 Can( 'JT=53D in NCO5T'OLOB.PLBCBTO=B>=5M2L8=. The '=ST3P
option can al&o 9e -&e( if the fre;-ency range for mo(al analy&i& i& (ivi(e( into &eg#
ment& an( mo(al analy&i& i& performe( for each fre;-ency range &eparately.
/. Sometime& c-&tomer& wo-l( li7e to a(( &ome aco-&tic fiel( no(e& an( r-n B=.F+=.
aco-&tic comp-tation after SS3. The '=ST.3 an( '=ST3P option& &till wor7 even if
the n-m9er of no(e& may get change( after previo-& mo(al analy&i&, provi(e( that the
B3& of the ol( no(e& are not change(.
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LS-DYNA R7.0 2$#!% C+'=S8=5C4O3O.2B5D
. 3amping can 9e pre&cri9e( in &everal way&)
To -&e a con&tant mo(al (amping coefficient * for all the mo(e&, (efine 32.P+
only. LC3.P, LCT4P, 3.P.2S an( 3.PST+ are ignore(.
To -&e mo(e (epen(ent mo(al (amping, (efine a loa( c-rve CN3=+B5=
OC8'M=D an( &pecify that if the a9&ci&&a val-e (efine& the fre;-ency or mo(e
n-m9er 9y LCT4P. 3.P.2S an( 3.PST+ are ignore(.
To -&e 'ayleigh (amping, (efine 3.P.2S CD an( 3.PST+ CD an( 7eep
32.P+ a& $.$, an( 7eep LC3.P, LCT4P a& $. The (amping matrix in 'ay#
leigh (amping i& (efine( a& C ] . [ A, where, C, . an( A are the (amping,
ma&& an( &tiffne&& matrice& re&pectively.
1$. 5O8T an( 5OT4P are -&e( to (efine the no(e& where velocity or acceleration are re#
;-e&te( to 9e written to a 9inary file X9inO&&(Y or other filename (efine( 9y
X9em]filenameY C&ee 7eywor( N+'=S8=5C4O3O.2B5O2CO8STBCOB=.D in
comman( line. The velocity or acceleration (ata in thi& file can 9e -&e( 9y B=. or +=.
aco-&tic &olver to perform a vi9ro#aco-&tic analy&i&. Bf &tr-ct-re no(e& an( aco-&tic
9o-n(ary no(e& are mi&matche(, the option 5OT4P ] #2 can 9e -&e(. The velocity or
acceleration (ata given at a &tr-ct-re &egment &et 5O8T i& mappe( to aco-&tic 9o-n(ary
no(e&.
11. ,hen 9a&e acceleration CM23]2D, the parameter& 5B3, 5T4P are not -&e( an( can 9e
9lan7. The 9a&e acceleration ca&e i& treate( 9y applying inertia force to the &tr-ct-re.
12. +or the ca&e& with enforce( motion excitation Ce.g. no(al acceleration, velocity or (i&#
placementD, the large ma&& metho( can 9e -&e( to comp-te the SS3 re&-lt&. 2 very large
ma&& m
L
, which i& -&-ally 1$
"
#1$
7
C1$
0
i& recommen(e( for mo&t ca&e&D time& of the
ma&& of the entire &tr-ct-re, i& attache( to the no(e& where the enforce( motion excita#
tion i& applie( C-&ing the 7eywor( N=L=.=5TO.2SSO{OPTION}D. 2 very large no(al
force i& al&o applie( to the (egree of free(om of excitation to pro(-ce the (e&ire( en#
force( motion. Then the pro9lem i& &witche( to the ca&e with no(al force excitation
CM23]$D.
The large no(al force p i& comp-te( a& follow&,
+or no(al acceleration, p = m
L
u
+or no(al velocity, p = i m
L
u
+or no(al (i&placement, p = -
2
m
L
u
1%. 3i&placement, velocity an( acceleration re&-lt& are o-tp-t into 2SCBB file 5O#
3O8TOSS3. The no(e& to 9e o-tp-t to 5O3O8TOSS3 are &pecifie( 9y car(
N32T2B2S=OJBSTO'4O5O3=O{OPTION}
1!. Stre&& re&-lt& are o-tp-t into 2SCBB file =LO8TOSS3. The &oli(, 9eam, &hell an( thic7
&hell element& to 9e o-tp-t to =LO8TOSS3 are &pecifie( 9y the following car(&)
N32T2B2S=OJBSTO'4OSOLB3O{OPTION}, N32T2B2S=OJBSTO'4
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2$#!! C+'=S8=5C4O3O.2B5D LS-DYNA R7.0
OB=2.O{OPTION}, N32T2B2S=OJBSTO'4OSJ=LLO{OPTION},
N32T2B2S=OJBSTO'4OTSJ=LLO{OPTION}.
1". The pha&e angle i& given in range C#1/$q, 1/$qU.
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`HOURGLASS
LS-DYNA R7.0 21#1 CJO8'>L2SSD
`HOURGLASS
P-rpo&e) 3efine ho-rgla&& an( 9-l7 vi&co&ity propertie& which are reference( via J>B3 in the
NP2'T comman(. Propertie& &pecifie( here, when invo7e( for a partic-lar part, overri(e tho&e in
NCO5T'OLOJO8'>L2SS an( NCO5T'OLOB8LAOMBSCOSBT4.
2n a((itional optionOTITLE may 9e appen(e( to `HOURGLASS 7eywor(&. Bf thi& option i& -&e(
then an a((itional line i& rea( for each &ection in /$a format which can 9e -&e( to (e&cri9e the &ec#
tion. 2t pre&ent LS#3452 (oe& not ma7e -&e of the title. Bncl-&ion of title& give& greater clarity to
inp-t (ec7&.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le J>B3 BJS S. BBS S1 S2 SBFM3C S,
Type 2/ B + B + + + +
3efa-lt $ .1$ $ 1." $.$0 S.F$. S.
'emar7 1,0 2,!,7 % % % " "

J>B3
Jo-rgla&& B3. 2 -ni;-e n-m9er or la9el not excee(ing / character& m-&t
9e &pecifie(. Thi& B3 i& reference( 9y J>B3 in the NP2'T comman(.
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`HOURGLASS
21#2 CJO8'>L2SSD LS-DYNA R7.0
BJS
Jo-rgla&& control type. +or &oli( element& &ix option& are availa9le. +or
;-a(rilateral &hell an( mem9rane element& the ho-rgla&& control i& 9a&e(
on the form-lation of Belyt&ch7o an( T&ay, i.e., option& 1#% are i(entical,
an( option& !#" are i(entical)
=S.$) &ee remar7 ,
=S.1) &tan(ar( LS#3452 vi&co-& form,
=S.2) +lanagan#Belyt&ch7o vi&co-& form,
=S.%) +lanagan#Belyt&ch7o vi&co-& form with exact vol-me integra#
tion for &oli( element&,
=S.!) +lanagan#Belyt&ch7o &tiffne&& form,
=S.") +lanagan#Belyt&ch7o &tiffne&& form with exact vol-me integra#
tion for &oli( element&.
=S.0) Belyt&ch7o#Bin(eman T1%U a&&-me( &train co#rotational &tiff#
ne&& form for 23 an( %3 &oli( element& only.
=S.7) Linear total &train form of type 0 ho-rgla&& control. CSee remar7
0 9elowD.
=S./) 2ctivate& the f-ll proHection warping &tiffne&& for acc-rate &ol-#
tion& with type 10 f-lly integrate( &hell element. 2 &pee( penal#
ty of 2"b i& common for thi& option.
=S.) P-&o T2$$$U enhance( a&&-me( &train &tiffne&& form for %3 hex#
ahe(ral element&.
=S.1$) Co&&erat Point =lement CCP=D (evelope( 9y :a9areen an( '-9in
T2$$/U.
2 (i&c-&&ion of the vi&co-& an( &tiffne&& ho-rgla&& control for &hell ele#
ment& follow& at the en( of thi& &ection..
S.
Jo-rgla&& coefficient. Mal-e& of S. that excee( .1" may ca-&e in&ta9ili#
tie& for all &hell ho-rgla&& control an( 9ric7 form& $ to ". The &tiffne&&
form& can &tiffen the re&pon&e e&pecially if (eformation& are large an(
therefore &ho-l( 9e -&e( with care. +or the &hell an( mem9rane element&
S. i& ta7en a& the mem9rane ho-rgla&& coefficient, the 9en(ing a& SB,
an( warping a& S,. The&e coefficient& can 9e &pecifie( in(epen(ently,
9-t generally, S.]SB]S,, i& a(e;-ate. +or type 0 &oli( element ho-r#
gla&& control, &ee remar7 ! 9elow. +or ho-rgla&& type , &ee 'emar7 /.
BBS
B-l7 vi&co&ity type CSee 'emar7 % 9elow.D)
=S.1) &tan(ar( LS#3452.
S1
S-a(ratic 9-l7 vi&co&ity coefficient.
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`HOURGLASS
LS-DYNA R7.0 21#% CJO8'>L2SSD
S2
Linear 9-l7 vi&co&ity coefficient.
SB
Jo-rgla&& coefficient for &hell 9en(ing. The (efa-lt) SB]S..
CSee 'emar7 !D.
M3C
Mi&co-& (amping coefficient for type& 0 an( 7 ho-rgla&& control.
S,
Jo-rgla&& coefficient for &hell warping. The (efa-lt) SB]S,.
Remarks:
1. Mi&co-& ho-rgla&& control i& recommen(e( for pro9lem& (eforming with high velocitie&.
Stiffne&& control i& often prefera9le for lower velocitie&, e&pecially if the n-m9er of time
&tep& are large. +or &oli( element& the exact vol-me integration provi(e& &ome a(vantage for
highly (i&torte( element&.
2. +or a-tomotive cra&h the &tiffne&& form of the ho-rgla&& control with a coefficient of $.$" i&
preferre( 9y many -&er&.
%. B-l7 vi&co&ity i& nece&&ary to propagate &hoc7 wave& in &oli( material& an( therefore applie&
only to &oli( element&. >enerally, the (efa-lt val-e& are o7ay except in pro9lem& where
pre&&-re& are very high, larger val-e& may 9e (e&ira9le. Bn low (en&ity foam&, it may 9e nec#
e&&ary to re(-ce the vi&co&ity val-e& &ince the vi&co-& &tre&& can 9e &ignificant. Bt i& not a(#
vi&a9le to re(-ce it 9y more than an or(er of magnit-(e.
!. Type 0 ho-rgla&& control i& for 23 an( %3 &oli( element& only. Ba&e( on ela&tic con&tant&
an( an a&&-me( &train fiel(, it pro(-ce& acc-rate coar&e me&h 9en(ing re&-lt& for ela&tic ma#
terial when S.]1.$. +or pla&ticity mo(el& with a yiel( &tre&& tangent mo(-l-& that i& m-ch
&maller than the ela&tic mo(-l-&, a &maller val-e of S. C$.$$1 to $.1D may pro(-ce 9etter
re&-lt&. +or foam or r-99er mo(el&, larger val-e& C$." to 1.$D may wor7 9etter. +or any ma#
terial, 7eep in min( that the &tiffne&& i& 9a&e( on the ela&tic con&tant&, &o if the material &of#
ten&, a S. val-e &maller than 1.$ may wor7 9etter. +or ani&otropic material&, an average of
the ela&tic con&tant& i& -&e(. +or fl-i(& mo(ele( with n-ll material, type 0 ho-rgla&& control
i& vi&co-& an( i& &cale( to the vi&co&ity coefficient of the material C&ee N.2TO58LLD.
". Bn part, the comp-tational efficiency of the Belyt&ch7o#Lin#T&ay an( the -n(er integrate(
J-ghe&#Li- &hell element& are (erive( from their -&e of one#point ;-a(rat-re in the plane of
the element. To &-ppre&& the ho-rgla&& (eformation mo(e& that accompany one#point ;-a(#
rat-re, ho-rgla&& vi&co-& or &tiffne&& 9a&e( &tre&&e& are a((e( to the phy&ical &tre&&e& at the
local element level. The (i&c-&&ion of the ho-rgla&& control that follow& pertain& to all one
point ;-a(rilateral &hell an( mem9rane element& in LS#3452.
The ho-rgla&& &hape vector
B
i& (efine( a&

I
= b
I
-(b
]
x
u]
)
uI

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`HOURGLASS
21#! CJO8'>L2SSD LS-DYNA R7.0
where, x
u]
are the element coor(inate& in the local &y&tem at the Bth element no(e,
uI
i& the
&train (i&placement matrix, an( ho-rgla&& 9a&i& vector i&)
b = _
+1
-1
+1
-1
_
i& the 9a&i& vector that generate& the (eformation mo(e that i& neglecte( 9y one#point ;-a(ra#
t-re. Bn the a9ove e;-ation& an( the remin(er of thi& &-9&ection, the >ree7 &-9&cript& have a
range of 2, e.g., x
oI
= (x
1I
x
2I
) = (x
I
y
I
).
The ho-rgla&& &hape vector then operate& on the generaliIe( (i&placement& to pro(-ce the
generaliIe( ho-rgla&& &train rate&
q
=
I
u
I

q
B
=
I
0
`
I

q
3
=
I
u
I

where the &-per&cript& ., B, an( , (enote mem9rane, 9en(ing, an( warping mo(e&, re&pec#
tively. The corre&pon(ing ho-rgla&& &tre&& rate& are then given 9y

=
L t
8

[ I
[ I
q
B
=
BL t
3
192

[ I
[ I
q
=
k ut
3
12

[ I
[ I
q
3
B

where t i& the &hell thic7ne&&. The ho-rgla&& coefficient&) S., SB, an( S, are generally
a&&igne( val-e& 9etween $.$" an( $.1$.
+inally, the ho-rgla&& &tre&&e& which are -p(ate( -&ing the time &tep, At, from the &tre&& rate&
in the -&-al way, i.e.,

n+1
=
n
+At

an( the ho-rgla&& re&-ltant force& are then

`
I
H
=
I

m
I
H
=
I
B

`
3I
H
=
I

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`HOURGLASS
LS-DYNA R7.0 21#" CJO8'>L2SSD
where the &-per&cript J empha&iIe& that the&e are internal force contri9-tion& from the ho-r#
gla&& (eformation&.
0. BJ>]7 i& a linear total &train form-lation of the Belyt&ch7o#Bin(eman T1%U &tiffne&& form
for 23 an( %3 &oli( element&. Thi& linear form wa& (evelope( for vi&co#ela&tic material an(
g-arantee& that an element will &pring 9ac7 to it& initial &hape regar(le&& of the &everity of
(eformation.
7. The (efa-lt val-e for S. i& $.1 -nle&& &-per&e(e( 9y a nonIero val-e of SJ in NCO5T'OL
OJO8'>L2SS. 2 nonIero val-e of S. &-per&e(e& SJ.
/. Jo-rgla&& type i& availa9le for hexahe(ral element& an( i& 9a&e( on phy&ical &ta9iliIation
-&ing an enhance( a&&-me( &train metho(. Bn performance it i& &imilar to the Belyt&ch7o#
Bin(eman ho-rgla&& form-lation Ctype 0D 9-t give& more acc-rate re&-lt& for (i&torte( me&h#
e&, e.g., for &7ewe( element&. Bf S.]1.$, it pro(-ce& acc-rate coar&e 9en(ing re&-lt& for
ela&tic material&. The ho-rgla&& &tiffne&& i& 9y (efa-lt 9a&e( on ela&tic propertie&, hence the
S. parameter &ho-l( 9e re(-ce( to a9o-t $.1 for pla&tic material& in or(er not to &tiffen the
&tr-ct-re (-ring pla&tic (eformation. +or material& %, 1/ an( 2! there i& the option to -&e a
negative val-e of S.. ,ith thi& option, the ho-rgla&& &tiffne&& i& 9a&e( on the c-rrent mate#
rial propertie&, i.e., the pla&tic tangent mo(-l-&, an( &cale( 9y |QN|.
. The (efa-lt val-e for BJS, if not (efine( on NCO5T'OLOJO8>'>L2SS i& a& follow&)
+or &hell&) vi&co-& type C1]2]%D for explicitE &tiffne&& type C!]"D for implicit
+or &oli(&) type 2 for explicitE type 0 for implicit.
1$. +or implicit analy&i&, ho-rgla&& form& 0, 7, , an( 1$ are availa9le for &oli( element&, an( the
&tiffne&& form C!]"D i& availa9le for &hell&.
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ÌNCLUDE
LS-DYNA R7.0 22#1 CB5CL83=D
ÌNCLUDE
P-rpo&e) The 7eywor( NB5CL83= provi(e& a mean& of rea(ing in(epen(ent inp-t file& containing
mo(el (ata. The file content& are place( (irectly at the location of the NB5CL83= line.
ÌNCLUDE_OPTION]
ÌNCLUDE_COMPENSATION_OPTION
ÌNCLUDE_TRIM
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ÌNCLUDE ÌNCLUDE_OPTION]
22#2 CB5CL83=D LS-DYNA R7.0
ÌNCLUDE_OPTION]
<BLANK>
BINARY
NASTRAN
PATH
PATH_RELATIVE
STAMPED_PART_OPTION1]OOPTION2]OOPTION3]
OPTION1)OSET
OPTION2)_MATRIX
OPTION3)_INVERSE
STAMPED_SET
TRANSFORM
TRANSFORM_BINARY
The BB52'4 an( T'25S+O'.OBB52'4 option& &pecify that the initial &tre&& file, 3452B5, i&
written in a 9inary format. See the 7eywor( NB5T='+2C=OSP'B5>B2CA.
The P2TJ option (efine& a (irectory in which to loo7 for the incl-(e file&. The program alway&
&earche& the local (irectory fir&t. Bf an incl-(e file i& not fo-n( an( the filename ha& no path, the
program will &earch for it in all the (irectorie& (efine( 9y NB5CL83=OP2TJ. .-ltiple path& can
(efine( with one NB5CL83=OP2TJ (efinition, i.e.,
NB5CL83=OP2TJ
3irectoryOpath1
3irectoryOpath2
3irectoryOpath%
3irectory path& are rea( -ntil the next XNY car( i& enco-ntere(. 2 (irectory path can have -p to /$
character&.
The P2TJO'=L2TBM= option i& li7e the P2TJ option, except all (irectorie& are relative to the lo#
cation of the inp-t file. +or example, if Xi]FhomeFte&tFpro9lem&Finp-t.7Y i& given on the comman(
line, an( the inp-t contain&
NB5CL83=OP2TJO'=L2TBM=
incl-(e&
..Fincl-(e&
then the two (irectorie& FhomeFte&tFpro9lem&Fincl-(e& an( FhomeFte&tFincl-(e& will 9e &earche( for
incl-(e file&.
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ÌNCLUDE_OPTION] ÌNCLUDE
LS-DYNA R7.0 22#% CB5CL83=D
The ST2.P=3OP2'T option allow& the pla&tic &train an( thic7ne&& (i&tri9-tion of the &tamping
&im-lation to 9e mappe( onto a part in the cra&h mo(el.
1. ,hen option 1,OS=T i& -&e(, the PB3 will 9e part &et B3. 2ll the part& incl-(e( in thi& &et
will 9e con&i(ere( in thi& mapping.
2. ,hen option 2,O.2T'BL i& -&e(, tran&lation matrix will 9e rea( (irectly an( the orientation
no(e& will 9e ignore(.
%. ,hen option %,OB5M='S= Cm-&t 9e -&e( withO.2T'BLD i& -&e(, the matrix will 9e re#
ver&e( fir&t.
,hen ST2.P=3OS=T i& -&e(, the target i& a part &et B3. Between the &tampe( part an( the cra&h
part, note the following point&)
1. The o-ter 9o-n(arie& of the part& (o not nee( to match &ince only the region& of the cra&h
part which overlap the &tampe( part are initialiIe(.
2. 2r9itrary me&h pattern& are a&&-me(.
%. =lement form-lation& can change.
!. Three no(e& on each part are -&e( to reorient the &tampe( part for the mapping of the &train
an( thic7ne&& (i&tri9-tion&. 2fter reorientation, the three no(e& on each part &ho-l( approx#
imately coinci(e.
". The n-m9er of in plane integration& point& can change.
0. The n-m9er of thro-gh thic7ne&& integration point& can change. +-ll interpolation i& -&e(.
7. The no(e an( element B3G& 9etween the &tampe( part an( the cra&h part (o not nee( to 9e
-ni;-e.
The T'25S+O'. option allow& for no(e, element, an( &et B3G& to 9e off&et an( for coor(inate& an(
con&tit-tive parameter& to 9e tran&forme( an( &cale(.

The card is required.
Car( 1 1
Maria9le +BL=52.=
Type C
Bf the NB5CL83= comman( i& -&e( witho-t option&, m-ltiple filename& can 9e &pecifie(, i.e.,
NB5CL83=
+ilename1
+ilename2
+ilename%
which are proce&&e( &e;-entially. +ilename& are rea( -ntil the next XNY car( i& enco-ntere(.

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22#! CB5CL83=D LS-DYNA R7.0
If the NASTRAN option is active then define the following input line.
NASTRAN option
Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le B=2.3+ SJ=LL3+ SOLB33+
Type B B B
3efa-lt 2 21 1/

If the STAMPED_PART option is active then define the following input.
STAMPED_PART option
Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le PB3 TJBCA PST'5 ST'2B5 ST'=SS B5CO8T '.2L
Type B B B B B B +
3efa-lt none $ $ $ $ $ 1$.$

If the_MATRIX option is inactive define the follow card.
Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 51S 52S 5%S 51C 52C 5%C T=5SO' TJASCL
3efa-lt $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 1.$
'emar7& 2 2 2 2 2 2 !

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LS-DYNA R7.0 22#" CB5CL83=D
If the_MATRIX option is active define the follow three cards.
Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le '11 '12 '1% LP
Type + + + +
3efa-lt $ $ $ $
'emar7& 2 2 2 2

Car( ! 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le '21 '22 '2% 4P
Type + + + +
3efa-lt $ $ $ $
'emar7& 2 2 2 2

Car( " 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le '%1 '%2 '%% KP
Type + + + +
3efa-lt $ $ $ $
'emar7& 2 2 2 2

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Optional Cards
Car( ! 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le BS4. B2+T=' P='C=L= BO'TJO
Type B B + B

Car( " 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le L$1 4$1 K$1
Type + + +

Car( 0 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le L$2 4$2 K$2 L$% 4$% K$%
Type + + + + + +

If the TRANSFORM option is active then define the following input.
TRANSFORM option
Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le B35O++ B3=O++ B3PO++ B3.O++ B3SO++ B3+O++ B33O++
Type B B B B B B B

Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le B3'O++ P'=+BL S8++BL
Type B 2 2

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Car( ! 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le +CT.2S +CTTB. +CTL=5 +CTT=. B5CO8T1
Type + + + 2 B

Car( " 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le T'25B3
Type B
3efa-lt $

+BL=52.=
+ile name of file to 9e incl-(e( in thi& 7eywor( file, /$ character& maxi#
m-m. Bf the ST2.P=3OP2'T option i& active, thi& i& the 3452B5 file
containing the re&-lt& from metal &tamping.
B=2.3+
LS#3452 9eam element type. 3efa-lt& to type 2.
SJ=LL3+
LS#3452 &hell element type. 3efa-lt& to type 21.
SOLB33+
LS#3452 &oli( element type. 3efa-lt& to type 1/.
PB3
Part B3 of cra&h part for remapping.
TJBCA
Thic7ne&& remap)
=S.$) map thic7ne&&
=S.1) (o not map thic7ne&&
=S.2) average val-e in&i(e a circle (efine( 9y '.2L
PST'5
Pla&tic &train remap)
=S.$) map pla&tic &train
=S.1) (o not pla&tic &train
=S.2) average val-e in&i(e a circle (efine( 9y '.2L
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22#/ CB5CL83=D LS-DYNA R7.0
ST'2B5
Strain remap)
=S.$) map &train&
=S.1) (o not map &train&
ST'=SS
Stre&& ten&or remap)
=S.$) map &tre&& ten&or
=S.1) (o not map &tre&& ten&or, only hi&tory
=S.#1) map &tre&& ten&or in an internal large format C9inary file&D
=S.#%) (o not map &tre&& ten&or in an internal large format, only hi&tory
C9inary file&D
TJASCL
Thic7ne&& &cale factor.
B5CO8T
=S.1) to &ave the mappe( (ata to a file calle( (yna.inc, which contain&
the mappe( (ata for the part that i& 9eing mappe(. Thi& option i&
-&ef-l to (o mapping -&ing B5CL83=OST2.P=3OP2'T an(
then &ave the mappe( (ata for f-t-re -&e. ,hen B5CO8T i& &et
to 2, the o-tp-t file i& in (ynain format an( the file name i&
(ynainOxx Cxx i& the part or part &et i(DE an( when B5CO8T i& &et
to %, the o-tp-t file i& in 52ST'25 format, an( the file name i&)
na&tranOxx.
=S.2) to &ave the mappe( (ata for the &pecifie( part CPB3D to a file
calle( (ynainOPB3.
=S.%) to &ave the mappe( (ata for the &pecifie( part CPB3D to a file
calle( na&tranOPB3 Cin na&tran formatD
'.2L
Search ra(i-&
51S
+ir&t of % no(e& nee(e( to reorient the &tampe( part.
52S
Secon( of % no(e& nee(e( to reorient the &tampe( part.
5%S
Thir( of % no(e& nee(e( to reorient the &tampe( part.
51C
+ir&t of % no(e& nee(e( to reorient the cra&h mo(el part.
52C
Secon( of % no(e& nee(e( to reorient the cra&h mo(el part.
5%C
Thir( of % no(e& nee(e( to reorient the cra&h mo(el part.
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LS-DYNA R7.0 22# CB5CL83=D
T=5SO'
Ten&or remap)
=S.$) map ten&or (ata from hi&tory varia9le&. CSee 'emar7 !.D
=S.1) (o not map ten&or (ata from hi&tory varia9le&
'11,'12,R'%%
Component& of the tran&formation matrix.
LP,4P,KP
Tran&lational (i&tance.
L$%,4$%,K$%
Thir( point in the &ymmetric plane
BS4.
Symmetric &witch
=S.$) no &ymmetric mapping
=S.1) yI plane &ymmetric mapping
=S.2) Ix plane &ymmetric mapping
=S.%) Ix an( yI plane& &ymmetric mapping
=S.!) -&er (efine( &ymmetric plane mapping
B2+T='
.irroring &e;-ence &witch
=S.$) generate a &ymmetric part 9efore tran&formation
=S.1) generate a &ymmetric part after tran&formation
P='C=L=
Percentage of element& that &ho-l( 9e mappe( to procee( C(efa-lt]$DE oth#
erwi&e an error termination occ-r&. See 'emar7 0.
BO'TJO
Location of the material (irection co&ine in the array of hi&tory varia9le& of
an orthotropic material. See 'emar7 ".
L$1, 4$1, K$1
+ir&t point in the &ymmetric plane Cre;-ire( if BS4..5=.$D
L$2,4$2,K$2
Secon( point in the &ymmetric plane
L$%,4$%,K$%
Thir( point in the &ymmetric plane
B35O++
Off&et to no(e B3.
B3=O++
Off&et to element B3.
B3PO++
Off&et to part B3, no(al rigi( 9o(y B3, con&traine( no(al &et B3, 'igi(wall
B3, an( N32T2B2S=OC'OSSOS=CTBO5.
B3.O++
Off&et to material B3 an( e;-ation of &tate B3.
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22#1$ CB5CL83=D LS-DYNA R7.0
B3SO++
Off&et to &et B3.
B3+O++
Off&et to f-nction B3 or ta9le B3.
B33O++
Off&et to any B3 (efine( thro-gh 3=+B5= except the +85CTBO5 option.
B3'O++
8&e( for all off&et& except for tho&e li&te( a9ove.
P'=+BL
Prefix a((e( to the 9eginning of the title&Fhea(& (efine( in the 7eywor(&
Cli7e N.2T, NP2'T, NS=CTBO5, N3=+B5=, for example&D of the incl-(#
e( file. 2 (ot, X.Y, i& a-tomatically a((e( 9etween the prefix an( the exi&t#
ing title.
S8++BL
S-ffix a((e( to the en( of the title&Fhea(& (efine( in the 7eywor(& of the
incl-(e( file. 2 (ot, X.Y, i& a-tomatically a((e( 9etween the &-ffix an( the
exi&ting title.
+CT.2S
.a&& tran&formation factor. +or example, +CT.2S]1$$$. ,hen the orig#
inal ma&& -nit& are in ton& an( the new -nit i& 7g.
+CTTB.
Time tran&formation factor. +or example, +CTTB.].$$1 when the original
time -nit& are in milli&econ(& an( the new time -nit i& &econ(&.
+CTL=5
Length tran&formation factor.
+CTT=.
Temperat-re tran&formation factor con&i&ting of a fo-r character flag) +toC
C+ahrenheit to Centigra(eD, Cto+, +toA, Ato+, AtoC, an( CtoA.
B5CO8T1
Set to 1 for the creation of a file, 3452.B5C, which contain& the tran&#
forme( (ata. The (ata in thi& file can 9e -&e( in f-t-re incl-(e file& an(
&ho-l( 9e chec7e( to en&-re that all the (ata wa& tran&forme( correctly.
T'25B3
Tran&formation B3, if $ no tran&formation will 9e applie(.
See the inp-t 3=+B5=OT'25S+O'.2TBO5.
Remarks:
1. To ma7e the inp-t file ea&y to maintain, thi& 7eywor( allow& the inp-t file to 9e &plit into
&-9file&. =ach &-9file can again 9e &plit into &-9#&-9file& an( &o on. Thi& option i& 9enefi#
cial when the inp-t (ata (ec7 i& very large. Con&i(er the following example)
NTBTL=
f-ll car mo(el
NB5CL83=
carfront.7
NB5CL83=
car9ac7.7
NB5CL83=
occ-pantcompartment.7
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NB5CL83=
(-mmy.7
NB5CL83=
9ag.7
NCO5T2CT
h h h
N=53
5ote that the comman( N=53 terminate& the incl-(e file.
The carfront.7 file can again 9e &-9(ivi(e( into rightrail.7, leftrail.7, 9attery.7, wheel#
ho-&e.7, &hotg-n.7, etc.. =ach N.7 file can incl-(e no(e&, element&, 9o-n(ary con(ition&, ini#
tial con(ition&, an( &o on.
NB5CL83=
rightrail.7
NB5CL83=
leftrail.7
NB5CL83=
9attery.7
NB5CL83=
wheelho-&e.7
NB5CL83=
&hotg-n.7
h h h
h h h
N=53
2. ,hen (efining NB5CL83=OST2.P=3OP2'T the target me&h m-&t 9e rea( in 9efore the
incl-(e &tampe( part.
n1&, n2&, n%&, n1c, n2c, n%c are -&e( for tran&forming the &tampe( part to the cra&he( part,
&-ch that it i& in the &ame po&ition a& the cra&he( part. Bf the &tampe( part i& in the &ame po#
&ition a& the cra&he( part then n1&, n2&, n%&, n!&, n1c, n2c, n%c can all 9e &et to $. 5ote) Bf
the&e 0 no(e& are inp-t a& $, LS#3452 will not tran&form the &tampe( part.
,hen &ymmetric mapping i& -&e( CBS4. i& not IeroD, the three point& &ho-l( not 9e in one
line.
Bf BS4. ] $, 1, 2, or %, only the fir&t point CL$1,4$1, K$1D i& nee(e(
Bf BS4. ] !, all the three point& are nee(e(
%. 2ll filename& an( path& are limite( to a total of 2!$ character& in length, an( to a limit of /$
character& per line. To contin-e a filename or path over more than one line -&e n[V Cnote
&pace 9efore pl-& &ignD on the en( of the line.
!. Certain material mo(el& Cnota9ly .aterial 1$D have ten&or (ata &tore( within the hi&tory
varia9le&. ,ithin material &-9ro-tine& thi& (ata i& typically &tore( in element local coor(i#
nate &y&tem&. Bn or(er to properly map thi& information 9etween mo(el& it i& nece&&ary to
have the ten&or (ata pre&ent on the NB5BTB2LOST'=SSOSJ=LL car( an( have it &tore( in
glo9al coor(inate&. 3-ring mapping the (ata i& then converte( into the local coor(inate &y&#
tem of the cra&h me&h. Thi& (ata can 9e (-mpe( into the (ynain file that i& create( at termi#
nation time if the parameter +T=5SO' i& &et to $ on the NB5T='+2C=OSP'B5>B2CA
O3452%3 car(. C-rrently, the only material mo(el that &-pport& mapping of element hi&to#
ry ten&or (ata i& .aterial 1$.
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". Bf BO'TJO i& &et, correct mapping 9etween non#matching me&he& i& invo7e( for the (irec#
tion& of orthotropic material&. 2 li&t of appropriate val-e& for &everal material& i& given here)

# BO'TJO .=S. 1) material& 2%, 122, 1"7, 2%!
# BO'TJO .=S. %) material& 22, %%, %0, 1%%, 1/, 2%%, 2!%
# BO'TJO .=S. !) material "
# BO'TJO .=S. 0) material& "/, 1$!, 1"/
# BO'TJO .=S. /) material& "!, ""
# BO'TJO .=S. ) material %
# BO'TJO .=S. 1$) material /2
# BO'TJO .=S. 1%) material& 2, /0, 1$%
0. Sometime& (-ring mapping the two me&he& C&tamp me&h an( cra&h me&hD (oe& not fit exact#
ly an( therefore not all element& of the new me&h get re&-lt& from the ol( me&h. Bnformation
a9o-t the total n-m9er of cra&h element& which are F are not mappe( i& given in the me&&age
file. By (efa-lt CP='C=L=]$D, the calc-lation contin-e& even with Iero n-m9er of mappe(
element&. ,ith P='C=L=@$ the percentage of minim-m n-m9er of element& can 9e (e#
fine(, which have to 9e mappe(. Bf a percentage le&& than P='C=L= i& mappe(, calc-lation
&top& with an error termination.
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ÌNCLUDE_COMPENSATION ÌNCLUDE
LS-DYNA R7.0 22#1% CB5CL83=D
ÌNCLUDE_COMPENSATION_POPTIONQ
P-rpo&e) Thi& gro-p of 7eywor(& allow for the incl-&ion of &tamping (ie geometry information for
&pring9ac7 compen&ation. Bn a((ition, trim c-rve& from the target geometry can 9e incl-(e( for
mapping onto the interme(iate compen&ate( tool geometry, which can 9e -&e( for the next compen#
&ation iteration. +-rthermore, compen&ation can 9e (one for a localiIe( tool region. The&e 7eywor(&
m-&t 9e -&e( together with NB5T='+2C=OCO.P=5S2TBO5O5=,.
Option& availa9le incl-(e)
BLANK_BEFORE_SPRINGBACK
BLANK_AFTER_SPRINGBACK
DESIRED_BLANK_SHAPE
COMPENSATED_SHAPE
CURRENT_TOOLS
TRIM_CURVE
CURVE
ORIGINAL_DYNAIN
SPRINGBACK_INPUT
COMPENSATED_SHAPE_NEXT_STEP
SYMMETRIC_LINES
ORIGINAL_RIGID_TOOL
NEW_RIGID_TOOL

For option blank_BEFORE_SPRINGBACK:
Car( 1 1
Maria9le +BL=52.=
Type C
3efa-lt .F9lan7$.tmp

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ÌNCLUDE ÌNCLUDE_COMPENSATION
22#1! CB5CL83=D LS-DYNA R7.0
For option blank_AFTER_SPRINGBACK:
Car( 1 1
Maria9le +BL=52.=
Type C
3efa-lt .F&p97.tmp

For option DESIRED_blank_SHAPE:
Car( 1 1
Maria9le +BL=52.=
Type C
3efa-lt .Freference$.(at

For option COMPENSATED_SHAPE:
Car( 1 1
Maria9le +BL=52.=
Type C
3efa-lt .Freference1.(at

For option CURRENT_TOOLS:
Car( 1 1
Maria9le +BL=52.=
Type C
3efa-lt .Frigi(.tmp

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LS-DYNA R7.0 22#1" CB5CL83=D
For options TRIM_CURVE, CURVE, ORIGINAL_DYNAIN, SPRINGBACK_INPUT,
COMPENSATED_SHAPE_NEXT_STEP, ORIGINAL_RIGID_TOOL, and NEW_RIGID
_TOOL
Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le +BL=52.=
Type C
3efa-lt none

For option SYMMETRIC_LINES:
Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le S4.B3 S4.L4 L$ 4$
Type B B + +
3efa-lt 1 none $.$ $.$

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+BL=52.=
+or option&)
BL25AOB=+O'=OSP'B5>B2CA,
BL25AO2+T='OSP'B5>B2CA,
3=SB'=3OBL25AOSJ2P=,
CO.P=5S2T=3OSJ2P=,
C8''=5TOTOOLS,
CO.P=5S2T=3OSJ2P=O5=LTOST=P,
Bnp-t the name of the 7eywor( file& containing no(e& an( element& infor#
mation, with a(aptive con&traint& if exi&t. C-rrently all 9lan7& m-&t have
the &ame n-m9er& of no(e& an( element&.
+or option O'B>B52LO3452B5, inp-t the (ynain file name from LS#
3452 &im-lation Cfor example, trimme( panel from BT='$ 9a&eline &im-#
lationD which contain& mo(el information, a(aptive con&traint&, &tre&& an(
&train ten&or information. Thi& 7eywor( i& to 9e -&e( in conH-nction with
NB5T='+2C=OCO.P=5S2TBO5O5=,O2CC=L2TO'.
+or option SP'B5>B2CAOB5P8T, give the file name of &pring9ac7 &im-#
lation inp-t (ec7 for the 9a&eline BT='$ &im-lation. Thi& 7eywor( i& to 9e
-&e( in conH-nction with NB5T='+2C=OCO.P=5S2TBO5O5=,
O2CC=L2TO'.
+or option T'B.OC8'M=, inp-t the name of the 7eywor( file containing
L, 4, K coor(inate& a& (efine( -&ing 7eywor( N3=+B5=OC8'M=OT'B.
O%3.
+or option C8'M=, inp-t the name of the 7eywor( file containing L, 4, K
coor(inate& of two c-rve& (efining the compen&ation Ione, -&ing 7eywor(&)
N3=+B5=OC8'M=OCO.P=5S2TBO5OB=>B5, an(, N3=+B5=OC8'M=
OCO.P=5S2TBO5O=53.
+or option& O'B>B52LO'B>B3OTOOL an( 5=,O'B>B3OTOOL, inp-t
the file name& of the 7eywor( file containing me&he& of the rigi( tool&.
S4.B3
B3 of the &ymmetric con(ition 9eing (efine(.
S4.L4
Co(e (efining &ymmetric 9o-n(ary con(ition&)
=S.1) &ymmetric a9o-t 4#axi&.
=S.2) &ymmetric a9o-t L#axi&.
L$, 4$
Coor(inate& of a point on the &ymmetric plane.
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Remarks:
1. Thi& gro-p of 7eywor(& i& -&e( in conH-nction with NB5T='+2C=OCO.P=5S2TBO5
O5=,, to compen&ate &tamping tool &hape& for &pring9ac7 with an iterative metho(. The
metho( approache& the final target (e&ign intent from two oppo&ite (irection& from iteration to
iteration. 2 typical &-cce&&f-l compen&ation re;-ire& a9o-t %m! iteration&. 2 complete 7ey#
wor( inp-t example i& &hown 9elow.
2. ,hen the option BL25AOB=+O'=OSP'B5>B2CA i& -&e(, the incl-(e( file i& the n(ynainV
file H-&t 9efore &pring9ac7 pre(iction. +or the fir&t iteration, it might 9e the &ame a& refer#
ence$.(at. Bt can al&o 9e the me&h after coar&ening an( 9efore &pring9ac7.
,hen the option BL25AO2+T='OSP'B5B2CA i& -&e(, the incl-(e( file i& the n(ynainV file
H-&t after &pring9ac7 pre(iction.
,hen the option 3=SB'=3OBL25AOSJ2P= i& -&e(, the incl-(e( file i& the n(ynainV file af#
ter trimming in the fir&t iteration.
,hen the option CO.P=5S2T=3OSJ2P= i& -&e(, the incl-(e( file i& the n(ynainV file. +or
the fir&t iteration, it i& the &ame a& reference$.(atE an( for the following iteration&, thi& file i&
o9taine( from the n(i&p.tmpV which i& generate( a& an o-tp-t file (-ring the previo-& compen#
&ation iteration.
,hen the option C8''=5TOTOOLS i& -&e(, the incl-(e( file i& the file containing the tool
me&h. The tool me&h after each forming &im-lation. The (raw 9ea( no(e& have to 9e incl-(e(
in thi& file &o that they will 9e mo(ifie( with the rigi( tool&. Bf the file i& name( rigi($.tmp the
element& of the tool& get refine( along the o-tline of the part.
%. ,hen the optionOT'B.OC8'M= i& -&e(, trim c-rve& off the c-rrent tool& are mappe( onto the
compen&ate( tool& in the next iteration, which can 9e -&e( to trim the (rawn panel in the next
iteration. Bn a((ition, the&e mappe( trim c-rve& can 9e -&e( for (ie (evelopment on the com#
pen&ate( tool& an( for la&er trimming of &tampe( panel&. LS#PrePo&t Cpage2Fc-rveD can 9e -&e(
to convert B>=S file of the trim c-rve& to format Can( vice ver&aD -&e( in thi& 7eywor(.
Bn the example &hown 9elow, the file name for thi& option i& trim/ur+es#>. The format i& in
X.xyIY format, writa9le in LS#PrePo&t page 2Fc-rve.
!. ,hen the optionOC8'M= i& -&e(, it allow& for (ie face compen&ation of a local region in
&tamping (ie&. Thi& 7eywor( i& -&e( in conH-nction with two more 7eywor(& (efining two en#
clo&e( c-rve& that form the compen&ation Ione in po&ition coor(inate& L, 4, K)
N3=+B5=OC8'M=OCO.P=5S2TBO5OB=>B5, N3=+B5=OC8'M=OCO.P=5S2TBO5
O=53.
3etaile( -&age of the&e two 7eywor(& i& availa9le in the relate( man-al page&.
Bn a complete 7eywor( example &hown 9elow, the file name for thi& option i& /ur+es#> contain#
ing the&e two 7eywor(&. The format i& in X.xyIY format, writa9le in LS#PrePo&t page 2Fc-rve.
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22#1/ CB5CL83=D LS-DYNA R7.0
2 (etaile( explanation of each 7eywor( i& given in man-al page& relate( to NB5T='+2C=
OCO.P=5S2TBO5O5=,.
*$EYORD
$'''G''''1''''G''''2''''G''''3''''G''''4''''G''''5''''G''''6''''G''''7''''G''
$ MET,OD SL S! ELRE! PSID )NDR#T ANGLE NLINEAR
8 1".""" 1.""" " 1 " "." 1
F210Q".Q
</FQ.Q
7-5-7-06-".Q
7-5-7-06-1.Q
3oo2<.Q
*IN#L)DE_#OMPENSATION_TRIM_#)R%E
37:>6879-<.Q
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
$ !o7 6o>/-0<13:o0 o5 1 2o612:B- 7-=:o0 o024H 1;; 3C- 5o22oL:0= Q-4Lo7;D
6879-<.Q
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
*SET_PART_LIST
$ PSID
1
$ PID
3
$'''G''''1''''G''''2''''G''''3''''G''''4''''G''''5''''G''''6''''G''''7''''G''
*END
". The option O'B>B52LO3452B5 an( SP'B5>B2CAOB5P8T are -&e( together with 7ey#
wor( NB5T='+2C=OCO.P=5S2TBO5O5=,O2CC=L2TO', for a &pring9ac7 compen&a#
tion with a fa&ter convergence rate an( a &implifie( -&er interface. +or (etaile( -&age, plea&e
refer to man-al page& -n(er NB5T='+2C=OCO.P=5STBO5OPOPTIONQ. Jere a complete
7eywor( inp-t i& provi(e()
*$EYORD
*INTER!A#E_#OMPENSATION_NE_A##ELATOR
$ ISTEPS TOL* TOLY TOL+ OPTION
3 ".2" ".2" ".2 1
*IN#L)DE_#OMPENSATION_ORIGINAL_DYNAIN
.N61<-2"37:>>-;.;401:0
*IN#L)DE_#OMPENSATION_SPRINGBA#$_INP)T
.N</FQ.;40
*END
0. The option CO.P=5S2T=3OSJ2P=O5=LTOST=P ena9le& compen&ation of tool& for the
next (ie proce&&. Bt i& -&e( in conH-nction with 7eywor( NB5T='+2C=OCO.P=5S2TBO5
O5=,O.8LTBOST=PS, which i& (i&c-&&e( in the corre&pon(ing man-al page&. Jere a com#
plete inp-t (ec7 i& given 9elow)
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*$EYORD
*INTER!A#E_#OMPENSATION_NE_M)LTI_STEPS
$'''G''''1''''G''''2''''G''''3''''G''''4''''G''''5''''G''''6''''G''''7''''G''''8
8 6.""" 1."" 1 1 " " 1
7-5-7-06-".3>/
*IN#L)DE_#OMPENSATION_#OMPENSATED_S,APE_NE*T_STEP
R-5-7-06-1_5210=:0=.3>/
7:=:;.3>/
*SET_PART_LIST
$ PSID
1
$ PID
2
*END
7. The option S4..T'BCOLB5=S applie& to compen&ation .etho( 7 an( /, a& (i&c-&&e( in
NB5T='+2C=OCO.P=5S2TBO5O5=,. Bn a complete 7eywor( inp-t example 9elow, part
&et B3 1 i& 9eing compen&ate( with &ymmetric 9o-n(ary con(ition a9o-t L#axi&. The &ymmet#
ric plane pa&&e& a point with coor(inate& of x]1$1.", an( y] $.$.
*$EYORD
$'''G''''1''''G''''2''''G''''3''''G''''4''''G''''5''''G''''6''''G''''7''''G''''8
$*INTER!A#E_#OMPENSATION_NE
$ M-3Co;.8 6C10=-< 3C- F:0;-7E M-3Co;.7 F:0;-7NP.O. 0o 6C10=-<.
7 1".""" 1.""" 2 1 1 "." 1
.N<313-1.Q
.N<313-2.Q
.N<313-1.Q
.N<313-1.Q
.N6877-033oo2<.Q
*IN#L)DE_#OMPENSATION_SYMMETRI#_LINES
$ SYMID SYM*Y *" Y"
1 2 1"1.5 "."
$ SYM*Y.2D <4>>-37:6 1Fo83 *'1A:<
*SET_PART_LIST
$ PSID
1
$ PID
1
*END
/. The option& O'B>B52LO'B>B3OTOOL an( 5=,O'B>B3OTOOL are -&e( together with
NB5T='+2C=OCO.P=5S2TBO5O5=,OLOC2LOS.OOTJ, an( NS=TO5O3=OLBST
OS.OOTJ, to &mooth local area& of (i&torte( me&he& of a tooling &-rface. 3etail& can 9e
fo-n( in man-al page& for NB5T='+2C=OCO.P=5S2TBO5O5=,OLOC2LOS.OOTJ.
. The option T'B.OC8'M= i& availa9le in LS#3452 '" 'evi&ion 0$%/ an( later relea&e&.
The option& O'B>B52LO3452B5, an( SP'B5>B2CAOB5P8T are availa9le in '" 'evi&ion
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22#2$ CB5CL83=D LS-DYNA R7.0
0120! an( later relea&e&. The option CO.P=5S2T=3OSJ2P=O5=LTOST=P i& availa9le in
'" 'evi&ion 01!$0 an( later relea&e&. The option C8'M= i& availa9le in LS#3452 '" 'evi#
&ion 02$%/ an( later relea&e&. The option S4..=T'BCOLB5=S i& availa9le in '" 'evi&ion
0%01/ an( later relea&e&. The option& of O'B>B52LO'B>B3OTOOL an( 5=,O'B>B3OTOOL
are availa9le in '0 'evi&ion 7%/"$ an( later relea&e&
.
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ÌNCLUDE_MULTISCALE_SPOTWELD ÌNCLUDE
ÌNCLUDE_MULTISCALE_SPOTWELD
P-rpo&e) To (efine a type of .8LTBSC2L= &potwel( to 9e -&e( for co-pling an( mo(eling &pot#
wel( fail-re..

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le T4P=
Type B
3efa-lt none

Car( 2 1
Maria9le +BL=52.=
Type C
3efa-lt none

T4P=
T4P= for thi& m-lti&cale &potwel(. Thi& type i& -&e( in the 7eywor(
N3=+B5=OSPOT,=L3O.8LTBSC2L=. 2ny -ni;-e integer will (o.
+BL=52.=
5ame of file from which to rea( the &potwel( (efinition.
Remarks:
Thi& capa9ility i& only availa9le in the .PP ver&ion of LS#3452.
.-lti&cale &potwel(& are (e&igne( to allow the -&er to create their own (etaile( mo(el of what a
&potwel( &ho-l( loo7 li7e, an( -&e that mo(el to comp-te the fail-re of vario-& act-al &potwel(& in a
&im-lation. They are in &ome re&pect& &imilar to the Xhex &potwel( a&&em9lie&,Y only more general
in term& of their geometry. Beca-&e they will 9e r-n in a &eparate proce&&, they can r-n at a m-ch
&maller time&tep witho-t &lowing (own the re&t of the &im-lation. 2 9rief o-tline of their -&e loo7&
li7e thi&)
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ÌNCLUDE ÌNCLUDE_MULTISCALE_SPOTWELD
The -&er create& one Cor moreD (etaile( mo(el& of their &potwel(&, an( incl-(e& the&e (efini#
tion& into their mo(el via the 7eywor( NB5CL83=O.8LTBSC2L=OSPOT,=L3
The -&er in(icate& which 9eam Cor hex a&&em9lyD &potwel(& &ho-l( 9e co-ple( to the&e mo(#
el& via the 7eywor( N3=+B5=OSPOT,=L3O.8LTBSC2L=
,hen .PP#3452 i& &tarte(, a &pecial C.PB (epen(entD invocation i& re;-ire( in or(er to
r-n in a Xm-ltiple programY mo(e. =ffectively, two &eparate in&tance& of .PP#3452 are
&tarte( together, one to r-n the f-ll mo(el an( a &eparate in&tance to r-n the &potwel(&.
2& the mater proce&& r-n&, each cycle it comm-nicate& to the &lave proce&& (eformation in#
formation for the area &-rro-n(ing each co-ple( &potwel(. The &lave proce&& impo&e& thi&
(eformation on the (etaile( &potwel(&, comp-te& a fail-re flag for each, an( comm-nicate&
thi& 9ac7 to the ma&ter proce&&.
The co-ple( &potwel(& in the ma&ter proce&& have their fail-re (etermine( &olely 9y the&e
fail-re flag&.
The file incl-(e( via NB5CL83=O.8LTBSC2L=OSPOT,=L3 &ho-l( contain one generic in#
&tance of a (etaile( &potwel(. +or each co-ple( &potwel( in the main mo(el, a &pecific in&tance of
thi& &potwel( will 9e generate( which i& tran&late(, rotate(, an( &cale( to match the &potwel( to
which it i& co-ple(. Bn thi& way, many &potwel(& can 9e co-ple( with only a &ingle NB5CL83=
O.8LTBSC2L=OSPOT,=L3. The incl-(e( file &ho-l( contain everything re;-ire( to (efine the
&potwel(, &-ch a& N.2T an( NP2'T (efinition&, any re;-ire( N3=+B5=OC8'M=&, etc., a& well a&
N5O3= an( N=L=.=5T (efinition&. Bn or(er for the tran&lation an( &caling to wor7 properly, there
are &ome a&&-mption& ma(e a9o-t the &potwel( mo(el)
Bt &ho-l( con&i&t only of &oli( element&
The K axi& of the fine mo(el will 9e aligne( with the co-ple( &potwel( in the main mo(el,
with I]$ an( I]1 at the two en(& of the &potwel(.
The cro&& &ectional area of the &potwel( in the L4 plane &ho-l( 9e 1.
That portion of the XtopY an( X9ottomY of the &potwel( that &ho-l( 9e co-ple( to the main
mo(el nee( to 9e &pecifie( together in a &ingle NS=TO5O3=OLBST
One NBO8532'4OCO8PL=3 car( nee(& to 9e given, referencing the NS=TO5O3=OLBST
of the 9o-n(ary no(e&, a co-pling type of 2, an( a co-pling program of 1.
NB5CL83= car(& in&i(e the &potwel( inp-t are not &-pporte(.
+ail-re of the fine mo(el i& (etermine( topologically, a& follow&. 2ny element of the &potwel( hav#
ing all fo-r no(e& of one of it& face& 9elonging to the NS=TO5O3=OLBST of tie( no(e& i& cla&&ifie(
a& a Xtie(Y element. The Xtie(Y element& are partitione( into two (i&Hoint &et&, the XtopY an( X9ot#
tomY of the &potwel(. ,hen there i& no longer a complete path from any XtopY to any X9ottomY ele#
ment Cwhere a XpathY pa&&e& thro-gh non#faile( element& that &hare a common faceD, then the &pot#
wel( ha& faile(. 5ote that thi& place& &ome re&triction& on the NS=TO5O3=OLBST an( element ge#
ometry, namely that &ome Xtie(Y element& exi&t, an( the &et of Xtie(Y element& con&i&t& of exactly
two (i&Hoint &-9&et&.
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ÌNCLUDE_MULTISCALE_SPOTWELD ÌNCLUDE
LS-DYNA R7.0 22#2% CB5CL83=D
The (etail& of la-nching a m-lti#program .PB program are in&tallation (epen(ent. B-t the i(ea 9e#
hin( act-ally r-nning &-ch a co-ple( mo(el i& that yo- want to r-n one &et of .PB ran7& a& if yo-
were r-nning a normal .PP#3452 Ho9, &-ch a&)
mpir-n Wnp ! mpp(yna i]inp-t.7 memory]2$$m p]pfile
an( a &econ( &et with H-&t the comman( line arg-ment X&laveY Cno inp-t fileD)
mpir-n Wnp ! mpp(yna &lave memory]1$$m p]pfile
The main in&tance 7now& to loo7 for the &lave C9eca-&e of the pre&ence of the NB5CL83=
O.8LTBSC2L=OSPOT,=L3 car(D, an( will r-n the main mo(el. The X&laveY in&tance will r-n all
the (etaile( &potwel( mo(el&. 3-e to the nat-re of the co-pling, the main mo(el cannot progre&&
when the (etaile( &potwel(& are 9eing proce&&e(, nor can the (etaile( &potwel(& r-n while the main
mo(el i& 9eing comp-te(. +rom a proce&&or efficiency &tan(point, it therefore ma7e& &en&e to r-n a&
many &lave proce&&e& a& ma&ter proce&&e&, an( r-n them on the &ame CP8&, &o that each proce&&ing
core ha& one &lave an( one ma&ter proce&& r-nning on it. B-t yo- (onVt have to W the proce&&e& are
in(epen(ent an( yo- can have any n-m9er of either.
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ÌNCLUDE ÌNCLUDE_TRIM
22#2! CB5CL83=D LS-DYNA R7.0
ÌNCLUDE_TRIM
P-rpo&e) Thi& 7eywor( i& (evelope( to re(-ce memory re;-irement& an( CP8 time (-ring trim#
ming in &heet metal forming.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le +BL=52.=
Type C

+BL=52.=
+ile name of the part to 9e trimme(.
Remarks:
1. ,hen optionOT'B. i& -&e(, the name of the file &ho-l( 9e incl-(e( in a -&-al LS#3452 in#
p-t file for trimming. +or example, a (rawn panel from previo-& &im-lation can 9e incl-(e( in
a c-rrent trim inp-t file a& follow&,
NB5CL83=OT'B.
3rawnpanel.(ynain
5o optional car(& are nece&&ary.
2. 'eferring to the ta9le 9elow Cpart& co-rte&y of +or( .otor CompanyD, the new T'B. option
re(-ce& memory re;-irement for trimming 9y more than "$b. Level& of CP8 time re(-ction&
vary, in &ome ca&e& more than "$b.
%. Thi& feat-re i& availa9le in LS#3452 '" 'evi&ion 022$7 or later relea&e&, where the o-tp-t of
&train ten&or& for the &hell& i& incl-(e(. Prior 'evi&ion& (o not incl-(e &train ten&or& for the
&hell&.

'oof
Joo(
Bnr
B#Plr +en(er
BS2
Otr
3oor
Otr
,heel
Jo-&e
C2 in 1D
Box&i(e
Otr
^=lement !1$/1$ 1$21171 %"1$$7 1/%0 %/$// %1"""0 2017$2 1$/%0
CP8
Col(FnewD
7m20&F
!m
1$m2$&F
m1/&
%m11&F
2m"0&
2m0&F
1m22&
"m!"&F
!m"!&
!m27&F
%m%"&
2m"2&F
2m%$&
27m%1&F
1%m"&
.emory
C.,D
Col(FnewD
2/2F
112
010F
%/%
221F
117
11F
"$
2%%F
1%$
217F
11!
1"7F
7"
11"$F
"%
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ÌNITIAL
LS-DYNA R7.0 2%#1 CB5BTB2LD
ÌNITIAL
The 7eywor( NB5BTB2L provi(e& a way of initialiIing velocitie& an( (etonation point&. The 7ey#
wor( control car(& in thi& &ection are (efine( in alpha9etical or(er)
ÌNITIAL_AIRBAG_PARTICLE_POSITION
ÌNITIAL_ALE_MAPPING
ÌNITIAL_AXIAL_FORCE_BEAM
ÌNITIAL_DETONATION
ÌNITIAL_FOAM_REFERENCE_GEOMETRY
ÌNITIAL_GAS_MIXTURE
ÌNITIAL_INTERNAL_DOF_SOLID_{OPTION}
ÌNITIAL_MOMENTUM
ÌNITIAL_PWP_DEPTH
ÌNITIAL_STRAIN_SHELL_{OPTION}
ÌNITIAL_STRAIN_SOLID_{OPTION}
ÌNITIAL_STRESS_BEAM
ÌNITIAL_STRESS_DEPTH
ÌNITIAL_STRESS_SECTION
ÌNITIAL_STRESS_SHELL_POPTIONQ
ÌNITIAL_STRESS_SOLID
ÌNITIAL_STRESS_TSHELL
ÌNITIAL_TEMPERATUREOPOPTION}
ÌNITIAL_VEHICLE_KINEMATICS
Two m-t-ally excl-&ive metho(& are availa9le for initial velocity generation)
ÌNITIAL_VELOCITY
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ÌNITIAL
2%#2 CB5BTB2LD LS-DYNA R7.0
ÌNITIAL_VELOCITY_NODE
ÌNITIAL_VELOCITY_RIGID_BODY
` INITIAL_VELOCITY_GENERATION
an()
ÌNITIAL_VELOCITY_GENERATION_START_TIME
The latter i& convenient for &pecifying initial rotational velocitie& a9o-t ar9itrary axe&. The&e meth#
o(& for velocity generation m-&t not 9e mixe( in a &ingle inp-t (ec7.
ÌNITIAL_VOID_{OPTION}
ÌNITIAL_VOLUME_FRACTION
ÌNITIAL_VOLUME_FRACTION_GEOMETRY
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ÌNITIAL_AIRBAG_PARTICLE_POSITION ÌNITIAL
LS-DYNA R7.0 2%#% CB5BTB2LD
ÌNITIAL_AIRBAG_PARTICLE_POSITION
P-rpo&e) Thi& car( initialiIe& the po&ition of CP. initial air particle to the location &pecifie(. Bf the
n-m9er of coor(inate& given i& le&& than the n-m9er of initial air particle&, the coor(inate& will 9e
re-&e( an( the particle may &hare the &ame location at the 9eginning of the &im-lation.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le BagOB3
Type B
3efa-lt none

Car( +ormat C/x,%e10.$D
Car(
2R.n 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le L 4 K
Type /x + + +
3efa-lt

BagOB3
2ir9ag B3 (efine( in N2B'B2>OP2'TBCL=OB3 car(
L
L coor(inate
4
4 coor(inate
K
K coor(inate
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ÌNITIAL ÌNITIAL_ALE_MAPPING
2%#! CB5BTB2LD LS-DYNA R7.0
ÌNITIAL_ALE_MAPPING
P-rpo&e) Thi& car( initialiIe& the c-rrent 2L= r-n with (ata from the la&t cycle of a previo-& 2L=
r-n. 3ata are rea( from a mapping file calle( 9y the prompt Xmap]Y on the comman( line C&ee re#
mar7& ! an( "D. To map (ata hi&torie& Cnot H-&t the la&t cycleD to a region of &electe( element& Cnot all
the 2L= (omainD &ee NBO8532'4O2L=O.2PPB5>.
There are (ifferent mapping&)
# 13 to 23
# 13 to %3
# 23 to 23
# 23 to %3
# %3 to %3
# %3 to 23
Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le PB3 T4P 2..SB3
Type B B B

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le LO 4O KO M=CB3 25>L=
Type + + + B +
3efa-lt $.$ $.$ $.$ none none

PB3
Part B3 or part &et B3.
T4P
Type of XPB3Y C&ee remar7 1D)
2..SB3
Set B3 of 2L= m-lti#material gro-p& (efine( in NS=TO.8LTB#
.2T='B2LO>'O8P. See remar7 1.
LO
Origin po&ition in glo9al L#(irection. See remar7& 2 an( 7.
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ÌNITIAL_ALE_MAPPING ÌNITIAL
LS-DYNA R7.0 2%#" CB5BTB2LD
4O
Origin po&ition in glo9al 4#(irection. See remar7& 2 an( 7.
KO
Origin po&ition in glo9al K#(irection See remar7& 2 an( 7.
M=CB3
B3 of the &ymmetric axi& (efine( 9y N3=+B5=OM=CTO'. See remar7& %
an( 7.
25>L=
2ngle of rotation aro-n( an axi& (efine( 9y N3=+B5=OM=CTO' for the
%3 to %3 mapping. See remar7 0.
Remarks:
1. The ro-tine& of thi& car( nee( to 7now which me&h will 9e initialiIe( with the mapping (ata
an( more &pecifically which m-lti#material gro-p&. The fir&t 2 parameter& CPB3 an( T4PD
(efine& the me&h an( the thir( one C2..SB3D call& the NS=TO.8LTB#.2T='B2L
O>'O8POLBST car(. Thi& car( will (efine a li&t of material gro-p& in the c-rrent r-n. The
ran7 in thi& li&t &ho-l( match the ran7 of the m-lti#material gro-p& from the previo-& r-n Ca&
a remin(er the ran7& of m-lti#material gro-p& are (efine( 9y N2L=O.8LTB#.2T='B2L
O>'O8PD. LetV& ta7e an example. +or in&tance if the previo-& mo(el ha& % gro-p&, the c-r#
rent one ha& " gro-p& an( the following mapping i& wante()
# The 1
&t
gro-p from the previo-& r-n i& mappe( on the %
r(
# The 2
n(
gro-p from the previo-& r-n i& mappe( on the "
th
# The %
r(
gro-p from the previo-& r-n i& mappe( on the !
th
The NS=TO.8LTB#.2T='B2LO>'O8POLBST car( &ho-l( 9e &et a& follow&)
%$$
%,",!

Bn &pecial ca&e&, a gro-p can 9e replace( 9y another. Bf the gro-p ! in the previo-& example
&ho-l( 9e replace( 9y the gro-p %, the 7eywor( &et-p wo-l( 9e mo(ifie( to have #% in&tea(
of !)
%$$
%,",#%

2. The (ata can 9e mappe( in (ifferent part& of the me&h 9y (efining the origin of the coor(i#
nate &y&tem CLO,4O,KOD.
%. +or a mapping 9etween a 23 axi&ymmetric mo(el an( a %3 r-n the &ymmetric axi& orienta#
tion in the %3 mo(el nee(& to 9e (efine(. +or a mapping from 13 or 23 to 23 the vector i&
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ÌNITIAL ÌNITIAL_ALE_MAPPING
2%#0 CB5BTB2LD LS-DYNA R7.0
not -&e( 9-t N3=+B5=OM=CTO' i& &till rea(. +or a %3 to %3 mapping the vector i& -&e( if
the parameter 25>L= i& (efine( C&ee 'emar7 0D.
!. To create the mapping file) only the prompt Xmap]Y i& nece&&ary. Bf the 7eywor( B5BTB2L
O2L=O.2PPB5> i& not in the inp-t (ec7 an( the prompt Xmap]Y i& in the comman( line,
the 2L= (ata of the la&t cycle are written in the mapping file.
". To ma7e &everal &-cce&&ive mapping) the prompt Xmap1]Y i& nece&&ary. Bf the 7eywor( B5B#
TB2LO2L=O.2PPB5> i& in the inp-t (ec7 an( the prompt Xmap]Y i& in the comman( line,
the 2L= (ata are rea( from the mapping file (efine( 9y Xmap]Y to initialiIe the r-n. 3ata of
the la&t cycle are written in the mapping file (efine( 9y Xmap1]Y.
0. +or a mapping from a previo-& %3 r-n to a c-rrent %3 mo(el, the parameter 25>L= allow&
to rotate the previo-& %3 (omain aro-n( an axi& i(entifie( 9y M=CB3 an( (efine( 9y
N3=+B5=OM=CTO'.
7. The (efinition& of L$, 4$, K$ an( M=CB3 change in the ca&e of the following mapping&)
# plain &train 23 Celform]1% in NS=CTBO5O2L=23D to plain &train 23
# plain &train 23 to %3
# %3 to 23
M=CB3 &till (efine& the y#axi& in the 23 (omain. The % fir&t parameter& in N3=+B5=
OM=CTO' (efine& the location of the origin. The % la&t parameter& (efine& a po&ition along
the y#axi&. L$, 4$, K$ are the coor(inate of a point on the 23 &ection.
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ÌNITIAL_AXIAL_FORCE_BEAM ÌNITIAL
ÌNITIAL_AXIAL_FORCE_BEAM
P-rpo&e) BnitialiIe the axial force re&-ltant& in 9eam element& that are -&e( to mo(el 9olt&. Thi& op#
tion wor7& with N.2TOSPOT,=L3 with 9eam type , a J-ghe&#Li- type 9eam.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le BSB3 LCB3 SC2L=
Type B B +
3efa-lt none none 1.$

BSB3
Beam &et B3.
LCB3
Loa( c-rve B3 (efining preloa( force ver&-& time. ,hen the loa( c-rve
en(& or goe& to Iero, the initialiIation i& a&&-me( to 9e complete(. See re#
mar7 2 9elow.
SC2L=
Scale factor on loa( c-rve.
Remarks:
1. To achieve convergence (-ring explicit (ynamic relaxation, the application of the (amping
option& i& very important. Bf contact i& active, contact (amping i& recommen(e( with a val-e
9etween 1$#2$ percent. 2((itional (amping, via the option 32.PB5>OP2'T
OSTB++5=SS al&o &pee(& convergence where a coefficient of $.1$ i& effective. Bf (amping
i& not -&e(, convergence may not 9e po&&i9le.
2. ,hen (efining the loa( c-rve, LCB3, a ramp &tarting at the origin &ho-l( 9e -&e( to increa&e
the force to the (e&ire( val-e. The time (-ration of the ramp &ho-l( pro(-ce a ;-a&i
&tatic re&pon&e. ,hen the en( of the loa( c-rve i& reache(, or when the val-e of the
loa( (ecrea&e& from it& maxim-m val-e, the initialiIation &top&. Bf the loa( c-rve 9egin& at
the (e&ire( force val-e, i.e., no ramp, convergence will ta7e m-ch longer, &ince the imp-l&ive
li7e loa( create( 9y the initial force can excite nearly every fre;-ency in the &tr-ct-ral &y&#
tem where force i& initialiIe(.
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ÌNITIAL ÌNITIAL_DETONATION

2%#/ CB5BTB2LD LS#3452 Mer&ion 71
ÌNITIAL_DETONATION
P-rpo&e) 3efine point& to initiate the location of high explo&ive (etonation& in part B3V& which -&e
the material Ctype /D N.2TOJB>JO=LPLOSBM=OB8'5. 2l&o &ee NCO5T'OLO=LPLOSBM=
OSJ23O,.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le PB3 L 4 K LT
Type B + + + +
3efa-lt all J= $. $. $. $,

Optional card required if and only if PID-1.
Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le P=2A 3=C24 LS 4S KS 5B3
Type + + + + + B
'emar7 1 1

PB3
Part B3 of high explo&ive material to 9e lit, &ee NP2'T. Jowever, two
other option& are availa9le)
=S.#1) an aco-&tic 9o-n(ary, al&o, NBO8532'4O8S2OS8'+2C=,
=S.$) all high explo&ive material& are con&i(ere(.
L
x#coor(inate of (etonation point, &ee +ig-re 2%#1.
4
y#coor(inate of (etonation point.
K
I#coor(inate of (etonation point.
LT
Lighting time for (etonation point. Thi& time i& ignore( for an aco-&tic
9o-n(ary.
P=2A
Pea7 pre&&-re, p
o
, of inci(ent pre&&-re p-l&e, &ee remar7 9elow.
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ÌNITIAL_DETONATION ÌNITIAL

LS-DYNA R7.0 2%# CB5BTB2LD
3=C24
3ecay con&tant,
LS
x#coor(inate of &tan(off point, &ee +ig-re 2%#1.
4S
y#coor(inate of &tan(off point
KS
I#coor(inate of &tan(off point
5B3
'eference no(e B3 near &tr-ct-re
Remarks:
+or &oli( element& Cnot aco-&ticD two option& are availa9le. Bf the control car( option, NCO5T'OL
O=LPLOSBM=OSJ23O,, i& not -&e( the lighting time for an explo&ive element i& comp-te( -&ing
the (i&tance from the center of the element to the neare&t (etonation point, I
d
E the (etonation veloci#
ty, E an( the lighting time for the (etonator, t
d
)
t
L
= t
d
+
I
d

The (etonation velocity for thi& (efa-lt option i& ta7en from the element who&e lighting time i& com#
p-te( an( (oe& not acco-nt for the po&&i9ilitie& that the (etonation wave may travel thro-gh other
explo&ive& with (ifferent (etonation velocitie& or that the line of &ight may pa&& o-t&i(e of the explo#
&ive material.
Bf the control car( option, NCO5T'OLO=LPLOSBM=OSJ23O,, i& (efine(, the lighting time i&
9a&e( on the &horte&t (i&tance thro-gh the explo&ive material. Bf inert o9&tacle& exi&t within the ex#
plo&ive material, the lighting time will acco-nt for the extra time re;-ire( for the (etonation wave to
travel aro-n( the o9&tacle&. The lighting time& al&o a-tomatically acco-nt& for variation& in the (et#
onation velocity if (ifferent explo&ive& are -&e(. 5o a((itional inp-t i& re;-ire( for thi& option 9-t
care m-&t 9e ta7en when &etting -p the inp-t. Thi& option wor7& for two an( three#(imen&ional &oli(
element&. Bt i& recommen(e( that for 9e&t re&-lt&)
1. Aeep the explo&ive me&h a& -niform a& po&&i9le with element& of ro-ghly the &ame (imen#
&ion&.
2. Bnert o9&tacle &-ch a& wave &haper& within the explo&ive m-&t 9e &omewhat larger than the
characteri&tic element (imen&ion for the a-tomatic trac7ing to f-nction properly. >enerally,
a factor of two &ho-l( &-ffice. The characteri&tic element (imen&ion i& fo-n( 9y chec7ing all
explo&ive element& for the large&t (iagonal.
%. The (etonation point& &ho-l( 9e either within or on the 9o-n(ary of the explo&ive. Off&et
point& may fail to initiate the explo&ive. ,hen LT i& nonIero, the (etonation point i& fixe( to
the explo&ive material at t]$ an( move& a& the explo&ive material move& prior to (etonation.
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ÌNITIAL ÌNITIAL_DETONATION

2%#1$ CB5BTB2LD LS#3452 Mer&ion 71
!. Chec7 the comp-te( lighting time& in the po&t proce&&or LS#P'=POST. The lighting time&
may 9e (i&playe( at time]$., &tate 1, 9y plotting component 7 Ca component normally re#
&erve( for pla&tic &trainD for the explo&ive material. The lighting time& are &tore( a& negative
n-m9er&. The negative lighting time i& replace( 9y the 9-rn fraction when the element ig#
nite&.
Line (etonation& may 9e approximate( 9y -&ing a &-fficient n-m9er of (etonation point& to (efine
the line. Too many (etonation point& may re&-lt in &ignificant initialiIation co&t.
The pre&&-re ver&-& time c-rve for the aco-&tic option i& (efine( 9y)
p(t) = p
o
c
-
.
3etonation point
2co-&tic me&h 9o-n(ary
i& treate( a& a tran&mitting
9o-n(ary.
Str-ct-re
Stan(off point
Pre&&-re profile at
&tan(off point
'eference no(e where pre&&-re
9egin& at t]$. Thi& no(e i& typically
one element away from the
&tr-ct-re.

+ig-re 2%#1. BnitialiIation of the initial pre&&-re& (-e to an explo&ive (i&t-r9ance i& performe( in
the aco-&tic me(ia. LS#3452 a-tomatically (etermine& the aco-&tic me&h 9o-n(a#
ry an( applie& the pre&&-re time hi&tory to the 9o-n(ary. Thi& option i& only applica#
9le to the aco-&tic element form-lation, &ee NS=CTBO5OSOLB3.
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ÌNITIAL_FIELD_SOLID ÌNITIAL
ÌNITIAL_FIELD_SOLID
P-rpo&e) Thi& 7eywor( i& a &implifie( ver&ion of NB5BTB2LOST'=SSOSOLB3 which can 9e -&e(
with hyperela&tic material&. The 7eywor( i& -&e( for hi&tory varia9le inp-t. 3ata i& -&-ally in the
form of the eigenval-e& of (iff-&ion ten&or (ata. The&e are expre&&e( in the glo9al coor(inate &y&#
tem. The inp-t (ec7 ta7e& the following parameter&)
5OT=) 2& of LS#3452 '". Thi& 7eywor( i& only applia9le together with `MAT_TISSUE
_DISPERSED C-&e the more general NB5BTB2LOST'=SSOSOLB3 for other material&D.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le =B3 5B5T 5JBSM
Type B B B
3efa-lt none none $

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le +L31 +L32 +L3% +L3! +L3" +L30 +L37 +L3/
Type + + + + + + + +
3efa-lt

=B3
=lement B3
5B5T
5-m9er of integration point& C&ho-l( corre&pon( to the &oli( element for#
m-lationD.
5JBSM
5-m9er of fiel( varia9le&. Bf 5JBSM excee(& the n-m9er of integration
point fiel( varia9le& re;-ire( 9y the con&tit-tive mo(el, only the n-m9er
re;-ire( i& o-tp-tE therefore, if in (o-9t, &et 5JBSM to a large n-m9er.
+L3n
3ata for the nth fiel( Chi&toryD varia9le. 5OT= that N.2TOTBSS8=
O3BSP='S=3 only -&e +L31 to +L3% &ince 5JBSM]%.
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ÌNITIAL ÌNITIAL_FIELD_SOLID
2%#12 CB5BTB2LD LS#3452 Mer&ion 71
Remarks:
2(( a& many car(& a& nece&&ary. The 7eywor( inp-t en(& when next 7eywor( appear& Cnext ND. +or
example for two element& it can loo7 a&)
*INITIAL_!IELD_SOLID
$EID NINT N,IS%
1 1 3
$!LD1 !LD2 !LD3
".1 ".8 ".1
$EID NINT N,IS%
2 1 3
$!LD1 !LD2 !LD3
".3 ".2 ".5
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ÌNITIAL_FOAM_REFERENCE_GEOMETRY ÌNITIAL
LS-DYNA R7.0 2%#1% CB5BTB2LD
ÌNITIAL_FOAM_REFERENCE_GEOMETRY
P-rpo&e) The reference config-ration allow& &tre&&e& to 9e initialiIe( in the following hyperela&tic
material mo(el&) 2, ", 7, 21, 2%, 27, %1, %/, "7, 7%, 77, /%, 1%2, 17, 1/1, 1/%, an( 1/. S-pporte(
&oli( element& are the con&tant &tre&& hexahe(ron C^1D, the f-lly integrate( SF' hexahe(ron C^2D, the
tetrahe(ron C^1$D, an( the pentahe(ron C^1"D.
To -&e thi& option, the geometry of the foam material i& (efine( in a (eforme( config-ration. The
&tre&&e& in the low (en&ity foam then (epen( only on the (eformation gra(ient matrix F
)
F
=
0x
i
0X
]

where x
i& the (eforme( config-ration an( X
i& the -n(eforme( config-ration. By -&ing thi& option,

(ynamic relaxation can 9e avoi(e( once a (eforme( config-ration i& o9taine( -&-ally on the fir&t r-n
of a partic-lar pro9lem.

Car( 1,... 1 2 % ! " 0 7 / 1$
Maria9le 5B3 L 4 K
Type B + + +
'emar7&

5B3
5o(e n-m9er
L
x coor(inate in reference config-ration
4
y coor(inate in reference config-ration
K
I coor(inate in reference config-ration D
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ÌNITIAL ÌNITIAL_GAS_MIXTURE
2%#1! CB5BTB2LD LS#3452 Mer&ion 71
ÌNITIAL_GAS_MIXTURE
P-rpo&e) Thi& comman( i& -&e( to &pecify CaD which 2L= m-lti#material gro-p& may 9e pre&ent in#
&i(e an 2L= me&h &et at time Iero, an( C9D the corre&pon(ing reference ga& temperat-re an( (en&ity
which (efine the initial thermo(ynamic &tate of the ga&e&. The or(er of the &pecie& in the ga& mix#
t-re corre&pon(& to the or(er of (ifferent ga& &pecie& (efine( in the a&&ociate( N.2TO>2S
O.BLT8'= car(. Thi& car( m-&t 9e -&e( together with a N.2TO>2SO.BLT8'= Cor e;-ivalent#
ly, a N.2TO2L=O>2SO.BLT8'=D car(.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le SB3 ST4P= ..>B3 T=.P
Type B B B +
3efa-lt none $ none none

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 'O1 'O2 'O% 'O! 'O" 'O0 'O7 'O/
Type + + + + + + + +
3efa-lt $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$

SB3
Set B3 for initialiIation. Thi& SB3 (efine& the 2L= me&h within which cer#
tain 2L= m-lti#material gro-pC&D may 9e pre&ent at t]$.
ST4P=
=S.$) SB3 i& a part &et B3
=S.1) SB3 i& a part B3
..>B3
2L= .-lti#material gro-p B3 of the material that may 9e pre&ent at t]$ in
the 2L= me&h &et (efine( 9y SB3.
T=.P
Bnitial &tatic temperat-re of the ga& &pecie& occ-pying the 2L= me&h. 5ote
that all &pecie& in the mixt-re are a&&-me( to 9e in thermal e;-ili9ri-m
Chaving the &ame TD.
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ÌNITIAL_GAS_MIXTURE ÌNITIAL
LS-DYNA R7.0 2%#1" CB5BTB2LD
'O1#'O/
Bnitial (en&itie& of the 2L= materialC&D which may 9e occ-pying &ome re#
gion Cor allD of the aforementione( 2L= me&h, for -p to eight (ifferent ga&
&pecie&. The or(er of the (en&ity inp-t corre&pon(& to the or(er of the ma#
terial& (efine( in a&&ociate( N.2TO>2SO.BLT8'= car(.
Remarks:
1. Plea&e &ee the example -n(er the N.2TO>2SO.BLT8'= car( (efinition for an application
of the NB5BTB2LO>2SO.BLT8'= car(.
2. The temperat-re i& a&&-me( to 9e the initial temperat-re which together with the ga& (en&ity,
will (efine the initial pre&&-re of the ga& &pecie& via the perfect ga& law (P|
t=0
=
p|
t=0
(C
P
-C
v
)I|
t=0
). The -&er &ho-l( man-ally chec7 the initial pre&&-re for con&i&tency.
%. >iven an 2L= me&h, thi& me&h may initially 9e occ-pie( 9y one or more 2L= m-lti#material
gro-p& C2..>D. +or example, a 9ac7gro-n( 2L= me&h CJ1D containing 2..> 1 may 9e
partially fille( with 2..> 2 via the vol-me filling comman( NB5BTB2LOMOL8.=
O+'2CTBO5O>=O.=T'4. Then there are 2 2..>& to 9e initialiIe( for thi& me&h J1.
The comman(& loo7 li7e the following.
$
$ O;= 27.4 35 4=63;=4 6/. =72> AMMG 8>78 O311 /22A:9 5/C= =1=C=;85 /6 7 C=5> 5=8
*INITIAL_GA!_MI-TURE
$ !ID !TYPE MMGID T$
1 1 1 298.15
$ R+O1 R+O2 R+O3 R+O4 R+O5 R+O6 R+O7 R+O8
1.$E9
*INITIAL_GA!_MI-TURE
$ !ID !TYPE MMGID T$
1 1 2 298.15
$ R+O1 R+O2 R+O3 R+O4 R+O5 R+O6 R+O7 R+O8
1.2E9
$
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ÀLE ÌNITIAL_HYDROSTATIC_ALE
ÌNITIAL_HYDROSTATIC_ALE
P-rpo&e) ,hen an 2L= mo(el contain& one or more reg-lar Cnot re&ervoir#typeD 2L= part&
C=L+O'.]11 an( 2=T]$D, thi& comman( may 9e -&e( to initialiIe the hy(ro&tatic pre&&-re fiel( in
the reg-lar 2L= (omain (-e to gravity. The NLO23OBO34OCOPTBO5D 7eywor( m-&t 9e (efine(.
Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 2L=SB3 ST4P= M=CB3 >'2M PB2S=
Type B B B B B
3efa-lt $ $ $ $ $

Card 2: Each line defines one AMMG layer below its reference NID. Repeat card 2 as many
times as the number of AMMG layers present in the model.
Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 5B3 ..>BLO
Type + +
3efa-lt $.$ 1.=[1$

2L=SB3
2L=SB3 i& a &et B3 (efining the 2L= (omainFme&h who&e hy(ro&tatic
pre&&-re fiel( (-e to gravity i& 9eing initialiIe( 9y thi& 7eywor(. See re#
mar7 2.
ST4P=
2L=SB3 &et type
M=CB3 Mector B3 of a vector (efining the (irection of gravity.
>'2M
.agnit-(e of the >ravitational acceleration Cexample, in metric m ./$00"
mF&
2
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ÌNITIAL_HYDROSTATIC_ALE ÀLE
PB2S= 5ominal or reference pre&&-re at the top &-rface of all fl-i( layer&. By con#
vention, the gravity (irection point& from the top layer to the 9ottom layer.
=ach fl-i( layer m-&t 9e repre&ente( 9y an 2L= m-lti#material gro-p B3
C2..>B3 or ..>D. . Plea&e &ee remar7 1.
5B3
5o(e B3 (efining the top of an 2L= fl-i( C2..>D layer.
..>BLO
2..> B3 of the fl-i( layer imme(iately 9elow thi& 5B3. =ach no(e i&
(efine( in a&&ociation with one 2..> layer 9elow it.
Remarks:
1. 2&&-ming a mo(el with m-lti#layer& of 2L= fl-i(&, given the pre&&-re at the top &-rface of the
top fl-i( layer CPB2S=D, the hy(ro&tatic pre&&-re i& comp-te( a& following
P = P
busc
+ p
N
AMMG-lcjcrs
=1
gb

2. Thi& 7eywor( applie& only to the reg-lar 2L= part& with =L+O'.]11 an( 2=T]$ -n(er
NS=CTBO5OSOLB3 car( Cnot re&ervoir#typeD. Thi& 7eywor( cannot 9e -&e( to initialiIe re&er#
voir#type 2L= part C2=T]!D. 2l&o, no ramping f-nction i& availa9le, &o the loa(ing i& (one in
one &tep at t]$. +or initialiIing re&ervoir#type 2L= (omain, plea&e review the N2L=
O2.BB=5TOJ43'OST2TBC 7eywor(.
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ÀLE ÌNITIAL_HYDROSTATIC_ALE
2%#1/ CB5BTB2LD LS#3452 Mer&ion 71
Example:
.o(el S-mmary) Con&i(er a mo(el con&i&ting of 2 2L= part&, air on top of water.
J1 ] 2..>1 ] 2ir part a9ove.
J2 ] 2..>2 ] ,ater part 9elow.

$...|....1....|....2....|....3....|....4....|....5....|....6....|....7....|....8
$ ?0o0'1>F:-03@ ALE >13-7:12< ?528:;<@ 2:<3-; 57o> 3o/ 3o Fo33o>D
$
$ NID AT TOP O! A LAYER S)R!A#E ALE MATERIAL LAYER BELO T,IS NODE
$ TOP O! 1
<3
LAYER '''''' 1722 ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
$ A:7 1Fo9- . PID 1 . ,1 . AMMG1 ?AET."@
$ TOP O! 2
0;
LAYER '''''' 1712 ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
$ 13-7 F-2oL . PID 2 . ,2 . AMMG2 ?AET."@
$ BOTTOM ''''''''''''''''''' ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
$...|....1....|....2....|....3....|....4....|....5....|....6....|....7....|....8
*INITIAL_,YDROSTATI#_ALE
$ ALESID STYPE %E#ID GRA% PBASE
12 " 11 &.8"665 1"1325."
$ NID MMGBLO
1722 1
1712 2
*SET_PART_LIST
12
1 2
1 1
2 1
*DE!INE_%E#TOR
$ %ID *T YT +T *, Y, +, #ID
11 "." 1." "." "." "." "."
$...|....1....|....2....|....3....|....4....|....5....|....6....|....7....|....8
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ÌNITIAL_IMPULSE_MINE ÌNITIAL
ÌNITIAL_IMPULSE_MINE
P-rpo&e) 2pply initial velocitie& to the no(e& of a &tr-ct-re (-e to the imp-l&e imparte( 9y the (eto#
nation of a 9-rie( lan( mine. Thi& feat-re i& 9a&e( on the empirical mo(el (evelope( 9y TTrem9lay
1/U.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le SSB3 . 'JOS 3=PTJ 2'=2 SC2L= not -&e( 85BT
Type B + + + + + B
3efa-lt none $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ 1
'emar7& 1 2

Either set a heading or delete this row.
Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le L 4 K 5B3.C >MB3 TBB'TJ PSB3 S=2'CJ
Type + + + B B + B +
3efa-lt $.$ $.$ $.$ $ none $.$ $ $.$
'emar7&

SSB3
Segment &et B3 C&ee NS=TOS=>.=5T an( 'emar7 1D
.T5T
=;-ivalent ma&& of T5T CSee 'emar7 2D.
'JOS
3en&ity of over9-r(en &oil.
3=PTJ
B-rial (epth from the gro-n( &-rface to the center of the mine. Thi& val-e
m-&t 9e a po&itive.
2'=2
Cro&& &ectional area of the mine.
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ÌNITIAL ÌNITIAL_IMPULSE_MINE
SC2L=
Scale factor for the imp-l&e.
85BT
8nit &y&tem. Thi& m-&t match the -nit& -&e( 9y finite element mo(el.
=S.1) inch, (oIen &l-g& Ci.e., l9f#&2FinD, &econ(, p&i C(efa-ltD
=S.2) meter, 7ilogram, &econ(, Pa&cal
=S.%) centimeter, gram, micro&econ(, mega9ar
=S.!) millimeter, gram, micro&econ(, >Pa
=S.") millimeter, metric ton, &econ(, .Pa
=S.0) millimeter, gram, milli&econ(, .Pa
5B3.C
Optional no(e B3 repre&enting the mine center C&ee N5O3=D. Bf (efine(
then L, 4 an( K are ignore(.
>MB3
Mector B3 repre&enting the vertically -pwar( (irection, i.e., normal to the
gro-n( &-rface C&ee N3=+B5=OM=CTO'D.
TBB'TJ
Birth time. Bmp-l&e i& activate( at thi& time.
PSB3
Part &et B3 i(entifying the part& affecte( 9y the mine C&ee NS=TOP2'TD. Bf
Iero it (efa-lt& to the part compri&e( 9y the no(e& of the &egment &et.
S=2'CJ
Limit the &earch (epth into the &tr-ct-re. Bnitial no(al velocity i& (i&tri9-t#
e( from the &egment to a (epth e;-al to the S=2'CJ val-e. The val-e
m-&t 9e po&itive. Bf &et to Iero the &earch (epth i& -nlimite( an( exten(&
thro-gh the partC&D i(entifie( 9y PSB3.
Remarks:
1. Segment normal& &ho-l( nominally point towar( the mine.

2. Several metho(& can 9e -&e( to approximate the e;-ivalent ma&& of T5T for a given ex#
plo&ive. One metho( involve& &caling the ma&& 9y the ratio of the &;-are& of the Chap#
man#:o-g-et (etonation velocitie& given 9y the relation&hip.

H
N
= H
C[
2
C[
N
2

,here "
TNT
i& the e;-ivalent T5T ma&& an( 1<
TNT
i& the Chapman#:o-g-et (etonation
velocity of T5T. . an( 3C: are, re&pectively, the ma&& an( C#: velocity of the explo#
&ive -n(er inve&tigation. XStan(ar(Y T5T i& con&i(ere( to 9e ca&t with a (en&ity of 1."7
gmFcm
%
an( 1<
TNT
]$.0% cmFw&ec.
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ÌNITIAL_IMPULSE_MINE ÌNITIAL

%. Thi& implementation a&&-me& the energy relea&e Cheat of (etonationD for 1 7ilogram of
T5T i& !."10 megaHo-le&.
!. Pre(iction of the imp-l&e relie& on an empirical approach which involve& fitting c-rve& to
experimental re&-lt&. The -pper error 9o-n( i& 1./ time& the pre(icte( val-e an( the low#
er i& pre(icte( val-e (ivi(e( 9y 1./. Th-&, if the pre(icte( imp-&e i& 1$ 7ilonewton#
&econ(& then the &ol-tion &pace range& from ".0 75#&ec to 1/ 75#&ec.

". The comp-te( imp-l&e i& vali( when the following criteria are met.

u.1u6
o
1

6.SS
E A /
pc
2
1Su

u.1S4
A
4.48

u
J
19.S

where C&ee fig-re 9elowD))

} i& the (i&tance from the mine center to the gro-n( &-rface C3=PTJD

I i& the vertical (i&tance from the mine center to the target point

= i& the energy relea&e of the explo&ive C&ee 'emar7 %D

2 i& the cro&& &ectional area of the mine C2'=2D

~ i& the &oil (en&ity C'JOSD

c i& the wave &pee( in the &oil

( i& the lateral (i&tance from the mine center to the target point

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ÌNITIAL ÌNITIAL_IMPULSE_MINE

References:

Trem9lay, :.=., XBmp-l&e on Bla&t 3eflector& from a Lan(mine =xplo&ion,Y 3'3C Malcartier,
3'=M#T.#/1!, C1/D.
&oil

}
mine

I
(
CL,4,KD

>MB3
+ig-re 2%#2. Schematic of the 9-rie( mine parameter&.
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ÌNITIAL_INTERNAL_DOF_SOLID ÌNITIAL
ÌNITIAL_INTERNAL_DOF_SOLID_OPTION]
Mali( OPTBO5S are T4P=% an( T4P=!.
P-rpo&e) BnitialiIe the internal (egree& of free(om for &oli( element type& % an( !.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le LB3
Type B
3efa-lt none

Car( 2 to
5 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le M2LL M2L4 M2LK
Type + + +

LB3
=lement B3.
LCB3
Loa( c-rve B3 (efining preloa( force ver&-& time. ,hen the loa( c-rve
mar7 2 9elow.
M2LL
L component of internal (egree of free(om.
M2L4
4 component of internal (egree of free(om.
M2LK
K component of internal (egree of free(om.
Remarks:
1. Type % &oli(& re;-ire 12 car(& C5]1%D to initialiIe the internal (egree& of free(om, an( the
type ! &oli(& re;-ire 0 car(& C5]7D.
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ÌNITIAL ÌNITIAL_INTERNAL_DOF_SOLID
2. The internal (egree& of free(om are &pecifie( in term& of the (i&placement& of the corre#
&pon(ing mi(#&i(e no(e& of the 2$ no(e hex an( the 1$ no(e tet that are the 9a&i& of the
type % an( ! &oli( element&, re&pectively.
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ÌNITIAL_MOMENTUM ÌNITIAL
ÌNITIAL_MOMENTUM
P-rpo&e) 3efine initial moment-m to 9e (epo&ite( in &oli( element&. Thi& option i& to cr-(ely &im-#
late an imp-l&ive type of loa(ing.

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le =B3 .L .4 .K 3=PT
Type B + + + +
3efa-lt none $. $. $. $,

=B3
=lement B3
.L
Bnitial x#moment-m
.4
Bnitial y#moment-m
.K
Bnitial I#moment-m
3=PT
3epo&ition time
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ÌNITIAL ÌNITIAL_PWP_DEPTH
ÌNITIAL_PWP_DEPTH_POPTBO5Q
?BL25A@
SET
P-rpo&e) BnitialiIe pore water pre&&-re in &oli( element& where a non#hy(ro&tatic profile i& re;-ire(.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le PB3FPSB3 LC
Type B B
3efa-lt none none

PB3
Part B3 or Part Set B3 for theOS=T option
LC
C-rve of pore water pre&&-re hea( Clength -nit&D v& K#coor(inate
Remarks:
Thi& feat-re overri(e& the a-tomatically calc-late( hy(ro&tatic pre&&-re profile. The point& in the
c-rve m-&t 9e or(ere( with the mo&t negative I#coor(inate fir&t W thi& or(er loo7& X-p&i(e#(ownY on
the page.
Bf a part ha& pore fl-i( 9-t no NB5BTB2LOP,PO3=PTJ i& (efine(, the (efa-lt initial pre&&-re profile
i& hy(ro&tatic.
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ÌNITIAL_STRAIN_SHELL ÌNITIAL
ÌNITIAL_STRAIN_SHELL_OPTION]
?BL25A@
SET
P-rpo&e) BnitialiIe &train ten&or for &hell element. Thi& option i& primarily for m-lti#&tage metal
forming operation& where the acc-m-late( &train i& of intere&t.
3efine a& many &hell element& in thi& &ection a& (e&ire(. The inp-t i& a&&-me( to terminate when a
new 7eywor( i& (etecte(. The&e &train ten&or& are (efine( at the inner an( o-ter integration point&
an( are -&e( for po&t#proce&&ing only. There i& no interpolation with thi& option an( the &train& are
(efine( in the glo9al Carte&ian coor(inate &y&tem. The N32T2B2S=O=LT=5TOBB52'4 flag
ST'+L> m-&t 9e &et to -nity for thi& option to wor7. ,hen OPTBO5 i& 9lan7, -&e& have the option
to (efine &train& at all integration point& 9y provi(ing nonIero 5PL25=, 5TJBCA an( &etting
B5TO8T flag of N32T2B2S=O=LT=5TOBB52'4 to either XST'2B5Y or X2LLY..

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le =B3 5PL25= 5TJBCA
Type B B B
When NPLANE and NTHICK are defined, define NPLANE X NTHICK cards below. For
each through thickness point define NPLANE points. NPLANE should be either 1 or 4 corre-
sponding to either 1 or 4 Gauss integration points. If four integration points are specified, they
should be ordered such that their in plane parametric coordinates are at:
-
3
3
-
3
3
,
3
3
-
3
3
,
3
3

3
3
, -
3
3

3
3
,
respectively.
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ÌNITIAL ÌNITIAL_STRAIN_SHELL
When NPLANE and NTHICK are not defined, define two cards below, one for the inner
integration point and the other for the outer integration point, respectively.
Car( 2,... 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le =PSxx =PSyy =PSII =PSxy =PSyI =PSIx T
Type + + + + + + +
3efa-lt none none none $ $.

=B3
=lement B3 or &hell element &et B3 when the SET option i& -&e(.
5PL25=
5-m9er of in#plane integration point& 9eing o-tp-t.
5TJBCA
5-m9er of integration point& thro-gh the thic7ne&&.
=PSiH
3efine the iH &train component. The &train& are (efine( in the >LOB2L
Carte&ian &y&tem.
T
Parametric coor(inate of thro-gh thic7ne&& integration point 9etween #1
an( 1 incl-&ive.
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ÌNITIAL_STRAIN_SOLID ÌNITIAL
ÌNITIAL_STRAIN_SOLID_OPTION]
The availa9le& option& incl-(e)
?BL25A@
SET
P-rpo&e) BnitialiIe &train ten&or at element center. Thi& option can 9e -&e( for m-lti#&tage metal
forming operation& where the acc-m-late( &train i& of intere&t. Thi& option i& availa9le &tarting in
'elea&e % of ver&ion 71.
3efine a& many &oli( element& in thi& &ection a& (e&ire(. The inp-t i& a&&-me( to terminate when a
new 7eywor( i& (etecte(. The&e &train ten&or& are (efine( at the element center an( are -&e( for
po&t#proce&&ing only. The &train& are (efine( in the glo9al carte&ian coor(inate &y&tem. The
N32T2B2S=O=LT=5TOBB52'4 flag ST'+L> m-&t 9e &et to -nity for thi& option to wor7. Thi&
capa9ility i& not availa9le for the cohe&ive element &ince it i& 9a&e( on (i&placement&, not &train&.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le =B3
Type B
3efa-lt none

Define one card below.
Car( 2,... 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le =PSxx =PSyy =PSII =PSxy =PSyI =PSIx
Type + + + + + +

=B3
=lement B3 or &oli( element &et B3 when the SET option i& -&e(.
=PSiH
carte&ian &y&tem.
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ÌNITIAL ÌNITIAL_STRAIN_TSHELL
2%#%$ CB5BTB2LD LS#3452 Mer&ion 71
ÌNITIAL_STRAIN_TSHELL
P-rpo&e) BnitialiIe the &train ten&or& for thic7 &hell element&..
Strain ten&or& are (efine( at the inner an( o-ter integration point& an( are -&e( for po&t#proce&&ing
only. Strain ten&or& are (efine( in the glo9al Carte&ian coor(inate &y&tem. The ST'+L> flag on
N32T2B2S=O=LT=5TOBB52'4 m-&t 9e &et to -nity for thi& option to wor7. BnitialiIe a& many
element& a& nee(e(. +or each element, (efine car(& 1, 2, an( %, where car( 2 i& for the inner layer
an( car( % i& for the o-ter layer. The inp-t i& a&&-me( to terminate when a new 7eywor( i& (etecte(

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le =B3
Type B
3efa-lt none

Car(& 2,%. 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le =PSxx =PSyy =PSII =PSxy =PSyI =PSIx
Type + + + + + +
3efa-lt $ $ $ $ $ $ .

=B3
=lement B3.
=PSiH
Carte&ian &y&tem.
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ÌNITIAL_STRESS_BEAM ÌNITIAL
LS-DYNA R7.0 2%#%1 CB5BTB2LD
ÌNITIAL_STRESS_BEAM
P-rpo&e) BnitialiIe &tre&&e& an( pla&tic &train& in the J-ghe&#Li- 9eam element&, an( the axial force
an( moment re&-ltant& Belyt&ch7o#Schwer 9eam element&.
3efine a& many 9eam& in thi& &ection a& (e&ire(. The inp-t i& a&&-me( to terminate when a new
7eywor( i& (etecte(.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le =B3 '8L= 5PTS LOC2L
Type B B B B
3efa-lt none none none $

For the Belytschko-Schwer beam define 1 card.
Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le +11 T11 .12 .1% .22 .2% P2'.
Type + + + + + + +

For the Hughes-Liu beams define NPTS cards below, one per integration point.
Car( 2,... 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le SB>11 SB>22 SB>%% SB>12 SB>2% SB>%1 =PS
Type + + + + + + +

=B3
=lement B3
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ÌNITIAL ÌNITIAL_STRESS_BEAM
2%#%2 CB5BTB2LD LS#3452 Mer&ion 71
'8L=
Bntegration r-le type n-m9er)
=S.1.$) 1 1 >a-&& ;-a(rat-re
=S.2.$) 2 2 >a-&& ;-a(rat-re C(efa-lt 9eamD,
=S.%.$) % % >a-&& ;-a(rat-re,
=S.!.$) % % Lo9atto ;-a(rat-re,
=S.".$) ! ! >a-&& ;-a(rat-re.
5PTS
5-m9er of integration point&. +or the Belyt&ch7o#Schwer re&-ltant 9eam
element, 5PTS]1.
LOC2L
Coor(inate &y&tem for &tre&&e&)
=S.$) &tre&& component& are (efine( in the glo9al coor(inate &y&tem.
=S.1) &tre&& component& are (efine( in the local 9eam &y&tem. Bn the
local &y&tem component& SB>22, SB>%%, an( SB>2% are &et to $.$.
+11
2xial force re&-ltant along local 9eam axi& 1.
T11
Tor&ional moment re&-ltant a9o-t local 9eam axi& 1
.12
.oment re&-ltant at no(e 1 a9o-t local 9eam axi& 2.
.1%
.oment re&-ltant at no(e 1 a9o-t local 9eam axi& %
.22
.oment re&-ltant at no(e 2 a9o-t local 9eam axi& 2
.2%
.oment re&-ltant at no(e 2 a9o-t local 9eam axi& %
P2'.
>enerally not -&e(.
SB>B:
3efine the B: &tre&& component.
=PS
=ffective pla&tic &train
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ÌNITIAL_STRESS_DEPTH ÌNITIAL
LS-DYNA R7.0 2%#%% CB5BTB2LD
ÌNITIAL_STRESS_DEPTH_OPTBO5Q
?BL25A@
SET
P-rpo&e) BnitialiIe &oli( element &tre&&e& where &tre&& i& a f-nction of (epth.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le PB3FPSB3 'OO> K32T8. A+2CT LC LCJ LCA$
Type B + + + B B B
3efa-lt none none none $.$ none none none

PB3FPSB3
Part B3 or Part Set B3 for theOS=T option
'OO>
Stre&& per -nit elevation a9ove (at-m C-&-ally ] (en&ity x gravityD
K32T8.
K#coor(inate of (at-m
A+2CT
L# an( 4#&tre&& ] A+2CT x K#&tre&&
LC
Optional c-rve of &tre&& v& I#coor(inate CK32T8. i& ignore( with thi&
optionD
LCJ
Optional c-rve of horiIontal &tre&& ver&-& I#coor(inate CA+2CT i& ignore(
with thi& optionD
LMA$
Optional c-rve of A$ Cratio of horiIontalO&tre&&FverticalO&tre&&D ver&-& I#
coor(inate. A+2CT an( LCJ are ignore( with thi& option. The x#axi& of
the c-rve i& the I#coor(inate, the y#axi& i& A$.
Remarks:
Z -stiess = R0 _u (Z
cIcmcnt
-ZBAT0N). To generate compre&&ive &tre&&e&, the (at-m &ho-l(
9e a9ove the highe&t element W -&-ally at the &-rface of the &oil in geotechnic& &im-lation&. Bf the
c-rve i& pre&ent, it overri(e& 'OO> an( K32T8.. 5ote that the point& in the c-rve &ho-l( 9e or#
(ere( with mo&t negative I#coor(inate fir&t W thi& or(er loo7& X-p&i(e#(ownY on the page.
+ir&t, &elect how the vertical &tre&& a& a f-nction of I#coor(inate will 9e (efine( Ceither 'OO> an(
K32T8., or LCD. 5ext, &elect how the horiIontal &tre&& will 9e (efine( Ceither a con&tant factor
A+2CT time& the vertical &tre&&E or a factor that varie& with I#coor(inate time& the vertical &tre&&
-&ing LCA$E or a c-rve of horiIontal &tre&& ver&-& (epth LCJD.
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ÌNITIAL ÌNITIAL_STRESS_DEPTH
2%#%! CB5BTB2LD LS#3452 Mer&ion 71
Bf pore water i& pre&ent, the &tre&&e& inp-t here are effective C&oil &7eleton &tre&&e& onlyD. The pore
water pre&&-re& will a-tomatically 9e initialiIe( to hy(ro&tatic, or 9y NB5BTB2LOP,PO3=PTJ or
NBO8532'4OP,POT2BL= if tho&e car(& are pre&ent.
+or a 23 pro9lem Caxi&ymmetric or plane &trainD, replace K in a9ove (oc-mentation with 4.
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ÌNITIAL_STRESS_SECTION ÌNITIAL
LS-DYNA R7.0 2%#%" CB5BTB2LD
ÌNITIAL_STRESS_SECTION
P-rpo&e) BnitialiIe the &tre&& in &oli( element& that are part of a &ection (efinition to create a preloa(.
The &tre&& component in the (irection normal to the cro&&#&ection plane i& initialiIe(. Thi& option
wor7& with a &-9&et of material& that are incrementally -p(ate( incl-(ing the ela&tic, vi&coela&tic,
an( ela&topla&tic material&. '-99er&, foam&, an( material& that are com9ine( with e;-ation&#of#&tate
cannot 9e initialiIe( 9y thi& approach. 5=,) Jyperela&tic material& ^ "7, 7% an( /% can 9e initial#
iIe( with thi& approach.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le BSSB3 CSB3 LCB3 PSB3 MB3
Type B 2/ B B B

BSSB3
Section &tre&& initialiIation B3.
CSB3
Cro&&#&ection B3. See N32T2B2S=OC'OSSOS=CTBO5.
LCB3
Loa( c-rve B3 (efining preloa( &tre&& ver&-& time. ,hen the loa( c-rve
mar7 2 9elow.
PSB3
Part &et B3.
MB3
Mector B3 (efining the (irection normal to the cro&& &ection. Thi& vector
m-&t 9e (efine( if N32T2B2S=OC'OSSOS=CTBO5OS=T i& -&e( to (e#
fine the cro&& &ection. Bf the cro&& &ection i& (efine( -&ing the PL25= op#
tion, the normal -&e( in the (efinition of the plane i& -&e( if MB3 i& left -n#
(efine(.
Remarks:
1. To achieve convergence (-ring explicit (ynamic relaxation, the application of the (amping
option& i& very important. Bf contact i& active, contact (amping i& recommen(e( with a val-e
9etween 1$#2$ percent. 2((itional (amping, via the option 32.PB5>OP2'T
OSTB++5=SS al&o &pee(& convergence where a coefficient of $.1$ i& effective. Bf (amping
i& not -&e(, convergence may not 9e po&&i9le.
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ÌNITIAL ÌNITIAL_STRESS_SECTION
2%#%0 CB5BTB2LD LS#3452 Mer&ion 71
2. ,hen (efining the loa( c-rve, LCB3, a ramp &tarting at the origin &ho-l( 9e -&e( to increa&e
the &tre&& to the (e&ire( val-e. The time (-ration of the ramp &ho-l( pro(-ce a ;-a&i#&tatic
re&pon&e. ,hen the en( of the loa( c-rve i& reache(, or when the val-e of the loa( (ecrea&#
e& from it& maxim-m val-e, the initialiIation &top&. Bf the loa( c-rve 9egin& at the (e&ire(
&tre&& val-e, i.e., no ramp, convergence will ta7e m-ch longer, &ince the imp-l&ive li7e loa(
create( 9y the initial &tre&& can excite nearly every fre;-ency in the &tr-ct-ral &y&tem where
&tre&& i& initialiIe(.
%. Thi& option c-rrently applie& only to material& that are incrementally -p(ate(. Jyperela&tic
material& an( material& that re;-ire an e;-ation#of#&tate are not c-rrently &-pporte(.
!. Soli( element& type& 1, 2, %, !, , 1$, 1%, 1", 10, 17, an( 1/ are &-pporte(. 2L= element& are
not &-pporte(.
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ÌNITIAL_STRESS_SHELL ÌNITIAL
LS-DYNA R7.0 2%#%7 CB5BTB2LD
ÌNITIAL_STRESS_SHELL_POPTIONQ
<BLANK>
SET
P-rpo&e) BnitialiIe &tre&&e&, hi&tory varia9le&, an( the effective pla&tic &train for &hell element&.
3efine a& many &hell element& or &hell element &et& in thi& &ection a& (e&ire(. The inp-t i& a&&-me(
to terminate when a new 7eywor( i& (etecte(. Bt i& not nece&&ary for the location of the thro-gh
thic7ne&& integration point& to match tho&e -&e( in the element& which are initialiIe(. The (ata will
9e interpolate( 9y LS#3452.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le =B3FSB3 5PL25= 5TJBCA 5JBSM 5T=5S' L2'>= 5TJB5T 5TJJSM
3efa-lt none none none $ $ $ $ $
Define NPLANE X NTHICK cards below, one (if NHISV0 and LARGE0) or two (if
NHISV0 and LARGE1) per integration point. Include optional cards as necessary to de-
fine the NHISV history variable. For each through thickness point define NPLANE points.
NPLANE should be either 1 or 4 corresponding to either 1 or 4 Gauss integration points. If
four integration points are specified, they should be ordered such that their in plane paramet-
ric coordinates are at:
-
3
3
-
3
3
,
3
3
-
3
3
,
3
3

3
3
, -
3
3

3
3
,
respectively.

If LARGE0, then define the following cards.
Car( 2R 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le T SB>LL SB>44 SB>KK SB>L4 SB>4K SB>KL =PS
Type + + + + + + + +

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ÌNITIAL ÌNITIAL_STRESS_SHELL
2%#%/ CB5BTB2LD LS#3452 Mer&ion 71
Optional 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le JBSM1 JBSM2 JBSM% JBSM! JBSM" JBSM0 JBSM7 JBSM/
Type + + + + + + + +

Optional 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le T=5LL T=544 T=5KK T=5L4 T=54K T=5KL
Type + + + + + +

If LARGE1, then define the following cards.
Car( 2 1 2 % ! "
Maria9le T SB>LL SB>44 SB>KK SB>L4
Type + + + + +

Car( %R 1 2 % ! "
Maria9le SB>4K SB>KL =PS
Type + + +

Optional 1 2 % ! "
Maria9le JBSM1 JBSM2 JBSM% JBSM! JBSM"
Type + + + + +

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ÌNITIAL_STRESS_SHELL ÌNITIAL
LS-DYNA R7.0 2%#% CB5BTB2LD
Optional 1 2 % ! "
Maria9le T=5LL T=544 T=5KK T=5L4 T=54K
Type + + + + +

Optional 1 2 % ! "
Maria9le T=5KL
Type +

Define NTHINT sets of cards with NTHHSV number of parameters for each set on the
following format (LARGE1)

Cards for integration point 1
Car( 1 1 2 % ! "
Maria9le TJJSMO1O1 TJJSMO1O2 TJJSMO1O% TJJSMO1O! TJJSMO1O"
Type + + + + +

Car( 2R 1 2 % ! "
Maria9le TJJSMO1O0 TJJSMO1O7 TJJSMO1O/ R
Type + + +

Car( 2 1 2 % ! "
Type + + + + +

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ÌNITIAL ÌNITIAL_STRESS_SHELL
2%#!$ CB5BTB2LD LS#3452 Mer&ion 71
Car( 2R 1 2 % ! "
Type + + +

=B3FSB3
=lement B3 or &hell &et B3, &ee NS=TOSJ=LLO....
5PL25=
5-m9er of in plane integration point& 9eing o-tp-t.
5TJBCA
5JBSM
5-m9er of a((itional hi&tory varia9le&.
5T=5S'
5-m9er of component& of ten&or (ata ta7en from the element hi&tory vari#
a9le& &tore(.
L2'>=
+ormat &iIe C$)off or 1)onD. See car(& a9ove.
T
Parametric coor(inate of thro-gh thic7ne&& integration point 9etween #1
an( 1 incl-&ive.
SB>iH
3efine the i2 &tre&& component. The &tre&&e& are (efine( in the >LOB2L
carte&ian &y&tem.
=PS
JBSMn
3efine the nth hi&tory varia9le.
T=5iH
3efine the i2th component of the ten&or ta7en from the hi&tory varia9le&.
The ten&or i& (efine( in the >LOB2L Carte&ian &y&tem. 3efine eno-gh
line& to provi(e a total of 5T=5SO' component&, &tore( &ix component&
per line. Thi& applie& to material 1$ only.
5TJB5T
5-m9er of thermal integration point&
5TJJSM
5-m9er of thermal hi&tory varia9le& per thermal integration point.
TJJSMO.O5
5)th hi&tory varia9le at the .)th thermal integration point
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LS-DYNA R7.0 2%#!1 CB5BTB2LD
ÌNITIAL_STRESS_SOLID
P-rpo&e) BnitialiIe &tre&&e& an( pla&tic &train& for &oli( element&. Thi& comman( i& not applica9le to
hyperela&tic material& or any material mo(el 9a&e( on a Total Lagrangian form-lation. +-rthermore,
for NmatO$$", NmatO$1!, an( any material that re;-ire& an e;-ation#of#&tate CN=OSD, the initialiIe(
&tre&&e& are (eviatoric &tre&&e&, not total &tre&&e&.
3efine a& many &oli( element& in thi& &ection a& (e&ire(. The inp-t i& a&&-me( to terminate when a
new 7eywor( i& (etecte(. Bf eight point& are (efine( for 1 point LS#3452 &oli( element&, the aver#
age val-e will 9e ta7en.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le =B3 5B5T 5JBSM L2'>= BM=+L> B2L=>P 5TJB5T 5TJJSM
3efa-lt none none $ $ $ $ $ $
Define NINT cards below, one per integration point. NINT should be either 1 or 8. If eight
Gauss integration points are specified, they should be ordered such that their parametric co-
ordinates are located at:
-
3
3
-
3
3
-
3
3
,
3
3
-
3
3
-
3
3
,
3
3

3
3
-
3
3
, -
3
3

3
3
-
3
3
,
-
3
3
-
3
3

3
3
,
3
3
-
3
3

3
3
,
3
3

3
3

3
3
, -
3
3

3
3

3
3
,
respectively.

If LARGE0, then define the following cards, no history variables are allowed.
Car( 2... 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le SB>LL SB>44 SB>KK SB>L4 SB>4K SB>KL =PS
Type + + + + + + +

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ÌNITIAL ÌNITIAL_STRESS_SOLID
2%#!2 CB5BTB2LD LS#3452 Mer&ion 71
If LARGE1, then define the following card sets for each integration point. If NHISV>3
define as many additional cards as necessary. If IVEFLG equals 1 or 2 the last history
variables are the initial element volume, IVEFLG1, or the initial element volume plus the
internal energy density per unit initial volume, IVEFLG2. The specification of energy
provides way of initializing pressure in elements which use constitutive models which require
energy dependent equations-of-state.
Car( 2 1 2 % ! "
Maria9le SB>LL SB>44 SB>KK SB>L4 SB>4K
Type + + + + +

Car( %R 1 2 % ! "
Maria9le SB>KL =PS JBSM1 JBSM2 JBSM%
Type + + + + +

Car( !R 1 2 % ! "
Maria9le JBSMR JBSMR JBSMn#2 B5BTMOL =5='>4
Type + + + + +

Define NTHINT sets of cards with NTHHSV number of parameters for each set on the
following format (LARGE1).

Cards for integration point 1:
Car( 1 1 2 % ! "
Type + + + + +

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ÌNITIAL_STRESS_SOLID ÌNITIAL
LS-DYNA R7.0 2%#!% CB5BTB2LD
Car( 2R 1 2 % ! "
Type + + +

Car( 1 1 2 % ! "
Type + + + + +

Car( 2R 1 2 % ! "
Type + + +

=B3
=lement B3
5B5T
5-m9er of integration point& C&ho-l( corre&pon( to the &oli( element for#
m-lationD.
5JBSM
5-m9er of a((itional hi&tory varia9le&, which i& typically e;-al to the
n-m9er of hi&tory varia9le& &tore( at the integration point [ BM=+L>.
L2'>=
+ormat &iIe, if Iero, 5JBSM m-&t al&o 9e &et to Iero Cthi& i& the format -&e(
9y LS#3452 ver&ion& 7$ an( earlierD an(, if &et to 1, a larger format i&
-&e( an( 5JBSM i& -&e(.
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ÌNITIAL ÌNITIAL_STRESS_SOLID
2%#!! CB5BTB2LD LS#3452 Mer&ion 71
BM=+L>
Bnitial Mol-meFenergy flag Conly used in large formatD
=S.$) la&t hi&tory varia9le i& -&e( a& normal,
=S.1) la&t hi&tory varia9le i& -&e( a& the initial vol-me of the element.
One a((itional hi&tory varia9le i& re;-ire( if BM+L>]1
=S.2) la&t two hi&tory varia9le& are -&e( to (efine the initial vol-me an(
the internal energy per -nit initial vol-me. Two a((itional hi&to#
ry varia9le& are m-&t 9e allocate(, &ee 5JBSM a9ove, if
BM+L>]2. Bf the initial vol-me i& &et to Iero, the act-al element
vol-me i& -&e(.
B2L=>P
The 2L= m-lti#material gro-p C2..>D B3E only if the element i& of 2L=
m-lti#material form-lation C=L=+O'.]11D. Bn thi& ca&e, each 2..> ha&
it& own &et& of &tre&& an( hi&tory varia9le& &o we m-&t &pecify to which
2..> the &tre&& (ata are a&&igne(. +or mixe( element&, m-ltiple car(& are
nee(e( to complete the &tre&& initialiIation in thi& element a& each 2..>
nee(& to have it& own &et of &tre&& (ata.
=S.$) 2&&-ming the element i& f-lly fille( 9y the 2..> that the ele#
ment part 9elong& to. Plea&e refer to N2L=O.8LTB#.2T='B2L
O>'O8P car(.
=S.n) 2&&igning the &tre&& to nth 2..> in that element.
SB>iH
3efine the i2th &tre&& component. Stre&&e& are (efine( in the >LOB2L Car#
te&ian &y&tem.
=PS
=ffective pla&tic &train.
JBSM1Rn#1
3efine n#1 hi&tory varia9le&.
B5BTMOL
Bnitial vol-me CJBSMnD
5TJB5T
5-m9er of thermal integration point&
5TJJSM
5-m9er of thermal hi&tory varia9le& per thermal integration point.
TJJSMO.O5
5)th hi&tory varia9le at the .)th thermal integration point
Remarks:
1. The ela&tic material mo(el for cohe&ive element& i& a total Lagrangian form-lation, an( the
initial &tre&& will therefore 9e ignore( for it.
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ÌNITIAL_STRESS_SPH ÌNITIAL
LS-DYNA R7.0 2%#!" CB5BTB2LD
ÌNITIAL_STRESS_SPH
P-rpo&e) BnitialiIe &tre&&e& an( pla&tic &train& for SPJ element&. Thi& comman( i& not applica9le to
hyperela&tic material& or any material mo(el 9a&e( on a Total Lagrangian form-lation. +or Nmat
O$$", NmatO$1!, an( any material that re;-ire& an e;-ation#of#&tate CN=OSD, the initialiIe( &tre&&e&
are (eviatoric &tre&&e&, not total &tre&&e&.
3efine a& many SPJ element& in thi& &ection a& (e&ire(. The inp-t i& a&&-me( to terminate when a
new 7eywor( i& (etecte(.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le =B3 SB>LL SB>44 SB>KK SB>L4 SB>4K SB>KL =PS
Type B + + + + + + +

=B3
SPJ particle B3
SB>iH
3efine the i2th &tre&& component. Stre&&e& are (efine( in the >LOB2L Car#
te&ian &y&tem.
=PS
=ffective pla&tic &train.
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ÌNITIAL ÌNITIAL_STRESS_TSHELL
2%#!0 CB5BTB2LD LS#3452 Mer&ion 71
ÌNITIAL_STRESS_TSHELL
P-rpo&e) BnitialiIe &tre&&e& an( pla&tic &train& for thic7 &hell element&.
3efine a& many thic7 &hell element& in thi& &ection a& (e&ire(. The inp-t i& a&&-me( to terminate
when a new 7eywor( i& (etecte(. Bt i& not nece&&ary for the location of the thro-gh thic7ne&& inte#
gration point& to match tho&e -&e( in the element& which are initialiIe(. The (ata will 9e interpolat#
e( 9y LS#3452.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le =B3 5PL25= 5TJBCA 5JBSM L2'>=
Type B B B B B

Define NPLANE`NTHICK cards below, one per integration point for LARGE0, or 2 cards
for each integration point for LARGE1. Include optional cards as necessary to define the
NHISV history variables. For each through thickness point define NPLANE points. NPLANE
should be either 1 or 4 corresponding to either 1 or 4 Gauss integration points. If four integra-
tion points are specified, they should be ordered such that their in plane parametric coordi-
nates are at:

-
3
3
-
3
3
,
3
3
-
3
3
,
3
3

3
3
, -
3
3

3
3
,

respectively.

If LARGE0, then define the following cards for each integration point. Provide only as many
optional cards as needed if NHISV>0. (8E10.0).
Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le T SB>LL SB>44 SB>KK SB>L4 SB>4K SB>KL =PS
Type + + + + + + + +

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ÌNITIAL_STRESS_TSHELL ÌNITIAL
LS-DYNA R7.0 2%#!7 CB5BTB2LD
Optional 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le JBSM1 JSBM2 JSBM% JSBM! JSBM" JSBM0 JSBM7 JSBM/
Type + + + + + + + +

If LARGE1, then define the following card sets for each integration point. Provide only as
many optional cards as needed if NHISV>0. (5E16.0)
Car( 2 1 2 % ! "
Maria9le T SB>LL SB>44 SB>KK SB>L4
Type + + + + +

Car( % 1 2 % ! "
Maria9le SB>4K SB>KL =PS
Type + + +

Optional 1 2 % ! "
Maria9le JBSM1 JBSM2 JBSM% JBSM! JBSM"
Type + + + + +

=B3
=lement B3
5PL25=
5-m9er of in plane integration point&.
5TJBCA
T
Parametric coor(inate of thro-gh thic7ne&& integration point. 9etween #1
an( 1 incl-&ive.
5JBSM
5-m9er of a((itional hi&tory varia9le&.
L2'>=
+ormat &iIe C$)off or 1)onD. See car(& a9ove.
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ÌNITIAL ÌNITIAL_STRESS_TSHELL
2%#!/ CB5BTB2LD LS#3452 Mer&ion 71
SB>iH
3efine the iH &tre&& component. The &tre&&e& are (efine( in the >LOB2L
carte&ian &y&tem.
=PS
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ÌNITIAL_TEMPERATURE ÌNITIAL
LS-DYNA R7.0 2%#! CB5BTB2LD
ÌNITIAL_TEMPERATURE_OPTION
NODE
SET
P-rpo&e) 3efine initial no(al point temperat-re& -&ing no(al &et B3V& or no(e n-m9er&. The&e initial
temperat-re& are -&e( in a thermal only analy&i& or a co-ple( thermalF&tr-ct-ral analy&i&. See al&o
NCO5T'OLOTJ='.2LOSOLM=', NCO5T'OLOTJ='.2LOTB.=ST=P, an( CO5T'OL
OTJ='.2LO5O5LB5=2'.
+or thermal loa(ing in a &tr-ct-ral only analy&i&, &ee NLO23OTJ='.2LOOPTION.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 5SB3F5B3 T=.P LOC
Type B B B
3efa-lt none $. $
'emar7 1

5SB3F5B3
5o(al &et B3 or no(al point B3, &ee al&o NS=TO5O3=S)
=S.$) all no(e& are incl-(e( C&et option onlyD.
T=.P
Temperat-re at no(e or no(e &et.
LOC
=S.$) mi((le &-rface of thermal &hell element
Remarks:
1. Bf a no(al temperat-re i& &pecifie( on more than one inp-t car(, then the la&t &et inp-t will
(etermine it& temperat-re -nle&& it i& &pecifie( on a NB5BTB2LOT=.P='2T8'=O5O3=
car(.
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ÌNITIAL ÌNITIAL_TEMPERATURE
2%#"$ CB5BTB2LD LS#3452 Mer&ion 71
2. Thi& 7eywor( can 9e -&e( to (efine initial no(al point temperat-re& for SPJ particle& too 9y
-&ing no(al &et B3V& or no(e n-m9er& from SPJ particle&.
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ÌNITIAL_VEHICLE_KINEMATICS ÌNITIAL
LS-DYNA R7.0 2%#"1 CB5BTB2LD
ÌNITIAL_VEHICLE_KINEMATICS
P-rpo&e) 3efine initial 7inematical information for a vehicle. Bn it& initial orientation, the vehicleV&
yaw, pitch, an( roll axe& m-&t 9e aligne( with the glo9al axe&. S-cce&&ive &imple rotation& are ta7en
a9o-t the&e 9o(y fixe( axe&.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le >'2M PSB3 LO 4O KO L+ 4+ K+
Type B B + + + + + +
3efa-lt none none $. $. $. $. $. $.

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le ML M4 MK 22LBS B2LBS C2LBS
Type + + + B B B
3efa-lt $. $. $. $ $ $

Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 225> B25> C25> ,2 ,B ,C
Type + + + + + +
3efa-lt $. $. $. $. $. $.

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ÌNITIAL ÌNITIAL_VEHICLE_KINEMATICS
2%#"2 CB5BTB2LD LS#3452 Mer&ion 71
>'2M
>ravity (irection co(e.
=S.1) >lo9al [x (irection.
=S.#1) >lo9al #x (irection.
=S.2) >lo9al [y (irection.
=S.#2) >lo9al #y (irection.
=S.%) >lo9al [I (irection.
=S.#%) >lo9al #I (irection.
5ote) thi& m-&t 9e the &ame for all vehicle& pre&ent in the mo(el.
PSB3
Part &et B3.
LO
x#coor(inate of initial po&ition of ma&& center.
4O
y#coor(inate of initial po&ition of ma&& center.
KO
I#coor(inate of initial po&ition of ma&& center.
L+
x#coor(inate of final po&ition of ma&& center.
4+
y#coor(inate of final po&ition of ma&& center.
K+
I#coor(inate of final po&ition of ma&& center.
ML
x#component of ma&& center velocity.
M4
y#component of ma&& center velocity.
MK
I#component of ma&& center velocity.
22LBS
+ir&t rotation axi& co(e.
=S.1) Bnitially aligne( with glo9al x#axi&.
=S.2) Bnitially aligne( with glo9al y#axi&.
=S.%) Bnitially aligne( with glo9al I#axi&.
B2LBS
Secon( rotation axi& co(e.
C2LBS
Thir( rotation axi& co(e.
225>
'otation angle a9o-t the fir&t rotation axi& C(egree&D.
B25>
'otation angle a9o-t the &econ( rotation axi& C(egree&D.
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ÌNITIAL_VEHICLE_KINEMATICS ÌNITIAL
LS-DYNA R7.0 2%#"% CB5BTB2LD
C25>
'otation angle a9o-t the thir( rotation axi& C(egree&D.
,2
2ng-lar velocity component for the fir&t axi& Cra(ianF&econ(D.
,B
2ng-lar velocity component for the &econ( axi& Cra(ianF&econ(D.
,C
2ng-lar velocity component for the thir( axi& Cra(ianF&econ(D.
yaw
roll
pitch
Z
X
Y
gravity

+ig-re 2%#%. The vehicle pict-re( i& to 9e oriente( with a &-cce&&ive rotation &e;-ence a9o-t the
yaw, pitch, an( roll axe&, re&pectively. 2ccor(ingly, 22LBS]%, B2LBS]1, an(
C2LBS]2. The (irection of gravity i& given 9y >'2M]#%.
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ÌNITIAL ÌNITIAL_VELOCITY
2%#"! CB5BTB2LD LS#3452 Mer&ion 71
ÌNITIAL_VELOCITY
P-rpo&e) 3efine initial no(al point tran&lational velocitie& -&ing no(al &et B3V&. Thi& may al&o 9e
-&e( for &et& in which &ome no(e& have other velocitie&. See 5SB3=L 9elow.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 5SB3 5SB3=L BOLB3 B'B>B3 BCB3
Type B B B B B
'emar7 1

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le ML M4 MK ML' M4' MK'
Type + + + + + +
3efa-lt $. $. $. $. $. $.

Define the following card if and only if NSIDEX>0.
Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le ML= M4= MK= ML'= M4'= MK'=
Type + + + + + +
3efa-lt $. $. $. $. $. $.

5SB3
5o(al &et B3, &ee NS=TO5O3=S, containing no(e& for initial velocity) Bf
5SB3 ] $ the initial velocity i& applie( to all no(e&.
5SB3=L
5o(al &et B, &ee NS=TO5O3=S, containing no(e& that are exempte( from
the impo&e( velocitie& an( may have other initial velocitie&.
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ÌNITIAL_VELOCITY ÌNITIAL
LS-DYNA R7.0 2%#"" CB5BTB2LD
BOLB3
2ll no(e& in 9ox which 9elong to 5SB3 are initialiIe(. 5o(e& o-t&i(e the
9ox are not initialiIe(. =xempte( no(e& are initialiIe( to velocitie& (efine(
9y ML=, M4=, an( MK= 9elow regar(le&& of their location relative to the 9ox.
B'B>B3
Option to overwrite rigi( 9o(y velocitie& (efine( on NP2'TOB5='TB2 an(
NCO5ST'2B5=3O5O32LO'B>B3OBO34OB5='TB2 car(&.
>=.1) part &et B3, containing B3 of part& to overwrite. Center of gravi#
ty of part m-&t lie within 9ox BOLB3. Bf BOLB3 i& not (efine(
then all part& (efine( in the &et are overwritten.
=S.#1) Overwrite velocitie& for all NP2'TOB5='TB2G& an(
NCO5ST'2B5=3O5O32LO'B>B3OBO34OB5='TB2G& with a
center of gravity within 9ox BOLB3. Bf BOLB3 i& not (efine(
then all are overwritten.
=S.#2) Overwrite velocitie& for all NP2'TOB5='TB2G& an(
NCO5ST'2B5=3O5O32LO'B>B3OBO34OB5='TB2G&.
BCB3
Local coor(inate &y&tem B3. The initial velocity i& &pecifie( in the local
coor(inate &y&tem if BCB3 i& greater than Iero.
ML
Bnitial velocity in x#(irection
M4
Bnitial velocity in y#(irection
MK
Bnitial velocity in I#(irection
ML'
Bnitial rotational velocity a9o-t the x#axi&
M4'
Bnitial rotational velocity a9o-t the y#axi&
MK'
Bnitial rotational velocity a9o-t the I#axi&
ML=
Bnitial velocity in x#(irection of exempte( no(e&
M4=
Bnitial velocity in y#(irection of exempte( no(e&
MK=
Bnitial velocity in I#(irection of exempte( no(e&
ML'=
Bnitial rotational velocity in x#(irection of exempte( no(e&
M4'=
Bnitial rotational velocity in y#(irection of exempte( no(e&
MK'=
Bnitial rotational velocity in I#(irection of exempte( no(e&
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ÌNITIAL ÌNITIAL_VELOCITY
2%#"0 CB5BTB2LD LS#3452 Mer&ion 71
Remarks:
1. Thi& generation inp-t m-&t not 9e -&e( with NB5BTB2LOM=LOCBT4O>=5='2TBO5 7ey#
wor(.
2. Bf a no(e i& initialiIe( on more than one inp-t car( &et, then the la&t &et inp-t will (etermine
it& velocity. Jowever, if the no(al velocity i& al&o &pecifie( on a NB5BTB2LOM=LOCBT4
O5O3= car(, then the velocity &pecification on thi& car( will 9e -&e(.
%. 8nle&& the option B'B>B3 i& &pecifie( rigi( 9o(ie&, initial velocitie& given in NP2'T
OB5='TB2 will overwrite generate( initial velocitie&. The B'B>B3 option will ca-&e the rig#
i( 9o(y velocitie& &pecifie( on the NP2'TOB5='TB2 inp-t to 9e overwritten. To (irectly
&pecify the motion of a rigi( 9o(y witho-t -&ing the 7eywor(, NP2'TOB5='TB2, which al#
&o re;-ire& the (efinition of the ma&& propertie&, -&e the 7eywor( option, NB5BTB2L
OM=LOCBT4O'B>B3OBO34.
!. 5o(e& which 9elong to rigi( 9o(ie& m-&t have motion con&i&tent with the tran&lational an(
rotational velocity of the center of gravity Cc.g.D of the rigi( 9o(y. 3-ring initialiIation the
rigi( 9o(y tran&lational an( rotational rigi( 9o(y moment-mG& are comp-te( 9a&e( on the
pre&cri9e( no(al velocity fiel(. +rom thi& rigi( 9o(y moment-m, the tran&lational an( rota#
tional velocitie& of the no(al point& are comp-te( an( re&et to the new val-e&. The&e new
val-e& may or may not 9e the &ame a& the val-e& pre&cri9e( for the no(e& that ma7e -p the
rigi( 9o(y. Sometime& thi& occ-r& in &ingle preci&ion (-e to n-merical ro-n(#off. Bf a pro9#
lem li7e thi& occ-r& &pecify the velocity -&ing the 7eywor() NB5BTB2LOM=LOCBT4O'B>B3
OBO34.
". .i(#&i(e no(e& generate( 9y N=L=.=5TOSOLB3OT=T!TO1$ will not 9e initialiIe( &ince
the no(e n-m9er& are not 7nown a priori to the -&er. Bn&tea( -&e NB5BTB2LOM=LOCBT4
O>=5='2TBO5 if yo- inten( to initialiIe the velocitie& of the mi(#&i(e no(e&.
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ÌNITIAL_VELOCITY_NODE ÌNITIAL
LS-DYNA R7.0 2%#"7 CB5BTB2LD
ÌNITIAL_VELOCITY_NODE
P-rpo&e) 3efine initial no(al point velocitie& for a no(e.

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 5B3 ML M4 MK ML' M4' MK' BCB3
Type B + + + + + + B
3efa-lt none $. $. $. $. $. $. $

5B3
5o(e B3
ML
Bnitial tran&lational velocity in x#(irection
M4
Bnitial tran&lational velocity in y#(irection
MK
Bnitial tran&lational velocity in I#(irection
ML'
Bnitial rotational velocity a9o-t the x#axi&
M4'
Bnitial rotational velocity a9o-t the y#axi&
MK'
Bnitial rotational velocity a9o-t the I#axi&
BCB3
Local coor(inate &y&tem B3. The &pecifie( velocitie& are in the local &y&tem
if BCB3 i& greater than Iero.
See 'emar7& on NB5BTB2LOM=LOCBT4 car(.
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ÌNITIAL ÌNITIAL_VELOCITY_RIGID_BODY
2%#"/ CB5BTB2LD LS#3452 Mer&ion 71
ÌNITIAL_VELOCITY_RIGID_BODY
P-rpo&e) 3efine the initial tran&lational an( rotational velocitie& at the center of gravity Cc.g.D for a
rigi( 9o(y or a no(al rigi( 9o(y. Thi& inp-t overri(e& all other velocity inp-t for the rigi( 9o(y an(
the no(e& which (efine the rigi( 9o(y.

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le PB3 ML M4 MK ML' M4' MK' BCB3
Type B + + + + + + B
3efa-lt none $. $. $. $. $. $. $

PB3
Part B3 of the rigi( 9o(y or the no(al rigi( 9o(y.
ML
Bnitial tran&lational velocity at the c.g. in glo9al x#(irection.
M4
Bnitial tran&lational velocity at the c.g. in glo9al y#(irection.
MK
Bnitial tran&lational velocity at the c.g. in glo9al I#(irection.
ML'
Bnitial rotational velocity at the c.g. a9o-t the glo9al x#axi&.
M4'
Bnitial rotational velocity at the c.g. a9o-t the glo9al y#axi&.
MK'
Bnitial rotational velocity at the c.g. a9o-t the glo9al I#axi&.
BCB3
Local coor(inate &y&tem B3. The &pecifie( velocitie& are in the local &y&tem
if BCB3 i& greater than Iero.
See remar7& % an( ! on the NB5BTB2LOM=LOCBT4 inp-t (e&cription.
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ÌNITIAL_VELOCITY_GENERATION ÌNITIAL
LS-DYNA R7.0 2%#" CB5BTB2LD
ÌNITIAL_VELOCITY_GENERATION
P-rpo&e) 3efine initial velocitie& for rotating an( tran&lating 9o(ie&. Ca-tion) 'igi( 9o(y velocitie&
cannot 9e reinitialiIe( after (ynamic relaxation 9y &etting PJ2S=]1 &ince rigi( 9o(y velocitie& are
alway& re&tore( to the val-e& that exi&te( prior to (ynamic relaxation. 'einitialiIation of velocitie&
after (ynamic relaxation i& only for no(al point& of (eforma9le 9o(ie&E therefore, if rigi( 9o(ie& are
pre&ent in the part &et B3, thi& inp-t &ho-l( 9e (efine( twice, once for BPJ2S=]$ an( again for
BPJ2S=]1.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le B3 ST4P O.=>2 ML M4 MK BM2T5 BCB3
Type B B + + + + B B
3efa-lt none none $. $. $. $. $ $

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le LC 4C KC 5L 54 5K PJ2S= B'B>B3
Type + + + + + + B B
3efa-lt $. $. $. $. $. $. $ $

B3
Part B3, part &et B3, or no(e &et B3. Bf Iero, ST4P i& ignore(, an( all veloc#
itie& are &et. ,2'5B5> if BM2T5]$) Bf a part B3 of a rigi( 9o(y i& &peci#
fie( only the no(e& that 9elong to element& of the rigi( 9o(y are initialiIe(.
5o(e& (efine( -n(er the 7eywor(. NCO5ST'2B5=3O=LT'2O5O3=S
are not initialiIe(. Set BM2T5]1 to initialiIe velocitie& of &lave( no(e&
an( part&.
ST4P
Set type)
=S.1) part &et B3, &ee NS=TOP2'T,
=S.%) no(e &et B3, &ee NS=TO5O3=.
O.=>2
2ng-lar velocity a9o-t the rotational axi&.
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ÌNITIAL ÌNITIAL_VELOCITY_GENERATION
ML
Bnitial tran&lational velocity in x#(irection C&ee BCB3 9elowD.
M4
Bnitial tran&lational velocity in y#(irection C&ee BCB3 9elowD.
MK
Bnitial tran&lational velocity in I#(irection C&ee BCB3 9elowD.
BM2T5
+lag for &etting the initial velocitie& of &lave no(e& an( part&)
=S.$) &lave( part& are ignore(.
=S.1) &lave( part& an( &lave( no(e& of the ma&ter part& will 9e a&&igne(
initial velocitie& li7e the ma&ter part.
BCB3
Local coor(inate &y&tem B3. The &pecifie( velocitie& ML, M4, an( MK are
in the glo9al &y&tem if BCB3]$ an( are in the local &y&tem if BCB3 i& greater
than Iero. LC, 4C, an( KC are alway& in the glo9al coor(inate &y&tem.
LC
>lo9al x#coor(inate on rotational axi&.
4C
>lo9al y#coor(inate on rotational axi&.
KC
>lo9al I#coor(inate on rotational axi&.
5L
x#(irection co&ine.
54
y#(irection co&ine.
5K
I#(irection co&ine.
PJ2S=
+lag &pecifying pha&e of the analy&i& the velocitie& apply to)
=S.$) Melocitie& are applie( imme(iately,
=S.1) Melocitie& are applie( after reaching the &tart time, STB.=, which
i& after (ynamic relaxation, if active, i& complete(. See the 7ey#
wor() NB5BTB2LOM=LOCBT4O>=5='2TBO5OST2'TOTB.=.
STB.= (efa-lt& to Iero.
B'B>B3
Option to overwrite or a-tomatically &et rigi( 9o(y velocitie& (efine( on
the NP2'TOB5='TB2 an( NCO5ST'2B5=3O5O32LO'B>B3OBO34
OB5='TB2 car(&.
=S.1) 'e&et the rigi( 9o(y velocite& for NP2'T B3 or all part& in NS=T
OP2'T B3. Thi& option (oe& not apply for ST4P]%.
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ÌNITIAL_VELOCITY_GENERATION ÌNITIAL
Remarks:
1. Thi& generation inp-t m-&t not 9e -&e( with NB5BTB2LOM=LOCBT4 or NB5BTB2L
OM=LOCBT4O5O3= option&.
2. The velocitie& are initialiIe( in the or(er the NB5BTB2LOM=LOCBT4O>=5='2TBO5 inp-t
i& (efine(. Later inp-t via the NB5BTB2LOM=LOCBT4O>=5='2TBO5 7eywor( may over#
write the velocitie& previo-&ly &et.
%. +or rigi( 9o(ie&, initial velocitie& given in NP2'TOB5='TB2 will overwrite generate( initial
velocitie&.
!. 5o(e& which 9elong to rigi( 9o(ie& m-&t have motion con&i&tent with the tran&lational an(
rotational velocity of the rigi( 9o(y. 3-ring initialiIation the rigi( 9o(y tran&lational an( ro#
tational rigi( 9o(y moment-mG& are comp-te( 9a&e( on the pre&cri9e( no(al velocitie&.
+rom thi& rigi( 9o(y motion the velocitie& of the no(al point& are comp-te( an( re&et to the
new val-e&. The&e new val-e& may or may not 9e the &ame a& the val-e& pre&cri9e( for the
no(e.
". SPJ element& can 9e initialiIe( -&ing the ST4P]% option only.
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ÌNITIAL ÌNITIAL_VELOCITY_GENERATION_START_TIME
ÌNITIAL_VELOCITY_GENERATION_START_TIME
P-rpo&e) 3efine a time to initialiIe velocitie& after time Iero. Time Iero &tart& after (ynamic relaxa#
tion if -&e( for initialiIation. Thi& option can 9e applie( if an( only if PJ2S=]1 i& &pecifie( for at
lea&t one NB5BTB2LOM=LOCBT4O>=5='2TBO5 (efinition&.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le STB.=
Type +
3efa-lt $.$

STB.=
Start time.
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ÌNITIAL_VOID ÌNITIAL
ÌNITIAL_VOID_OPTION
PART
SET
P-rpo&e) 3efine initial voi(e( part &et B3V& or part n-m9er&. Moi( material& cannot 9e create( (-r#
ing the calc-lation. +l-i( element& which are evac-ate(, e.g., 9y a proHectile moving thro-gh the fl-#
i(, (-ring the calc-lation are approximate( a& fl-i( element& with very low (en&itie&. The con&tit-#
tive propertie& of fl-i( material& -&e( a& voi(& m-&t 9e i(entical to tho&e of the material& which will
fill the voi(e( element& (-ring the calc-lation. .ixing of two fl-i(& with (ifferent propertie& i& not
permitte( with thi& option.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le PSB3FPB3
Type B
3efa-lt none
'emar7 1

PSB3FPB3
Part &et B3 or part B3, &ee al&o NS=TOP2'T)
Remarks:
Thi& voi( option an( m-ltiple material& per element, &ee N2L=O.8LTB#.2T='B2LO>'O8P are
incompati9le an( cannot 9e -&e( together in the &ame r-n.
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ÌNITIAL ÌNITIAL_VOLUME_FRACTION
ÌNITIAL_VOLUME_FRACTION
P-rpo&e) 3efine initial vol-me fraction& of (ifferent material& in m-lti#material 2L= element&.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le =B3 M+1 M+2 M+% M+! M+" M+0 M+7
Type B + + + + + + +
3efa-lt none $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$

=B3
=lement B3.
M+1
Mol-me fraction of m-lti#material gro-p 1, 2..>B3]1.
M+2
Mol-me fraction of m-lti#material gro-p 2. Only nee(e( in &im-lation&
with % material gro-p&. Otherwi&e M+2]1#M+1.
M+%
Mol-me fraction of m-lti#material gro-p %, 2..>B3]%.
M+!
Mol-me fraction of m-lti#material gro-p !, 2..>B3]!.
M+"
Mol-me fraction of m-lti#material gro-p ", 2..>B3]".
M+0
M+7
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ÌNITIAL_VOLUME_FRACTION_GEOMETRY ÌNITIAL
ÌNITIAL_VOLUME_FRACTION_GEOMETRY
P-rpo&e) Thi& i& a vol-me#filling comman( for (efining the vol-me fraction& of vario-& 2L= m-lti#
material gro-p& C2..>D that can occ-py certain region& in &ome &pecifie( 2L= me&h &et. Bt i& ap#
plie( only for m-lti#material 2L= mo(el. See 'emar7 ".

Defines the background ALE mesh set & an AMMGID that initially fills it.
Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le +.SB3 +.B3T4P B2..> 5T'2C=
Type B B B B
3efa-lt none $ $ %

+.SB3
2 9ac7gro-n( 2L= Cfl-i(D me&h SB3 to 9e initialiIe( or fille( with vario-&
2..>V&. Thi& &et B3 refer& to one or more 2L= part&.
+.B3T4P
2L= me&h &et B3 type)
=S.$) +.SB3 i& an 2L= part &et B3 CPSB3D.
=S.1) +.SB3 i& an 2L= part B3 CPB3D.
B2..>
The 9ac7gro-n( fl-i( gro-p B3 or 2L= .-lti#.aterial gro-p B3
C2..>B3D that initially fill& all 2L= me&h region (efine( 9y +.SB3.
5T'2C=
5-m9er of &ampling point& for vol-me filling (etection. Typically
5T'2C= range& from % to may9e 1$ Cor moreD. The higher it i&, the finer
the 2L= element i& (ivi(e( &o that &mall gap& 9etween 2 Lagrangian &hell&
may 9e fille( in. See 'emar7 0.

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ÌNITIAL ÌNITIAL_VOLUME_FRACTION_GEOMETRY
Defines the container type and the AMMGID that fills inside or outside it.
Car( a 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le CO5TT4P +BLLOPT +2..>
Type B B B
3efa-lt none $ none

CO5TT4P
2 XcontainerY (efine& a Lagrangian &-rface 9o-n(ary of a &patial region,
in&i(e Cor o-t&i(eD of which, an 2..> wo-l( fill -p. CO5TT4P (efine&
the container geometry type of thi& &-rface 9o-n(ary Cor &hell &tr-ct-reD.
=S.1) The container geometry i& (efine( 9y a part B3 CPB3D or a part &et
B3 CPSB3D, where the part& &ho-l( 9e (efine( 9y &hell element&
C&ee NP2'T or NS=TOP2'TD.
=S.2) The container geometry i& (efine( 9y a &egment &et CS>SB3D.
=S.%) The container geometry i& (efine( 9y a plane) a point an( a nor#
mal vector.
=S.!) The container geometry i& (efine( 9y a conical &-rface) 2 en(
point& an( 2 corre&pon(ing ra(ii Cin 23 &ee 'emar7 /D.
=S.") The container geometry i& (efine( 9y a c-9oi( or rectang-lar
9ox) 2 oppo&ing en( point&, minim-m to maxim-m coor(inate&.
=S.0) The container geometry i& (efine( 9y a &phere) 1 center point,
an( a ra(i-&.
+BLLOPT
2 flag to in(icate which &i(e of the container &-rface the 2..> i& &-p#
po&e( to fill. The Xhea(Y &i(e of a container &-rfaceF&egment i& (efine( a&
the &i(e pointe( to 9y the hea(& of the normal vector& of the &egment&
CXtailY &i(e refer& to oppo&ite (irection to Xhea(YD. See 'emar7 7.
=S.$) The Xhea(Y &i(e of the geometry (efine( a9ove will 9e fille( with
fl-i( C(efa-ltD.
=S.1) The XtailY &i(e of the geometry (efine( a9ove will 9e fille( with
fl-i(.
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+2..>
Thi& (efine& the fl-i( gro-p B3 or 2L= .-lti#.aterial gro-p B3
C2..>B3D which will fill -p the interior Cor exteriorD of the &pace (efine(
9y the XcontainerY. The or(er of 2..>B3& are (efine( 9y the or(er in
which they are li&te( -n(er N2L=O.8LTB#.2T='B2LO>'O8P car(.
+or example, that car( (efine& 2..>B3]1 on it& fir&t line, an(
2..>B3]2 on it& &econ( line, etc.

CONTTYP 1 for container defined by a shell PID or PSID
Car( 9#1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le SB3 ST4P= 5O'.3B' LO++S=T
Type B B B +
3efa-lt none $ $ $.$
'emar7 o9&olete

SB3
2 Set B3 pointing to a part B3 CPB3D or part &et B3 CPSB3D of the Lagrangi#
an &hell element &tr-ct-re (efining the XcontainerY geometry to 9e fille(
C&ee NP2'T or NS=TOP2'TD.
SST4P=
Set B3 type)
=S.$) Container SB3 i& a Lagrangian part &et B3 CPSB3D.
=S.1) Container SB3 i& a Lagrangian part B3 CPB3D.
5O'.3B'
O9&olete C&ee 'emar7 7D.
LO++S=T
29&ol-te length -nit for off&etting the fl-i( interface from the nominal fl-i(
interface LS#3452 wo-l( otherwi&e (efine 9y (efa-lt. Thi& parameter on#
ly applie& to >=OT4P=]1 C!
th
col-mnD an( >=OT4P=]2 C%
r(
col-mnD.
Thi& i& applica9le to ca&e& in which high pre&&-re fl-i( i& containe( within
a container. The off&et allow& LS#3452 time to prevent lea7age. Bn gen#
eral, thi& may 9e &et to ro-ghly "#1$b of the 2L= elm wi(th. Bt may 9e
important only for when BL=2A i& t-rne( O5 to give the co(e time to
ZcatchZ the lea7age. Bf BL=2A i& not O5, thi& may not 9e nece&&ary.

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CONTTYP 2 for container defined by a SGSID
Car( 9#2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le S>SB3 5O'.3B' LO++S=T
Type B B +
3efa-lt none $ $.$
'emar7 o9&olete

S>SB3
Segment Set B3 (efining the XcontainerY, &ee NS=TOS=>.=5T.
5O'.3B'
O9&olete C&ee 'emar7 7D.
LO++S=T
29&ol-te length -nit for off&etting the fl-i( interface from the nominal fl-i(
interface LS3452 wo-l( otherwi&e (efine 9y (efa-lt. Thi& parameter only
applie& to >=OT4P=]1 C!
th
col-mnD an( >=OT4P=]2 C%
r(
col-mnD. Thi&
i& applica9le to ca&e& in which high pre&&-re fl-i( i& containe( within a
container. The off&et allow& LS#3452 time to prevent lea7age. Bn gen#
eral, thi& may 9e &et to ro-ghly "#1$b of the 2L= elm wi(th. Bt may 9e
important only for when BL=2A i& t-rne( O5 to give the co(e time to
ZcatchZ the lea7age. Bf BL=2A i& not O5, thi& may not 9e nece&&ary.

CONTTYP 3 for container defined by a PLANE
Car( 9#% 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le L$ 4$ K$ LCOS 4COS KCOS
Type + + + + + +

L$, 4$, K$
L, 4 an( K coor(inate of a &patial point on the plane.
L1, 41, K1
L, 4 an( K (irection co&ine& of the plane normal vector. The filling will
occ-r on the &i(e pointe( to 9y the plane normal vector Cor Xhea(Y &i(eD.
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CONTTYP 4 for container defined by a Cylinder and Cone (in 2D see Remark 8)
Car( 9#! 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le L$ 4$ K$ L1 41 K1 '1 '2
Type + + + + + + + +

L$, 4$, K$
L, 4 an( K coor(inate of the center of the 1
&t
9a&e of the cone.
L1, 41, K1
L, 4 an( K coor(inate of the center of the 2
n(
9a&e of the cone.
'1
'a(i-& of the 1
&t
9a&e of the cone
'2
'a(i-& of the 2
n(
9a&e of the cone

CONTTYP 5 for container defined by a Rectangular Box
Car( 9#" 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le L$ 4$ K$ L1 41 K1
Type + + + + + +

L$, 4$, K$
L, 4 an( K coor(inate of the maxim-m coor(inate of the 9ox.
L1, 41, K1
L, 4 an( K coor(inate of the minim-m coor(inate of the 9ox.

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CONTTYP 6 for container defined by a Sphere
Car( 9#0 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le L$ 4$ K$ '$
Type + + + +

L$, 4$, K$
L, 4 an( K coor(inate of the center of the &phere.
'$
'a(i-& of the &phere
Remarks:
1. 2fter car( 1 (efining the 9a&ic me&h fille( 9y certain fl-i( gro-p C2..>B3D, each Xfilling
actionY will re;-ire 2 a((itional line& of inp-t Ccar(& a an( b-#, where # i& the CO5TT4P
val-eD. 2t the minim-m there will 9e % car(& re;-ire( for thi& comman( C1, a an( b-#D for 1
Xfilling actionY.
2. There can 9e one or more Xfilling action&Y pre&cri9e( for each (efinition of thi& comman(.
The Xfilling action&Y ta7e place in the pre&cri9e( or(er an( the effect& are acc-m-lative. The
latter filling action& over#write the previo-& one&. Therefore any complex filling logic& will
re;-ire &ome planning. +or example, the following car( &e;-ence, with 2 Xfiling action&Y, i&
allowa9le)
1
a CCO5TT4P]1D
b-1
a CCO5TT4P]%D
b-3
Thi& &e;-ence of car(& pre&cri9e& a &y&tem of 9ac7gro-n( 2L= me&h with 2 Xfiling action&Y
to 9e exec-te(. The 1
&t
i& a filling of a CO5TT4P]1, an( the 2
n(
of CO5TT4P]%.
%. Car( a i& re;-ire( for all container geometry type& CCO5TT4PD. Car( b-# (efine& the con#
tainer act-al geometry an( corre&pon(& to each of the CO5TT4P choice.
!. Bf =L+O'.]12 Cin NS=CTBO5OSOLB3D for the 2L= me&h to 9e fille(, i.e. &ingle#material#
an(#voi( element form-lation i& -&e(, then the non#voi( material i& a-tomatically referre( to
a& 2..> 1 an( the voi( a& 2..> 2. The m-lti#material gro-p& are implie( even tho-gh
no N2L=O.8LTB#.2T='B2LO>'O8P car( i& re;-ire(.
". 2 &imple 2L= 9ac7gro-n( me&h Cfor example, a c-9oi( me&hD can 9e con&tr-cte( envelop#
ing &ome Lagrangian &hell &tr-ct-re Cor containerD. The 2L= region in&i(e thi& Lagrangian
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&hell container may 9e fille( with one m-lti#material gro-p C2..>1D, an( the o-t&i(e re#
gion with another C2..>2D. Thi& approach &implifie& the me&h generation re;-irement&
for 2L= material part& with complex geometrie&.
0. 3efa-lt i& 5T'2C=]% total n-m9er i& C2N5T'2C=[1D
%
] C7L7L7D. Thi& mean& an
2L= element i& &-9(ivi(e( into 7L7L7 region&. =ach i& to 9e fille( in with the appropriate
2..>. 2n example of thi& application wo-l( 9e the filling of initial ga& 9etween m-ltiple
layer& of Lagrangian air9ag &hell element& &haring the &ame 2L= element.
7. The &imple&t approach i& to)
CaD Set X5O'.3B']$Y C(efa-ltD.
C9D 3efine the &hell Cor &egmentD container with inwar( normal&.
CcD 8&ing only +BLLOPT in car( a to control which &i(e of the container to fill.
/. Bf the 2L= mo(el i& 23 CNS=CTBO5O2L=23 in&tea( of NS=CTBO5OSOLB3D,
CO5TT4P]! (efine& a ;-a(rangle. The corner& coor(inate& are cloc7wi&e (efine( Cnormal&
are inD) x1,y1,x2,y2,x%,y%,x!,y! replace the parameter& for a cone x$,y$,I$,x1,y1,I1,r1,r2.
CO5TT4P]0 &ho-l( 9e -&e( to fill a circle.
Example:
Con&i(er a &imple 2L= mo(el with 2L= part& J1#J" C" 2..>& po&&i9leD an( 1 Lagrangian &hell
CcontainerD part S0. Only part& J1 an( S0 initially have their me&he& (efine(. ,e will perform !
Xfilling action&Y. The vol-me filling re&-lt& after each &tep will 9e &hown 9elow to clarify the con#
cept -&e(. The inp-t for the vol-me filling loo7& li7e thi&.
$...|....1....|....2....|....3....|....4....|....5....|....6....|....7....|....8
$ +1 % AMMG 1 % 61A34 1 3;3837119 /22A:93;< O>/1= ALE C=5>% E72?<./A;4 C=5>
$ +5 % AMMG 5 % 61A34 5 63115 E=1/O 7 :17;= % 63113;< 7283/; 1 % )ONTTYP%3
$ +2 % AMMG 2 % 61A34 2 63115 /A8534= !5 % 63113;< 7283/; 2 % )ONTTYP%1
$ +3 % AMMG 3 % 61A34 3 63115 3;534= 7 2/;= % 63113;< 7283/; 3 % )ONTTYP%4
$ +4 % AMMG 4 % 61A34 4 63115 3;534= 7 E/J % 63113;< 7283/; 4 % )ONTTYP%5
$ !6 % L7<.7;<37; 5>=11 2/;873;=.
$...|....1....|....2....|....3....|....4....|....5....|....6....|....7....|....8
1 1
2 1
3 1
4 1
5 1
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*INITIAL_*OLUME_FRA)TION_GEOMETRY
$ T>= 158 27.4 63115 8>= O>/1= :34 +1 O38> AMMG 1%E72?<./A;4 ALE C=5>
$ FM!ID FMIDTYP AMMG @%%% 27.4 1# E72?<./A;4 61A34
1 1 1
$ 63113;< 7283/; 1 % AMMG 5 6311 711 =1C5 E=1/O 7 :17;=
$ )ONTTYPE FILLOPT FILAMMGID @%%% 27.4 7 # 2/;873;=.# )ONTTYPE%3%:17;=
3 $ 5
$ -$M Y$M 0$M N-M NYM N0 @%%% 27.4 E3# 4=87315 /; 2/;873;=. %:17;=
25.$M2$.$M $.$M $.$M1.$M$.$
$ 63113;< 7283/; 2# AMMG 2 63115 OUT!IDE FFILLOPT%1G 5>=11 !6 F3;O7.4 ;/.C715G&
$ )ONTTYPE FILLOPT FAMMG @%% 27.4 7 # 2/;873;=. S1& FILLOPT%1%6311 8731
1 1 2
$ !ETID !ETTYPE NORMDIR @%% 27.4 E1# 4=87315 /; 2/;873;=. S1
6 1 $
$ 63113;< 7283/; 3 % AMMG 3 6311 711 =1C5 3;534= 7 )ONI)AL .=<3/;
$ )ONTTYPE FILLOPT FAMMG )ONTTYP % 4 % )/;873;=. % 2/;3271 .=<3/;
4 $ 3
$ -1 Y1 01 -2 Y2 02 R1 R2
25.$ 75.$ $.$ 25.$ 75.$ 1.$ 8.$ 8.$
$ 63113;< 7283/; 4 % AMMG 4 6311 711 =1C5 3;534= 7 O- .=<3/;
$ )ONTTYPE FILLOPT FFLUIDID # )ONTTYP%5 % TO-T
5 $ 4
$ -MIN YMIN 0MIN -MA- YMA- 0MA-
65.$ 35.$ $.$ 85.$ 65.$ 1.$
$...|....1....|....2....|....3....|....4....|....5....|....6....|....7....|....8
Before the 1
&t
Xfilling actionY the whole 2L= me&h of part J1 i& fille( with 2..> 1 CwhiteD. 2fter
the 1
&t
Xfilling actionY, 2..> " fill& 9elow the &pecifie( plane.

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2fter the 1
&t
an( 2
n(
Xfilling action&Y, it fill& o-t&i(e the &hell CS0D with 2..> 2.

2fter the 1
&t
, 2
n(
an( %
r(
Xfilling action&Y, it fill& in the analytical &phere with 2..> %.

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2fter the 1
&t
, 2
n(
, %
r(
an( !
th
Xfilling action&Y, it fill& in the analytical 9ox with 2..> !.
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ÌNTEGRATION
LS-DYNA R7.0 2!#1 CB5T=>'2TBO5D
ÌNTEGRATION
Bn thi& &ection the -&er (efine( integration r-le& for 9eam an( &hell element& are &pecifie(. B'B3 re#
fer& to integration r-le i(entification n-m9er on NS=CTBO5OB=2. an( NS=CTBO5OSJ=LL car(&
re&pectively. S-a(rat-re r-le& in the NS=CTBO5OSJ=LL an( NS=CTBO5OB=2. car(& nee( to 9e
&pecifie( a& a negative n-m9er. The a9&ol-te val-e of the negative n-m9er refer& to -&er (efine(
integration r-le n-m9er. Po&itive r-le n-m9er& refer to the 9-ilt in ;-a(rat-re r-le& within
LS#3452. The 7eywor( car(& in thi& &ection are)
ÌNTEGRATION_BEAM
ÌNTEGRATION_SHELL
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ÌNTEGRATION ÌNTEGRATION_BEAM
2!#2 CB5T=>'2TBO5D LS-DYNA R7.0
ÌNTEGRATION_BEAM
P-rpo&e) 3efine -&er (efine( thro-gh the thic7ne&& integration r-le& for the 9eam element.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le B'B3 5BP '2 BCST A
Type B B + B B
3efa-lt none $ $.$ $ $

Define the following card if and only if ICST>0.
Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 31 32 3% 3! S'=+ T'=+ 3" 30
Type + + + + + + + +
3efa-lt none none none none $.$ $.$ none none

Define NIP cards below (Skip if NIP0).
Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le S T ,+ PB3
Type + + + B

B'B3
Bntegration r-le B3. B'B3 refer& to B'B3 on NS=CTBO5OB=2. car(.
5BP
5-m9er of integration point&, &ee al&o BCST.
'2
'elative area of cro&& &ection, i.e., the act-al cro&&#&ectional area (ivi(e(
9y the area (efine( 9y the pro(-ct of the &pecifie( thic7ne&& in the & (irec#
tion an( the thic7ne&& in the t (irection. See al&o BCST 9elow an( +ig-re
2!#1.
BCST
Stan(ar( cro&& &ection type, BCST. Bf thi& type i& nonIero then 5BP an( the
relative area a9ove &ho-l( 9e inp-t a& Iero. See &hape& in +ig-re 2!#2 fol#
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ÌNTEGRATION_BEAM ÌNTEGRATION
LS-DYNA R7.0 2!#% CB5T=>'2TBO5D
lowing 'emar7&.
=S.$1) B#&hape
=S.$2) Channel
=S.$%) L#&hape
=S.$!) T#&hape
=S.$") T-9-lar 9ox
=S.$0) K#&hape
=S.$7) TrapeIoi(al
=S.$/) Circ-lar
=S.$) T-9-lar
=S.1$) B#&hape1
=S.11) Soli( 9ox
=S.12) Cro&&
=S.1%) J#&hape
=S.1!) T#&hape1
=S.1") B#&hape2
=S.10) Channel1
=S.17) Channel2
=S.1/) T#&hape2
=S.1) Box#&hape1
=S.2$) Jexagon
=S.21) Jat#&hape
=S.22) Jat#&hape1

A
Bntegration refinement parameter for &tan(ar( cro&& &ection type&. Select
an integer z $. See +ig-re 9elow.
31#30
Cro&&#&ection (imen&ion&. See +ig-re 9elow.
S'=+
&
ref
, location of reference &-rface normal to &, for the J-ghe&#Li- 9eam on#
ly. Thi& option i& only -&ef-l if the 9eam i& connecte( to a &hell or another
9eam on it& o-ter &-rface. Overri(e& 5SLOC in NS=CTBO5OB=2. even
if S'=+]$.
T'=+
t
ref
, location of reference &-rface normal to t, for the J-ghe&#Li- 9eam on#
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2!#! CB5T=>'2TBO5D LS-DYNA R7.0
ly. Thi& option i& only -&ef-l if the 9eam i& connecte( to a &hell or another
9eam on it& o-ter &-rface. Overri(e& 5TLOC in NS=CTBO5OB=2. even
if T'=+]$.
S 5ormaliIe( & coor(inate of integration point, -1 s 1.
T 5ormaliIe( t coor(inate of integration point, -1 t 1.
,+ ,eighting factor, 2
ri
, i.e., the area a&&ociate( with the integration point
(ivi(e( 9y act-al cro&& &ectional area A
=
A
A
, &ee +ig-re 2!#1.
PB3
Optional PB3, -&e( to i(entify material propertie& for thi& integration point.
Bf Iero, the Xma&terY PB3 Creference( on N=L=.=5TD will 9e -&e(. Thi&
feat-re will 9e availa9le in relea&e % of ver&ion 71.
t
t
&
t
&
t
2
Thic7ne&&e& (efine( on 9eam
cro&&#&ection car(&
'elative 2rea ]
(
s
t
, ,, , t
t

+ig-re 2!#1. 3efinition of relative area for -&er (efine( integration r-le.
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LS-DYNA R7.0 2!#" CB5T=>'2TBO5D
&
t
2
2 2
2 2
1
2 %
12
2
11 1$
2
"
2
0
2
!
2
7
2
/
2

+ig-re 2!#2. 3efinition of integration point& for -&er (efine( integration r-le.
Remarks:
The inp-t for &tan(ar( 9eam &ection type& i& (efine( 9elow. Bn following fig-re& the (imen&ion& are
&hown on the left an( the location of the integration point& are &hown on the right. Bf a ;-antity i&
not (efine( in the &7etch, then it &ho-l( 9e &et to Iero in the inp-t. The inp-t ;-antitie& incl-(e)
31#30

] 3imen&ion& of &ection
7 ] Bntegration refinement parameter C an integer >=. $D
&
ref
] location of reference &-rface normal to &, J-ghe&#Li- 9eam only
t
ref
] location of reference &-rface normal to t, J-ghe&#Li- 9eam only

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2!#/ CB5T=>'2TBO5D LS-DYNA R7.0

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LS-DYNA R7.0 2!# CB5T=>'2TBO5D

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2!#1$ CB5T=>'2TBO5D LS-DYNA R7.0

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LS-DYNA R7.0 2!#1% CB5T=>'2TBO5D

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2!#1! CB5T=>'2TBO5D LS-DYNA R7.0

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LS-DYNA R7.0 2!#1" CB5T=>'2TBO5D

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+ig-re 2!#%. Stan(ar( 9eam cro&& &ection&.
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ÌNTEGRATION_SHELL ÌNTEGRATION
ÌNTEGRATION_SHELL
P-rpo&e) 3efine -&er (efine( thro-gh the thic7ne&& integration r-le& for the &hell element. Thi& op#
tion applie& to three (imen&ional &hell element& with three or fo-r no(e& C=L=.=5TOSJ=LL type&
1#11 an( 10D an( to the eight no(e thic7 &hell C=L=.=5TOTSJ=LLD. See NP2'TOCO.POSBT=
for a &impler alternative to NP2'T[NS=CTBO5OSJ=LL[NB5T=>'2TBO5OSJ=LL.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le B'B3 5BP =SOP +2BLOPT
Type B B B B

Define NIP cards below if ESOP 0.
Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le S ,+ PB3
Type + + B

B'B3
Bntegration r-le B3 CB'B3 refer& to B'B3 on NS=CTBO5OSJ=LL car(D.
5BP
5-m9er of integration point&
=SOP
=;-al &pacing of integration point& option)
=S.$) integration point& are (efine( 9elow,
=S.1) integration point& are e;-ally &pace( thro-gh thic7ne&& &-ch that
the &hell i& &-9(ivi(e( into 5BP layer& of e;-al thic7ne&&.
+2BLOPT
Treatment of fail-re when mixing (ifferent con&tit-tive type&, which (o
an( (o not incl-(e fail-re mo(el&, thro-gh the &hell thic7ne&&. +or exam#
ple, con&i(er the ca&e where a linear vi&coela&tic material mo(el, which
(oe& not have a fail-re option, i& mixe( with a compo&ite mo(el, which
(oe& have a fail-re option. 5ote) Bf the fail-re option incl-(e& fail-re 9a&e(
on the time &tep &iIe of the element, element (eletion will occ-r regar(le&&
of the val-e of +2BLOPT.
=S.$) =lement i& (elete( when the layer& which incl-(e fail-re, fail.
=S.1) =lement fail-re cannot occ-r &ince &ome layer& (o not have a
fail-re option.
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ÌNTEGRATION ÌNTEGRATION_SHELL
2!#1/ CB5T=>'2TBO5D LS-DYNA R7.0
S
Coor(inate of integration point in range #1 to 1.
,+
,eighting factor. Thi& i& typically the thic7ne&& a&&ociate( with the inte#
gration point (ivi(e( 9y act-al &hell thic7ne&&, i.e., the weighting factor for
the ith integration point ]
At
i
t
a& &een in +ig-re 2!#.
PB3
Optional part B3 if (ifferent from the PB3 &pecifie( on the element car(.
The average ma&& (en&ity for the &hell element i& 9a&e( on a weighte( av#
erage of the (en&ity of each layer that i& -&e( thro-gh the thic7ne&&. ,hen
mo(ifying the con&tit-tive con&tant& thro-gh the thic7ne&&, it i& often nec#
e&&ary to (efine( -ni;-e part B3& witho-t element& that are reference( only
9y the -&er integration r-le. The&e a((itional part B3& only provi(e a (en&i#
ty an( con&tit-tive con&tant& with local material axe& Cif -&e(D an( orienta#
tion angle& ta7en from the PB3 reference( on the element car(. Bn (efining
a PB3 for an integration point, it i& o7ay to reference a &oli( element PB3.
The material type thro-gh the thic7ne&& can vary.
t
& ] 1
& ]#1
mi(&-rface
&t
i

+ig-re 2!#
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ÌNTERFACE
LS-DYNA R7.0 2"#1 CB5T=>'2TBO5D
ÌNTERFACE
Bnterface (efinition& may 9e -&e( to (efine &-rface&, no(al line&, an( no(al point& for which the (i&#
placement an( velocity time hi&torie& are &ave( at &ome -&er &pecifie( fre;-ency. Thi& (ata may
then -&e( in &-9&e;-ent analy&e& a& an interface B3 in the NB5T='+2C=OLB5AB5>O3BSC'=T=
O5O3= a& ma&ter no(e&, in NB5T='+2C=OLB5AB5>OS=>.=5T a& ma&ter &egment& an( in
NB5T='+2C=OLB5AB5>O=3>= a& the ma&ter e(ge for a &erie& of no(e&. Thi& capa9ility i& e&pe#
cially -&ef-l for &t-(ying the (etaile( re&pon&e of a &mall mem9er in a large &tr-ct-re. +or the fir&t
analy&i&, the mem9er of intere&t nee( only 9e (i&cretiIe( &-fficiently that the (i&placement& an( ve#
locitie& on it& 9o-n(arie& are rea&ona9ly acc-rate. 2fter the fir&t analy&i& i& complete(, the mem9er
can 9e finely (i&cretiIe( in the region 9o-n(e( 9y the interface&. +inally, the &econ( analy&i& i& per#
forme( to o9tain highly (etaile( information in the local region of intere&t. ,hen 9eginning the fir&t
analy&i&, &pecify a name for the interface &egment file -&ing the K]parameter on the LS#3452 exe#
c-tion line. ,hen &tarting the &econ( analy&i&, the name of the interface &egment file create( in the
fir&t r-n &ho-l( 9e &pecifie( -&ing the L]parameter on the LS#3452 comman( line. +ollowing the
a9ove proce(-re, m-ltiple level& of &-9#mo(eling are ea&ily accommo(ate(. The interface file may
contain a m-ltit-(e of interface (efinition& &o that a &ingle r-n of a f-ll mo(el can provi(e eno-gh
interface (ata for many component analy&e&. The interface feat-re repre&ent& a powerf-l exten&ion
of LS#3452V& analy&i& capa9ilitie&. The 7eywor( car(& for thi& p-rpo&e are)
ÌNTERFACE_COMPENSATION_NEW
ÌNTERFACE_COMPONENT_OPTION
ÌNTERFACE_LINKING_DISCRETE_NODE_OPTION
ÌNTERFACE_LINKING_EDGE
ÌNTERFACE_LINKING_SEGMENT
ÌNTERFACE_SPRINGBACK_OPTION1_OPTION2
Bnterface (efinition& may al&o 9e employe( to (efine &oil#&tr-ct-re interface& in earth;-a7e analy&i&
involving non#linear &oil#&tr-ct-re interaction where the &tr-ct-re may 9e non#linear 9-t the &oil o-t#
&i(e the &oil#&tr-ct-re interface i& a&&-me( to 9e linear. +ree#fiel( earth;-a7e gro-n( motion& are
re;-ire( only at the &oil#&tr-ct-re interface for &-ch analy&i&. The 7eywor( car(& for thi& p-rpo&e are)
ÌNTERFACE_SSI
ÌNTERFACE_SSI_AUX
ÌNTERFACE_SSI_AUX_EMBEDDED
ÌNTERFACE_SSI_STATIC
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ÌNTERFACE ÌNTERFACE_BLANKSIZE_OPTION]
2"#2 CB5T='+2C=D LS#3452 Mer&ion 71
ÌNTERFACE_BLANKSIZEOPOPTIONQ
DEVELOPMENT
INITIAL_TRIM
INITIAL_ADAPTIVE
P-rpo&e) Thi& 7eywor( i& (evelope( for 9lan7 &iIe (evelopment in &heet metal forming. >enerally,
for a &ingle forming proce&&, only the option DEVELOPMENT i& nee(e(, an( inp-t& are an initial
e&timate( 9lan7 &hape, a forme( Cor finalD 9lan7 &hape, an(, a target 9lan7 &hape. O-tp-t re&-lt will
9e the calc-late(Fcorrecte( initial 9lan7 &hape. +or m-lti#&tamping proce&& involving (raw, trimming
an( flanging, all three option& are nee(e(, an( an example i& &hown in the following Remarks. Oth#
er relate( 7eywor(& for 9lan7 &iIe e&timation i& NCO5T'OLO+O'.B5>OO5=ST=P, an( for trim
line (evelopment, NCO5T'OLO+O'.B5>O85+L25>B5>.
+or option DEVELOPMENT)
Card 1 is required
Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le BOPTBO5 B232PT
Type B B
3efa-lt none none

Card 2 is required
Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le +BL=52.=1
Type 2/$
3efa-lt none

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ÌNTERFACE_BLANKSIZE_OPTION] ÌNTERFACE
LS-DYNA R7.0 2"#% CB5T=>'2TBO5D
Card 3 is required
Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le +BL=52.=2
Type 2/$
3efa-lt none

Card 4 is required
Car( ! 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le +BL=52.=%
Type 2/$
3efa-lt none
+or option INITIAL_TRIM)
Card 1 is required
Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le +BL=52.=!
Type 2/$
3efa-lt none

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2"#! CB5T='+2C=D LS#3452 Mer&ion 71
Card 2 is required
Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le +BL=52.="
Type 2/$
3efa-lt none

Card 3 is required
Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le +BL=52.=0
Type 2/$
3efa-lt none

Card 4 is required
Car( ! 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le +BL=52.=7
Type 2/$
3efa-lt none

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LS-DYNA R7.0 2"#" CB5T=>'2TBO5D
+or option INITIAL_ADAPTIVE)
Card 1 is required
Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le +BL=52.=/
Type 2/$
3efa-lt none

Card 2 is required
Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le +BL=52.=
Type 2/$
3efa-lt none

Card 3 is required
Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le +BL=52.=1$
Type 2/$
3efa-lt none

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2"#0 CB5T='+2C=D LS#3452 Mer&ion 71
Card 4 is required
Car( ! 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le +BL=52.=11
Type 2/$
3efa-lt none

BOPTBO5
Target (efinition inp-t type)
=S.1) CentireD 9lan7 me&h in 7eywor( format.
=S.2) con&ec-tive po&ition coor(inate& of 9lan7 9o-n(ary loop c-rve
in L4K format. Blan7 geometry i& locate( to the left &i(e of the
loope( c-rve, a& &hown in 'emar7& 9elow.
=S.#2) con&ec-tive po&ition coor(inate& of 9lan7 9o-n(ary loop in L4K
format. Blan7 geometry i& locate( to the right &i(e of the loope(
c-rve, a& &hown in 'emar7& 9elow.
B232PT
2(aptive me&h control flag. Bf B232PT]1, n-m9er of element& 9etween
initial C+BL=52.=2D an( &im-late( 9lan7 C+BL=52.=%D me&he& can 9e
(ifferent, avoi(ing -&ing &heet 9lan7 from the file nadapt#mshV C&et BO#
+L2>]1 in NCO5T'OLO232PTBM=D for the initial 9lan7 me&h.
+BL=52.=1
Thi&, an( the following file name&, +BL=52.=1m%, are for the option
DEVELOPMENT)
Target inp-t file name. Bf a 9lan7 me&h i& -&e(, the 7eywor( file m-&t con#
tain N5O3= an( N=L=.=5TOSJ=LLE if 9lan7 9o-n(ary i& -&e(, the file
m-&t con&i&t of N3=+B5=OT2'>=TOBO8532'4. Once (efine(, the tar#
get never nee(& to 9e change( in an iterative optimiIation loop.
+BL=52.=2
Sim-late( Cforme( or flange(D &heet 9lan7 me&h in 7eywor( format. Thi&
can 9e the final &tate me&h from the c-rrent &im-lation.
+BL=52.=%
Bnitial &heet 9lan7 me&h in 7eywor( format. Thi& can 9e the fir&t &tate me&h
from the c-rrent &im-lation. Bf B232PT]1, then thi& me&h can H-&t 9e a
reg-lar 9lan7 me&h Cwitho-t a(aptivityD.
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+BL=52.=!
Thi& an( the following file name&, +BL=52.=!m7, are for the option IN-
ITIAL_TRIM)
OP1$ a(apte( initial flat 9lan7 in 7eywor( format. +or now, thi& can 9e ex#
tracte( from Xadapt#mshY file. Typically, OP1$ can 9e a (raw forming op#
eration.
+BL=52.="
OP1$ final 9lan7 in 7eywor( format. n3ynainV file from thi& OP1$ &im-la#
tion can 9e -&e(.
+BL=52.=0
OP2$ 9lan7 in 7eywor( format. n3ynainV file from thi& OP2$ &im-lation
can 9e -&e(. Typically, OP2$ i& a trimming operation.
+BL=52.=7
OP2$ flat 9lan7 Ccalc-late(D file name. +or example, it can 9e Xop2I_-.at
_ne*Y.
+BL=52.=/
The following file name&, +BL=52.=/m11 are for the option INITIAL
_ADAPTIVE)
Same file name a& +BL=52.=7, calc-late(.
+BL=52.=
OP%$ initial 9lan7 file name, from la&t &tate of OP%$ 3%PLOTS with a(ap#
tive con&traint&, or otherwi&e the &ame a& OP2$ (ynain. To get the file from
3%PLOTS, acce&& POSTFO8TP8TF3ynain 2SCBB an( =xcl-(e &train an(
&tre&& in LS#PrePo&t!.$. Typically, OP%$ will 9e a flanging operation.
+BL=52.=1$
OP%$ a(apte( initial 9lan7 file name. +or now, thi& can 9e extracte( from
Xadapt#mshY file of OP%$ &im-lation.
+BL=52.=11
OP%$ flat 9lan7 Ccalc-late(D file name. +or example, it can 9e Xop3I_-.at
_ne*Y.
Remarks:
1. ,hen BOPTBO5]2, or #2, a file with the 7eywor( N3=+B5=OT2'>=TOBO8532'4
m-&t 9e pre&ent. 3etail& can 9e fo-n( in the corre&pon(ing man-al page&.
2. Comp-te( 9o-n(ary c-rve& are written with N3=+B5=OC8'M=OT'B.O%3 in a file calle(
trim/ur+es#i?o. The format of thi& file i& in nL4K point&V format. To convert to B>=S for#
mat, one can rea( thi& 7eywor( into LS#PrePo&t!.$, an( follow the ill-&tration& in +ig-re
2"#1 to get the c-rve& in B>=S. 2fter hitting (pp.9 9-tton, the c-rve& will &how -p on the
(i&play, an( ;i.e/Sa+e as/Sa+e @eom as can 9e -&e( to write the c-rve& o-t in B>=S format.
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2"#/ CB5T='+2C=D LS#3452 Mer&ion 71

To convert B>=S file 9ac7 to 7eywor( N3=+B5=OC8'M=OT'B.O%3, B>=S file i& im#
porte( into LSPP!.$, an( proce(-re& &hown in +ig-re 2"#2 are followe(. 2fter fini&hing
&tep 2, a me&&age will appear in the comman( prompt a&) n/ur+es ha+e ?een /on+erted to
>e9*ord -ormatV. ;i.e/Sa+e/Sa+e >e9*ord can then 9e -&e( to write o-t the file.

+ig-re 2"#1. Converting 37:>6879-<.:Fo to B>=S format in LSPP!.$
1
2
3
4
5
6
+ig-re 2"#2. Converting B>=S file to N3=+B5=OC8'M=OT'B.O%3
1 Jri6ht /.i/>L
2
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LS-DYNA R7.0 2"# CB5T=>'2TBO5D
To convert 9ac7 an( forth 9etween B>=S c-rve& an( L4K format to 9e -&e( for N3=+B5=
OT2'>=TOBO8532'4, men- option 1ur+e/1o+ert J1ur+eL/To C47 -i.e, or ;rom C47
-i.e can 9e -&e(.
%. +ig-re 2"#% ill-&trate& whether to &et BOPTBO5 to 2, or #2. Bn LSPP!.$, men- option @e$
oTo. / &e+erJseL can 9e -&e( to &how the flow (irection of the c-rve. Bf one wal7& along the
c-rve an( the 9lan7 geometry i& locate( to the left, then BOPTBO5 i& 2, otherwi&e BOP#
TBO5 i& #2.

!. >iven initial, final 9lan7 &hape, an( along with a final pro(-ct &hape or pro(-ct 9o-n(ary
a& the target, thi& 7eywor( will calc-late a new initial 9lan7 o-tline, corre&pon(ing to the
target pro(-ct &hape. Bteration& may 9e nee(e( if the initial 9lan7 &iIe g-e&& i& too far off
from the calc-late( one. +or ca&e& where a(aptive re#me&hing i& -&e(, the 9lan7 from a file
calle( adapt#msh, create( 9y LS#3452 at the en( of a forming &im-lation, can 9e -&e( a&
the initial 9lan7. The following 7eywor(& &how a complete inp-t nee(e( to con(-ct a &im-#
lation, noting I((PT=1, meaning initial an( final 9lan7 me&he& are (ifferent . The inp-t
file& are (etaile( 9elow, an( o-tp-t re&-lt& are &hown in +ig-re 2"#!.

*$EYORD
*INTER!A#E_BLAN$SI+E_DE%ELOPMENT
$ IOPTION IADAPT
2 1
$ :0/83 5:2- 5o7 317=-3 >-<CH o7 Fo80;174 /o<:3:o0 6oo7;:013-<
317=-3/o:03<.Q
$ :0/83 5:2- 5o7 <:>8213-; >-<C
5:012.Q
$ :0/83 5:2- 5o7 :0:3:12 F210Q >-<C
:0:3:12.Q
*END

+ig-re 2"#%. 3ifference& 9etween BOPTBO5 n2V an( n#2V
BOPTBO5]2 BOPTBO5]#2
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2"#1$ CB5T='+2C=D LS#3452 Mer&ion 71
The file, tar6etpoints#>, i& partially &hown 9elow, an( (etail& can 9e fo-n( in the corre#
&pon(ing man-al page&.

*$EYORD
*DE!INE_TARGET_BO)NDARY
'1.83355-G"2 '5.&4"68-G"2 '1.5863&-G"2
'1.8"736-G"2 '5.&4"71-G"2 '1.581&6-G"2
'1.78126-G"2 '5.&4"&8-G"2 '1.57813-G"2
'1.75546-G"2 '5.&4"&6-G"2 '1.57433-G"2
'1.72888-G"2 '5.&4117-G"2 '1.57"26-G"2
.....
*END

". Thi& feat-re can 9e applie( in many (ifferent &it-ation&. +or example, it can 9e -&e( to (e#
&ign a 9lan7 that will event-ally re&-lt in the 9lan7 e(ge 9eing a certain (i&tance o-t&i(e of
the la&t 9en( of a (raw 9ea(. The 58.BSJ==T 2$$" cro&& mem9er i& -&e( to ill-&trate
thi& proce&&. Bn +ig-re 2"#", the tooling an( 9lan7 &et -p i& &hown to the left. The right &i(e
of the fig-re &how& the target 9lan7, who&e left an( right e(ge& everywhere are ma(e 1$mm
o-t&i(e of the la&t 9en(ing ra(i-& of the (raw 9ea(&. Thi& &it-ation i& fre;-ently enco-n#
tere( in &heet forming &im-lation &ince thi& i& one of the way& to en&-re a very &ta9le
&tamping proce&& for ;-ality.
Input0 initia. ?.an> shape
Jstation E1DL
Input0 simu.ated ?.an> -ina.
shape Jstation EnDL
Input0 tar6et part ?oundar9
out.ine Jstation EnDL
Output0 predi/ted initia. ?.an>
out.ine Jstation E1DL
+ig-re 2"#!. Blan7 &iIe (evelopment in a progre&&ive (ie with B232PT]1
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+ir&t of all, the one#&tep &ol-tion -&ing NCO5T'OLO+O'.B5>OO5=ST=P i& -&e( to -n#
fol( the target 9lan7 to o9tain an initial g-e&& of a flat 9lan7, a& &hown to the left of +ig-re
2"#0. The flat 9lan7 i& then forme( a& one wo-l( -&-ally (o in a reg-lar forming &im-la#
tion, &hown on the right &i(e of the fig-re. The forme( 9lan7 CBteration $D t-rn& o-t to 9e
larger than the target.
The option O3=M=LOP.=5T i& then -&e( to generate a new an( 9etter initial 9lan7 that
will lea( to the target 9lan7. The flat 9lan7 i& -&e( a& inp-t for the ninitial 9lan7 me&hV, the
forme( 9lan7 i& -&e( a& inp-t for the n&im-late( me&hV, an( the target 9lan7 me&h, or
9o-n(ary point& i& -&e( to (efine the target.
Bn +ig-re 2"#7 CleftD, the re&-lt of the new an( 9etter initial 9lan7 Cfir&t compen&ate( 9lan7D
i& &-perimpo&e( with the original one#&tep -nfol(e( re&-lt. Bt i& o9vio-& that the one#&tep
-nfol(e( re&-lt i& &omewhat larger all aro-n( than the 9lan7 &iIe (evelope(. The new flat
9lan7 i& then forme( again for a confirmation r-n. Bt t-rn& o-t the forme( 9lan7 CBteration
1D nearly overlape( with the target 9lan7, &hown in +ig-re 2"#7 CrightD. Bf the final forme(
9lan7 &till (eviate& from the target, another iteraion wo-l( en&-e, -ntil &ati&factory re&-lt&
are o9taine(.
0. Thi& feat-re can al&o 9e applie( in f-lly (evelope( 9lan7&, &-ch a& tho&e -&e( fre;-ently in
progre&&ive (ie&, hot &tamping, or &ome (raw (ie&, Bn +ig-re 2"#/, the 58.BSJ==T 2$$/
B#pillar i& &hown.
2n a&&-me( target 9lan7 in it& initial an( forme( &hape i& &hown in +ig-re 2"#.
The intial g-e&& i& intentionally (eviate( from the target &everely in &ome area&, a& &hown
in +ig-re 2"#1$ CleftD. +orme( 9lan7 i& compare( with the target a& &hown in the fig-re
CrightD.
8&ing the option O3=M=LOP.=5T, a new initial 9lan7 &iIe i& comp-te( a& the 1
st

/ompensated ?.an> &hown in +ig-re 2"#11 CleftD. The new 9lan7 i& forme( again an( it&
+ig-re 2"#". 58.BSJ==T 2$$" cro&& mem9er
Cro&& mem9er &et -p in air (raw Target 9an7 e(ge& 1$mm o-t&i(e 9ea(&
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2"#12 CB5T='+2C=D LS#3452 Mer&ion 71
forme( &hape i& compare( with target a& &hown in the fig-re CrightD. The forme( 9lan7 i&
narrower in the notche( area& a& compare( with the target.
Bn the &econ( iteration, the 9lan7 &iIe i& comp-te( over again a& 2
nd
/ompensated ?.an>,
&hown in +ig-re 2"#12 CleftD. The forme( 9lan7 i& compare( with the target a& &hown in the
fig-re CrightD, an( the two nearly overlap each other aro-n( the perimeter.
Beca-&e of the initial 9lan7 &iIe i& intentionally (eviate( 9y a large margin from the target
for (emon&tration p-rpo&e, thi& example re;-ire& two iteration& to converge to the target
9lan7. 2ccor(ingly, NCO5T'OLO+O'.B5>OO5=ST=P co-l( 9e -&e( to -nfol( the
targete( &hape a& an initial g-e&&, to re(-ce the n-m9er of iteration&.
7. 2n example of the feat-re applie( in flanging proce&& i& (emon&trate(. 2&&-ming a target
initial 9lan7, the 58.BSJ==T 2$$2 fen(er o-ter i& flange( along the hoo( line, &hown in
+ig-re 2"#1%, an( with flange( &hape a& the target part, +ig-re 2"#1!. +or (emon&tration
p-rpo&e, the trimme( 9lan7 &hape an( &iIe i& intentionally mo(ifie( 9y a large amo-nt,
in(icate( 9y initia. 6uess trim /ur+es, +ig-re 2"#1". The flange( &hape i& compare( with
the flange( target an( i& &hown to have large (ifference& along it& 9o-n(ary, +ig-re 2"#1".
One iteration -&ing thi& 7eywor( comp-te& the compen&ate( trim c-rve&. 2 verification r-n
in(icate& the 9o-n(ary of the new flange( part overlap& the flange( target, &hown in +ig-re
2"#10.
2lternatively, NCO5T'OLO+O'.B5>O85+L25>B5> can 9e -&e( to -nfol( the flange(
target onto the a((en(-m to o9tain the initial 9lan7 &iIe.
/. Bn a typical &tamping proce&& involving (raw, trim an( flanging operation&, a& &hown in
+ig-re 2"#17 CtopD, inp-t file& are explaine( +ig-re 2"#17. The correcte( initial 9lan7 o-t#
line can 9e calc-late( -&ing all three option&. The complete 7eywor( file explain& in (etail&
of inp-t&, o-tp-t, an( what each file mean&, &hown in +ig-re 2"#17 C9ottomD. +-rthermore,
relation& among all inp-t& an( o-tp-t are ill-&trate( in +ig-re 2"#1/.
. Thi& 7eywor( re;-ire& (o-9le preci&ion exec-ta9le CS.PD an( the option DEVELOP-
MENT i& availa9le in '0 'evi&ion 7!0$" an( later relea&e&. The option& INI-
TIAL_TRIM, an( INITIAL_ADAPTIVE are availa9le in '0 'evi&ion 7"$2% an( later
relea&e&. The I((PT varia9le i& availa9le in '0 'evi&ion 7"/27 an( later relea&e&

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LS-DYNA R7.0 2"#1% CB5T=>'2TBO5D

+ig-re 2"#0. Bnitial 9lan7 calc-lation an( 9a&eline forme( 9lan7
One$step un-o.d resu.t *ith
JM1ONT&O=_;O&"IN@_ON5ST5PL
ra*n ?.an> 1Imm
outside o- dra* ?eads
$ Tar6et
Iteration I0 -ormed -rom 1$step
un-o.ded ?.an>

Tar6et

Target 9lan7 i& -nfol(e( to a flat 9lan7
Cinitial g-e&&D
Blan7 from initial g-e&& i& forme( to
o9tain the forme( 9lan7
+ig-re 2"#7. The fir&t compen&ate( 9lan7 an( the final confirmation r-n
;irst /ompensated ?.an>
usin6 this >e9*ord
Ori6ina. one$step un-o.d resu.t

Iteration 10
;ormed -rom -irst
/ompensated ?.an>

Tar6et

+ir&t compen&ate( 9lan7 &-perimpo&e(
with original one#&tep re&-lt
+inal forme( 9lan7 overlap& target
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2"#1! CB5T='+2C=D LS#3452 Mer&ion 71

+ig-re 2"#/. 58.BSJ==T 2$$/ B#pillar
+ig-re 2"#. 2&&-me( target 9lan7&
Tar6et $ -ormed
Tar6et ?.an> $ initia.
+ig-re 2"#1$. Bteration $ re&-lt& compari&on with target
;ormed -rom
initia. 6uess
Tar6et $
-ormed Initia. 6uess
Tar6et ?.an>
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LS-DYNA R7.0 2"#1" CB5T=>'2TBO5D

+ig-re 2"#11. Bteration 1 re&-lt&
;ormed -rom 1
st

/ompensated ?.an> Tar6et $
-ormed
1
st
/ompensated ?.an>
Tar6et ?.an>
+ig-re 2"#12. Bteration 2 re&-lt&
2
nd
/ompensated ?.an>
Tar6et ?.an>
;ormed -rom 2
nd

/ompensated ?.an>
Tar6et
+ig-re 2"#1%. The flanging proce&& on 58.BSJ==T 2$$2 fen(er o-ter
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2"#10 CB5T='+2C=D LS#3452 Mer&ion 71

+ig-re 2"#1!. .-tliple &ection view &howing the target part an( a((en(-m &-rface&
Tar6et part
Part to ?e trimmed -or -.an6in6
+ig-re 2"#1". Bnitial trim c-rve& intentionally ma(e to 9e off 9y a large margin
Initia. 6uess trim /ur+es inten$
tiona..9 o-- ?9 .ar6e mar6in
;.an6ed shape ?ased on initia. 6uessed trim
/ur+es, de+iates -rom -.an6ed tar6et#
;.an6ed tar6et
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+ig-re 2"#10. Compen&ate( trim c-rve& overlap with the target c-rve&
1ompensated trim /ur+es
Initia. 6uess
Ne* -.an6ed part o+er$
.aps -.an6ed tar6et
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2"#1/ CB5T='+2C=D LS#3452 Mer&ion 71

+ig-re 2"#17. Bll-&tration of the inp-t file &tr-ct-re for a m-lti#proce&& 9lan7 (evelopment

OP1I ra* OP2I Trim
OP3I ;.an6in6
'.an>in6
2 Stamping proce&& con&i&te( of (raw, trim an( flanging
J1ourtes9 o- "eta. ;ormin6 (na.9sis 1orp#L
OP1I initia. adapted
-.at ?.an>
OP1I -ina. ?.an>
OP2I trimmed ?.an>
OP3I adapted ini$
tia. ?.an> mesh
OP3I -i.e name -or
/a./u.ated initia. -.at
?.an>
OP3I tar6et
OP3I -ina. ?.an>
OP3I initia. -.at ?.an>
OP2I -i.e name
-or /a./u.ated
initia. -.at ?.an>
'.ue ?o:es are input

Intermediate output -i.es
Output0 ne* trim .ine OP1I Jout.ineL
OP3I initia. mesh J-rom OP3I
d3p.ots .ast state *ith adapti+e
/onstraintsL
-
-
-
-
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+ig-re 2"#1/. Bnp-t& an( o-tp-t& C1ourtes9 o- "eta. ;ormin6 (na.9sis 1orp#D
OP2I_-.at_ne* Jinter$
mediate outputL
OP1I -ina. ?.an> OP2I -ina. ?.an>
OP1I initia. ?.an>
J#mshL
OP3I_-.at_ne*
Jintermediate outputL
OP3I initia. ?.an>
OP3I initia. ?.an>
J#mshL
OP3I Tar6et
OP1I -.at trim out$
.ines JOutputL OP3I -ina. ?.an>
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ÌNTERFACE ÌNTERFACE_COMPENSATION_NEW
2"#2$ CB5T='+2C=D LS#3452 Mer&ion 71
ÌNTERFACE_COMPENSATION_NEWOPOPTIONQ
<BLANK>
ACCELERATOR
MULTI_STEPS
LOCAL_SMOOTH
P-rpo&e) The&e feat-re& are (evelope( to compen&ate &pring9ac7 in &tamping tool&. The capa9ilitie&
of the feat-re& incl-(e) 1D to calc-late the (eviation of the part from it& inten(e( (e&ign of the
&tampe( part, an( a-tomatically compen&ate the tool to minimiIe the (eviationE 2D to map the exi&t#
ing trimming c-rve to the mo(ifie( toolE an( C%D to a-tomatically (etect the -n(erc-t pro9lem.
Thi& compen&ation algorithm i& a nonlinear iterative metho(. Bf one iteration i& not eno-gh to 9ring
(own the part (eviation ca-&e( 9y to &pring9ac7 to le&& than the accepta9le tolerance, it i& alway&
a(vi&e( to -&e more iteration&. 8&-ally, it i& fo-n( that 2m! iteration& are nee(e( for mo&t of the
ca&e&. Bn a((ition, thi& metho( provi(e& a &cale factor, which allow& the -&er to (eci(e the ratio of
&hape (eviation the part i& compen&ate(.
The option ACCELERATOR &pee(& -p the convergence rate in re(-cing the part (eviation to (e#
&ign tolerance th-& re(-cing the n-m9er of iteration&. Thi& option al&o allow& for a m-ch &impler -&#
er interface.
The option MULTI_STEPS allow& for tooling compen&ation of the next (ie proce&&, 9a&e( on tar#
get 9lan7 &hape, compen&ate( 9lan7 &hape for the next &tep, an( c-rrent tool&. Thi& feat-re i& -&ef-l
in line (ie proce&&Ftooling compen&ation.
The option LOCAL_SMOOTH feat-re& &moothing of a toolV& local area me&h, which co-l( 9e#
come (i&torte( 9eca-&e of either 9a( or coar&e me&h of the original tool &-rface, or in area& where
tooling pair& Cfor example, flanging po&t an( flanging &teelD (oe& not maintain a con&tant gap, or af#
ter a few compen&ation iteration&.
Limitation of the c-rrent metho( involve& (eficiency in eliminating the -n(erc-t pro9lem.
2ll the target an( c-rrent tool geometry m-&t 9e incl-(e( 9y -&ing the 7eywor() NB5CL83=
OCO.P=5S2TBO5OPOPTIONQ. The option LOC2LOS.OOTJ al&o nee(& to -&e a 7eywor(
NS=TO5O3=OLBSTOS.OOTJ.

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ÌNTERFACE_COMPENSATION_NEW ÌNTERFACE
Card 1 for options <blank> , MULTI-STEPS, and LOCAL_SMOOTH:
Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le .=TJO3 SL S+ =L'=+ PSB3m 853CT 25>L= 5LB5=2'
Type B + + B + + + B
3efa-lt 0 ".$ $.7" 1 none none $.$ 1

Card 1 for option ACCELERATOR:
Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le BST=PS TOLL TOL4 TOLK OPTBO5
Type B + + + B
3efa-lt $ $." $." $." 1

.=TJO3
There are &everal extrapolation metho(&. See Remarks 1.
SL
The &mooth level parameter control& the &moothne&& of the mo(ifie( &-r#
face&. 2 large val-e ma7e& the &-rface &moother. The commonly -&e( val#
-e i& 9etween " an( 1$. Bf &pring9ac7 i& large, the tran&ition region i& ex#
pecte( to 9e large. Jowever, 9y -&ing a &maller val-e of SL, the region of
tran&ition can 9e re(-ce(.
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2"#22 CB5T='+2C=D LS#3452 Mer&ion 71
S+
Shape compen&ation &cale factor. The val-e &cale& the &pring9ac7 amo-nt
of the 9lan7 an( the &cale( amo-nt i& -&e( to compen&ate the tooling.
>T.$) compen&ate in the oppo&ite (irection of the &pring9ac7E
LT.$) compen&ate in the p-nch moving (irection Cfor -n(erc-tD.
Thi& &cale factor &cale& how m-ch of the &hape (eviation i& compen&ate(.
+or example, if 1$ mm &pring9ac7 i& pre(icte(, an( the &cale factor i& cho#
&en a& $.7", then the compen&ation in the oppo&ite (irection will only 9e 7."
mm.
Thro-gh many parameter &t-(ie&, it i& fo-n( that the 9e&t &cale factor i&
ca&e (epen(ent. +or &ome ca&e&, a &cale factor of $.7" i& 9e&tE while for
other&, larger val-e& are 9etter. Sometime&, the 9e&t val-e can 9e larger
than 1.1.
Since it i& impo&&i9le to choo&e the 9e&t val-e for each application it i& &-g#
ge&te( that for a new application, the initial trial i& $.7". Bf the &pring9ac7
cannot 9e effectively compen&ate(, more iteration& m-&t 9e -&e( to com#
pen&ate the remaining &hape (eviation.
+or channel with twi&ting, the &cale factor i& more important. Bt wa& fo-n(
that a &mall change of the tool &hape might change the twi&ting mo(e. Bf
thi& occ-r&, -&ing a &mall val-e C?$."D i& &-gge&te(.
=L'=+
=lement refinement option)
=S.1) &pecial element refinement i& -&e( with the tool element& C(e#
fa-ltDE
=S.2) &pecial element refinement i& t-rne( off.
PSB3m
3efine the Part &et B3 for ma&ter part&. Bt i& important to properly choo&e
the part& for the ma&ter &i(e. 8&-ally, only one &i(e Cma&ter &i(eD of the
tool will 9e cho&en a& the ma&ter &i(e, an( the mo(ification of the other
&i(e C&lave &i(eD (epen(& &olely on the change, which occ-r& in the ma&ter
&i(e. Bn thi& way, the two &i(e& are co-ple( an( a con&tant gap 9etween the
two &i(e& i& maintaine(. Bf 9oth &i(e& are cho&en a& ma&ter &i(e, the gap 9e#
tween the two &i(e& might change an( the gap might 9ecome inhomogene#
o-&.
The choice of .a&ter &i(e will have effect on the final re&-lt for metho( 7
for three#piece (raw. 2t thi& time, when the p-nch an( 9in(er are cho&en a&
the ma&ter &i(e, the 9in(er region will not 9e change(. Otherwi&e, when the
(ie i& cho&en a& .a&ter &i(e the 9in(er will 9e change(, &ince the change&
exten( to the e(ge& of the .a&ter tool.
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LS-DYNA R7.0 2"#2% CB5T=>'2TBO5D
853CT
Tool -n(erc-t treatment option)
=S.$) no chec7 C(efa-ltDE
=S.1) chec7 an( fix -n(erc-t.
25>L=
2n angle (efining the -n(erc-t.
5LB5=2'
2ctivate nonlinear extrapolation.
BST=PS
Step& in accelerate( compen&ation proce(-re. See Remarks.
TOLL
Part (eviation tolerance 9etween c-rrent 9lan7 an( target 9lan7 &hape in
glo9al L#(irection.
TOL4
glo9al 4#(irection.
TOLK
glo9al K#(irection.
OPTBO5
Compen&ation acceleration metho(. C-rrently only metho( 1 i& availa9le.
Remarks:
1. 2fter trimming, only a limite( part of the tool ha& (irect relation&hip with the &pring9ac7 of the
9lan7 part. The mo(ification of the rigi( tool o-t&i(e the trimming c-rve ha& to rely on extrap#
olation. Jowever, extrapolating i& an -n&ta9le proce&&, it i& ea&y to have a non#&mooth &-r#
face. To re&olve thi& pro9lem, &even &moothing algorithm& have 9een propo&e(. The fre;-ently
-&e( metho(& are) 7, %, 0 an( /. The other& are -&e( occa&ionally.
Method 7: Bf the p-nch i& cho&en a& the ma&ter &i(e, the 9in(er will not 9e change(. The only
change occ-rring involve& in&i(e p-nch opening. 8n(er thi& option, the &moothing factor ha&
little effect. The &moothne&& of the mo(ifie( tool (epen(& on the magnit-(e of the &pring9ac7
an( the &iIe of the a((en(-m region.
Advantages) The 9in(er will not 9e change(.
Disadvantages) The change will 9e limite( in&i(e the a((en(-m region, an( the mo(ifie( &-r#
face may not 9e &mooth if the &pring9ac7 magnit-(e i& large an( the tran&ition i& &mall. Thi& i&
a non#linear metho(, an( the iterative metho( i& -&e(.
Method 6: The &moothne&& an( the tran&ition region of the mo(ifie( &-rface will (epen( on
the &pring9ac7 magnit-(e an( the &moothing factor. Bf the &pring9ac7 magnit-(e i& large, the
tran&ition region will 9e increa&e( a-tomatically. On the other han(, the tran&ition region will
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2"#2! CB5T='+2C=D LS#3452 Mer&ion 71
9e &maller if the &pring9ac7 magnit-(e i& &mall. 2t the &ame time, a larger &moothing factor
will re&-lt in a &maller tran&ition region.
Advantages) The &moothne&& of the mo(ifie( &-rface& can 9e controlle(. Thi& i& a non#linear
metho( an( the iterative metho( i& -&e(.
Disadvantages) Bt i& impo&&i9le to limit the tran&ition region, an( the 9in(er &-rface co-l(
change if the &pring9ac7 i& large.
Method 3: Similar to .etho( 0, however, it i& a linear metho( an( no iteration i& nece&&ary.
The other option& may 9e remove( in the f-t-reE therefore they will not 9e (i&c-&&e(.
Method 8: Thi& i& an improvement over .etho( 0, an( can acco-nt for a((en(-m an( 9in(er
change&. 8&-ally the -pper tooling incl-(ing a((en(-m an( 9in(er Cin an air (rawD are incl-(#
e( in the PSB3m (efinition.
Method -8: Thi& metho( i& a mo(ification of .etho( /, an( i& -&e( for trim (ie ne&ting Cfrom
the (rawn panel &hapeD.
Method used to Prevent Undercut
,hen the wall i& &teep, it i& very po&&i9le that -n(erc-t will happen. Since -n(erc-t i& not ac#
cepte( in real (ie man-fact-ring, it i& nece&&ary to prevent it from happening.
The co(e can a-tomatically (etect -n(erc-t an( i&&-e a warning me&&age. Bn a((ition, it will
&ave all the element information into a file calle( ?.an>under/ut#tmp &o that the -&er can ea&ily
i(entify which element& may 9e pro9lematic.
Bf the -n(erc-t i& only limite( to a few element&, it i& po&&i9le to fix the pro9lem man-ally.
The co(e provi(e& one more option to han(le -n(erc-t pro9lem, i.e. to compen&ate the &pring#
9ac7 only in the p-nch moving (irection C9y -&ing a negative &cale factorD. 2ltho-gh it i&
7nown that thi& metho( i& not the 9e&t metho( to han(le -n(erc-t pro9lem&, 9etter &ol-tion&
are 9eing &t-(ie(.
2. Bn a complete 7eywor( inp-t example for tool &pring9ac7 compen&ation 9elow, the 7eywor(
file ?.an>I#> incl-(e& no(e an( element information of the 9lan7 &hape 9efore &pring9ac7 Caf#
ter forming an( trimmingD with a(aptive con&traint&, if exi&t. The 7eywor( file sp?>#> incl-(e&
no(e an( element information of the 9lan7 after &pring9ac7, with a(aptive con&traint&, if exi&t.
Bn an iterative &pring9ac7 compen&ation loop, one iteration may incl-(e (raw, trim, &pring9ac7
an( compen&ation proce&&e&. +ile& ?.an>I#> an( sp?>#> may 9e 9a&e( on the original (ie (e&ign
CBT='$D, or 9a&e( on the n
th
iteration CBT='nD on an interme(iate compen&ate( (ie (e&ign. The
7eywor( file re-eren/eI#> i& the 9lan7 &hape 9efore &pring9ac7 in the BT='$. Thi& file i& the
&ame a& ?.an>I#> an( &ho-l( not change from iteration to iteration. The file re-eren/e1#> i& the
&ame a& ?.an>I#> for the BT='$. +or BT='1 re-erein/e1#> &ho-l( 9e a&&igne( a& a file calle(
disp#tmp generate( from a compen&ation r-n in the BT='$, &o on an( &o forth. The file too.s#>
i& the me&h information of all &tamping tool& an( they m-&t 9e in home po&ition. Compen&ate(
tool& will 9e in the file ri6id#ne* an( the original con&tant gap i& maintaine( among the tool&.
Bn the 9a&eline r-n of the BT='$, a 7eywor( file calle( 6eo/ur#trm i& -&e( for 7eywor(
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LS-DYNA R7.0 2"#2" CB5T=>'2TBO5D
NB5CL83=OCO.P=5S2TBO5OT'B.OC8'M= an( it i& generate( (-ring LS#3452 trim#
ming 9a&e( on trimming c-rve inp-t C-&-ally in B>=S formatD in the trimming &im-lation. Bn
the compen&ation r-n of the BT='1, 6eo/ur#trm i& -&e( to generate new trim c-rve& calle( 6e$
otrm#ne*, which conform& to the c-rrent compen&ate( tool&E an( the new mappe( trim c-rve&
are -&e( for the en&-ing BT='2, &o on an( &o forth. The file 6eotrm#ne* i& al&o a 7eywor( file
with N3=+B5=OC8'M=OT'B.O%3. Bn thi& example of a three#piece air (raw, -pper (ie cavi#
ty Cincl-(ing 9in(erD ha& a part B3 2, which i& incl-(e( in the part &et B3 1 an( -&e( for varia#
9le PSB3m. .etho( / will compen&ate all the tool& incl-(e( in file too.s#> 9a&e( on compen#
&ate( &hape for the -pper cavity.
*$EYORD
$'''G''''1''''G''''2''''G''''3''''G''''4''''G''''5''''G''''6''''G''''7''''G''
$ MET,OD SL S! ELRE! PSID> )NDR#T ANGLE NLINEAR
8 1".""" 1.""" " 1 " "." 1
F210Q".Q
</FQ.Q
7-5-7-06-".Q
7-5-7-06-1.Q
3oo2<.Q
=-o687.37>
*SET_PART_LIST
$ PSID
1
$ PID
2
$'''G''''1''''G''''2''''G''''3''''G''''4''''G''''5''''G''''6''''G''''7''''G''
*END

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2"#20 CB5T='+2C=D LS#3452 Mer&ion 71

%. Bn an example &hown 9elow, the 58.BSJ==TV$" cro&& mem9er i& compen&ate( 9a&e( on
the a-tomatic an( iteration flow chart. 2 total of 2 iteration& re(-ce( &pring9ac7 from 1%mm
to le&& than 1.7 mm. +-rther iteration& will re(-ce the part (eviation (own to a &pecific (e#
&ign target. Typically, %m! iteration& are nee(e(.
+ig-re 2"#1. Ba&e( on a &pecific &tamping (ie proce&&, a f-lly a-tomatic an( iterative
&pring9ac7 compen&ation loop i& po&&i9le an( &hown in the flow chart 9elow.
BT='$
CBa&e#
NC2S=
BT='1 BT='2
BT='n

NC2S=

NC2S=

NP2'2.=T='
NCO5T'OLO+O'.B5>O28TOPOSBTBO5OP2'2.=T='OS=T
NP2'2.=T='O=LP'=SSBO5
NP2'TO.OM=
NC2S=

>ravity
Clo&ing [ +orming
Trimming
Spring9ac7
Compen&ation

>ravity
Clo&ing [ +orming
Trimming
Spring9ac7
Compen&ation

>ravity
Clo&ing [ +orming
Trimming
Spring9ac7
Compen&ation

>ravity
Clo&ing [ +orming
Trimming
Spring9ac7
Compen&ation
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!. The 9lan7 &hape after &pring9ac7 can al&o 9e o9taine( from the act-al &hape of the &pring9ac7
panel, if availa9le. +or example, in har( tool con&tr-ction, the trimme( panel can 9e &canne(
-&ing white light technology an( the panel &hape can 9e o-tp-t a& STL format. The STL for#
mat can 9e ea&ily converte( to LS#3452 7eywor( format an( the trimme( panel can then 9e
-&e( a& a rigi( tool onto which 9a&eline CBT='$D trimme( panel C(eforma9leD can 9e Xp-&he(Y
-&ing element normal pre&&-re, -&ing NCO5T'OLOB.PLBCBTO+O'.B5> type 1. Bn thi& &ce#
+ig-re 2"#2$.
Distance to Tar-
get
BT='$
!mm m 1%mm on mating flange&

BT='1
Spring9ac7 re(-ce( to ? %."mm

+ig-re 2"#21.
BT='2
Spring9ac7 re(-ce( to ? 1.7mm

Compen&ation convergence hi&tory

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2"#2/ CB5T='+2C=D LS#3452 Mer&ion 71
nario, the a(aptive refinement i& t-rne( off to maintain the one#to#one corre&pon(ence of the
element& an( no(e& information. 2n a(vantage of thi& metho( i& that the &pring9ac7 &hape
-&e( for compen&ation will 9e exactly the &ame a& the real panel &pring9ac7, therefore the 9e&t
tooling compen&ation re&-lt i& expecte(. 2n example of &-ch i& &hown in fig-re& 9elow.

+ig-re 2"#22. 2 trimme( panel Xp-&he(Y onto the &can (ata Crigi( 9o(yD
Scan (ata in yellow
3eforme( 9lan7 in green

+ig-re 2"#2%.
Beginning of the XP-&hY =n( of the Xp-&he(Y
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". Compen&ation of a localiIe( tooling region i& po&&i9le, with the 7eywor( NB5CL83=
OCO.P=5S2TBO5OC8'M=, 9y &imply a((ing the following line& into the a9ove example
inp-t&)
6879-<.Q
The file /ur+es#> (efine& the two enclo&e( X9eginY an( XYen(Y c-rve& -&ing N3=+B5=
OC8'M=OCO.P=5S2TBO5OB=>B5, an( N3=+B5=OC8'M=OCO.P=5S2TBO5O=53.
.ore explanation& can 9e fo-n( in the&e two 7eywor( man-al page&. Bn an example &hown 9e#
low, the 58.BSJ==TV$" (ec7li( inner i& 9eing compen&ate( locally in the horiIontal (ec7
off the 9ac7lite Clower portionD. Tangency of the compen&ate( tool i& maintaine( at the n=n(
C-rveV a& &hown in &ection 2#2. 2l&o &hown 9elow are color conto-r of (i&tance 9etween
compen&ate( panel in each iteration an( the target. Part tolerance i& achieve( in two iteration&.

+ig-re 2"#2!. Two c-rve& (efining a localiIe( compen&ation Ione of the -pper half of the
(ec7 li(
Begin c-rve
=n( c-rve
2
2
Tran&ition region

Section 2#2
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2"#%$ CB5T='+2C=D LS#3452 Mer&ion 71
0. The option 2CC=L='2TO' i& -&e( in conH-nction with NB5CL83=OCO.P=5S2TBO5,
with option& O'B>B52LO3452B5 an( SP'B5>B2CAOB5P8T to compen&ate &pring9ac7
with a fa&ter convergence rate an( a &implifie( -&er interface. Bn a complete example inp-t&
provi(e( 9elow, an -&-al &pring9ac7 inp-t file sp?>#d9n, an( a trimme( panel, with file name
/ase2Itrimmed#d9nain Cincl-(ing all &tre&& an( &train ten&or&D, are incl-(e( with the corre#
&pon(ing 7eywor(&. The varia9le BST=PS wa& increa&e( from $ to %, repre&enting % compen&a#
tion iteration&. BST=PS]$ repre&ent& the 9a&eline &pring9ac7 &im-lation CBT='$DE while
BST=PS]1, 2, % repre&ent the compen&ation iteration&. Thi& feat-re re;-ire& the -&er to change
only one varia9le CBST=PSD, an( then &-9mit the &ame inp-t file to con(-ct an iterative com#
pen&ation. .any &cratch file&, incl-(ing a file name( a//e.tmp#tmp, will 9e generate( an( -p#
(ate( in the &ame r-nning (irectory an( i& -&e( for each BST=PS r-n. 2 file, /ompensa$
tion#in-o, i& al&o generate( an( -p(ate( after each BST=PS r-n, contain& iteration information,
maxim-m (eviation& in L, 4, an( K (irection&. ,hen the maxim-m (eviation ha& reache(
within the tolerance& &pecifie( with TOLL, TOL4, an( TOLK, a me&&age appear& in the file
proclaiming the compen&ation iteration& ha& converge(, along with a me&&age of in&tr-ction&
for the next &tep. =&&entially, a file sp?>#ne* will 9e generate( in the &ame (irectory an( nee(&
to 9e -&e( for NB5CL83=OCO.P=5S2TBO5OBL25AO2+T='OSP'B5>B2CA, an( the
&cale factor for the tool compen&ation m-&t 9e &et to one. 2fter the compen&ation, a verifica#
tion r-n may 9e nee(e(.
+ig-re 2"#2". Bterative compen&ation for a localiIe( region
BT=' 2
BT=' $ BT=' 1
3i&tance to tar#
get CmmD
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LS-DYNA R7.0 2"#%1 CB5T=>'2TBO5D
C-rrently, me&h coar&ening an( chec7ing are not &-pporte( in accelerate( mo(e. 2l&o, incl-#
&ion of d9nain file from the previo-& (ie proce&& in the sp?>#d9n i& not nece&&ary.
*$EYORD
*INTER!A#E_#OMPENSATION_NE_A##ELERATOR
$ ISTEPS TOL* TOLY TOL+ OPTION
3 ".2" ".2" ".2 1
*IN#L)DE_#OMPENSATION_ORIGINAL_DYNAIN
.N61<-2"37:>>-;.;401:0
*IN#L)DE_#OMPENSATION_SPRINGBA#$_INP)T
.N</FQ.;40
*END
2n example of &-ch i& &hown 9elow, which converge( in three iteration&E while fo-r iteration&
were nee(e( for the non#accelerate( compen&ation.

+ig-re 2"#20.
Original tool&
BT='$ &pring9ac7
'e() 2ccelerate( Spring9ac7 Compen&ation
C2SCD with BST=PS]$m% an( 1 verification r-n.
BT='$ trim panel
3i&tance to Target CmmD
BST=P]$m%E an( 1 verification r-n.
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2"#%2 CB5T='+2C=D LS#3452 Mer&ion 71
7. The option .8LTBOST=PS i& -&e( together with NB5CL83=OCO.P=5S2TBO5
OCO.P=5S2T=3OSJ2P=O5=LTOST=P to ena9le compen&ation of tool& for the next (ie
proce&&. Bn a complete inp-t file example 9elow, in a((ition to the target 9lan7 &hape Cre-er$
en/eI#tmpD an( c-rrent tool Cri6id#tmpD from the 1
&t
(ie proce&& &tep, the file (i&p.tmp i& from
the compen&ation in the 2
n(
(ie proce&& &tep. +or example, a flanging (ie compen&ation can 9e
a 2
n(
(ie proce&& &tep, prece(e( 9y a re(raw (ie proce&& a& the 1
&t
(ie proce&& &tep.
*$EYORD
*INTER!A#E_#OMPENSATION_NE_M)LTI_STEPS
$'''G''''1''''G''''2''''G''''3''''G''''4''''G''''5''''G''''6''''G''''7''''G''''8
8 6.""" 1."" 1 1 " " 1
7-5-7-06-".3>/
*IN#L)DE_#OMPENSATION_#OMPENSATED_S,APE_NE*T_STEP
;:</.3>/
7:=:;.3>/
*SET_PART_LIST
$ PSID
1
$ PID
2
*END
/. Trim (ie can 9e compen&ate( -&ing the (rawn panel &pringnac7 &hape when .etho( i& &et to #
/. Bn a complete 7eywor( inp-t (ec7 9elow, al&o referring to the fig-re that follow&, (raw pan#
el Cstate1#>D i& ta7en a& the 9lan7 9efore &pring9ac7, an(, (raw panel &pring9ac7 &hape
Cstate2#>D i& ta7en a& the 9lan7 after &pring9ac7. Tool &hape for the (raw proce&& Cdra*too.#>D
i& -&e( a& the c-rrent tool. 2fter the &im-lation, LS#3452 will create a compen&ate( tool
name( ri6id#ne*, which can 9e -&e( for the trim (ie &hape.
*$EYORD
$'''G''''1''''G''''2''''G''''3''''G''''4''''G''''5''''G''''6''''G''''7''''G''''8
'8 1".""" 1.""" 2 1 " "." 1
<313-1.Q
<313-2.Q
7-5".3>/
7-51.3>/
;71L3oo2.Q
o7=:01237:>.Q
*SET_PART_LIST
$ PSID
1
$ PID
3
$'''G''''1''''G''''2''''G''''3''''G''''4''''G''''5''''G''''6''''G''''7''''G''''8
*END
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LS-DYNA R7.0 2"#%% CB5T=>'2TBO5D

. ,hen option LOC2LOS.OOTJ i& -&e(, a few more 7eywor(& nee( to 9e incl-(e(. Bn a 7ey#
wor( inp-t example 9elow, the 7eywor( NB5CL83=OCO.P=5S2TBO5OO'B>B52L
O'B>B3OTOOL incl-(e& an original tool, nrigi(.tmpV, which ha& a goo(, &mooth me&hE the
7eywor( NB5CL83=OCO.P=5S2TBO5O5=,O'B>B3OTOOL incl-(e& a compen&ate( tool,
nrigi(new.9a(V, which co-l( have (i&torte( me&he& ari&e from the rea&on& li&te( in the nP-r#
po&eV &ection of thi& 7eywor(E the la&t 7eywor( NS=TO5O3=OLBSTOS.OOTJ (efine& in the
(i&torte( me&h a no(e &et in an( &-rro-n(ing a (i&torte( local area. =ach no(e &et (efine& a re#
gion nee(e( &moothing. Smoothe( tooling i& &tore( in a file calle( nrigi(.newV. Bt i& note(
metho( 7 i& to 9e -&e(, the varia9le =L'=+ nee(& to 9e &et to a val-e of 2, an( PSB3 i& left a&
-n(efine(.

*$EYORD
*INTER!A#E_#OMPENSATION_NE_LO#AL_SMOOT,
7 1".""" 1.""" 2 " "." 1
*IN#L)DE_#OMPENSATION_ORIGINAL_RIGID_TOOL
7:=:;.3>/
*IN#L)DE_#OMPENSATION_NE_RIGID_TOOL
7:=:;0-L.F1;
+ig-re 2"#27. Bll-&tration W trim (ie ne&ting with (rawn panel &hape
&tate1.7
C(rawn panelD
&tate2.7
C(rawn panel &pring9ac7D
(rawtool.7
rigi(.new
Ccompen&ate( (raw tool
for trim (ieD
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2"#%! CB5T='+2C=D LS#3452 Mer&ion 71
*SET_NODE_LIST_SMOOT,
1
61"57 61"58 61"5& 61"6" 61"61 61"62 61"63 61"64
...
*SET_NODE_LIST_SMOOT,
2
56141 56142 56143 56144 56145 56146 56147 56148
...
*END
Bn an example 9elow, &moothing of the local me&h aro-n( the (raw 9ea( area of the 58#
.BSJ==T 2$$" cro&& mem9er i& &hown. Two no(e &et& are (efine( for local area& of left an(
right (raw 9ea(&, which nee(e( &moothing. Smoothe( re&-lt& &how original (i&torte( me&he&
on the lower 9ea(& corner area& are &ati&factory.

+ig-re 2"#2/. The 58.BSJ==T 2$$" cro&& mem9er
+ig-re 2"#2. .-ltiple &ection& c-t along the 9ea(&

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LS-DYNA R7.0 2"#%" CB5T=>'2TBO5D

Bn another example 9elow, a corner of a flanging (ie on a fen(er o-ter wa& &moothe(. Before
an( after pict-re& &how remar7a9le improvement of (i&torte( me&h.
+ig-re 2"#%$.
Original (i&torte( me&h
Smoothe(

Two no(e &et& (efine( for left an( right (raw 9ea(&
Compari&on 9etween &mooth an( original tooling me&h
5o(e &et 1
5o(e &et 2
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2"#%0 CB5T='+2C=D LS#3452 Mer&ion 71

1$. The man-al page& relate( to NB5CL83=OCO.P=5S2TBO5OPOPTIONQ can 9e f-rther
reference( for (etail&.
11. Thi& 7eywor( re;-ire& (o-9le preci&ion exec-ta9le. The option of 2CC=L='2TO' i& availa#
9le in LS#3452 '" 'evi&ion 0120! an( later relea&e& an( .8LTBOST=PS i& availa9le in '"
'evi&ion 01!$0 an( later relea&e&. The option of LOC2LOS.OOTJ i& availa9le in '0 'evi#
&ion 7%/"$ an( later relea&e&.
+ig-re 2"#%1. Original (i&torte( tooling me&h.
+ig-re 2"#%2. Smoothe( tooling me&h.
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ÌNTERFACE_COMPONENT_FILE ÌNTERFACE
LS-DYNA R7.0 2"#%7 CB5T=>'2TBO5D
ÌNTERFACE_COMPONENT_FILE
P-rpo&e) 2llow for the &pecification of the file where the component interface (ata &ho-l( 9e writ#
ten, an( the optional -&e of a new 9inary format for that (ata.

Card 1 is required
Car( 1 2/$
Maria9le +ilename
3efa-lt none

Card 2 is optional
Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le +ormat
Type B
3efa-lt 2

+52.=
5ame of the file where the component (ata will 9e written
+O'.2T
+ile format to -&e)
=S.1) 8&e ol( 9inary file format
=S.2) 8&e new LS32 file format
Remarks:

Bf K] i& -&e( on the comman( line, thi& car( will 9e ignore(. Bf thi& car( i& in effect, the new LS32
file format i& the (efa-lt format to 9e -&e(. The new format ha& certain a(vantage&, an( one po&&i9le
(raw9ac7)
Bt allow& for the -&e of theOTBTL= mo(ifier on all NB5T='+2C=OCO.PO5=5T inp-t&, &o
that &-9&e;-ent NB5T='+2C=OLB5AB5> car(& can refer to component& 9y a -&er &pecifie(
B3.
Bt i& f-lly porta9le 9etween machine& with (ifferent preci&ion an( 9yte or(er.
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ÌNTERFACE ÌNTERFACE_COMPONENT_FILE
2"#%/ CB5T='+2C=D LS#3452 Mer&ion 71
Bt maintain& the f-ll preci&ion of the coor(inate vector. The internal coor(inate vector ha&
9een in (o-9le preci&ion for ;-ite &ome time, even for &ingle preci&ion exec-ta9le&. The ol(
9inary format write& %2 9it (ata for &ingle preci&ion exec-ta9le&, lo&ing &ome preci&ion in the
proce&&.
Beca-&e of the maintaine( preci&ion, the new format file& will 9e &ignificantly larger when
r-nning in &ingle preci&ion.
Of co-r&e, the new file format cannot 9e -&e( for &-9&e;-ent analy&i& with ol(er ver&ion& of LS#
3452, partic-larly tho&e with a Pro(-ct B3 le&& than "$/!". =xec-ta9le& which can rea( the new
format for NB5T='+2C=OLB5AB5> analy&i& will a-tomatically (etect whether the new or ol( for#
mat i& in -&e.
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ÌNTERFACE_COMPONENT ÌNTERFACE
LS-DYNA R7.0 2"#% CB5T=>'2TBO5D
ÌNTERFACE_COMPONENT_OPTION1_{OPTION2}
2vaila9le val-e& for OPTBO51 incl-(e)
NODE
SEGMENT
OPTBO52 only allow& the val-e)
TITLE
P-rpo&e) 3efine an interface for lin7ing calc-lation&. Thi& car( applie& to the fir&t analy&i& for &tor#
ing interface& in the file &pecifie( 9y K]i&f1 on the exec-tion comman( line, or the NB5T='+2C=
OCO.PO5=5TO+BL= 7eywor(.. The o-tp-t interval -&e( to write (ata to the interface file i& con#
trolle( 9y OPB+S on NCO5T'OLOO8TP8T.
Thi& capa9ility allow& the (efinition of interface& that i&olate critical component&. 2 (ata9a&e i& cre#
ate( that recor(& the motion of the interface&. Bn later calc-lation& the i&olate( component& can 9e
reanalyIe( with ar9itrarily refine( me&he& with the motion of their 9o-n(arie& &pecifie( 9y the (ata#
9a&e create( 9y thi& inp-t. The interface& (efine( here 9ecome the ma&ter& in the tie( interface op#
tion&.
=ach (efinition con&i&t& of a &et of car(& that (efine the interface. Bnterface& may con&i&t& of a &et of
fo-r no(e &egment& for moving interface& of &oli( element&, a line of no(e& for treating interface& of
&hell&, or a &ingle no(e for treating 9eam an( &pring element&.

Define this card if and only if the_TITLE option is given
'=S 5 1 2#/
Maria9le B3 Title
Type B Character
3efa-lt none none

B3
B3 for thi& interface in the lin7ing file
Title
Title for thi& interface

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ÌNTERFACE ÌNTERFACE_COMPONENT
2"#!$ CB5T='+2C=D LS#3452 Mer&ion 71
Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le SB3
Type B

SB3
Set B3, &ee NS=TO5O3= or NS=TOS=>.=5T.
Remarks:
Bf the ol( &tyle 9inary format i& -&e( for the lin7ing file C&ee NB5T='+2C=OCO.PO5=5TO+BL=D
then the B3 val-e& are ignore( an( all component& are n-m9ere( accor(ing to their inp-t or(er, &tart#
ing from 1.
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ÌNTERFACE_LINKING_DISCRETE_NODE ÌNTERFACE
LS-DYNA R7.0 2"#!1 CB5T=>'2TBO5D
ÌNTERFACE_LINKING_DISCRETE_NODE_OPTION
NODE
SET
P-rpo&e) 3efine an interface for lin7ing (i&crete no(e& to an interface file. Thi& lin7 applie& to all
element type&. ,ith thi& option the no(e&, if &pecifie( 9y a no(e &et, m-&t 9e give in the &ame or(er
a& they appear in the interface file. Thi& re&triction i& remove( 9y the more recent 7eywor(
NB5T='+2C=OLB5AB5>O5O3=O....

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 5B3F5SB3 B+B3
Type B B

5B3
5o(e B3 or 5o(e &et B3 to 9e move( 9y interface file, &ee N5O3= or NS=T
O5O3=.
B+B3
Bnterface B3 in interface file.
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ÌNTERFACE ÌNTERFACE_LINKING_EDGE
2"#!2 CB5T='+2C=D LS#3452 Mer&ion 71
ÌNTERFACE_LINKING_EDGE
P-rpo&e) 3efine an interface for lin7ing a &erie& of no(e& in &hell &tr-ct-re to an interface file for the
&econ( analy&i& -&ing L]i&f2 on the exec-tion comman( line. Thi& lin7 applie& &egment& on &hell
element& only.

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 5SB3 B+B3
Type B B

5SB3
5o(e &et B3 to 9e move( 9y interface file.
B+B3
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ÌNTERFACE_LINKING_FILE ÌNTERFACE
LS-DYNA R7.0 2"#!% CB5T=>'2TBO5D
ÌNTERFACE_LINKING_FILE
P-rpo&e) 2llow for the &pecification of the file from which the component interface (ata &ho-l( 9e
rea(.

Card 1 is required
Car( 1 2/$
Maria9le +ilename
3efa-lt none

+52.=
5ame of the file from which the component (ata will 9e rea(
Remarks:
Bf L] i& -&e( on the comman( line, thi& car( will 9e ignore(. There i& no option to &pecify the file
format, a& the file format i& a-tomatically (etecte(.
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ÌNTERFACE ÌNTERFACE_LINKING_NODE
2"#!! CB5T='+2C=D LS#3452 Mer&ion 71
ÌNTERFACE_LINKING_NODE_OPTION
NODE
SET
P-rpo&e) 3efine an interface for lin7ing no(e& to an interface file. Thi& lin7 applie& to all element
type&.

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 5B3F5SB3 B+B3 +L +4 +K
Type B B B B B

5B3
5o(e B3 or 5o(e &et B3 to 9e move( 9y interface file, &ee N5O3= or NS=T
O5O3=.
B+B3
+L
The B3 of a N3=+B5=O+85CTBO5 which (etermine& the L (irection (i&#
placement &cale factor
+4
The B3 of a N3=+B5=O+85CTBO5 which (etermine& the 4 (irection (i&#
+K
The B3 of a N3=+B5=O+85CTBO5 which (etermine& the K (irection (i&#
Remarks:
The (ifference 9etween thi& 7eywor( an( NB5T='+2C=OLB5AB5>O3BSC'=T=O... i& that the con#
&traint i& (one to the neare&t no(e via a 9-c7et&ort (-ring initialiIation. 5o(e& not fo-n( are report#
e( an( (elete( from the li&t to tie. The&e no(e& are treate( H-&t a& if they were tie( via the ..
O3BSC'=T=O5O3= option, they are con&traine( 9a&e( on their location rather than the inp-t or(er.
2ll of the +L, +4, +K &cale factor& are optional. Bf not &pecifie(, a &cale factor of 1.$ i& -&e(. =ach
can 9e a f-nction of $, 1, %, or ! varia9le&, an( the&e are applie( a& follow&)
$ varia9le&) the f-nction i& eval-ate( at time $, an( the re&-lting val-e i& -&e( for the (-ra#
tion of the calc-lation Cit i& con&tantD.
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ÌNTERFACE_LINKING_NODE ÌNTERFACE
LS-DYNA R7.0 2"#!" CB5T=>'2TBO5D
1 varia9le) the arg-ment CtD i& the &im-lation time. The f-nction i& eval-ate( every time &tep,
an( that &cale factor i& then -&e( for all the no(e& in thi& no(e &et.
% varia9le&) the arg-ment& Cx,y,ID are the coor(inate& of the B5BTB2L POSBTBO5 of each
&lave no(e. The f-nction i& eval-ate( at time $, an( the re&-lting &cale factor& are &tore( an(
-&e( for the (-ration of the calc-lation.
! varia9le&) the arg-ment& Cx,y,I,tD are the coor(inat& of the B5BTB2L POSBTBO5 of each
&lave no(e, an( the &im-lation time. The f-nction i& eval-ate( every time &tep, for every
&lave no(e, an( the re&-lting &cale factor i& applie(.
The three f-nction& can 9e (ifferent, an( have (ifferent n-m9er& of arg-ment&. Bf time (epen(ent
(i&placement &cale factor& are -&e(, it i& important to note that the &lave no(e& an( the ma&ter no(e&
they match &ho-l( have i(entical &tarting coor(inate&, otherwi&e the &cale( (i&placement& applie(
will 9e incorrect. 8&ing &caling f-nction& of ! varia9le& may re&-lt in a performance penalty a& each
f-nction m-&t 9e eval-ate( for every &lave no(e every cycle
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ÌNTERFACE ÌNTERFACE_LINKING_SEGMENT
2"#!0 CB5T='+2C=D LS#3452 Mer&ion 71
ÌNTERFACE_LINKING_SEGMENT
P-rpo&e) 3efine an interface for lin7ing &egment& to an interface file for the &econ( analy&i& -&ing
L]i&f2 on the exec-tion comman( line. Thi& applie& &egment& on &hell an( &oli( element&.

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le SSB3 B+B3
Type B B

SSB3
Segment &et to 9e move( 9y interface file.
B+B3
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ÌNTERFACE_SPRINGBACK ÌNTERFACE
LS-DYNA R7.0 2"#!7 CB5T=>'2TBO5D
ÌNTERFACEOSPRINGBACK_OPTION1_OPTION2
2vaila9le option& incl-(e( for OPTION1 are)
LSDYNA
NASTRAN
SEAMLESS
an( for OPTION20
THICKNESS
NOTHICKNESS
See the remar7& 9elow.
P-rpo&e) 3efine a material &-9&et for an implicit &pring9ac7 calc-lation in LS#3452 an( any no(al
con&traint& to eliminate rigi( 9o(y (egree&#of#free(om.

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le PSB3 5SJM +T4P= +T=5S' 5TJJSM B5TST'5
Type B B B B B B

PSB3
Part &et B3 for &pring9ac7, &ee
N
S=TOP2'T.
5SJM
5-m9er of &hell or &oli( hi&tory varia9le& C9eyon( the &ix &tre&&e& an( ef#
fective pla&tic &trainD to 9e initialiIe( in the interface file. +or &oli(&, one
a((itional &tate varia9le Cinitial vol-meD i& al&o written. Bf 5SJM i& non#
Iero, the element form-lation&, calc-lational -nit&, an( con&tit-tive mo(el&
&ho-l( not change 9etween r-n&. Bf 5JSM excee(& the n-m9er of integra#
tion point hi&tory varia9le& re;-ire( 9y the con&tit-tive mo(el, only the
n-m9er re;-ire( i& writtenE therefore, if in (o-9t, &et 5JSM to a large
n-m9er.
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ÌNTERFACE ÌNTERFACE_SPRINGBACK
2"#!/ CB5T='+2C=D LS#3452 Mer&ion 71
+T4P=
+ile type)
=S.$) 2SCBB,
=S.1) 9inary
=S.2) 9oth 2SCBB an( 9inary.
=S.1$) 2SCBB large format C&ee NB5BTB2LOST'=SSOSJ=LLD
=S.11) 9inary large format
=S.12) 9oth 2SCBB an( 9inary large format
+T=5S'
+lag for (-mping ten&or (ata from the element hi&tory varia9le& into the
(ynain file.
=S.$) 3onVt (-mp ten&or (ata from element hi&tory varia9le&
=S.1) 3-mp any ten&or (ata from element hi&tory varia9le& into the
(ynain file in >LOB2L coor(inate &y&tem. C-rrently, only .a#
terial 1$ &-pport& thi& option.
5TJJSM
5-m9er of thermal hi&tory varia9le&.
B5TST'5
O-tp-t of &train& at all integration point& of &hell element i& re;-e&te(,
&ee al&o NB5BTB2LOST'2B5OSJ=LL

Define a list of nodal points that are constrained for the springback. This section is terminated
by an ~
`
indicating the next input section.
Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 5B3 TC 'C
Type B + +

5B3
5o(e B3, &ee N5O3=.
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LS-DYNA R7.0 2"#! CB5T=>'2TBO5D
TC
=S.0) con&traine( I an( x (i&placement&.
'C
'otational con&traint)
Remarks:
1. The 5OTJBCA5=SS option i& availa9le for LS#3452 an( 52ST'25 in which ca&e the
&hell element thic7ne&& i& not an o-tp-t. The file name for LS#3452 i& X(ynainY an( for
52ST'25 i& Xna&tin.Y The NCO5T'OLO232PTBM= i& availa9le for LS#3452.
2. Trimming i& availa9le for the a(aptive me&h 9-t it re;-ire& &ome &tep&. To trim an a(aptive
me&h -&e the following proce(-re)
C1D >enerate the file, X(ynainY -&ing the 7eywor( NB5T='+2C=OSP'B5>B2CAO
LS3452.
C2D Prepare a new inp-t (ec7 incl-(ing the file X(ynain.Y
C%D 2(( the 7eywor( N=L=.=5TOT'B. to thi& new (ec7.
C!D 2(( the 7eywor( N3=+B5=OC8'M=OT'B. to thi& new (ec7.
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ÌNTERFACE ÌNTERFACE_SPRINGBACK
2"#"$ CB5T='+2C=D LS#3452 Mer&ion 71
C"D '-n thi& new inp-t (ec7 with i]inp-tOfileOname. The a(aptive con&traint& are elimi#
nate( 9y reme&hing an( the trimming i& performe(.
C0D Bn ca&e thi& new trimme( me&h i& nee(e(, r-n a Iero termination time Ho9 an( o-tp-t
the file generate( via the 7eywor(, NB5T='+2C=OSP'B5>B2CA
OLS3452.
%. Temperat-re W The file newOtempOic.inc will 9e create( for a thermal &ol-tion an( a co-ple(
thermal#mechanical &ol-tion. The file newOtempOic.inc i& a A=4,O'3 incl-(e file which
contain& Xnew temperat-re initial con(ition&Y for the no(e& 9elonging to the PSB3.
!. +or thermal -&er material& it i& po&&i9le to (-mp thermal hi&tory varia9le& -&ing 5TJJSM.
Remarks for Seamless Springback:
Bn &eamle&& &pring9ac7 LS#3452 a-tomatically an( &eamle&&ly &witche& from explicit or implicit
(ynamic to implicit &tatic mo(e at the en( of a forming &im-lation, an( contin-e& to r-n the &tatic
&pring9ac7 analy&i&. Seamle&& &pring9ac7 can 9e activate( in the original LS#3452 inp-t (ec7, or
later -&ing a &mall re&tart inp-t (ec7. Bn thi& way, the -&er can (eci(e to contin-e a previo-& forming
analy&i& 9y re&tarting to a(( the implicit &pring9ac7 pha&e. C2nother alternative approach to &pring#
9ac7 &im-lation i& to -&e the 7eywor( NB5T='+2C=OSP'B5>B2CAOLS3452 to generate a
Z(ynainZ file after forming, an( then perform a &econ( &im-lation r-nning LS#3452 in f-lly im#
plicit mo(e for &pring9ac7. See 2ppen(ix P for a (e&cription of how to r-n an implicit analy&i& -&ing
LS#3452.
The implicit &pring9ac7 pha&e 9egin& when the forming &im-lation termination time =53TB. i&
reache(, a& &pecifie( with the 7eywor( NCO5T'OLOT='.B52TBO5. Since the &pring9ac7 pha&e
i& &tatic, it& termination time can 9e cho&en ar9itrarily C-nle&& material rate effect& are incl-(e(D. The
(efa-lt choice i& 2.$N=53TB., an( can 9e change( -&ing the NCO5T'OLOB.PLBCBTO>=5='2L
7eywor(.
Since the &pring9ac7 analy&i& i& a &tatic &im-lation, a minim-m n-m9er of e&&ential 9o-n(ary con(i#
tion& or Single Point Con&traint& CSPCG&D can 9e inp-t to prohi9it rigi( 9o(y motion of the part.
The&e 9o-n(ary con(ition& can 9e a((e( for the &pring9ac7 pha&e -&ing the inp-t option on the
NB5T='+2C=OSP'B5>B2CAOS=2.L=SS 7eywor( a9ove.
Bf no 9o-n(ary con(ition& are a((e( with the S=2.L=SS option an eigenval-e comp-tation i& a-#
tomatically performe( -&ing the Bnertia 'elief Option to fin( any rigi( 9o(y mo(e& an( then a-to#
matically con&train them o-t of the &pring9ac7 &im-lation C&ee NCO5T'OLOB.PLBCBTOB5='TB2
O'=LB=+D. Thi& approach intro(-ce& no artificial (eformation an( i& recommen(e( for many &im-#
lation&.
Several new NCO5T'OLOB.PLBCBT 7eywor(& have 9een a((e( to control the implicit &pring9ac7
pha&e. The&e 7eywor(& can al&o 9e a((e( to a re&tart inp-t (ec7. >enerally, (efa-lt &etting& can 9e
-&e(, &o the&e 7eywor(& nee( not 9e incl-(e( in the inp-t (ec7.
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LS-DYNA R7.0 2"#"1 CB5T=>'2TBO5D
To o9tain acc-rate &pring9ac7 &ol-tion&, a nonlinear &pring9ac7 analy&i& m-&t 9e performe(. Bn
many &im-lation&, thi& iterative e;-ili9ri-m &earch will converge witho-t (iffic-lty. Bf the &pring#
9ac7 &im-lation i& partic-larly (iffic-lt, either (-e to nonlinear (eformation, nonlinear material re#
&pon&e, or n-merical preci&ion error&, a m-lti#&tep &pring9ac7 &im-lation will 9e a-tomatically in#
vo7e(. Bn thi& approach, the &pring9ac7 (eformation i& (ivi(e( into &everal &maller, more managea#
9le &tep&.
Two &pecialiIe( feat-re& in LS#3452 are -&e( to perform m-lti#&tep &pring9ac7 analy&e&. The a(#
(ition an( gra(-al removal of artificial &pring& i& performe( 9y the artificial &ta9iliIation feat-re.
Sim-ltaneo-&ly, the a-tomatic time &tep control i& -&e( to g-i(e the &ol-tion to the termination time
a& ;-ic7ly a& po&&i9le, an( to per&i&tently retry &tep& where the e;-ili9ri-m &earch ha& faile(. By (e#
fa-lt, 9oth of the&e feat-re& are active (-ring a &eamle&& &pring9ac7 &im-lation. Jowever, the (efa-lt
metho( attempt& to &olve the &pring9ac7 pro9lem in a &ingle &tep. Bf thi& i& &-cce&&f-l, the &ol-tion
will terminate normally. Bf the &ingle &tep &pring9ac7 analy&i& fail& to converge, the &tep &iIe will 9e
re(-ce(, an( artificial &ta9iliIation will 9ecome active. 3efa-lt& for the&e feat-re& can 9e change(
-&ing the following 7eywor(&)
NCO5T'OLOB.PLBCBTO>=5='2L, NCO5T'OLOB.PLBCBTO28TO, an( NCO5T'OL
OB.PLBCBTOST2BBLBK2TBO5.
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ÌNTERFACE ÌNTERFACE_SSI
2"#"2 CB5T='+2C=D LS#3452 Mer&ion 71
ÌNTERFACE_SSI_{OPTION}_ID
P-rpo&e) Thi& car( create& a tie(#contact &oil#&tr-ct-re interface for -&e in a tran&ient analy&i& of a
&oil#&tr-ct-re &y&tem &-9Hecte( to earth;-a7e excitation. Thi& car( allow& the analy&i& to &tart from a
&tatic &tate of the &tr-ct-re, a& well a& to rea( in gro-n( motion& recor(e( on the interface in an earli#
er analy&i&.
2vaila9le option& are)
?BLANK@
OFFSET
CONSTRAINED_OFFSET
LS#3452 implement& the effective &ei&mic inp-t metho( TBiela7 an( Chri&tiano C1/!DU for mo(el#
ing the interaction of a non#linear &tr-ct-re with a linear &oil fo-n(ation &-9Hecte( to earth;-a7e ex#
citation. 5ote that any non#linear portion of the &oil near the &tr-ct-re may 9e incorporate( with the
&tr-ct-re into a larger generaliIe( &tr-ct-re, 9-t the &oil i& a&&-me( to 9ehave linearly 9eyon( a cer#
tain (i&tance from the &tr-ct-re.
The effective &ei&mic inp-t metho( co-ple& the (ynamic &cattere( motion in the &oil the (iffer#
ence 9etween the motion in the pre&ence of the &tr-ct-re an( the free#fiel( motion in it& a9&ence
with the total motion of the &tr-ct-re. Thi& replace& the (i&tant earth;-a7e &o-rce with e;-ivalent
effective force& a(Hacent to the &oil#&tr-ct-re interface an( allow& tr-ncation of the large &oil (omain
-&ing a non#reflecting 9o-n(ary Ce.g. N.2TOP.LO=L2STBCD to avoi( -nnece&&ary comp-tation.
The&e effective force& can 9e comp-te( -&ing the free#fiel( gro-n( motion at the &oil#&tr-ct-re inter#
face, th-& avoi(ing (econvol-tion of the free#fiel( motion (own to (epth.
5on#linear 9ehavior of the &tr-ct-re may 9e mo(ele( 9y fir&t carrying o-t a &tatic analy&i& of the
&oil#&tr-ct-re &y&tem, an( then carrying o-t the tran&ient analy&i& with only the &tr-ct-re initialiIe( to
it& &tatic &tate. Beca-&e the tran&ient analy&i& employ& the (ynamic &cattere( motion in the &oil, the
&oil cannot have any &tatic loa(& only it only the &tr-ct-re i& &-9Hecte( to &tatic force&. Con&e#
;-ently, the &tr-ct-re m-&t 9e &-pporte( 9y the &tatic reaction& at the &oil#&tr-ct-re interface. 2((i#
tionally, the &oil no(e& at the interface m-&t 9e initialiIe( to 9e compati9le with the initial &tatic (i&#
placement of the &tr-ct-re. LS#3452 will (o the&e a-tomatically if the &oil#&tr-ct-re interface i&
i(entifie( appropriately in the &tatic analy&i& an( repro(-ce( in the tran&ient analy&i&.
Th-&, &oil#&tr-ct-re interaction analy&i& -n(er earth;-a7e excitation may 9e carrie( o-t in LS#3452
a& follow&)
$. Carry o-t a &tatic analy&i& of the &oil#&tr-ct-re &y&tem Ce.g. -&ing (ynamic relaxationE &ee
NCO5T'OLO3452.BCO'=L2L2TBO5D, with the &oil#&tr-ct-re interface i(entifie( -&ing
NB5T='+2C=OSSBOST2TBCOB3
Optionally, carry o-t a free#fiel( analy&i& to recor( free#fiel( motion& on the f-t-re &oil#
&tr-ct-re interface, -&ing either NB5T='+2C=OSSBO28L or NB5T='+2C=OSSBO28L
O=.B=33=3, for &-rface#&-pporte( or em9e((e( &tr-ct-re& re&pectively.
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ÌNTERFACE_SSI ÌNTERFACE
LS-DYNA R7.0 2"#"% CB5T=>'2TBO5D
1. Carry o-t the tran&ient analy&i& a& a f-ll#(ec7 re&tart Ho9 C&ee N'=ST2'TD, with only the
&tr-ct-re initialiIe( to it& &tatic &tre&& &tate C&ee NST'=SSOB5BTB2LBK2TBO5D, an( the &ame
&oil#&tr-ct-re interface i(entifie( -&ing NB5T='+2C=OSSBOB3 with the &ame B3 a& in &tatic
analy&i&)
a. The &tr-ct-re me&h m-&t 9e i(entical to the one -&e( for &tatic analy&i&.
9. The &oil me&h i& expecte( to 9e (ifferent from the one -&e( for &tatic analy&i&, e&pe#
cially 9eca-&e non#reflecting 9o-n(ary mo(el& may 9e -&e( for tran&ient analy&i&.
c. The me&he& for the &tr-ct-re an( the &oil nee( not match at the interface.
(. Only the &tr-ct-re m-&t 9e &-9Hecte( to &tatic loa(&, via NLO23OBO34OP2'TS
e. The earth;-a7e gro-n( motion i& &pecifie( -&ing NLO23OS=BS.BCOSSB, an(For
rea( from motion& recor(e( from a previo-& analy&i& -&ing NB5T='+2C=OSSB
O28L or NB5T='+2C=OSSBO28LO=.B=33=3.

Car( 1 1 2#/
Maria9le B3 J=23B5>
Type B 27$

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le ST'B3 SOBLB3 SP' .P'
Type B B B B

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ÌNTERFACE ÌNTERFACE_SSI
2"#"! CB5T='+2C=D LS#3452 Mer&ion 71
Optional card
Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le >.S=T S+ BB'TJ 3=2TJ .=.>.
Type B + + + B
3efa-lt none 1. $. 1.=[2/ 2"$$$$$

B3
Soil#&tr-ct-re interface B3. Thi& i& re;-ire( an( m-&t 9e -ni;-e among&t all
the contact interface B3& in the mo(el.
J=23B5>
2 (e&criptor for the given B3.
ST'B3
Segment &et B3 of 9a&e of &tr-ct-re at &oil#&tr-ct-re interface.
SOBLB3
Segment &et B3 of &oil at &oil#&tr-ct-re interface.
SP'
.P'
>.S=T
B(entifier for &et of recor(e( motion& from NB5T='+2C=OSSBO28L or
NB5T='+2C=OSSBO28LO=.B=33=3
S+
'ecor(e( motion &cale factor. C(efa-lt]1.$D
BB'TJ
Time at which &pecifie( recor(e( motion i& activate(.
3=2TJ
Time at which &pecifie( recor(e( motion i& remove()
=S.$.$) (efa-lt &et to 1$2/
.=.>.
SiIe in wor(& of 9-ffer allocate( to rea( in recor(e( motion&
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ÌNTERFACE_SSI ÌNTERFACE
LS-DYNA R7.0 2"#"" CB5T=>'2TBO5D
Remarks:
1. 2 tie( contact interface CNCO5T2CTOTB=3OS8'+2C=OTOOS8'+2C=D i& create( 9e#
tween the &tr-ct-re an( the &oil -&ing the &pecifie( &egment &et&, with the &oil &egment &et
a& the ma&ter &egment &et an( the &tr-ct-re &egment &et a& the &lave. 5at-rally, the two
&egment &et& &ho-l( not have merge( no(e& an( can 9e non#matching in general. Jowever,
the area covere( 9y the two &-rface& &ho-l( match.
2. The option& O++S=T an( CO5ST'2B5=3OO++S=T create the corre&pon(ing tie( &-r#
face#to#&-rface contact interface.
%. The &oil#&tr-ct-re interface B3 i& a&&igne( a& the B3 of the generate( contact interface.
!. Bt i& a&&-me( that the &oil &egment &et i& oriente( towar( the &tr-ct-re.
". .-ltiple &oil#&tr-ct-re interface& are allowe(, e.g. for 9ri(ge analy&i&.
0. The recor(e( motion& are rea( in from a 9inary file name( gmbin 9y (efa-lt, 9-t a (iffer#
ent filename may 9e cho&en -&ing the option >.B5P on the comman( line C&ee B5T'O#
38CTBO5, =xec-tion SyntaxD.
7. Bf the motion& from NB5T='+2C=OSSBO28L or NB5T='+2C=OSSBO28L
O=.B=33=3 were recor(e( on a &egment &et, then the free#fiel( motion& on each no(e
in the ma&ter &egment &et of the &oil#&tr-ct-re interface are calc-late( from the neare&t
&egment of the &egment &et -&e( to recor( the motion&.
Bf however, the motion& were recor(e( on a no(e &et, then the motion& on the ma&ter &eg#
ment &et no(e& i& fo-n( 9y interpolation a& i& (one for NLO23OS=BS.BCOSSB.
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ÌNTERFACE ÌNTERFACE_SSI_AUX
2"#"0 CB5T='+2C=D LS#3452 Mer&ion 71
ÌNTERFACE_SSI_AUXO{OPTION}
?BLANK@
NODE
P-rpo&e) Thi& car( recor(& the motion at a free &-rface, or on a &et of no(e& on a free &-rface, for the
p-rpo&e of -&ing the recor(e( motion a& a free#fiel( motion in a &-9&e;-ent interaction analy&i& -&#
ing NB5T='+2C=OSSB. By (efa-lt, thi& car( recor(& motion& on a &egment &et (efining a &-rface,
9-t can recor( motion& on a no(e &et -&ing the option 5O3=. Only one of NB5T='+2C=OSSB
O28L an( NB5T='+2C=OSSBO28LO=.B=33=3 i& to 9e -&e( for a partic-lar &oil#&tr-ct-re in#
terface.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le >.S=T S=TB3
Type B B
3efa-lt none none

>.S=T
B(entifier for thi& &et of recor(e( motion& to 9e referre( to in
NB5T='+2C=OSSB. .-&t 9e -ni;-e.
S=TB3
Segment &et or no(e &et B3 where motion& are to 9e recor(e(.
Remarks:
1. The motion& on the &pecifie( &egment &et or no(e &et i& recor(e( in a 9inary file name(
gmbin 9y (efa-lt, 9-t a (ifferent filename may 9e cho&en -&ing option >.O8T on the
comman( line C&ee B5T'O38CTBO5, =xec-tion SyntaxD.
2. The o-tp-t interval for the motion& may 9e &pecifie( -&ing the parameter >.3T on the
NCO5T'OLOO8TP8T car(, with the (efa-lt val-e 9eing 1F1$#th of the o-tp-t interval for
3%PLOT &tate&.
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ÌNTERFACE_SSI_AUX_EMBEDDED ÌNTERFACE
LS-DYNA R7.0 2"#"7 CB5T=>'2TBO5D
ÌNTERFACE_SSI_AUX_EMBEDDED_{OPTION1}_{OPTION2}
P-rpo&e) Thi& car( create& a tie(#contact interface an( recor(& the motion& an( contact force& in or#
(er to -&e them a& free#fiel( motion an( reaction& in a &-9&e;-ent &oil#&tr-ct-re interaction analy&i&
-&ing NB5T='+2C=OSSB, where the &tr-ct-re i& em9e((e( in the &oil after part of the &oil ha& 9een
excavate(. Only one of NB5T='+2C=OSSBO28L an( NB5T='+2C=OSSBO28LO=.B=33=3 i&
to 9e -&e( for a partic-lar &oil#&tr-ct-re interface.
2vaila9le option& for OPTION1 are)
?BLANK@
OFFSET
CONSTRAINED_OFFSET
OPTION2 allow& an optional B3 to 9e given)
ID
Car( 1 1 2#/
Maria9le B3 J=23B5>
Type B 27$

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le >.S=T ST'B3 SOBLB3 SP' .P'
Type B B B B B

B3
J=23B5>
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ÌNTERFACE ÌNTERFACE_SSI_AUX_EMBEDDED
2"#"/ CB5T='+2C=D LS#3452 Mer&ion 71
>.S=T
B(entifier for thi& &et of recor(e( motion& to 9e referre( to in
NB5T='+2C=OSSB. .-&t 9e -ni;-e.
ST'B3
Segment &et B3 at 9a&e of &oil to 9e excavate(.
SOBLB3
Segment &et B3 at face of re&t of the &oil (omain.
SP'
.P'
Remarks:
%. The motion& on the &pecifie( &egment &et or no(e &et i& recor(e( in a 9inary file name(
gmbin 9y (efa-lt, 9-t a (ifferent filename may 9e cho&en -&ing option >.O8T on the
comman( line C&ee B5T'O38CTBO5, =xec-tion SyntaxD.
!. The o-tp-t interval for the motion& may 9e &pecifie( -&ing the parameter >.3T on the
NCO5T'OLOO8TP8T car(, with the (efa-lt val-e 9eing 1F1$#th of the o-tp-t interval for
3%PLOT &tate&.
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ÌNTERFACE_SSI_STATIC ÌNTERFACE
LS-DYNA R7.0 2"#" CB5T=>'2TBO5D
ÌNTERFACE_SSI_STATIC_{OPTION}_ID
P-rpo&e) Thi& car( create& a tie(#contact &oil#&tr-ct-re interface in or(er to recor( the &tatic reaction&
at the 9a&e of the &tr-ct-re, which are to 9e -&e( in a &-9&e;-ent (ynamic analy&i& of the &oil#
&tr-ct-re &y&tem &-9Hecte( to earth;-a7e excitation. Thi& car( i& inten(e( to 9e -&e( with the initial
&tatic analy&i& of the &tr-ct-re &-9Hecte( to gravity loa(&.
?BLANK@
OFFSET
CONSTRAINED_OFFSET

Car( 1 1 2#/
Maria9le B3 J=23B5>
Type B 27$

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le ST'B3 SOBLB3 SP' .P'
Type B B B B

B3
J=23B5>
ST'B3
Segment &et B3 of 9a&e of &tr-ct-re at &oil#&tr-ct-re interface.
SOBLB3
Segment &et B3 of &oil at &oil#&tr-ct-re interface.
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ÌNTERFACE ÌNTERFACE_SSI_STATIC
2"#0$ CB5T='+2C=D LS#3452 Mer&ion 71
SP'
.P'
Remarks:
See NB5T='+2C=OSSBOB3. The B3 -&e( for a partic-lar interface in the &tatic analy&i& m-&t al&o
9e -&e( for the &ame interface i(entifie( -&ing NB5T='+2C=OSSBOB3 (-ring (ynamic analy&i&.

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`KEYWORD
LS-DYNA R7.0 20#1 CA=4,O'3D
`KEYWORD
`KEYWORD_POPTIONQ P"5"O&4Q PN1P!=nQ
<BLANK>
ID
1OBID
P-rpo&e) The 7eywor(, NA=4,O'3, flag& LS#3452 that the inp-t (ec7 i& a 7eywor( (ec7 rather
than the &tr-ct-re( format, which ha& a &trictly (efine( format. Thi& m-&t 9e the fir&t car( in the in#
p-t file. 2lternatively, 9y typing X7eywor(Y on the exec-tion line, 7eywor( inp-t format& are a&#
&-me( an( thi& 9eginning XNA=4,O'3Y line i& not re;-ire(.
There are 2 optional parameter& that can 9e &pecifie( with the NA=4,O'3 which can 9e li&te( in
any or(er. Bf a n-m9er {"5"O&4} i& &pecifie( after the wor( NA=4,O'3, it (efine& the memory
&iIe to 9e -&e( in wor(&. The memory &iIe can al&o 9e &et on the comman( line. 5ote that the
memory &iIe &pecifie( on the NA=4,O'3 car( i& overri((en 9y the memory &pecifie( on the exe#
c-tion line. Bf the parameter P5CP8]nQ i& &pecifie( it (efine& the n-m9er of CP8& XnY to 9e -&e(
(-ring the analy&i&. Thi& only applie& to the Share( .emory Parallel CS.PD ver&ion of LS#3452.
+or the 3i&tri9-te( .emory Mer&ion C.PPD the n-m9er of CP8& i& alway& (efine( with the Xmpi#
r-nY comman(. 3efining the n-m9er of CP8& on the exec-tion line overri(e& what i& &pecifie( with
the NA=4,O'3 comman( an( 9oth overri(e the n-m9er of CP8& &pecifie( 9y NCO5T'OL
OP2'2LL=L. 2n example of the P.=.O'4Q an( P5CP8]nQ option& wo-l( 9e the follow&)
NA=4,O'3 12$$$$$$ 5CP8]2
Thi& NA=4,O'3 comman( i& re;-e&ting 12 million wor(& of memory an( 2 CP8& to 9e -&e( for
the analy&i& with the con&i&tency flag C&ee CO5ST in NCO5T'OLOP2'2LL=LD t-rne( off. To r-n
with the con&i&tency flag t-rne( on Crecommen(e(D, &et 5CP8 to a negative val-e, e.g., 5CP8]#2
r-n& with 2 CP8& with the con&i&tency flag t-rne( on.
The B3 an( :OBB3 comman( line option& are availa9le to a(( a prefix to all o-tp-t an( &cratch file#
name&, i.e., not the inp-t filename&. Thi& allow& m-ltiple &im-lation& in a (irectory &ince a (ifferent
prefix prevent& file& from 9eing overwritten. Bf the B3 option i& -&e(, the prefix i& con&tr-cte( of
three -&er &pecifie( &tring& &eparate( 9y XOY character&.

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`KEYWORD
20#2 CA=4,O'3D LS-DYNA R7.0
Optional card if the ID option is active.
Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le P'O:=CT 58. ST2>=
Type 2 2 2

P'O:=CT
+ir&t part of the file name prefix.
58.
Secon( part of the file name prefix.
ST2>=
Thir( part of the file name prefix.
2n example, the prefix with the file name given on the optional car( for file 3%PLOT wo-l( 9e the
following)
P'O:=CTO58.OST2>=.3%PLOT
The prefix can al&o 9e a&&igne( 9y the option, Ho9i( on the exec-tion line. The exec-tion line wo-l(
loo7 li7e the following)
l&71 i]inp-t.7 Ho9i(] P'O:=CTO58.OST2>=
,hen the :OBB3 comman( line option i& -&e(, the prefix i& the &ingle :OBB3 &tring a&&igne( 9y the
-&er. The 9ehavior i& the &ame a& Ho9i( option on the exec-tion line.

Optional card if the 1OBID option is active.
Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le :OBB3
Type 2
3efa-lt none
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`LOAD
LS-DYNA R7.0 27#1 CLO23D
`LOAD
The 7eywor( NLO23 provi(e& a way of (efining applie( force&. The 7eywor( control car(& in thi&
&ection are (efine( in alpha9etical or(er)
`LOAD_ALE_CONVECTION_POPTIONQ
`LOAD_BEAM_OPTION
`LOAD_BLAST
`LOAD_BLAST_ENHANCED
`LOAD_BLAST_SEGMENT
`LOAD_BLAST_SEGMENT_SET
`LOAD_BODY_OPTION
`LOAD_BODY_GENERALIZED
`LOAD_BODY_POROUS
`LOAD_BRODE
`LOAD_DENSITY_DEPTH
`LOAD_ERODING_PART_SET
`LOAD_GRAVITY_PART
`LOAD_HEAT_CONTROLLER
`LOAD_HEAT_GENERATION_OPTION
`LOAD_MASK
`LOAD_MOTION_NODE
`LOAD_MOVING_PRESSURE
`LOAD_NODE_OPTION
`LOAD_REMOVE_PART
`LOAD_RIGID_BODY
`LOAD_SEGMENTOPOPTIONQ
`LOAD_SEGMENT_NONUNIFORMOPOPTIONQ
`LOAD_SEGMENT_SETOPOPTIONQ
`LOAD_SEGMENT_SET_ANGLE
`LOAD_SEGMENT_SET_NONUNIFORMOPOPTIONQ
`LOAD_SEISMIC_SSI_OPTION1_{OPTION2]
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`LOAD
27#2 CLO23D LS-DYNA R7.0
`LOAD_SHELL_POPTION1Q_POPTION2Q
`LOAD_SPCFORC
`LOAD_SSA
`LOAD_STEADY_STATE_ROLLING
`LOAD_STIFFEN_PART
`LOAD_SUPERPLASTIC_FORMING
`LOAD_SURFACE_STRESS_OPTION
`LOAD_THERMALOOPTION
`LOAD_THERMAL_CONSTANT
`LOAD_THERMAL_CONSTANT_ELEMENT
`LOAD_THERMAL_CONSTANT_NODE
`LOAD_THERMAL_LOAD_CURVE
`LOAD_THERMAL_TOPAZ
`LOAD_THERMAL_VARIABLE
`LOAD_THERMAL_VARIABLE_BEAM_{OPTION}
`LOAD_THERMAL_VARIABLE_ELEMENT_POPTIONQ
`LOAD_THERMAL_VARIABLE_NODE
`LOAD_THERMAL_VARIABLE_SHELL_POPTIONQ
`LOAD_VOLUME_LOSS
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`LOAD_ALE_CONVECTION `LOAD
LS-DYNA R7.0 27#% CLO23D
`LOAD_ALE_CONVECTIONOPOPTIONQ
P-rpo&e) Thi& car( i& -&e( to (efine the convection thermal energy tran&fer from a hot 2L= fl-i( to
the &-rro-n(ing Lagrangian &tr-ct-re Cremar7 1D. Bt i& a&&ociate( with a corre&pon(ing co-pling car(
(efining the interaction 9etween the 2L= fl-i( an( the Lagrangian &tr-ct-re. Bt i& only -&e( when
thermal energy tran&fer from the 2L= fl-i( to the &-rro-n(ing Lagrangian &tr-ct-re i& &ignificant.
Thi& i& (e&igne( &pecifically for air9ag (eployment application where the heat tran&fer from the in#
flator ga& to the inflator compartment can &ignificantly affect the inflation potential of the inflator.
?BL25A@
ID
To (efine an B3 n-m9er for each convection heat tran&fer comp-tation in an optional car( prece(ing
all other car(& for thi& comman(. Thi& B3 n-m9er can 9e -&e( to o-tp-t the part temperat-re an(
temperat-re change a& f-nction& of time in the N32T2B2S=O+SB car(. To (o thi&, &et the CO5#
MB3 parameter in the N32T2B2S=O+SB car( e;-al to thi& B3.

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le L2>PB3 L2>T L2>CP J L2>.2S
Type B + + + +
'emar7&

L2>PB3
Lagrangian PB3 C&lave PB3D from a corre&pon(ing co-pling car( which re#
ceive& the thermal energy in the convection heat tran&fer.
L2>T
Bnitial temperat-re of thi& Lagrangian &lave part.
L2>CP
Con&tant#pre&&-re heat capacity of thi& Lagrangian &lave part. Bt ha& a per#
ma&& -nit Cfor example, :FTAgNAUD.
J
Convection heat tran&fer coefficient on thi& Lagrangian &lave part &-rface.
Bt i& the amo-nt of energy C:D tran&ferre( per -nit area, per time, an( per
temperat-re (ifference. +or example, it& -nit& may 9e :FTm
2
N&NAU
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`LOAD `LOAD_ALE_CONVECTION
27#! CLO23D LS-DYNA R7.0
L2>.2S
The ma&& of the Lagrangian &lave part receiving the thermal energy. Thi&
i& in a9&ol-te ma&& -nit Cfor example, AgD.
Remarks:
1. The only application of thi& car( &o far ha& 9een for the tran&fer of thermal energy from the
2L= hot inflator ga& to the &-rro-n(ing Lagrangian &tr-ct-re Cinflator cani&ter an( air9ag#
containing compartmentD in an air9ag (eployment mo(el.
2. The heat tran&ferre( i& ta7en o-t of the inflator ga& thermal energy th-& re(-cing it& inflating
potential.
%. Thi& i& not a preci&e heat tran&fer mo(eling attempt. Bt i& &imply one mechani&m for ta7ing
o-t exce&&ive energy from the inflating potential of the hot inflator ga&.
!. The heat tran&fer form-lation may ro-ghly 9e repre&ente( a& following. Some repre&entative
-nit& are &hown H-&t for clarity.
= - A - AI~wott~
[
s
~_
[
m
2
- s -
_ - m
2
-
- Jt = H
- C
p
- I
Lug _nc
-I
Lug _og
~
kg
s
- _
[
kg -
_ - ~
[
s
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`LOAD_BEAM `LOAD
LS-DYNA R7.0 27#" CLO23D
`LOAD_BEAM_OPTION
ELEMENT
SET
P-rpo&e) 2pply the (i&tri9-te( traction loa( along any local axi& of 9eam or a &et of 9eam&. The
local axe& are (efine( in +ig-re 27#1, &ee al&o N=L=.=5TOB=2..

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le =B3F=SB3 32L LCB3 S+
Type B B B +
3efa-lt none none none 1.
'emar7&

=B3F=SB3
Beam B3 C=B3D or 9eam &et B3 C=SB3D, &ee N=L=.=5TOB=2. or NS=T
OB=2..
32L
3irection of applie( loa()
=S.1) parallel to r#axi& of 9eam,
=S.2) parallel to &#axi& of 9eam,
=S.%) parallel to t#axi& of 9eam.
LCB3
Loa( c-rve B3 C&ee N3=+B5=OC8'M=D or f-nction B3 C&ee N3=+B5=
O+85CTBO5D.
S+
Loa( c-rve &cale factor. Thi& i& for a &imple mo(ification of the f-nction
val-e& of the loa( c-rve.
Remarks:
1. The f-nction (efine( 9y LCB3 ha& 7 arg-ment&) time, the % c-rrent coor(inate&, an( the %
reference coor(inate&. 2 f-nction that applie& a force proportional to the (i&tance from the
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`LOAD `LOAD_BEAM
initial coor(inate& wo-l( 9e 5?3HAH4HBHA"H4"HB"@. '1".*<P73 ??A'A"@*?A'
A"@G?4'4"@*?4'4"@G?B'B"@*?B'B"@@.
r
n
1
n
2
&
t

+ig-re 27#1. 2pplie( traction loa(& are given in force per -nit length. The & an( t (irection& are
(efine( on the N=L=.=5TOB=2. 7eywor(.
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`LOAD_BLAST `LOAD
`LOAD_BLAST
P-rpo&e) 3efine an air9la&t f-nction for the application of pre&&-re loa(& from the (etonation of
conventional explo&ive&. The implementation i& 9a&e( on a report 9y 'an(er&#Pehr&on an( Banni&#
ter T17U where it i& mentione( that thi& mo(el i& a(e;-ate for -&e in engineering &t-(ie& of vehicle
re&pon&e& (-e to the 9la&t from lan( mine&. Thi& option (etermine& the pre&&-re val-e& when -&e( in
conH-nction with the 7eywor(&) NLO23OS=>.=5T, NLO23OS=>.=5TOS=T, or NLO23
OSJ=LL.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le ,>T LBO 4BO KBO TBO B85BT BS8'+
Type + + + + + B B
3efa-lt none $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ 2 2

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le C+. C+L C+T C+P 3=2TJ
Type + + + + +
3efa-lt $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$

,>T
=;-ivalent ma&& of T5T.
LBO
x#coor(inate of point of explo&ion.
4BO
y#coor(inate of point of explo&ion.
KBO
I#coor(inate of point of explo&ion.
TBO
Time#Iero of explo&ion.
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`LOAD `LOAD_BLAST
27#/ CLO23D LS-DYNA R7.0
B85BT
8nit conver&ion flag.
=S.1) feet, po-n(#ma&&, &econ(&, p&i
=S.2) meter&, 7ilogram&, &econ(&, Pa&cal& C(efa-ltD
=S.%) inch, (oIen& of &l-g&, &econ(&, p&i
=S.!) centimeter&, gram&, micro&econ(&, .ega9ar&
=S.") -&er conver&ion& will 9e &-pplie( C&ee Car( 2D
BS8'+
Type of 9-r&t.
=S.1) &-rface 9-r&t # i& locate( on or very near the gro-n( &-rface C&ee
'emar7 "D
=S.2) air 9-r&t # &pherical charge C(efa-ltD
C+.
Conver&ion factor # po-n(& per LS#3452 ma&& -nit.
C+L
Conver&ion factor # feet per LS#3452 length -nit&.
C+T
Conver&ion factor # milli&econ(& per LS#3452 time -nit.
C+P
Conver&ion factor # p&i per LS#3452 pre&&-re -nit
3=2TJ
3eath time. Bla&t pre&&-re& are (eactivate( at thi& time.
Remarks:
1. 2 minim-m of two loa( c-rve&, even if -nreference(, m-&t 9e pre&ent in the mo(el.
2. Segment normal& &ho-l( point away from the &tr-ct-re an( nominally towar( the charge.
%. Several metho(& can 9e -&e( to approximate the e;-ivalent ma&& of T5T for a given ex#
plo&ive. The &imple&t involve& &caling the ma&& 9y the ratio of the Chapman#:o-g-et (et#
onation velocitie& given the 9y relation&hip.
H
N
= H
C[
2
C[
N
2

where .
T5T
i& the e;-ivalent T5T ma&& an( 3C:
T5T
velocity of T5T. . an( 3C: are, re&pectively, the ma&& an( C#: velocity of the explo&ive
-n(er con&i(eration. XStan(ar(Y T5T i& con&i(ere( to 9e ca&t with a (en&ity of 1."7
gmFcm
%
an( 3C:
T5T
]$.0% cmFmicro&econ(.
!. The empirical e;-ation& -n(erlying the &pherical air 9-r&t are vali( for the range of &cale(
(i&tance $.%7 ftFl9m
1F%
? K ? 1$$ ftFl9m
1F%
C$.1!7 mF7g
1F%
? K ? !$ mF7g
1F%
D where
K]'F.
1F%
, ' i& the (i&tance from the charge center to the target an( . i& the T5T e;-iva#
lent ma&& of the charge.. The range of applica9ility for the hemi&pherical &-rface 9-r&t i&
$.!" ftFl9m
1F%
? K ? 1$$ ftFl9m
1F%
C$.17/ mF7g
1F%
? K ? !$ mF7g
1F%
D.
". ,hen a charge i& locate( on or very near the the gro-n( &-rface it i& con&i(ere( to 9e a
&-rface 9-r&t. 8n(er thi& circ-m&tance the initial 9la&t wave i& imme(iately reflecte( an(
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`LOAD_BLAST `LOAD
LS-DYNA R7.0 27# CLO23D
reinforce( 9y the nearly -nyiel(ing gro-n( to pro(-ce a reflecte( wave that move& o-t
hemi&pherically from the point of 9-r&t. Thi& reflecte( wave merge( with the initial inci#
(ent wave pro(-ce& overpre&&-re& which are greater than tho&e pro(-ce( 9y the initial
wave alone. Bn LS#3452 thi& wave move& o-t &pherically from the 9-r&t point &o no (i&#
tinction of the gro-n( orientation i& ma(e. Target point& e;-i(i&tant from the 9-r&t point
are loa(e( i(entically with the &-rface 9-r&t option.
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`LOAD `LOAD_BLAST_ENHANCED
27#1$ CLO23D LS-DYNA R7.0
`LOAD_BLAST_ENHANCED
P-rpo&e) 3efine an air9la&t f-nction for the application of pre&&-re loa(& (-e the (etonation of a
conventional explo&ive. ,hile &imilar to NLO23OBL2ST thi& feat-re incl-(e& enhancement& for
treating reflecte( wave&, moving warhea(& an( m-ltiple 9la&t &o-rce&. The loa(& are applie( to fac#
et& (efine( with the 7eywor( NLO23OBL2STOS=>.=5T. 2 (ata9a&e containing 9la&t pre&&-re
hi&tory i& al&o availa9le C&ee N32T2B2S=OBB52'4OBLST+O'D.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le BB3 . LBO 4BO KBO TBO 85BT BL2ST
Type B + + + + + B B
3efa-lt none $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ 2 2
'emar7& 1 % ! 7

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le C+. C+L C+T C+P 5B3BO 3=2TJ 5=>PJS
Type + + + + B + B
3efa-lt $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ none 1.e[2$ $

BB3
Bla&t B3. 2 -ni;-e n-m9er m-&t 9e (efine( for each 9la&t &o-rce CchargeD.
.-ltiple charge& may 9e (efine(, however, interaction of the wave& in air
i& not con&i(ere(.
.
=;-ivalent ma&& of T5T C&ee 'emar7 1D.
LBO
x#coor(inate of charge center.
4BO
y#coor(inate of charge center.
KBO
I#coor(inate of charge center.
TBO
Time of (etonation. See 'emar7 %.
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`LOAD_BLAST_ENHANCED `LOAD
85BT
8nit conver&ion flag. See 'emar7 !.
=S.1) po-n(#ma&&, foot,&econ(, p&i
=S.2) 7ilogram, meter,&econ(, Pa&cal C(efa-ltD
=S.%) (oIen &l-g& Ci.e., l9f#&2FinD, inch, &econ(, p&i
=S.!) centimeter&, gram&, micro&econ(&, .ega9ar&
=S.") -&er conver&ion& will 9e &-pplie( C&ee Car( 2D
=S.0) 7ilogram, millimeter, milli&econ(, >Pa
=S.7) metric ton, millimeter, &econ(, .pa
=S./) gram, millimeter, milli&econ(, .Pa
BL2ST
Type of 9la&t &o-rce.
=S.1) hemi&pherical &-rface 9-r&t W charge i& locate( on or very near
the gro-n( &-rface C&ee 'emar7 7D
=S.2) &pherical air 9-r&t C(efa-ltD W no amplification of the initial &hoc7
wave (-e to interaction with the gro-n( &-rface
=S.%) air 9-r&t W moving non#&pherical warhea(
=S.!) air 9-r&t with gro-n( reflection W initial &hoc7 wave impinge& on
the gro-n( &-rface an( i& reinforce( 9y the reflecte( wave to pro#
(-ce a .ach front C&ee 'emar7 /D.
C+.
Conver&ion factor # po-n(& per LS#3452 ma&& -nit.
C+L
Conver&ion factor # feet per LS#3452 length -nit&.
C+T
Conver&ion factor # milli&econ(& per LS#3452 time -nit.
C+P
Conver&ion factor # p&i per LS#3452 pre&&-re -nit.
5B3BO
Optional no(e B3 repre&enting the charge center. Bf non#Iero then LBO,
4BO an( LBO are ignore(.
3=2TJ
3eath time. Bla&t pre&&-re& are (eactivate( at thi& time.
5=>PJS
Treatment of negative pha&e.
=S.$) negative pha&e (ictate( 9y the +rie(lan(er e;-ation.
=S.1) negative pha&e ignore( a& in Con,ep.

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No further input is required for BLAST1 or 2. Additional input is required for BLAST3
and 4.
This Card 3 is mandatory for BLAST3 (moving non-spherical warhead).
Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le M=L T=.P '2TBO MB3
Type + + + +
3efa-lt $.$ 7$.$ 1.$ none

M=L
Spee( of warhea(.
T=.P
2m9ient air temperat-re, +ahrenheit.
'2TBO
2&pect ratio of the non# &pheroi(al 9la&t front. Thi& i& the longit-(inal axi&
ra(i-& (ivi(e( 9y the lateral axi& ra(i-&. Shape( charge an( =+P warhea(&
typically have &ignificant lateral 9la&t re&em9ling an o9late &pheroi( with
'2TBO?1. Cylin(rically ca&e( explo&ive& pro(-ce more 9la&t in the longi#
t-(inal (irection &o '2TBO@1, ren(ering a prolate &pheroi( 9la&t front, i&
more appropriate..
MB3
Mector B3 repre&enting the longit-(inal axi& of the warhea( C&ee N3=+B5=
OM=CTO'D. Thi& vector i& parallel to the velocity vector when a non#Iero
velocity M=L i& (efine(.

This Card 3 is mandatory for BLAST4 (spherical air burst with ground reflection).
Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le >5B3 >MB3
Type B B
3efa-lt none none

>5B3
B3 of no(e re&i(ing on the gro-n( &-rface.
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`LOAD_BLAST_ENHANCED `LOAD
LS-DYNA R7.0 27#1% CLO23D
>MB3
B3 of vector repre&enting the vertically -pwar( (irection, i.e., normal to the
gro-n( &-rface C&ee N3=+B5=OM=CTO'D.
Remarks:
1. Several metho(& can 9e -&e( to approximate the e;-ivalent ma&& of T5T for a given ex#
plo&ive. The &imple&t involve& &caling the ma&& 9y the ratio of the Chapman#:o-g-et (et#
onation velocitie& given the 9y relation&hip.
H
N
= H
C[
2
C[
N
2

where .
T5T
i& the e;-ivalent T5T ma&& an( 3C:
T5T
velocity of T5T. . an( 3C: are, re&pectively, the ma&& an( C#: velocity of the explo&ive
-n(er con&i(eration. XStan(ar(Y T5T i& con&i(ere( to 9e ca&t with a (en&ity of 1."7
gmFcm
%
an( 3C:
T5T
]$.0% cmFmicro&econ(.
2. Segment normal& &ho-l( point away from the &tr-ct-re an( nominally towar( the charge
-nle&& it i& the analy&tV& intent to apply pre&&-re to the leewar( &i(e of a &tr-ct-re. The an#
gle of inci(ence i& Iero when the &egment normal point& (irectly at the charge. Only inci#
(ent pre&&-re i& applie( to a &egment when the angle of inci(ence i& greater than $ (e#
gree&.
%. The 9la&t time off&et TBO can 9e -&e( to a(H-&t the (etonation time of the charge relative
to the &tart time of the LS#3452 &im-lation. The (etonation time i& (elaye( when TBO
i& po&itive. .ore commonly, TBO i& &et negative &o that the (etonation occ-r& 9efore
time#Iero of the LS#3452 calc-lation. Bn thi& manner, comp-tation time i& not wa&te(
while XwaitingY for the 9la&t wave to reach the &tr-ct-re. The following me&&age, written
to the me&&ag an( (%h&p file& a& well a& the &creen, i& -&ef-l in &etting TBO.
B21<3 L19- 7-16C-< <3786387- 13 2.7832E'"1 >:22:<-6o0;<
2& an example, one might r-n LS#3452 for one integration cycle an( recor( the arrival
time li&te( in the me&&age a9ove. Then TBO i& &et to a negative n-m9er &lightly &maller in
magnit-(e than the reporte( arrival time, for example TBO ] #$.27" milli&econ(&. 8n(er
thi& circ-m&tance the 9la&t wave wo-l( reach the &tr-ct-re &hortly after the &tart of the
&im-lation.
!. Comp-tation of 9la&t pre&&-re relie& on an -n(erlying metho( which -&e& 9a&e -nit& of
l9m#foot#milli&econ(#p&iE note that thi& internal -nit &y&tem i& incon&i&tent. Calc-lation&
re;-ire that the &y&tem of -nit& in which the LS#3452 mo(el i& con&tr-cte( m-&t 9e con#
verte( to thi& internal &et of -nit&. Pre(efine( an( -&er#(efine( -nit conver&ion factor& are
availa9le C&ee the parameter 85BTD an( the&e -nit conver&ion factor& are echoe( 9ac7 in
the (%h&p file. Below i& an example of -&er#(efine( C85BT]"D conver&ion factor& for the
gm#mm#milli&econ(#.pa -nit &y&tem.
C+. ] T l9m F LS#3452 ma&& -nit U ] T 2.2e#% l9m F gm U ] 2..2e#%
C+L ] T feet F LS#3452 length -nit U ] T %.2/e#% feet F mm U ] %.2/e#%
C+T ] T milli&econ( F LS#3452 time -nit U ] T 1.$ m&ec F m&ec U ] 1.$
C+P ] T p&i F LS#3452 pre&&-re -nit U ] T 1!". p&i F .Pa U ] 1!".$
". The empirical e;-ation& -n(erlying the &pherical air 9-r&t are vali( for the range of &cale(
(i&tance $.%7 ftFl9m
1F%
? K ? 1$$ ftFl9m
1F%
C$.1!7 mF7g
1F%
? K ? !$ mF7g
1F%
D where
K]'F.
1F%
, ' i& the (i&tance from the charge center to the target an( . i& the T5T e;-iva#
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27#1! CLO23D LS-DYNA R7.0
lent ma&& of the charge. The range of applica9ility for the hemi&pherical &-rface 9-r&t i&
$.!" ftFl9m
1F%
? K ? 1$$ ftFl9m
1F%
C$.17/ mF7g
1F%
? K ? !$ mF7g
1F%
D.
0. Bla&t loa(& can 9e -&e( in 23 axi&ymmetric analy&e&. 'epeat the &econ( no(e for the thir(
an( fo-rth no(e& of the &egment (efinition in NLO23OBL2STOS=>.=5T an( NLO23
OBL2STOS=>.=5TOS=T.
7. ,hen a charge i& locate( on or very near the the gro-n( &-rface it i& con&i(ere( to 9e a
&-rface 9-r&t. 8n(er thi& circ-m&tance the initial 9la&t wave i& imme(iately reflecte( an(
reinforce( 9y the nearly -nyiel(ing gro-n( to pro(-ce a reflecte( hemi&pherical wave that
move& o-t from the point of 9-r&t. Thi& reflecte( wave merge( with the initial inci(ent
wave pro(-ce& overpre&&-re& which are greater than tho&e pro(-ce( 9y the initial wave
alone. Bn LS#3452 thi& wave move& o-t &pherically from the 9-r&t point &o no (i&tinction
of the gro-n( orientation i& ma(e. Target point& e;-i(i&tant from the 9-r&t point are loa(e(
i(entically with the &-rface 9-r&t option.
7. The empirical e;-ation& -n(erlying the &pherical air 9-r&t with gro-n( reflection
CBL2ST]!D are vali( for the range of &cale( height of 9-r&t 1.$ ftFl9m
1F%
? JcFF.
1F%
? 7.$
ftFl9m
1F%
C$.%7 mF7g
1F%
? K ? 2.7/ mF7g
1F%
D where Jc i& the height of the charge center
a9ove the gro-n( an( . i& the T5T e;-ivalent ma&& of the charge.
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`LOAD_BLAST_SEGMENT `LOAD
LS-DYNA R7.0 27#1" CLO23D
`LOAD_BLAST_SEGMENT
P-rpo&e) 2pply 9la&t pre&&-re loa(ing over a triang-lar or ;-a(rilateral &egment for %3 geometry or
line &egment for 23 geometry C&ee NLO23OBL2STO=5J25C=3D.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le BB3 51 52 5% 5! 2L=PB3 S+5'B SC2L=P
3efa-lt none none none none none none $. 1.

BB3
Bla&t &o-rce B3 C&ee NLO23OBL2STO=5J25C=3D.
51
5o(e B3.
52
5o(e B3.
5%
5o(e B3. +or line &egment& on two#(imen&ional geometrie& &et 5%]52.
5!
5o(e B3. +or line &egment& on two#(imen&ional geometrie& &et
5!]5%]52 or for triang-lar &egment& in three (iemen&ion& &et 5!]5%.
2L=PB3
Part B3 of 2L= am9ient part -n(erlying thi& &egment to 9e loa(e( 9y thi&
9la&t C&ee NP2'T an( NS=CTBO5OSOLB3, 2=T]"D. Thi& applie& only
when the 9la&t loa( i& co-ple( to an 2L= air (omain.
S+5'B
Scale factor for the am9ient element non#reflecting 9o-n(ary con(ition.
Shoc7& wave& reflecte( 9ac7 to the am9ient element& can 9e atten-ate(
with thi& feat-re. 2 val-e of 1.$ wor7& well for mo&t &it-ation&. The fea#
t-re i& (i&a9le( when a val-e of Iero i& &pecifie(
SC2L=P
Pre&&-re &cale factor.
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`LOAD `LOAD_BLAST_SEGMENT_SET
`LOAD_BLAST_SEGMENT_SET
P-rpo&e) 2pply 9la&t pre&&-re loa(ing over each &egment in a &egment &et C&ee NLO23OBL2ST
O=5J25C=3D.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le BB3 SSB3 2L=PB3 S+5'B SC2L=P
Type B B B + +
3efa-lt none none none $. 1.

BB3
Bla&t &o-rce B3 C&ee NLO23OBL2STO=5J25C=3D.
SSB3
Segment &et B3 C&ee NS=TOS=>.=5TD.
2L=PB3
Part B3 of 2L= am9ient part -n(erlying thi& &egment to 9e loa(e( 9y thi&
9la&t C&ee NP2'T an( NS=CTBO5OSOLB3, 2=T]"D. Thi& applie& only
when the 9la&t loa( i& co-ple( to an 2L= air (omain.
S+5'B
Scale factor for the am9ient element non#reflecting 9o-n(ary con(ition.
Shoc7& wave& reflecte( 9ac7 to the am9ient element& can 9e atten-ate(
with thi& feat-re. 2 val-e of 1.$ wor7& well for mo&t &it-ation&.
SC2L=P
Pre&&-re &cale factor.
Remarks)
1. Triang-lar &egment& are (efine( 9y &etting 5!]5%.
2. Line &egment& for two#(imen&ional geometrie& are (efine( 9y &etting 5!]5%]52.
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`LOAD_BODY `LOAD
`LOAD_BODY_OPTION
2vaila9le option& incl-(e for 9a&e acceleration&)
X
Y
Z
for ang-lar velocitie&)
RX
RY
RZ
for loa(ing in any (irection, &pecifie( 9y vector component&)
VECTOR
an( to &pecify a part &et)
PARTS
P-rpo&e) 3efine 9o(y force loa(& (-e to a pre&cri9e( 9a&e acceleration or ang-lar velocity -&ing
glo9al axe& (irection&. Thi& (ata applie& to all no(e& in the complete pro9lem -nle&& a part &-9&et i&
&pecifie( via the NLO23OBO34OP2'TS 7eywor(. Bf a part &-9&et i& (efine( then all no(al point&
9elonging to the &-9&et will have 9o(y force& applie(. The part& &pecifie( via the NLO23OBO34
OP2'TS 7eywor( apply to the option& L, 4, K, 'L, '4, an( 'K a9ove, i.e., (ifferent part &et& may
not apply to (ifferent option&. Only one part &et i& expecte(. Note: This option applies nodal forc-
es, i.e., it cannot be used to prescribe translational or rotational motion. Two 7eywor( (efini#
tion& are nee(e( to apply 9o(y loa(& on a &-9&et of part&) NLO23OBO34OL an( NLO23OBO34
OP2'TS.

For options: X, Y, Z, RX, RY, RZ and VECTOR.
Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le LCB3 S+ LCB33' LC 4C KC CB3
Type B + B + + + B
3efa-lt none 1. $ $. $. $. $

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`LOAD `LOAD_BODY
27#1/ CLO23D LS-DYNA R7.0
For option: PARTS.
Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le PSB3
Type B
3efa-lt none

For option: VECTOR.
'=S 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le M1 M2 M%
Type + + +
3efa-lt $.$ $.$ $.$

LCB3
Loa( c-rve B3, &ee N3=+B5=OC8'M=.
S+
Loa( c-rve &cale factor
LCB33'
Loa( c-rve B3 for (ynamic relaxation pha&e CoptionalD. Thi& i& nee(e(
when (ynamic relaxation i& (efine( an( a (ifferent loa( c-rve to LCB3 i&
re;-ire( (-ring the (ynamic relaxation pha&e. 5ote if LCB3 i& -n(efine(
then no 9o(y loa( will 9e applie( (-ring (ynamic relaxation regar(le&& of
the val-e LCB33'. See NCO5T'OLO3452.BCO'=L2L2TBO5
LC
L#center of rotation, (efine for ang-lar velocitie&.
4C
4#center of rotation, (efine for ang-lar velocitie&.
KC
K#center of rotation, (efine for ang-lar velocitie&.
CB3
Coor(inate &y&tem B3 to (efine acceleration in local coor(inate &y&tem.
The acceleration& CLCB3D are with re&pect to CB3.
=S.$) glo9al
PSB3
Part &et B3.
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`LOAD_BODY `LOAD
M1, M2, M%
Mector component& of vector M.
Remarks:
1. Tran&lational 9a&e acceleration& allow 9o(y force& loa(& to 9e impo&e( on a &tr-ct-re. Con#
cept-ally, 9a&e acceleration may 9e tho-ght of a& accelerating the coor(inate &y&tem in the (i#
rection &pecifie(, an(, th-&, the inertial loa(& acting on the mo(el are of oppo&ite &ign. +or ex#
ample, if a cylin(er were fixe( to the y#I plan an( exten(e( in the po&itive x#(irection, then a
po&itive x#(irection 9a&e acceleration wo-l( ten( to &horten the cylin(er, i.e., create force& act#
ing in the negative x#(irection.
2. Ba&e acceleration& are fre;-ently -&e( to impo&e gravitational loa(& (-ring (ynamic relaxation
to initialiIe the &tre&&e& an( (i&placement&. 3-ring the analy&i&, in thi& latter ca&e, the 9o(y
force& loa(& are hel( con&tant to &im-late gravitational loa(&. ,hen impo&ing loa(& (-ring
(ynamic relaxation, it i& recommen(e( that the loa( c-rve &lowly ramp -p to avoi( the excita#
tion of a high fre;-ency re&pon&e.
%. Bo(y force loa(& (-e to the ang-lar velocity a9o-t an axi& are calc-late( with re&pect to the
(eforme( config-ration an( act ra(ially o-twar( from the axi& of rotation. Tor&ional effect&
which ari&e from change& in ang-lar velocity are neglecte( with thi& option. The ang-lar ve#
locity i& a&&-me( to have the -nit& of ra(ian& per -nit time.
!. The 9o(y force (en&ity i& given at a point P of the 9o(y 9y)
b = p( r)
where p i& the ma&& (en&ity, i& the ang-lar velocity vector, an( r i& a po&ition vector from
the origin to point P. 2ltho-gh the ang-lar velocity may vary with time, the effect& of ang-lar
acceleration are not incl-(e(.
". 2ng-lar velocitie& are -&ef-l for &t-(ying tran&ient (eformation of &pinning three#(imen&ional
o9Hect&. Typical application& have incl-(e( &tre&& initialiIation (-ring (ynamic relaxation
where the initial rotational velocitie& are a&&igne( at the completion of the initialiIation, an(
thi& option cea&e& to 9e active.
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
$
$$$$ *LOAD_BODY_+
$
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
$
$ A;; =719:34 <86C 3C13 :3 163< :0 3C- 0-=13:9- +';:7-63:o0.
$ )<- 80:3< o5 >>N><2. S:06- =719:34 :< 6o0<3103H 3C- 2o1;
$ 6879- :< <-3 1< 1 6o0<3103 -P812 3o 1. I5 3C- <:>8213:o0
$ :< 3o -A6--; 1""" ><H 3C-0 3C- 2o1; 6879- 0--;< 3o F-
$ -A3-0;-;.
$
$$$ No3-D Po<:3:9- Fo;4 2o1; 163< :0 3C- 0-=13:9- ;:7-63:o0.
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`LOAD `LOAD_BODY
$
*LOAD_BODY_+
$
$...K....1....K....2....K....3....K....4....K....5....K....6....K....7....K....8
$ 26:; <5 26:;;7 A6 46 B6
5 ".""&81
$
$
*DE!INE_#)R%E
$ 26:; <:;7 <621 <62o o551 o55o
5
$
$ 1F<6:<<1 o7;:013-
"."" 1."""
1"""."" 1."""
$
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
0. Mector M (efine& the (irection of the 9o(y force. Bo(y force& act in the negative (irection of
the vector M.
7. Bn an example 9elow, a rectang-lar 9lan7 i& loa(e( with gravity into a 9all (efine( a& a fixe(
rigi( 9o(y. >iven the glo9al coor(inate &y&tem &hown, if the part &et B3 of the 9lan7 i& 1, the
7eywor(& re&pon&i9le for &pecifying the 9o(y force Cin -nit& of mm, &econ(, tonne an( 5ew#
tonD in po&itive (irection of C1.$, 1.$, 1.$D will 9e a& follow&,
*LOAD_BODY_PARTS
1
*LOAD_BODY_%E#TOR
1"1H &81"."
'1."H '1."H '1."
*DE!INE_#)R%E
1"1
"."H 1."
1"."H 1."
5ote that colore( &traight line& repre&ent a c-9e with each e(ge length of "$$.$mm, in fig-re
9elow.
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`LOAD_BODY `LOAD

/. TheOM=CTO' option i& availa9le in LS#3452 '" 'evi&ion "2$ an( later relea&e&.
+ig-re 27#2.
Bnitial Config-ration >ravity#loa(e( Shape
C$.$,$.$,$.$D
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`LOAD `LOAD_BODY_GENERALIZED
`LOAD_BODY_GENERALIZED_OPTION
SET_NODE
SET_PART
P-rpo&e) 3efine 9o(y force loa(& (-e to a pre&cri9e( 9a&e acceleration or a pre&cri9e( ang-lar mo#
tion over a &-9&et of the complete pro9lem. The &-9&et i& (efine( 9y -&ing no(e&. ,arning) 5o(e&,
which 9elong to rigi( 9o(ie&, &ho-l( not 9e &pecifie(. 'igi( 9o(ie& m-&t 9e incl-(e( within the part
&et& (efinition&.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 51FSB3 52F$ LCB3 3'LCB3 LC 4C KC
Type B B B B + + +
3efa-lt none none none $ $. $. $.
'emar7&

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 2L 24 2K O.L O.4 O.K CB3 25>T4P
Type + + + + + + B 2
3efa-lt $. $. $. $. $. $. $ C=5T
'emar7& 1, 2 1, 2 1, 2 %, !, " %, !, " %, !, " optional %

51FSB3
Beginning no(e B3 for 9o(y force loa( or the no(e or part &et B3.
52
=n(ing no(e B3 for 9o(y force loa(. Set to Iero if a &et B3 i& (efine(.
LCB3
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`LOAD_BODY_GENERALIZED `LOAD
3'LCB3
Loa( c-rve B3 for (ynamic relaxation pha&e. Only nece&&ary if (ynamic
relaxation i& (efine(. See NCO5T'OLO3452.BCO'=L2L2TBO5.
LC
L#center of rotation. 3efine only for ang-lar motion.
4C
4#center of rotation. 3efine only for ang-lar motion.
KC
K#center of rotation. 3efine only for ang-lar motion.
2L
Scale factor for acceleration in x#(irection
24
Scale factor for acceleration in y#(irection
2K
Scale factor for acceleration

in I#(irection
O.L
Scale factor for x#ang-lar velocity or acceleration
O.4
Scale factor for y#ang-lar velocity or acceleration
O.K
Scale factor for I#ang-lar velocity or acceleration
CB3
Coor(inate &y&tem B3 to (efine acceleration in the local coor(inate &y&tem.
The coor(inate CLC, 4C, KCD i& (efine( with re&pect to the local coor(i#
nate &y&tem if CB3 i& nonIero. The acceleration&, LCB3 an( their &cale fac#
tor& are with re&pect to CB3.
=S.$) glo9al
25>T4P
Type of 9o(y loa(& (-e to ang-lar motion
=S.C=5T) 9o(y loa( from centrif-gal acceleration, p( r)

=S.CO'B) 9o(y loa( from Corioli&#type acceleration, 2p( :)

=S.'OT2) 9o(y loa( from rotational acceleration, p(o r), where
i& the ang-lar velocity, i& the ang-lar acceleration, r i& the
po&ition vector relative to center of rotation an( v i& the ve#
locity vector

Remarks:
1. Tran&lational 9a&e acceleration& allow 9o(y force& loa(& to 9e impo&e( on a &tr-ct-re. Con#
cept-ally, 9a&e acceleration may 9e tho-ght of a& accelerating the coor(inate &y&tem in the
(irection &pecifie(, an(, th-&, the inertial loa(& acting on the mo(el are of oppo&ite &ign. +or
example, if a cylin(er were fixe( to the y#I plane an( exten(e( in the po&itive x#(irection,
then a po&itive x#(irection 9a&e acceleration wo-l( ten( to &horten the cylin(er, i.e., create
force& acting in the negative x#(irection.
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`LOAD `LOAD_BODY_GENERALIZED
2. Ba&e acceleration& are fre;-ently -&e( to impo&e gravitational loa(& (-ring (ynamic relaxa#
tion to initialiIe the &tre&&e& an( (i&placement&. 3-ring the analy&i&, in thi& latter ca&e, the
9o(y force& loa(& are hel( con&tant to &im-late gravitational loa(&. ,hen impo&ing loa(&
(-ring (ynamic relaxation, it i& recommen(e( that the loa( c-rve &lowly ramp -p to avoi(
the excitation of a high fre;-ency re&pon&e.
%. Bo(y force loa(& (-e to the ang-lar motion a9o-t an axi& are calc-late( with re&pect to the
(eforme( config-ration. ,hen 25>4P]C=5T or CO'B, tor&ional effect& which ari&e from
change& in ang-lar velocity are neglecte(. S-ch tor&ional effect& can 9e ta7en into acco-nt
9y &etting 25>T4P]'OT2. The ang-lar velocity i& a&&-me( to have the -nit& of ra(ian&
per -nit time, accor(ingly ang-lar acceleration ha& the -nit& of ra(ian&Ftimeg2.
!. The 9o(y force (en&ity i& given at a point P of the 9o(y 9y)
b = p( r)
where p i& the ma&& (en&ity, i& the ang-lar velocity vector, an( r i& a po&ition vector from
the origin to point P. 2ltho-gh the ang-lar velocity may vary with time, the effect& of ang-#
lar acceleration are incl-(e(.
". 2ng-lar velocitie& are -&ef-l for &t-(ying tran&ient (eformation of &pinning three#
(imen&ional o9Hect&. Typical application& have incl-(e( &tre&& initialiIation (-ring (ynamic
relaxation where the initial rotational velocitie& are a&&igne( at the completion of the initiali#
Iation, an( thi& option cea&e& to 9e active.
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`LOAD_BODY_POROUS `LOAD
`LOAD_BODY_POROUS
P-rpo&e) 3efine the effect& of poro&ity on the flow with 9o(y#force#li7e loa(& applie( to the 2L=
element no(e&. =rg-n poro-& flow a&&-mption& are -&e(. Thi& only applie& to non#(eforma9le Ccon#
&tant#poro&ityD, f-lly &at-rate( poro-& me(ia. Thi& mo(el only wor7& with a non#Iero an( con&tant
vi&co&ity fl-i( (efine( via either N.2TO58LL or N.2TO2L=OMBSCO8S car(.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le SB3 SB3T4P 2L 24 2K BL B4 BK
Type B B + + + + + +
3efa-lt $ $ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 2OPT
Type B
3efa-lt $

SB3
Set B3 of the 2L= fl-i( part &-9Hecte( to poro-& flow con(ition.
SB3T4P
Set B3 type of the SB3 a9ove. Bf SB3T4P]$ C(efa-ltD, then the SB3]PSB3
Cpart &et B3D. Bf SB3T4P]1, then SB3]PB3 Cpart B3D.
2L,24,2K
Permea9ility coefficient& for vi&co-& term& in glo9al L, 4 an( K (irection&
Cplea&e &ee e;-ation 9elowD. Bf |A
x
= u]&A
= u&|A
= u], then an
i&otropic vi&co-& permea9ility con(ition i& a&&-me( for the poro-& me(i-m.
BL,B4,BK
Pa&&a9ility coefficient& for inertia term& in glo9al L, 4 an( K (irection&
Cplea&e &ee e;-ation 9elowD. Bf |
x
= u]&
= u&|
= u], then an
i&otropic inertial permea9ility con(ition i& a&&-me( for the poro-& me(i-m.

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`LOAD `LOAD_BODY_POROUS
2OPT
.aterial axe option, &ee +ig-re 27#%.
=S.$.$) inactive.
=S.1.$) The force& are applie( in a local &y&tem attache( to the Lagran#
gian &oli(. Bf n1,n2,R,n/ are the no(e& in the or(er &et 9y
N=L=.=5TOSOLB3, the L#(irection pa&&e& thro-gh the cen#
troi(& of the face& n1,n!,n/,n" an( n2,n%,n7,n0. The 4#
(irection i& perpen(ic-lar to the L#(irection an( nearly parallel
to an axi& going thro-gh the centroi(& of the face& n1,n2,n0,n"
an( n!,n%,n7,n/. The K#(irection i& the vector cro&& pro(-ct of
L an( 4#(irection&. Thi& &y&tem i& con&i&tent with 3B'=C]1 in
NCO5ST'2B5=3OL2>'25>=OB5OSOLB3 when
CT4P=]12 i& -&e(.
Remarks:
1. Con&i(er the 9a&ic general =rg-n e;-ation for poro-& flow in one (irection)
AP
AI
=
p
k
1
I
s
+
p
k
2
I
s
2

,here
p = Fluiu Bensity
p = Fluiu uynamic vicosity
I
s
=
4
2
= Supeificial fluiu velocity
= 0veiall volume flow iate
m
S
s

= Poious channel chaiacteiistic wiuth (peipenuiculai to AL)
k
1
=
e
3
J
p
2
1Su(1 -e)
2
= viscous paiametei
k
2
=
e
3
J
p
1.7S(1 -e)
= Ineitial paiametei
e = Poiosity=
poie volume
total meuia volume

J
p
= Paiticle uiametei
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`LOAD_BODY_POROUS `LOAD
2. The a9ove e;-ation can 9e generaliIe( into % (imen&ional flow& where each component may
9e written a&
-
JP
Jx
= A
pI
p|I
|I

where i = 12S refer& to the glo9al coor(inate (irection& Cno &-mmation inten(e( for repeat#
e( in(ice&D, p i& the con&tant (ynamic vi&co&ity, p i& the fl-i( (en&ity, I
i& the fl-i( velocity

component&, A
i& analogo-& to k
1
a9ove, an(
i& analogo-& to k
2
a9ove.
%. Bf
= u, the e;-ation i& re(-ce( to &imple 3arcy Law for poro-& flow Cmay 9e goo( for
&an(#li7e flowD. +or coar&e grain Croc7&D me(ia, the inertia term will 9e important an( the
-&er nee(& to inp-t the&e coefficient&.
+ig-re 27#%. .aterial axe& option
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`LOAD `LOAD_BRODE
`LOAD_BRODE
P-rpo&e) 3efine Bro(e f-nction for application of pre&&-re loa(& (-e to explo&ion, &ee Bro(e
T17$U, al&o &ee NLO23OS=>.=5T, NLO23OS=>.=5TOS=T, or NLO23OSJ=LL.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 4L3 BJT LBO 4BO KBO TBO T2LC S+LC
Type + + + + + + B B
3efa-lt $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $ $
'emar7& 1 1

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le C+L C+T C+P
Type + + +
3efa-lt $.$ $.$ $.$

4L3
4iel( CAt, e;-ivalent ton& of T5TD.
BJT
Jeight of 9-r&t.
LBO
x#coor(inate& of Bro(e origin.
4BO
y#coor(inate& of Bro(e origin.
KBO
I#coor(inate& of Bro(e origin.
TBO
Time off&et of Bro(e origin.
T2LC
Loa( c-rve n-m9er giving time of arrival ver&-& range relative to Bro(e
origin C&pace, timeD, &ee N3=+B5=OC8'M= an( remar7 9elow.
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`LOAD_BRODE `LOAD
S+LC
Loa( c-rve n-m9er giving yiel( &caling ver&-& &cale( time Ctime relative to
Bro(e origin (ivi(e( 9y Tyiel(
CNN
1
y%D
UD origin C&pace, timeD, &ee N3=+B5=
OC8'M= an( remar7 9elow.
C+L
Conver&ion factor # 7ft to LS#3452 length -nit&.
C+T
Conver&ion factor # milli&econ(& to LS#3452 time -nit&.
C+P
Conver&ion factor # p&i to LS#3452 pre&&-re -nit&.
Remarks:
1. Bf the&e c-rve& are (efine( a varia9le yiel( i& a&&-me(. Both loa( c-rve& m-&t 9e &pecifie(
for the varia9le yiel( option. Bf thi& option i& -&e(, the &hoc7 time of arrival i& fo-n( from
the time of arrival c-rve. The yiel( -&e( in the Bro(e form-la& i& comp-te( 9y ta7ing the
val-e from the yiel( &caling c-rve at the c-rrent timeFTyiel(
CNN
1
y%D
U an( m-ltiplying that val#
-e 9y yiel(.
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`LOAD `LOAD_DENSITY_DEPTH
27#%$ CLO23D LS-DYNA R7.0
`LOAD_DENSITY_DEPTH
P-rpo&e) 3efine (en&ity ver&-& (epth for gravity loa(ing. Thi& option ha& 9een occa&ionally -&e(
for analyIing -n(ergro-n( an( &-9merge( &tr-ct-re& where the gravitational preloa( i& important.
The p-rpo&e of thi& option i& to initialiIe the hy(ro&tatic pre&&-re fiel( at the integration point& in the
element.
Thi& car( &ho-l( 9e only (efine( once in the inp-t (ec7.

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le PSB3 >C 3B' LCB3
Type B + B B
3efa-lt $ $.$ 1 none
'emar7& 1,2 %

PSB3
Part &et B3, &ee NS=TOP2'T. Bf a PSB3 of Iero i& (efine( then all part& are
initialiIe(.
>C
>ravitational acceleration val-e.
3B'
3irection of loa(ing)
=S.1) glo9al x,
=S.2) glo9al y,
=S.%) glo9al I.
LCB3
Loa( c-rve B3 (efining (en&ity ver&-& (epth, &ee N3=+B5=OC8'M=.
Remarks:
1. 3en&ity ver&-& (epth c-rve& are -&e( to initialiIe hy(ro&tatic pre&&-re (-e to gravity acting
on an over9-r(en material. The hy(ro&tatic pre&&-re acting at a material point at (epth, (, i&
given 9y)
p = - p()gJ
d
srcc
d

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`LOAD_DENSITY_DEPTH `LOAD
LS-DYNA R7.0 27#%1 CLO23D
where p i& pre&&-re, J
su]ucc
, i& the (epth of the &-rface of the material to 9e initialiIe(
C-&-ally IeroD, p () i& the ma&& (en&ity at (epth , an( g i& the acceleration of gravity. Thi&
integral i& eval-ate( for each integration point. 3epth may 9e mea&-re( along any of the
glo9al coor(inate axe&, an( the &ign convention of the glo9al coor(inate &y&tem &ho-l( 9e re#
&pecte(. The &ign convention of gravity al&o follow& that of the glo9al coor(inate &y&tem.
+or example, if the po&itive axi& point& Z-pZ, then gravitational acceleration &ho-l( 9e in#
p-t a& a negative n-m9er.
2. +or thi& option there i& a limit of 12 part& that can 9e (efine( 9y PSB3, -nle&& all part& are
initialiIe(.
%. 3epth i& the or(inate of the c-rve an( i& inp-t a& a (e&cen(ing x, y, or I coor(inate val-e.
3en&ity i& the a9&ci&&a of the c-rve an( m-&t vary Cincrea&eD with (epth, i.e., an infinite &lope
i& not allowe(.
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`LOAD `LOAD_ERODING_PART_SET
27#%2 CLO23D LS-DYNA R7.0
`LOAD_ERODING_PART_SET
P-rpo&e) 2pply a pre&&-re loa( to the expo&e( &-rface compo&e( of &oli( element& that may ero(e.

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le B3 LCB3 S+ 2T PSB3 BOLB3 .=. 2LPJ2
Type B B + + B B B +
3efa-lt none none 1 $.$ none $ "$ /$

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le B+L2> L 4 K B=T2
Type B + + + +
3efa-lt $ $.$ $.$ $.$ $

B3
B3 n-m9er.
LCB3
Loa( c-rve B3 (efining pre&&-re a& a f-nction of time, &ee N3=+B5=
OC8'M=.
S+
Scale factor.
2T
2rrival time.
PSB3
Part &et B3, &ee NS=TOP2'T.
BOLB3
Box B3, &ee N3=+B5=OBOL.
.=.
=xtra memory, in percent, to 9e allocate( a9ove the initial memory for &tor#
ing the new loa( &egment& expo&e( 9y the ero&ion.
2LPJ2
The maxim-m angle Cin (egree&D permitte( 9etween the normal of a &eg#
ment at it& centroi( an( the average normal at it& no(e&. Thi& angle i& -&e(
to eliminate interior &egment&.
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`LOAD_ERODING_PART_SET `LOAD
LS-DYNA R7.0 27#%% CLO23D
B+L2>
+lag for choo&ing a &-9&et of the expo&e( &-rface that i& oriente( towar(& a
9la&t or other loa(ing &o-rce. The vector from the center of the element to
the &o-rce location m-&t 9e within an angle of B=T2 of the &-rface normal.
Bf B+L2>@$, then the &-9&et i& cho&en, otherwi&e if B+L2>]$, the entire
&-rface i& loa(e(.
L,4,K
Optional &o-rce location.
B=T2
.axim-m permitte( angle Cin (egree&D 9etween the &-rface normal an( the
vector to the &o-rce. The expo&e( &egment i& not loa(e( if the calc-late(
angle i& greater than B=T2.
Remarks:
1. Bf LCB3 i& inp-t a& #1, then the Bro(e f-nction i& -&e( to (etermine the pre&&-re for the
&egment&, &ee NLO23OB'O3=.
2. Bf LCB3 i& inp-t a& #2, then an empirical air9la&t f-nction i& -&e( to (etermine the pre&&-re
for the &egment&, &ee NLO23OBL2ST.
%. The loa( c-rve m-ltiplier& may 9e -&e( to increa&e or (ecrea&e the pre&&-re. The time val-e
i& not &cale(.
!. The activation time, 2T, i& the time (-ring the &ol-tion that the pre&&-re 9egin& to act. 8ntil
thi& time, the pre&&-re i& ignore(. The f-nction val-e of the loa( c-rve& will 9e eval-ate( at
the off&et time given 9y the (ifference of the &ol-tion time an( 2T i.e., C&ol-tion time#2TD.
'elative (i&placement& that occ-r prior to reaching 2T are ignore(. Only relative (i&#
placement& that occ-r after 2T are pre&cri9e(.
". +or proper evol-tion of the loa(e( &-rface, it i& a re;-irement that 3T.B5 in NCO5T'OL
OT='.B52TBO5 9e greater than Iero an( ='O3= in NCO5T'OLOTB.=ST=P 9e &et to
1.
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`LOAD `LOAD_GRAVITY_PART
27#%! CLO23D LS-DYNA R7.0
`LOAD_GRAVITY_PART_OPTION]

<BLANK>
SET
P-rpo&e) 3efine gravity for in(ivi(-al part&. Thi& feat-re i& inten(e( for -&e with NLO23
OSTB++=5OP2'T to &im-late &tage( con&tr-ction. 2vaila9le for &oli(& an( &hell&, an( al&o 9eam
element type& 1, 2, 0, an( .

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le PB3 3O+ LC 2CC=L LC3' ST>2 ST>'
Type B B B + B B B
3efa-lt none none none $ none $ $

PB3FPSB3
Part B3 Cor Part Set B3 for theOS=T optionD for application of gravity loa(
3O+
3irection) enter 1, 2 or % for L, 4 or K
LC
Loa( c-rve (efining factor v&. time Cor Iero if ST>2, ST>' are (efine(D
2CC=L
2cceleration Cwill 9e m-ltiplie( 9y factor from c-rve
LC3'
Loa( c-rve (efining factor v&. time (-ring (ynamic relaxation
ST>2
Con&tr-ction &tage at which part i& a((e( CoptionalD
ST>'
Con&tr-ction &tage at which part i& remove( CoptionalD
Remarks:
There are % option& for (efining how the gravity loa( on a part varie& with time.
1. C-rve LC give& factor v& time. Thi& overri(e& the other metho(& if LC i& non#Iero.
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`LOAD_GRAVITY_PART `LOAD
LS-DYNA R7.0 27#%" CLO23D
2. ST>2, ST>' refer to &tage& at which part i& a((e( an( remove( W the &tage& are (e#
fine( in N3=+B5=OCO5ST'8CTBO5OST2>=S. Bf ST>2 i& Iero, the gravity loa(
&tart& at time Iero. Bf not, it ramp& -p from the &mall factor +2CT Con NCO5T'OL
OST2>=3OCO5ST'8CTBO5D -p to f-ll val-e over the ramp time at the &tart of
&tage ST>2. Bf ST>' i& Iero, the gravity loa( contin-e& -ntil the en( of the analy&i&.
Bf not, it ramp& (own from f-ll val-e to +2CT over the ramp time at the &tart of &tage
ST>'.
%. N3=+B5=OST2>=3OCO5ST'8CTBO5OP2'T can 9e -&e( in&tea( of NLO23
O>'2MBT4OP2'T to (efine thi& loa(ing. 3-ring initialiIation, a LO23
O>'2MBT4OP2'T car( will 9e create( an( the effect i& the &ame a& -&ing the
ST>2, ST>' metho( (e&cri9e( a9oveE 2CC=L i& then ta7en from NCO5T'OL
OST2>=3OCO5ST'8CTBO5.
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`LOAD `LOAD_HEAT_CONTROLLER
27#%0 CLO23D LS-DYNA R7.0
`LOAD_HEAT_CONTROLLER
P-rpo&e) 8&e( to (efine a thermo&tat control f-nction. The thermo&tat control& the heat generation
within a material 9y monitoring a remote no(al temperat-re. Control can 9e &pecifie( a& on#off, pro#
portional, integral, or proportional [ integral.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 5O3= PB3 LO23 TS=T T4P= >P >B
Type B B + + B + +

5O3=
Sen&or i& locate( at thi& no(e n-m9er.
PB3
Part B3 a&&igne( to the element& mo(eling the heater or cooler 9eing con#
trolle(.
LO23
Jeater o-tp-t (q
0
). Ttypical -nit&) ,Fm
%
U
TS=T
Controller &et point temperat-re at the location i(entifie( 9y 5O3=.
T4P=
Type of control f-nction.
=S.1) on#off
=S.2) proportional [ integral
>P
Proportional gain.
>B
Bntegral gain.
Remarks:
The thermo&tat control f-nction i&
q'''
= q'''
0
+
P
(I
sct
-I
nodc
) +
I
(I
sct
-I
nodc
)
t
t=0
Jt
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`LOAD_HEAT_GENERATION `LOAD
LS-DYNA R7.0 27#%7 CLO23D
`LOAD_HEAT_GENERATION_OPTION
SET
SOLID
P-rpo&e) 3efine &oli( element& or &oli( element &et with heat generation.

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le SB3 LCB3 C.8LT ,BLCB3 CBLCB3 TBLCB3
Type B B + B B B
3efa-lt none none $. $ $ $

SB3
Soli( element &et B3 or &oli( element B3, &ee NS=TOSOLB3 or
N=L=.=5TOSOLB3, re&pectively.
LCB3
Loa( c-rve B3 for vol-metric heat generation rate, q'''
)
=S.$) -&e m-ltiplier val-e C.8LT only,
C.8LT
C-rve m-ltiplier for q'''
. 3epen(ing on the (efinition of LCB3 thi& val-e i&

either -&e( for &caling or for con&tant heat generation.
,BLCB3
Loa( c-rve B3 (efining the 9loo( perf-&ion rate Te.g., 7gFm
%
&ecU a& a f-nc#
tion of time.
CBLCB3
Loa( c-rve B3 (efining the 9loo( heat capacity Te.g., :F7g CU a& a f-nction
of the 9loo( temperat-re.
TBLCB3
Loa( c-rve B3 (efining the 9loo( temperat-re Te.g., CU a& a f-nction of
time.
Remarks:
1. Jeat >eneration can 9e (efine( 9y)
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`LOAD `LOAD_HEAT_GENERATION
27#%/ CLO23D LS-DYNA R7.0
aD LCB3 W loa( c-rve i(
9D +B3 W f-nction i(
cD a con&tant 9a&eline val-e of C.8LT
2. 'ate of heat tran&fer from 9loo( to ti&&-e ] w
b
C
b
(I
b
-I) T-nit&) :Fm
%
&ecU
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`LOAD_MASK `LOAD
`LOAD_MASK
P-rpo&e) 2pply a (i&tri9-te( pre&&-re loa( over a three#(imen&ional &hell part. The pre&&-re i& ap#
plie( to a &-9&et of element& that are within a fixe( glo9al 9ox an( lie either o-t&i(e or in&i(e of a
clo&e( c-rve in &pace which i& proHecte( onto the &-rface.

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le PB3 LCB3 MB31 O++ BOLB3 LCB3. MB32 B5O8T
3efa-lt none none 1. $. $ $ none $
'emar7& 1 2

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le BC4CL=
Type B
3efa-lt 2$$
'emar7&

PB3
Part B3 CPB3D. Thi& part m-&t con&i&t of %3 &hell element&. To -&e thi& op#
tion with &oli( element the &-rface of the &oli( element& m-&t 9e covere(
with n-ll &hell&. See N.2TO58LL.
LCB3
C-rve B3 (efining the pre&&-re time hi&tory, &ee N3=+B5=OC8'M=.
MB31
Mector B3 normal to the &-rface on which the applie( pre&&-re act&. Po&i#
tive pre&&-re act& in a (irection that i& in the oppo&ite (irection. Thi& vector
may 9e -&e( if the &-rface on which the pre&&-re act& i& relatively flat. Bf
Iero, the pre&&-re loa( (epen(& on the orientation of the &hell element& a&
&hown in +ig-re 27#".
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`LOAD `LOAD_MASK
27#!$ CLO23D LS-DYNA R7.0
O++
Pre&&-re loa(& will 9e (i&contin-e( if |II1 n
shcII
| < FF where n
shcII
i& the normal vector to the &hell element.
BOLB3
Only element& in&i(e the 9ox with part B3, PB3, are con&i(ere(. Bf no B3 i&
given all element& of part B3, PB3, are incl-(e(. ,hen the active li&t of
element& are -p(ate(, element& o-t&i(e the 9ox will no longer have pre&#
&-re applie(, i.e., the c-rrent config-ration i& alway& -&e(.
LCB3.
C-rve B3 (efining the ma&7. Thi& c-rve give& Cx,yD pair& of point& in a lo#
cal coor(inate &y&tem (efine( 9y the vector B3, MB32. >enerally, the c-rve
&ho-l( form a clo&e( loop, i.e., the fir&t point i& i(entical to the la&t point,
an( the c-rve &ho-l( 9e flagge( a& a 32TT4P]1 c-rve in the N3=+B5=
OC8'M= &ection. Bf no c-rve B3 i& given, all element& of part B3, PB3, are
incl-(e( with the exception of tho&e (elete( 9y the 9ox. The ma&7 wor7&
li7e the trimming option, i.e., &ee 3=+B5=OC8'M=OT'B. an( +ig-re 1"#
1".
MB32
Mector B3 -&e( to proHect the ma&7ing c-rve onto the &-rface of part B3,
PB3. The origin of thi& vector (etermine& the origin of the local &y&tem that
the coor(inate& of the PB3 are tran&forme( into prior to (etermining the
pre&&-re (i&tri9-tion in the local &y&tem. Thi& c-rve m-&t 9e (efine( if
LCB3. i& nonIero. See +ig-re 1"#1".
B5O8T
Bf $, element& who&e center fall& in&i(e the proHecte( c-rve are con&i(ere(.
Bf 1, element& who&e center fall& o-t&i(e the proHecte( c-rve are con&i(ere(.
BC4CL=
5-m9er of time &tep& 9etween -p(ating the li&t of active element& C(e#
fa-lt]2$$D. The li&t -p(ate can 9e ;-ite expen&ive an( &ho-l( 9e (one at a
rea&ona9le interval. The (efa-lt i& not 9e appropriate for all pro9lem&.
Remarks:
1. The part B3 m-&t con&i&t of %3 &hell element&.
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`LOAD_MOTION_NODE `LOAD
LS-DYNA R7.0 27#!1 CLO23D
`LOAD_MOTION_NODE
P-rpo&e) 2pply a concentrate( no(al force or moment to a no(e 9a&e( on the motion of another
no(e.

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 5O3=1 3O+1 LCB3 S+ CB31 5O3=2 3O+2 CB32
3efa-lt none none none 1. $ $ $ $
'emar7& 1 1

5O3=1
5o(e B3 for the concentrate( force.
3O+1
=S.1) x#(irection of loa( action,
=S.2) y#(irection of loa( action,
=S.%) I#(irection of loa( action,
=S.!) moment a9o-t the x#axi&,
=S.") moment a9o-t the y#axi&,
=S.0) moment a9o-t the I#axi&.
LCB3
O+85CTBO5D. The applie( force i& a f-nction of the applica9le (egree#of#
free(om of 5O3=2.
S+
CB31
Coor(inate &y&tem B3 CoptionalD, &ee remar7 1 on next page.
5O3=2
5o(e B3 for calc-lating the force.
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`LOAD `LOAD_MOTION_NODE
27#!2 CLO23D LS-DYNA R7.0
3O+2
=S.1) x#coor(inate
=S.2) y#coor(inate,
=S.%) I#coor(inate,
=S.!) x#tran&lational (i&placement,
=S.") y#tran&lational (i&placement,
=S.0) I#tran&lational (i&placement,
=S.7) rotational (i&placement a9o-t the x#axi&,
=S./) rotational (i&placement a9o-t the y#axi&,
=S.) rotational (i&placement a9o-t the I#axi&.
=S.1$) x#tran&lational velocity,
=S.11) y#tran&lational velocity,
=S.12) I#tran&lational velocity,
=S.1%) rotational velocity a9o-t the x#axi&,
=S.1!) rotational velocity a9o-t the y#axi&,
=S.1") rotational velocity a9o-t the I#axi&.
CB32
Coor(inate &y&tem B3 CoptionalD, &ee 'emar7 1.
Remarks:
1. The glo9al coor(inate &y&tem i& the (efa-lt. The local coor(inate &y&tem B3V& are (efine( in
the N3=+B5=OCOO'3B52T=OS4ST=. &ection.
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`LOAD_MOVING_PRESSURE `LOAD
LS-DYNA R7.0 27#!% CLO23D
`LOAD_MOVING_PRESSURE
P-rpo&e) 2pply moving pre&&-re loa(& to a non(i&Hoint &-rface. The pre&&-re loa(& approximate a
Het of high velocity fl-i( impinging on the &-rface. .-ltiple &-rface& may 9e (efine( each acte( on
9y a &et of noIIle&.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le LO23B3
Type B
3efa-lt none

Define the following cards for each nozzle. Include one card for each nozzle
Car(&
2,..,n 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 5O3=1 5O3=2 LCB3 C8TO++ LCB3T LCB33
Type B B B + B B
3efa-lt none none none none $ $

The following card defines the surface where the nozzles act.
Car( n[1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le B3 B3T4P= 5BP
Type B B B
3efa-lt none none %x%

LO23B3
Loa(ing B3.
5O3=1
5o(e locate( at the origin of the noIIle.
5O3=2
5o(e locate( at the hea( of the noIIle
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`LOAD `LOAD_MOVING_PRESSURE
27#!! CLO23D LS-DYNA R7.0
LCB3
Loa( c-rve or f-nction C&ee N3=+B5=O+85CTBO5D B3 (efining pre&&-re
ver&-& ra(ial (i&tance from the center of the Het.
C8TO++
O-ter ra(i-& of Het. The pre&&-re acting o-t&i(e thi& ra(i-& i& &et to Iero.
LCB3T
Loa( c-rve or f-nction C&ee N3=+B5=O+85CTBO5D B3, which &cale& the
pre&&-re a& a f-nction of time. Bf a loa( c-rve i&nVt &pecifie(, the &cale fac#
tor (efa-lt& to 1.$.
LCB33
Loa( c-rve or f-nction C&ee N3=+B5=O+85CTBO5D B3, which &cale& the
pre&&-re a& a f-nction of (i&tance from the noIIle. Bf a loa( c-rve i&nVt
&pecifie(, the &cale factor (efa-lt& to 1.$.
B3
Segment &et B3, &hell element &et B3, part &et B3, or part B3. See B3T 9e#
low.
B3T
Slave &egment or no(e &et type. The type m-&t correlate with the n-m9er
&pecifie( for SSB3)
=S.$) &egment &et B3 for &-rface#to#&-rface contact,
=S.1) &hell element &et B3 for &-rface#to#&-rface contact,
=S.2) part &et B3,
=S.%) part B3,
5BP
5-m9er of integration in &egment -&e( to comp-te pre&&-re loa(&.
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`LOAD_NODE `LOAD
LS-DYNA R7.0 27#!" CLO23D
`LOAD_NODE_OPTION
POINT
SET
P-rpo&e) 2pply a concentrate( no(al force to a no(e or a &et of no(e&.

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 5O3=F5SB3 3O+ LCB3 S+ CB3 .1 .2 .%
'emar7& 1 2

5O3=F5SB3
5o(e B3 or no(al &et B3 C5SB3D, &ee NS=TO5O3=OOPTION.
3O+
=S.!) follower force, &ee remar7 2 on next page,
=S.") moment a9o-t the x#axi&,
=S.0) moment a9o-t the y#axi&,
=S./) follower moment
LCB3
O+85CTBO5D.
S+
CB3
Coor(inate &y&tem B3 CoptionalD, &ee remar7 1 on next page.
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`LOAD `LOAD_NODE
27#!0 CLO23D LS-DYNA R7.0
.1
5o(e 1 B3. Only nece&&ary if 3O+.=S.! or /, &ee remar7 2 9elow.
.2
5o(e 2 B3. Only nece&&ary if 3O+.=S.! or /, &ee remar7 2 9elow.
.%
5o(e % B3. Only nece&&ary if 3O+.=S.! or /, &ee remar7 2 9elow.
Remarks:
the N3=+B5=OCOO'3B52T=OS4ST=. &ection.
2. 5o(e& .
1
, .
2
, .
%
m-&t 9e (efine( for a follower force. 2 po&itive follower force act&
normal to the plane (efine( 9y the&e no(e&, an( a po&itive follower moment p-t& a co-nter#
cloc7wi&e tor;-e a9o-t the t#axi&. The&e action& are (epicte( in +ig-re 27#!.
%. +or &hell form-lation& 1! an( 1", the axi&ymmetric &oli( element& with area an( vol-me
weighting, re&pectively, the &pecifie( no(al loa( i& per -nit length Ctype1!D an( per ra(ian
Ctype 1"D.
!. The f-nction (efine( 9y LCB3 ha& 7 arg-ment&) time, the % c-rrent coor(inate&, an( the %
reference coor(inate&. 2 f-nction that applie& a force proportional to the (i&tance from the
initial coor(inate& wo-l( 9e 5?3HAH4HBHA"H4"HB"@. '1".*<P73 ??A'A"@*?A'
A"@G?4'4"@*?4'4"@G?B'B"@*?B'B"@@.
t
m
%
m
1
m
2
v
w

+ig-re 27#!. +ollower force an( moment acting on a plane (efine( 9y no(e& m
1
, m
2
, an( m
%
.
Bn thi& ca&e, the loa( i& applie( to no(e m
1
E i.e., m]m
1
. 2 po&itive force act& in the
po&itive t#(irection, an( a po&itive moment p-t& a co-ntercloc7wi&e tor;-e a9o-t
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`LOAD_NODE `LOAD
LS-DYNA R7.0 27#!7 CLO23D
the normal vector. The po&itive t#(irection i& fo-n( 9y the cro&& pro(-ct t = : w
where + an( * are vector& a& &hown.
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
$
$$$$ *LOAD_NODE_SET
$
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
$
$ A 6103:2-9-7 F-1> ?>1;- 57o> <C-22<@ :< 2o1;-; o0 3C- 3Lo -0; 0o;-<
$ ?0o;-< 21 R 22@. TC- 2o1; :< 1//2:-; :0 3C- 4';:7-63:o0 ?;o5.2@.
$ Lo1; 6879- 08>F-7 1 ;-5:0-< 3C- 2o1;H F83 :< <612-; F4 <5.".5 :0 3C-
$ *LOAD_NODE_SET ;-5:0:3:o0.
$
*LOAD_NODE_SET
$
$...K....1....K....2....K....3....K....4....K....5....K....6....K....7....K....8
$ 0<:; ;o5 26:; <5 6:; >1 >2 >3
14 2 1 ".5
$
$
*SET_NODE_LIST
$ <:;
14
$
$ 0:;1 0:;2 0:;3 0:;4 0:;5 0:;6 0:;7 0:;8
21 22
$
$
*DE!INE_#)R%E
$ 26:; <:;7 <621 <62o o551 o55o
1
$
$ 1F<6:<<1 o7;:013-
"." "."
1"." 1""."
2"." "."
$
$
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
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`LOAD `LOAD_REMOVE_PART
27#!/ CLO23D LS-DYNA R7.0
`LOAD_REMOVE_PART_OPTION]
<BLANK>
SET
P-rpo&e) 3elete the element& of a part in a &tage( con&tr-ction &im-lation. Shoc7 effect& are pre#
vente( 9y gra(-ally re(-cing the &tre&&e& prior to (eletion. 2vaila9le only for &oli( an( &hell ele#
ment&.

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le PB3FPSB3 TB.=$ TB.=1 ST>'
Type B + + B
3efa-lt none $ $ $

PB3
Part B3 Cor Part Set B3 for theOS=T optionD for (eletion
TB.=$
Time at which &tre&& re(-ction &tart&
TB.=1
Time at which &tre&&e& 9ecome Iero an( element& are (elete(
ST>'
Remarks:
There are % metho(& of (efining the part removal time)
1. TB.=$, TB.=1 overri(e all the other metho(& if non#Iero
2. ST>' refer& to the &tage at which the part i& remove( W the &tage& are (efine( in N3=+B5=
OCO5ST'8CTBO5OST2>=S. Thi& i& e;-ivalent to &etting TB.=$ an( TB.=1 e;-al to the
&tart an( en( of the ramp time at the 9eginning of &tage ST>'.
%. N3=+B5=OST2>=3OCO5ST'8CTBO5OP2'T can 9e -&e( in&tea( of NLO23O'=.OM=
OP2'T to (efine thi& loa(ing. 3-ring initialiIation, a STB++=5OP2'T car( will 9e create( an(
the effect i& the &ame a& -&ing the ST>2, ST>' metho( (e&cri9e( a9ove.
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`LOAD_RIGID_BODY `LOAD
LS-DYNA R7.0 27#! CLO23D
`LOAD_RIGID_BODY
P-rpo&e) 2pply a concentrate( no(al force to a rigi( 9o(y. The force i& applie( at the center of
ma&& or a moment i& applie( aro-n( a glo9al axi&. 2& an option, local axe& can 9e (efine( for force
or moment (irection&.

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le PB3 3O+ LCB3 S+ CB3 .1 .2 .%
'emar7 1 2

PB3
Part B3 of the rigi( 9o(y, &ee NP2'TOOPTION.
3O+
=S.!) follower force, &ee 'emar7 2,
=S.") moment a9o-t the x#axi&,
=S.0) moment a9o-t the y#axi&,
=S./) follower moment, &ee 'emar7 2.
LCB3
O+85CTBO5D.
>T.$) force a& a f-nction of time,
LT.$) force a& a f-nction of the a9&ol-te val-e of the rigi( 9o(y (i&#
placement. Thi& option only applie& to loa( c-rve&.
S+
CB3
Coor(inate &y&tem B3
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`LOAD `LOAD_RIGID_BODY
27#"$ CLO23D LS-DYNA R7.0
.1
5o(e 1 B3. Only nece&&ary if 3O+.=S.! or /, &ee 'emar7 2.
.2
5o(e 2 B3. Only nece&&ary if 3O+.=S.! or /, &ee 'emar7 2.
.%
5o(e % B3. Only nece&&ary if 3O+.=S.! or /, &ee 'emar7 2.
Remarks:
the N3=+B5=OCOO'3B52T=OS4ST=. &ection. Thi& local axi& i& fixe( in inertial &pace,
i.e., it (oe& not move with the rigi( 9o(y.
2. 5o(e& .
1
, .
2
, .
%
m-&t 9e (efine( for a follower force or moment. The follower force act&
normal to the plane (efine( 9y the&e no(e& a& (epicte( in +ig-re 27#!. The po&itive t#
(irection i& fo-n( 9y the cro&& pro(-ct t = : w where + an( * are vector& a& &hown. The
follower force i& applie( at the center of ma&&. 2 po&itive follower moment p-t& a co-nter#
cloc7wi&e tor;-e a9o-t the t#axi&.
%. ,hen LCB3 (efine& a f-nction, the f-nction ha& &even arg-ment&) time, the % c-rrent coor(i#
nate& for the center of ma&&, an( the % reference coor(inate&. 2 f-nction that applie& a force
proportional to the (i&tance from the initial coor(inate& wo-l( 9e
5?3HAH4HBHA"H4"HB"@. '1".*<P73 ??A'A"@*?A'A"@G?4'4"@*?4'
4"@G?B'B"@*?B'B"@@.
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
$
$$$$ *LOAD_RIGID_BODY
$
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
$
$ !7o> 1 <C--3 >-312 5o7>:0= -A1>/2-. A F210Q :< C:3 F4 1 /806CH 1 F:0;-7 :<
$ 8<-; 3o Co2; 3C- F210Q o0 :3< <:;-<. TC- 7:=:; Co2;-7 ?/173 27@ :< C-2;
$ 1=1:0<3 3C- F210Q 8<:0= 1 2o1; 1//2:-; 3o 3C- 6= o5 3C- Co2;-7.
$
$ TC- ;:7-63:o0 o5 3C- 2o1; :< :0 3C- 4';:7-63:o0 ?;o5.2@ F83 :< <612-;
$ F4 <5 . '1 <o 3C13 3C- 2o1; :< :0 3C- 6o77-63 ;:7-63:o0. TC- 2o1;
$ :< ;-5:0-; F4 2o1; 6879- 12.
$
*LOAD_RIGID_BODY
$
$...K....1....K....2....K....3....K....4....K....5....K....6....K....7....K....8
$ /:; ;o5 26:; <5 6:; >1 >2 >3
27 2 12 '1."
$
$
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`LOAD_RIGID_BODY `LOAD
LS-DYNA R7.0 27#"1 CLO23D
*DE!INE_#)R%E
$ 26:; <:;7 <621 <62o o551 o55o
12
$
$ 1F<6:<<1 o7;:013-
"."""EG"" 8."""E'"5
1."""EG"4 8."""E'"5
$
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
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`LOAD `LOAD_SEGMENT
27#"2 CLO23D LS-DYNA R7.0
`LOAD_SEGMENTOPOPTIONQ
To (efine an B3 for the &egment loa(ing, the following option i& availa9le)
ID
P-rpo&e) 2pply the (i&tri9-te( pre&&-re loa( over one triang-lar or ;-a(rilateral &egment (efine( 9y
fo-r, &ix, or eight no(e&, or in the ca&e of two#(imen&ional geometrie&, over one two#no(e( line
&egment. The pre&&-re an( no(e n-m9ering convention follow& the fig-re 27#" &hown in the re#
mar7& 9elow.

Optional 1 2
Maria9le B3 J=23B5>
Type B 27$

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le LCB3 S+ 2T 51 52 5% 5! 5"
Type B + + B B B B B
3efa-lt none 1. $. none none none none none
'emar7& 1 2 % !

Extra card if N5 is not zero
Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 50 57 5/
Type B B B

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`LOAD_SEGMENT `LOAD
LS-DYNA R7.0 27#"% CLO23D
B3
Loa(ing B3
J=23B5>
2 (e&cription of the loa(ing.
LCB3
O+85CTBO5D.
S+
2T
2rrival time for pre&&-re or 9irth time of pre&&-re.
51
5o(e B3
52
5o(e B3
5%
5o(e B3
5!
5o(e B3. ' epeat 5% for %#no(e triang-lar &egment&.
5"
.i(#&i(e no(e B3, if applica9le C&ee fig-re 9elowD.
50
57
5/
Remarks:
1. Bf LCB3 i& inp-t a& #1, then the Bro(e f-nction i& -&e( to (etermine the pre&&-re for the &eg#
ment&, &ee NLO23OB'O3=. Bf LCB3 i& inp-t a& #2, then an empirical air9la&t f-nction i&
-&e( to (etermine the pre&&-re for the &egment&, &ee NLO23OBL2ST.
2. The loa( c-rve m-ltiplier& may 9e -&e( to increa&e or (ecrea&e the pre&&-re. The time val-e
i& not &cale(.
%. The activation time, 2T, i& the time (-ring the &ol-tion that the pre&&-re 9egin& to act. 8ntil
'elative (i&placement& that occ-r prior to reaching 2T are ignore(. Only relative (i&place#
ment& that occ-r after 2T are pre&cri9e(.
!. Triang-lar &egment& witho-t mi(#&i(e no(e& are (efine( 9y &etting 5!]5%.
D
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`LOAD `LOAD_SEGMENT
27#"! CLO23D LS-DYNA R7.0
". Segment& for two#(imen&ional geometrie& are (efine( 9y two no(e&, 51 an( 52. Leave 5%
an( 5! a& Iero or el&e &et 9oth e;-al to 52. 2 po&itive pre&&-re act& on the &egment in the K
x C51#52D (irection where K i& the glo9al K#axi& an( C51#52D i& the vector from 51 to 52.
0. The f-nction (efine( 9y LCB3 ha& 7 arg-ment&) time, the % c-rrent coor(inate&, an( the %
reference coor(inate&. 2 f-nction that applie& a pre&&-re proportional to the (i&tance from the
initial coor(inate& wo-l( 9e 5?3HAH4HBHA"H4"HB"@. <P73 ??A'A"@*?A'
A"@G?4'4"@*?4'4"@G?B'B"@*?B'B"@@.

r
,
t
r
,
t
n
1
2
n
3
n
4
n
1
n
2
n
3
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
4
5
6
5
6
7
8
n

+ig-re 27#". 5o(al n-m9ering for pre&&-re &egment& in three#(imen&ional geometrie&. Po&itive
pre&&-re act& in the negative t#(irection.
D
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`LOAD_SEGMENT `LOAD
LS-DYNA R7.0 27#"" CLO23D
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
$
$$$$ *LOAD_SEGMENT
$
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
$
$ A F2o6Q o5 <o2:; -2->-03< :< /7-<<-; ;oL0 o03o 1 /210- 1< :3 >o9-< 12o0=
$ 3C13 /210-. TC:< /7-<<87- :< ;-5:0-; 8<:0= 3C- *LOAD_SEGMENT Q-4Lo7;.
$
$ TC- /7-<<87- :< 1//2:-; 3o 3C- 3o/ o5 3C- F2o6Q. TC:< 3o/ :< ;-5:0-;
$ F4 3C- 516-< o0 3o/ o5 3C- 1//7o/7:13- <o2:; -2->-03<. TC- 516-< 17-
$ ;-5:0-; L:3C <-=>-03<. !o7 -A1>/2-H 0o;-< &7H 1"6H 1"7 R &8 ;-5:0-
$ 1 3o/ 516- o0 o0- o5 3C- <o2:;< ?10; 3C8<H o0- o5 3C- 516-< 3o 1//24 3C-
$ /7-<<87- 3oo@. TC:< V516-V :< 7-5-77-; 3o 1< 1 <:0=2- <-=>-03.
$
$ TC- 2o1; :< ;-5:0-; L:3C 2o1; 6879- 08>F-7 1. TC- 6879- <3173< 13 B-7oH
$ 71>/< 3o 1"" :0 "."1 3:>- 80:3< 10; 3C-0 7->1:0< 6o0<3103. ,oL-9-7H
$ 3C- 6879- :< 3C-0 <612-; F4 <62o . 2.5. TC8<H 71:<:0= 3C- 2o1; 3o 25".
$ No3- 3C13 3C- 2o1; :< NOT <612-; :0 3C- *LOAD_SEGMENT Q-4Lo7;H F83
$ 6o82; F- 8<:0= 3C- <5 917:1F2-.
$
*LOAD_SEGMENT
$
$...K....1....K....2....K....3....K....4....K....5....K....6....K....7....K....8
$ 26:; <5 13 01 02 03 04
1 1."" "." &7 1"6 1"7 &8
1 1."" "." 1"6 115 116 1"7
1 1."" "." &8 1"7 1"8 &&
1 1."" "." 1"7 116 117 1"8
$
$
*DE!INE_#)R%E
$
$ 26:; <:;7 <621 <62o o551 o55o
1 " "." 2.5
$
$ 1F<6:<<1 o7;:013-
".""" "."
"."1" 1""."
"."2" 1""."
$
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
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`LOAD `LOAD_SEGMENT_NONUNIFORM
27#"0 CLO23D LS-DYNA R7.0
`LOAD_SEGMENT_NONUNIFORMOPOPTIONQ
To (efine an B3 for the non#-niform &egment loa(ing the following option i& availa9le)
ID
P-rpo&e) 2pply a (i&tri9-te( loa( over one triang-lar or ;-a(rilateral &egment (efine( 9y three,
fo-r, &ix, or eight no(e&. The loa(ing an( no(e n-m9ering convention follow& +ig-re 27#!.

Optional 1 2#/
Maria9le B3 J=23B5>
Type B 27$

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le LCB3 S+ 2T 3T CB3 M1 M2 M%
Type B + + + B + + +
3efa-lt none 1. $. 1.=[10 $ none none none
'emar7& 1 2 % % !

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 51 52 5% 5! 5" 50 57 5/

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`LOAD_SEGMENT_NONUNIFORM `LOAD
LS-DYNA R7.0 27#"7 CLO23D
Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le P1 P2 P% P! P" P0 P7 P/
Type + + + + + + + +

B3
Loa(ing B3
J=23B5>
LCB3
O+85CTBO5D. The &even arg-ment& for the f-nction are c-rrent time mi#
n-& the 9irth time, the c-rrent :, 9, an( 8 coor(inate&, an( the initial :, 9,
an( 8 coor(inate&.
S+
2T
2rrivalF9irth time for the traction loa(.
3T
3eath time for the traction loa(.
CB3
M1,M2,M%
Mector (irection co&ine& reference( to coor(inate &y&tem CB3 to (efine the
(irection of the traction loa(ing.
51
5o(e B3
52
5o(e B3
5%
5o(e B3. 'epeat 52 for two#(imen&ional geometrie&.
5!
5o(e B3. 'epeat 52 for two#(imen&ional geometrie& or repeat 5% for %#
no(e triang-lar &egment&.
5"
Optional mi(#&i(e no(e B3 C&ee +ig. 27.%D.
50
57
5/
D
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`LOAD `LOAD_SEGMENT_NONUNIFORM
27#"/ CLO23D LS-DYNA R7.0
P1
Scale factor at no(e B3, 51.
P2
P%
Scale factor at no(e B3, 5%.
P!
Scale factor at no(e B3, 5!.
P"
Scale factor at no(e B3, 5".
P0
P7
P/
Scale factor at no(e B3, 5/.
D
R
A
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T
`LOAD_SEGMENT_SET `LOAD
`LOAD_SEGMENT_SET_OPTION]
To (efine an B3 for the &egment loa(ing, the following option i& availa9le)
ID
P-rpo&e) 2pply the (i&tri9-te( pre&&-re loa( over each &egment in a &egment &et. See NLO23
OS=>.=5T for a (e&cription of the pre&&-re &ign convention.

Optional 1 2#/
Maria9le B3 J=23B5>
Type B 27$

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le SSB3 LCB3 S+ 2T
Type B B + +
3efa-lt none none 1. $.
'emar7& 1 2 %

SSB3
LCB3
an( 8 coor(inate&.
S+
2T
D
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`LOAD `LOAD_SEGMENT_SET
Remarks:
1. Bf LCB3 i& inp-t a& #1, then the Bro(e f-nction i& -&e( to (etermine pre&&-re for the &egment
&et, al&o &ee NLO23OB'O3=. Bf LCB3 i& inp-t a& #2, then an empirical air9la&t f-nction i&
-&e( to (etermine the pre&&-re for the &egment&, &ee NLO23OBL2ST.
2. The loa( c-rve m-ltiplier& may 9e -&e( to increa&e or (ecrea&e the pre&&-re. The time val-e
i& not &cale(.
%. The activation time, 2T, i& the time (-ring the &ol-tion that the pre&&-re 9egin& to act. 8ntil
'elative (i&placement& that occ-r prior to reaching 2T are ignore(. Only relative (i&place#
ment& that occ-r after 2T are pre&cri9e(.
D
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`LOAD_SEGMENT_SET `LOAD
`LOAD_SEGMENT_SET_ANGLE
P-rpo&e) 2pply the traction loa( over a &egment &et that i& (epen(ent on the orientation of a vector.
2n example application i& applying a pre&&-re to a cylin(er a& a f-nction of the cran7 angle in an a-#
tomo9ile engine. The pre&&-re an( no(e n-m9ering convention follow& +ig-re 27#".

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le B3 B3SS LCB3 SC2L= BOPTP BOPT3
Type B B B + B B
3efa-lt none none none 1. $ $

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 51 52 52 5B
Type B B B B

B3
Loa(ing B3
B3SS
Segment &et B3.
LCB3
Loa( c-rve or f-nction B3 (efining the traction a& a f-nction of the angle.
Bf BOPT]$ 9elow, (efine the a9&ci&&a 9etween $ an( 2 ra(ian& or $ an(
%0$ (egree& if BOP3]1.
SC2L=
Scale factor on val-e of the loa( c-rve or f-nction.
BOPTP
+lag for perio(icity. The (efa-lt CBOPTP]$D re;-ire& the loa( c-rve to 9e
(efine( 9etween $ an( 2. Thi& i& -&ef-l, for example, for mo(eling an en#
gine that i& r-nning at a &tea(y &tate &ince each rotation will experience the
&ame loa(ing. To mo(el a tran&ient re&pon&e, BOPTP]1 -&e& a loa( c-rve
(efine( over the f-ll range of angle&, permitting a (ifferent re&pon&e on the
&econ( an( &-9&e;-ent revol-tion&.
D
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`LOAD `LOAD_SEGMENT_SET
BOPT3
+lag for &pecifying if the loa( c-rve or f-nction arg-ment i& in ra(ian&
CBOPT3]$, the (efa-ltD or (egree& CBOPT3]1D.
51
The no(e &pecifying the tail of the rotating vector.
52
The no(e &pecifying the hea( of the rotating vector.
52
The no(e &pecifying the hea( of the vector (efining the axi& of rotation.
The no(e 51 &pecifie& the tail.
5B
The no(e &pecifying the orientation of the vector at an angle of Iero. Bf the
initial angle i& Iero, 5B &ho-l( 9e e;-al to 52.
, initial
angle
51
52
5B
x
y
I
52
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A
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T
`LOAD_SEGMENT_SET_NONUNIFORM `LOAD
`LOAD_SEGMENT_SET_NONUNIFORM_OPTION]
To (efine an B3 for the non#-niform &egment loa(ing the following option i& availa9le)
ID
P-rpo&e) 2pply the traction loa( over one triang-lar or ;-a(rilateral &egment (efine( 9y three or
fo-r no(e&. The pre&&-re an( no(e n-m9ering convention follow& +ig-re 27#".

Optional 1 2#/
Maria9le B3 J=23B5>
Type B 27$

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le SSB3 LCB3 S+ 2T 3T
Type B B + + +
3efa-lt none none 1. $. 1.=[10

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le CB3 M1 M2 M%
Type B + + +
3efa-lt $ none none none

B3
Loa(ing B3
J=23B5>
SSB3
Segment &et B3.
D
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`LOAD `LOAD_SEGMENT_SET_NONUNIFORM
LCB3
an( 8 coor(inate&.
S+
2T
2rrivalF9irth time for pre&&-re.
3T
3eath time for pre&&-re.
CB3
M1,M2,M%
Mector (irection co&ine& reference( to coor(inate &y&tem CB3 to (efine the
(irection of the traction loa(ing.
D
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A
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`LOAD_SEISMIC_SSI `LOAD
`LOAD_SEISMIC_SSI_OPTION1_POPTION2Q
NODE
SET
POINT
OPTION2 allow& an optional B3 to 9e given)
ID
P-rpo&e) 2pply earth;-a7e loa( (-e to free#fiel( earth;-a7e gro-n( motion at certain location& `
(efine( 9y either no(e& or coor(inate& ` on a &oil#&tr-ct-re interface, for -&e in earth;-a7e &oil#
&tr-ct-re interaction analy&i&. The &pecifie( motion& are -&e( to comp-te a &et of effective force& in
the &oil element& a(Hacent to the &oil#&tr-ct-re interface, accor(ing to the effective &ei&mic inp-tW
(omain re(-ction metho( TBiela7 an( Chri&tiano C1/!DU.

Optional 1 2
Maria9le B3 J=23B5>
Type B 27$

Card 1 for OPTION)NODE or SET:
Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le SSB3 typeB3 >.L >.4 >.K
Type B B B B B

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`LOAD `LOAD_SEISMIC_SSI
Card 1 for OPTION)POINT:

Card format (i8,3e16.0,3i8)
Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 / 1$
Maria9le SSB3 LP 4P KP >.L >.4 >.K
Type B + + + B B B
3efa-lt none $. $. $. none none none

Card 2:

Card format (e10.0,i10,2e10.0,2i10)
Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le S+ CB3 BB'TJ 3=2TJ BS> B>.
Type + B + + B B
3efa-lt 1. $ $. 1.=[2/ $ $

B3
Optional B3. Thi& B3 (oe& not nee( to 9e -ni;-e.
J=23B5>
2n optional (e&criptor for the given B3.
SSB3
Soil#&tr-ct-re interface B3.
typeB3
5o(e B3 C5B3 in N5O3=D or no(al &et B3 CSB3 in NS=TO5O3=D.
LP
x coor(inate of gro-n( motion location on &oil#&tr-ct-re interface.
4P
y coor(inate of gro-n( motion location on &oil#&tr-ct-re interface.
KP
I coor(inate of gro-n( motion location on &oil#&tr-ct-re interface.
>.L
2cceleration loa( c-rve or gro-n( motion B3 for motion in the ClocalD x#
(irection.
D
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`LOAD_SEISMIC_SSI `LOAD
>.4
2cceleration loa( c-rve or gro-n( motion B3 for motion in the ClocalD y#
(irection.
>.K
2cceleration loa( c-rve or gro-n( motion B3 for motion in the ClocalD I#
(irection.
S+
>ro-n( motion &cale factor. C(efa-lt]1.$D
CB3
Coor(inate &y&tem B3, &ee N3=+B5=OCOO'3B52T=OS4ST=..
BB'TJ
Time at which &pecifie( gro-n( motion i& activate(.
3=2TJ
Time at which &pecifie( gro-n( motion i& remove()
=S.$.$) (efa-lt &et to 1$2/
BS>
3efinition of &oil#&tr-ct-re interface)
=S.$) SSB3 i& B3 for &oil#&tr-ct-re interface (efine( 9y NB5T='+2C=
OSSBOB3 for non#matching me&h 9etween &oil an( &tr-ct-re.
=S.1) SSB3 i& &egment &et B3 i(entifying &oil#&tr-ct-re interface for
merge( me&he& 9etween &oil an( &tr-ct-re.
B>.
Specification of gro-n( motion& >.L, >.4, >.K)
=S.$) gro-n( motion& are &pecifie( a& acceleration loa( c-rve&. See
N3=+B5=OC8'M=
=S.1) Both gro-n( acceleration& an( velocitie& &pecifie( -&ing
N3=+B5=O>'O853O.OTBO5.
Remarks:
1. The gro-n( motion at any no(e on a &oil#&tr-ct-re interface i& comp-te( a& follow&)
CaD Bf the no(e coinci(e& with a location where gro-n( motion i& &pecifie(, that gro-n(
motion i& -&e( for that no(e.
C9D Bf the no(e (oe& not coinci(e with a location where gro-n( motion i& &pecifie(, the
gro-n( motion at that no(e along a partic-lar (egree#of#free(om i& ta7en a& a
weighte( average of all the gro-n( motion& &pecifie( on the interface along that (e#
gree#of#free(om, where the weight& are inver&ely proportional to the (i&tance of the
no(e from the gro-n( motion location.
2. .-ltiple gro-n( motion& &pecifie( at the &ame location are a((e( together to o9tain the re#
&-ltant gro-n( motion at that location.
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`LOAD `LOAD_SEISMIC_SSI
%. Spatially#-niform gro-n( motion may 9e &pecifie( on a &oil#&tr-ct-re interface 9y &pecifying
the gro-n( motion at only one location on that interface. Specifying the gro-n( motion at
more than one point on a &oil#&tr-ct-re interface re&-lt& in &patially#varying gro-n( motion
on that interface.
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`LOAD_SHELL `LOAD
`LOAD_SHELL_OPTION1_POPTION2Q
ELEMENT
SET
ID
To (efine an B3 for the &egment loa(ing.
P-rpo&e) 2pply the (i&tri9-te( pre&&-re loa( over one &hell element or &hell element &et. The n-m#
9ering of the &hell no(al connectivitie& m-&t follow the right han( r-le with po&itive pre&&-re acting
in the negative t#(irection. See +ig-re 27#". Thi& option applie& to the three#(imen&ional &hell ele#
ment& only.

Optional 1 2#/
Maria9le B3 J=23B5>
Type B 27$

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le =B3F=SB3 LCB3 S+ 2T
Type B B + +
3efa-lt none none 1. $.
'emar7& 1 1 2

=B3F=SB3
Shell B3 CSB3D or &hell &et B3 CSSB3D, &ee N=L=.=5TOSJ=LL or NS=T
OSJ=LL.
D
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T
`LOAD `LOAD_SHELL
LCB3
S+
2T
Remarks:
1. Bf LCB3 i& inp-t a& #1, then the Bro(e f-nction i& -&e( to (etermine the pre&&-re for the &eg#
ment&, &ee al&o NLO23OB'O3=.
2. Bf LCB3 i& inp-t a& #2, then the Con,ep f-nction i& -&e( to (etermine the pre&&-re for the
&egment&, &ee NLO23OBL2ST.
%. The loa( c-rve m-ltiplier& may 9e -&e( to increa&e or (ecrea&e the pre&&-re. The time val-e
i& not &cale(.
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
$
$$$$ *LOAD_S,ELL_ELEMENT
$
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
$
$ !7o> 1 <C--3 >-312 5o7>:0= -A1>/2-. A F210Q :< C:3 F4 1 /806CH 1 Co2;-7 :<
$ 8<-; 3o Co2; 3C- F210Q o0 :3< <:;-<. A22 <C-22< o0 3C- Co2;-7 17- =:9-0 1
$ /7-<<87- Fo80;174 6o0;:3:o0 3o 621>/ ;oL0 o0 3C- F210Q. TC- /7-<<87-
$ 5o22oL< 2o1; 6879- 3H F83 :< <612-; F4 '1 <o 3C13 :3 1//2:-< 3C- 2o1; :0 3C-
$ 6o77-63 ;:7-63:o0. TC- 2o1; <3173< 13 B-7oH F83 P8:6Q24 7:<-< 3o 5 MP1
$ 153-7 ".""1 <-6. ?)0:3< o5 3C:< >o;-2 17- :0D 3o0H >>H <H NH MP1H N'>>@
$
*LOAD_S,ELL_ELEMENT
$
$...K....1....K....2....K....3....K....4....K....5....K....6....K....7....K....8
$ -:; 26:; <5 13
3"""1 3 '1.""EG"" "."
3"""2 3 '1.""EG"" "."
3"""3 3 '1.""EG"" "."
3"""4 3 '1.""EG"" "."
3"""5 3 '1.""EG"" "."
3"""6 3 '1.""EG"" "."
3"""7 3 '1.""EG"" "."
$
$ No3-D M8<3 1 <8F<-3 o5 122 3C- <C-22 -2->-03< o5 3C- Co2;-7 :< <CoL0 1Fo9-H
$ :0 /7163:6- 3C:< 2:<3 6o031:0-; 448 <C-22 -2->-03 :;U<.
$
$
D
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A
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T
`LOAD_SHELL `LOAD
*DE!INE_#)R%E
$ 26:; <:;7 <621 <62o o551 o55o
3
$
$ 1F<6:<<1 o7;:013-
".""" "."
".""1 5."
".15" 5."
$
$
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
D
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A
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T
`LOAD `LOAD_SPCFORC
`LOAD_SPCFORC
P-rpo&e) ,hen -&e( in a f-ll#(ec7 re&tart r-n, thi& car( will apply the SPC con&traint force& from the
initial r-n on the corre&pon(ing (egree& of free(om in the c-rrent r-n. Thi& i& -&ef-l when mo(eling
-n9o-n(e( (omain& -&ing a non#reflecting 9o-n(ary while incorporating &tatic &tre&&e& comp-te( in
the initial r-n) the fixe( con&traint& on the o-ter 9o-n(ary in the initial &tatic analy&i& are remove( in
the tran&ient analy&i& an( replace( 9y e;-ivalent &tatic force&.
,hile NBO8532'4O5O5O'=+L=CTB5> act& &imilarly if (ynamic relaxation i& -&e( for the &tat#
ic analy&i&, thi& approach wor7& for any metho( -&e( to preloa( the mo(el.
5o parameter& are nece&&ary for thi& car(.
D
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A
F
T
`LOAD_SSA `LOAD
`LOAD_SSA
P-rpo&e) The S-9#Sea 2naly&i& CSS2D capa9ility allow& a &imple an( efficient way of loa(ing the
&tr-ct-re to acco-nt for the effect& of the primary &hoc7 wave an( the &-9&e;-ent 9-99le o&cillation&
of an -n(erwater explo&ion. Bt achieve& it& efficiency 9y approximating the pre&&-re &cattere( 9y air
an( water#9ac7e( plate& an( the pre&&-re tran&mitte( thro-gh a water#9ac7 plate. The loa(ing incor#
porate& the plane wave approximation for (irect &hoc7 re&pon&e an( the virt-al ma&& approximation
for 9-99le re&pon&e. Nloa(O&&a (oe& not implement a (o-9ly a&ymptotic approximation of tran&ient
fl-i(#&tr-ct-re interaction.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le MS 3S '=+L KB KS8'+ +PSB3 PSB3 5PTS
Type + + + + + B B B
3efa-lt none none $. $. $. $ $ 1

Define two cards for each explosive charge. This input is terminated by the next ~` keyword
card.
Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 2 2LPJ2 >2..2 ATJ=T2 A2PP2
Type + + + + +

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le LS 4S KS , T3=L4 '23 CK
Type + + + + + + +

MS
So-n( &pee( in fl-i(
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`LOAD `LOAD_SSA
3S
3en&ity of fl-i(
'=+L
Con&i(er reflection& from &ea floor.
=S.$) off
=S.1) on
KB
K coor(inate of &ea floor if '=+L]1, otherwi&e, not -&e(.
KS8'+
K coor(inate of &ea &-rface
+PSB3
Part &et B3 of part& &-9Hect to floo( control. 8&e the NP2'TOS=T
OCOL8.5 option where the parameter& 21 an( 22 m-&t 9e (efine( a&
follow&)
Parameter 21) +loo(ing &tat-&)
=S.1.$) +l-i( on 9oth &i(e&.
=S.2.$) +l-i( o-t&i(e, air in&i(e.
=S.%.$) 2ir o-t&i(e, fl-i( in&i(e.
=S.!.$) .aterial or part i& ignore(.
Parameter 22) T-9-lar o-ter (iameter of 9eam element&. +or &hell el#
ement& thi& inp-t m-&t 9e greater than Iero for loa(ing.
PSB3
Part &et B3& of part& (efining the wet &-rface. The element& (efining the&e
part& m-&t have their o-twar( normal& pointing into the fl-i(. See +ig-re
27#0.
=S.$) all part& are incl-(e(.
>T.$) the part &et i(.
5PTS
5-m9er of integration point& for comp-ting pre&&-re C1 or !D
2
Shoc7 pre&&-re parameter
2LPJ2
, &hoc7 pre&&-re parameter
>2..2
, time con&tant parameter
ATJ=T2
0
, time con&tant parameter
A2PP2
%, ratio of &pecific heat capacitie&
LS
L coor(inate of charge
4S
4 coor(inate of charge
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`LOAD_SSA `LOAD
KS
K coor(inate of charge
,
,eight of charge
T3=L4
Time (elay 9efore charge (etonate&
'23
Charge ra(i-&
CK
Charge (epth
Remarks:
1. SS2 a&&-me& the mo(el i& in .AS -nit&. Bf it i& in another &y&tem of -nit&, Ncontrol
Oco-pling &ho-l( 9e -&e( to acco-nt for the conver&ion.
2. The Xfloo(ing &tat-&Y i& in&tr-mental in (etermining how the mo(el part& are loa(e(. Bf
21]1, the front of the plate a& (efine( 9y the o-twar( normal i& expo&e( to the inci(ent pre&#
&-re. The 9ac7 of the plate i& not expo&e( to the inci(ent pre&&-re 9-t feel& a tran&mitte(
pre&&-re that re&i&t& plate motion. Bf 21]2, then the plating ha& fl-i( on the o-t&i(e a& (e#
termine( 9y the o-twar( normal. Bt i& expo&e( to the inci(ent pre&&-re an( feel& the &cattere(
pre&&-re. 5o loa(ing i& applie( to the 9ac7 &i(e. Bf 21]%, then air i& on the front of the plate
an( water i& on the 9ac7. 5either the front nor the 9ac7 of the plate i& expo&e( to the inci#
(ent pre&&-re, 9-t the motion of the plate i& re&i&te( 9y pre&&-re generate( on the 9ac7 of the
plate when it move&. Tran&mitte( pre&&-re& are a&&-me( not to &tri7e another plate.
%. The pre&&-re hi&tory of the primary &hoc7wave at a point in &pace thro-gh which a (etona#
tion wave pa&&e& i& given a&:
P(t) = P
m
c
-t
0

where P
m
an( the time con&tant 0 9elow are f-nction& of the type an( weight , of the explo#
&ive charge an( the (i&tance from the charge.
P
pcuk
= A_
w
13
0 =
0
w
13
_
w
13
_
y

where 2, , , an( K
0
are con&tant& for the explo&ive 9eing -&e(.

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`LOAD `LOAD_SSA
=lement covering &-rface m-&t have
o-twar( facing normal vector&

+ig-re 27#0. The &hell element& interacting with the fl-i( m-&t 9e n-m9ere( &-ch that their o-t#
war( normal vector point& into the fl-i( me(ia.
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`LOAD_STEADY_STATE_ROLLING `LOAD
`LOAD_STEADY_STATE_ROLLING
Stea(y &tate rolling analy&i& i& a generaliIation of NLO23OBO34, allowing the -&er to apply 9o(y
loa(& to part &et& (-e to tran&lational an( rotational acceleration& in a manner that i& more general
than the NLO23OBO34 capa9ility. The NLO23OST=23OST2T=O'OLLB5> may 9e invo7e( an
ar9itrary n-m9er of time& in the pro9lem a& long a& no part ha& the option applie( more than once
an( they can 9e applie( to ar9itrary me&he& Ci.e., axi&ymmetric &p-n me&he& arenVt re;-ire(D.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le B3 PSB3
Type B B
3efa-lt none none

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 51 52 LC31 LC31'
Type B B B B
3efa-lt $ $ $ $

Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 5% 5! LC32 LC32'
Type ! B B B B
3efa-lt $ $ $ $

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`LOAD `LOAD_STEADY_STATE_ROLLING
Car( ! 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 5" 50 LC3% LC3%'
Type B B B B
3efa-lt $ $ $ $

B3
B3
PSB3
Part &et B3
51
5o(e 1 (efining rotational axi&
52
5o(e 2 (efining rotational axi&
LC31
Loa( c-rve (efining ang-lar velocity aro-n( rotational axi&.
LC31'
Optional loa( c-rve (efining ang-lar velocity aro-n( rotational axi& for (y#
namic relaxation. LC31 i& -&e( (-ring (ynamic relaxation if LC31' i&nVt
(efine(.
5%
5o(e % (efining t-rning axi&
5!
5o(e ! (efining t-rning axi&
LC32
Loa( c-rve (efining ang-lar velocity aro-n( t-rning axi&.
LC32'
Optional loa( c-rve (efining ang-lar velocity aro-n( t-rning axi& for (y#
namic relaxation. LC32 i& -&e( (-ring (ynamic relaxation if LC32' i&nVt
(efine(.
5"
5o(e " (efining tran&lational (irection
50
5o(e 0 (efining tran&lational (irection
LC3%
Loa( c-rve (efining tran&lational velocity in tran&lational (irection.
LC3%'
Optional loa( c-rve (efining tran&lational velocity in tran&lational (irec#
tion. LC3% i& -&e( (-ring (ynamic relaxation if LC3%' i&nVt (efine(.
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`LOAD_STEADY_STATE_ROLLING `LOAD
Remarks:
The &tea(y &tate rolling capa9ility a((& inertial 9o(y loa(& in term& of a moving reference (efine(
9y the -&er inp-t. The c-rrent coor(inate& are (efine( in term& of the (i&placement, u, an( the
moving reference frame, 4,
x
SS
= u + x
SS
= u +
x
SS
= u +

= R(
2
t)|R(
1
t)(X -X
0
) -X
C
] +
(t)
where & i& the rotation matrix o9taine( 9y integrating the appropriate ang-lar velocity, the magni#
t-(e of the ang-lar velocitie&
1
an(
2
are (efine( 9y loa( c-rve& LC31 an( LC32 re&pectively,
an( the (irection& are (efine( 9y the c-rrent coor(inate& of the no(e pair& 51#52 an( 5%#5! C&ee
+ig-re LLD. The velocity corre&pon(ing to the tran&lational term, 4
T
CtD, i& (efine( in magnit-(e 9y
LC3% an( in (irection 9y the no(e pair 5"#50. The initial coor(inate& of the no(e& are C, C
O
i&
the initial coor(inate vector of no(e 51 an( C
1
i& the initial coor(inate vector of no(e 5%. Bf (ata
(efining an ang-lar velocity i& not &pecifie(, the velocity i& (efa-lte( to Iero, an( & i& the i(entity
matrix. Bn a &imilar manner, if the tran&lational velocity i&nVt &pecifie(, it i& (efa-lte( to Iero.
Thi& capa9ility i& -&ef-l for initialiIing the &tre&&e& an( velocity of tire& (-ring (ynamic relaxation,
an( rolling proce&&e& in man-fact-ring. Bt i& availa9le for &oli( form-lation& 1, 2, 1$, 1%, an( 1",
an( for &hell form-lation& 2, !, ", 0, 10, 2", 20, an( 27. Bt i& not availa9le for 9eam& an( t&hell&. Bt
i& availa9le for implicit an( explicit &im-lation& an( i& invo7e( for (ynamic relaxation 9y &pecify#
ing that the loa( c-rve& are -&e( (-ring (ynamic relaxation. 2t the en( of the (ynamic relaxation,
the velocitie& of the part& are &et to x
SS
an( the remaining part& are initialiIe( accor(ing to the in#
p-t file.
8&er& m-&t en&-re that the appropriate loa( c-rve& are t-rne( on (-ring the relaxation proce&&, an(
if implicit (ynamic relaxation i& -&e(, that &-fficient con&traint& are applie( (-ring the initialiIa#
tion to remove any rigi( 9o(y motion an( that they are remove( at the en( of the (ynamic relaxa#
tion. The implicit iteration convergence rate i& often improve( 9y a((ing the geometric &tiffne&&
matrix -&ing NCO5T'OLOB.PLBCBTO>=5='2L. 2 con&i&tent tangent matrix i& availa9le 9y
-&ing NCO5T'OLOB.PLBCBTO>=5='2L, an( while it improve& the convergence rate with
pro9lem& with &mall &train&, it i& often -n&ta9le for pro9lem& with large &train&. The NCO5T'OL
OST=234OST2T=O'OLLB5> option& &ho-l( 9e -&e( to ramp -p the frictional force& to o9tain
&mooth &ol-tion& an( goo( convergence rate&.
To o9tain the free#rolling ang-lar velocity, the tire &ho-l( 9e fir&t inflate(, then 9ro-ght into con#
tact with the roa( while the frictional force i& rampe( -p with a loa( c-rve an( a large val-e of
SCLOA &pecifie( in NCO5T'OLOST=234OST2T=O'OLLB5>. The ang-lar velocity of the tire
i& then &lowly varie( over a range that cover& the free rolling velocity. The free rolling velocity i&
o9taine( when either the frictional force in the (irection of rolling or the moment a9o-t the tire
axi& i& near Iero. +or a tire with an initial ra(i-& of & an( a tran&lational velocity of %, the approx#
imate val-e for the free rolling val-e of the rolling velocity i& =
v
(1+s)
, where i& the hoop
&train of the rolling tire. +or a fir&t g-e&&, the hoop &train can 9e &et to $.$, an( the rolling velocity
will 9e within 1$b of the act-al val-e. 2fter the fir&t calc-lation, a &maller range 9rac7eting the
free rolling velocity &ho-l( 9e -&e( in a &econ( calc-lation to refine the free rolling velocity. 2n
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`LOAD `LOAD_STEADY_STATE_ROLLING
27#/$ CLO23D LS-DYNA R7.0
acc-rate val-e of the free rolling velocity i& nece&&ary for &-9&e;-ent analy&e&, &-ch a& varying the
&lip angle of the tire.
2 time varying &lip angle can 9e &pecifie( 9y moving one of the no(e& (efining the (irection vec#
tor of the tran&lational velocity. To chec7 that the &tiffne&& &cale factor in NCO5T'OLOST=234
OST2T=O'OLLB5> i& high eno-gh, a complete cycle from a Iero &lip angle to a maxim-m val-e,
then 9ac7 to Iero, &ho-l( 9e performe(. Bf the loa(ing an( -nloa(ing val-e& are rea&ona9ly clo&e,
then the &tiffne&& &cale factor i& a(e;-ate.
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`LOAD_STIFFEN_PART `LOAD
LS-DYNA R7.0 27#/1 CLO23D
`LOAD_STIFFEN_PART_OPTION]
<BLANK>
SET
P-rpo&e) Stage( con&tr-ction. 2vaila9le for &oli(, &hell, an( 9eam element&.
5ote) Thi& 7eywor( car( i& availa9le &tarting in relea&e % of ver&ion 71.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le PB3FPSB3 LC C9lan7D ST>2 ST>'
Type B B B B
3efa-lt none $ $ $

PB3
Part B3 Cor Part Set B3 for theOS=T optionD
LC
Loa( c-rve (efining factor v&. time
ST>2
Con&tr-ction &tage at which part i& a((e( CoptionalD
ST>'
Remarks:
1. Bn many ca&e& it i& more convenient to -&e N3=+B5=OST2>=3OCO5ST'8CTBO5OP2'T
W thi& car( create& NLO23OSTB++=5OP2'T (ata a-tomatically.
2. +or part& that are initially pre&ent 9-t are excavate( Cremove(D (-ring the analy&i&, the &tiff#
ne&& factor &tart& at 1.$. 3-ring the excavation time, it ramp& (own to a &mall val-e &-ch a&
1.$=#0. The excavation time &ho-l( 9e &-fficiently long to avoi( intro(-cing &hoc7 or (y#
namic effect&. +or part& that are intro(-ce( (-ring the con&tr-ction, e.g. retaining wall&, the
element& are initially pre&ent in the mo(el 9-t the factor i& &et to a low val-e &-ch a& 1.$e#0.
3-ring the con&tr-ction time the factor &ho-l( 9e rampe( -p to 1.$. The con&tr-ction time
&ho-l( 9e &-fficiently long to avoi( &hoc7 or (ynamic effect&. 2 factor that ramp& -p from
1.$=#0 to 1.$, then re(-ce& 9ac7 to 1.$=#0, can 9e -&e( for temporary retaining wall&, prop&,
etc.
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`LOAD `LOAD_STIFFEN_PART
27#/2 CLO23D LS-DYNA R7.0
%. ,hen the factor i& increa&ing, it applie& only to the &tiffne&& an( &trength of the material in
re&pon&e to &-9&e;-ent &train increment&, not to any exi&ting &tre&&e&.
!. ,hen the factor i& (ecrea&ing, it applie& al&o to exi&ting &tre&&e& a& well a& to the &tiffne&&
an( &trength.
". Thi& feat-re wor7& with all material mo(el& when -&e( only to re(-ce the &tiffne&& Ce.g. part&
that are excavate(, not part& that are a((e( (-ring con&tr-ctionD. Bt wor7& for mo&t material
type& in all other ca&e&, except tho&e few material& that re#calc-late &tre&&e& each time &tep
from total &train& Cela&tic, SOBLOB'BCA, r-99er mo(el&, orthotropic ela&tic, fa9ric, etcD.
There i& no error chec7 at pre&ent to (etect STB++=5OP2'T 9eing -&e( with an inappropri#
ate material mo(el. Symptom& of re&-lting pro9lem& wo-l( incl-(e non#phy&ical large
&tre&&e& when a part &tiffen&, (-e to the acc-m-late( &train& in the X(ormantY material &ince
the &tart of the analy&i&.
0. Thi& feat-re i& generally -&e( with NLO23O>'2MBT4OP2'T. The &ame c-rve i& often
-&e( for the &tiffne&& factor an( the gravity factor.
7. There are % metho(& of (efining the factor#ver&-&#time)
1. LC overri(e& all the other metho(& if non#Iero
2. ST>2, ST>' refer to &tage& at which the part i& a((e( an( remove( W the &tage& are
(efine( in N3=+B5=OCO5ST'8CTBO5OST2>=S. Bf ST>2 i& Iero, the part ha&
f-ll &tiffne&& at time Iero. Bf not, it ramp& -p from the &mall factor +2CT Con
NCO5T'OLOST2>=3OCO5ST'8CTBO5D -p to 1.$ over the ramp time at the &tart
of &tage ST>2. Bf ST>' i& Iero, the &tiffne&& factor contin-e& at 1.$ -ntil the en( of
the analy&i&. Bf not, it ramp& (own from 1.$ to +2CT over the ramp time at the &tart
of &tage ST>'.
%. N3=+B5=OST2>=3OCO5ST'8CTBO5OP2'T can 9e -&e( in&tea( of NLO23
OSTB++=5OP2'T to (efine thi& loa(ing. 3-ring initialiIation, a NLO23OSTB++=5
OP2'T car( will 9e create( an( the effect i& the &ame a& -&ing the ST>2, ST>'
metho( (e&cri9e( a9ove.
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`LOAD_SUPERPLASTIC_FORMING `LOAD
LS-DYNA R7.0 27#/% CLO23D
`LOAD_SUPERPLASTIC_FORMING
P-rpo&e) Perform &-perpla&tic forming CSP+D analy&e&. Thi& option can 9e applie( to 9oth &oli( an(
&hell element&. The pre&&-re loa(ing controlle( 9y the loa( c-rve B3 given 9elow i& &cale( to main#
tain a con&tant maxim-m &train rate.
Thi& option m-&t 9e -&e( with material mo(el 0!, N.2TO'2T=OS=5SBTBM=OPO,='L2,
OPL2STBCBT4, for &train rate &en&itive, powerlaw pla&ticity. +or the o-tp-t of (ata, &ee N32T2#
B2S=OS8P='PL2STBCO+O'.B5>. .a&& &caling i& recommen(e( in SP+ application&.
5ew option& to comp-te the target &train rate val-e with vario-& averaging techni;-e& an( a-toH-mp
option& to control the &im-lation are implemente(. Strain#rate &pee( -p i& al&o availa9le. See 'e#
mar7& "#7 for (etail&.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le LCP1 CSP1 5CP1 LCP2 CSP2 5CP2 PCTS1 PCTS2
Type B B + B B + + +
3efa-lt none none none. none none none 1$$.$ 1$$.$
'emar7& 1 1 1

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le ='2T= SC.B5 SC.2L 5C4L C5ot 8&e(D L=M=L TS'CJ 2T
Type + + + B B + +
3efa-lt none none none. $ $ none $.$
'emar7& 2 "

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`LOAD `LOAD_SUPERPLASTIC_FORMING
27#/! CLO23D LS-DYNA R7.0
Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le TP=2A T5=> TOSC POSC P3'OP 'BLB. '3LB. ST'
Type + + + + + + + +
3efa-lt 1$.$ ".$ 1$.$ 1.$ 2.$ 1.$ 1.$ $.$
'emar7& 0

Car( ! 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le TJ'=S LO,=' 8PP=' T+2CT 5T+CT
Type + + + + B
3efa-lt ".$ $.$ .$ 1.$ 1$
'emar7& 7 7

LCP1
Loa( c-rve n-m9er for Pha&e B pre&&-re loa(ing,
C&ee N3=+B5=OC8'M=D.
CSP1
Contact &-rface n-m9er to (etermine completion of Pha&e 1.
5CP1
Percent of no(e& in contact to terminate Pha&e B,
C&ee NCO5T2CTOOPTIOND.
LCP2
Loa( c-rve n-m9er for Pha&e BB pre&&-re loa(ing Crever&eD,
CSP2
Contact &-rface to (etermine completion of Pha&e BB,
C&ee NCO5T2CTOOPTBO5D.
5CP2
Percent of no(e& in contact to terminate Pha&e BB.
PCTS1
Percentage of no(e&#in#contact to active a-toH-mp in Pha&e B forming.
PCTS2
Percentage of no(e&#in#contact to active a-toH-mp in Pha&e BB forming.
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LS-DYNA R7.0 27#/" CLO23D
='2T=
3e&ire( &train rate. Thi& i& the time (erivative of the logarithmic &train.
SC.B5
.inim-m allowa9le val-e for loa( c-rve &cale factor. To maintain a con#
&tant &train rate the pre&&-re c-rve i& &cale(. Bn the ca&e of a &nap thro-gh
9-c7ling the pre&&-re may 9e remove( completely. By p-tting a val-e here
the pre&&-re will contin-e to act 9-t at a val-e given 9y thi& &cale factor
m-ltiplying the pre&&-re c-rve.
SC.2L
.axim-m allowa9le val-e for loa( c-rve &cale factor. >enerally, it i& a
goo( i(ea to p-t a val-e here to 7eep the pre&&-re from going to -nrea&ona#
9le val-e& after f-ll contact ha& 9een attaine(. ,hen f-ll contact i&
achieve( the &train rate& will approach Iero an( pre&&-re will go to infinity
-nle&& it i& limite( or the calc-lation terminate&.
5C4L
5-m9er of cycle& for monotonic pre&&-re after rever&al.
L=M=L
Criterion to comp-te average( maxim-m of controlling varia9le)
=S.$) no average -&e(.
>=.1) averaging over neigh9or& of element with pea7 val-e of control#
ling varia9le. Thi& parameter (etermine& the level of neigh9or&
&earch.
=S.#1) averaging over element& within &elective range of pea7 control#
ling varia9le.
TS'CJ
Time interval to con(-ct neigh9or& &earch.
2T
Time when SP+ Pha&e B &im-lation &tart&.
TP=2A
2((itional r-n time to terminate &im-lation when maxim-m pre&&-re i&
reache(.
T5=>
2((itional r-n time to terminate &im-lation when percentage change of
no(e&#in#contact i& Iero or negative.
TOSC
2((itional r-n time to terminate &im-lation when percentage change of
no(e&#in#contact o&cillate& within a &pecific val-e.
POSC
Percentage change to (efine the o&cillation of percentage of no(e&#in#
contact.
P3'OP
3rop in percentage of no(e&#in#contact from the maxim-m to terminate
&im-lation after the &pecifie( termination percentage ha& 9een reache(.
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`LOAD `LOAD_SUPERPLASTIC_FORMING
27#/0 CLO23D LS-DYNA R7.0
ST'
2-toH-mp option or &tri7e#thro-gh time Cperio( of time witho-t a-toH-mp
chec7D)
=S.$) no a-toH-mp
=S.#1) a-toH-mp controlle( 9y pea7 pre&&-re
=S.#2) a-toH-mp controlle( 9y percentage of no(e& in contact
=S.#%) a-toH-mp controlle( 9y 9oth a9ove
>T.$) &tri7e#thro-gh time, then &ame a& ST']#%
TJ'=S
Thre&hol( percentage that give& the thre&hol( val-e a9ove which element&
are con&i(ere( for average.
LO,='
Lower percentile of element& a9ove the thre&hol( val-e to 9e incl-(e( for
average.
8PP='
8pper percentile of element& a9ove the thre&hol( val-e to 9e incl-(e( for
average.
'BLB.
.axim-m percentage change for pre&&-re increment.
'3LB.
.axim-m percentage change for pre&&-re (ecrement.
T+2CT
Strain rate pee( -p factor
5T+CT
5-m9er of comp-ting cycle& to ramp -p &pee(-p
Remarks:
1. Optionally, a &econ( pha&e can 9e (efine(. Bn thi& &econ( pha&e a -ni;-e &et of pre&&-re
&egment& m-&t 9e (efine( who&e pre&&-re i& controlle( 9y loa( c-rve 2. 3-ring the fir&t
pha&e, the pre&&-re &egment& of loa( c-rve 2 are inactive, an( li7ewi&e, (-ring the &econ(
pha&e the pre&&-re &egment& of the fir&t pha&e are inactive. ,hen &hell element& are -&e( the
complete &et of pre&&-re &egment& can 9e repeate( in the inp-t with a &ign rever&al -&e( on
the loa( c-rve. ,hen &oli( element& are -&e( the pre&&-re &egment& for each pha&e will, in
general, 9e -ni;-e.
2. Thi& i& an a( hoc parameter which &ho-l( pro9a9ly not 9e -&e(.
%. 3ata in the o-tp-t file& Xpre&&-reY, Xc-rve1Y, an( Xc-rve2Y, may 9e plotte( -&ing 2SCBB @
&-perpl in LS#P'=POST. The file Xc-rve2Y i& create( only if the &econ( pha&e i& active.
See N32T2B2S=OS8P='PL2STBCO+O'.B5>.
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LS-DYNA R7.0 27#/7 CLO23D
!. The con&traint metho( contact, NCO5T2CTOCO5ST'2B5TO5O3=SOTOOS8'+2C=, i&
recommen(e( for &-perpla&tic forming &im-lation& &ince the penalty metho(& are not a& reli#
a9le when ma&& &caling i& applie(. >enerally, in &-perpla&tic &im-lation& ma&& &caling i&
-&e( to ena9le the calc-lation to 9e carrie( o-t in real time.
". Bn or(er to re(-ce the o&cillation in pre&&-re, the maxim-m &train rate -&e( to a(H-&t the
pre&&-re loa( i& calc-late( 9y &pecial averaging algorithm. There are two option& availa9le)
(+era6in6 o+er nei6h?ors o- e.ement *ith ma:imum strain rate) Bn thi& metho(, the element
that ha& the maxim-m &train rate i& &tore( in each cycle of the comp-tation. The element&
clo&e to the element with the maxim-m &train rate are &earche( an( &tore( in an array. The
average( maxim-m &train rate i& comp-te( over the neigh9oring element&. The -&er can in#
p-t an integer n-m9er to control the level of neigh9or& &earch, which will affect the total
n-m9er of element& for average. Beca-&e the neigh9or& &earch i& time con&-ming, the -&er
can inp-t a time interval to limit the occ-rrence of &earching. The neigh9or& &earch i& con#
(-cte( only when the &im-lation time reache& the &pecifie( time or the element with maxi#
m-m &train rate fall& o-t of the array of neigh9or&.
(+era6in6 o+er e.ements *ithin se.e/ti+e ran6e o- strain rate0 Bn thi& metho(, all element&
that have &train rate a9ove a thre&hol( val-e Ca thre&hol( percentage of maxim-m &train rateD
are &orte( accor(ing to their &train rate an( the element& 9etween the -&er &pecifie( lower
percentile an( -pper percentile are &electe( to average the &train rate.
0. The SP+ &im-lation can 9e controlle( 9y vario-& a-toH-mp option&. ,hen a-toH-mp con(i#
tion& are met, the SP+ &im-lation will 9e either terminate( or contin-e( from pha&e B to
pha&e BB &im-lation. The a-toH-mp chec7 can 9e hel( inactive 9y &etting a &tri7ethro-gh time.
Bn thi& ca&e the SP+ &im-lation will contin-e for that perio( of time an( only 9e interr-pte(
when the percentage of no(e&#in#contact reache& 1$$b for a &pecifie( time. The availa9le
a-toH-mp con(ition& are)
Pea> pressure is rea/hed and sta9s -or /ertain time0 The pea7 pre&&-re i& (etermine( 9y the
maxim-m allowa9le &cale factor an( the loa( c-rve. The &im-lation will contin-e for a -&er
&pecifie( time 9efore termination.
!ser spe/i-ied per/enta6e o- nodes$in$/onta/t is rea/hed0 The &im-lation will 9e terminate(
or contin-e( to Pha&e BB a-tomatically if one of the following con(ition& i& met)
1.D Bf the change of the percentage of no(e&#in#contact i& Iero or negative for a &pecifie( time.
2.D Bf the percentage of no(e&#in#contact o&cillate& in a &pecifie( range for a &pecifie( time.
%.D Bf the percentage of no(e&#in#contact (rop& more than a &pecifie( val-e from the maxi#
m-m val-e recor(e(.
!.D Bf the percentage of no(e&#in#contact reache& a -&er &pecifie( &top val-e.
7. Bn or(er to &pee( -p the &im-lation of the &-perpla&tic forming proce&&, we &cale (own the
comp-tation time. By (oing thi& we increa&e the &train rate allowe( in the SP+ proce&&, re#
&-lting in re(-ce( &im-lation time. Jowever, ca-tion &ho-l( 9e -tiliIe( with thi& &pee(-p a&
it may affect the acc-racy of the re&-lt&. ,e recommen( no or &mall &train rate &pee( -p for
&im-lation& with complex geometry or tight angle&.
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`LOAD `LOAD_SURFACE_STRESS
27#// CLO23D LS-DYNA R7.0
`LOAD_SURFACE_STRESS_POPTIONQ
<BLANK>
SET
P-rpo&e) Store &egment pre&&-re& from contact an( applie( pre&&-re loa(& on the -pper an( lower
&-rface& of the &hell &-rface. Bt i& -&e( in conH-nction when '#val-e i& &et to a negative val-e in
N.2TO$%7 to incl-(e the normal &tre&&e& effect (-ring forming or other application.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le PB3FPSB3
Type B

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le LSCB31 LSCB32 LSCB3% LSCB3! LSCB3" LSCB30 LSCB37 LSCB3/

Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 8SCB31 8SCB32 8SCB3% 8SCB3! 8SCB3" 8SCB30 8SCB37 8SCB3/

PB3FPSB3
Part B3 or if option &et i& active, part &et B3.
LSCB3n
Lower &-rface contact B3V&. 8p to eight B3V& can 9e (efine(. The&e con#
tact& contri9-te to the pre&&-re acting on the lower &-rface of the &hell. Bf
the pre&&-re on the lower &-rface i& (-e to applie( pre&&-re loa(&, &pecify a
#1 in&tea( of a contact B3. Only one, #1, may exi&t in the &et of /.
8SCB3n
8pper &-rface contact B3V&. 8p to eight B3V& can 9e (efine(. The&e con#
tact& contri9-te to the pre&&-re acting on the -pper &-rface of the &hell. . Bf
the pre&&-re on the -pper &-rface i& (-e to applie( pre&&-re loa(&, &pecify a
#1 in&tea( of a contact B3. Only one, #1, may exi&t in the &et of /.
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`LOAD_THERMAL `LOAD
LS-DYNA R7.0 27#/ CLO23D
`LOAD_THERMAL_OPTION
CONSTANT
CONSTANT_ELEMENTOOPTBO5
CONSTANT_NODE
LOAD_CURVE
TOPAZ
VARIABLE
VARIABLE_ELEMENTOOPTBO5
VARIABLE_NODE
VARIABLE_SHELLOOPTBO5
P-rpo&e) To (efine no(al temperat-re& that thermally loa( the &tr-ct-re. 5o(al temperat-re& (e#
fine( 9y the NLO23OTJ='.2LOOPTION metho( are all applie( in a &tr-ct-ral only analy&i&.
They are ignore( in a thermal only or co-ple( thermalF&tr-ct-ral analy&i&, &ee NCO5T'OL
OTJ='.2LOOPTION.
2ll the NLO23OTJ='.2L option& cannot 9e -&e( in conH-nction with each other. Only tho&e of
the &ame thermal loa( type, a& (efine( 9elow in col-mn 2, may 9e -&e( together.
NLO23OTJ='.2LOCO5ST25T # Thermal loa( type 1
NLO23OTJ='.2LO=L=.=5T # Thermal loa( type 1
NLO23OTJ='.2LOCO5ST25TO5O3= # Thermal loa( type 1
NLO23OTJ='.2LOLO23OC8'M= # Thermal loa( type 2
NLO23OTJ='.2LOTOP2K # Thermal loa( type %
NLO23OTJ='.2LOM2'B2BL= # Thermal loa( type !
NLO23OTJ='.2LOM2'B2BL=O=L=.=5T # Thermal loa( type !
NLO23OTJ='.2LOM2'B2BL=O5O3= # Thermal loa( type !
NLO23OTJ='.2LOM2'B2BL=OSJ=LL # Thermal loa( type !
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`LOAD `LOAD_THERMAL_CONSTANT
27#$ CLO23D LS-DYNA R7.0
`LOAD_THERMAL_CONSTANT
P-rpo&e) 3efine no(al &et& giving the temperat-re that remain& con&tant for the (-ration of the cal#
c-lation. The reference temperat-re &tate i& a&&-me( to 9e a n-ll &tate with thi& option. 2 no(al
temperat-re &tate, rea( in a9ove an( hel( con&tant thro-gho-t the analy&i&, (ynamically loa(& the
&tr-ct-re. Th-&, the temperat-re (efine( can al&o 9e &een a& a relative temperat-re to a &-rro-n(ing
or initial temperat-re.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 5SB3 5SB3=L BOLB3
Type B B B
3efa-lt none $. $.

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le T T=
Type + +
3efa-lt $. $.

5SB3
5o(al &et B3 containing no(e& for initial temperat-re
=S.$) all no(e& are incl-(e()
5SB3=L
5o(al &et B3 containing no(e& that are exempte( from the impo&e( temper#
at-re CoptionalD.
BOLB3
2ll no(e& in 9ox which 9elong to 5SB3 are initialiIe(. Other& are excl-(e(
CoptionalD.
T
Temperat-re
T=
Temperat-re of exempte( no(e& CoptionalD
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`LOAD_THERMAL_CONSTANT_ELEMENT `LOAD
`LOAD_THERMAL_CONSTANT_ELEMENT_OPTION
BEAM
SHELL
SOLID
TSHELL
P-rpo&e) 3efine a -niform element temperat-re that remain& con&tant for the (-ration of the calc-la#
tion. The reference temperat-re &tate i& a&&-me( to 9e a n-ll &tate. 2n element temperat-re, rea( in
a9ove an( hel( con&tant thro-gho-t the analy&i&, (ynamically loa(& the &tr-ct-re. The (efine( tem#
perat-re can al&o 9e &een a& a relative temperat-re to a &-rro-n(ing or initial temperat-re.

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le =B3 T
Type B +
3efa-lt none $.

=B3
=lement B3
T
Temperat-re, &ee remar7 9elow.
Remarks:
1. The temperat-re range for the con&tit-tive con&tant& in the thermal material& m-&t incl-(e
the reference temperat-re of Iero. Bf not termination will occ-r with a temperat-re o-t#of#
range error imme(iately after the exec-tion pha&e i& entere(.
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`LOAD `LOAD_THERMAL_CONSTANT_NODE
`LOAD_THERMAL_CONSTANT_NODE
P-rpo&e) 3efine no(al temperat-re that remain& con&tant for the (-ration of the calc-lation. The
reference temperat-re &tate i& a&&-me( to 9e a n-ll &tate with thi& option. 2 no(al temperat-re &tate,
rea( in a9ove an( hel( con&tant thro-gho-t the analy&i&, (ynamically loa(& the &tr-ct-re. Th-&, the
temperat-re (efine( can al&o 9e &een a& a relative temperat-re to a &-rro-n(ing or initial tempera#
t-re.

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 5B3 T
Type B +
3efa-lt none $.

5B3
5o(e B3
T
Temperat-re, &ee remar7 9elow.
Remarks:
1. The temperat-re range for the con&tit-tive con&tant& in the thermal material& m-&t incl-(e
the reference temperat-re of Iero. Bf not termination will occ-r with a temperat-re o-t#of#
range error imme(iately after the exec-tion pha&e i& entere(.
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`LOAD_THERMAL_D3PLOT `LOAD
`LOAD_THERMAL_D3PLOT
P-rpo&e) 5o(al temperat-re& will 9e rea( in from the 3%PLOT (ata9a&e. Thi& file i& (efine( on the
exec-tion line 9y the &pecification) T]tpf, where tpf i& a 9inary (ata9a&e file Ce.g., 3%PLOTD.
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`LOAD `LOAD_THERMAL_LOAD_CURVE
27#! CLO23D LS-DYNA R7.0
`LOAD_THERMAL_LOAD_CURVE
P-rpo&e) 5o(al temperat-re& will 9e -niform thro-gho-t the mo(el an( will vary accor(ing to a
loa( c-rve. The temperat-re at time]$ 9ecome& the reference temperat-re for the thermal material.
The reference temperat-re i& o9taine( from the optional c-rve for (ynamic relaxation if thi& c-rve i&
-&e(. The loa( c-rve option for (ynamic relaxation i& -&ef-l for initialiIing preloa(&.

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le LCB3 LCB33'
Type B B
3efa-lt none $

LCB3
Loa( c-rve B3, &ee N3=+B5=OC8'M=, to (efine temperat-re ver&-& time.
LCB33'
2n optional loa( c-rve B3, &ee N3=+B5=OC8'M=, to (efine temperat-re
ver&-& time (-ring the (ynamic relaxation pha&e.
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`LOAD_THERMAL_TOPAZ `LOAD
`LOAD_THERMAL_TOPAZ
P-rpo&e) 5o(al temperat-re& will 9e rea( in from the TOP2K%3 (ata9a&e. Thi& file i& (efine( on
the exec-tion line 9y the &pecification) T]tpf, where tpf i& a 9inary (ata9a&e file Ce.g., T%PLOTD.
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`LOAD `LOAD_THERMAL_VARIABLE
`LOAD_THERMAL_VARIABLE
P-rpo&e) 3efine no(al &et& giving the temperat-re that i& varia9le in the (-ration of the calc-lation.
The reference temperat-re &tate i& a&&-me( to 9e a n-ll &tate with thi& option. 2 no(al temperat-re
&tate, rea( in a9ove an( varie( accor(ing to the loa( c-rve, (ynamically loa(& the &tr-ct-re. Th-&,
the (efine( temperat-re& are relative temperat-re& to an initial reference temperat-re.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 5SB3 5SB3=L BOLB3
Type B B B
3efa-lt none $. $.

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le TS TB LCB3 TS= TB= LCB3=
Type + + B + + B
3efa-lt $. $. none $. $. none
'emar7 1 1 1 1 1

5SB3
5o(al &et B3 containing no(e& C&ee NS=TO5O3=OOPTIOND)
=S.$) all no(e& are incl-(e(.
5SB3=L
5o(al &et B3 containing no(e& that are exempte( CoptionalD,
C&ee NS=TO5O3=OOPTBO5D.
BOLB3
2ll no(e& in 9ox which 9elong to 5SB3 are initialiIe(. Other& are excl-(#
e(.
TS
Scale( temperat-re.
TB
Ba&e temperat-re.
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`LOAD_THERMAL_VARIABLE `LOAD
LCB3
Loa( c-rve B3 that m-ltiplie& the &cale( temperat-re,
TS=
Scale( temperat-re of the exempte( no(e& CoptionalD.
TB=
Ba&e temperat-re of the exempte( no(e& CoptionalD.
LCB3=
Loa( c-rve B3 that m-ltiplie& the &cale( temperat-re of the exempte( no(e&
CoptionalD, C&ee N3=+B5=OC8'M=D.
Remarks:
1. The temperat-re i& (efine( a&
T ] T
9a&e
[ T
&cale
fCtD
where fCtD i& the c-rrent val-e of the loa( c-rve, T
&cale
i& the &cale( temperat-re, an(
T
9a&e
i& the 9a&e temperat-re.
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`LOAD `LOAD_THERMAL_VARIABLE_BEAM
27#/ CLO23D LS-DYNA R7.0
`LOAD_THERMAL_VARIABLE_BEAM_POPTIONQ
<BLANK>
SET
P-rpo&e) 3efine a 7nown temperat-re time hi&tory a& a f-nction of the &ection coor(inate& for 9eam
element&. To &et the temperat-re for the whole element &ee NLO23OTJ='.2LO=L=.=5T
OB=2..

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le B3 =B3FSB3
Type B B
3efa-lt none 2

Card 2, 3, 4, etc. Input is terminated when a ~` card is found.
Car( 2R 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le TB2S= TSC2L= TC8'M= TC8'3' SCOO' TCOO'
Type + + B B + +
3efa-lt $ 1.$ con&tant TC8'M= none none

B3
Loa( ca&e B3
=B3FSB3
ShellFShell &et B3.
TB2S=
Ba&e temperat-re
TSC2L=
Scale factor on temperat-re from loa( c-rve
TC8'M=
Loa( c-rve B3 for temperat-re v& time
TC8'3'
Loa( c-rve B3 -&e( (-ring (ynamic relaxation
SCOO'
'elative coor(inate in local S#(irection C#1.$ to [1.$D
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`LOAD_THERMAL_VARIABLE_BEAM `LOAD
LS-DYNA R7.0 27# CLO23D
TCOO'
'elative coor(inate in local T#(irection C#1.$ to [1.$D
Remarks:
1. The temperat-re i& (efine( a&)
T ] T
9a&e
[ T
&cale
fCtD
&cale
i& the &cale( temperat-re, an( T
9a&e

2. Bf a loa( c-rve B3 i& -n(efine(, -nity i& -&e( in&tea( of the val-e from the c-rve.
%. 2t lea&t fo-r point& m-&t 9e (efine in a rectang-lar gri(.
!. 2t lea&t two point& m-&t 9e (efine(.
". Point& m-&t 9e (efine( in the following or(er, where S1, S2, S% R are in increa&ing or(er, a&
are T1,T2, T% R
The axi& &y&tem i& the 9eam local axi& &y&tem, i.e. the &#axi& i& in the plane of the thir( no(e of the
9eam element.

t
&
S]#1, T]#1

S]#1, T][1
S][1, T][1
S][1, T]#1
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`LOAD `LOAD_THERMAL_VARIABLE_ELEMENT
27#1$$ CLO23D LS-DYNA R7.0
`LOAD_THERMAL_VARIABLE_ELEMENT_OPTION
BEAM
SHELL
SOLID
TSHELL
P-rpo&e) 3efine element temperat-re that i& varia9le (-ring the calc-lation. The reference tempera#
t-re &tate i& a&&-me( to 9e the temperat-re at time]$.$ with thi& option.

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le =B3 TS TB LCB3
Type B + + B
3efa-lt none $. $. none

5B3
=lement B3
TS
Scale( temperat-re
TB
Ba&e temperat-re
LCB3
Loa( c-rve B3 (efining a &cale factor that m-ltiplie& the &cale( temperat-re
a& a f-nction of time, C&ee N3=+B5=OC8'M=D.
Remarks:
T ] T
9a&e
[ T
&cale
fCtD
&cale
T
9a&e
i& the 9a&e temperat-re
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`LOAD_THERMAL_VARIABLE_NODE `LOAD
LS-DYNA R7.0 27#1$1 CLO23D
`LOAD_THERMAL_VARIABLE_NODE
P-rpo&e) 3efine no(al temperat-re that i& varia9le (-ring the calc-lation. The reference tempera#
t-re &tate i& a&&-me( to 9e a n-ll &tate with thi& option. 2 no(al temperat-re &tate rea( in an( varie(
accor(ing to the loa( c-rve (ynamically loa(& the &tr-ct-re. Th-&, the (efine( temperat-re& are rela#
tive temperat-re& to an initial reference temperat-re.

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 5B3 TS TB LCB3
Type B + + B
3efa-lt none $. $. none

5B3
5o(e B3
TS
Scale( temperat-re
TB
Ba&e temperat-re
LCB3
Loa( c-rve B3 that m-ltiplie& the &cale( temperat-re,
Remarks:
T ] T
9a&e
[ T
&cale
fCtD
&cale
T
9a&e
i& the 9a&e temperat-re
D
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`LOAD `LOAD_THERMAL_VARIABLE_SHELL
27#1$2 CLO23D LS-DYNA R7.0
`LOAD_THERMAL_VARIABLE_SHELL_POPTIONQ
<BLANK>
SET
P-rpo&e) 3efine a 7nown temperat-re time hi&tory a& a f-nction of the thro-gh#thic7ne&& coor(inate
for the &hell element&.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le B3 =B3FSB3
Type B B
3efa-lt none 2

Card 2, 3, 4, etc. Input is terminated when a ~` card is found.
Car( 2R 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le TB2S= TSC2L= TC8'M= TC8'3' KCO
Type + + B B +
3efa-lt $ 1.$ con&tant TC8'M= #1F[1

B3
Loa( ca&e B3
=B3FSB3
ShellFShell &et B3.
TB2S=
Ba&e temperat-re
TSC2L=
Scale factor on temperat-re from loa( c-rve
TC8'M=
Loa( c-rve B3 for temperat-re v& time
TC8'3'
Loa( c-rve B3 -&e( (-ring (ynamic relaxation
KCO
'elative coor(inate thro-gh#thic7ne&& C#1.$ to [1.$D
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`LOAD_THERMAL_VARIABLE_SHELL `LOAD
LS-DYNA R7.0 27#1$% CLO23D
Remarks:
T ] T
9a&e
[ T
&cale
fCtD
&cale
i& the &cale( temperat-re, an( T
9a&e

2. Bf a loa( c-rve B3 i& -n(efine(, -nity i& -&e( in&tea( of the val-e from the c-rve.
%. Thro-gh#thic7ne&& point& m-&t 9e (efine( in or(er of increa&ing KCO C#1.$ to [1.$D.
CKO][1.$ i& the top &-rface of the element, i.e. the element &-rface in the po&itive o-twar(
normal vector (irection from the mi(#plane.
!. 2t lea&t two point& m-&t 9e (efine(.
". Bf the element ha& m-ltiple in#plane integration point& W the &ame temperat-re (i&tri9-tion i&
-&e( at each in#plane integration point.
0. Bf a &hellV& temperat-re (i&tri9-tion i& (efine( -&ing thi& car( any val-e& (efine( 9y NLO23
OTJ='.2LO5O3= are ignore( for that &hell.
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`LOAD `LOAD_VOLUME_LOSS
27#1$! CLO23D LS-DYNA R7.0
`LOAD_VOLUME_LOSS
P-rpo&e) To repre&ent the effect of t-nneling on &-rro-n(ing &tr-ct-re&, it i& common to a&&-me that
a pre#(efine( fraction Ce.g., 2bD of the vol-me occ-pie( 9y the t-nnel i& lo&t (-ring the con&tr-ction
proce&&. 2vaila9le for &oli( element& only. Thi& feat-re i& c-rrently -navaila9le in .PP.

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le PSB3 COO'3 LC8' +L +4 +K P.B5 +2CTO'
Type B B B + + + + +
3efa-lt none $ $ 1 1 1 #1.e2$ .$1

PSB3
Part Set B3
COO'3
Coor(inate Sy&tem B3 C(efa-lt # glo9al coor(inate &y&temD
LC8'
C-rve B3 containing vol-me fraction lo&t v&. time
+L
+raction of &train occ-rring in L#(irection
+4
+raction of &train occ-rring in 4#(irection
+K
+raction of &train occ-rring in K#(irection
P.B5
CLeave 9lan7D
+2CTO'
+ee(9ac7 factor
Remarks:
Mol-me lo&& i& mo(ele( 9y a proce&& &imilar to thermal contraction) if the material i& -nre&traine( it
will &hrin7 while remaining -n&tre&&e(E if re&traine(, &tre&&e& will 9ecome more ten&ile. Typically the
material &-rro-n(ing the t-nnel offer& partial re&traintE the vol-me lo&& algorithm a(H-&t& the applie(
XthermalY &train& to attempt to achieve the (e&ire( vol-me lo&&. Optionally, +L, +4 an( +K may 9e
(efine() the&e will 9e treate( a& ratio& for the L, 4 an( K &train&E thi& feat-re can 9e -&e( to prevent
contraction parallel to the t-nnel axi&.
The total vol-me of all the part& in the part &et i& monitore( an( o-tp-t at the time#hi&tory interval
Con N32T2B2S=OBB52'4O3%TJ3TD to a file name( +.oss_output. Thi& file contain& line& of (a#
ta Ctime, +o.ume1, +o.ume2, +o.ume3VD where +o.ume1 i& the total vol-me of element& controlle( 9y
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`LOAD_VOLUME_LOSS `LOAD
LS-DYNA R7.0 27#1$" CLO23D
the fir&t NLO23OMOL8.=OLOSS car(, +o.ume2 i& the total vol-me of element& controlle( 9y the
&econ( NLO23OMOL8.=OLOSS car(, etc.
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`NODE
LS-DYNA R7.0 2/#1 C5O3=D
`NODE
The 7eywor(& (efine( in thi& &ection incl-(e)
`NODE_POPTIONQ
`NODE_MERGE_SET
`NODE_MERGE_TOLERANCE
`NODE_RIGID_SURFACE
`NODE_SCALAR_POPTIONQ
`NODE_TRANSFORM
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`NODE `NODE
2/#2 C5O3=D LS-DYNA R7.0
`NODE_POPTIONQ
<BLANK>
MERGE
P-rpo&e) 3efine a no(e an( it& coor(inate& in the glo9al coor(inate &y&tem. 2l&o, the 9o-n(ary
con(ition& in glo9al (irection& can 9e &pecifie(. >enerally, no(e& are a&&igne( to element&E howev#
er, exception& are po&&i9le, &ee remar7 2 9elow. The no(al point B3 m-&t 9e -ni;-e relative to other
no(e& (efine( in the N5O3= &ection. The .='>= option i& -&-ally applie( to 9o-n(ary no(e& on
(i&Hoint part& an( only applie& to no(e& (efine( when the merge option i& invo7e(. ,ith thi& option,
no(e& with i(entical coor(inate& are replace( (-ring the inp-t pha&e 9y the fir&t no(e enco-ntere(
that &hare& the coor(inate. 3-ring the merging proce&& a tolerance i& -&e( to (etermine whether a
no(e &ho-l( 9e merge(. Thi& tolerance can 9e (efine( -&ing the 7eywor( N5O3=O.='>=
OTOL='25C= 7eywor(, which i& recommen(e( over the (efa-lt val-e. See the N5O3=O.='>=
OTOL='25C= inp-t (e&cription in the next &ection.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 / 1$
Maria9le 5B3 L 4 K TC 'C
Type B + + + + +
3efa-lt none $. $. $. $. $.
'emar7& 1 1

5B3
5o(e n-m9er
L
x coor(inate
4
y coor(inate
K
I coor(inate
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`NODE `NODE
LS-DYNA R7.0 2/#% C5O3=D
TC
'C
Remarks:
1. Bo-n(ary con(ition& can al&o 9e (efine( on no(al point& in a local Cor glo9alD &y&tem 9y -&#
ing the 7eywor( NBO8532'4OSPC. +or other po&&i9ilitie& al&o &ee the NCO5ST'2B5=3
7eywor( &ection of the man-al.
2. 2 no(e witho-t an element or a ma&& attache( to it will 9e a&&igne( a very &mall amo-nt of
ma&& an( rotary inertia. >enerally, ma&&le&& no(e& &ho-l( not ca-&e any pro9lem& 9-t in rare
ca&e& may create &ta9ility pro9lem& if the&e ma&&le&& no(e& interact with the &tr-ct-re.
,arning me&&age& are printe( when ma&&le&& no(e& are fo-n(. 2l&o, ma&&le&& no(e& are
-&e( with rigi( 9o(ie& to place Hoint&, &ee NCO5ST'2B5=3O=LT'2O5O3=SOOPTION
an( NCO5ST'2B5=3O5O32LO'B>B3OBO34.
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`NODE `NODE_MERGE_SET
2/#! C5O3=D LS-DYNA R7.0
`NODE_MERGE_SET
P-rpo&e) The .='>=OS=T option i& applie( to a &et of 9o-n(ary no(e& on (i&Hoint part. ,ith thi&
option, no(e& with i(entical coor(inate& that are mem9er& of any no(e &et B3 (efine( 9y thi& 7ey#
wor( are replace( (-ring the inp-t pha&e 9y one no(e within the &et or &et&. Of the no(e& &haring the
&ame coor(inate&, the no(e cho&en i& the one with the &malle&t B3. 3-ring the merging proce&& a
tolerance i& -&e( to (etermine whether a no(e &ho-l( 9e merge(. Thi& tolerance can 9e (efine( -&#
ing the 7eywor( N5O3=O.='>=OTOL='25C= 7eywor(, which i& recommen(e( over the (efa-lt
val-e. See the N5O3=O.='>=OTOL='25C= inp-t (e&cription in the next &ection. Only no(e&
containe( within the &pecifie( &et& will 9e merge(. 5o(e& containe( within the &et are (efine( 9y
the N5O3= 7eywor(. ,ith thi& option, the 7eywor( N5O3=O.='>= i& not nee(e(.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 5SB3
Type B
3efa-lt none

5SB3
5o(e &et B3 containing li&t of no(e& to 9e con&i(ere( for merging.
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`NODE_MERGE_TOLERANCE `NODE
LS-DYNA R7.0 2/#" C5O3=D
`NODE_MERGE_TOLERANCE
P-rpo&e) 3efine a tolerance i& (etermine whether a no(e &ho-l( 9e merge( for the 7eywor(,
N5O3=O.='>=.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le TOL'
Type +
3efa-lt ye&

TOL'
Phy&ical (i&tance -&e( to (etermine whether to merge a no(al pair of near#
9y no(e&. See remar7 9elow.
Remarks:
Bf the tolerance, TOL', i& -n(efine( or if it i& (efa-lte( to Iero, a val-e i& comp-te( a&)
IIR = 1u
-5

XHAX +HAX +HAX -XHIN -HIN -HIN
S NuHNP
3

where L.B5, L.2L, 4.B5,4.2L, K.B5, an( K.2L repre&ent the minim-m an( maxim-m
val-e& of the Cx,y,ID no(al point coor(inate& in the glo9al coor(inate &y&tem, an( 58.5P i& the
n-m9er of no(al point&.
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`NODE `NODE_RIGID_SURFACE
2/#0 C5O3=D LS-DYNA R7.0
`NODE_RIGID_SURFACE
P-rpo&e) 3efine a rigi( no(e an( it& coor(inate& in the glo9al coor(inate &y&tem. The&e no(e& are
-&e( to (efine rigi( roa( &-rface& an( they have no (egree& of free(om. The no(al point& are -&e( in
the (efinition of the &egment& that (efine the rigi( &-rface. See NCO5T2CTO'B>B3OS8'+2C=.
The no(al point B3 m-&t 9e -ni;-e relative to other no(e& (efine( in the N5O3= &ection.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 / 1$
Maria9le 5B3 L 4 K
Type B + + +
'emar7&

5B3
5o(e n-m9er
L
x coor(inate
4
y coor(inate
K
I coor(inate
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`NODE_SCALAR `NODE
LS-DYNA R7.0 2/#7 C5O3=D
`NODE_SCALAR_POPTIONQ
<BLANK>
VALUE
P-rpo&e) 3efine a &calar no(al point which ha& one (egree#of#free(om. The &calar point B3 m-&t 9e
-ni;-e relative to other no(e& (efine( in the N5O3= &ection.

Define the following card if and if no option is picked
Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 / 1$
Maria9le 5B3 53O+
Type B B
3efa-lt none $

Define the following card for and only for option VALUE
Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7
Maria9le 5B3 L1 L2 L% 53O+
Type B + + + B

5B3
Scalar no(e B3.
53O+
5-m9er of (egree&#of#free(om
=S.$) f-lly con&traine(
=S.1) one (egree#of#free(om
=S.2) two (egree&#of#free(om
=S.%) three (egree&#of#free(om
LB
Bnitial val-e of Bth (egree of free(om.
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`NODE `NODE_TRANSFORM
2/#/ C5O3=D LS-DYNA R7.0
`NODE_TRANSFORM
P-rpo&e) Perform a tran&formation on a no(e &et 9a&e( on a tran&formation (efine( 9y the 7eywor(
N3=+B5=OT'25S+O'.2TBO5.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le T'SB3 5SB3
Type B B
3efa-lt none none

T'SB3
The B3 of the tran&formation (efine( -n(er N3=+B5=OT'25S+O'#
.2TBO5.
5SB3
5o(e &et B3 of the &et of no(e& to 9e &-9Hect to the tran&formation.
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`PARAMETER
LS-DYNA R7.0 2#1 CP2'2.=T='D
`PARAMETER
Two 7eywor(& are -&e( in thi& &ection.
`PARAMETER
`PARAMETER_DUPLICATION
`PARAMETER_EXPRESSION
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`PARAMETER `PARAMETER
2#2 CP2'2.=T='D LS#3452 Mer&ion 71
`PARAMETEROPOPTIONQ
The availa9le option& are
<BLANK>
LOCAL
P-rpo&e) 3efine the n-merical val-e& of parameter name& reference( thro-gho-t the inp-t file. The
parameter (efinition&, if -&e(, &ho-l( 9e place( at the 9eginning of the inp-t file following
NA=4,O'3 or at the 9eginning of an incl-(e file if the LOC2L option i& &pecifie(.

Define as many cards as necessary.
Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le P'.'1 M2L1 P'.'2 M2L2 P'.'% M2L% P'.'! M2L!
Type 2 B or + or C 2 B or + or C 2 B or + or C 2 B or +

Car( 2R 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le P'.'n M2Ln P'.'n[1 M2Ln[1 ... ...
Type 2 B or + or C 2 B or + or C

P'.'n
3efine the nth parameter in a fiel( of 1$. ,ithin thi& fiel( the fir&t charac#
ter m-&t 9e either an Z'Z for a real n-m9er, an ZBZ for an integer or a XCY
for a character &tring. Lower or -pper ca&e for ZBZ or Z'Z or XCY i& o7ay.
+ollowing the type (e&ignation, (efine the name of the parameter -&ing -p
to, 9-t not excee(ing nine character&. +or example, when (efining a &hell
thic7ne&& name(, ZSJLTJAZ, 9oth inp-t& Z'SJLTJAZ or Z' SJLTJAZ
can 9e -&e( an( place( anywhere in the fiel( of 1$. ,hen referencing
SJLTJA in the inp-t file &ee 'emar7 1 9elow.
M2Ln
3efine the val-e of the n parameter a& either a real or integer n-m9er, or a
character &tring con&i&tent with prece(ing (efinition for P'.'n.
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`PARAMETER `PARAMETER
LS-DYNA R7.0 2#% CP2'2.=T='D
Remarks:
1. Parameter& can 9e reference( anywhere in the inp-t 9y placing an ZdZ at the fir&t col-mn of
it& fiel( followe( 9y the name of the parameter witho-t 9lan7&. Bf a min-& &ign X#X i& place(
(irectly 9efore XdY, i.e., X#dY, with no &pace the &ign of the n-merical val-e will 9e
&witche(.
2. NP2'2.=T='OLOC2L 9ehave& li7e the NP2'2.=T=' 7eywor( with one (ifference. 2
parameter (efine( 9y NP2'2.=T=' witho-t the LOC2L option i& vi&i9le an( availa9le at
any later point in the inp-t proce&&ing. Parameter& (efine( via the LOC2L ver&ion& (i&ap#
pear when the inp-t par&er fini&he& rea(ing the file in which they appear. LOC2L varia9le&
can temporarily ma&7 non#LOC2L varia9le&.
+or example, &-ppo&e yo- have the following inp-t file&)

main.k)
*PARAMETER
R %AL1 1."
*PARAMETER
R %AL2 2."
*PARAMETER
R %AL3 3."
*IN#L)DE
file1

file1:
*PARAMETER
R %AL1 1"."
*PARAMETER_LO#AL
R %AL2 2"."
*PARAMETER_LO#AL
R %AL4 4"."
*IN#L)DE
file2
R..
Then, in&i(e file2 we will &ee M2L1]1$.$, M2L2]2$.$, M2L%]%.$ an( M2L!]!$.$. Bn
main.7, after ret-rning from file1, we will &ee M2L1]1.$, M2L2]2.$, an(
M2L%]%.$. M2L! will not exi&t. Thi& allow& for incl-(e file& that can &et all their own pa#
rameter& witho-t clo99ering the parameter& in the re&t of the inp-t.
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`PARAMETER `PARAMETER_DUPLICATION
2#! CP2'2.=T='D LS#3452 Mer&ion 71
`PARAMETER_DUPLICATION
P-rpo&e) The p-rpo&e i& to control how the co(e 9ehave& if a (-plicate parameter (efinition i& fo-n(
in the inp-t.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 3+L2>
Type B
3efa-lt 1

3+L2>
+lag to control treatment of (-plicate parameter (efinition&)
=S.1) i&&-e a warning an( ignore the new (efinition C(efa-ltD
=S.2) i&&-e a warning an( accept the new (efinition
=S.%) i&&-e an error an( ignore Cterminate& at en( of inp-tD
=S.!) accept &ilently
=S.") ignore &ilently
Remarks:
2OLOC2L varia9le appearing in a file, which ma&7& a non#OLOC2L parameter, wonGt trigger the&e
action&E however, aOLOC2L that ma&7& anotherOLOC2L or a non#OLOC2L that ma&7& a non#
OLOC2L will.
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`PARAMETER_EXPRESSION `PARAMETER
LS-DYNA R7.0 2#" CP2'2.=T='D
`PARAMETER_EXPRESSIONOPOPTIONQ
The availa9le option& are
<BLANK>
LOCAL
P-rpo&e) 3efine the n-merical val-e& of parameter name& reference( thro-gho-t the inp-t file. Li7e
the NP2'2.=T=' 7eywor(, 9-t allow& for general alge9raic expre&&ion&, not &imply fixe( val-e&.
The LOC2L option allow& for incl-(e file& to contain their own -ni;-e expre&&ion& witho-t clo99er#
ing the expre&&ion& in the re&t of the inp-t. See the NP2'2.=T=' 7eywor( a9ove.

Define as many cards as necessary.
Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le P'.'1 =LP'=SSBO51
Type 2 2
3efa-lt none none

Car( 2R 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le P'.'n =LP'=SSBO5n
Type 2 2
3efa-lt none none

P'.'n
3efine the nth parameter in a fiel( of 1$. ,ithin thi& fiel( the fir&t charac#
ter m-&t 9e either an Z'Z for a real n-m9er or an ZBZ for an integer. Lower
or -pper ca&e for ZBZ or Z'Z i& o7ay. +ollowing the type (e&ignation, (efine
the name of the parameter -&ing -p to, 9-t not excee(ing &even character&.
+or example, when (efining a &hell thic7ne&& name(, ZSJLTJAZ, 9oth in#
p-t& Z'SJLTJAZ or Z' SJLTJAZ can 9e -&e( an( place( anywhere in
the fiel( of 1$. ,hen referencing SJLTJA in the inp-t file &ee 'emar7 1
9elow.
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`PARAMETER `PARAMETER_EXPRESSION
2#0 CP2'2.=T='D LS#3452 Mer&ion 71
=LP'=SSBO5n
>eneral expre&&ion which i& eval-ate(, having the re&-lt &tore( in P'.'n.
The following f-nction& are availa9le)
&in, co&, tan, c&c, &ec, ctn, a&in, aco&, atan, atan2, &inh, co&h, tanh, a&inh,
aco&h, atanh, min, max, &;rt, mo(, a9&, &ign, int, aint, nint, anint, float, exp,
log, log1$, float, pi, an( general arithmetic expre&&ion& involving [, #, N, F,
an( NN. The &tan(ar( r-le& regar(ing operator prece(ence are o9eye(, an(
ne&te( parenthe&e& are allowe(. The expre&&ion can reference previo-&ly
(efine( parameter& Cwith or witho-t the lea(ing dD. The expre&&ion can 9e
contin-e( on m-ltiple line& &imply 9y leaving the fir&t 1$ character& of the
contin-ation line 9lan7.
Remarks:
1. Parameter& can 9e reference( anywhere in the inp-t 9y placing an ZdZ at the fir&t col-mn of
it& fiel( followe( 9y the name of the parameter witho-t 9lan7&. =xpre&&ion& can 9e incl-(e(
in the inp-t when place( 9etween 9rac7et& X?@Y a& long a& the total line length (oe& not ex#
cee( /$ col-mn& an( fiel(& are comma#(elimite(. +or example, thi&R

Nparameter
rterm, $.2, i&tate&, /$
NparameterOexpre&&ion
rplot,termFC&tate&#%$D
N32T2B2S=OBB52'4O3%PLOT
dplot

R i& e;-ivalent to R

Nparameter
rterm, $.2, i&tate&, /$
N32T2B2S=OBB52'4O3%PLOT
?termFC&tate&#%$D@,
2. The integer an( real propertie& of con&tant& an( parameter& are honore( when eval-ating ex#
pre&&ion&. So 2F" 9ecome& $, 9-t 2.$F" 9ecome& $.!.
%. The &ign, atan2, min, max, an( mo( f-nction& all ta7e two arg-ment&. The other& all ta7e
only 1.
!. +-nction& that -&e an angle a& their arg-ment, e.g., &in or co&, a&&-me the angle i& in ra(ian&.
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`PART
LS-DYNA R7.0 %$#1 CP2'TD
`PART
The following 7eywor(& are -&e( in thi& &ection)
`PARTOPOPTION1QOPOPTION2QOPOPTION3QOPOPTION4Q
`PART_ADAPTIVE_FAILURE
`PART_ANNEAL
`PART_COMPOSITEOPOPTIONQ
`PART_DUPLICATE
`PART_MODES
`PART_SENSOR
`PART_MOVE
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`PART `PART
%$#2 CP2'TD LS-DYNA R7.0
`PARTOPOPTION1QOPOPTION2QOPOPTION3QOPOPTION4QOPOPTION5Q
+or OPTION1 the availa9le option& are
<BLANK>
INERTIA
REPOSITION
<BLANK>
CONTACT
<BLANK>
PRINT
<BLANK>
ATTACHMENT_NODES
<BLANK>
AVERAGED
Option& 1, 2, %, !, an( " may 9e &pecifie( in any or(er on the NP2'T car(.
P-rpo&e) 3efine part&, i.e., com9ine material information, &ection propertie&, ho-rgla&& type, thermal
propertie&, an( a flag for part a(aptivity.
The B5='TB2 option allow& the inertial propertie& an( initial con(ition& to 9e (efine( rather than
calc-late( from the finite element me&h. Thi& applie& to rigi( 9o(ie&, &ee N.2TO'B>B3, only. The
'=POSBTBO5 option applie& to (eforma9le material& an( i& -&e( to repo&ition (eforma9le material&
attache( to rigi( (-mmy component& who&e motion i& controlle( 9y either C2L%3 or .234.O.
2t the 9eginning of the calc-lation each component controlle( 9y C2L%3F.234.O i& a-tomati#
cally repo&itione( to 9e con&i&tent with the C2L%3F.234.O inp-t. Jowever, (eforma9le mate#
rial& attache( to the&e component& will not 9e repo&itione( -nle&& thi& option i& -&e(.
The CO5T2CT option allow& part 9a&e( contact parameter& to 9e -&e( with the a-tomatic contact
type& a%, !, a", a1$, 1%, a1%, 1" an( 20, that i&
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`PART `PART
LS-DYNA R7.0 %$#% CP2'TD
NCO5T2CTO28TO.2TBCOS8'+2C=OTOOS8'+2C=
NCO5T2CTOSB5>L=OS8'+2C=,
NCO5T2CTO28TO.2TBCO5O3=SOTOOS8'+2C=,
NCO5T2CTO28TO.2TBCOO5=O,24OS8'+2C=OTOOS8'+2C=,
NCO5T2CTO28TO.2TBCOSB5>L=OS8'+2C=,
NCO5T2CTO2B'B2>OSB5>L=OS8'+2C=,
NCO5T2CTO='O3B5>OSB5>L=OS8'+2C=,
NCO5T2CTO28TO.2TBCO>=5='2L.
The (efa-lt val-e& to -&e for the&e contact parameter& can 9e &pecifie( on the NCO5T2CT inp-t
&ection car(.
The P'B5T option allow& -&er control over whether o-tp-t (ata i& written into the 2SCBB file&
.2TS8. an( 'B3O8T. See N32T2B2S=O2SCBB.
The 2M='2>=3 option applie& only to tr-&& element&. The average &train an( &train rate over the
length of the NP2'T tr-&& element& i& eval-ate( an( -&e( to eval-ate the average axial force acting
in all the element&, an( thi& force i& applie( to all the element&. The &y&tem of element& &ho-l( form
one long contin-o-& macro#element, an( there &ho-l( 9e no 9ranching in the &y&tem. Bn effect, the
tr-&& element& 9ehave a& a &tring -n(er -niform ten&ion. Thi& mean& that there are no force& acting to
7eep the no(e& &eparate(, an( that other force contri9-tion& from the &-rro-n(ing &y&tem will have
to play that role. Bn other wor(& the no(e& connecte( to the tr-&& element& &ho-l( 9e attache( to other
&tr-ct-ral mem9er&. 2n application where thi& option i& appropriate are in mo(eling ca9le& -&e( in
mechanical act-ator& The 2M='2>=3 option can 9e activate( for all material type&, which are
availa9le for tr-&& element&.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le J=23B5>
Type C
3efa-lt none
'emar7& 1

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%$#! CP2'TD LS-DYNA R7.0
Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le PB3 S=CB3 .B3 =OSB3 J>B3 >'2M 23POPT T.B3
Type B 2/ 2/ 2/ 2/ B B 2/
3efa-lt none none none $ $ $ $ $

Additional Cards are required for the INERTIA option. See remarks 3 and 4.
Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le LC 4C KC T. B'CS 5O3=B3
Type + + + + B B

Car( ! 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Type + + + + + +

Car( " 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le MTL MT4 MTK M'L M'4 M'K
Type + + + + + +

Optional card required for IRCS1. Define two local vectors or a local coordinate system ID.
Car( 0 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le LL 4L KL LLBP 4LBP KLBP CB3
Type + + + + + + B
'emar7 2 2 2 2 2 2 none

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`PART `PART
LS-DYNA R7.0 %$#" CP2'TD
An additional Card is required for the REPOSITION option.
Optional 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le C.S5 .3=P .OMOPT
Type B B B

Additional Card is required for the CONTACT option.
WARNING: If FS, FD, DC, and VC are specified they will not be used unless FS is set to a
negative value (-1.0) in the `CONTACT section. These frictional coefficients apply only to
contact types: SINGLE_SURFACE, AUTOMATIC_GENERAL, AUTOMATIC_SINGLE
_SURFACE, AUTOMATIC_NODES_TO_..., AUTOMATIC_SURFACE_..., AUTOMATIC
_ONE_WAY_..., and ERODING_SINGLE_SURFACE. Default values are input via
`CONTROL_CONTACT input.
Optional 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le +S +3 3C MC OPTT S+T SS+
Type + + + + + + +

An additional Card is required for the PRINT option. This option applies to rigid bodies and
provides a way to turn off ASCII output in files RBDOUT and MATSUM.
Optional 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le P'B+
Type B

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`PART `PART
An additional Card is required for the ATTACHMENT_NODES option. All nodes are treated
as attachment nodes if this option is not used. Attachment nodes apply to rigid bodies only.
The motion of these nodes, which must belong to the rigid body, are updated each cycle. Other
nodes in the rigid body are updated only for output purposes. Include all nodes in the
attachment node set which interact with the structure through joints, contact, merged nodes,
applied nodal point loads, and applied pressure. Include all nodes in the attachment node set if
their displacements, accelerations, and velocities are to be written into an ASCII output file.
Body force loads are applied to the c.g. of the rigid body.
Optional 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 25SB3
Type B

J=23B5>
Jea(ing for the part
PB3
Part i(entification
S=CB3
Section i(entification (efine( in the NS=CTBO5 &ection
.B3
.aterial i(entification (efine( in the N.2T &ection
=OSB3
=;-ation of &tate i(entification (efine( in the N=OS &ection. 5onIero only
for &oli( element& -&ing an e;-ation of &tate to comp-te pre&&-re.
J>B3
Jo-rgla&&F9-l7 vi&co&ity i(entification (efine( in the NJO8'>L2SS Sec#
tion)
=S.$) (efa-lt val-e& are -&e(.
>'2M
Part initialiIation for gravity loa(ing. Thi& option initialiIe& hy(ro&tatic
pre&&-re in the part (-e to gravity acting on an over9-r(en material. Thi&
option applie& to 9ric7 element& only an( m-&t 9e -&e( with the NLO23
O3=5SBT4O3=PTJ option)
=S.$) all part& initialiIe(,
=S.1) only c-rrent material initialiIe(.
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`PART `PART
23POPT
Bn(icate if thi& part i& a(apte( or not.
CSee al&o NCO5T'OLO232PTBM=D)
LT.$) '#a(aptive reme&hing for 2#3 &oli(&, i23OPTi give& the loa(
c-rve B3 that (efine& the element &iIe a& a f-nction of time.
=S.$) a(aptive reme&hing i& inactive for thi& part B3,
=S.1) J#a(aptive for %#3 &hell&.
=S.2) '#a(aptive reme&hing for 2#3 &oli(&, %#3 tetrahe(ron& an(
%#3 =+>.
=S.%) 2xi&ymmetric r#a(aptive reme&hing for %#3 &oli( C&ee remar7 0D
=S.) Pa&&ive J#a(aptive for %#3 &hell&. The element& in thi& part will
not 9e &plit -nle&& their neigh9oring element& in other part& nee(
to 9e &plit more than one level.
T.B3
Thermal material property i(entification (efine( in the N.2TOTJ='.2L
Section. Thermal propertie& m-&t 9e &pecifie( for all &oli(, &hell, an( thic7
&hell part& if a thermal or co-ple( thermal &tr-ct-ralFanaly&i& i& 9eing per#
forme(. Beam& an( (i&crete element& are not con&i(ere( in thermal anal#
y&e&.
=S.$) (efa-lt& to .B3
LC
x#coor(inate of center of ma&&. Bf no(al point, 5O3=B3, i& (efine( LC,
4C, an( KC are ignore( an( the coor(inate& of the no(al point, 5O3=B3,
are ta7en a& the center of ma&&.
4C
KC
T.
Tran&lational ma&&
B'CS
+lag for inertia ten&or reference coor(inate &y&tem)
=S.$) glo9al inertia ten&or,
=S.1) local inertia ten&or i& given in a &y&tem (efine( 9y the orientation
vector&.
5O3=B3
5o(al point (efining the C> of the rigi( 9o(y. Thi& no(e &ho-l( 9e in#
cl-(e( a& an extra no(e for the rigi( 9o(yE however, thi& i& not a re;-ire#
ment. Bf thi& no(e i& free, it& motion will not 9e -p(ate( to corre&pon( with
the rigi( 9o(y after the calc-lation 9egin&.
BLL
B
xx
, xx component of inertia ten&or C&ee 'emar7 !D
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`PART `PART
%$#/ CP2'TD LS-DYNA R7.0
BL4
B
xy,
xy component of inertia ten&or C&ee 'emar7 !D
BLK
B
xI,
xI component of inertia ten&or C&ee 'emar7 !D
B44
B
yy
, yy component of inertia ten&or C&ee 'emar7 !D
B4K
B
yI,
yI component of inertia ten&or C&ee 'emar7 !D
BKK
B
II
, II component of inertia ten&or C&ee 'emar7 !D
MTL
initial tran&lational velocity of rigi( 9o(y in glo9al x (irection
MT4
initial tran&lational velocity of rigi( 9o(y in glo9al y (irection
MTK
initial tran&lational velocity of rigi( 9o(y in glo9al I (irection
M'L
initial rotational velocity of rigi( 9o(y a9o-t glo9al x axi&
M'4
initial rotational velocity of rigi( 9o(y a9o-t glo9al y axi&
M'K
initial rotational velocity of rigi( 9o(y a9o-t glo9al I axi&
LL
x#coor(inate of local x#axi&. Origin lie& at C$,$,$D.
4L
y#coor(inate of local x#axi&
KL
I#coor(inate of local x#axi&
LLBP
x#coor(inate of vector in local x#y plane
4LBP
y#coor(inate of vector in local x#y plane
KLBP
I#coor(inate of vector in local x#y plane
CB3
Local coor(inate &y&tem B3, &ee N3=+B5=OCOO'3B52T=O.... ,ith thi&
option leave fiel(& 1#0 9lan7.
C.S5
C2L%3 &egment n-m9erF.234.O &y&tem n-m9er. See the n-m9ering
in the corre&pon(ing program.
.3=P
.234.O ellip&eFplane n-m9er)
>T.$) ellip&e n-m9er,
=S.$) (efa-lt,
LT.$) a9&ol-te val-e i& plane n-m9er.
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`PART `PART
LS-DYNA R7.0 %$# CP2'TD
.OMOPT
+lag to (eactivate moving for merge( rigi( 9o(ie&, &ee NCO5ST'2B5=3
O'B>B3OBO3B=S. Thi& option allow& a merge( rigi( 9o(y to 9e fixe( in
&pace while the no(e& an( element& of the generate( C2L%3F.234.O
part& are repo&itione()
=S.$) merge( rigi( 9o(y i& repo&itione(,
=S.1) merge( rigi( 9o(y i& not repo&itione(.
+S Static coefficient of friction. The f-nctional coefficient i& a&&-me( to 9e
re.
p
c
= F+(FS -F)c
-C|:
rcl
|
.
+3
3ynamic coefficient of friction. The f-nctional coefficient i& a&&-me( to
9e (epen(ent on the relative velocity +
re.
c
=
F +(FS -F)c
-C|
rcl
|
.
3C
=xponential (ecay coefficient. The f-nctional coefficient i& a&&-me( to 9e
re.
c
= F +
(FS -F)c
-C|
rcl
|
.
MC
Im
= IC A
cont
. (
/ont
9e#
c
c
3
where
o
i& the
OPTT
Optional contact thic7ne&&. Thi& applie& to &hell& an( 9eam&.
S+T
Optional thic7ne&& &cale factor for P2'T B3 in a-tomatic contact C&cale&
tr-e thic7ne&&D. Thi& option applie& only to contact with &hell element&.
Tr-e thic7ne&& i& the element thic7ne&& of the &hell element&.
SS+
Scale factor on (efa-lt &lave penalty &tiffne&& for thi& P2'T B3 whenever it
appear& in the contact (efinition. Bf Iero, SS+ i& ta7en a& -nity.
P'B+
Print flag for 'B3O8T an( .2TS8. file&.
=S.$) (efa-lt i& ta7en from the 7eywor( NCO5T'OLOO8TP8T.
=S.1) write (ata into 'B3O8T file only
=S.2) write (ata into .2TS8. file only
=S.%) (o not write (ata into 'B3O8T an( .2TS8.
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`PART `PART
%$#1$ CP2'TD LS-DYNA R7.0
25SB3
2ttachment no(e &et B3. Thi& option &ho-l( 9e -&e( very ca-tio-&ly an(
applie& only to rigi( 9o(ie&. The attachment point no(e& are -p(ate( each
cycle wherea& other no(e& in the rigi( 9o(y are -p(ate( only in the o-tp-t
(ata9a&e&. 2ll loa(& &een 9y the rigi( 9o(y m-&t 9e applie( thro-gh thi&
no(al &-9&et or (irectly to the center of gravity of the rigi( 9o(y. Bf the rig#
i( 9o(y i& in contact thi& &et m-&t incl-(e all interacting no(e&.
=S.$) 2ll no(al -p(ate& are &7ippe( for thi& rigi( 9o(y. The n-ll option
can 9e -&e( if the rigi( 9o(y i& fixe( in &pace or if the rigi( 9o(y
(oe& not interact with other part&, e.g., the rigi( 9o(y i& only -&e(
for &ome vi&-al p-rpo&e.
Remarks:
1. J=23B5> (efa-lt i& &tan(ar( material (e&cription, e.g. .aterial Type 1.
2. The local carte&ian coor(inate &y&tem i& (efine( a& (e&cri9e( in N3=+B5=OCOO'3B52T=
OM=CTO'. The local I#axi& vector i& the vector cro&& pro(-ct of the x#axi& an( the in plane
vector. The local y#axi& vector i& finally comp-te( a& the vector cro&& pro(-ct of the I#axi&
vector an( the x#axi& vector. The local coor(inate &y&tem (efine( 9y CB3 ha& the a(vantage
that the local &y&tem can 9e (efine( 9y no(e& in the rigi( 9o(y which ma7e& repo&itioning of
the rigi( 9o(y in a preproce&&or m-ch ea&ier &ince the local &y&tem move& with the no(al
point&.
%. ,hen &pecifying ma&& propertie& for a rigi( 9o(y -&ing the inertia option, the ma&& contri9-#
tion& of (eforma9le 9o(ie& to no(e& which are &hare( 9y the rigi( 9o(y &ho-l( 9e con&i(ere(
a& part of the rigi( 9o(y.
!. Bf the inertia option i& -&e(, all ma&& an( inertia propertie& of the 9o(y m-&t 9e &pecifie( for
there are no (efa-lt val-e&. The inertia term& are alway& with re&pect to the center of ma&& of
the rigi( 9o(y. The reference coor(inate &y&tem (efine& the orientation of the axe&, not the
origin. 5ote that the off#(iagonal term& of the inertia ten&or are oppo&ite in &ign from the
pro(-ct& of inertia.
". The initial velocity of the rigi( 9o(y may 9e overwritten 9y the NB5BTB2LOM=LOCBT4
car(.
0. 2xi&ymmetric reme&hing i& &pecially for %#3 or9ital forming. The a(aptive part -&ing thi&
option nee(& to meet the following re;-irement in 9oth geometry an( (i&cretiIation)
C1D The geometry i& C;-a&i#D &ymmetric with re&pect to I#axi&
C2D 2 &et of 2#3 cro&&#&ection& with -niform ang-lar interval aro-n( I#axi& are (i&cretiIe( 9y
mixe( triang-lar an( ;-a(rilateral element& in a &imilar pattern.
C%D 2 &et of circ-lar line& aro-n( I#axi& pa&& thro-gh the no(e& of the cro&&#&ection& an( form
or9ital pentahe(ron& an( hexahe(ron&.
See parameter B'B>B3 on thi& car(.
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`PART_ADAPTIVE_FAILURE `PART
`PART_ADAPTIVE_FAILURE
P-rpo&e) Thi& i& an option for two#(imen&ional a(aptivity to allow a part that i& &ingly connecte( to
&plit into two part&. Thi& option i& -n(er (evelopment an( will 9e generaliIe( in the f-t-re to allow
the &plitting of part& that are m-ltiply connecte(.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le PB3 T
Type B +

PB3
Part B3
T
Thic7ne&&. ,hen the thic7ne&& of the part reache& thi& minim-m val-e the
part i& &plit into two part&. The +a.ue -or T shou.d ?e on the order o- the
e.ement thi/>ness o- a t9pi/a. e.ement#
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`PART `PART_ANNEAL
`PART_ANNEAL
<BLANK>
SET
P-rpo&e) To initialiIe the &tre&& &tate& at integration point& within a &pecifie( part to Iero at a given
time (-ring the calc-lation. Thi& option i& vali( for part& that -&e con&tit-tive mo(el& where the
&tre&& i& incrementally -p(ate(. Thi& option applie& to the J-ghe&#Li- 9eam element&, the integrate(
&hell element&, thic7 &hell element&, an( &oli( element&.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le PB3FPSB3 TB.=
Type B +
3efa-lt none none

PB3FPSB3
Part B3 or part &et B3 if the S=T option i& active.
TB.=
Time when the &tre&& &tate& are reinitialiIe(.
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`PART_COMPOSITE `PART
LS-DYNA R7.0 %$#1% CP2'TD
`PART_COMPOSITE_OPTION]
<BLANK>
CONTACT
TSHELL
P-rpo&e) The following inp-t provi(e& a &implifie( metho( of (efining a compo&ite material mo(el
for &hell element& an( thic7 &hell element& that eliminate& the nee( for -&er (efine( integration r-le&
an( part B3V& for each compo&ite layer. The material B3, thic7ne&&, material angle an( thermal mate#
rial B3 for each thro-gh#thic7ne&& integration point of a compo&ite &hell or thic7 &hell are provi(e(
9elow. The total n-m9er of integration point& i& (etermine( 9y the n-m9er of entrie& on the&e car(&.
+or &hell&, the total thic7ne&& of the compo&ite &hell i& the &-m of the integration point thic7ne&&
TJBCAiE con&e;-ently, the &hell thic7ne&& i& a&&-me( to 9e -niform. +or thic7 &hell&, the total thic7#
ne&& i& (efine( 9y the location of no(e& on the top an( 9ottom &-rface, &o the TJBCAi val-e& are
&cale( to fit the element. ,hen NP2'TOCO.POSBT= i& -&e(, a &ection (efinition, NS=CTBO5
OSJ=LL or NS=CTBO5OTSJ=LL, an( integration r-le (efinition, NB5T=>'2TBO5OSJ=LL, are
-nnece&&ary.
The CO5T2CT option allow& part 9a&e( contact parameter& to 9e -&e( with the a-tomatic contact
type& a%, !, a", a1$, 1%, a1%, 1" an( 20, which are li&te( -n(er the NP2'T (efinition a9ove.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le J=23B5>
Type C
3efa-lt none

The following card is required for thin shell composites. Omit this card if the TSHELL option
is used.
Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le PB3 =L+O'. SJ'+ 5LOC .2'=2 J>B3 23POPT TJSJ=L
Type B B + + + B B B
3efa-lt none $ 1.$ $.$ $.$ $ $ $

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`PART `PART_COMPOSITE
%$#1! CP2'TD LS-DYNA R7.0
The following card is required for the TSHELL option.
Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le PB3 =L+O'. SJ'+ J>B3 TSJ=2'
Type B B + B B
3efa-lt none $ 1.$ $ $

One additional card is required for the CONTACT option.
WARNING: If FS, FD, DC, and VC are specified they will not be used unless FS is set to a
negative value (-1.0) in the `CONTACT section. These frictional coefficients apply only to
contact types: SINGLE_SURFACE, AUTOMATIC_GENERAL, AUTOMATIC_SINGLE
_SURFACE, AUTOMATIC_NODES_TO_..., AUTOMATIC_SURFACE_..., AUTOMATIC
_ONE_WAY_..., and ERODING_SINGLE_SURFACE. Default values are input via
`CONTROL_CONTACT input.
Optional 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le +S +3 3C MC OPTT S+T SS+
Type + + + + + + +

next ~` card terminates this input.
Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le .B31 TJBCA1 B1 T.B31 .B32 TJBCA2 B2 T.B32
Type B + + B B + + B

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LS-DYNA R7.0 %$#1" CP2'TD
Car(& !R 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le .B3% TJBCA% B% T.B3% =tc.
Type B + + B B + + B

J=23B5>
Jea(ing for the part
PB3
Part B3
=L+O'.
=lement form-lation option& for thin &hell&)
=S.1) J-ghe&#Li-,
=S.2) Belyt&ch7o#T&ay,
=S.%) BCBK triang-lar &hell,
=S.0) SF' J-ghe&#Li-,
=S.7) SF' co#rotational J-ghe&#Li-,
=S.) +-lly integrate( Belyt&ch7o#T&ay mem9rane,
=S.11) +a&t Cco#rotationalD J-ghe&#Li-,
=S.10) +-lly integrate( &hell element Cvery fa&tD,

=lement form-lation option& for thic7 &hell&)
=S.1) one point re(-ce( integration,
=S.2) &elective re(-ce( 2 x 2 in plane integration,
=S.%) a&&-me( &train 2 x 2 in plane integration,
=S.") a&&-me( &train re(-ce( integration.
SJ'+
Shear correction factor which &cale& the tran&ver&e &hear &tre&&.
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5LOC
Location of reference &-rface, availa9le for thin &hell& only. Bf nonIero, the
off&et (i&tance from the plane of the no(al point& to the reference &-rface of
the &hell in the (irection of the &hell normal vector i& a val-e
offset = -u.Su NIC (aveiage shell thickness). Thi& off&et i& not
con&i(ere( in the contact &-9ro-tine& -nle&& C5TCO i& &et to 1 in
NCO5T'OLOSJ=LL. 2lternatively, the off&et can 9e &pecifie( 9y -&ing
the O++S=T option in the N=L=.=5TOSJ=LL inp-t &ection.
=S.1.$) top &-rface,
=S.$.$) mi(#&-rface C(efa-ltD,
=S.#1.$) 9ottom &-rface.
.2'=2
5on#&tr-ct-ral ma&& per -nit area. Thi& i& a((itional ma&& which come&
from material& &-ch a& carpeting. Thi& ma&& i& not (irectly incl-(e( in the
time &tep calc-lation.
J>B3
Jo-rgla&&F9-l7 vi&co&ity i(entification (efine( in the NJO8'>L2SS Sec#
tion)
=S.$) (efa-lt val-e& are -&e(.
23POPT
Bn(icate if thi& part i& a(apte( or not. 2l&o &ee, NCO5T'OL
O232PTBMBT4)
=S.$) no a(aptivity,
=S.1) J#a(aptive for %#3 thin &hell&.
TJSJ=L
Thermal &hell form-lation
=S.$) 3efa-lt i& governe( 9y TJSJ=L on NCO5T'OLOSJ=LL
=S.1) Thic7 thermal &hell
=S.2) Thin thermal &hell
TSJ=2' +lag for tran&ver&e &hear &tre&& (i&tri9-tion C&ee remar7& % an( !D)
=S.$) Para9olic,
=S.1) Con&tant thro-gh thic7ne&&.
+S
Static coefficient of friction. The f-nctional coefficient i& a&&-me( to 9e
re.
p
c
= F +(FS -F)c
-C|
rcl
|
.
D
R
A
F
T
+3
3ynamic coefficient of friction. The f-nctional coefficient i& a&&-me( to
9e (epen(ent on the relative velocity +
re.
c
=
F +(FS -F)c
-C|
rcl
|
.
3C
=xponential (ecay coefficient. The f-nctional coefficient i& a&&-me( to 9e
re.
c
= F +
(FS -F)c
-C|
rcl
|
.
MC
Im
= IC A
cont
. (
/ont
9e#
c
c
3
where
o
i& the
OPTT
Optional contact thic7ne&&. Thi& applie& to &hell& only.
S+T
Optional thic7ne&& &cale factor for P2'T B3 in a-tomatic contact C&cale&
tr-e thic7ne&&D. Thi& option applie& only to contact with &hell element&.
Tr-e thic7ne&& i& the element thic7ne&& of the &hell element&.
SS+
Scale factor on (efa-lt &lave penalty &tiffne&& for thi& P2'T B3 whenever it
appear& in the contact (efinition. Bf Iero, SS+ i& ta7en a& -nity.
.B3i
.aterial B3 of integration point i, &ee N.2TOR. Section.
TJBCAi
Thic7ne&& of integration point i.
Bi
.aterial angle of integration point i. Thi& material angle applie& only to
material type& 21, 22, 2%, %%, %%O0, %!, %0, !$, !1#"$, "!, "", "/, ", 1$%,
1$%OP, 1$!, 1$/, 110, 122, 1%%, 1%", 1%"OPLC, 1%0, 1"7, 1"/, 1$, 21,
220, 2%%, 2%!, 2%", 2!2, an( 2!%.
T.B3i
Thermal material B3 of integration point i
Remarks:
1. Bn ca&e& where there i& more than one orthotropic material mo(el reference( 9y NP2'T
OCO.POSBT=, the orthotropic material orientation parameter& C2OPT, B=T2, an( a&&oci#
ate( vector&D from the material mo(el of the fir&t orthotropic integration point apply to all the
orthotropic integration point&. 2OPT, B=T2, etc. inp-t for material& of &-9&e;-ent integra#
tion point& i& ignore(.
2. Thic7 &hell form-lation& 1, 2, an( %, an( all &hell form-lation& with the exception of BCBK
an( 3A element&, are 9a&e( on fir&t or(er &hear (eformation theory that yiel(& con&tant
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%$#1/ CP2'TD LS-DYNA R7.0
tran&ver&e &hear &train& which violate& the con(ition of Iero traction on the top an( 9ottom
&-rface& of the &hell. +or the&e element&, &etting SJ'+]$./%%%% will compen&ate for thi& er#
ror an( re&-lt in the correct tran&ver&e &hear (eformation, &o long a& all layer& have the &ame
tran&ver&e &tiffne&&. SJ'+ i& not -&e( 9y thic7 &hell form& % or " except for material& %%,
%0, 1%%, 1%", an( 2!%.
%. Thic7 &hell form " will loo7 to the TSJ=2' parameter an( -&e either a para9olic tran&ver&e
&hear &train (i&tri9-tion when TSJ=2']$, or a con&tant &hear &train (i&tri9-tion when
TSJ=2']1. The para9olic option i& recommen(e( when element& are -&e( in a &ingle layer
to mo(el a plate or 9eam. The con&tant option may 9e 9etter when element& are &tac7e( &o
there are two or more element& thro-gh the thic7ne&&.
! +or compo&ite& that have a tran&ver&e &hear &tiffne&& that varie& 9y layer, laminate( &hell
theory, activate( 9y L2.SJT on NCO5T'OLOSJ=LL, will correct the tran&ver&e &hear
&tre&& to minimiIe &tre&& (i&contin-itie& 9etween layer& an( at the 9ottom an( top &-rface& 9y
impo&ing a para9olic tran&ver&e &hear &tre&&. SJ'+ &ho-l( 9e &et to the (efa-lt val-e of 1.$
when the &hear &tre&& (i&tri9-tion i& para9olic.. Bf thic7 &hell& are &tac7e( &o that there i&
more than one element thro-gh the thic7ne&& of a plate or 9eam mo(el, &etting TSJ=2']1
will ca-&e a con&tant &hear &tre&& (i&tri9-tion which may 9e more acc-rate than para9olic.
The TSJ=2' parameter i& availa9le for all thic7 &hell form& when laminate( &hell theory i&
active.
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`PART_DUPLICATE `PART
`PART_DUPLICATE_{OPTION}
The availa9le OPTION i&
NULL_OVERLAY
Thi& option i& -&e( to generate n-ll &hell& for contact.
P-rpo&e) To provi(e a metho( of (-plicating part& or part &et& witho-t the nee( to -&e the
NB5CL83=OT'25S+O'. option.
The inp-t for NP2'TO38PLBC2T= i&

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le PT4P= T4P=B3 B3PO++ B3=O++ B35O++ T'25B3
Type 2 B B B B B
3efa-lt none none $ $ $ $

The inp-t for NP2'TO38PLBC2T=O58LLOOM='L24 i&

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le PT4P= T4P=B3 B3PO++ B3=O++ 3=5SBT4 = P'
Type 2 B B B + + +
3efa-lt none none $ $ $ $ $

PT4P=
Set to XP2'TY to (-plicate a &ingle part or XPS=TY to (-plicate a part &et.
T4P=B3
B3 of part or part &et to 9e (-plicate(.
B3PO++
B3 off&et of newly create( part&.
B3=O++
B3 off&et of newly create( element&.
B35O++
B3 off&et of newly create( no(e&.
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`PART `PART_DUPLICATE
%$#2$ CP2'TD LS-DYNA R7.0
T'25B3
B3 of N3=+B5=OT'25S+O'.2TBO5 to tran&form the exi&ting no(e& in
a part or part &et.

3=5SBT4
3en&ity.
=
4o-ngV& mo(-l-&.
P'
Poi&&onV& ratio.
Remarks:
1. 2ll part& &haring common no(e& have to 9e gro-pe( in a NP2'TOS=T an( (-plicate( in a
&ingle NP2'TO38PLBC2T= comman( &o that the newly (-plicate( part& &till &hare com#
mon no(e&
2. The following element& which nee( a P2'T to complete their (efinition can 9e (-plicate(
9y -&ing thi& comman() N=L=.=5TOSOLB3, N=L=.=5TO3BSC'=T=, N=L=.=5T
OSJ=LL, N=L=.=5TOTSJ=LL, N=L=.=TOB=2. an( N=L=.=5TOS=2TB=LT.
%. Thi& comman( only (-plicate& (efinition of no(e&, element& an( part&, not the a&&ociate(
con&traint&. +or example, TC an( 'C (efine( in N5O3= will not 9e pa&&e( to the newly
create( no(e&.
!. ,hen B35O++]B3PO++]B3=O++]$, the exi&ting part, or part &et, will 9e tran&forme( a&
per T'25B3, no new no(e or element& will 9e create(.
". The 58LLOOM='L24 option may 9e -&e( to generate %# an( !#no(e n-ll &hell element&
from the 0# an( /#no(e ;-a(ratic element& for -&e in contact. 5o a((itional no(e& are gen#
erate(.
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`PART_MODES `PART
`PART_MODES
P-rpo&e) 3efine mo(e &hape& for a flexi9le rigi( 9o(y. C-rrently, flexi9le rigi( 9o(ie& cannot &hare
no(e& with other flexi9le rigi( 9o(ie& or rigi( 9o(ie&E however, interconnection& to other flexi9le rig#
i( 9o(ie& or to rigi( 9o(ie& can -&e the penalty Hoint option. The flexi9le rigi( 9o(ie& are not imple#
mente( with the Lagrange m-ltiplier Hoint option. The (eformation& are mo(ele( -&ing the mo(e&
&hape& o9taine( experimentally or in a finite element analy&i&, e.g., 52ST'25.pch file or an LSTC
eigo-t file. The&e mo(e& &ho-l( incl-(e 9oth con&traint an( attachment mo(e&. +or &tre&& recovery
in flexi9le rigi( 9o(ie&, -&e of linear element form-lation& i& recommen(e(. 2 l-mp ma&& matrix i&
a&&-me( in the implementation. 2l&o &ee the 7eywor( control car() NCO5T'OLO'B>B3.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le PB3 5.+B +O'. 25SB3 +O'.2T A.+L2> 58P3+ SB>'=C
Type B B B B B B B

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le +BL=52.=
Type C
3efa-lt none

Define the following cards if and only if KMFLAG1. Use as many cards as necessary to
identify the NMFB kept modes. After NMFB modes are defined no further input is expected.
Car(& %... 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le .O3=1 .O3=2 .O3=% .O3=! .O3=" .O3=0 .O3=7 .O3=/
3efa-lt none nont none nont none nont none nont

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`PART `PART_MODES
Read optional modal damping cards here. A keyword card (with a "`" in column 1)
terminates this input.
Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le .ST2'T .STOP 32.P+
Type B B +

PB3
Part i(entification. Thi& part m-&t 9e a rigi( 9o(y.
5.+B
5-m9er of 7ept mo(e& in flexi9le 9o(y. The n-m9er of mo(e& in the file,
+BL=52.=, m-&t e;-al or excee( 5.+B. Bf A.+L2>]$ the fir&t
5.+B mo(e& in the file are -&e(.
+O'.
+lexi9le 9o(y form-lation. See remar7 " 9elow.
=S.$) exact
=S.1) fa&t
25SB3
2ttachment no(e &et B3 CoptionalD.
+O'.2T
Bnp-t format of mo(al information)
=S.$) 52ST'25.pch file.
=S.1) Cnot &-pporte(D
=S.2) 52ST'25.pch file CLS#3452 9inary ver&ionD. The 9inary ver#
&ion of thi& file i& a-tomatically create( if a 52ST'25.pch file
i& rea(. The name of the 9inary file i& the name of the 52S#
T'25.pch file 9-t with Z.9inZ appen(e(. The 9inary file i&
&maller an( can 9e rea( m-ch fa&ter.
=S.%) LS#3452 (%eigv 9inary eigenval-e (ata9a&e C&ee NCO5T'OL
OB.PLBCBTO=B>=5M2L8=D.
=S.!) LS#3452 (%mo(e 9inary con&traintFattachment mo(e (ata9a&e
C&ee NCO5T'OLOB.PLBCBTO.O3=D.
=S.") Both (%eigv an( (%mo(e (ata9a&e& are inp-t. 3ata9a&e name&
m-&t 9e Z(%eigvZ an( Z(%mo(eZ, an( +BL=52.= 9elow i& ig#
nore(. 5.+B a9ove give& the total n-m9er of mo(e& in 9oth (a#
ta9a&e&.
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`PART_MODES `PART
LS-DYNA R7.0 %$#2% CP2'TD
A.+L2>
Aept mo(e flag. Select& metho( for i(entifying mo(e& to 7eep.
=S.$) the fir&t 5.+B mo(e& in the file, +BL=52.=, are -&e(.
=S.1) (efine 5.+B 7ept mo(e& with a((itional inp-t.
58P3+
5o(al -p(ate flag. Bf active, an attachment no(e &et, 25SB3, m-&t 9e (e#
fine(.
=S.$) all no(e& of the rigi( part are -p(ate( each cycle.
=S.1) only attachment no(e& are f-lly -p(ate(. 2ll no(e& in the 9o(y
are o-tp-t 9a&e( on the rigi( 9o(y motion witho-t the a((ition of
the mo(al (i&placement&. +or maxim-m 9enefit an attachment
no(e &et can al&o 9e (efine( with the P2'TO2TT2CJ.=5T
O5O3=S option. The &ame attachment no(e &et B3 &ho-l( 9e
-&e( here.
SB>'=C
Stre&& recovery flag.
=S.$) no &tre&& recovery
=S.1) &tre&& recovery only
=S.2) &tre&& recovery an( then &et the recovery &tre&& a& initial &tre&&
when &witching to flexi9le 9o(y. CShell form-lation& 10, 1/, 2$,
21 an( Soli( form-lation 2D
=S.%) only for &hell elform]10, the recovery &tre&& i& 9a&e( on
elform]21, an( then &et the recovery &tre&& a& initial &tre&& for
elform]10 when &witching to flexi9le 9o(y.
+BL=52.=
The path an( name of a file which contain& the mo(e& for thi& rigi( 9o(y.
.O3=n
Aeep normal mo(e, .O3=n.
.ST2'T
+ir&t mo(e for (amping, (1 HSIARI NHF).
.STOP
La&t mo(e for (amping, .STOP, (1 HSIP NHF). 2ll mo(e&
9etween .ST2'T an( .STOP incl-&ive are &-9Hect to the &ame mo(al
(amping coefficient, 32.P+.
32.P+ .o(al (amping coefficient, .
Remarks:
1. The format of the file which contain& the normal mo(e& follow& the file format& of 52S#
T'25 o-tp-t for mo(al information.
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`PART `PART_MODES
%$#2! CP2'TD LS-DYNA R7.0
2. The mo(e &et typically com9ine& 9oth normal mo(e& an( attachment mo(e&. The eigenval#
-e& for the attachment mo(e& are comp-te( from the &tiffne&& an( ma&& matrice&.
%. The part B3 &pecifie( m-&t 9e either a &ingle rigi( 9o(y or a ma&ter rigi( 9o(y C&ee
NCO5ST'2B5=3O'B>B3OBO3B=SD which can 9e ma(e -p of many rigi( part&.
!. The mo(al (amping i& (efine( 9y the mo(al (amping coefficient ., where a val-e of 1.$
e;-al& critical (amping. +or a one (egree of free(om mo(el &y&tem, the relation&hip 9etween
the (amping an( the (amping coefficient i& c = 2
n
m, where / i& the (amping, m i& the
ma&&, an(
n
i& the nat-ral fre;-ency, km.
". There are two form-lation option&. The fir&t i& a form-lation that contain& all the term& of the
flexi9le 9o(y e;-ation&, an( it& co&t grow& approximately a& the &;-are of the n-m9er of
mo(e&. The &econ( form-lation ignore& mo&t of the &econ( or(er term& appearing in the ex#
act e;-ation& an( it& co&t grow& linearly with the n-m9er of mo(e&. 8&er& are re&pon&i9le for
(etermining which form-lation i& appropriate for their pro9lem&. Bn general, if the ang-lar
velocitie& are &mall an( if the (eflection& are &mall with re&pect to the geometry of the &y&#
tem it i& &afe to -&e the &econ( Cfa&terD form-lation.
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`PART_SENSOR `PART
LS-DYNA R7.0 %$#2" CP2'TD
`PART_SENSOR
P-rpo&e) 2ctivate an( (eactivate part&, 9a&e( on &en&or (efine( in =L=.=5TOS=2TB=LT
OS=5SO'. Thi& option applie& to (i&crete 9eam element only.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le PB3 SB32 2CTBM=
Type B B B
3efa-lt $ $ $

PB3
Part B3, which i& controlle( 9y &en&or
SB32
Sen&or B3 to activate or (eactivate part.
2CTBM=
+lag. Bf Iero, the part i& active from time Iero -ntil a &ignal i& receive( 9y
the part to (eactivate. Bf one, the part i& inactive from time Iero an( 9e#
come& active when a &ignal i& receive( 9y the part to activate. The hi&tory
varia9le& for inactive part& are initialiIe( at time Iero.
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`PART `PART_MOVE
`PART_MOVE
P-rpo&e) Tran&late a part 9y an incremental (i&placement in either a local or a glo9al coor(inate &y&#
tem. Thi& option c-rrently applie& to part& (efine( either 9y &hell an( &oli( element&. 2ll no(al
point& of the given part B3 are move(. Care m-&t 9e o9&erve( &ince part& that &hare 9o-n(ary no(e&
with the part 9eing move( m-&t al&o 9e move( to avoi( &evere me&h (i&tortion&.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 / 1$
Maria9le PB3FSB3 L.OM 4.OM K.OM CB3 B+S=T
Type B + + + B B
3efa-lt none $.$ $.$ $.$ $ $

PB3
Part i(entification.
L.OM
.ove &hellF&oli( part B3, PB3, in the x#(irection 9y the incremental (i&#
tance, L.OM.
4.OM
.ove &hellF&oli( part B3, PB3, in the y#(irection 9y the incremental (i&#
tance, 4.OM.
K.OM
.ove &hellF&oli( part B3, PB3, in the I#(irection 9y the incremental (i&#
tance, K.OM.
CB3 Coor(inate &y&tem B3 to (efine incremental (i&placement in local coor(i#
nate &y&tem. 2ll (i&placement&, L.OM, 4.OM, an( K.OM, are with re#
&pect to CB3.
=S.$) glo9al
B+S=T Bn(icate if part &et B3 CSB3D, i& -&e( in PB3FSB3 (efinition.
=S.1) part &et B3 CSB3D i& -&e(
Remarks:
1. 2 new varia9le B+S=T i& a((e( to a((re&& the move of m-ltiple part& that &hare common
9o-n(ary no(e&, e.g., in ca&e of tailor#wel(e( 9lan7. The new varia9le allow& for a part &et to
9e move &im-ltaneo-&ly. +or example, 7eywor( NS=TOP2'TOLBST can 9e -&e( to incl-(e all
tailor wel(e( 9lan7 part& an( the re&-lting Part Set B3 can 9e -&e( in thi& 7eywor(.
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`PART_MOVE `PART
2. 3raw 9ea(& can 9e mo(ele( a& 9eam element& an( move( in the &ame (i&tance in the &ame (i#
rection a& either the (ie or p-nch, (epen(ing on the (raw type&.
%. 2 partial 7eywor( inp-t i& provi(e( to a-tomatically po&ition all tool& in a toggle (raw of a
(ec7li( inner, with tailor wel(e( 9lan7& PB3 1 an( PB3", a& &hown 9elow)
*PARAMETER
R F20Q>9 "."
R 8/F:0>9 "."
R 8//80>9 "."
*SET_PART_LIST
1
1H5
*SET_PART_LIST
2
2
*SET_PART_LIST
3
3
*SET_PART_LIST
4
4
$ PIDNSID #ID DIR MPIDNMSID Po<:3:o0 PREMO%E T,I#$ PARORDER
1 3 4 1 1.5 F20Q>9
3 3 1 1 1.5 8/F:0>9
2 3 1 1 1.5 8//80>9
$'''G''''1''''G''''2''''G''''3''''G''''4''''G''''5''''G''''6''''G''''7''''G''''8
*PART_MO%E
$ PID *MO% YMO% +MO% #ID I!SET
1 "." "." RF20Q>9 1
3 "." "." R8/F:0>9 1
2 "." "." R8//80>9 1
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`PERTURBATION
LS-DYNA R7.0 %1#1 CP='T8'B2TBO5D
NPERTURBATION
The 7eywor( NP='T8'B2TBO5 provi(e& a mean& of (efining (eviation& from the (e&igne( &tr-c#
t-re &-ch a& 9-c7ling imperfection&. The&e pert-r9ation& can 9e viewe( in LS#P'=POST a& -&er#
(efine( fringe plot&. 2vaila9le option& are)
`PERTURBATION_MATERIAL
`PERTURBATION_NODE
`PERTURBATION_SHELL_THICKNESS
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`PERTURBATION `PERTURBATION
%1#2 CP='T8'B2TBO5D LS-DYNA R7.0
`PERTURBATION_OPTION
MATERIAL
NODE
SHELL_THICKNESS
P-rpo&e) 3efine a pert-r9ation C&tocha&tic fiel(D over the whole mo(el or a portion of the mo(el,
typically to trigger an in&ta9ility. The 5O3= option mo(ifie& the three (imen&ional coor(inate& for
the whole mo(el or a no(e &et. +or the SJ=LLOTJBCA5=SS option the &hell thic7ne&&e& are per#
t-r9e( for the whole mo(el or a &hell &et. The .2T='B2L option pert-r9& a material parameter val#
-e for all the element& a&&ociate( with that material.

Define for the MATERIAL option. Required
Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le T4P= PB3 SCL C.P BCOO'3 CB3
Type B B + B B B
3efa-lt 1 $ 1.$ 7 $ $

Define for the NODE option. Required
Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le T4P= 5B3 SCL C.P BCOO'3 CB3
Type B B + B B B
3efa-lt 1 $ 1.$ 7 $ $

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LS-DYNA R7.0 %1#% CP='T8'B2TBO5D
Define for the SHELL_THICKNESS option. Required
Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le T4P= =B3 SCL BCOO'3 CB3
Type B B + B B
3efa-lt 1 $ 1.$ $ $

Define if TYPE is 1 (harmonic field). One or many definitions.
Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 2.PL L,L LO++ 4,L 4O++ K,L KO++
Type + + + + + + +
3efa-lt 1.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$

Define if TYPE is 2 (fade field). One definition only.
Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le +23=
Type +
3efa-lt 1.$

Define if TYPE is 3 (file field). One definition only.
Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le +52.=
Type 2
3efa-lt none

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%1#! CP='T8'B2TBO5D LS-DYNA R7.0
Define if TYPE is 4 (spectral field). One definition only.
Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le CST4P= =LLBP1 =LLBP2 '53
Type B + + B
3efa-lt none 1.$ 1.$ $

Define if TYPE is 4 (spectral field). One, two, or three definitions, depending on CSTYPE.
Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le C+T4P= C+C1 C+C2 C+C%
Type B + + +
3efa-lt none 1.$ 1.$ 1.$

T4P=
Type of pert-r9ation
=S.1) Jarmonic +iel(
=S.2) +a(e o-t all pert-r9ation& at thi& no(e &et
=S.%) 'ea( pert-r9ation& from a file
=S.!) Spectral fiel(
PB3
Part B3.
5B3
5o(e &et B3. Specify $ to pert-r9 all the no(e& in the mo(el.
=B3
=lement &et B3. Specify $ to pert-r9 all the element& in the mo(el.
SCL
Scale factor
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LS-DYNA R7.0 %1#" CP='T8'B2TBO5D
C.P
Component. +or the 5O3= option, the&e are given 9elow. +or the .2T=#
'B2L option, &ee the (e&cription of the material.
=S.1) x coor(inate
=S.2) y coor(inate
=S.%) I coor(inate
=S.!) x an( y coor(inate
=S.") y an( I coor(inate
=S.0) I an( x coor(inate
=S.7) x, y, an( I coor(inate
BCOO'3
Coor(inate &y&tem to -&eE &ee remar7& 7, / an(
=S.$) >lo9al Carte&ian
=S.1) Carte&ian
=S.2) Cylin(rical Ccomp-te( an( applie(D
=S.%) Spherical Ccomp-te( an( applie(D
=S.#2) Comp-te( in carte&ian 9-t applie( in cylin(rical
=S.#% Comp-te( in carte&ian 9-t applie( in &pherical
CB3
Coor(inate &y&tem B3, &ee N3=+B5=OCOO'3B52T=O5O3=S
2.PL
2mplit-(e of the harmonic pert-r9ation
L,L
x wavelength of the harmonic fiel(
LO++
x off&et of harmonic fiel(
4,L
y wavelength of the harmonic fiel(
4O++
y off&et of harmonic fiel(
K,L
I wavelength of the harmonic fiel(
KO++
I off&et of harmonic fiel(
+23=
Parameter controlling the (i&tance over which all NP='T8'B2TBO5
O5O3= are fa(e( to Iero
+52.=
5ame of file containing the pert-r9ation (efinition&
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%1#0 CP='T8'B2TBO5D LS-DYNA R7.0
CST4P=
Correlation &tr-ct-re
=S.1) %3 i&otropic. The L, 4 an( K correlation& are (e&cri9e( -&ing one
correlation f-nction. 3efine C+C1.
=S.2) %3 pro(-ct. The L, 4 an( K correlation& are (e&cri9e( -&ing a
correlation f-nction each. 3efine C+C1, C+C2 an( C+C%.
=S.%) 23 i&otropic. 2 correlation f-nction (e&cri9e& the L correlation
while the 4K i&otropic relation&hip i& (e&cri9e( -&ing another
correlation f-nction. 3efine C+C1 an( C+C2.
=S.!) 23 i&otropic. The LK i&otropic relation&hip i& (e&cri9e( -&ing a
correlation f-nction, while another correlation f-nction (e&cri9e&
the 4 correlation while. 3efine C+C1 an( C+C2.
=S.") 23 i&otropic. The L4 i&otropic relation&hip i& (e&cri9e( -&ing a
correlation f-nction, while another correlation f-nction (e&cri9e&
the K correlation while. 3efine C+C1 an( C+C2.
=S.0) %3 elliptic. 3efine CS=1, CS=2 an( C+C1.
=S.7) 23 elliptic. 2 correlation f-nction (e&cri9e& the L correlation
while the 4K elliptic relation&hip i& (e&cri9e( -&ing another cor#
relation f-nction. 3efine CS=1 an( C+C1.
=S./) 23 elliptic. 2 correlation f-nction (e&cri9e& the 4 correlation
while the KL elliptic relation&hip i& (e&cri9e( -&ing another cor#
relation f-nction. 3efine CS=1 an( C+C1.
=S.) 23 elliptic. The L4 elliptic relation&hip i& (e&cri9e( -&ing a cor#
relation f-nction, while another correlation f-nction (e&cri9e& the
K correlation while. 3efine CS=1 an( C+C1.
=LLBP1
=lliptic con&tant for 23 an( %3 elliptic fiel(&
=LLBP2
=lliptic con&tant for %3 elliptic fiel(
'53
See( for ran(om n-m9er generator.
=S.$) LS#3452 will generate a ran(om &ee(
>T.$) Mal-e to 9e -&e( a& &ee(
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LS-DYNA R7.0 %1#7 CP='T8'B2TBO5D
C+T4P=
Correlation f-nction
=S.1) >a-&&ian
=S.2) =xponential
=S.%) =xponential Co&ine
=S.!) 'ational
=S.") Linear
C+Ci
Correlation f-nction con&tant i
Remarks:
1. The pert-r9ation can 9e viewe( in LS#P'=POST. +or the 5O3= option, LS#3452 create& file&
name( pert_node_:/9/8/res, which can 9e viewe( a& -&er#(efine( fringe plot&. +or the SJ=LL
OTJBCA5=SS an( .2T='B2L option&, the file& are name( pert_she.._thi/>ness an( pert_mat
re&pectively. Bf a coor(inate &y&tem with a ra(ial component i& -&e(, then the file pert_node
_radia. i& al&o written.
2. Pert-r9ation& &pecifie( -&ing &eparate NP='T8'B2TBO5 car(& are create( &eparately an( then
a((e( together. Thi& i& tr-e a& well for &pecial ca&e& &-ch a& C.P]7 in which ca&e the x, y an( I
fiel(& are create( &eparately an( a((e( together afterwar(&, which can re&-lt in an a9&ol-te ampli#
t-(e greater than &pecifie( -&ing 2.PL or SCL.
%. The harmonic pert-r9ation i&
p
CP
(x y ) = SCI - AHPI jsin2
x+X0PP
XL
+sin 2
+0PP
L
+sin2
+0PP
L
[ 5ote
that the harmonic pert-r9ation& can &-m to val-e& greater than S1=M("P=.
!. The fa(e pert-r9ation i& p'(x y ) = SCI 1 -
1
c
FADEx|
p(x y ) with x' the &horte&t (i&tance to
a no(e in the no(e &et &pecifie( an( +23= the parameter controlling the &harpne&& of the fa(e
pert-r9ation.
". The file +52.= m-&t contain the pert-r9ation in the LS#3452 7eywor( format. Thi& file can 9e
create( from the (%plot re&-lt& -&ing the LS#P'=POST O-tp-t capa9ility. The (ata m-&t 9e ar#
range( into two col-mn& with the fir&t col-mn 9eing the no(e i(&. Line& &tarting with the charac#
ter c will 9e ignore(.
0. The correlation f-nction& are (efine( a& follow&)
>a-&&ian) (t) = c
-(ut)
2

=xponential) (t) = c
-|ut|

=xponent an( Co&ine) (t) = c
-|ut|
cos(bt)
'ational) (t) = (1 +|ot|
b
)
-c

Piecewi&e Linear) (t) = (1 -|ot|)_(1 -|ot|)
,ith _ the Jeavi&i(e &tep f-nction an( a, 9 an( c corre&pon(ing to C+C1, C+C2 an(
C+C%.
7. +or the cylin(rical coor(inate &y&tem option CBCOO'3]2D, the (efa-lt i& to -&e the glo9al coor(i#
nate &y&tem for the location of the cylin(rical part, with the 9a&e of the cylin(er locate( at the
origin, an( the glo9al I#axi& aligne( with the cylin(er axi&. +or cylin(rical part& not locate( at the
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%1#/ CP='T8'B2TBO5D LS-DYNA R7.0
glo9al origin, (efine a coor(inate &y&tem Cn-m9ere( CB3D -&ing N3=+B5=OCOO'3B52T=
O5O3=S 9y &electing any three no(e& on the 9a&e of the cylin(er in a cloc7wi&e (irection Cre&-lt#
ing in the local I#axi& to 9e aligne( with the cylin(erD.
/. +or the &pherical coor(inate &y&tem CBCOO'3]%D, the coor(inate& are the ra(i-&, Ienith angle C$ W
D, an( the aIim-th angle C$ W 2D. The (efa-lt i& to -&e the glo9al coor(inate &y&tem with the
Ienith mea&-re( from the I#axi& an( the aIim-th mea&-re( from the x#axi& in the xy#plane. +or
&pherical part& not locate( at the glo9al origin, (efine a coor(inate &y&tem -&ing N3=+B5=
OCOO'3B52T=O5O3=S 9y &electing any three no(e& a& follow&) the fir&t no(e i& the center of
the &phere, the &econ( &pecifie& the x#axi& of the coor(inate &y&tem, while the thir( point &pecifie&
the plane containing the new y#axi&. The I#axi& will 9e normal to thi& plane.
. Bt i& po&&i9le to comp-te the pert-r9ation& in a Carte&ian coor(inate &y&tem, 9-t to apply them in a
cylin(rical or &pherical coor(inate &y&tem CBCOO'3]#2,#%D. Thi& i& the nat-ral metho( of (oing
&ay a ra(ial pert-r9ation of a &phere -&ing a &pectral pert-r9ation fiel(. ,e expect that comp-ting
the pert-r9ation in the &pherical coor(inate &y&tem &ho-l( 9e rare CBCOO'3]%D. Comp-ting a
pert-r9ation in a cylin(rical coor(inate &y&tem &ho-l( 9e common tho-ghE for example, a circ-m#
ferential harmonic pert-r9ation.
1$. Only N.2T2%/ CN.2TOP='TOPB=C=,BS=OLB5=2'OPL2STBCBT4D an( &oli( element& in
an explicit analy&i& can 9e pert-r9e( -&ing NP='T8'B2TBO5O.2T='B2L. See the (oc-men#
tation of thi& material for allowa9le component&. Only one part per mo(el can 9e pert-r9e(. The
material pert-r9ation i& applie( on an element#wi&e 9a&i& a& value
nc
= (1 +
p)value
busc
with p the pert-r9ation val-e for the element a& given in the file pert_mat. Mal-e& of
p le&& than #1 are accor(ingly illegal, 9eca-&e the material 9ehavior i& not (efine(.
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LS-DYNA R7.0 %1# CP='T8'B2TBO5D

+ig-re %1#1. Creating coor(inate &y&tem& for NP='T8'B2TBO5. 51, 52 an( 5% are the no(e&
that m-&t 9e &pecifie( -&ing N3=+B5=OCOO'3B52T=O5O3=S to o9tain the coor(inate
&y&tem &hown.
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`RAIL
LS-DYNA R7.0 %2#1 C'2BLD
`RAIL
Two 7eywor(& are (efine( in thi& &ection.
`RAIL_TRACK
`RAIL_TRAIN
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`RAIL `RAIL_TRACK
%2#2 C'2BLD LS-DYNA R7.0
`RAIL_TRACK
P-rpo&e) ,heel#rail contact algorithm inten(e( for railway application& 9-t can al&o 9e -&e( for
other p-rpo&e&. The wheel no(e& C(efine( on N'2BLOT'2B5D repre&ent the contact patch 9etween
wheel an( rail. 2 penalty metho( i& -&e( to con&train the wheel no(e& to &li(e along the trac7. 2
trac7 con&i&t& of two rail&, each of which i& (efine( 9y a &et of 9eam element&.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le B3 BS=TB31 5O'>51 LC8'1 OS=T1 S+1 >21 B3B'
3efa-lt none none none none $.$ 1.$ $.$ $

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 9lan7 BS=TB32 5O'>52 LC8'2 OS=T2 S+2 >22
Type # B B B + + +
3efa-lt # none none none $.$ 1.$ $.$

B3
Trac7 B3
BS=TB31,2
Beam &et B3 for rail& 1 an( 2 containing all 9eam element& that ma7e -p the
rail, &ee NS=TOB=2..
5O'>51,2
'eference no(e at one en( of each rail, -&e( a& the origin for the ro-ghne&&
c-rve. The train will move in a (irection away from thi& no(e.
LC8'1,2
Loa( c-rve B3 C&ee N3=+B5=OC8'M=D (efining trac7 ro-ghne&& Cvertical
(i&placement from line of 9eam element&D of the rail a& a f-nction of (i&#
tance from the reference no(e 5O'B>B5. 3i&tance from reference no(e on
x#axi& of c-rve, ro-ghne&& on y#axi&. 3efa-lt) no ro-ghne&&.
OS=T1,2
Origin of c-rve LC8' i& &hifte( 9y (i&tance OS=T from the reference no(e.
S+1,2
'o-ghne&& val-e& are &cale( 9y S+. 3efa-lt) 1.$.
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`RAIL_TRACK `RAIL
LS-DYNA R7.0 %2#% C'2BLD
>21,2
Shear &tiffne&& of rail per -nit length C-&e( to calc-late local rail &hear (e#
formation within each 9eam elementD. >2 ] &hear mo(-l-& x cro&&#&ectional
area. 3efa-lt) local &hear (eformation i& ignore(.
B'B3
3etermine& which way i& X-pY)
=S.$) C(efa-ltD exi&ting 9ehavior, glo9al I i& -pwar(&
=S.1) rail 1 i& on the left Cfrom the viewpoint of the (river of the trainD
=S.#1) rail 1 i& on the right.
Remarks:
N'2BLOT'2CA an( N'2BLOT'2B5 were written 9y 2r-p to repre&ent wheel#rail contact. They
have 9een -&e( to generate loa(ing on mo(el& of 9ri(ge& for vi9ration pre(iction&, &tre&& calc-lation&
an( for e&timating acceleration& experience( 9y pa&&enger&. Other non#railway -&e& are po&&i9le) the
algorithm ca-&e& the XtrainY no(e& to follow the line (efine( 9y the XrailY 9eam element& an( tran&#
fer& force& 9etween them. Bn &ome ca&e& Ce&pecially vi9ration mo(elingD, (o-9le preci&ion ver&ion&
of LS#3452 may give &-perior re&-lt& 9eca-&e of the &mall relative (eflection& 9etween wheel an(
rail.
Track modeling
The rail& of the trac7 &ho-l( 9e mo(ele( 9y two parallel line& of 9eam element&. The trac7 can 9e
c-rve( or &traight an( the rail& can 9e mo(ele( a& (eforma9le or rigi(. Bf re;-ire(, rail pa(&, &leeper&
an( 9alla&t may al&o 9e mo(ele( W typically with &pring, (amper an( 9eam element&. Bt i& al&o po&&i#
9le to -&e thi& algorithm to control the motion of &imple roa( vehicle mo(el&) 9eam element Xrail&Y
ma(e of n-ll material can 9e em9e((e( in the roa( &-rface. Bt i& recommen(e( that the me&h &iIe of
the two rail& &ho-l( 9e &imilar) LS#3452 calc-late& a local coor(inate &y&tem for each train no(e
9a&e( on the alignment of the c-rrently contacte( 9eam element an( the neare&t no(e on the other
rail.
Beca-&e wheel#rail contact &tiffne&& i& generally very high, an( wheel ma&&e& are large, &mall (evia#
tion& from a &traight line or &mooth c-rve can lea( to large tran&ient force&. Bt i& recommen(e( that
great care 9e ta7en in generating an( chec7ing the geometry for the trac7, e&pecially where the trac7
i& c-rve(. Some pre#proce&&or& write the coor(inate& with in&-fficient preci&ion to the LS#3452
inp-t file, an( thi& can ca-&e -ninten(e( ro-ghne&& in the geometry. +or the &ame rea&on, if the line
of the trac7 were ta7en a& &traight 9etween no(e&, &p-rio-& force& wo-l( 9e generate( when the
wheel pa&&e& from one rail element to the next. Thi& i& avoi(e( 9eca-&e the N'2BL algorithm calc-#
late& a theoretical c-rve( centerline for the rail element to achieve contin-ity of &lope from one ele#
ment to the next. ,here the length of the rail element& i& &imilar to or &horter than the maxim-m &ec#
tion (imen&ion, &hear (eformation may 9e &ignificant an( it i& po&&i9le to incl-(e thi& in the theoreti#
cal centerline calc-lation to f-rther re(-ce &p-rio-& force& at the element 9o-n(arie& Cinp-t& >21,
>22D.
'o-ghne&& C&mall (eviation& in the vertical profile from a perfect &traight lineD (oe& exi&t in real life
an( i& a principal &o-rce of vi9ration. N'2BL allow& the ro-ghne&& to 9e mo(ele( 9y a loa( c-rve
giving the vertical (eviation Cin length -nit&D of the rail &-rface from the theoretical centerline of the
9eam element& a& a f-nction of (i&tance along the trac7 from the origin no(e of the rail. The ro-gh#
ne&& c-rve i& optional. B(eally, ro-ghne&& profile& mea&-re( from 9oth rail& of the &ame piece of
trac7 &ho-l( 9e -&e( &o that the relation&hip 9etween 9-mp an( roll mo(e& i& correctly capt-re(.
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%2#! C'2BLD LS-DYNA R7.0
,hether ro-ghne&& i& incl-(e( or not, it i& important to &elect a& the origin no(e& C5O'B>B51 an(
5O'B>B52D the no(e& at the en( of the rail& away from which the train will 9e traveling. The train
can &tart at any point along the rail& 9-t m-&t travel away from the origin no(e&.
Train modeling
The vehicle mo(el& are typically mo(ele( -&ing &pring, (amper an( rigi( element&, or &imply a point
ma&& at each wheel po&ition. =ach no(e in the &et referre( to on N'2BLOT'2B5 repre&ent& the con#
tact patch of one wheel Cnote) not the center of the wheelD. The&e no(e& &ho-l( 9e initially on or near
the line (efine( 9y either of the two rail&. LS#3452 will move the train no(e& initially onto the rail&
to achieve the correct initial wheel#rail force&. Bf the re&-lt& are viewe( with magnifie( (i&place#
ment&, the initial movement& can appear &-rpri&ing.
,heel ro-ghne&& inp-t i& availa9le. Thi& will 9e applie( in a((ition to trac7 ro-ghne&&. The inp-t
c-rve m-&t contin-e for the total rolle( (i&tance W it i& not a&&-me( to repeat with each wheel rota#
tion. Thi& i& to avoi( pro9lem& a&&ociate( with en&-ring contin-ity 9etween the &tart an( en( of the
profile aro-n( the wheel circ-mference, e&pecially &ince the profile& might 9e generate( from
ro-ghne&& &pectra rather than ta7en (irectly from mea&-re( (ata.
Wheel-rail interface
The wheel#rail interface mo(el i& a &imple penalty f-nction (e&igne( to en&-re that the train no(e&
follow the line of the trac7. Bt (oe& not attempt to acco-nt for the &hape of the rail profile. Mertical
an( lateral loa(& are treate( in(epen(ently. +or thi& rea&on, the algorithm i& not &-ita9le for rail vehi#
cle (ynamic& calc-lation&.
+ig-re %2#1.
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`RAIL_TRACK `RAIL
LS-DYNA R7.0 %2#" C'2BLD

,heel#rail contact &tiffne&& i& inp-t on N'2BLOT'2B5. +or vertical loa(&, a linear force#(eflection
relation&hip i& a&&-me( in compre&&ionE no ten&ile force i& generate( Cthi& corre&pon(& to the train
lo&ing contact with the railD. Typical contact &tiffne&& i& 2.5Fmm. Lateral (eflection& away from
the theoretical centerline of the rail 9eam& are al&o penaliIe( 9y a linear force#(eflection relation#
&hip. The lateral force i& applie( only to wheel& on the &i(e towar(& which the train ha& (i&place(
Ccorre&pon(ing to wheel flange& that r-n in&i(e the rail&D. Optionally, a XgapY can 9e (efine( Cinp-t
parameter L2D &-ch that the wheel &et can (rift laterally 9y L2 length -nit& 9efore any lateral force i&
generate(. 2 f-rther option i& to allow &mooth tran&ition 9etween XgapY an( XcontactY 9y mean& of a
tran&ition (i&tance Cinp-t parameter L%D. >enerally, with &traight trac7& a &imple linear &tiffne&& i&
&-fficient. ,ith c-rve( trac7&, a rea&ona9le gap an( tran&ition (i&tance &ho-l( 9e (efine( to avoi(
-nreali&tic force& 9eing generate( in re&pon&e to &mall inacc-racie& in the (i&tance 9etween the rail&.
>ravity loa(ing i& expecte(, in or(er to maintain contact 9etween rail an( wheel. Thi& i& normally
applie( 9y an initial pha&e of (ynamic relaxation. To help achieve convergence ;-ic7ly, or in &ome
ca&e& avoi( the nee( for (ynamic relaxation altogether, the initial force expecte( on each train no(e
can 9e inp-t Cparameter +B5BT on N'2BLOT'2B5D. LS#3452 po&ition& the no(e& initially &-ch that
the vertical contact force will 9e +B5BT at each no(e. Bf the &-&pen&ion of the rail vehicle& i& mo(#
ele(, it i& recommen(e( that the inp-t incl-(e& caref-lly calc-late( precompre&&ion of the &pring el#
ement&E if thi& i& not (one, achieving initial e;-ili9ri-m -n(er gravity loa(ing can 9e very time con#
&-ming.
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`RAIL `RAIL_TRACK
%2#0 C'2BLD LS-DYNA R7.0
The N'2BL algorithm en&-re& that the train follow& the rail&, 9-t (oe& not provi(e forwar( motion.
Thi& i& generally applie( -&ing NB5BTB2LOM=LOCBT4, or for &traight trac7&, NBO8532'4
OP'=SC'BB=3O.OTBO5.
Output
LS#3452 generate& an a((itional 2SCBB o-tp-t file train_force_n, where n i& an integer -p(ate( to
avoi( overwriting any exi&ting file&. The file contain& the force& on each train no(e, o-tp-t at the
&ame time interval& a& the 9inary time hi&tory file C3T on N32T2B2S=OBB52'4O3%TJ3TD.
Checking
Bt i& recommen(e( that trac7 an( train mo(el& 9e te&te( &eparately 9efore a((ing the N'2BL car(&.
Chec7 that the mo(el& re&pon( &ta9ly to imp-l&e force& an( that they achieve e;-ili9ri-m -n(er
gravity loa(ing. The maHority of pro9lem& we have enco-ntere( have 9een (-e to -n&ta9le 9ehavior
of train or trac7. Often, the&e are fir&t (etecte( 9y the N'2BL algorithm an( an error me&&age will
re&-lt.
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`RAIL_TRAIN `RAIL
LS-DYNA R7.0 %2#7 C'2BLD
`RAIL_TRAIN
P-rpo&e) 3efine train propertie&. 2 train i& (efine( 9y a &et of no(e& in contact with a rail (efine(
9y N'2BLOT'2CA.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le B3 5S=TB3 ComitD +B5BT ComitD T'B3 LC8' O++S
3efa-lt none none $.$ $.$ $.$ $ none $.$

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le M='TST+ L2TST+ M2 M% L2 L%
Type + + + + + +
3efa-lt $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$

B3
Train B3
5S=TB3
5o(e &et B3 containing all no(e& that are in contact with rail&.
ComitD
8n-&e( varia9le W leave 9lan7.
+B5BT
=&timate of initial vertical force on each wheel CoptionalD W &pee(& -p the
proce&& of initial &ettling (own -n(er gravity loa(ing.
ComitD
8n-&e( varia9le W leave 9lan7.
T'B3
B3 of trac7 for thi& train, &ee N'2BLOT'2CA.
LC8'
Loa( c-rve B3 C&ee N3=+B5=OC8'M=D containing wheel ro-ghne&& C(i&#
tance of wheel &-rface away from perfect circleD v&. (i&tance travele(. The
c-rve (oe& not repeat with each rotation of the wheel W the la&t point &ho-l(
9e at a greater (i&tance than the train i& expecte( to travel. 3efa-lt) no
wheel ro-ghne&&.
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`RAIL `RAIL_TRAIN
%2#/ C'2BLD LS-DYNA R7.0
O++S
Off&et (i&tance -&e( to generate (ifferent ro-ghne&& c-rve& for each wheel
from the ro-ghne&& c-rve LC8'. The c-rve i& off&et on the x#axi& 9y a (if#
ferent whole n-m9er m-ltiple of O++S for each wheel.
M='TST+
Mertical &tiffne&& of rail contact.
L2TST+
Lateral &tiffne&& of rail contact.
M2,M%
8n-&e( varia9le& W leave 9lan7.
L2
Lateral clearance from rail to wheel rim. Lateral force i& applie( to a wheel
only when it ha& move( more than L2 away from the other rail, i.e. the
wheel rim& are a&&-me( to 9e near the inner face of the rail.
L%
+-rther lateral (i&tance 9efore f-ll lateral &tiffne&& applie& Cforce#(eflection
c-rve follow& a para9ola -p to thi& pointD.
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`RIGIDWALL
LS-DYNA R7.0 %%#1 C'B>B3,2LLD
`RIGIDWALL
Two 7eywor(& are -&e( in thi& &ection to (efine rigi( &-rface&)
`RIGIDWALL_GEOMETRICOOPTIONOPOPTIONQOPOPTIONQQOPOPTIONQ
`RIGIDWALL_PLANAROPOPTIONQOPOPTIONQOPOPTIONQ
The 'B>B3,2LL option provi(e& a &imple way of treating contact 9etween a rigi( &-rface an( no(#
al point& of a (eforma9le 9o(y, calle( &lave no(e&. Slave no(e& which 9elong to rigi( part& are not,
in general, chec7e( for contact with only one exception. The 'B>B3,2LLOPL252' option may
9e -&e( with no(al point& of rigi( 9o(ie& if the planar wall (efine( 9y thi& option i& fixe( in &pace
an( the ',P52L parameter i& &et to a po&itive nonIero val-e on the control car(, NCO5T'OL
OCO5T2CT.
,hen the rigi( wall (efine( in thi& &ection move& with a pre&cri9e( motion, the e;-ation& of rigi(
9o(y mechanic& are not involve(. +or a general rigi( 9o(y treatment with ar9itrary &-rface& an( mo#
tion, refer to the NCO5T2CTO=5TBT4 (efinition. The NCO5T2CTO=5TBT4 option i& for treating
contact 9etween rigi( an( (eforma9le &-rface& only.
=nergy (i&&ipate( (-e to rigi(wall& C&ometime& calle( &tonewall energy or rigi(wall energyD i& com#
p-te( only if the parameter ',=5 i& &et to 2 in NCO5T'OLO=5='>4.
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`RIGIDWALL `RIGIDWALL_GEOMETRIC
%%#2 C'B>B3,2LLD LS-DYNA R7.0
`RIGIDWALL_GEOMETRICOOPTIONOPOPTIONQOPOPTIONQQOPOPTIONQ
FLAT
PRISM
CYLINDER
SPHERE
Bf pre&cri9e( motion i& (e&ire( an a((itional option i& availa9le)
MOTION
One of the &hape type& FLAT, PRISM, CYLINDER, SPHERE] m-&t 9e &pecifie(, followe( 9y
the optional (efinition of MOTION, 9oth on the &ame line with `RIGIDWALL_GEOMETRIC.
Bf an B3 n-m9er i& &pecifie( the a((itional option i& availa9le)
ID
Bf active, the B3 car( i& the fir&t car( following the 7eywor(. To view the rigi( wall, the option)
DISPLAY
i& availa9le. ,ith thi& option a rigi( 9o(y i& a-tomatically (efine( which repre&ent& the &hape, the
phy&ical po&ition of the wall, an( follow& the wall& motion if the .OTBO5 option i& active. 2((i#
tional inp-t i& optional if 3BSPL24 i& active.
P-rpo&e) 3efine a rigi( wall with an analytically (e&cri9e( form. +o-r form& are po&&i9le. 2 pre#
&cri9e( motion i& optional. +or general rigi( 9o(ie& with ar9itrary &-rface& an( motion, refer to the
NCO5T2CTO=5TBT4 (efinition. Thi& option i& for treating contact 9etween rigi( an( (eforma9le
&-rface& only.

Optional 1 2#/
Maria9le ',B3 J=23B5>
Type B 27$

',B3
'igi( wall B3. Thi& m-&t 9e a -ni;-e n-m9er.
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`RIGIDWALL_GEOMETRIC `RIGIDWALL
LS-DYNA R7.0 %%#% C'B>B3,2LLD
J=23B5>
'igi( wall (e&criptor. Bt i& &-gge&te( that -ni;-e (e&cription& 9e -&e(.
For GEOMETRIC options:
Car(& 1 an( 2 are re;-ire( for all geometric &hape&.
Car( % i& re;-ire(, 9-t i& (epen(ent -pon which &hape i& &pecifie(.
Optional Car( 2 i& re;-ire( if .OTBO5 i& &pecifie(.

Card 1 - Required for all shape types
Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 5SB3 5SB3=L BOLB3 BB'TJ 3=2TJ
Type B B B + +
3efa-lt none $ $ $. 1.$=[2$

5SB3
5o(al &et B3 containing &lave no(e&, &ee NS=TO5O3=OOPTION)
=S.$) all no(e& are &lave to rigi( wall.
5SB3=L
5o(al &et B3 containing no(e& that exempte( a& &lave no(e&, &ee NS=T
O5O3=OOPTION.
BOLB3
Bf (efine(, only no(e& in 9ox are incl-(e( a& &lave no(e& to rigi( wall.
BB'TJ
Birth time of rigi( wall. The time val-e& of the loa( c-rve& that control the
motion of the wall are off&et 9y the 9irth time.
3=2TJ
3eath time of rigi( wall. 2t thi& time the wall i& (elete( from the calc-la#
tion. Bf (ynamic relaxation i& active at the 9eginning of the calc-lation an(
if BB'TJ]$.$, the (eath time i& ignore( (-ring the (ynamic relaxation.

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%%#! C'B>B3,2LLD LS-DYNA R7.0
Card 2 - Required for all shape types.
Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le LT 4T KT LJ 4J KJ +'BC
Type + + + + + + +
3efa-lt $. $. $. $. $. $. $.
'emar7&

LT
x#coor(inate of tail of any o-twar( (rawn normal vector, n, originating on
wall CtailD an( terminating in &pace Chea(D, &ee +ig-re %%#1.
4T
y#coor(inate of tail of normal vector n
KT
I#coor(inate of tail of normal vector n
LJ
x#coor(inate of hea( of normal vector n
4J
y#coor(inate of hea( of normal vector n
KJ
I#coor(inate of hea( of normal vector n
+'BC
Bnterface friction)
=S.$.$) frictionle&& &li(ing after contact,
=S.1.$) &tic7 con(ition after contact,

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LS-DYNA R7.0 %%#" C'B>B3,2LLD
Card 3 - Required if FLAT is specified after the keyword.
A plane with a finite size or with an infinite size can be defined, see Figure 33-1. The vector m
is computed as the vector cross product n X l. The origin, which is the tail of the normal
vector, is the corner point of the finite size plane.
Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le LJ=M 4J=M KJ=M L=5L L=5.
Type + + + + +
3efa-lt $. $. $. infinity infinity

LJ=M
x#coor(inate of hea( of e(ge vector l, &ee +ig-re %%#1.
4J=M
y#coor(inate of hea( of e(ge vector l
KJ=M
I#coor(inate of hea( of e(ge vector l
L=5L
Length of l e(ge. 2 Iero val-e (efine& an infinite &iIe plane.
L=5.
Length of m e(ge. 2 Iero val-e (efine& an infinite &iIe plane.

Card 3 - Required if PRISM is specified after the keyword.
The description of the definition of a plane with finite size is enhanced by an additional length
in the direction negative to n, see Figure 33-1.
Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le LJ=M 4J=M KJ=M L=5L L=5. L=5P
Type + + + + + +
3efa-lt none $. $. infinity infinity infinity

LJ=M
x#coor(inate of hea( of e(ge vector l, &ee +ig-re %%#1.
4J=M
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KJ=M
L=5L
Length of l e(ge. 2 Iero val-e (efine& an infinite &iIe plane.
L=5.
Length of m e(ge. 2 Iero val-e (efine& an infinite &iIe plane.
L=5P
Length of pri&m in the (irection negative to n, &ee +ig-re %%#1.

Card 3 - Required if CYLINDER is specified after the keyword.
The tail of n specifies the top plane of the cylinder. The length is defined in the direction
negative to n. See Figure 33-1.
Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le '23C4L L=5C4L
Type + +
3efa-lt none infinity

'23C4L
'a(i-& of cylin(er
L=5C4L
Length of cylin(er, &ee +ig-re %%#1. Only if a val-e larger than Iero i&
&pecifie( i& a finite length a&&-me(.

Card 3 - Required if SPHERE is specified after the keyword.The center of the sphere is
identical to the tail of n, see Figure 33-1.
Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le '23SPJ
Type +
3efa-lt $.

'23SPJ
'a(i-& of &phere
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Optional Card A - Required if MOTION is specified after the keyword.
Optional
Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le LCB3 OPT ML M4 MK
Type B B + + +

LCB3
'igi(wall motion c-rve n-m9er, &ee N3=+B5=OC8'M=.
OPT
Type of motion)
=S.$) velocity &pecifie(,
=S.1) (i&placement &pecifie(.
ML
x#(irection co&ine of velocityF(i&placement vector
M4
y#(irection co&ine of velocityF(i&placement vector
MK
I#(irection co&ine of velocityF(i&placement vector

Optional Card B - Not required, but may be useful if the DISPLAY option is specified. If a
~` keyword is defined, this input is not read in and default values will be set.
Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le PB3 'O = P'
Type B B B +
3efa-lt none $ $ $.

PB3
8ni;-e part B3 for moving geometric rigi( wall. Bf Iero, a part B3 will 9e
&et that i& larger than the maxim-m of all -&er (efine( part B3V&.
'O
3en&ity of rigi( wall. The (efa-lt i& &et to 1.$=#$.
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%%#/ C'B>B3,2LLD LS-DYNA R7.0
=
4o-ngV& mo(-l-&. The (efa-lt i& &et to 1.$=#$!.
P'
Poi&&onV& ratio. The (efa-lt i& &et to $.%$.
v
n
cylinder
L
v
n
rectangular prism
l
m
L
v
n
flat surface
m
l
n
sphere
M
'

+ig-re %%#1. Mector n (etermine& the orientation of the generaliIe( rigi(wall&. +or the pre#
&cri9e( motion option& the wall can 9e move( in the (irection V a& &hown.
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LS-DYNA R7.0 %%# C'B>B3,2LLD
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
$
$$$$ *RIGIDALL_GEOMETRI#_SP,ERE_MOTION
$
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
$
$ D-5:0- 1 7:=:; </C-7-D
$ ' L:3C 1 71;:8< o5 8
$ ' 6-03-7-; 13 ?AH4HB@ . ?2"H2"H&@
$ ' 3C13 >o9-< :0 3C- 0-=13:9- B';:7-63:o0 L:3C 1 </-6:5:-; ;:</216->-03
$ =:9-0 F4 1 2o1; 6879- ?2o1; 6879-D 26:; . 5@
$ ' LC:6C /7-9-03< 122 0o;-< L:3C:0 1 </-6:5:-; FoA 57o> /-0-3713:0= 3C-
$ </C-7- ?FoA 08>F-7D FoA:; . 3@H 3C-<- 0o;-< 610 <2:;- o0 3C- </C-7-
$ L:3Co83 57:63:o0
$
*RIGIDALL_GEOMETRI#_SP,ERE_MOTION
$...K....1....K....2....K....3....K....4....K....5....K....6....K....7....K....8
$ 0<:; 0<:;-A FoA:;
3
$
$ A3 43 B3 AC 4C BC 57:6
2"." 2"." &." 2"." 2"." "." "."
$
$ 71;</C
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$ 26:; o/3 9A 94 9B
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$
*DE!INE_BO*
$ FoA:; A>0 A>A 4>0 4>A B>0 B>A
3 "." 4"." "." 4"." '1." 1."
$
$
*DE!INE_#)R%E
$ 26:; <:;7 <621 <62o o551 o55o
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$ 1F<6:<<1 o7;:013-
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$
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
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`RIGIDWALL `RIGIDWALL_PLANAR
%%#1$ C'B>B3,2LLD LS-DYNA R7.0
`RIGIDWALL_PLANAROPOPTIONQOPOPTIONQOPOPTIONQ
<BLANK>
ORTHO
FINITE
MOVING
FORCES
The or(ering of the option& in the inp-t 9elow m-&t 9e o9&erve( 9-t the or(ering of the option& on
the comman( line i& -nimportant, i.e.E the ORTHO car( i& fir&t, the FINITE (efinition car( 9elow
m-&t prece(e the MOVING (efinition car(, an( the FORCES (efinition car( &ho-l( 9e la&t. The
ORTHO option (oe& not apply if the MOVING option i& -&e(.
2n B3 n-m9er may 9e a&&igne( to the rigi( wall -&ing the following option)
ID
Bf thi& option i& active, the B3 car( i& the fir&t car( following the 7eywor(.
3i&play of a non#moving, planar rigi( wall i& on 9y (efa-lt C&ee SABP',> in NCO5T'OL
OCO5T2CTD. The option
DISPLAY
i& availa9le for (i&play of moving rigi( wall&. ,ith thi& option active, a rigi( 9o(y i& a-tomatically
create( which repre&ent& the &hape of the rigi( wall an( trac7& it& po&ition witho-t nee( for a((ition#
al inp-t. The part B3 of the rigi( 9o(y (efa-lt& to ',B3 if the B3 option i& active, an( if ',B3 i& a
-ni;-e B3 within the &et of all part B3&.
P-rpo&e) 3efine planar rigi( wall& with either finite CFINITED or infinite &iIe. Orthotropic friction
can 9e (efine( CORTHOD. 2l&o, the plane can po&&e&& a ma&& an( an initial velocity CMOVINGDE
otherwi&e, the wall i& a&&-me( to 9e &tationary. The FORCES option allow& the &pecification of
&egment& on the rigi( wall& on which the contact force& are comp-te(. Bn or(er to achieve a more
phy&ical reaction relate( to the force ver&-& time c-rve, the SO+T val-e on the FORCES car( can
9e &pecifie(.
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`RIGIDWALL_PLANAR `RIGIDWALL
ID Card Define if and only if ID option is active.
Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le ',B3
Type B
3efa-lt none

',B3
'igi( wall B3. 8p to / character& can 9e -&e(.
Car(& 1 an( 2 are re;-ire(.
Optional Car(& 2 an( B are re;-ire( if O'TJO i& &pecifie(.
Optional Car( C i& re;-ire( if +B5BT= i& &pecifie(.
Optional Car( 3 i& re;-ire( if .OMB5> i& &pecifie(.
Optional Car( = i& re;-ire( if +O'C=S i& &pecifie(.

Required.
Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 5SB3 5SB3=L BOLB3 O++S=T BB'TJ 3=2TJ ',AS+
Type B B B + + + +
3efa-lt none $ $ $. $. 1.$=[2$ 1.$

5SB3
5o(al &et B3 containing &lave no(e&, &ee NS=TO5O3=OOPTION)
=S.$) all no(e& are &lave to rigi( wall.
5SB3=L
5o(al &et B3 containing no(e& that exempte( a& &lave no(e&, &ee NS=T
O5O3=OOPTION.
BOLB3
2ll no(e& in 9ox are incl-(e( a& &lave no(e& to rigi( wall, &ee N3=+B5=
OBOL. Bf option& 5SB3 or 5SB3=L are active then only the &-9&et of
no(e& activate( 9y the&e option& are chec7e( to &ee if they are within the
9ox.
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O++S=T
2ll no(e& within a normal off&et (i&tance, O++S=T, to the rigi( wall are
incl-(e( a& &lave no(e& for the rigi( wall. Bf option& 5SB3, 5SB3=L, or
BOLB3 are active then only the &-9&et of no(e& activate( 9y the&e option&
are chec7e( to &ee if they are within the off&et (i&tance. Thi& option applie&
to the PL252' wall only.
BB'TJ
Birth time of rigi( wall. The time val-e& of the loa( c-rve& that control the
motion of the wall are off&et 9y the 9irth time.
3=2TJ
3eath time of rigi( wall. 2t thi& time the wall i& (elete( from the calc-la#
tion. Bf (ynamic relaxation i& active at the 9eginning of the calc-lation an(
if BB'TJ]$.$, the (eath time i& ignore( (-ring the (ynamic relaxation.
',AS+
Stiffne&& &caling factor. Bf ',AS+ i& al&o &pecifie( in NCO5T'OL
OCO5T2CT, the &tiffne&& i& &cale( 9y the pro(-ct of the two val-e&.

Required.
Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le LT 4T KT LJ 4J KJ +'BC ,M=L
Type + + + + + + + +
3efa-lt $. $. $. $. $. $. $. $.

LT
x#coor(inate of tail of any o-twar( (rawn normal vector, n, originating on
wall CtailD an( terminating in &pace Chea(D, &ee +ig-re %%#%.
4T
y#coor(inate of tail of normal vector n
KT
I#coor(inate of tail of normal vector n
LJ
x#coor(inate of hea( of normal vector n
4J
y#coor(inate of hea( of normal vector n
KJ
I#coor(inate of hea( of normal vector n
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LS-DYNA R7.0 %%#1% C'B>B3,2LLD
+'BC
Bnterface friction)
=S.$.$) frictionle&& &li(ing after contact,
=S.1.$) no &li(ing after contact,
=S.2.$) no(e i& wel(e( after contact with frictionle&& &li(ing. ,el(ing
occ-r& if an( only if the normal val-e of the impact velocity ex#
cee(& the critical val-e &pecifie( 9y ,M=L.
=S.%.$) no(e i& wel(e( after contact with no &li(ing. ,el(ing occ-r& if
an( only if the normal val-e of the impact velocity excee(& the
critical val-e &pecifie( 9y ,M=L.

Bn &-mmary, +'BC co-l( 9e any po&itive val-e. Three &pecial val-e& of
+'BC trigger &pecial treatment& a& follow&)

+'BC 1.$ 2.$ %.$
Bo-ncing 9ac7 from wall allowe( not allowe( not allowe(
Sli(ing on wall not allowe( allowe( not allowe(
,M=L
Critical normal velocity at which no(e& wel( to wall C+'BC ] 2 or %D.

Optional Cards A and B - Required if ORTHO is specified after the keyword.
See Figure 33-2 for the definition of orthotropic friction.
Optional
Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le S+'BC2 S+'BCB 3+'BC2 3+'BCB 3=C242 3=C24B
Type + + + + + +
3efa-lt $. $. $ $ $. $.

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%%#1! C'B>B3,2LLD LS-DYNA R7.0
Optional
Car( B 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 5O3=1 5O3=2 31 32 3%
Type B B + + +
3efa-lt $. $. $ $ $.

S+'BC2
Static friction coefficient in local a#(irection,
&a
, &ee +ig-re %%#2
S+'BCB
Static friction coefficient in local 9#(irection,
&9

3+'BC2
3ynamic friction coefficient in local a#(irection,
7a

3+'BCB
3ynamic friction coefficient in local 9#(irection,
79

3=C242
3ecay con&tant in local a#(irection, (
va

3=C24B
3ecay con&tant in local 9#(irection, (
v9

5O3=1
5o(e 1, alternative to (efinition with vector ( 9elow. See +ig-re %%#2.
,ith the no(e (efinition the (irection change& if the no(al pair rotate&.
5O3=2
5o(e 2
31
(
1
, x#component of vector, alternative to (efinition with no(e& a9ove. See
+ig-re %%#2. Thi& vector i& fixe( a& a f-nction of time.
32
(
2
, y#component of vector
3%
(
%
,

I#component of vector

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LS-DYNA R7.0 %%#1" C'B>B3,2LLD

+ig-re %%#2. 3efinition of orthotropic friction vector&. The two metho(& of (efining the vector, d,
are &hown. Bf vector d i& (efine( 9y no(e& 1 an( 2, the local coor(inate &y&tem may rotate with the
9o(y which contain& the no(e&E otherwi&e, d i& fixe( in &pace, th-& on the rigi( wall, an( the local
&y&tem i& &tationary.
Remarks:
1. The coefficient& of friction are (efine( in term& of the &tatic, (ynamic an( (ecay coefficient&
an( the relative velocitie& in the local a an( 9 (irection& a&
p
u
= p
ku
+(p
su
p
ku
)c
d
c
v
rclcicc
p
b
= p
kb
+(p
sb
p
kb
)c
d
v
rclcic

2. Orthotropic rigi( wall& can 9e -&e( to mo(el rolling o9Hect& on rigi( wall& where the fric#
tional force& are &-9&tantially higher in a (irection tran&ver&e to the rolling (irection. To -&e
thi& option (efine a vector d to (etermine the local frictional (irection& via)
b = n J anu that o = b n
where n i& the normal vector to the rigi( wall. Bf d i& in the plane of the rigi( wall, then a i&
i(entical to d.

n
a
b
d
no de 1
no de 2
d
a
b
(efinition 9y vector
component&
(efintion 9y no(e&

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Optional Card C - Required if FINITE is specified after the keyword.
See Figure 33-3. The m vector is computed as the vector cross product mn X l. The origin,
the tail of the normal vector, is taken as the corner point of the finite size plane.
Optional
Car( C 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le LJ=M 4J=M KJ=M L=5L L=5.
Type + + + + +
3efa-lt $. $. $. infinity infinity

LJ=M
x#coor(inate of hea( of e(ge vector l, &ee +ig-re %%#%.
4J=M
KJ=M
L=5L
Length of l e(ge
L=5.
Length of m e(ge

Optional Card D - Required if MOVING is specified after keyword.Note:
The MOVING option is not compatible with the ORTHO option.
Optional
Car( 3 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le .2SS M$
Type + +
3efa-lt none $.

.2SS
Total ma&& of rigi(wall
M$
Bnitial velocity of rigi(wall in (irection of (efining vector, n

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Optional Card E - Required if FORCES is specified after the keyword.
This option allows the force distribution to be monitored on the plane. Also four points can be
defined for visualization of the rigid wall. A shell or membrane element must be defined with
these four points as the connectivity for viewing in LS-PREPOST.
Optional
Car( = 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le SO+T SSB3 51 52 5% 5!
Type B B B B B B
3efa-lt $ $ $ $ $ $
'emar7& 1 2

SO+T
5-m9er of cycle& to Iero relative velocity to re(-ce force &pi7e
SSB3
Segment &et i(entification n-m9er for (efining area& for force o-tp-t, &ee
NS=TOS=>.=5T an( remar7 1 9elow.
51#5!
Optional no(e for vi&-aliIation
Remarks:
1. The &egment &et (efine& area& for comp-ting re&-ltant force&. The&e &egment& tran&late with
the moving rigi(wall an( allow the force( (i&tri9-tion to 9e (etermine(. The re&-ltant force&
are written in file X',+O'C.Y
2. The&e fo-r no(e& are for vi&-aliIing the movement of the wall, i.e., they move with the wall.
To view the wall in LS#P'=POST it i& nece&&ary to (efine a &ingle &hell element with the&e
fo-r no(e& a& it& connectivity. The &ingle element m-&t 9e (eforma9le Cnon rigi(D or el&e the
&egment will 9e treate( a& a rigi( 9o(y an( the no(e& will have their motion mo(ifie( in(e#
pen(ently of the rigi(wall.
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%%#1/ C'B>B3,2LLD LS-DYNA R7.0
m
l
Tail of normal vector i& the origin an(
corner point if extent of &tonewall i& finite.
n
M
L

+ig-re %%#%. Mector n i& normal to the rigi(wall. 2n optional vector l can 9e (efine( &-ch that
m]n l. The extent of the rigi(wall i& limite( 9y (efining L CL=5LD an( M
CL=5.D. 2 Iero val-e for either of the&e length& in(icate& that the rigi(wall i& infi#
nite in that (irection.
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
$
$$$$ *RIGIDALL_PLANAR_MO%ING_!OR#ES
$
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
$
$ D-5:0- 1 >o9:0= /21017 7:=:; L122D
$ ' 3C13 :< /17122-2 3o 3C- 4'B /210- <3173:0= 13 A . 25" >>
$ ' L:3C 10 :0:3:12 9-2o6:34 o5 8.&4 >>N>< :0 3C- 0-=13:9- B';:7-63:o0
$ ' 3C13 C1< 1 >1<< o5 8"" Q=
$ ' LC:6C /7-9-03< 122 0o;-< :0 3C- >o;-2 57o> /-0-3713:0= 3C- L122
$ ' L:3C 1 57:63:o0 6o-55:6:-03 5o7 0o;-< <2:;:0= 12o0= 3C- L122 o5 ".1
$ ' 3716Q 3C- >o3:o0 o5 3C- L122 F4 67-13:0= 1 0o;- ?08>F-7-; &&&&&@
$ 13 3C- 31:2 o5 3C- L122 10; 1<<:=0:0= 3C- 0o;- 3o >o9- L:3C 3C- L122
$
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*RIGIDALL_PLANAR_MO%ING_!OR#ES
$...K....1....K....2....K....3....K....4....K....5....K....6....K....7....K....8
$ 0<:; 0<:;-A FoA:;
" " "
$
$ A3 43 B3 AC 4C BC 57:6
25"." "." "." "." "." "." ".1
$
$ S >1<< S 9-2
8""."" 8.&4
$
$ <o53 <<:; 0o;-1 0o;-2 0o;-3 0o;-4
" " &&&&&
$
$
*NODE
$
$...K....1....K....2....K....3....K....4....K....5....K....6....K....7....K....8
$ 0:; A 4 B 36 76
&&&&& 25"." "." "." " "
$
$
*DATABASE_,ISTORY_NODE
$ D-5:0- 0o;-< 3C13 o83/83 :03o 0o;o83
$ :;1 :;2 :;3
$...K....1....K....2....K....3....K....4....K....5....K....6....K....7....K....8
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$
*DATABASE_NODO)T
$ ;3
".1
$
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
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`SECTION
LS-DYNA R7.0 %!#1 CS=CTBO5D
`SECTION
Bn thi& &ection, the element form-lation, integration r-le, no(al thic7ne&&e&, an( cro&& &ectional prop#
ertie& are (efine(. 2ll &ection i(entifier& CS=CB3V&D (efine( in thi& &ection m-&t 9e -ni;-e, i.e., if a
n-m9er i& -&e( a& a &ection B3 for a 9eam element then thi& n-m9er cannot 9e -&e( again a& a &ec#
tion B3 for a &oli( element. The 7eywor( car(& in thi& &ection are (efine( in alpha9etical or(er)
`SECTION_ALE1D
`SECTION_ALE2D
`SECTION_BEAMOPOPTIONQ
`SECTION_DISCRETE
`SECTION_POINT_SOURCE
`SECTION_SEATBELT
`SECTION_SHELLOPOPTIONQ
`SECTION_SOLIDOPOPTIONQ
`SECTION_SPHOPOPTIONQ
`SECTION_TSHELL
The location an( or(er of the&e car(& in the inp-t file are ar9itrary.
2n a((itional optionOTITLE may 9e appen(e( to all the `SECTION 7eywor(&. Bf thi& option i&
-&e( then an a((ition line i& rea( for each &ection in /$a format which can 9e -&e( to (e&cri9e the
&ection. 2t pre&ent LS#3452 (oe& ma7e -&e of the title. Bncl-&ion of title& give& greater clarity to
inp-t (ec7&.
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`SECTION `SECTION_ALE1D
%!#2 CS=CTBO5D LS-DYNA R7.0
`SECTION_ALE1D
P-rpo&e) 3efine &ection propertie& for 13 2L= element&

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le S=CB3 2L=+O'. 2=T =L+O'.
Type B B B B

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le TJBCA TJBCA
Type + +
3efa-lt none none

S=CB3
Section B3. S=CB3 i& reference( on the NP2'T car( an( m-&t 9e -ni;-e
2L=+O'.
2L= form-lation)
=S.11) .-lti#.aterial 2L= form-lation
2=T
2m9ient =lement Type
=S.!) Pre&&-re inflow
=L+O'.
=lement form-lation)
=S.7) Plane &train Cx#y plane, element vol-me ] 1N(xNTJBCAD
=S./) 2xi&ymmetric Cy#axi& of &ymmetry, element vol-me]
xN(xNTJBCAD
=S.#/) &pherical Celement vol-me] xNxN(xD
TJBCA Thic7ne&&. See 'emar7 1
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`SECTION_ALE1D `SECTION
LS-DYNA R7.0 %!#% CS=CTBO5D
Remarks:
1. The thic7ne&& i& rea( twice a& NS=CTBO5O2L=13 -&e& the &ame thic7ne&& parameter& than
NS=CTBO5OB=2.. The thic7ne&& i& not -&e( for =L+O'.]#/ 9-t the rea(er ro-tine ex#
pect& val-e& on the 2
n(
line
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`SECTION `SECTION_ALE2D
%!#! CS=CTBO5D LS-DYNA R7.0
`SECTION_ALE2D
P-rpo&e) 3efine &ection propertie& for 23 2L= element&

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le S=CB3 2L=+O'. 2=T =L+O'.
Type B B B B

S=CB3
Section B3. S=CB3 i& reference( on the NP2'T car( an( m-&t 9e -ni;-e
2L=+O'.
2L= form-lation)
=S.0 ) Single material =-lerian form-lation
=S.11) .-lti#.aterial 2L= form-lation
2=T
2m9ient =lement Type
=S.!) Pre&&-re inflow
=S.") receptor for 9la&t loa( C&ee NLO23OBL2STO=5J25C=3,
availa9le only for 2L=+O'.]11D.
=L+O'.
=S.1%) Plane &train Cx#y planeD
=S.1!) 2xi&ymmetric &oli( Cx#y plane, y#axi& of &ymmetryD W area
weighte(
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`SECTION_BEAM `SECTION
LS-DYNA R7.0 %!#" CS=CTBO5D
`SECTION_BEAMO{OPTION}
<BLANK>
AISC
&-ch that the 7eywor( car(& appear)
`SECTION_BEAM
`SECTION_BEAM_AISC
P-rpo&e) 3efine cro&& &ectional propertie& for 9eam, tr-&&, (i&crete 9eam, an( ca9le element&.
The 2BSC option may 9e -&e( to &pecify &tan(ar( &teel &ection& a& &pecifie( 9y the 2merican Bn&ti#
t-te of Steel Con&tr-ction, an( i& (e&cri9e( &eparately after NS=CTBO5OB=2.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le S=CB3 =L+O'. SJ'+ S'FB'B3 CST SCOO' 5S.
Type 2/ B + + + + +
3efa-lt none 1 1.$ 2.$ $.$ $.$ $.$

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`SECTION `SECTION_BEAM
Define the appropriate card format depending on the value of ELFORM (1-14) above.
Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Bntegrate(
9eam type
1,11
TS1 TS2 TT1 TT2 5SLOC 5TLOC
'e&-ltant
2, 1%
2 BSS BTT : S2 BST
Tr-&& % 2 '2.PT ST'=SS
'e&-ltant
2,%, an(
12
alternative
ST4P= 31 32 3% 3! 3" 30
Bntegrate(
9eam type
!,"
TS1 TS2 TT1 TT2
3i&crete 0 MOL B5=' CB3 C2 O++S=T ''CO5 S'CO5 T'CO5
Scalar 0
CmatO1!0D
MOL B5=' CB3 3O+51 3O+52
23 &hell&
7,/
TS1 TS2 TT1 TT2
Spot wel(

TS1 TS2 TT1 TT2 P'B5T
'e&-ltant
12 1&t
car(
2 BSS BTT : S2 BST
'e&-ltant
12 2n(
car(
4S KS B4' BK' B'' B, B,'
Type 2 d + + + + + + + +
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Bntegrate(
type 1!
P' BOMP' BP'ST'

S=CB3
Section B3. S=CB3 i& reference( on the NP2'T car(. 2 -ni;-e n-m9er or
la9el not excee(ing / character& m-&t 9e &pecifie(.
=L+O'.
=lement form-lation option&)
=S.1) J-ghe&#Li- with cro&& &ection integration C(efa-ltD,
=S.2) Belyt&ch7o#Schwer re&-ltant 9eam Cre&-ltantD,
=S.%) tr-&& Cre&-ltantD, &ee remar7 2.
=S.!) Belyt&ch7o#Schwer f-ll cro&&#&ection integration,
=S.") Belyt&ch7o#Schwer t-9-lar 9eam with cro&&#&ection integration,
=S.0) (i&crete 9eamFca9le,
=S.7) 23 plane &train &hell element Cxy planeD,
=S./) 23 axi&ymmetric vol-me weighte( &hell element Cxy planeD,
=S.) &potwel( 9eam, &ee N.2TOSPOT,=L3.
=S.11) integrate( warpe( 9eam
=S.12) re&-ltant warpe( 9eam
=S.1%) &mall (i&placement, linear Timo&hen7o 9eam with exact &tiff#
ne&&.
=S.1!) =l9ow integrate( t-9-lar 9eam element. 2n -&er (efine( inte#
gration r-le with t-9-lar cro&& &ection CD m-&t 9e -&e(.
5ote that the 23 an( %3 element type& m-&t not 9e mixe(, an( (ifferent
type& of 23 element& m-&t not 9e -&e( together. +or example, the plane
&train element type m-&t not 9e -&e( with the axi&ymmetric element type.
Bn %3 the (ifferent 9eam element& type&, i.e., 1#0 an( can 9e freely mixe(
together.
SJ'+
Shear factor. Thi& factor i& not nee(e( for tr-&&, re&-ltant 9eam, (i&crete
9eam, an( ca9le element&. The recommen(e( val-e for rectang-lar &ec#
tion& i& "F0, the (efa-lt i& 1.$.
S'FB'B3
S-a(rat-re r-le or r-le n-m9er for -&er (efine( r-le for integrate( 9eam&)
=S.1.$) one integration point,
=S.2.$) 22 >a-&& ;-a(rat-re C(efa-lt 9eamD,
=S.%.$) %% >a-&& ;-a(rat-re,
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%!#/ CS=CTBO5D LS-DYNA R7.0
=S.!.$) %% Lo9atto ;-a(rat-re,
=S.".$) !! >a-&& ;-a(rat-re
=S.#n) where ini i& the n-m9er of the -&er (efine( r-le. B'B3 integra#
tion r-le n i& (efine( -&ing NB5T=>'2TBO5OB=2. car(.
CST
Cro&& &ection type, not nee(e( for tr-&&, re&-ltant 9eam, (i&crete 9eam, an(
ca9le element&)
=S.$.$) rectang-lar,
=S.1.$) t-9-lar Ccirc-lar onlyD,
=S.2.$) ar9itrary C-&er (efine( integration r-leD.
SCOO'
2ffect& the (i&crete 9eam form-lation C&ee 'emar7 7D an( al&o the -p(ate
of the local coor(inate &y&tem of the (i&crete 9eam element. Thi& parameter
(oe& not apply to ca9le element&. The force an( moment re&-ltant& in the
o-tp-t (ata9a&e& are o-tp-t in the local coor(inate &y&tem. See 'emar7
for more on the local coor(inate &y&tem -p(ate.
=S.#%.$) 9eam no(e 1, the ang-lar velocity of no(e 1 rotate& tria(,
=S.#2.$) 9eam no(e 1, the ang-lar velocity of no(e 1 rotate& tria( 9-t
the r#axi& i& a(H-&te( to lie along the line 9etween the two
9eam no(al point&. Thi& option i& not recommen(e( for Iero
length (i&crete 9eam&.,
=S.#1.$) 9eam no(e 1, the ang-lar velocity of no(e 1 rotate& tria(,
=S.$.$) centere( 9etween 9eam no(e& 1 an( 2, the average ang-lar ve#
locity of no(e& 1 an( 2 i& -&e( to rotate the tria(,
=S.[1.$) 9eam no(e 2, the ang-lar velocity of no(e 2 rotate& tria(.
=S.[2.$) 9eam no(e 2, the ang-lar velocity of no(e 2 rotate& tria(. 9-t
the r#axi& i& a(H-&te( to lie along the line 9etween the two
9eam no(al point&. Thi& option i& not recommen(e( for Iero
length (i&crete 9eam&.
=S.[%.$) 9eam no(e 2, the ang-lar velocity of no(e 2 rotate& tria(.
5S.
5on&tr-ct-ral ma&& per -nit length. Thi& option applie& to 9eam type& 1#"
an( (oe& not apply to (i&crete, 23, an( &potwel( 9eam&, re&pectively.
TS1
Beam thic7ne&& CCST]$.$, 2.$D or o-ter (iameter CCST ] 1.$D in & (irection
at no(e n
1
. 5ote that the thic7ne&& (efine( on the N=L=.=5TOB=2.
OTJBCA5=SS car( overri(e& the (efinition give here. Thic7ne&& at no(e
n
1
for 9eam form-lation& 7 an( /.
TS2
Beam thic7ne&& CCST]$.$, 2.$D or o-ter (iameter CCST ] 1.$D in & (irection
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LS-DYNA R7.0 %!# CS=CTBO5D
at no(e n
2
. +or tr-&& element& only, it i& the ramp -p time for the &tre&& ini#
tialiIation 9y (ynamic relaxation. Thic7ne&& at no(e n
2
for 9eam form-la#
tion& 7 an( /.
TT1
Beam thic7ne&& CCST]$.$, 2.$D or inner (iameter CCST ] 1.$D in t (irection
at no(e n
1
. +or tr-&& element& only, it i& the &tre&& for the initialiIation of
the &tre&& 9y (ynamic relaxation. 5ot -&e( 9y 9eam form-lation& 7 an( /.
TT2
Beam thic7ne&& CCST]$.$, 2.$D or inner (iameter CCST ] 1.$D in t (irection
at no(e n
2
. 5ot -&e( 9y 9eam form-lation& 7 an( /.
5SLOC
Location of reference &-rface normal to & axi& for J-ghe&#Li- 9eam ele#
ment& only. See 'emar7 ".
=S.1.$) &i(e at & ] 1.$,
=S.$.$) center,
=S.#1.$) &i(e at & ] #1.$.
5TLOC
Location of reference &-rface normal to t axi& for J-ghe&#Li- 9eam ele#
ment& only. See 'emar7 ".
=S.1.$) &i(e at t ]1.$,
=S.$.$) center,
=S.#1.$) &i(e at t ] #1.$.
2
Cro&&#&ectional area. The (efinition on N=L=.=5TOB=2.
OTJBCA5=SS overri(e& the val-e (efine( here, &ee +ig-re %!#!.
BSS
B
&&
, moment of inertia a9o-t local &#axi&. The (efinition on N=L=.=5T
OB=2.OTJBCA5=SS overri(e& the val-e (efine( here, &ee +ig-re %!.1.
BTT
B
tt
, moment of inertia a9o-t local t#axi&. The (efinition on N=L=.=5T
OB=2.OTJBCA5=SS overri(e& the val-e (efine( here, &ee +ig-re %!.1.
:
:, tor&ional con&tant. The (efinition on N=L=.=5TOB=2.
OTJBCA5=SS overri(e& the val-e (efine( here, &ee +ig-re %!#!. Bf : i&
Iero, then : i& re&et to the &-m of BSS[BTT a& an approximation for warpe(
9eam.
S2
Shear area. The (efinition on N=L=.=5TOB=2.OTJBCA5=SS over#
ri(e& the val-e (efine( here, &ee +ig-re %!#2.
BST
B
&t
, pro(-ct moment of inertia w.r.t. local &# an( t#axi&. Thi& i& only non#
Iero for -n&ymmetric cro&& &ection& an( it can ta7e po&itive an( negative
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%!#1$ CS=CTBO5D LS-DYNA R7.0
val-e&, e.g. it i& negative for S=CTBO5O$%.
4S
s coor(inate of &heer center of cro&&#&ection. CThe coor(inate &y&tem i& lo#
cate( at the centroi(.D
KS
t coor(inate of &heer center of cro&&#&ection. CThe coor(inate &y&tem i& lo#
cate( at the centroi(.D
B4'
s r
2
JA
, where r
2
= s
2
+t
2

BK'
t r
2
JA
, where r
2
= s
2
+t
2

B''
r
JA
, where r
2
= s
2
+t
2

B,
,arping con&tant.
2
JA
, where i& the &ectorial area.

B,'
r
2
JA

P'
Pre&&-re in&i(e =LBO, element& that 9elong to the &ection. The pre&&-re
act& a& a &tiffener an( will re(-ce the ovaliIation of the pipe. Pre&&-re act#
ing on the in&i(e wall i& ta7en a& po&itive.
BOMP'
Print flag for the =LBO, ovaliIation (egree& of free(om.
=S.1.$) an a&cii file name( nel9wovV i& create( an( fille( with the
ovaliIation. 3efa-lt no file i& create(.
BP'ST'
+lag for a((ing &tre&& (-e to pre&&-re P' into the material ro-tine.
=S.$) 5o &tre&& i& a((e( to the material. Bn thi& ca&e the pre&&-re only
act& a& a &tiffener for the t-9e.
=S.1) The pre&&-re P' i& -&e( to calc-late a((itional axial an( circ-m#
ferential &tre&&e& (-e to the applie( pre&&-re P'. The &tre&& a((e(
i& given 9y)
o
uxuI
= PR -

4 - I
o
cc
= PR -

2 - I

for a &traight pipe, an(
o
uxuI
= PR -

4 - I
o
cc
= PR

4 - I
-
(2 - R +r - cos(0))
(R +r - cos(0))

for a c-rve( pipe. 3 i& the pipe (iameter, T i& the thic7ne&&, ' i& the c-rva#
t-re of the 9en(, r i& the pipe ra(i-& CmeanD an( i& an angle pointing o-t a
point on the pipe. =S.1 al&o incl-(e& the &tiffening effect.
'2.PT
Optional ramp#-p time for (ynamic relaxation. 2t the en( of the ramp#-p
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time, a -niform &tre&&, ST'=SS, will exi&t in the tr-&& in the tr-&& element.
Thi& option will not wor7 for hyperela&tic material&.
ST'=SS
Optional initial &tre&& for (ynamic relaxation. 2t the en( of (ynamic relax#
ation a -niform &tre&& e;-al to thi& val-e &ho-l( exi&t in the tr-&& element.
ST4P=
Section type C2 formatD)
=S.S=CTBO5O$1) B#&hape
=S.S=CTBO5O$2) Channel
=S.S=CTBO5O$%) L#&hape
=S.S=CTBO5O$!) T#&hape
=S.S=CTBO5O$") T-9-lar 9ox
=S.S=CTBO5O$0) K#&hape
=S.S=CTBO5O$7) TrapeIoi(al
=S.S=CTBO5O$/) Circ-lar
=S.S=CTBO5O$) T-9-lar
=S.S=CTBO5O1$) B#&hape1
=S.S=CTBO5O11) Soli( 9ox
=S.S=CTBO5O12) Cro&&
=S.S=CTBO5O1%) J#&hape
=S.S=CTBO5O1!) T#&hape1
=S.S=CTBO5O1") B#&hape2
=S.S=CTBO5O10) Channel1
=S.S=CTBO5O17) Channel2
=S.S=CTBO5O1/) T#&hape2
=S.S=CTBO5O1) Box#&hape1
=S.S=CTBO5O2$) Jexagon
=S.S=CTBO5O21) Jat#&hape
=S.S=CTBO5O22) Jat#&hape1
31#30
Bnp-t parameter& for &ection option -&ing ST4P= a9ove.
MOL
Mol-me of (i&crete 9eam an( &calar CmatO1!0D 9eam. 8&e( in calc-lating
ma&&. Bf MOL]$ for ca9le element&, vol-me i& calc-late( a& the pro(-ct of
ca9le length an( ca9le area. Bf the ma&& (en&ity of the material mo(el for
the (i&crete 9eam i& &et to -nity, the magnit-(e of the l-mpe( ma&& can 9e
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(efine( here in&tea(. Thi& l-mpe( ma&& i& partitione( to the two no(e& of
the 9eam element. The tran&lational time &tep &iIe for the type 0 9eam i&
(epen(ent on the vol-me, ma&& (en&ity, an( the tran&lational &tiffne&& val#
-e&, &o it i& important to (efine thi& parameter. 3efining the vol-me i& al&o
e&&ential for ma&& &caling if the type 0 9eam control& the time &tep &iIe.
B5='
.a&& moment of inertia for the &ix (egree of free(om (i&crete 9eam an(
&calar CmatO1!0D 9eam. Thi& parameter (oe& not apply to ca9le element&.
Thi& l-mpe( inertia i& partitione( to the two no(e& of the 9eam element.
The rotational time &tep &iIe for the type 0 9eam i& (epen(ent on the
l-mpe( inertia an( the rotational &tiffne&& val-e&, &o it i& important to (e#
fine thi& parameter if the rotational &pring& are active. 3efining the rota#
tional inertia i& al&o e&&ential for ma&& &caling if the type 0 9eam rotational
&tiffne&& control& the time &tep &iIe. Bt i& recommen(e( to alway& &et thi&
parameter to a rea&ona9le nonIero val-e to avoi( in&ta9ilitie& an(For having
mo(el (epen(ent rotational inertia propertie&, if the val-e &et i& &maller
than that of an e;-ivalent &oli( &phere LS#3452 will i&&-e a warning.
CB3
Coor(inate &y&tem B3 for orientation Cmaterial type& 00#0, %, ", 7D, &ee
N3=+B5=OCOO'3B52T=Ooption. Bf CB3]$, a (efa-lt coor(inate &y&tem
i& (efine( in the glo9al &y&tem or on the thir( no(e of the 9eam, which i&
-&e( for orientation. Thi& option i& not (efine( for material type& than act
9etween two no(al point&, &-ch a& ca9le element&. The coor(inate &y&tem
rotate& with the (i&crete 9eam, &ee SCOO' a9ove.
C2
Ca9le area. See material type 71, N.2TOC2BL=O3BSC'=T=OB=2..
O++S=T
Optional off&et for ca9le. See material type 71, N.2TOC2BL=
O3BSC'=T=OB=2..
''CO5
r#rotational con&traint for local coor(inate &y&tem C&ee 'emar7 /D
=S.$.$) Coor(inate B3 rotate& a9o-t r axi& with no(e&.
=S.1.$) 'otation i& con&traine( a9o-t the r#axi&
S'CO5
&#rotational con&traint for local coor(inate &y&tem C&ee 'emar7 /D
=S.$.$) Coor(inate B3 rotate& a9o-t & axi& with no(e&.
=S.1.$) 'otation i& con&traine( a9o-t the &#axi&
T'CO5
t#rotational con&traint for local coor(inate &y&tem C&ee 'emar7 /D
=S.$.$) Coor(inate B3 rotate& a9o-t t axi& with no(e&.
=S.1.$) 'otation i& con&traine( a9o-t the t#axi&
CB3
Coor(inate &y&tem B3 for orientation, material type 1!0, &ee N3=+B5=
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LS-DYNA R7.0 %!#1% CS=CTBO5D
OCOO'3B52T=OS4ST=.. Bf CB3]$, a (efa-lt coor(inate &y&tem i& (e#
fine( in the glo9al &y&tem.
3O+51
2ctive (egree#of#free(om at no(e 1, a n-m9er 9etween 1 an( 0 where 1 in
x#tran&lation an( ! i& x#rotation.
3O+52
2ctive (egree#of#free(om at no(e 2, a n-m9er 9etween 1 an( 0.
P'B5T
O-tp-t &pot force re&-ltant from &potwel(&.
=S.$.$) 3ata i& o-tp-t to S,+O'C file.
=S.1.$) O-tp-t i& &-ppre&&e(.
Remarks:
1. +or implicit calc-lation& all of the 9eam element choice& are implemente()
2. +or the tr-&& element, (efine the cro&&#&ectional area, 2, only.
%. The local coor(inate &y&tem rotate& a& the no(al point& that (efine the 9eam rotate. Bn &ome
ca&e& thi& may lea( to -nexpecte( re&-lt& if the no(e& -n(ergo &ignificant rotational motion&.
Bn the (efinition of the local coor(inate &y&tem -&ing N3=+B5=OCOO'3B52T=O5O3=S, if
the option to -p(ate the &y&tem each cycle i& active then thi& -p(ate( &y&tem i& -&e(. Thi&
latter techni;-e &eem& to 9e more &ta9le in &ome application&.
!. The integrate( warpe( 9eam Ctype 11D i& a 7 (egree of free(om 9eam that m-&t 9e -&e( with
an integration r-le of the open &tan(ar( cro&& &ection&, &ee NB5T=>'2TBO5OB=2.. To in#
corporate the a((itional (egree& of free(om corre&pon(ing to the twi&t rate&, the -&er &ho-l(
(eclare one &calar no(e CN5O3=OSC2L2'D for each no(e attache( to a warpe( 9eam. Thi&
(egree of free(om i& a&&ociate( to the 9eam element -&ing the warpage option on the
N=L=.=5TOB=2. car(.
". Beam off&et& are &ometime& nece&&ary for correctly mo(eling 9eam& that act compo&itely
with other element& &-ch a& &hell& or other 9eam&. 2 9eam off&et exten(& from the 9eamV&
51#to#52 axi& to the reference axi& of the 9eam. The 9eam reference axi& lie& at the origin of
the local & an( t axe&, i.e., halfway 9etween the o-termo&t &-rface& of the 9eam cro&&#&ection.
5ote that for cro&&#&ection& that are not (o-9ly &ymmetric, e.g, a T#&ection, the reference ax#
i& (oe& not pa&& thro-gh the centroi( of the cro&&#&ection. The off&et in the po&itive &#
(irection i& &#off&et ] #$." N 5SLOC N C9eam cro&&#&ection (imen&ion in &#(irectionD. Simi#
larly, the off&et in the po&itive t#(irection i& t#off&et ] #$." N 5TLOC N C9eam cro&&#&ection
(imen&ion in t#(irectionD. Bf B'B3 i& -&e( to point to an integration r-le with BCST@$, then
off&et& m-&t 9e (efine( -&ing S'=+ an( T'=+ on the NB5T=>'2TBO5OB=2. car( a&
they will overri(e 5SLOC an( 5TLOC even if S'=+]$ or T'=+]$. See al&o N=L=.=5T
OB=2.OO++S=T for an alternate approach to (efining 9eam off&et&.
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%!#1! CS=CTBO5D LS-DYNA R7.0
0. =lement type 1% i& a %#3 Timo&hen7o re&-ltant#9a&e( 9eam element with two no(e& for
&mall (i&placement, linear i&otropic ela&ticity. The &tiffne&& matrix wa& (erive( 9y 4-nh-a
L-o CL-o, 2$$/D -&ing con&i&tent c-9ic &hape f-nction&. Thi& element only wor7& with
N.2TO=L2STBC. Bt -&e& the reference geometry to calc-late the element &tiffne&& an( cal#
c-late& the element force& 9y m-ltiplying the element &tiffne&& 9y the (i&placement&. Off&et&
wor7 9-t they are fixe( for all time li7e the reference geometry.
7. Bf the magnit-(e of SCOO' i& le&& than or e;-al to -nity then Iero length (i&crete 9eam& are
a&&-me( with infinite&imal &eparation 9etween the no(e& in the (eforme( &tate. +or large
&eparation& or nonIero length 9eam& &et iSCOO'i to 2 or %, in which ca&e tr-e 9eam#li7e 9e#
havior i& invo7e( to provi(e e;-ili9rating tor;-e& to off&et any force co-ple& that ari&e (-e to
tran&lational &tiffne&& or tran&lational (amping.
/. ''CO5, S'CO5, an( T'CO5 are optional an( apply only to non#ca9le (i&crete 9eam&. Bf
&et to 1, ''CO5, S'CO5, an( T'CO5 will prevent no(al rotations a9o-t the local r,&,t ax#
e&, re&pectively, from affecting the -p(ate of the local coor(inate &y&tem. The&e three pa#
rameter& have no infl-ence on how no(al tran&lation& may affect the local coor(inate &y&tem
-p(ate.
. Bf CB3 i& nonIero for a (i&crete 9eam an( the coor(inate &y&tem i(entifie( 9y CB3 -&e&
N3=+B5=OCOO'3B52T=O5O3=S with +L2>]1, the 9eam local &y&tem i& -p(ate( 9a&e(
on the c-rrent orientation of the three no(e& i(entifie( in N3=+B5=OCOO'3B52T=
O5O3=S. Bn thi& ca&e, local coor(inate &y&tem -p(ate& per SCOO' type& #%.$, #1.$, $.$,
1.$, an( %.$ are inactive while for SCOO' type& #2 an( 2, a final a(H-&tment i& ma(e to the
local coor(inate &y&tem &o that the local r#axi& lie& along the no(e1#to#no(e2 axi& of the
9eam. 2n optional o-tp-t (ata9a&e CN32T2B2S=O3BSBO8TD will report relative (i&#
placement&, rotation&, an( force re&-ltant& of (i&crete 9eam&, all in the local coor(inate &y&#
tem.
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
$
$$$$ *SE#TION_BEAM
$
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
$
$ D-5:0- 1 B-243<6CQo'S6CL-7 7-<823103 F-1> ?-25o7> . 2@ L:3C 3C- 5o22oL:0=
$ /7o/-73:-<. TC:< F-1> >o;-2< 3C- 6o00-63:o0N<3:55-0:0= F-1>< o5 1 >-;:8>
$ <:B- 7o1;<:;- <:=0.
$
$ 67o<< <-63:o012 17-1D 1 . 515.6 >>2
$ 20; >o>-03 o5 17-1 1Fo83 <'1A:<D :<< . &&H66"." >>4
$ 20; >o>-03 o5 17-1 1Fo83 3'1A:<D :<< . 7"H5""." >>4
$ 20; /o217 >o>-03 o5 17-1 1Fo83 F-1> 1A:<D T . 17"H"""." >>4
$
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LS-DYNA R7.0 %!#1" CS=CTBO5D
*SE#TION_BEAM
$
$...K....1....K....2....K....3....K....4....K....5....K....6....K....7....K....8
$ <:; -25o7> <C75 P7N:7:; 6<3
111 2
$
$ 1 :<< :33 T <1
515.6 &&66"." 7"5""." 17""""."
$
*SE#TION_BEAM_TITLE
M1:0 F-1> >->F-7
$
$...K....1....K....2....K....3....K....4....K....5....K....6....K....7....K....8
$ <:; -25o7> <C75 P7N:7:; 6<3
111 2
$
$ 1 :<< :33 T <1
515.6 &&66"." 7"5""." 17""""."
$
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
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+ig-re %!#1. Propertie& of 9eam cro&& &ection for &everal common cro&& &ection&.

+ig-re %!#2. Propertie& of 9eam cro&& &ection for &everal common cro&& &ection& CcontV(D.
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%!#1/ CS=CTBO5D LS-DYNA R7.0

+ig-re %!#%. Propertie& of 9eam cro&& &ection for &everal common cro&& &ection& CcontV(D.
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+ig-re %!#!. Propertie& of 9eam cro&& &ection for &everal common cro&& &ection& CcontV(D.
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+ig-re %!#". Propertie& of 9eam cro&& &ection for &everal common cro&& &ection& CcontV(D.
+ig-re %!#0. Propertie& of 9eam cro&& &ection for &everal common cro&& &ection& CcontV(D.

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`SECTION `SECTION_BEAM_AISC
`SECTION_BEAM_AISC
P-rpo&e) 3efine cro&&#&ectional propertie& for 9eam& an( tr-&&e& -&ing &ection la9el& from the 2BSC
Steel Con&tr-ction .an-al, 2$$", 1%
th
=(ition, a& p-9li&he( in the 2BSC Shape& 3ata9a&e M1%.1.1

Car( 1 1 2
Maria9le S=CB3 L2B=L
Type B 27$

Define the appropriate card format according to the type of beam formulation
Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Bntegrate(
9eam type
1,11
=L+O'. SJ'+ 5S. L+2C 5SLOC 5TLOC A
'e&-ltant2,
12
=L+O'. SJ'+ 5S. L+2C
Tr-&& % =L+O'. L+2C '2.PT ST'=SS
Bntegrate(
9eam type
!,"
=L+O'. SJ'+ 5S. L+2C A
Type B + + + + d B + B

S=CB3
L2B=L
2BSC &ection la9el
=L+O'.
=lement form-lation C&ee NS=CTBO5OB=2.D. Only type& 1W",11,12 are
allowe(
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`SECTION_BEAM_AISC `SECTION
SJ'+
Shear factor C&ee NS=CTBO5OB=2.D
5S.
5on#&tr-ct-ral ma&& per -nit length
L+2C
Length &cale factor to convert (imen&ion& from &tan(ar( -nit&
5SLOC
Location of reference &-rface C&ee NS=CTBO5OB=2.D
5TLOC
Location of reference &-rface C&ee NS=CTBO5OB=2.D
A
Bntegration refinement parameter C&ee NB5T=>'2TBO5OB=2.D
'2.PT
Optional ramp#-p time C&ee NS=CTBO5OB=2.D
ST'=SS
Optional initial &tre&& C&ee NS=CTBO5OB=2.D
Remarks:
Thi& 7eywor( -&e& the (imen&ion& of the &tan(ar( 2BSC 9eam& &ection& ` a& (efine( 9y the &ection
la9el ` to (efine NS=CTBO5OB=2. an( NB5T=>'2TBO5OB=2. car(& with the appropriate pa#
rameter&.
The 2BSC &ection la9el may 9e &pecifie( either a& the &hape (e&ignation a& &een in the 2BSC Steel
Con&tr-ction .an-al, 2$$", or the (e&ignation accor(ing to the 2BSC 5aming Convention for Str-c#
t-ral Steel Pro(-ct& for 8&e in =lectronic 3ata Bnterchange C=3BD, 2$$1. 2& per the =3B convention,
the &ection la9el& are to 9e ca&e#&en&itive an( &pace &en&itive, i.e. X,%0L1"$Y i& accepta9le 9-t
X,%0 x 1"$Y i& not. La9el& can 9e &pecifie( in term& of either the 8.S. C-&tomary -nit& CinD or met#
ric -nit& CmmD, which will (etermine the length -nit& for the &ection (imen&ion&. The parameter
L+2C may 9e -&e( a& a m-ltiplier to convert the (imen&ion& to other length& -nit&.
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`SECTION `SECTION_DISCRETE
`SECTION_DISCRETE
P-rpo&e) 3efine( &pring an( (amper element& for tran&lation an( rotation. The&e (efinition& m-&t
corre&pon( with the material type &election for the element&, i.e., N.2TOSP'B5>O... an( N.2T
O32.P='O...

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le S=CB3 3'O A3 M$ CL +3
Type 2/ B + + + +

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le C3L T3L
Type + +

S=CB3
3'O
3i&placementF'otation Option)
=S.$) the material (e&cri9e& a tran&lational &pringF(amper,
=S.1) the material (e&cri9e& a tor&ional &pringF(amper.
A3
3ynamic magnification factor. See 'emar7& 1 an( 2 9elow.
M$
Te&t velocity
CL
Clearance. See 'emar7 % 9elow.
+3
+ail-re (eflection Ctwi&t for 3'O]1D. 5egative for compre&&ion, po&itive
for ten&ion.
C3L
3eflection Ctwi&t for 3'O]1D limit in compre&&ion. See 'emar7 ! 9elow.
T3L
3eflection Ctwi&t for 3'O]1D limit in ten&ion. See 'emar7 ! 9elow.
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`SECTION_DISCRETE `SECTION
Remarks:
1. The con&tant& from A3 to T3L are optional an( (o not nee( to 9e (efine(.
2. Bf 7
(
i& nonIero, the force& comp-te( from the &pring element& are a&&-me( to 9e the &tatic
val-e& an( are &cale( 9y an amplification factor to o9tain the (ynamic val-e)
F
dnumc
= _1. +k
d
I
I
0
] F
stutc

where
M ] a9&ol-te val-e of the relative velocity 9etween the no(e&.
M
$
] (ynamic te&t velocity.
+or example, if it i& 7nown that a component &how& a (ynamic cr-&h force at 1"mF& e;-al to
2." time& the &tatic cr-&h force, -&e 7
(
]1." an( M
$
]1".
%. Jere, XclearanceY (efine& a compre&&ive (i&placement which the &pring &-&tain& 9efore 9e#
ginning the force#(i&placement relation given 9y the loa( c-rve (efine( in the material &elec#
tion. Bf a non#Iero clearance i& (efine(, the &pring i& compre&&ive only.
!. The (eflection limit in compre&&ion an( ten&ion i& re&tricte( in it& application to no more
than one &pring per no(e &-9Hect to thi& limit, an( to (eforma9le 9o(ie& only. +or example in
the former ca&e, if three &pring& are in &erie&, either the center &pring or the two en( &pring&
may 9e &-9Hect to a limit, 9-t not all three. ,hen the limiting (eflection i& reache(, momen#
t-m con&ervation calc-lation& are performe( an( a common acceleration i& comp-te( in the
appropriate (irection. 2n error termination will occ-r if a rigi( 9o(y no(e i& -&e( in a &pring
(efinition where (eflection i& limite(.
Con&traine( 9o-n(ary con(ition& on the N5O3= car(& an( the BO8532'4OSPC car(&
m-&t not 9e -&e( for no(e& of &pring& with (eflection limit&.
". 3i&crete element& can 9e incl-(e( in implicit application&.
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
$
$$$$ *SE#TION_DIS#RETE
$
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
$
$ No3-D TC-<- -A1>/2-< 17- :0 Q=H >>H ><H QN 80:3<.
$
$ A 3710<213:o012 </7:0= ?;7o . "@ :< ;-5:0-; 3o C19- 1 51:287- ;-52-63:o0
$ o5 25.4 >> ?5; . 25.4@. TC- </7:0= C1< 0o ;401>:6 -55-63< o7
$ ;-52-63:o0 2:>:3<H 3C8<H 3Co<- /171>-3-7< 17- 0o3 <-3.
$
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`SECTION `SECTION_DISCRETE
*SE#TION_DIS#RETE
$
$...K....1....K....2....K....3....K....4....K....5....K....6....K....7....K....8
$ <:; ;7o Q; 9" 62 5;
1"4 " 25.4
$
$ 6;2 3;2

$
$
$ D-5:0- 1 3710<213:o012 </7:0= 3C13 :< Q0oL0 3o C19- 1 ;401>:6 678<C 5o76-
$ -P812 3o 2.5 3:>-< 3C- <313:6 5o76- 13 1 15 >>N>< ;-52-63:o0 713-.
$ A;;:3:o01224H 3C- </7:0= :< Q0oL0 3o F- /C4<:61224 6o0<371:0-; 3o ;-52-63
$ 1 >1A:>8> o5 12.5 >> :0 Fo3C 3-0<:o0 10; 6o>/7-<<:o0.
$
*SE#TION_DIS#RETE
$...K....1....K....2....K....3....K....4....K....5....K....6....K....7....K....8
$ <:; ;7o Q; 9" 62 5;
1"7 " 1.5 15."
$
$ 6;2 3;2
12.5 12.5
$
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
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`SECTION_POINT_SOURCE `SECTION
`SECTION_POINT_SOURCE
P-rpo&e) Thi& comman( provi(e& the inlet 9o-n(ary con(ition for &ingle ga& in flow Cinflation po#
tentialD via a &et of point &o-rceC&D. Bt al&o provi(e& the inflator orifice geometry information. Bt re#
;-ire& % c-rve& (efining the inlet con(ition for the inflator ga& coming into the tan7 or an air9ag a&
inp-t CI
gus _cocctcd
(t), :
(t), an( :cl(t)D. Plea&e &ee al&o the N2L=OT25AOT=ST car( for a((i#
tional information.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le S=CB3 LCB3T LCB3MOL' LCB3M=L 5B3LC$$1 5B3LC$$2 5B3LC$$%
Type 2/ B B B B B B
3efa-lt $ $ $ $ $ $ $

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 5O3=B3 M=CB3 O'B+2'=2
Type B B +
3efa-lt $ $ $.$

S=CB3
Section B3. 2 -ni;-e n-m9er or la9el not excee(ing / character& m-&t 9e
&pecifie(.
LCB3T
Temperat-re loa( c-rve B3
LCB3MOL'
'elative vol-me loa( c-rve B3
LCB3M=L
Bnlet flow velocity loa( c-rve B3
5B3LC$$1
The 1
&t
no(e B3 (efining a local coor(inate CSee 'emar7 2D.
5B3LCOO2
The 2
n(
5B3LCOO%
The %
r(
5O3=B3
The no(e B3C&D (efining the point &o-rceC&D.
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`SECTION `SECTION_POINT_SOURCE
M=CB3
The vector B3 (efining the (irection of flow at each point &o-rce.
O'B+2'=2
Remarks:
1. Bn an air9ag inflator tan7 te&t, the tan7 pre&&-re (ata i& mea&-re(. Thi& pre&&-re i& -&e( to
(erive m (t) an( the e&timate( I
gus
(t), -&-ally via a l-mpe(#parameter metho(, a &y&tem of
con&ervation e;-ation& an( =OS. S-9&e;-ently m (t) an( I
gus
(t) C&tagnation temperat-reD
are -&e( a& inp-t to o9tain I
gus _cocctcd
(t) C&tatic temperat-reD, :
(t), an( :cl(t). The&e %

c-rve& are then -&e( to (e&cri9e inflator ga& inlet con(ition C&ee N2L=OT25AOT=ST for
more informationD.
2. Bn a car cra&h mo(el, the inflator ho-&ing may get (i&place( (-ring the impact. The % no(e
B3& (efine& the local reference coor(inate &y&tem to which the point &o-rce& are attache(.
The&e % reference no(e& may 9e locate( on a rigi( 9o(y which can tran&late an( rotate a& the
inflator move& (-ring the impact. Thi& allow& for the point &o-rce& to move in time. The&e
reference no(e& may 9e -&e( a& the point &o-rce& them&elve&.
%. Bf the N2L=OT25AOT=ST car( i& pre&ent, plea&e &ee the 'emar7& -n(er that car(.
Example:
Con&i(er a tan7 te&t mo(el which con&i&t& of the inflator ga& CPB3 1D an( the air in&i(e the tan7 CPB3
2D. The % loa( c-rve& (efine the thermo(ynamic an( 7inetic con(ition of the incoming ga&. The
no(e& (efine the center of the orifice, an( the vector the (irection of flow at each orifice.
$...|....1....|....2....|....3....|....4....|....5....|....6....|....7....|...8
*PART
:05213o7 =1<
1 1 1 " " " " "
*SE#TION_POINT_SO)R#E
$ SE#ID L#IDT L#ID%OLR L#ID%EL NIDL#OOR1 NIDL#OOR2 NIDL#OOR3
1 3 4 5 " " "
$ NODEID %E#TID AREA
24485 3 15."66
...
24557 3 15."66
*PART
1:7 :0<:;- 3C- 310Q
2 2 2 " " " " " *SE#TION
_SOLID
$ SE#ID EL!ORM AET
2 11 "
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`SECTION_POINT_SOURCE `SECTION
$ SID SIDTYPE
1 1
2 1
$...|....1....|....2....|....3....|....4....|....5....|....6....|....7....|...8
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`SECTION `SECTION_POINT_SOURCE_MIXTURE
%!#%$ CS=CTBO5D LS-DYNA R7.0
P-rpo&e) Thi& comman( provi(e& CaD an element form-lation for a &oli( 2L= part of the type &imilar
to =L+O'.]11 of NS=CTBO5OSOLB3, an( C9D the inlet ga& inHection 9o-n(ary con(ition for m-l#
tiple#ga& mixt-re in#flow via a &et of point &o-rceC&D. Bt al&o provi(e& the inflator orifice geometry
information. Thi& m-&t 9e -&e( in com9ination with the N.2TO>2SO.BLT8'= an(For NB5BTB2L
O>2SO.BLT8'= car( C&ee 'emar7 1D.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le S=CB3 LCB3T 5ot 8&e( LCB3M=L 5B3LC$$1 5B3LC$$2 5B3LC$$% B3B'
Type 2/ B B B B B B
3efa-lt none none none none none none $

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le LC.3OT1 LC.3OT2 LC.3OT% LC.3OT! LC.3OT" LC.3OT0 LC.3OT7 LC.3OT/

Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 5O3=B3 M=CB3 O'B+2'=2
Type B B +
3efa-lt none none $.$

S=CB3
&pecifie(.
LCB3T
Bnflator ga& mixt-re average &tagnation temperat-re loa( c-rve B3 Call ga&#
e& of the mixt-re are a&&-me( to have the &ame average temperat-reD.
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`SECTION_POINT_SOURCE_MIXTURE `SECTION
LS-DYNA R7.0 %!#%1 CS=CTBO5D
LCB3M=L
8&er#(efine( inflator ga& mixt-re average velocity loa( c-rve B3. Bf
LCB3M=L]$ or 9lan7, LS3452 will e&timate the inlet ga& velocity.
5B3LC$$1
The 1
&t
no(e B3 (efining a local coor(inate C&ee 'emar7 2D.
5B3LC$$2
The 2
n(
5B3LC$$%
The %
r(
B3B'
2 flag for con&training the no(al velocity of the no(e& of the 2L= element
containing a point &o-rce. Bf B3B']$ C(efa-ltD, then the 2L= no(e& 9ehin(
the point &o-rce Crelative po&ition of no(e& 9a&e( on the vector (irection of
flow of point &o-rceD will have Iero velocity. Bf B3B']1, then all 2L=
no(e& will have velocity (i&tri9-te( 9a&e( on energy con&ervation. The
latter option &eem& to 9e more ro9-&t in air9ag mo(eling C&ee 'emar7 0D.
LC.3OT1
The ma&& flow rate loa( c-rve B3 of the1
&t
ga& in the mixt-re.
LC.3OTn
The ma&& flow rate loa( c-rve B3 of the n
th
ga& in the mixt-re.
LC.3OT/
The ma&& flow rate loa( c-rve B3 of the /
th
ga& in the mixt-re.
5O3=B3
The no(e B3C&D (efining the point &o-rce& C&ee 'emar7 0D.
M=CB3
The vector B3 (efining the (irection of flow at each point &o-rce.
O'B+2'=2
Remarks:
1. Thi& comman( i& -&e( to (efine a part that act& a& the i(eal ga& mixt-re inHection &o-rce.
The a&&ociate( 2L= material Cga& mixt-reD may not 9e pre&ent at time Iero, 9-t can 9e intro#
(-ce( CinHecte(D into an exi&ting 2L= (omain. +or air9ag application, the inp-t from control
vol-me analy&i&, inlet ma&& flow rate, m (t), an(, inlet &tagnation ga& temperat-re, I
gus
(t)
may 9e -&e( a& (irect inp-t for 2L= analy&i&. Bf availa9le, the -&er may inp-t a loa( c-rve
for the ga& mixt-re average inlet velocity. Bf not, LS#3452 will e&timate the inlet ga& ve#
locity.
2. The ga& mixt-re i& a&&-me( to have a -niform temperat-re CI
= I
D an( inlet velocity.

Jowever, the &pecie& in the mixt-re may each have a (ifferent inlet ma&& flow rate.
%. 2 9rief review of the concept -&e( i& pre&ente(. The total energy (c
) i& the &-m of internal

(c
) an( 7inetic
v
2
2
energie&, Cper -nit ma&&D.
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%!#%2 CS=CTBO5D LS-DYNA R7.0
c
= c
+
I
2
2

C
v
I
stug
= C
v
I +
I
2
2

I
stug
= I +
I
2
2C
v

The (i&tinction 9etween &tagnation an( &tatic temperat-re& i& &hown a9ove. C
v
i& the con#
&tant#vol-me heat capacity. The ga& mixt-re average internal energy per -nit ma&& in term&
of mixt-re &pecie& contri9-tion i&
c
= C
v
I
= _
p
p
mxtuc
] C
v
i
I
= __
p
p
mxtuc
] C
v
i
_ I
v
= __
p
p
mxtuc
] C
v
i
_

Since we approximate I
= I
, then ga& mixt-re average &tatic temperat-re i& relate( to the

mixt-re average internal energy per -nit ma&& a& following
I
=
c
j_
p
p
mxtuc
C
v
i
[

5ote that the XiY &-9&cript -n(er XeY (enote& XinternalY energy, while the other XiY &-9&cript&
(enote the Xi
th
Y &pecie& in the ga& mixt-re. The total mixt-re pre&&-re i& the &-m of the par#
tial pre&&-re& of the in(ivi(-al &pecie&.
p = p

The i(eal ga& =OS applie& to each in(ivi(-al &pecie& C9y (efa-ltD
P
= p
(C
P
i
-C
v
i
)I

!. >enerally, it i& not po&&i9le to con&erve 9oth moment-m an( 7inetic CA=D at the &ame time.
Typically, internal energy CB=D i& con&erve( an( A= may not 9e. Thi& may re&-lt in &ome
A= lo&& Chence, total energy lo&&D. +or many analy&e& thi& i& tolera9le, 9-t for air9ag appli#
cation, thi& may lea( to the re(-ction of the inflating potential of the inflator ga&.
Bn N.2TO>2SO.BLT8'= comp-tation, any 7inetic energy not acco-nte(#for (-ring a(#
vection i& &tore( in the internal energy. Therefore, there i& no 7inetic energy lo&&, an( the to#
tal energy of the element i& con&erve( over the a(vection &tep. Thi& i& a &imple, a( hoc ap#
proach that i& not rigoro-&ly (erive( for the whole &y&tem 9a&e( on fir&t principle&. There#
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LS-DYNA R7.0 %!#%% CS=CTBO5D
fore it i& not g-arantee( to apply -niver&ally to all &cenario&. Bt i& the -&erV& re&pon&i9ility to
vali(ate the mo(el with (ata.
". Since i(eal ga& i& a&&-me(, there i& no nee( to (efine the =OS for the ga&e& in the mixt-re.
0. Bn general, it i& 9e&t to locate a point &o-rce near the center of an 2L= element. 2&&ociate(
with each point &o-rce i& an area an( a vector in(icating flow (irection. =ach point &o-rce
&ho-l( occ-py 1 2L= element 9y it&elf, an( there &ho-l( 9e at lea&t 2 empty 2L= element&
9etween any 2 point &o-rce&. 2 point &o-rce &ho-l( 9e locate( at lea&t % element& away
from the free &-rface of an 2L= me&h for &ta9ility.
Example 1:
Con&i(er a tan7 te&t mo(el witho-t co-pling which con&i&t& of)
# a 9ac7gro-n( me&h with air CPB3 1 ] ga& 1D initially in&i(e that me&h Ctan7 &paceD, an(
# the inflator ga& mixt-re CPB3 2 con&i&ting of inflator ga&e& 2, %, an( !D.
The mixt-re i& repre&ente( 9y one 2..>B3 an( the air 9y another 2..>B3.
The tan7 internal &pace i& &imply mo(ele( with an =-lerian me&h of the &ame vol-me. The Tan7 it#
&elf i& not mo(ele( th-& no co-pling i& re;-ire(. The inflator ga&e& fill -p thi& &pace mixing with the
air initially in&i(e the tan7.
The 9ac7gro-n( air Cga& 1D i& incl-(e( in the ga& mixt-re (efinition in thi& ca&e 9eca-&e that air will
participate in the mixing proce&&. Only incl-(e in the mixt-re tho&e ga&e& that act-ally -n(ergo mix#
ing Cga&e& 1, 2, % an( !D. 5ote that for an air9ag mo(el, the Xo-t&i(eY air &ho-l( not 9e incl-(e( in
the mixt-re Cit &ho-l( 9e (efine( in(epen(entlyD &ince it (oe& not participate in the mixing in&i(e the
air9ag. Thi& i& &hown in the next example.
The no(e& (efine the center of the orifice&, an( the vector& (efine the (irection& of flow at the&e ori#
fice&.
$...|....1....|....2....|....3....|....4....|....5....|....6....|....7....|....8
*PART
T10Q F16Q=7o80; >-<CH :0:3:1224 5:22-; L:3C 1:7H 122oL< =1< >:A387- 3o 52oL :0.
1 1 1 " " " " "
*SE#TION_SOLID
$ SE#ID EL!ORM AET
1 11 "
$ TC- 0-A3 617; ;-5:0-< 3C- /7o/-73:-< o5 3C- =1< </-6:-< :0 3C- >:A387-.
*MAT_GAS_MI*T)RE
$ MID
1
$ #91 #92 #93 #94 #95 #96 #97 #98
654.47 482."" 2"38.3" 774.64 "." "." "." "."
$ #/1 #/2 #/3 #/4 #/5 #/6 #/7 #/8
&41.32 666.67 25""."" 1"71.4" "." "." "." "."

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%!#%! CS=CTBO5D LS-DYNA R7.0
$ TC- 0-A3 617; </-6:5:-< 3C13 =1< 1 ?F16Q=7o80; 1:7@ o668/:-< PID 1 13 3:>- ".
*INTIAL_GAS_MI*T)RE
$ SID STYPE AMMGID TEMP"
1 1 1 2&3.""
$ R,O1 R,O2 R,O3 R,O4 R,O5 R,O6 R,O7 R,O8
1.2"E'& "." "." "." "." "." "." "."
*PART
TC- =1< >:A387- ?:02-3@ ;-5:0:3:o0 ?0o :0:3:12 >-<C 7-P8:7-; 5o7 3C:< PID@
2 2 1 " " " " " *SE#TION
_POINT_SO)R#E_MI*T)RE
$ SE#ID L#IDT NOT)SED L#ID%EL NIDL#OOR1 NIDL#OOR2 NIDL#OOR3 IDIR
2 1 " 5 " " " "
$ L#MDOT1 L#MDOT2 L#MDOT3 L#MDOT4 L#MDOT5 L#MDOT6 L#MDOT7 L#MDOT8
" 2 3 4 " " " "
24485 1 25."
...
24557 1 25."
$ SID SIDTYPE
1 1
2 1
*DE!INE_%E#TOR
$ %E#TID *TAIL YTAIL +TAIL *,EAD Y,EAD +,EAD
1 "." "." "." "." 1." "."
$...|....1....|....2....|....3....|....4....|....5....|....6....|....7....|....8
Example 2:
Con&i(er an air9ag inflation mo(el which con&i&t& of)
# a 9ac7gro-n( =-lerian me&h for air initially o-t&i(e the air9ag CPB3 1D
# the inflator ga& mixt-re CPB3 2 con&i&ting of inflator ga&e& 1, 2, an( %D.
The mixt-re i& repre&ente( 9y one 2..>B3 an( the air 9y another 2..>B3.
The 9ac7gro-n( air CPB3 1D i& 5OT incl-(e( in the ga& mixt-re (efinition in thi& ca&e 9eca-&e that
air will 5OT participate in the mixing proce&&. Only incl-(e in the mixt-re tho&e ga&e& that act-ally
-n(ergo mixing Cga&e& 1, 2, an( %D. >a&e& 1, 2, an( % in thi& example corre&pon( to ga&e& 2, %, an(
! in example 1. Compare the air propertie& in PB3 1 here to that of example 1. 5ote that the
NB5BTB2LO>2SO.BLT8'= car( i& not re;-ire( to initialiIe the 9ac7gro-n( me&h in thi& ca&e.
$...|....1....|....2....|....3....|....4....|....5....|....6....|....7....|....8
*PART
T10Q F16Q=7o80; >-<CH :0:3:1224 5:22-; L:3C 1:7H 122oL< =1< >:A387- 3o 52oL :0.
1 1 1 " " " " "
*SE#TION_SOLID
$ SE#ID EL!ORM AET
1 11 "
*MAT_N)LL
$ MID R,O P#)T M) TEROD #EROD YM PR
1 1.2"E'& '1."E'6 "." "." "." "." "."
*EOS_IDEAL_GAS
$ EOSID #%" #P" #OE!1 #OE!2 T" REL%OL"
1 654.47 &41.32 "." "." 2&3."" 1."
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LS-DYNA R7.0 %!#%" CS=CTBO5D
$ TC- 0-A3 617; ;-5:0-< 3C- /7o/-73:-< o5 3C- =1< </-6:-< :0 3C- >:A387-.
*PART
TC- =1< >:A387- ?:02-3@ ;-5:0:3:o0 ?0o :0:3:12 >-<C 7-P8:7-; 5o7 3C:< PID@
2 2 2 " " " " " *SE#TION
_POINT_SO)R#E_MI*T)RE
$ SE#ID L#IDT NOT)SED L#ID%EL NIDL#OOR1 NIDL#OOR2 NIDL#OOR3 IDIR
2 1 " 5 " " " "
$ L#MDOT1 L#MDOT2 L#MDOT3 L#MDOT4 L#MDOT5 L#MDOT6 L#MDOT7 L#MDOT8
2 3 4 " " " " "
24485 1 25."
...
24557 1 25."
*MAT_GAS_MI*T)RE
$ MID
2
$ #91 #92 #93 #94 #95 #96 #97 #98
482."" 2"38.3" 774.64 "." "." "." "."
$ #/1 #/2 #/3 #/4 #/5 #/6 #/7 #/8
666.67 25""."" 1"71.4" "." "." "." "."
$ TC- 0-A3 617; </-6:5:-< 3C13 =1< 1 ?F16Q=7o80; 1:7@ o668/:-< PID 1 13 3:>- ".
$ SID SIDTYPE
1 1
2 1
*DE!INE_%E#TOR
$ %E#TID *TAIL YTAIL +TAIL *,EAD Y,EAD +,EAD
1 "." "." "." "." 1." "."
$...|....1....|....2....|....3....|....4....|....5....|....6....|....7....|....8
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`SECTION `SECTION_SEATBELT
%!#%0 CS=CTBO5D LS-DYNA R7.0
`SECTION_SEATBELT
P-rpo&e) 3efine &ection propertie& for the &eat 9elt element&. Thi& car( i& re;-ire( for the NP2'T
Section. C-rrently, only the B3 i& re;-ire(.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le S=CB3 2'=2 TJBCA
Type 2/ + +

S=CB3
&pecifie(.
2'=2
Optional 2rea of cro&&#&ection -&e( in contact
TJBCA
Optional Thic7ne&& -&e( in contact
Remarks:
1. Seat9elt element& are implemente( for 9oth explicit an( implicit calc-lation&.
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
$
$$$$ *SE#TION_SEATBELT
$
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
$
$ D-5:0- 1 <-13 F-23 <-63:o0 3C13 :< 7-5-7-06-; F4 /173 1". No3C:0=
$ >o7- 3C10 3C- <:; :< 7-P8:7-;.
$
*SE#TION_SEATBELT
$
$...K....1....K....2....K....3....K....4....K....5....K....6....K....7....K....8
$ <:;
111
$
$
*PART
S-13F-23 >13-7:12
$...K....1....K....2....K....3....K....4....K....5....K....6....K....7....K....8
$ /:; <:; >:; -o<:; C=:; 1;/o/3
1" 111 22"
$
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
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`SECTION_SHELL `SECTION
LS-DYNA R7.0 %!#%7 CS=CTBO5D
`SECTION_SHELL_POPTIONQ
<BLANK>
EFG
THERMAL
XFEM
`SECTION_SHELL
`SECTION_SHELL_EFG
`SECTION_SHELL_THERMAL
`SECTION_SHELL_XFEM
P-rpo&e) 3efine &ection propertie& for &hell element&.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le S=CB3 =L+O'. SJ'+ 5BP P'OPT S'FB'B3 BCO.P S=T4P
Type 2/ B + + + + B B
3efa-lt none 1.$ 2 $.$ $.$ $ 1
'emar7& 1,7,/

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`SECTION `SECTION_SHELL
%!#%/ CS=CTBO5D LS-DYNA R7.0
Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le T1 T2 T% T! 5LOC .2'=2 B3O+ =3>S=T
Type + + + + + + + B
3efa-lt $.$ T1 T1 T1 $.$ $.$ $.$
'emar7& 7 /

Optional Section Cards if ICOMP1. Define NIP angles putting 8 on each card.
Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le B1 B2 B% B! B" B0 B7 B/
Type + + + + + + + +

Optional Section Card for EFG option.
Also see `CONTROL_EFG.
Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 3L 34 BSPLB5= B3BL2 B=BT B3B.
Type + + B B B B
3efa-lt 1.$1 1.$1 $ $ #1 2

Optional Section Card for THERMAL option.
Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le BTJ=L+.
Type B
3efa-lt $

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LS-DYNA R7.0 %!#% CS=CTBO5D
Optional Section Card for XFEM option.
Also see remark 9.
Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le C.B3 B2S=L. 3O.B5T +2BLC' P'OPC' LP'B5T
Type B B B B B B
3efa-lt $ 1 $

Define the next 3 cards if and only if ELFORM101,102,103,104 or 105.
Also see Appendix C
Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 5BPP 5L3O+ B85+ BJ>+ BT2: L.C 5JSM BLOC
3efa-lt $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $

Define NIPP cards according to the following format
Also see Appendix C
Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le LB =T2 ,>T
Type + + +

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%!#!$ CS=CTBO5D LS-DYNA R7.0
Define LMC property parameters using 8 parameters per card.
Also see Appendix C
Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Type + + + + + + + +
3efa-lt $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $

S=CB3
=L+O'.
=lement form-lation option&, &ee 'emar7& 1 an( 2 9elow)
=S.1) J-ghe&#Li-,
=S.2) Belyt&ch7o#T&ay,
=S.%) BCBK triang-lar &hell,
=S.7) SF' co#rotational J-ghe&#Li-,
=S.) +-lly integrate( Belyt&ch7o#T&ay mem9rane,
=S.11) +a&t Cco#rotationalD J-ghe&#Li-,
=S.1%) Plane &train Cx#y planeD,

=S.1!) 2xi&ymmetric &oli( Cx#y plane, y#axi& of &ymmetryD #
area weighte(,
=S.1") 2xi&ymmetric &oli( Cx#y plane, y#axi& of &ymmetryD # vol-me
weighte(,
=S.10) +-lly integrate( &hell element Cvery fa&tD,
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LS-DYNA R7.0 %!#!1 CS=CTBO5D
=S.17) +-lly integrate( 3AT, triang-lar &hell element,
=S.1/) +-lly integrate( linear 3A ;-a(rilateralFtriang-lar &hell
=S.2$) +-lly integrate( linear a&&-me( &train C$ &hell CSee 'e#
mar7&D.
=S.21) +-lly integrate( linear a&&-me( &train C$ &hell C" 3O+D.
=S.22) Linear &hear panel element C% 3O+ per no(e, &ee remar7&D
=S.2%) /#no(e ;-a(ratic ;-a(rilateral &hell
=S.2!) 0#no(e ;-a(ratic triang-lar &hell
=S.20) +-lly integrate( &hell with thic7ne&& &tretch.
=S.27) C$ triang-lar &hell with thic7ne&& &tretch.
=S.!1) .e&h#free C=+>D &hell local approach.
Cmore &-ita9le for cra&hworthine&& analy&i&D
=S.!2) .e&h#free C=+>D &hell glo9al approach.
Cmore &-ita9le for metal forming analy&i&D
=S.!%) .e&h#free C=+>D plane &train form-lation Cx#y planeD.
=S.!!) .e&h#free C=+>D axi&ymmetric &oli( form-lation Cx#y plane,
y#axi& of &ymmetryD.
=S.!0) Cohe&ive element for two#(imen&ional plane &train, plane
&tre&&, an( area#weighte( axi&ymmetric pro9lem& Ctype 1!
&hell&D.
=S.!7) Cohe&ive element for two#(imen&ional vol-me#weighte( ax#
i&ymmetric pro9lem& C-&e with type 1" &hell&D.
=S."2) Plane &train Cx#y planeD L+=., 9a&e element type 1%.
=S."!) Shell L+=., 9a&e element type (efine( 9y B2S=L. C(e#
fa-lt 10D.
=S./) Bnterpolation &hell
=S.) Simplifie( linear element for time#(omain vi9ration &t-(ie&.
See 'emar7 ! 9elow.
=S.1$1) 8&er (efine( &hell
=S.1$2) 8&er (efine( &hell
=S.1$%) 8&er (efine( &hell
=S.1$!) 8&er (efine( &hell
=S.1$") 8&er (efine( &hell
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%!#!2 CS=CTBO5D LS-DYNA R7.0
=S.2$1) B&ogeometric &hell& with 58'BS.
See N=L=.=5TOSJ=LLO58'BSOP2TCJ
>=.1$$$) >eneraliIe( &hell element form-lation C-&er (efine(D.
See N3=+B5=O=L=.=5TO>=5='2LBK=3OSJ=LL
The type 1/ element i& only for linear &tatic an( normal mo(e&. Bt can al&o
9e -&e( for linear &pring9ac7 in &heet metal &tamping.
5ote that the 23 an( %3 element type& m-&t not 9e mixe(, an( (ifferent
type& of 23 element& m-&t not 9e -&e( together. +or example, 23 ax#
i&ymmetric calc-lation& can -&e either element type& 1! or 1" 9-t the&e el#
ement type& m-&t not 9e mixe( together. Li7ewi&e, the plane &train ele#
ment type m-&t not 9e -&e( with either the plane &tre&& element or the ax#
i&ymmetric element type&. Bn %3, the (ifferent &hell element& type&, i.e., 1#
11 an( 10, can 9e freely mixe( together.
SJ'+
Shear correction factor which &cale& the tran&ver&e &hear &tre&&. The &hell
form-lation& in LS#3452, with the exception of the BCBK an( 3A ele#
ment&, are 9a&e( on a fir&t or(er &hear (eformation theory that yiel(& con#
&tant tran&ver&e &hear &train& which violate& the con(ition of Iero traction
on the top an( 9ottom &-rface& of the &hell. The &hear correction factor i&
attempt to compen&ate for thi& error. 2 &-gge&te( val-e i& "F0 for i&otropic
material&. Thi& val-e i& incorrect for &an(wich or laminate( &hell&E con&e#
;-ently, laminate(F&an(wich &hell theory i& now an option in &ome of the
con&tit-tive mo(el&, e.g., material type& 22, "!, an( "".
5BP
5-m9er of thro-gh thic7ne&& integration point&. =ither >a-&& C(efa-ltD or
Lo9atto integration can 9e -&e(. The flag for Lo9atto integration can 9e &et
on the control car(, NCO5T'OLOSJ=LL. The location of the >a-&& an(
Lo9atto integration point& are ta9-late( 9elow.
=S.$.$) &et to 2 integration point& for &hell element&.
=S.1.$) 1 point Cno 9en(ingD
=S.2.$) 2 point
=S.%.$) % point
=S.!.$) ! point
=S.".$) " point
=S.0.$) 0 point
=S.7.$) 7 point
=S./.$) / point
=S..$) point
=S.1$.) 1$ point
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LS-DYNA R7.0 %!#!% CS=CTBO5D
>T.1$.) trapeIoi(al or -&er (efine( r-le
Thro-gh thic7ne&& integration for the two#(imen&ional element& Coption&
12#1" a9oveD i& not meaningf-lE con&e;-ently, the (efa-lt i& e;-al to 1 in#
tegration point. +-lly integrate( two#(imen&ional element& are availa9le
for option& 1% an( 1" C9-t not 12 an( 1!D 9y &etting 5BP e;-al to a val-e of
! corre&pon(ing to a 2 9y 2 >a-&&ian ;-a(rat-re. Bf 5BP i& $ or 1 an( the
N.2TOSB.PLB+B=3O:OJ5SO5OCOOA mo(el i& -&e(, then a re&-ltant
pla&ticity form-lation i& activate(. 5BP i& alway& &et to 1 if a con&tit-tive
mo(el 9a&e( on re&-ltant& i& -&e(.
P'OPT
Printo-t option CNNN5OT 2CTBM=NNND)
=S.1.$) average re&-ltant& an( fi9er length&,
=S.2.$) re&-ltant& at plan point& an( fi9er length&,
=S.%.$) re&-ltant&, &tre&&e& at all point&, fi9er length&.
S'FB'B3
S-a(rat-re r-le or Bntegration r-le B3, &ee NB5T=>'2TBO5OSJ=LL)
LT.$.$) a9&ol-te val-e i& &pecifie( r-le n-m9er,
=S.$.$) >a-&&FLo9atto C-p to 1$ point& are permitte(D,
=S.1.$) trapeIoi(al, not recommen( for acc-racy rea&on&.
BCO.P
+lag for orthotropicFani&otropic layere( compo&ite material mo(el. Thi&
option applie& to material type& 21, 22, 2%, %%, %%O0, %!, %0, !$, !1#"$, "!,
"", "/, ", 1$%, 1$%OP, 1$!, 1$/, 110, 122, 1%%, 1%", 1%"OPLC, 1%0, 1"7,
1"/, 1$, 21, 220, 2%%, 2%!, 2%", 2!2, an( 2!%. +or the&e material type&,
&ee NP2'TOCO.POSBT= a& an alternative to NS=CTBO5OSJ=LL.
=S.1) a material angle in (egree& i& (efine( for each thro-gh thic7ne&&
integration point. Th-&, each layer ha& one integration point.
S=T4P
5ot -&e( Co9&oleteD.
T1
Shell thic7ne&& at no(e n
1
, -nle&& the thic7ne&& i& (efine( on the
N=L=.=5TOSJ=LLOOPTION car(.
T2
2
, &ee comment for T1 a9ove.
T%
%
T!
!
5LOC Location of reference &-rface for three (imen&ional &hell element&. Bf non#
Iero, the off&et (i&tance from the plane of the no(al point& to the reference
&-rface of the &hell in the (irection of the &hell normal vector i& a val-e
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offset = -u.Su NIC (aveiage shell thickness). Thi& off&et i& not
con&i(ere( in the contact &-9ro-tine& -nle&& C5TCO i& &et to 1 in
NCO5T'OLOSJ=LL. 2lternatively, the off&et can 9e &pecifie( 9y -&ing
the O++S=T option in the N=L=.=5TOSJ=LL inp-t &ection.
=S.1.$) top &-rface,
=S.$.$) mi(#&-rface C(efa-ltD,
=S.#1.$) 9ottom &-rface.
.2'=2
5on#&tr-ct-ral ma&& per -nit area. Thi& i& a((itional ma&& which come&
from material& &-ch a& carpeting. Thi& ma&& i& not (irectly incl-(e( in the
time &tep calc-lation. 2nother an( often more convenient alternative for
(efining (i&tri9-te( ma&& i& 9y the option) N=L=.=5TO.2SSOP2'T,
which allow& a((itional non#&tr-ct-ral ma&& to 9e (i&tri9-te( 9y an area
weighte( (i&tri9-tion to all no(e& of a given part B3D.
B3O+
Treatment of thro-gh thic7e&& &train.
LT.$) Same a& B3O+.=S.% 9-t the contact pre&&-re i& average( over a
time WB3O+ in or(er to re(-ce noi&e an( th-& improve &ta9ility.
=S.1) The thic7ne&& fiel( i& contin-o-& acro&& the element e(ge& for
metalforming application&. Thi& option applie& to element type&
2" an( 20.
=S.2) The thic7ne&& fiel( i& (i&contin-o-& acro&& the element e(ge&.
Thi& i& nece&&ary for cra&hworthine&& &im-lation& (-e to &hell in#
ter&ection&, &harp incl-(e( angle&, an( non#&mooth (eformation&.
Thi& option applie& to element type& 2", 20 an( 27 an( i& man(a#
tory for element 27. Thi& i& the (efa-lt for the&e element type&.
=S.%) The thic7ne&& &train i& governe( 9y the contact &tre&&, meaning
that the &train i& a(H-&te( for the thro-gh thic7ne&& &tre&& to e;-il#
i9rate the contact pre&&-re. Thi& option applie& to element type& 2
an( 10.
=3>S=T
=(ge no(e &et re;-ire( for &hell type &eat9elt&. Bnp-t an or(ere( &et of
no(e& along one of the tran&ver&e e(ge& of a &eat9elt. Bf there i& no retrac#
tor a&&ociate( with a 9elt, the no(e &et can 9e on either e(ge. Bf the retrac#
tor exi&t&, the e(ge m-&t 9e on the retractor &i(e an( inp-t in the &ame &e#
;-ence of retractor no(e &et. Therefore, another re&triction on the &eat9elt
-&age i& that each 9elt ha& it& own &ection (efinition an(, therefore, a
-ni;-e part B3. See +ig-re 1/#7 in the &ection N=L=.=5TOS=2TB=LT
for a((itional clarification.
B1
1
, material angle at fir&t integration point
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B2
2
, material angle at &econ( integration point
B%
%
, material angle at thir( integration point
.
.
.
.
Bnip
nip
, material angle at nipth integration point
3L,34
5ormaliIe( (ilation parameter& of the 7ernel f-nction in L an( 4 (irec#
tion&. The normaliIe( (ilation parameter& of the 7ernel f-nction are intro#
(-ce( to provi(e the &moothne&& an( compact &-pport propertie& on the
con&tr-ction of the me&h#free &hape f-nction&. Mal-e& 9etween 1.$ an( 2.$
are recommen(e(. Mal-e& &maller than 1.$ are not allowe(. Larger val-e&
will increa&e the comp-tation time an( will &ometime& re&-lt in a (iver#
gence pro9lem. See 'emar7 0.
BSPLB5=
'eplace the choice for the =+> 7ernel f-nction& (efinition in NCO5T'OL
O=+>. Thi& allow& -&er& to (efine (ifferent BSPLB5= in (ifferent &ection&.
B3BL2
'eplace the choice for the normaliIe( (ilation parameter (efinition in
NCO5T'OLO=+>. Thi& allow& -&er& to (efine (ifferent B3BL2 in (ifferent
&ection&.
B=BT
=&&ential 9o-n(ary con(ition treatment
=S.1) +-ll tran&formation
=S.#1) ,itho-t f-ll tran&formation C(efa-ltD
=S.%) Co-ple( +=.F=+>
B3B.
+or me&h#free &hell local approach C=L+O'.]!1D
=S.1) +ir&t#7in( local 9o-n(ary con(ition metho(
=S.2) >a-&& integration C(efa-ltD
+or me&h#free &hell glo9al approach C=L+O'.]!2D
=S.1) +ir&t#7in( local 9o-n(ary con(ition metho( C(efa-ltD
=S.2) Secon(#7in( local 9o-n(ary con(ition metho(
BTJ=L+.
Thermal &hell form-lation
=S.$) 3efa-lt i& governe( 9y TJSJ=L on NCO5T'OLOSJ=LL
=S.1) Thic7 thermal &hell
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=S.2) Thin thermal &hell
C.B3
Cohe&ive material B3 Conly N.2TOCOJ=SBM=OTJ i& availa9leD
B2S=L.
Ba&e element type for L+=. Ctype 1% for 23, 10 for &hellD
3O.B5T Option for (omain integration in L+=.)
=S.$) Phantom element integration
=S.1) S-9(omain integration with triang-lar local 9o-n(ary integration
Cavaila9le in 23 onlyD
+2BLC' Option for (ifferent fail-re criteria)
=S.1) .axim-m ten&ile &tre&&
=S.2) .axim-m &hear &tre&&
P'OPC'
5ot -&e(
LP'B5T 3e9-g printo-t option)
=S.$) 5o (e9-g printo-t
=S.1) Print (e9-g me&&age
5BPP
5-m9er of in#plane integration point& for -&er#(efine( &hell C$ if
re&-ltantF(i&crete elementD
5L3O+
5-m9er of extra (egree& of free(om per no(e for -&er#(efine( &hell
B85+
+lag for -&ing no(al fi9er vector& in -&er#(efine( &hell)
=S.$) 5o(al fi9er vector& are not -&e(.
=S.1) 5o(al fi9er vector& are -&e(.
BJ+>
+lag for -&ing ho-rgla&& &ta9iliIation C5BPP.>T.$D
=S.$) Jo-rgla&& &ta9iliIation i& not -&e(
=S.1) LS#3452 ho-rgla&& &ta9iliIation i& -&e(
=S.2) 8&er#(efine( ho-rgla&& &ta9iliIation i& -&e(
=S.%) Same a& 2, 9-t the re&-ltant material tangent mo(-li are pa&&e(
BT2:
+lag for &etting -p finite element matrice& C5BPP.>T.$D
=S.$) Set -p matrice& wrt i&oparametric (omain
=S.1) Set -p matrice& wrt phy&ical (omain
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L.C
5-m9er of property parameter&
5JSM
5-m9er of hi&tory varia9le&
BLOC
Coor(inate &y&tem option)
=S.$) Pa&& all varia9le& in LS#3452 local coor(inate &y&tem
=S.1) Pa&& all varia9le& in glo9al coor(inate &y&tem
LB
+ir&t i&oparametric coor(inate
=T2
Secon( i&oparametric coor(inate
,>T
B&oparametric weight
PB
Bth property parameter

:2899 &3T4:)2T&73 )8L4
38$B4) 7F :2899 !7&3T 1 !7&3T 2 !7&3T 3 !7&3T 4 !7&3T 5 !7&3T
J1 .0 1.5773503 .0 1.8(113(3 .0
J2 A.5773503 1.77459(7 1.3399810 1.90(1798
J3 A.77459(7 A.3399810 1.5384(93
J4 A.8(223(3 A.5384(93
J5 A.90(1798
38$B4) 7F :2899 !7&3T ( !7&3T 7 !7&3T 8 !7&3T 9 !7&3T 10 !7&3T
J1 1.9324(95 1.9491080 1.970289( 1.9(81(02 1.97390((
J2 1.((12094 1.7415312 1.79((((5 1.83(0311 1.8(50(34
J3 1.238(192 1.4058452 1.5255324 1.(133714 1.(79409(
J4 A.238(192 .0 1.183434( 1.3242534 1.4333954
J5 A.((12094 A.4058452 A.183434( 0.0 1.1488743
J( A.9324(95 A.7415312 A.5255324 A.3242534 A.1488743
J7 A.9491080 A.79((((5 A.(133714 A.4333954
J8 A.970289( A.83(0311 A.(79409(
J9 A.9(81(02 A.8(50(34
J10 A.97390((
Location of thro-gh thic7ne&& >a-&& integration point&. The coor(inate i& reference( to the &hell
mi(&-rface at location $. The inner &-rface of the &hell i& at #1 an( the o-ter &-rface i& at [1.
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L7B2TT7 &3T4:)2T&73 )8L4
38$B4) 7F &3T4:. !7&3T 1 1 3 !7&3T 4 !7&3T 5 !7&3T
J1 .0 11.0 .0
J2 11.0 1.447213( 11.0
J3 A1.0 A.447213( 1.(54(537
J4 A1.0 A.(54(537
J5 A1.0
38$B4) 7F &3T4:. !7&3T ( !7&3T 7 !7&3T 8 !7&3T 9 !7&3T 10 !7&3T
J1 11.0 11.0 11.0 11.0 11.0
J2 1.7(50553 1.8302239 1.8717401 1.8997580 1.9195339
J3 1.2852315 1.4(88488 1.5917002 1.(7718(3 1.7387739
J4 A.2852315 .0 1.2092992 1.3(31175 1.4779249
J5 A.7(50553 A.4(88488 A.2092992 .0 1.1(52790
J( A1.0 A.8302239 A.5917002 A.3(31175 A.1(52790
J7 A1.0 A.8717401 A.(7718(3 A.4779249
J8 A1.0 A.8997580 A.7387739
J9 A1.0 A.9195339
J10 A1.0
Location of thro-gh thic7ne&& Lo9atto integration point&. The coor(inate i& reference( to the &hell
mi(&-rface at location $. The inner &-rface of the &hell i& at #1 an( the o-ter &-rface i& at [1.
Remarks:
1. The (efa-lt &hell form-lation i& 2 -nle&& overri((en 9y TJ=O'4 in NcontrolO&hell.
+or implicit calc-lation& the following element form-lation& are implemente()
=S.2) Belyt&ch7o#T&ay C(efa-ltD
=S.1%) Plane &train Cx#y planeD
=S.1!) 2xi&ymmetric &oli( Cy#axi& of &ymmetryD # area weighte(,
=S.1") 2xi&ymmetric &oli( Cy#axi& of &ymmetryD # vol-me weighte(,
=S.10) +-lly integrate( &hell element,
=S.17) +-lly integrate( 3AT, triang-lar &hell element,
=S.1/) Taylor !#no(e ;-a(rilateral an( %#no(e triangle Clinear onlyD
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=S.2$) ,il&on % d !#no(e 3S= ;-a(rilateral Clinear onlyD
=S.21) +-lly integrate( linear a&&-me( &train C$ &hell C" 3O+D.
=S.22) Linear &hear panel element C% 3O+ per no(eD
=S.20) +-lly integrate( &hell element with thic7ne&& &tretch.
=S.27) Triangle with thic7ne&& &tretch.
=S.!1) .e&h#free C=+>D &hell local approach
=S.!2) .e&h#free C=+>D &hell glo9al approach.
Bf another element form-lation i& re;-e&te( for an implicit analy&i&, LS#3452 will &-9&ti#
t-te one of the a9ove in place of the one cho&en.
2. The linear element& con&i&t of an a&&em9ly of mem9rane an( plate element&. The element&
have &ix (.o.f. per no(e an( can therefore 9e connecte( to 9eam&, or -&e( in complex &hell
&-rface inter&ection&. 2ll element& po&&e&& the re;-ire( Iero energy rigi( 9o(y mo(e& an(
have exact con&tant &train an( c-rvat-re repre&entation, i.e. they pa&& all the fir&t or(er patch
te&t&. Bn a((ition, the element& have 9ehavior approaching linear 9en(ing Cc-9ic (i&place#
mentD in the plate#9en(ing config-ration.
a. The mem9rane component of all element& i& 9a&e( on an /#no(eF0#no(e i&oparametric
mother element which incorporate& no(al in#plane rotation& thro-gh c-9ic (i&placement
con&traint& of the &i(e& TTaylor 1/7E ,il&on 2$$$U.
9. The plate component of element 1/ i& 9a&e( on the 3i&crete Airchhoff S-a(rilateral
C3ASD TBatoI 1/2U. Beca-&e the Airchhoff a&&-mption i& enforce(, the 3AS i& tran&#
ver&e &hear rigi( an( can only 9e -&e( for thin &hell&. 5o tran&ver&e &hear &tre&& infor#
mation i& availa9le. The triangle i& 9a&e( on a (egeneration of the 3AS. Thi& element
&ometime& give& &lightly lower eigenval-e& when compare( with element type 2$.
c. The plate component of element 2$ i& 9a&e( on the /#no(e &eren(ipity element. 2t the
mi(#&i(e, the parallel rotation& an( tran&ver&e (i&placement& are con&traine( an( the
normal rotation& are con(en&e( to yiel( a !#no(e element. The element i& 9a&e( on thic7
plate theory an( i& recommen(e( for thic7 an( thin plate&.
(. The ;-a(rilateral element& contain a warpage correction -&ing rigi( lin7&.
e. The mem9rane component of element 1/ ha& a Iero energy mo(e a&&ociate( with the in#
plane rotation&. Thi& i& a-tomatically &-ppre&&e( in a non#flat &hell 9y the plate &tiffne&&
of the a(Hacent element&. =lement 2$ ha& no &p-rio-& Iero energy mo(e&.
%. The linear &hear panel element re&i&t tangential in plane &hearing along the fo-r e(ge& an(
can only 9e -&e( with the ela&tic material con&tant& of N.2TO=L2STBC. .em9rane force&
an( o-t#of#plane loa(& are not re&i&te(.
!. =lement type i& inten(e( for vi9ration &t-(ie& carrie( o-t in the time (omain. The&e
mo(el& may have very large n-m9er& of element& an( may 9e r-n for relatively long (-ra#
tion&. The p-rpo&e of thi& element i& to achieve &-9&tantial CP8 &aving&. Thi& i& achieve( 9y
impo&ing &trict limitation& on the range of applica9ility, there9y &implifying the calc-lation&)
=lement& m-&t 9e rectang-larE all e(ge& m-&t parallel to the glo9al L#, 4# or K#axi&E
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Small (i&placement, &mall &train, negligi9le rigi( 9o(y rotationE
=la&tic material only
Bf the&e con(ition& are &ati&fie(, the performance of the element i& &imilar to the f-lly inte#
grate( &hell C=L+O'.]10D 9-t at le&& CP8 co&t than the (efa-lt Belyt&ch7o#T&ay &hell ele#
ment C=L+O'.]2D. Single element tor&ion an( in#plane 9en(ing mo(e& are incl-(e(E me&h#
ing g-i(eline& are the &ame a& for f-lly integrate( &hell element&.
5o (amping i& incl-(e( in the element form-lation Ce.g. vol-metric (ampingD. Bt i& &trongly
recommen(e( that (amping 9e applie(, e.g. N32.PB5>OP2'TO.2SS or N32.PB5>
O+'=S8=5C4O'25>=.
". SJ=LLO=+> form-lation i& availa9le for 9oth explicit an( analy&e&.
0. +or 23 form-lation& C12#1", !0, !7D, no(e& m-&t lie in the glo9al x#y plane, i.e., the I#
coor(inate m-&t 9e Iero. +-rthermore, the element normal &ho-l( 9e in po&itive I. +or ax#
i&ymmetric element form-lation&, the glo9al y#axi& i& the axi& of &ymmetry an( all no(e&
m-&t have x#coor(inate& greater than or e;-al to $. Loa(&, l-mpe( ma&&e&, (i&crete element
&tiffne&&e&, etc. in axi&ymmetric &im-lation& are interprete( a& val-e& per -nit length Ccirc-m#
ferentiallyD in the ca&e where &hell form-lation 1! i& invo7e( an( per -nit ra(ian in the ca&e
where &hell form-lation 1" i& -&e(. +or (efining contact in 23 &im-lation&, &ee NCO5T2CT
O23Ooption.
7. Shell element form-lation 2" an( 20 are the Belyt&ch7o#T&ay element an( f-lly integrate(
&hell element with two a((itional (egree& of free(om that allow& a linear variation of &train
thro-gh the thic7ne&&. By (efa-lt, the thic7ne&& fiel( i& contin-o-& acro&& the element e(ge&
implying that there can 9e no complex inter&ection& &ince thi& wo-l( loc7 -p the &tr-ct-re. Bt
a&&-me& a relatively flat &-rface an( i& inten(e( primarily for &heet& in metal forming. By
&pecifying B3O+]2, the thic7ne&& fiel( i& (eco-ple( 9etween element& which ma7e& the el#
ement &-ite( for cra&h. Bf there are any thic7ne&& &tretch triangle& Cform-lation 27D, B3O+
m-&t 9e &et to 2.
/. 8&er& m-&t inp-t a &et of no(e& along one of the tran&ver&e e(ge& of a &eat9elt. Bf there i& no
retractor a&&ociate( with a 9elt, the no(e &et can 9e on either e(ge. Bf the retractor exi&t&, the
e(ge &ho-l( 9e on the retractor &i(e an( inp-t in the &ame &e;-ence of retractor no(e &et.
Therefore, another re&triction on the &eat9elt -&age i& each 9elt ha& it& own &ection (efinition
an( a (ifferent part.
. L+=. 23 an( &hell form-lation& are recommen(e( for 9rittle or &emi#9rittle fract-re with
pre#crac7&. See NBO8532'4OP'=C'2CA.
1$. Shell element form-lation 17 C3ATD i& 9a&e( on (i&crete Airchhoff theory. Bt neglect& o-t#
of#plane &hear &train energy an( i& th-& vali( only for thin plate& where &hear &train energy i&
negligi9le compare( to 9en(ing energy.
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$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
$
$$$$ *SE#TION_S,ELL
$
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
$
$ D-5:0- 1 <C-22 <-63:o0 3C13 </-6:5:-< 3C- 5o22oL:0=D
$ -25o7> . 1" B-243<6CQo'o0='#C:10= <C-22 -2->-03 5o7>8213:o0.
$ 0:/ . 3 TC7-- 3C7o8=C 3C- <C-22 3C:6Q0-<< :03-=713:o0 /o:03<.
$ 31 ' 34 . 2." A <C-22 3C:6Q0-<< o5 2 >> 13 122 0o;-<.
$
*SE#TION_S,ELL
$
$...K....1....K....2....K....3....K....4....K....5....K....6....K....7....K....8
$ <:; -25o7> <C75 0:/ /7o/3 P7N:7:; :6o>/
1 1" 3.""""
$
$ 31 32 33 34 02o6
2." 2." 2." 2."
$
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
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`SECTION `SECTION_SOLID
%!#"2 CS=CTBO5D LS-DYNA R7.0
`SECTION_SOLID_POPTIONQ
<BLANK>
EFG
`SECTION_SOLID
`SECTION_SOLID_EFG
P-rpo&e) 3efine &ection propertie& for &oli( contin--m an( fl-i( element&.

Card 1 define for all options
Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le S=CB3 =L+O'. 2=T
Type 2/ B B
'emar7 1, 2

Define only for the EFG option.
Also see `CONTROL_EFG. See Remarks 8-12.
Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 3L 34 3K BSPLB5= B3BL2 B=BT B3B. TOL3=+
Type + + + B B B B +
3efa-lt 1.$1 1.$1 1.$1 $ $ 1 1 $.$1

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`SECTION_SOLID `SECTION
LS-DYNA R7.0 %!#"% CS=CTBO5D
Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le BPS STB.= BA=5 S+ C.B3 BB' 3S =C8T
Type B + B B B B + +
3efa-lt $ 1e[2$ $ $.$ 1 1.$1 $.1

Define if and only if ELFORM101,102,103,104 or 105.
Also see Appendix C
Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 5BP 5L3O+ BJ>+ BT2: L.C 5JSM
Type B B B B B B
3efa-lt $ $ $ $ $ $

Define NIP cards according to the following format.
Also see Appendix C
Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le LB =T2 K=T2 ,>T
Type + + + +

D
R
A
F
T
%!#"! CS=CTBO5D LS-DYNA R7.0
Also see Appendix C
Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Type + + + + + + + +
3efa-lt $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $

S=CB3
=L+O'.
=lement form-lation option&, C&ee 'emar7 2 9elowD)
=S.#2) +-lly integrate( SF' &oli( inten(e( for element& with poor
a&pect ratio, acc-rate form-lation.
=S.#1) +-lly integrate( SF' &oli( inten(e( for element& with poor
a&pect ratio, efficient form-lation.
=S.$) 1 point corotational for N.2TO.O3B+B=3OJO5=4CO.B.
See remar7 %.
=S.1) Con&tant &tre&& &oli( element C(efa-ltD,
=S.2) +-lly integrate( SF' &oli(. See remar7 ! 9elow,
=S.%) +-lly integrate( ;-a(ratic / no(e element with no(al rota#
tion&,
=S.!) SF' ;-a(ratic tetrahe(ron element with no(al rotation&,
=S.") 1 point 2L=,
=S.0) 1 point =-lerian,
=S.7) 1 point =-lerian am9ient,
=S./) 2co-&tic,
=S.) 1 point corotational for N.2TO.O3B+B=3OJO5=4CO.B.
See remar7 %.
=S.1$) 1 point tetrahe(ron.
=S.11) 1 point 2L= m-lti#material element
=S.12) 1 point integration with &ingle material an( voi(.
D
R
A
F
T
LS-DYNA R7.0 %!#"" CS=CTBO5D
=S.1%) 1 point no(al pre&&-re tetrahe(ron. See remar7 1! 9elow.
=S.1!) / point aco-&tic
=S.1") 2 point pentahe(ron element.
=S.10) ! or " point 1$#no(e( tetrahe(ron CSee 'emar7 1%D
=S.17) 1$#no(e( compo&ite tetrahe(ron
=S.1/) / point enhance( &train &oli( element for linear &tatic& only
=S.1) ! point cohe&ive element
=S.2$) ! point cohe&ive element& with off&et& for -&e with &hell&
=S.!1) .e&h#free C=+>D &oli( form-lation
=S.!2) 2(aptive !#no(e( me&h#free C=+>D &oli( form-lation
=S.!%) .e&h#free enriche( finite element
=S./) Bnterpolation &oli(
=S.) Simplifie( linear element for time#(omain vi9ration &t-(ie&.
See remar7&.
=S.1$1) 8&er (efine( &oli(
=S.1$2) 8&er (efine( &oli(
=S.1$%) 8&er (efine( &oli(
=S.1$!) 8&er (efine( &oli(
=S.1$") 8&er (efine( &oli(
=S.11") 1 point pentahe(ron element with ho-rgla&& control
>=.1$$$) >eneraliIe( &oli( element form-lation C-&er (efine(D.
See N3=+B5=O=L=.=5TO>=5='2LBK=3OSOLB3
2=T
2m9ient =lement type) Can 9e (efine( for =L+O'. 7, 11 an( 12.
=S.$) non#am9ient
=S.1) temperat-re Cnot c-rrently availa9leD,
=S.2) pre&&-re an( temperat-re Cnot c-rrently availa9leD,
=S.%) pre&&-re o-tflow Co9&oleteD,
=S.!) pre&&-re inflowFo-tflow. C3efa-lt for =L+O'. 7D,
=S.") receptor for 9la&t loa( C&ee NLO23OBL2STO=5J25C=3,
availa9le only for =L+O'.]11D.
3L, 34, 3K
5ormaliIe( (ilation parameter& of the 7ernel f-nction in L, 4 an( K (irec#
tion&. The normaliIe( (ilation parameter& of the 7ernel f-nction are intro#
D
R
A
F
T
%!#"0 CS=CTBO5D LS-DYNA R7.0
(-ce( to provi(e the &moothne&& an( compact &-pport propertie& on the
con&tr-ction of the me&h#free &hape f-nction&. Mal-e& 9etween 1.$ an( 1."
are recommen(e(. Mal-e& &maller than 1.$ are not allowe(. Larger val-e&
will increa&e the comp-tation time an( will &ometime& re&-lt in a (iver#
gence pro9lem.
BSPLB5=
'eplace the choice for the =+> 7ernel f-nction& (efinition in NCO5T'OL
O=+>. Thi& allow& -&er& to (efine (ifferent BSPLB5= in (ifferent &ection&.
=S.$) C-9ic &pline f-nction C(efa-ltD.
=S.1) S-a(ratic &pline f-nction.
=S.2) C-9ic &pline f-nction with circ-lar &hape.
B3BL2
'eplace the choice for the normaliIe( (ilation parameter (efinition in
NCO5T'OLO=+>. Thi& allow& -&er& to (efine (ifferent B3BL2 in (ifferent
&ection&.
=S.$) .axim-m (i&tance 9a&e( on the 9ac7gro-n( element&.
=S.1) .axim-m (i&tance 9a&e( on &-rro-n(ing no(e&.
B=BT
=&&ential 9o-n(ary con(ition treatment) See 'emar7 an( 1$.
=S.1) +-ll tran&formation metho( C(efa-ltD
=S.#1) CwFo tran&formationD
=S.2) .ixe( tran&formation metho(
=S.%) Co-ple( +=.F=+> metho(
=S.!) +a&t tran&formation metho(
=S.#!) CwFo tran&formationD
=S.") +l-i( particle metho( for =.O.S an( N.2TO=L2STBCO+L8B3
material&
=S.7) .axim-m entropy approximation
B3B.
3omain integration metho() See 'emar7 11.
=S.1) Local 9o-n(ary integration C(efa-ltD
=S.2) Two#point >a-&& integration
=S.%) Bmprove( >-a&& integration for B=BT]! or #!
=S.#1) Sta9iliIe( =+> integration metho( Capply to 0#no(e( cell, /#
no(e( cell or com9ination of the&e twoD
TOL3=+
3eformation tolerance for the activation of a(aptive =+> Semi#Lagrangian
D
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A
F
T
LS-DYNA R7.0 %!#"7 CS=CTBO5D
an( =-lerian 7ernel. See 'emar7 12.
=S.$.$) Lagrangian 7ernel
>T.$.$) SemiOLagrangian 7ernel
LT.$.$) =-lerian 7ernel
BPS
=S.$) 5o pre&&-re &moothing C(efa-ltD
=S.1) .oving#lea&t &;-are( pre&&-re recovery
STB.=
Time to &witch from &ta9iliIe( =+> to &tan(ar( =+> form-lation
BA=5
=S.$) .oving#lea&t#&;-are approximation C(efa-lt, recommen(e(D
=S.1) .axim-m =ntropy approximation
S+
+ail-re &train, recommen(e( a& an extra con(ition for the crac7 initiation
-n(er &low loa(ing 9e&i(e& the &tre&&#9a&e( cohe&ive law
C.B3
Cohe&ive material B3 for =+> fract-re analy&i& Conly .o(e B crac7 i& con#
&i(ere( an( only N.2TOCOJ=SBM=OTJ i& availa9leD
BB'
=S.1) 5o 9ranching allowe(
=S.2) Branching i& allowe(
3S
5ormaliIe( &-pport (efine( for comp-ting the (i&placement H-mp in frac#
t-re analy&i&
=C8T
3efine the minim-m (i&tance to the no(e that a crac7 &-rface can c-t to the
e(ge
5BP
5-m9er of integration point& for -&er#(efine( &oli( C$ if re&-ltantF(i&crete
elementD
5L3O+
5-m9er of extra (egree& of free(om per no(e for -&er#(efine( &oli(
BJ>+
Flag for using hourglass stabilization (NIP.GT.0)

=S.%) Same a& 2, 9-t the re&-ltant material tangent mo(-l-& i& pa&&e(
BT2:
+lag for &etting -p finite element matrice& C5BP.>T.$D
D
R
A
F
T
%!#"/ CS=CTBO5D LS-DYNA R7.0
L.C
5JSM
LB
=T2
K=T2
Thir( i&oparametric coor(inate
,>T
PB
Remarks:
1. The 7eywor( NCO5T'OLOSOLB3 activate& a-tomatic &orting of tetrahe(ron an( pentahe#
(ron element& into type 1$ an( 1" element form-lation, re&pectively. The&e latter element&
are far more &ta9le than the (egenerate &oli( element. The &orting in performe( internally
an( i& tran&parent to the -&er.
2. +or implicit calc-lation& the following element choice& are implemente()
=S.1) Con&tant &tre&& &oli( element.
=S.2) +-lly integrate( SF' &oli(. See remar7 " 9elow.
=S.%) +-lly integrate( / no(e &oli( with rotational 3O+&.
=S.!) +-lly integrate( SF' ! no(e tetrahe(ron with rotational 3O+&.
=S.1$) 1 point tetrahe(ron.
=S.1%) 1 point no(al pre&&-re tetrahe(ron.
=S.1") 2 point pentahe(ron element.
=S.10) " point 1$#no(e( tetrahe(ron.
=S.17) 1$#no(e( compo&ite tetrahe(ron.
=S.1/) / point enhance( &train &oli( element for linear &tatic& only.
=S.!1) .e&h#free C=+>D &oli( form-lation.
=S.!2) !#no(e( me&h#free C=+>D &oli( form-lation.
=S.!%) .e&h#free enriche( finite element.
Bf another element form-lation i& re;-e&te(, LS#3452 will &-9&tit-te, when po&&i9le, one of
the a9ove in place of the one cho&en. The type 1 element, con&tant &tre&&, i& generally m-ch
more acc-rate than the type 2 element, the &elective re(-ce( integrate( element for implicit
pro9lem&.
D
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LS-DYNA R7.0 %!#" CS=CTBO5D
%. =lement form-lation& $ an( , applica9le only to N.2TO.O3B+B=3OJO5=4CO.B, 9e#
have e&&entially a& nonlinear &pring& &o a& to permit &evere (i&tortion& &ometime& &een in
honeycom9 material&. Bn form-lation $, the local coor(inate &y&tem follow& the element ro#
tation wherea& in form-lation , the local coor(inate &y&tem i& 9a&e( on axe& pa&&ing thro-gh
the centroi(& of the element face&. +orm-lation $ i& preferre( for &evere &hear (eformation
where the 9arrier i& fixe( in &pace. Bf the 9arrier i& attache( to a moving 9o(y, which can ro#
tate, then form-lation i& -&-ally preferre(.
!. The &elective re(-ce( integrate( &oli( element, element type 2, a&&-me& that pre&&-re i& con#
&tant thro-gho-t the element to avoi( pre&&-re loc7ing (-ring nearly incompre&&i9le flow.
Jowever, if the element a&pect ratio& are poor, &hear loc7ing will lea( to an exce&&ively &tiff
re&pon&e. 2 9etter choice, given poor a&pect ratio&, i& the one point &oli( element which
wor7 well for implicit an( explicit calc-lation&. +or linear &tatic&, the type 1/ enhance(
&train element wor7& well with poor a&pect ratio&. Plea&e note that highly (i&torte( element&
&ho-l( alway& 9e avoi(e( &ince exce&&ive &tiffne&& will &till 9e o9&erve( even in the en#
hance( &train form-lation&.
". =lement type i& inten(e( for vi9ration &t-(ie& carrie( o-t in the time (omain. The&e mo(#
el& may have very large n-m9er& of element& an( may 9e r-n for relatively long (-ration&.
The p-rpo&e of thi& element i& to achieve &-9&tantial CP8 &aving&. Thi& i& achieve( 9y im#
po&ing &trict limitation& on the range of applica9ility, there9y &implifying the calc-lation&)
=lement& m-&t 9e c-9e(E all e(ge& m-&t parallel to the glo9al L#, 4# or K#axi&E
Small (i&placement, &mall &train, negligi9le rigi( 9o(y rotationE
=la&tic material only
Bf the&e con(ition& are &ati&fie(, the performance of the element i& &imilar to the f-lly inte#
grate( SF' &oli( C=L+O'.]2D 9-t at le&& CP8 co&t than the (efa-lt &oli( element
C=L+O'.]1D. Single element 9en(ing an( tor&ion mo(e& are incl-(e(, &o me&hing g-i(e#
line& are the &ame a& for f-lly integrate( &oli(& W e.g. relatively thin &tr-ct-re& can 9e mo(#
ele( with a &ingle &oli( element thro-gh the thic7ne&& if re;-ire(. Typically, the CP8 re#
;-irement per element#cycle i& ro-ghly two thir(& that of the (efa-lt &oli( element.
5o (amping i& incl-(e( in the element form-lation Ce.g. vol-metric (ampingD. Bt i& &trongly
recommen(e( that (amping 9e applie(, e.g. N32.PB5>OP2'TO.2SS or N32.PB5>
O+'=S8=5C4O'25>=.
0. =lement type 1 i& a cohe&ive element. The traction& on the mi(#&-rface (efine( a& the mi(#
point& 9etween the no(al pair& 1#", 2#0, %#7, an( !#/ are f-nction& of the (ifference& of the
(i&placement& 9etween no(al pair& interpolate( to the fo-r integration point&. The initial vol#
-me of the cohe&ive element may 9e Iero, in which ca&e, the (en&ity may 9e (efine( in term&
of the area of no(e& 1#2#%#!. See 2ppen(ix 2 an( the -&er material (e&cription for a((itional
(etail&.
The traction& are calc-late( in the local coor(inate &y&tem (efine( at the centroi( of the ele#
ment, &ee the +ig-re 9elow. 3efining the rotation matrix from the local to the glo9al coor(i#
nate &y&tem at time t a& &JtL, the initial coor(inate& a& C, an( the c-rrent coor(inate& a& :, the
(i&placement& at an integration point are
D
R
A
F
T
Au = R
(t)Ax -R
(u)AX
Ax = N
(s t)
=1
Ax
+
AX = N
(s t)
=1
AX
+

The force& are o9taine( 9y integrating the traction& over the mi(&-rface, an( rotating them
into the glo9al coor(inate &y&tem.
F
= R(t) t
g
N
(s
g
t
g
) uet([
g
) foi
g=1
1 i 4 anu F
+
= -F

7. =lement type 2$ i& i(entical to element 1 9-t with off&et& for -&e with &hell&. The element i&
a&&-me( to 9e centere( 9etween two layer& of &hell& on the cohe&ive elementV& lower C1#2#%#
!D an( -pper C"#0#7#/D &-rface&. The off&et (i&tance& for 9oth &hell& are one half the initial
thic7ne&&e& of the no(al pair& C1#", 2#0, %#7, an( !#/D &eparating the two &hell&. The&e off&et&
are -&e( with the no(al force& to calc-late moment& that are applie( to the &hell&. =lement
type 2$ in tie( contact& will wor7 correctly with the option, TB=3OSJ=LLO=3>=OTO
OS8'+2C=, which tran&mit& moment&. Other tie( option& will leave the rotational (egree&#
of#free(om -ncon&traine( with the po&&i9ility that the rotational 7inetic energy will ca-&e a
large growth in the energy ratio.
/. The c-rrent =+> form-lation perform& a-tomatic &orting for finite element tetrahe(ral, pen#
tahe(ron an( hexahe(ral element& a& the 9ac7gro-n( me&h to i(entify the me&h#free geome#
try an( provi(e the contact &-rface (efinition in the comp-tation.
. The mixe( tran&formation metho(, the co-ple( +=.F=+> metho( an( the fa&t tran&for#
mation metho( were implemente( in =+> %3 &oli( form-lation. The&e three new feat-re&
were a((e( to improve the efficiency on the impo&ition of e&&ential 9o-n(ary con(ition& an(
the tran&fer of real no(al val-e& an( generaliIe( no(al val-e&. The mixe( tran&formation
metho( i& e;-ivalent to the f-ll tran&formation metho( with improve( efficiency. The 9ehav#
ior of the co-ple( +=.F=+> metho( i& 9etween +=. an( =+>. The fa&t tran&formation
metho( provi(e& the mo&t efficient an( ro9-&t re&-lt&.
1$. C-rrent fl-i( particle form-lation CB=BT]"D only &-pport& for the !#no(e( 9ac7gro-n( ele#
ment.
11. +or compre&&i9le material li7e foam an( &oil, B3B.]1 C(efa-ltD i& recommen(e(. +or nearly
incompre&&i9le material li7e metal an( r-99er, B3B.]2 i& recommen(e(.
12. Thi& parameter i& intro(-ce( to improve the negative vol-me pro9lem -&-ally &een in the
large (eformation analy&i&. +or the &ame analy&i&, the larger val-e of Tol(ef, the earlier
Semi#Lagrangian or =-lerian 7ernel i& intro(-ce( into the =+> comp-tation an( more cp-
D
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time i& expecte(. Mal-e 9etween $.$ an( $.1 i& &-gge&te( in the cra&hworthine&& analy&i&.
Semi#Lagrangian 7ernel i& &-gge&te( for the &oli( material& an( =-lerian 7ernel i& &-gge&te(
for the fl-i( an( =.O.S. material&.
1%. +orm-lation& 10 an( 17 are 1$#no(e(, tetrahe(ral form-lation&. The parameter 5BPT=TS in
NCO5T'OLOSOLB3 control& the n-m9er of integration point& for the&e form-lation&. +or#
m-lation 17 i& generally preferre( over form-lation 10 9eca-&e, -nli7e 10, the no(al
weighting factor& are e;-al an( th-& no(al force& from contact an( applie( pre&&-re& are (i&#
tri9-te( correctly.
,hen applying loa(& to 1$#no(e( tetrahe(ron& via &egment&, no loa( will 9e applie( to the
mi(&i(e no(e& if the &egment& contain only corner no(e&. ,hen (efining contact, it i& rec#
ommen(e( that NCO5T2CTO28TO.2TBCO... 9e -&e( an( the contact &-rface of the 1$#
no(e( tetrahe(ral part 9e &pecifie( 9y it& part B3. Bn thi& manner, mi(&i(e no(e& receive con#
tact force&.
Bf the 1$#no(e( element connectivity i& not (efine( in accor(ance with the fig-re &hown in
N=L=.=5TOSOLB3, the or(er of the no(e& can 9e ;-ic7ly change( via a perm-tation vec#
tor &pecifie( with NCO5T'OLOSOLB3. Bf N=L=.=5TOSOLB3 (efine& !#no(e( tetrahe#
(ron&, yo- can ea&ily convert to 1$#no(e( tetrahe(ron& -&ing the comman( N=L=.=5T
OSOLB3OT=T!TOT=T1$. Beca-&e the characteri&tic length of a 1$#no(e( tetrahe(ron i&
half that of a !#no(e( tetrahe(ron, the time &tep for the tetrahe(ron& will 9e &maller 9y a fac#
tor of 2. The parameter T=T1$ in 71, when &et to 1 in NCO5T'OLOO8TP8T, ca-&e& the
f-ll 1$#no(e connectivity to 9e written to the (%plot an( (%part (ata9a&e&.
1!. =lement type 1% i& i(entical with type 1$ 9-t with a((itional averaging of no(al pre&&-re&,
which &ignificantly lower& vol-metric loc7ing. Therefore, it i& well &-ite( for application&
with incompre&&i9le an( nearly incompre&&i9le material 9ehavior, i.e. r-99er material& or
(-ctile metal& with i&ochoric pla&tic (eformation& Ce.g. 9-l7 formingD. Compare( to the
&tan(ar( tetrahe(ron Ctype 1$D, a &pee( penalty of max. 2" b can 9e o9&erve(. C-rrently,
material mo(el& N.2TO$$1, $$%, $$0, $2!, $27, $77, $/1, $/2, $1, $2, 1$0, 12$, 12%,
12!, 12/, 12, 1/1, 1/%, 22!, 22", an( 2!! are f-lly &-pporte( in the '0 relea&e of Mer&ion
71. +or other material& thi& element 9ehave& li7e the type 1$ tetrahe(ron.
1". =lement& #1 an( #2 are i(entical with 2, the f-lly integrate( &oli(, 9-t acco-nte( for element&
with poor a&pect ratio in or(er to re(-ce the tran&ver&e &hear loc7ing effect&. Type #1 i& an
efficient implementation of type #2 9-t that may &-ffer from &ome ho-rgla&& ten(encie& (-e
to ina(e;-ate lo&& of &tiffne&&.
C5ote) 5O3=OS=T option i& availa9le &tarting with the '% relea&e of Mer&ion 71D
D
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$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
$
$$$$ *SE#TION_SOLID
$
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
$
$ A Fo23 >o;-2-; L:3C <o2:;< L1< 5o80; 3o C19- -A6-<<:9- Co87=21<<:0=.
$ TC8<H 3C- <-63:o0 ?<:; . 116@ 1<<o6:13-; L:3C 3C- Fo23 /173 L1< 8<-;
$ 3o </-6:54 3C13 1 58224 :03-=713-; S-2-63:9-24'R-;86-; <o2:; -2->-03
$ 5o7>8213:o0 F- 8<-; 3o 3o31224 -2:>:013- 3C- Co87=21<<:0= ?-25o7> . 2@.
$
*SE#TION_SOLID
$...K....1....K....2....K....3....K....4....K....5....K....6....K....7....K....8
$ <:; -25o7>
116 2
$
*PART
Fo23<
$ /:; <:; >:; -o<:; C=:; 1;/o/3
17 116 5
$
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
D
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`SECTION_SPH `SECTION
`SECTION_SPH_POPTIONQ
<BLANK>
TENSOR
USER
`SECTION_SPH
`SECTION_SPH_TENSOR
`SECTION_SPH_USER
P-rpo&e) 3efine &ection propertie& for SPJ particle&. +or the USER option, &ee remar7 %.

Card 1 define for all options
Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le S=CB3 CSLJ J.B5 J.2L SPJB5B 3=2TJ ST2'T
Type 2/ + + + + + +
3efa-lt none 1.2 $.2 2.$ $.$ 1.e2$ $.$

Card 2 define only for the TENSOR option.
Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le JLCSLJ J4CSLJ JKCSLJ JLB5B J4B5B JKB5B
Type + + + + + +

S=CB3
CSLJ
Con&tant applie( to the &moothing length of the particle&. The (efa-lt val#
-e applie& for mo&t pro9lem&. Mal-e& 9etween 1.$" an( 1.% are accepta9le.
Ta7ing a val-e le&& than 1 i& ina(mi&&i9le. Mal-e& larger than 1.% will in#
crea&e the comp-tational time. The (efa-lt val-e i& recommen(e(.
D
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T
`SECTION `SECTION_SPH
J.B5
Scale factor for the minim-m &moothing length CSee 'emar7 1D
J.2L
Scale factor for the maxim-m &moothing length CSee 'emar7 1D
SPJB5B
Optional initial &moothing length Coverri(e& tr-e &moothing lengthD. Thi&
option applie& to avoi( LS#3452 to calc-late the &moothing length (-ring
initialiIation. Bn thi& ca&e, the varia9le CSLJ (oe&nGt apply.
3=2TJ
Time impo&e( SPJ approximation i& &toppe(.
ST2'T
Time impo&e( SPJ approximation i& activate(.
JLCSLJ
Con&tant applie( for the &moothing length in the L (irection for the ten&or
ca&e.
J4CSLJ
Con&tant applie( for the &moothing length in the 4 (irection for the ten&or
ca&e.
JKCSLJ
Con&tant applie( for the &moothing length in the K (irection for the ten&or
ca&e.
JLB5B
Optional initial &moothing length in the L (irection for the ten&or ca&e
Coverri(e& tr-e &moothing lengthD
J4B5B
Optional initial &moothing length in the 4 (irection for the ten&or ca&e
JKB5B
Optional initial &moothing length in the K (irection for the ten&or ca&e
Remarks:
1. The SPJ proce&&or in LS#3452 -&e& a varia9le &moothing length. LS#3452 comp-te&
the initial &moothing length, h
$
, for each SPJ part 9y ta7ing the maxim-m of the minim-m
(i&tance 9etween every particle. =very particle ha& it& own &moothing length which varie& in
time accor(ing to the following e;-ation)
J
Jt
(b(t)) = b(t)Ji:(:)
hCtD i& the &moothing length, (ivCvD i& the (ivergence of the flow. The &moothing length in#
crea&e& when particle& &eparate from each other an( re(-ce& when the concentration of parti#
cle& i& important. Bt varie& to 7eep the &ame n-m9er of particle& in the neigh9orhoo(. The
&moothing length varie& 9etween the minim-m an( maxim-m val-e&
HIN - b
0
< b(t) < HAX - b
0

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`SECTION_SPH `SECTION
3efining a val-e of 1 for J.B5 an( 1 for J.2L will re&-lt in a con&tant &moothing
length in time an( &pace.
2. SPJ i& implemente( for explicit application&.
%. The 8S=' option allow& the (efinition of c-&tomiIe( &-9ro-tine for the variation of the
&moothing length. 2 &-9ro-tine calle( hdot i& (efine( in the file (yn21.+ C8nixFlin-xD or
l&(yna.f C,in(ow&D.
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`SECTION `SECTION_TSHELL
`SECTION_TSHELL
P-rpo&e) 3efine &ection propertie& for thic7 &hell element&.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le S=CB3 =L+O'. SJ'+ 5BP P'OPT S' BCO.P TSJ=2'
Type 2/ B + + + + B B
3efa-lt none 1 1.$ 2 1 $ $ $

Optional Section Cards if ICOMP1 define NIP angles putting 8 on each card.
Car( 2R 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le B1 B2 B% B! B" B0 B7 B/
Type + + + + + + + +

S=CB3
=L+O'.
=S.1) one point re(-ce( integration C(efa-ltD,
=S.2) &elective re(-ce( 2 x 2 in plane integration.
=S.%) a&&-me( &train 2 x 2 in plane integration, &ee remar7 9elow.
=S.") a&&-me( &train re(-ce( integration
SJ'+
Shear factor. 2 val-e of "F0 i& recommen(e( C&ee remar7 %D.
5BP
5-m9er of thro-gh thic7ne&& integration point& for the thic7 &hell. See the
varia9le B5T>'3 in NCO5T'OLOSJ=LL for (etail& of the thro-gh thic7#
ne&& integration r-le.
=S.$) &et to 2 integration point&.
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`SECTION_TSHELL `SECTION
P'OPT
Printo-t option)
=S.1.$) average re&-ltant& an( fi9er length&,
=S.2.$) re&-ltant& at plan point& an( fi9er length&,
=S.%.$) re&-ltant&, &tre&&e& at all point&, fi9er length&.
S'
S-a(rat-re r-le)
LT.$.$) a9&ol-te val-e i& &pecifie( r-le n-m9er,
=S.$.$) >a-&& C-p to five point& are permitte(D,
=S.1.$) trapeIoi(al, not recommen(e( for acc-racy rea&on&.
BCO.P
+lag for layere( compo&ite material mo(e)
=S.1) a material angle i& (efine( for each thro-gh thic7ne&& integration
point. +or each layer one integration point i& -&e(.
TSJ=2'
+lag for tran&ver&e &hear &train or &tre&& (i&tri9-tion C&ee remar7& % an( !D)
=S.$.$) Para9olic,
=S.1.$) Con&tant thro-gh thic7ne&&.
B1
1
, material angle at fir&t integration point. The &ame proce(-re for (eter#
mining material (irection& i& -&e for thic7 &hell& that i& -&e( for the ! no(e
;-a(rilateral &hell.
B2
2
, material angle at &econ( integration point
B%
%
, material angle at thir( integration point
.
.
.
.
.
.
B/
/
, material angle at eighth integration point
.
.
Bnip
nip
, material angle at nipth integration point
3efine a& many car(& a& nece&&ary -ntil 5BP point& are (efine(.
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`SECTION `SECTION_TSHELL
Remarks:
1. Thic7 &hell element& are 9en(ing element& that have ! no(e& on the 9ottom face an( ! on the
top face. Thic7 &hell element form-lation& 1 an( 2 are extr-(e( thin &hell element& an( -&e
23 &tre&& -p(ate&. Thic7 &hell element form-lation& % an( " are layere( 9ric7 element& that
-&e %3 &tre&& -p(ate&. =lement form& % an( " are (i&tortion &en&itive an( &ho-l( not 9e -&e(
in &it-ation& where the element& are 9a(ly &hape(. ,ith element type& 1, 2, an( ", a &ingle
element thro-gh the thic7ne&& will capt-re 9en(ing re&pon&e, 9-t with element type %, two
are recommen(e( to avoi( exce&&ive &oftne&&.
2. +or element form-lation& 1 only, if 5BP]2, the n-m9er of integration point& will 9e &witche(
to %, an( if 5BP]!, the n-m9er of integration point& will 9e &witche( to ".
%. =lement form-lation& 2 an( %, an( " are availa9le for implicit application&. Bf an element of
type 1 i& &pecifie( in an implicit analy&i&, it i& internally &witche( to type 2
!. +or =L+O'.]1 an( 2, the tran&ver&e &hear &tiffne&& i& &cale( 9y the SJ'+ parameter.
Since the &train i& a&&-me( to 9e con&tant thro-gh the thic7ne&&, &etting SJ'+]"F0 i& rec#
ommen(e( to o9tain the correct &hear energy. +or =L+O'.]% an( ", the SJ'+ parameter
i& not -&e(, except for material type& %%, %0, 1%%, 1%", an( 2!%. +or =L+O'.]%, the &hear
&tiffne&& i& a&&-me( con&tant thro-gh the thic7ne&&. +or =L+O'.]", the &hear (i&tri9-tion
i& a&&-me( either para9olic if TSJ=2']$, or con&tant if TSJ=2']1. The para9olic a&#
&-mption i& goo( when the element& are -&e( in a &ingle layer to mo(el a &hell type &tr-ct-re,
9-t the con&tant option may 9e 9etter when element& are &tac7e( one on top of the other.
". Thic7 &hell element& of all form-lation& can 9e -&e( to mo(el layere( compo&ite&, 9-t only
element form-lation " -&e& a&&-me( &train to capt-re the complex Poi&&onV& effect& an(
thro-gh thic7ne&& &tre&& (i&tri9-tion in layere( compo&ite&. To (efine the layer& of a compo#
&ite, -&e S'?$ to point to NB5T=>'2TBO5OSJ=LL (ata. 2lternatively, the NP2'T
OCO.POSBT=OTSJ=LL 7eywor( offer& a &implifie( way to (efine the layer&.
,hen mo(eling compo&ite&, laminate( &hell theory may 9e -&e( to correct the tran&ver&e
&hear &train if the &hear &tiffne&& varie& 9y layer. Laminate( &hell theory i& activate( 9y &et#
ting L2.SJT]! or " on NCO5T'OLOSJ=LL. ,hen laminate( &hell theory i& active, the
TSJ=2' parameter wor7& with all =L+O'. val-e& to &elect either a para9olic or con&tant
&hear &train (i&tri9-tion.
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`SENSOR
LS-DYNA R7.0 %"#1 CS=5SO'D
`SENSOR
The 7eywor( NS=5SO' provi(e& a convenient way of activating an( (eactivating 9o-n(ary con(i#
tion&, air9ag&, (i&crete element&, Hoint&, contact, rigi( wall&, &ingle point con&traint&, an( con&traine(
no(e&. The &en&or capa9ility i& new in the &econ( relea&e of ver&ion 71 an( will evolve in later re#
lea&e& to encompa&& many more LS#3452 capa9ilitie& an( replace &ome of the exi&ting capa9ilitie&
&-ch a& the air9ag &en&or logic. The 7eywor( control car(& in thi& &ection are (efine( 9elow in al#
pha9etical or(er)
`SENSOR_CONTROL
`SENSOR_DEFINE_CALC-MATH
`SENSOR_DEFINE_ELEMENT
`SENSOR_DEFINE_FORCE
`SENSOR_DEFINE_NODE
`SENSOR_SWITCH
`SENSOR_SWITCH_CALC-LOGIC
To (efine a &en&or, three categorie& of &en&or 7eywor( car(& are nee(e( a& &hown in +ig-re %"#1.
1. Sen&or (efinition& -&ing the, NS=5SO'O3=+B5= 7eywor(&, which can 9e com9ine( with
the mathematical calc-lation car(&, NS=5SO'O3=+B5=OC2LC#.2TJ, for more compli#
cate( (efinition&. Thi& category of 7eywor( car(& yiel( a n-merical val-e to 9e referre( 9y
NS=5SO'OS,BTCJ a& a &witching criterion.
NS=5SO'O3=+B5=
Thi& car( (efine& the &en&or location an( type& 9y no(e B3, element B3, or force#type B3.
NS=5SO'O3=+B5=OC2LC#.2TJ
Thi& 7eywor( car( (efine& a new &en&or B3 o9taine( 9y performing mathematical calc-#
lation& on the information from S=5SO'O3=+B5= (efinition&.
2. Sen&or &witching criterion (efinition -&ing the, NS=5SO'OS,BTCJ, 7eywor(, which can
9e com9ine( with the logical calc-lation car(&, NS=5SO'OS,BTCJOC2LC#LO>BC, for
more complicate( (efinition&. The logic val-e yiel(e( 9y thi& category of car(& can 9e re#
ferre( 9y NS=5SO'OCO5T'OL to (etermine if a &tat-& &witch con(ition i& met.
NS=5SO'OS,BTCJ
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`SENSOR
%"#2 CS=5SO'D LS-DYNA R7.0
Thi& car( compare& the n-merical val-e from NS=5SO'O3=+B5= or NS=5SO'
O3=+B5=OC2LC#.2TJ with the given criterion to &ee if a &witching con(ition i& met.
NS=5SO'OS,BTCJOC2LC#LO>BC
Thi& car( perform& logical calc-lation on the information from S=5SO'OS,BTCJ.
%. Sen&or control (efinition, NS=5SO'OCO5T'OL. Thi& category of car(& (etermine& how
an( what to &witch 9a&e( on the logical val-e& from NS=5SO'OS,BCJ an(For NS=5SO'
OS,BTCJOC2LC#LO>BC.
c3efine &en&or type an( location
NS=5SO'O3=+B5=
S=5SO' B3 T4P=
c Perform math comp-tation on &en&or re&-lt&
NS=5SO'O3=+B5=OC2LC#.2TJ
S=5SO' B3 .2TJ S=5SB31 S=5SB32 ..
c3efine &witch criterion
NS=5SO'OS,BTCJ
S,BTCJ B3 T4P= S=5SB3 LO>BC M2L
cPerform logic comp-tation on S,BTCJ re&-lt&
NS=5SO'OS,BTCJOC2LC#LO>BC
S,BTCJ B3 .2TJ S=5SB31 S=5SB32 ...
c3efine how an( what to &witch
NS=5SO'OCO5T'OL
CO5T'OL B3 T4P= T4P= B3
B5BTOST2 S,BTCJ 1 S,BTCJ 2
c=ntity to 9e controlle( 9y &en&or
NCO5T2CTO......OB3
C5TCOB3

+ig-re %"#1. 'elation&hip 9etween &en&or 7eywor( (efinition&.
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`SENSOR_CONTROL `SENSOR
LS-DYNA R7.0 %"#% CS=5SO'D
`SENSOR_CONTROL
P-rpo&e) Thi& comman(, 9a&e( on the information of NS=5SO'OS,BTCJ, control& the &tat-&, on
or off, of an entity li7e NCO5T2CT, N2B'B2>.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le C5TLB3 T4P= T4P=B3 TB.=O++
Type B 2 B B

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le B5BTSTT S,BT1 S,BT2 S,BT% S,BT! S,BT" S,BT0 S,BT7
Type 2 B B B B B B B

C5TLB3
Sen&or control B3.
T4P=
=ntity to 9e controlle()
=S.2B'B2>) for Nair9ag
=S.P'=SC#.OT) for NBO8532'4OP'=SC'BB=3O.OTBO5
=S.3BSC#=L=) for NelementO(i&crete
=S.:OB5T) for NCO5ST'2B5=3O:OB5T
=S.:OB5TSTB+) for N CO5ST'2B5=3O:OB5TOSTB++5=SS
=S.CO5T2CT) for Ncontact
=S.',2LL) for N'B>B3O,2LL
=S.SPC) for N9o-n(aryO&pc
=S.SPOT,=L3) for NCO5ST'2B5=3OSPOT,=L3
=S.P'=SS8'=) for NLO23OS=>.=5TOS=T
=S.3=+2'B>) for N3=+O'.2BL=OTOO'B>B3O28TO.2TBC
=S.+85CTBO5) for N3=+B5=OC8'M=O+85CTBO5
=S.B=LTSLBP) for one#way &lipring element C&ee 'emar7& %D
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`SENSOR `SENSOR_CONTROL
%"#! CS=5SO'D LS-DYNA R7.0
T4P=B3
B3 of entity to 9e controlle( if T4P= i& not &et to +85CTBO5E
See 'emar7 1 if T4P= i& &et to +85CTBO5.
TB.=O++
+lag for off&et of time in c-rve)
=S.$) 5o off&et i& applie(.
=S.1) Off&et the a9&ci&&a of the time#(epen(ent c-rve 9y the time val-e
at which the &en&or i& triggere(.

The c-rve& affecte( when TB.=O++]1 are tho&e &pecifie( in NLO23
OS=>.=5T an( NBO8532'4OP'=SC'BB=3O.OTBO5 when T4P=
i& P'=SS8'= an( P'=SC#.OT, re&pectively.
B5BTSTT
Bnitial &tat-&)
=S.On)
=S.Off)
S,BT1
B3 of &witch which will change the initial &tat-& after it& con(ition i& met.
S,BTn
B3 of nth &witch which will change the &tat-& &et 9y &witch n#1 after it&
con(ition i& met.
Remarks:
1. ,hen the inp-t parameter T4P= of NS=5SO'OCO5T'OL i& &et to Z+85CTBO5Z, the
f-nction ZS=5SO'Ccntli(DZ a& (e&cri9e( in N3=+B5=OC8'M=O+85CTBO5 ta7e& on a
val-e that (epen(& on the c-rrent &tat-& of the NS=5SO'OCO5T'OL. That &tat-& i& either
on or off at any given point in time. Bf the &tat-& i& on, the val-e of f-nction S=5#
SO'Ccntli(D i& &imply &et to the integer val-e 1. Bf the &tat-& i& off, the val-e of f-nction
S=5SO'Ccntli(D i& &et to the inp-t parameter T4P=B3 Can integerD a& &pecifie( in
NS=5SO'OCO5T'OL. To help clarify thi& relation&hip 9etween NS=5SO'OCO5T'OL
an( N3=+B5=OC8'M=O+85CTBO5, con&i(er the following example.
S-ppo&e a NS=5SO'OCO5T'OL (efine( with C5TLB3]1$1, T4P=]Z+85CTBO5Z, an(
T4P=B3]#2 ha& a &tat-& of off. Then a N3=+B5=OC8'M=O+85CTBO5 (efine( a&
X2[%N&en&orC1$1DY will have a val-e of 2 [ %C#2D ] #!. On the other han(, if the &tat-& of
the NS=5SO'OCO5T'OL change& to on, the N3=+B5=OC8'M=O+85CTBO5 ta7e& on a
val-e of 2 [ %C1D ] ".
2. 3=+2'B> provi(e& -&er& more flexi9ility controlling material &witch 9etween rigi( an(
(eforma9le. Stat-& of O5 trigger the &witch an( (eforma9le material 9ecome& rigi(. 'i#
gi(iIe( material can then ret-rn to (eforma9le &tat-& when &tat-& 9ecome& O++. 2& many
a& 7 S,BT& can 9e inp-t, any of them will change the &tat-& triggere( 9y it& prece(ing
S,BT or the initial con(ition, B5TSTT.
%. B=LTSLBP activate& the con&traint of one#way &lippage, a non#Iero 3B'=CT in
N=L=.=5TOS=2TB=LTOSLBP'B5>, when the &tat-& of S=5SO'OCO5T'OL i& on.
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LS-DYNA R7.0 %"#" CS=5SO'D
The one#way &lippage con&traint i& (eactivate(, therefore allowing &lippage in 9oth (irec#
tion&, when the relate( S=5SO'OCO5T'OL i& t-rne( off.
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`SENSOR `SENSOR_DEFINE_ANGLE
`SENSOR_DEFINE_ANGLE
P-rpo&e) 3efine an angle &en&or for ang-lar mea&-rement. Thi& comman( o-tp-t& the angle 9etween
two line& in the &ame plane, $j j1/$.

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le S=5SB3 51 52 5% 5!
Type B B B B B

S=5SB3
Sen&or B3.
51, 52
5o(e& (efining the 1
&t
line
5%, 5!
5o(e& (efining the 2
n(
line
51
5%
5!
52

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`SENSOR_DEFINE_CALC-MATH
P-rpo&e) 3efine& a new &en&or with a -ni;-e B3. The val-e& a&&ociate( with thi& &en&or are com#
p-te( 9y performing mathematical calc-lation& with the information o9taine( from &en&or& (efine(
9y the NS=5SO'O3=+B5=OOPTION.

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le S=5SB3 C2LC S=5S1 S=5S2 S=5S% S=5S! S=5S" S=5S0
Type B 2 B B B B B B

S=5SB3
Sen&or B3.
C2LC
.athematical calc-lation, See Ta9le %$.1.
S=5Si
ith Sen&or B3

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`SENSOR `SENSOR_DEFINE_CALC-MATH
%"#/ CS=5SO'D LS-DYNA R7.0
CALC DESCRIPTION
MATHEMATICAL EX-
PRESSION
2BSS8. 29&ol-te val-e of the &-m of &en&or val-e& i&en&1[&en&2[Ri
.B5 The minim-m of &en&or val-e& .in C&en&1, &en&2, RD
.2L The maxim-m of &en&or val-e& .ax C&en&1, &en&2, RD
.2L.2> The maxim-m of magnit-(e of &en&or val-e& .ax Ci&en&1i, i&en&2iRD
.B5.2>
The minim-m of the magnit-(e of &en&or val#
-e&
.in Ci&en&1i, i&en&2iRD
.8LTBPL4
.-ltiplication of &en&or val-e&E negative for
(ivi&ion Cperforme( left to rightD
&en&1N &en&2N &en&%R
SS'= S-mmation of &;-are( val-e& of &en&or val-e& Sen&1g2[&en&2g2R
SS'TSS'= S;-are root of the &-m of &;-are( val-e& SS'T C&en&1g2[&en&2g2[RD
SS'T
S-mmation of &;-are root of &en&or val-e&E
negative for &-9tracting val-e&
C&en&1DNN$."[ C&en&2D NN$."R
S8.2BS S-mmation of a9&ol-te &en&or val-e& i&en&1i[i&en&2i[R
S8.
S-mmation of &en&or val-e&E negative for &-9#
tracting val-e&
&en&1[&en&2[R
Table 30.1. 2vaila9le mathematical f-nction&.
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`SENSOR_DEFINE_ELEMENT `SENSOR
LS-DYNA R7.0 %"# CS=5SO'D
`SENSOR_DEFINE_ELEMENT_POPTIONQ
?BL25A@
SET
P-rpo&e) 3efine a &train gage type element &en&or that chec7& the &tre&&, &train, or re&-ltant force of
an element or element &et.

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le S=5SB3 =T4P= =L=.B3 CO.P CT4P= L24=' S+ P,'
Type B 2 B 2 2 2 ' '

S=5SB3
Sen&or B3.
=T4P=
=lement type)
=S.B=2.) 9eam element.
=S.SJ=LL) &hell element
=S.SOLB3) &oli( element
=S.3BSC#=L=) (i&crete element
=S.S=2TB=LT) &eat9elt element
=L=.B3
=lement B3 or element &et B3 when optionOS=T i& active. Bn ca&e of option
OS=T, a po&itive =L=.B3 re;-ire& all element& in &et =L=.B3 to meet the
&witch con(ition to &witch the &tat-& of relate( NS=5SO'OS,BTCJ. Bf
=L=.B3 i& negative, the &tat-& of relate( NS=5SO'OS,BTCJ will 9e
change( if at lea&t one of element& in &et X#=L=.B3Y meet& the &witch
con(ition.
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`SENSOR `SENSOR_DEFINE_ELEMENT
%"#1$ CS=5SO'D LS-DYNA R7.0
CO.P
=lement type)
=S.LL) x#normal component for &hell& an( &oli(&
=S.44) y#normal component for &hell& an( &oli(&
=S.KK) I#normal component for &hell& an( &oli(&
=S.L4) xy#&hear component for &hell& an( &oli(&
=S.4K) yI#&hear component for &hell& an( &oli(&
=S.KL) Ix#&hear component for &hell& an( &oli(&
=S.2LB2L) axial
=S.SJ=2'S) local &#(irection
=S.SJ=2'T) local t#(irection
=S.9lan7) leave 9lan7 for (i&crete or &eat9elt element&
CT4P=
Component type)
=S.ST'2B5) &train component for &hell& an( &oli(&
=S.ST'=SS) &tre&& component for &hell& an( &oli(&
=S.+O'C=) force re&-ltant& for 9eam&, (i&crete element or &eat9elt
=S..O.=5T) moment re&-ltant& for 9eam&
=S.3L=5) change in length for (i&crete or &eat9elt element
L24='
Layer of integration point in &hell element
=S.BOT) component at lower &-rface
=S.TOP) component at -pper &-rface
S+, P,'
Optional parameter&, &cale factor an( power, for -&er& to a(H-&t the re&-lt#
ant &en&or val-e. The re&-ltant &en&or val-e i&
{ SF - (0iiginal value) ]
P

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`SENSOR_DEFINE_FORCE `SENSOR
`SENSOR_DEFINE_FORCE
P-rpo&e) 3efine a force tran&(-cer type &en&or.

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le S=5SB3 +T4P= T4P=B3 MB3 C'3
Type B 2 B 2FB B

S=5SB3
Sen&or B3.
+T4P=
+orce type. See Ta9le %$.2.
T4P=B3
B3 (efine( in the a&&ociate( A=4,O'3 comman(. See Ta9le %$.2.
MB3
Mector along which the force& i& mea&-re(.
=S.L) x#(irection in coor(inate &y&tem C'3.
=S.4) y#(irection in coor(inate &y&tem C'3.
=S.K) I#(irection in coor(inate &y&tem C'3.
=S.L.O.=5T) x#(irection moment for :OB5T.
=S.4.O.=5T) y#(irection moment for :OB5T.
=S.K.O.=5T) I#(irection moment for :OB5T.
=S.n) vector B3 n in coor(inate &y&tem C'3.
C'3
Optional coor(inate &y&tem, (efine( 9y N3=+B5=OCOO'3B52T=
O5O3=S, to which vector MB3 i& attache(. Bf 9lan7 the glo9al coor(inate
&y&tem i& a&&-me(.

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`SENSOR `SENSOR_DEFINE_FORCE
FTYPE
TYPEID
(Enter ID defined in following
KEYWORD commands)
OUTPUT ASCII FILE
2B'B2> N2B'B2> 2ir9ag pre&&-re 2BST2T
CO5T2CT NCO5T2CT Contact force 'C+O'C
:OB5T NCO5ST'2B5=3O:OB5T :oint force :5T+O'C
:OB5TSTB+ NCO5ST'2B5=3O:OB5TOSTB++5=SS :oint &tiffne&& force 52
P'=SC#.OT NBO8532'4OP'=SC'BB=3O.OTBO5
Pre&cri9e( motion
force
B53O8T
',2LL N'B>B3,2LL 'igi( wall force ',+O'C
SPC NBO8532'4OSPC SPC reaction force SPC+O'C
SPOT,=L3 NCO5ST'2B5=3OPOB5TS Spot wel( force S,+O'C
L#S=CTBO5 N32T2B2S=OC'OSSOS=CTBO5 :oint force S=C+O'C
Table 30.2. +orce tran&(-cer type &en&or
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`SENSOR_DEFINE_NODE `SENSOR
LS-DYNA R7.0 %"#1% CS=5SO'D
`SENSOR_DEFINE_NODE_POPTIONQ
?BL25A@
SET
P-rpo&e) 3efine an accelerometer type &en&or. Thi& comman( o-tp-t& the relative linear accelera#
tion, velocity, or relative coor(inate of no(e#1 with re&pect to no(e#2 along vector MB3.

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le S=5SB3 5O3=1 5O3=2 MB3 CT4P=
Type B B B 2FB 2

S=5SB3
Sen&or B3.
5O3=1,2
5o(e& (efining the accelerometer. 5O3=1 i& a no(e &et B3 when option
OS=T i& active. Bn ca&e of optionOS=T, a po&itive 5O3=1 re;-ire& all
no(e& in &et 5O3=1 to meet the &witch con(ition to &witch the &tat-& of
relate( NS=5SO'OS,BTCJ. Bf 5O3=1 i& negative, the &tat-& of relate(
NS=5SO'OS,BTCJ will 9e change( if at lea&t one of no(e& in &et X#
5O3=1Y meet& the &witch con(ition.
MB3
B3 of vector along which the no(al val-e& are mea&-re(, &ee N3=+B5=
OM=CTO'. The magnit-(e of no(al val-e& Ccoor(inate, velocity or accel#
erationD will 9e o-tp-t if MB3 i& $ or -n(efine(.
CT4P=
O-tp-t component type)
=S.2CC) acceleration
=S.M=L) velocity
=S.COO'3) coor(inate
=S.T=.P) temperat-re
Remarks:
The vector (irection i& (etermine( 9y N3=+B5=OM=CTO'. Thi& vector (irection i& -p(ate( with
time only if the coor(inate &y&tem CB3 C&ee N3=+B5=OM=CTO'D i& (efine( -&ing N3=+B5=
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`SENSOR `SENSOR_DEFINE_NODE
%"#1! CS=5SO'D LS-DYNA R7.0
OCOO'3B52T=O5O3=S an( the parameter +L2> i& &et to 1. Otherwi&e, the vector (irection i&
fixe(.
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`SENSOR_SWITCH `SENSOR
LS-DYNA R7.0 %"#1" CS=5SO'D
`SENSOR_SWITCH
P-rpo&e) Thi& comman( compare& the val-e of a &en&or, NS=5SO'O3=+B5= or S=5SO'OC2LC#
.2TJ, to a given criterion to chec7 if the &witch con(ition i& met. Bt o-tp-t a logic val-e of T'8=
or +2LS=.

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le S,BTB3 T4P= S=5SB3 LO>BC M2L8= +BLT'B3 TB.,B5
Type B 2 B 2 + B +

S,BTB3
Switch B3 can 9e referre( (irectly 9y NS=5SO'OCO5T'OL to control the
&tat-& of entitie& li7e CO5T2CT an( 2B'B2>, or can 9e referre( to 9y
NS=5SO'OS,BTCJOC2LC#LO>BC for logic comp-tation.
T4P=
Type)
=S.Sen&or)
=S.Time)
S=5SB3
B3 of the &en&or who&e val-e will 9e compare( to the criterion to (etermine
if a &witch con(ition i& met.
LO>BC
Logic)
=S.LT) le&& than
=S.>T) greater than
M2L8=
Critical val-e
+BLT='
+ilter B3 CoptionalD. +ilter& may 9e (efine( -&ing N3=+B5=O+BLT='.
TB.,B5
Trigger a &tat-& change when the val-e given 9y the &en&or i& le&& than or
greater than C(epen(ing on LO>BCD the M2L8= for a (-ration (efine( 9y
TB.,B5.
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`SENSOR `SENSOR_SWITCH_CALC-LOGIC
`SENSOR_SWITCH_CALC-LOGIC
P-rpo&e) Thi& comman( perform& a logic calc-lation for the logic o-tp-t of -p to &even NS=5SO'
OS,BTCJ or NS=5SO'OS,BTCJOC2LC#LO>BC (efinition&. The o-tp-t i& a logic val-e of either
T'8= or +2LS=.

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le S,BTB3 S,BT1 S,BT2 S,BT% S,BT! S,BT" S,BT0 S,BT7

S,BTB3
Switch B3 can 9e referre( (irectly 9y NS=5SO'OCO5T'OL to control the
&tat-& of entitie& li7e CO5T2CT an( 2B'B2>, or can 9e referre( to 9y
NS=5SO'OS,BTCJOC2LC#LO>BC for logic comp-tation.
S,BTn
Bnp-t a po&itive &en&or &witch B3 for Z253Z an( negative &en&or &witch B3
for ZO'Z. S,BT1 m-&t alway& 9e po&itive.
To -n(er&tan( how thi& comman( ret-rn& a val-e of T'8= or +2LS=, thin7 in term& of a &imple
e;-ation whereR
TR0E = 1
FALSE = u
ANB = multiplication
0R = auuition
R an( the val-e of the e;-ation cannot excee( 1.
=xample)
LetV& &ay there are five previo-&ly (efine( &en&or &witche& with B3& an( c-rrent val-e& a& follow&)
SWITIB11 = TR0E
SWITIB12 = FALSE
SWITIB1S = TR0E
SWITIB14 = TR0E
SWITIB1S = FALSE
To eval-ate the expre&&ion
(SWITIB11 0R SWITIB12 0R SWITIB1S) ANB (SWITIB14 0R SWITIB1S), an( ret-rn the val#
-e via S,BTB31$%, the following wo-l( wor7)
*SENSOR_SIT#,_#AL#_LOGI#
1"1H11H'12H'13
1"2H14H'15
1"3H1"1H1"2
Thi& tran&late& into
SWITIB1u1 = (SWITIB11 0R SWITIB12 0R SWITIB1S) = min((1 + u + 1) 1) = 1
SWITIB1u2 = (SWITIB14 0R SWITIB1S) = min((1 + u) 1) = 1
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`SENSOR_SWITCH_CALC-LOGIC `SENSOR
SWITIB1uS = SWITIB1u1 ANB SWITIB1u2 = min((1 1) 1) = 1
Th-& (SWITIB11 0R SWITIB12 0R SWITIB1S) ANB (SWITIB14 0R SWITIB1S) ret-rn& a val#
-e of 1 Cor T'8=D.
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`SENSOR `SENSOR_SWITCH_SHELL_TO_VENT
%"#1/ CS=5SO'D LS-DYNA R7.0
`SENSOR_SWITCH_SHELL_TO_VENT
P-rpo&e) Thi& option will treat the faile( &hell element& a& vent hole for the air9ag (efine( 9y
N2B'B2>OP2'TBCL=. The ma&& e&cape( from the vent will 9e reporte( in a9&tatOcpm file.

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le B3 BT4P= C2%
Type B B +

B3
Part &et B3FPart B3.
T4P=

=S.$) Part
=S.1) Part &et
C2%
Ment Coefficient C3efa-lt]$.7D
LT.$) 8&er (efine( loa( c-rve B3. The vent coefficient will 9e (eter#
mine( 9y thi& pre&&-re#ventOcoeff c-rve.
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`SET
LS-DYNA R7.0 %0#1 CS=TD
`SET
The 7eywor( NS=T provi(e& a convenient way of (efining gro-p& of no(e&, part&, element&, an(
&egment&. The &et& can 9e -&e( in the (efinition& of contact interface&, loa(ing con(ition&, 9o-n(ary
con(ition&, an( other inp-t&. The 7eywor( provi(e& al&o a convenient way of (efining gro-p& of vi#
9ration mo(e& to 9e -&e( in fre;-ency (omain analy&i&. =ach &et type m-&t have a -ni;-e n-meric
i(entification. The 7eywor( control car(& in thi& &ection are (efine( in alpha9etical or(er)
`SET_BEAM_POPTIONQ_POPTIONQ
`SET_BEAM_ADD
`SET_DISCRETEOPOPTIONQ_POPTIONQ
`SET_DISCRETE_ADD
`SET_MODEOPOPTIONQ
`SET_MULTI-MATERIAL_GROUP_LIST
`SET_NODE_POPTIONQ_POPTIONQ
`SET_NODE_ADD_OPTION]
`SET_PART_OPTIONQ_POPTIONQ
`SET_PART_ADD
`SET_SEGMENT_POPTIONQ_POPTIONQ
`SET_2D_SEGMENT_POPTIONQ_POPTIONQ
`SET_SHELL_POPTIONQ_POPTIONQ
`SET_SHELL_ADD
`SET_SOLID_POPTIONQ_POPTIONQ
`SET_SOLID_ADD
`SET_TSHELL_POPTIONQ_POPTIONQ
2n a((itional optionOTITLE may 9e appen(e( to all the `SET 7eywor(&. Bf thi& option i& -&e( then
an a((ition line i& rea( for each &ection in /$a format which can 9e -&e( to (e&cri9e the &et. 2t pre#
&ent LS#3452 (oe& ma7e -&e of the title. Bncl-&ion of title& give& greater clarity to inp-t (ec7&.
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`SET
%0#2 CS=TD LS-DYNA R7.0
The GENERAL option i& availa9le for &et (efinition&. Bn thi& option, the comman(& are exec-te( in
the or(er (efine(. +or example, the (elete option cannot (elete a no(e or element -nle&& the no(e or
element wa& previo-&ly a((e( via a comman( &-ch a& BOL or 2LL.
The COLLECT option allow& for the (efinition of m-ltiple &et& that &hare the &ame B3 an( com#
9ine& them into one large &et whenever thi& option i& fo-n(. Bf two or more li7e &et& (efinition&
&hare the &ame B3&, they are com9ine( if an( only if theOCOLLECT option i& &pecifie( in each (ef#
inition. Bf theOCOLLECT option i& not &pecifie( for one or more li7e &et (efinition& that &hare
i(entical B3V& an error termination will occ-r. +or incl-(e file& -&ing ÌNCLUDE_TRANSFORM
where &et off&et& are &pecifie(, the off&et& are not applie( for the ca&e where theOCOLLECT option
i& pre&ent.
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`SET_BEAM `SET
LS-DYNA R7.0 %0#% CS=TD
`SET_BEAM_POPTIONQ
<BLANK>
GENERATE
GENERAL
COLLECT
The la&t option, >=5='2T=, will generate a 9loc7 of 9eam element B3V& 9etween a &tarting B3 an(
an en(ing B3. 2n ar9itrary n-m9er of 9loc7& can 9e &pecifie( to (efine the &et.
P-rpo&e) 3efine a &et of 9eam element&.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le SB3
Type B
3efa-lt none

Cards 2, 3, 4, ... (OPTIONnone) (The next ~` card terminates the input.)
Car( 2R 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le A1 A2 A% A! A" A0 A7 A/

Cards 2, 3, 4, ... (OPTIONGENERATE) (The next ~` card terminates the input.)
Car( 2R 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le B1B=> B1=53 B2B=> B2=53 B%B=> B%=53 B!B=> B!=53

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`SET `SET_BEAM
%0#! CS=TD LS-DYNA R7.0
Cards 2, 3, 4, ... (OPTIONGENERAL) (The next ~` card terminates the input.) This set is a
combination of a series of options: ALL, ELEM, DELEM, PART, DPART, BOX, and DBOX.
Car( 2R 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le OPTBO5 =1 =2 =% =! =" =0 =7

SB3
Set B3
A1
+ir&t 9eam element
A2
Secon( 9eam element
.
. .
.
. .
A58.
La&t 9eam element
B5B=>
+ir&t 9eam element B3 in 9loc7 5.
B5=53
La&t 9eam element B3 in 9loc7 5. 2ll (efine( B3V& 9etween an( incl-(ing
B5B=> to B5=53 are a((e( to the &et. The&e &et& are generate( after all in#
p-t i& rea( &o that gap& in the element n-m9ering are not a pro9lem.
B5B=> an( B5=53 may &imply 9e limit& on the B3V& an( not element B3V&.
OPTBO5
Option for >=5='2L. See ta9le 9elow.
=1,...,=7
Specifie( entity. =ach car( m-&t have the option &pecifie(. See ta9le 9e#
low.

OPTION ENTITY (define up to 7) FUNCTION
2LL 2ll 9eam element& will 9e incl-(e( in the &et.
=L=. e1, e2, e%, e!, e", e0, e7 =lement& e1, e2, e%, ... will 9e incl-(e(.
3=L=. e1, e2, e%, e!, e", e0, e7
=lement& e1, e2, e%, ... previo-&ly a((e( will 9e ex#
cl-(e(.
P2'T p1, p2, p%, p!, p", p0, p7 =lement& of part& p1, p2, p%, ... will 9e incl-(e(.
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`SET_BEAM `SET
LS-DYNA R7.0 %0#" CS=TD
3P2'T p1, p2, p%, p!, p", p0, p7
=lement& of part& p1, p2, p%, ... previo-&ly a((e( will
9e excl-(e(.
BOL 91, 92, 9%, 9!, 9", 90, 97 =lement& in&i(e 9oxe& 91, 92, ... will 9e incl-(e(.
3BOL 91, 92, 9%, 9!, 9", 90, 97
=lement& in&i(e 9oxe& 91, 92, ... previo-&ly a((e( will
9e excl-(e(.
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`SET `SET_BEAM_ADD
`SET_BEAM_ADD
P-rpo&e) 3efine a 9eam &et 9y com9ining 9eam &et&.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le SB3
Type B
3efa-lt none

Card 2, 3, 4 ... (The next ~` card terminates the input.)
Car( 2R 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le BSB31 BSB32 BSB3% BSB3! BSB3" BSB30 BSB37 BSB3/

SB3
Set B3 of new 9eam &et. 2ll 9eam &et& &ho-l( have a -ni;-e &et B3.
BSB3n
The nth 9eam &et B3
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`SET_BEAM_INTERSECT `SET
`SET_BEAM_INTERSECT
P-rpo&e) 3efine a 9eam &et a& the inter&ection, a, of a &erie& of 9eam &et&. The new 9eam &et, SB3,
contain& all common element& of all 9eam &et& BSB3n.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le SB3
Type B
3efa-lt none

Car( 2R 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le BSB31 BSB32 BSB3% BSB3! BSB3" BSB30 BSB37 BSB3/

SB3
BSB3n
The nth 9eam &et B3
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`SET `SET_DISCRETE
%0#/ CS=TD LS-DYNA R7.0
`SET_DISCRETE_POPTIONQ
<BLANK>
GENERATE
GENERAL
COLLECT
The la&t option, >=5='2T=, will generate a 9loc7 of (i&crete element B3V& 9etween a &tarting B3
an( an en(ing B3. 2n ar9itrary n-m9er of 9loc7& can 9e &pecifie( to (efine the &et.
P-rpo&e) 3efine a &et of (i&crete element&.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le SB3
Type B
3efa-lt none

Car( 2R 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /

Car( 2R 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /

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`SET_DISCRETE `SET
LS-DYNA R7.0 %0# CS=TD
Car( 2R 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le OPTBO5 =1 =2 =% =! =" =0 =7

SB3
Set B3
A1
+ir&t (i&crete element
A2
Secon( (i&crete element
.
. .
.
. .
A58.
La&t (i&crete element
B5B=>
+ir&t (i&crete element B3 in 9loc7 5.
B5=53
La&t (i&crete element B3 in 9loc7 5. 2ll (efine( B3V& 9etween an( incl-(#
ing B5B=> to B5=53 are a((e( to the &et. The&e &et& are generate( after all
inp-t i& rea( &o that gap& in the element n-m9ering are not a pro9lem.
OPTBO5
=1,...,=7
low.

2LL
2ll (i&crete element& will 9e incl-(e( in the &et.
=L=.
e1, e2, e%, e!, e", e0, e7 =lement& e1, e2, e%, ... will 9e incl-(e(.
3=L=.
e1, e2, e%, e!, e", e0, e7 =lement& e1, e2, e%, ... previo-&ly a((e( will 9e ex#
cl-(e(.
P2'T
p1, p2, p%, p!, p", p0, p7 =lement& of part& p1, p2, p%, ... will 9e incl-(e(.
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`SET `SET_DISCRETE
%0#1$ CS=TD LS-DYNA R7.0
3P2'T
p1, p2, p%, p!, p", p0, p7 =lement& of part& p1, p2, p%, ... previo-&ly a((e(
will 9e excl-(e(.
BOL
91, 92, 9%, 9!, 9", 90, 97 =lement& in&i(e 9oxe& 91, 92, ... will 9e incl-(e(.
3BOL
91, 92, 9%, 9!, 9", 90, 97 =lement& in&i(e 9oxe& 91, 92, ... previo-&ly a((e(
will 9e excl-(e(.
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`SET_DISCRETE_ADD `SET
`SET_DISCRETE_ADD
P-rpo&e) 3efine a (i&crete &et 9y com9ining (i&crete &et&.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le SB3
Type B
3efa-lt none

Car( 2R 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /

SB3
3SB3n
The nth (i&crete &et B3
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`SET `SET_MODE
`SET_MODE_POPTIONQ
<BLANK>
LIST
LIST_GENERATE
The la&t option, LBSTO>=5='2T=, will generate a 9loc7 of mo(e B3V& 9etween a &tarting B3 an(
an en(ing B3. 2n ar9itrary n-m9er of 9loc7& can 9e &pecifie( to (efine the &et.
P-rpo&e) 3efine a &et of mo(e&.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le SB3
Type B
3efa-lt none

Cards 2, 3, 4, ... (OPTIONLIST, or <blank>) (The next ~` card terminates the input.)
Car( 2R 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le .B31 .B32 .B3% .B3! .B3" .B30 .B37 .B3/

Cards 2, 3, 4, ... (OPTIONLIST_GENERATE) (The next ~` card terminates the input.)
Car( 2R 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le .1B=> .1=53 .2B=> .2=53 .%B=> .%=53 .!B=> .!=53

SB3
Set i(entification. 2ll mo(e &et& &ho-l( have a -ni;-e &et B3.
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`SET_MODE `SET
LS-DYNA R7.0 %0#1% CS=TD
.B3n
.o(e B3 n.
.nB=>
+ir&t mo(e B3 in 9loc7 n.
.n=53
La&t mo(e B3 in 9loc7 n. 2ll (efine( B3V& 9etween an( incl-(ing .nB=>
an( .n=53 are a((e( to the &et.
Remarks:
1. The availa9le mo(e B3V& can 9e fo-n( in 2SCBB file eigo-t, or 9inary (ata9a&e (%eigv.
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`SET `SET_MULTI-MATERIAL_GROUP_LIST
%0#1! CS=TD LS-DYNA R7.0
`SET_MULTI-MATERIAL_GROUP_LIST
P-rpo&e) Thi& comman( (efine& an 2L= m-lti#material &et B3 C2..SB3D which contain& a collec#
tion of one or more 2L= m-lti#material gro-p B3C&D C2..>B3D. Thi& provi(e& a mean& for &elect#
ing any &pecific 2L= m-lti#materialC&D. 2pplication incl-(e&, for example, a &election of any partic#
-lar fl-i(C&D to 9e co-ple( to a fl-i(#&tr-ct-re interaction.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 2.SB3
Type B
3efa-lt $

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 2.>B31 2.>B32 2.>B3% 2.>B3! 2.>B3" 2.>B30 2.>B37 2.>B3/
3efa-lt $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $

2.SB3
2n 2L= m-lti#material &et B3 C2.SB3D which contain& a collection of one
or more 2L= m-lti#material gro-p B3C&D C2.>B3D.
2.>B31
The 1&t 2L= m-lti#material gro-p B3 C2.>B3]1D (efine( 9y the 1&t (ata
line of the N2L=O.8LTB#.2T='B2LO>'O8P car(.
...
...
2.>B3/
The /th 2L= m-lti#material gro-p B3 C2.>B3]1D (efine( 9y the /th (ata
line of the N2L=O.8LTB#.2T='B2LO>'O8P car(.
Remarks:
1. 'efer to an example in the NCO5ST'2B5=3OL2>'25>=OB5OSOLB3 &ection.
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`SET_NODE `SET
LS-DYNA R7.0 %0#1" CS=TD
`SET_NODE_POPTIONQ
<BLANK>
LIST
COLUMN
LIST_GENERATE
GENERAL
COLLECT
LIST_SMOOTH
The option, LBSTO>=5='2T=, will generate a 9loc7 of no(e B3V& 9etween a &tarting no(al B3
n-m9er an( an en(ing no(al B3 n-m9er. 2n ar9itrary n-m9er of 9loc7& can 9e &pecifie( to (efine
the &et. The option LBSTOS.OOTJ i& -&e( to (efine a local region on a (i&torte( tooling me&h to 9e
&moothe(.
P-rpo&e) 3efine a no(al &et with &ome i(entical or -ni;-e attri9-te&.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le SB3 321 322 32% 32! SOLM='
Type B + + + + 2
3efa-lt none $. $. $. $. .=CJ
'emar7 1 1 1 1 %

Cards 2, 3, 4, ... (OPTIONLIST, LIST_SMOOTH, or <blank>) (The next ~` card
terminates the input.)
Car( 2R 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 5B31 5B32 5B3% 5B3! 5B3" 5B30 5B37 5B3/

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`SET `SET_NODE
Cards 2, 3, 4, ... (OPTIONCOLUMN) (The next ~` card terminates the input.)
Car( 2R 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 5B3 21 22 2% 2!
Type B + + + +
'emar7 2 2 2 2

Car( 2R 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /

combination of a series of options: ALL, NODE, DNODE, PART, DPART, BOX, and DBOX.
Car( 2R 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le OPTBO5 =1 =2 =% =! =" =0 =7

SB3
Set i(entification. 2ll no(e &et& &ho-l( have a -ni;-e &et B3.
321
+ir&t no(al attri9-te (efa-lt val-e, &ee remar7 1 9elow.
322
Secon( no(al attri9-te (efa-lt val-e
32%
Thir( no(al attri9-te (efa-lt val-e
32!
+o-rth no(al attri9-te (efa-lt val-e
5B3n
5o(e B3 n
5B3
5o(al B3
21
+ir&t no(al attri9-te, &ee remar7 2 9elow.
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`SET_NODE `SET
22
Secon( no(al attri9-te
2%
Thir( no(al attri9-te
2!
+o-rth no(al attri9-te
B5B=>
+ir&t no(e B3 in 9loc7 5.
B5=53
La&t no(e B3 in 9loc7 5. 2ll (efine( B3V& 9etween an( incl-(ing B5B=> to
B5=53 are a((e( to the &et. The&e &et& are generate( after all inp-t i& rea(
&o that gap& in the no(e n-m9ering are not a pro9lem. B5B=> an( B5=53
may &imply 9e limit& on the B3V& an( not no(al B3V&.
OPTBO5
=1,...,=7
low.

2LL
2ll no(e& will 9e incl-(e( in the &et.
5O3=
n1, n2, n%, n!, n", n0, n7 5o(e& n1mn7 will 9e incl-(e(.
35O3=
n1, n2, n%, n!, n", n0, n7 5o(e& n1mn7 previo-&ly a((e( will 9e excl-(e(.
P2'T
p1, p2, p%, p!, p", p0, p7 5o(e& of part& p1mp7 will 9e incl-(e(.
3P2'T
p1, p2, p%, p!, p", p0, p7 5o(e& of part& p1mp7 previo-&ly a((e( will 9e ex#
cl-(e(.
BOL
91, 92, 9%, 9!, 9", 90, 97 5o(e& in&i(e 9oxe& 91m97 will 9e incl-(e(.
3BOL
91, 92, 9%, 9!, 9", 90, 97 5o(e& in&i(e 9oxe& 91m97 previo-&ly a((e( will 9e
excl-(e(.
MOL
v1, v2, v%, v!, v", v0, v7 5o(e& in&i(e contact vol-me& vimv7 previo-&ly a((#
e( will 9e incl-(e(.
3MOL
v1, v2, v%, v!, v", v0, v7 5o(e& in&i(e contact vol-me& vimv7 previo-&ly a((#
e( will 9e excl-(e(.
S=TOLLLL
&1, &2, &%, &!, &", &0, &7 5o(al point& of element &et& (efine( 9y S=T
OLLLLOLBST, where LLLL co-l( 9e SJ=LL,
SOLB3, B=2., TSJ=LL an( SP'B5>
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%0#1/ CS=TD LS-DYNA R7.0
Remarks:
1. 5o(al attri9-te& can 9e a&&igne( for &ome inp-t type&. +or example, for contact option,
NCO5T2CTOTB=B'=2AO5O3=SOTOOS8'+2C= the attri9-te& are)
321]5+L+ 5ormal fail-re force,
322]5S+L+ Shear fail-re force,
32%]55=5 =xponent for normal force,
32!]5.=S =xponent for &hear force.
2. The (efa-lt no(al attri9-te& can 9e overri((en on the&e car(&E otherwi&e, 21]321, etc.
%. Thi& fiel( i& -&e( 9y a non#mechanic& &olver to create a &et (efine( on that &olverV& me&h. By (e#
fa-lt, the &et refer& to the mechanic& me&h.
!. The option NS=TO5O3=OLBSTOS.OOTJ i& -&e( for localiIe( tooling &-rface &moothing, an(
i& -&e( in conH-nction with 7eywor(& NB5T='+2C=OCO.P=5S2TBO5O5=,OLOC2L
OS.OOTJ, NB5CL83=OCO.P=5S2TBO5OO'B>B52LO'B>B3OTOOL, an( NB5CL83=
OCO.P=5S2TBO5O5=,O'B>B3OTOOL. Thi& option i& availa9le in '0 'evi&ion 7%/"$ an(
later relea&e&
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`SET_NODE_ADD `SET
`SET_NODE_ADD_POPTIONQ
<BLANK>
ADVANCED
P-rpo&e) 3efine a no(e &et 9y com9ining no(e &et& or for the 23M25C=3 option 9y com9ining,
5O3=, SJ=LL, SOLB3, B=2., S=>.=5T, 3BSC'=T= an( TJBCA SJ=LL &et&.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 5SB3 21 22 2% 2! SOLM='
Type B + + + + 2
3efa-lt none none none none none .=CJ
'emar7 1

If the ADVANCED option is inactive:
Card 2, 3, 4, ... (The next ~` card terminates the input.)
Car( 2R 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /

If the ADVANCED option is active:
Car( 2R 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le SB31 T4P=1 SB32 T4P=2 SB3% T4P=% SB3! T4P=!

5SB3
Set B3 of new no(e &et. 2ll no(e &et& &ho-l( have a -ni;-e &et B3.
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`SET `SET_NODE_ADD
%0#2$ CS=TD LS-DYNA R7.0
5SB3n
The nth no(e &et B3
SB3n
The nth &et B3
T4P=n
Type &et for SB3n)
=S.1) # 5o(e &et
=S.2) # Shell &et
=S.%) # Beam &et
=S.!) # Soli( &et
=S.") # Segment &et
=S.0) # 3i&crete &et
=S.7) # Thic7 &hell &et
Remarks:
1. Thi& fiel( i& -&e( 9y a non#mechanic& &olver to create a &et (efine( on that &olverV& me&h. By
(efa-lt, the &et refer& to the mechanic& me&h.
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`SET_NODE_INTERSECT `SET
`SET_NODE_INTERSECT
P-rpo&e) 3efine a no(e &et a& the inter&ection, a, of a &erie& of no(e &et&. The new no(e &et, 5SB3,
contain& all common element& of all no(e &et& 5SB3n.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 5SB3 321 322 32% 32!
Type B + + + +

Car( 2R 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /

SB3
Set B3 of new no(e &et. 2ll no(e &et& &ho-l( have a -ni;-e &et B3.
32i
5o(al attri9-te of the iVth no(e.
5SB3n
The nth no(e &et B3.
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`SET `SET_PART
`SET_PART_POPTIONQ
<BLANK>
LIST
COLUMN
LIST_GENERATE
COLLECT
The la&t option will generate a 9loc7 of part B3V& 9etween a &tarting part B3 n-m9er an( an en(ing
part B3 n-m9er. 2n ar9itrary n-m9er of 9loc7& can 9e &pecifie( to (efine the part &et.
P-rpo&e) 3efine a &et of part& with optional attri9-te&. +or the col-mn option, &ee N2B'B2> or
NCO5ST'2B5=3O'B>B3OBO34OSTOPP='S.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le SB3 321 322 32% 32! SOLM='
Type B + + + + 2
3efa-lt none $. .=CJ
'emar7 1 1 1 1 %

Card 2, 3, 4, ... (OPTIONLIST or <blank>) (The next ~` card terminates the input.)
Car( 2R 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le PB31 PB32 PB3% PB3! PB3" PB30 PB37 PB3/

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`SET_PART `SET
LS-DYNA R7.0 %0#2% CS=TD
Card 2, 3, 4, ... (OPTIONCOLUMN) (The next ~` card terminates the input.)
Car( 2R 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le PB3 21 22 2% 2!
Type B + + + +
'emar7 2 2 2 2

Car( 2R 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /

SB3
Set B3. 2ll part &et& &ho-l( have a -ni;-e &et B3.
321
+ir&t attri9-te (efa-lt val-e, &ee remar7 1 9elow.
322
Secon( attri9-te (efa-lt val-e
32%
Thir( attri9-te (efa-lt val-e
32!
+o-rth attri9-te (efa-lt val-e
PB3
Part B3
PB31
+ir&t part B3
PB32
Secon( part B3
.
. .
21
+ir&t part attri9-te, &ee remar7 2 9elow.
22
Secon( part attri9-te
2%
Thir( part attri9-te
2!
+o-rth part attri9-te
B5B=>
+ir&t part B3 in 9loc7 5.
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`SET `SET_PART
%0#2! CS=TD LS-DYNA R7.0
B5=53
La&t part B3 in 9loc7 5. 2ll (efine( B3V& 9etween an( incl-(ing B5B=> to
&o that gap& in the part n-m9ering are not a pro9lem. B5B=> an( B5=53
may &imply 9e limit& on the B3V& an( not part B3V&.
Remarks:
1. Part attri9-te& can 9e a&&igne( for &ome inp-t type&. +or example, for air9ag& a time (elay,
321]T1, can 9e (efine( 9efore pre&&-re 9egin& to act along with a time (elay, 322]T2, 9e#
fore f-ll pre&&-re i& applie(, C(efa-lt T2]T1D, an( for the con&traint option,
NCO5ST'2B5=3O'B>B3OBO34OSTOPP='S one attri9-te can 9e (efine() 321, the clo#
&-re (i&tance which activate& the &topper con&traint.
2. The (efa-lt part attri9-te& can 9e overri((en on the part car(&E otherwi&e, 21]321, etc.
%. Thi& fiel( i& -&e( 9y a non#mechanic& &olver to create a &et (efine( on that &olverV& me&h. By
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`SET_PART_ADD `SET
LS-DYNA R7.0 %0#2" CS=TD
`SET_PART_ADD
P-rpo&e) 3efine a part &et 9y com9ining part &et&.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le SB3 321 322 32% 32! SOLM='
Type B + + + + 2
3efa-lt none .=CJ
'emar7 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 %

Card 2, 3, 4, ... (The next ~` card terminates the input.)
Car( 2R 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le PSB31 PSB32 PSB3% PSB3! PSB3" PSB30 PSB37 PSB3/

SB3
Set B3. 2ll part &et& &ho-l( have a -ni;-e &et B3.
321
+ir&t attri9-te (efa-lt val-e, &ee 'emar7& 1 an( 2 9elow.
322
32%
32!
PSB3n
The nth part &et B3
>T.$) PSB3n i& a((e( to SB3,
LT.$) all part &et& with B3 9etween PSB3Ci#1D an( iPSB3ii, incl-(ing
PSB3Ci#1D an( iPSB3ii, will 9e a((e( to SB3. PSB3Ci#1D ha& to 9e
@$ an( ha& a magnit-(e &maller or e;-al to iPSB3i i when
PSB3i?$.
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Remarks:
1. Part attri9-te& can 9e a&&igne( for &ome inp-t type&. +or example, for air9ag& a time (elay,
321]T1, can 9e (efine( 9efore pre&&-re 9egin& to act along with a time (elay, 322]T2, 9e#
fore f-ll pre&&-re i& applie(, C(efa-lt T2]T1D, an( for the con&traint option,
NCO5ST'2B5=3O'B>B3OBO34OSTOPP='S one attri9-te can 9e (efine() 321, the clo#
&-re (i&tance which activate& the &topper con&traint.
2. The (efa-lt val-e& for the part attri9-te& are given in the contri9-ting NS=TOP2'T
OPOPTIONQ comman(&. 5onIero val-e& of 321, 322, 32%, or 32! in NS=TOP2'T
O233 will overri(e the re&pective (efa-lt val-e&.
%. Thi& fiel( i& -&e( 9y a non#mechanic& &olver to create a &et (efine( on that &olverV& me&h. By
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`SET_SEGMENT `SET
`SET_SEGMENT_{OPTION}
<BLANK>
GENERAL
COLLECT
P-rpo&e) 3efine &et of &egment& with optional i(entical or -ni;-e attri9-te&. +or three#(imen&ional
geometrie&, a &egment can 9e triang-lar or ;-a(rilateral. +or two#(imen&ional geometrie&, a &eg#
ment i& a line (efine( 9y two no(e& an( the >=5='2L option (oe& not apply.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le SB3 321 322 32% 32! SOLM='
Type B + + + + 2
3efa-lt none $. $. $. $. .=CJ
'emar7& 1 1 1 1 !

Cards 2, 3, 4, ... (No option is specified) (The next ~` card terminates the input.)
Car( 2R 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 51 52 5% 5! 21 22 2% 2!
'emar7& 2 % % % %

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`SET `SET_SEGMENT
%0#2/ CS=TD LS-DYNA R7.0
combination of a series of options listed in the table defined below.
Car( 2R 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le OPTBO5 =1 =2 =% =! =" =0 =7
Type 2 B B B B or + B or + B or + B or +

SB3
Set B3. 2ll &egment &et& &ho-l( have a -ni;-e &et B3.
321
+ir&t &egment attri9-te (efa-lt val-e, &ee remar7 1 9elow.
322
Secon( &egment attri9-te (efa-lt val-e
32%
Thir( &egment attri9-te (efa-lt val-e
32!
+o-rth &egment attri9-te (efa-lt val-e
51
5o(al point n
1

52
5o(al point n
2

5%
5o(al point n
%

5!
5o(al point n
!
, &ee remar7 2 9elow.
21
+ir&t &egment attri9-te, &ee remar7 % 9elow.
22
Secon( &egment attri9-te
2%
Thir( &egment attri9-te
2!
+o-rth &egment attri9-te
5+LS
5ormal fail-re &tre&&
S+LS
Shear fail-re &tre&&. +ail-re criterion)
OPTBO5
=1,...,=7
Specifie( entity. =ach car( m-&t have an option &pecifie(. See ta9le 9e#
low.

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`SET_SEGMENT `SET
OPTION ENTITIES + ATTRIB-
UTES
FUNCTION
+O'.2T 21$ +O'.2T %B1$ +O'.2T !+1$.$
BOL
91, 92, 9%, a1, a2, a%, a! >enerate &egment& in&i(e 9ox B3 9i, i]1m%. +or
&hell element& one &egment per &hell i& generate(.
+or &oli( element& only tho&e &egment& wrapping
the &oli( part an( pointing o-twar( from the part
will 9e generate(.
BOLOSJ=LL
91, 92, 9%, a1, a2, a%, a! >enerate &egment& in&i(e 9ox B3 9i, i]1m%. The
&egment& are only generate( for &hell element&.
One &egment per &hell i& generate(.
BOLOSL3BO
91, 92, 9%, a1, a2, a%, a! >enerate &egment& in&i(e 9ox B3 9i, i]1m%. Both
exterior &egment& an( inter#element &egment& are
generate(.
BOLOSOLB3
91, 92, 9%, a1, a2, a%, a! >enerate &egment& in&i(e 9ox B3 9i, i]1m%. The
&egment& are only generate( for exterior &oli( ele#
ment&
P2'T
p1, p2, p%, a1, a2, a%, a! >enerate &egment& of part& p1, p2, p% with attri9#
-te& a1ma!. +or &hell element& one &egment per
&hell i& generate(. +or &oli( element& only tho&e
&egment& wrapping the &oli( part an( pointing o-t#
war( from the part will 9e generate(. P2'T co-l(
refer to 9eam part& when (efining 23 &egment& for
traction application.
P2'TOBO
p1, p2, p%, a1, a2, a%, a! >enerate &egment& of part& p1, p2, p% with attri9#
-te& a1ma!. Same a& the P2'T option a9ove except
that inter#element &egment& in&i(e part& will 9e
generate( a& well. Thi& option i& &ometime& -&ef-l
for &ingle &-rface contact of &oli( element& to pre#
vent negative vol-me&.
S=> n1, n2, n%, n! Create &egment with no(e B3G& n1, n2, n%, an( n!.
MOL
v1, v2, v%, a1, a2, a%, a! >enerate &egment& in&i(e contact vol-me B3 vi,
i]1m%. See BOL option for other (etail&
MOLOSJ=LL
v1, v2, v%, a1, a2, a%, a! >enerate &egment& for &hell element& in&i(e contact
vol-me B3 vi, i]1m%.
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`SET `SET_SEGMENT
%0#%$ CS=TD LS-DYNA R7.0
UTES
FUNCTION
MOLOSL3BO
v1, v2, v%, a1, a2, a%, a! >enerate &egment& for &oli( element& in&i(e contact
vol-me B3 vi, i]1m%. See BOLOSL3BO for other
(etail&.
MOLOSOLB3
v1, v2, v%, a1, a2, a%, a! >enerate &egment& for &oli( element& in&i(e contact
vol-me B3 vi, i]1m%. See BOLOSOLB3 for other
(etail&.
S=TOSJ=LL
v1, v2, v%, a1, a2, a%, a! >enerate &egment& for &hell element& in S=T
OSJ=LLOLBST with B3 of vi, i]1m%.
S=TOSOLB3
v1, v2, v%, a1, a2, a%, a! >enerate &egment& for &oli( element& in S=T
OSOLB3OLBST with B3 of vi, i]1m%. Only exterior
&egment& are generate(.
S=TOSL3BO
v1, v2, v%, a1, a2, a%, a! >enerate &egment& for &oli( element& in S=T
OSOLB3OLBST with B3 of vi, i]1m%. Both exterior
d interior &egment& are generate(.
S=TOTSJ=LL
v1, v2, v%, a1, a2, a%, a! >enerate &egment& for thic7 &hell element& in S=T
OTSJ=LLOLBST with B3 of vi, i]1m%. Only exteri#
or &egment& are generate(.
S=TOTSJBO
v1, v2, v%, a1, a2, a%, a! >enerate &egment& for thic7 &hell element& in S=T
OTSJ=LLOLBST with B3 of vi, i]1m%. Both exteri#
or d interior &egment& are generate(.
3BOL 91, 92, 9%, 9!, 9", 90, 97 Segment& in&i(e 9oxe& 9i, i]1m7, will 9e excl-(e(.
3BOLOSJ=LL 91, 92, 9%, 9!, 9", 90, 97
Shell relate( &egment& in&i(e 9oxe& 9i, i]1m7, will
9e excl-(e(.
3BOLOSOLB3 91, 92, 9%, 9!, 9", 90, 97
Soli( relate( &egment& in&i(e 9oxe& 9i, i]1m7, will
9e excl-(e(.
3P2'T p1, p2, p%, p!, p", p0, p7 Segment& of part& pi, i]1m7, will 9e excl-(e(
3S=> n1, n2, n%, n!
Segment with no(e B3V& n1,n2, n%, an( n! will 9e
(elete(
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`SET_SEGMENT `SET
LS-DYNA R7.0 %0#%1 CS=TD
UTES
FUNCTION
3MOL v1, v2, v%, v!, v", v0, v7
Segment& in&i(e contact vol-me& vi, i]1m7, will 9e
excl-(e(.
3MOLOSJ=LL v1, v2, v%, v!, v", v0, v7
Shell relate( &egment& in&i(e contact vol-me& vi,
i]1m7, will 9e excl-(e(.
3MOLOSOLB3 v1, v2, v%, v!, v", v0, v7
Soli( relate( &egment& in&i(e contact vol-me& vi,
i]1m7, will 9e excl-(e(.
Remarks:
1. Segment attri9-te& can 9e a&&igne( for &ome inp-t type&. +or example, for the contact op#
tion&, the attri9-te& for the SL2M= &-rface are)
321]5+LS 5ormal fail-re &tre&&, NCO5T2CTOTB=B'=2AOS8'+2C=Ocontact only,
322]S+LS Shear fail-re &tre&&, NCO5T2CTOTB=B'=2AOS8'+2C=Ocontact only,
32%]+S+ Co-lom9 friction &cale factor,
32!]MS+ Mi&co-& friction &cale factor,
an( the attri9-te& for the .2ST=' &-rface are)
321]+S+ Co-lom9 friction &cale factor,
322]MS+ Mi&co-& friction &cale factor.
+or air9ag&, &ee N2B'B2>, a time (elay, 321]T1, can 9e (efine( 9efore pre&&-re 9egin& to
act on a &egment along with a time (elay, 322]T2, 9efore f-ll pre&&-re i& applie( to the
&egment, C(efa-lt T2]T1D, an( for the con&traint option,
2. To (efine a triang-lar &egment ma7e n
!
e;-al to n
%
.
%. The (efa-lt &egment attri9-te& can 9e overri((en on the&e car(&, otherwi&e, 21]321, etc.
!. Thi& fiel( i& -&e( 9y a non#mechanic& &olver to create a &et (efine( on that &olverV& me&h. By
D
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A
F
T
`SET `SET_SEGMENT_ADD
%0#%2 CS=TD LS-DYNA R7.0
`SET_SEGMENT_ADD
P-rpo&e) 3efine a &egment &et 9y com9ining &egment &et&.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le SB3
Type B
3efa-lt none

Car( 2R 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le SSB31 SSB32 SSB3% SSB3! SSB3" SSB30 SSB37 SSB3/

SB3
Set B3 of new &egment &et. 2ll &egment &et& &ho-l( have a -ni;-e &et B3.
SSB3n
The nth &egment &et B3
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`SET_SEGMENT_INTERSECT `SET
LS-DYNA R7.0 %0#%% CS=TD
`SET_SEGMENT_INTERSECT
P-rpo&e) 3efine a &egment &et a& the inter&ection, a, of a &erie& of &egment &et&. The new &egment
&et, SB3, contain& all common &egment& of all &egment &et& SSB3n.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le SB3
Type B
3efa-lt none

Car( 2R 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /

SB3
Set B3 of new &egment &et. 2ll &egment &et& &ho-l( have a -ni;-e &et B3.
SSB3n
The nth &egment &et B3
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`SET `SET_2D_SEGMENT
%0#%! CS=TD LS-DYNA R7.0
`SET_2D_SEGMENT_POPTIONQ
<BLANK>
SET
COLLECT
P-rpo&e) 3efine a &et of 9o-n(ary line &egment& in two#(imen&ional axi&ymmetric, plane &tre&&, an(
plane &train geometrie& with optional attri9-te&. Thi& comman( (oe& not apply to 9eam form-lation&
7 an( /. Bt i& &ometime& convenient for two#(imen&ional part& which are &-9Hect to a(aptivity 9e#
ca-&e the &egment& in the &et are -p(ate( a& the geometry a(apt&.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le SB3 321 322 32% 32!
Type B + + + +
3efa-lt none $. $. $. $.
'emar7& 1 1 1 1

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le PB3FPSB3
Type B
'emar7& 2

SB3
Set B3. 2ll &egment &et& &ho-l( have a -ni;-e &et B3.
321
+ir&t &egment attri9-te (efa-lt val-e, &ee remar7 1 9elow.
322
Secon( &egment attri9-te (efa-lt val-e
32%
Thir( &egment attri9-te (efa-lt val-e
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`SET_2D_SEGMENT `SET
LS-DYNA R7.0 %0#%" CS=TD
32!
+o-rth &egment attri9-te (efa-lt val-e
PB3FPSB3
Part B3 or part &et B3 if S=T option i& &pecifie(.
Remarks:
1. The 9o-n(ary along r ] $ i&nVt incl-(e( in axi&ymmetric pro9lem&.
2. The common 9o-n(ary 9etween part& in the part &et PSB3 i& not incl-(e( in the 9o-n(ary
&egment&.
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`SET `SET_SHELL
%0#%0 CS=TD LS-DYNA R7.0
`SET_SHELL_POPTIONQ
<BLANK>
LIST
COLUMN
LIST_GENERATE
GENERAL
COLLECT
The la&t option will generate a 9loc7 of &hell B3V& 9etween a &tarting &hell B3 n-m9er an( an en(ing
B3 n-m9er. 2n ar9itrary n-m9er of 9loc7& can 9e &pecifie( to (efine the &hell &et.
P-rpo&e) 3efine a &et of &hell element& with optional i(entical or -ni;-e attri9-te&.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le SB3 321 322 32% 32!
Type B + + + +
3efa-lt none $. $. $. $.
'emar7& 1 1 1 1

Card 2, 3, 4, ... (OPTIONLIST or <blank>) (The next ~` card terminates the input.)
Car( 2R 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le =B31 =B32 =B3% =B3! =B3" =B30 =B37 =B3/
'emar7& 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

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`SET_SHELL `SET
LS-DYNA R7.0 %0#%7 CS=TD
Card 2, 3, 4, ... (OPTIONCOLUMN) (The next ~` card terminates the input.)
Car( 2R 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le =B3 21 22 2% 2!
Type B + + + +
'emar7& % % % %

Car( 2R 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /

Car( 2R 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le OPTBO5 =1 =2 =% =! =" =0 =7

SB3
Set B3. 2ll &hell &et& &ho-l( have a -ni;-e &et B3.
321
+ir&t attri9-te (efa-lt val-e, &ee remar7 1.
322
32%
32!
=B31
+ir&t &hell element B3, &ee remar7 2.
=B32
Secon( &hell element B3
.
. .
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`SET `SET_SHELL
%0#%/ CS=TD LS-DYNA R7.0
.
. .
=B3
=lement B3
21
+ir&t attri9-te
22
Secon( attri9-te
2%
Thir( attri9-te
2!
+o-rth attri9-te
B5B=>
+ir&t &hell B3 in &hell 9loc7 5.
B5=53
La&t &hell B3 in 9loc7 5. 2ll (efine( B3V& 9etween an( incl-(ing B5B=> to
&o that gap& in the element n-m9ering are not a pro9lem. B5B=> an(
B5=53 may &imply 9e limit& on the B3V& an( not element B3V&.
OPTBO5
=1,...,=7
low.

2LL
2ll &hell element& will 9e incl-(e( in the &et.
=L=.
3=L=.
cl-(e(.
P2'T
3P2'T
p1, p2, p%, p!, p", p0, p7 =lement& of part& p1, p2, p%, ... previo-&ly a((e(
will 9e excl-(e(.
BOL
3BOL
will 9e excl-(e(.
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`SET_SHELL `SET
LS-DYNA R7.0 %0#% CS=TD
Remarks:
1. Shell attri9-te& can 9e a&&igne( for &ome inp-t type&. +or example, for the contact option&,
the attri9-te& for the SL2M= &-rface are)
321]5+LS 5ormal fail-re &tre&&, NCO5T2CTOTB=B'=2AOS8'+2C=Ocontact only,
322]S+LS Shear fail-re &tre&&, NCO5T2CTOTB=B'=2AOS8'+2C=Ocontact only,
32%]+S+ Co-lom9 friction &cale factor,
32!]MS+ Mi&co-& friction &cale factor,
an( the attri9-te& for the .2ST=' &-rface are)
321]+S+ Co-lom9 friction &cale factor,
322]MS+ Mi&co-& friction &cale factor.
2. The (efa-lt attri9-te& are ta7en.
%. The (efa-lt &hell attri9-te& can 9e overri((en on the&e car(&E otherwi&e, 21]321, etc.
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`SET `SET_SHELL_ADD
%0#!$ CS=TD LS-DYNA R7.0
`SET_SHELL_ADD
P-rpo&e) 3efine a &hell &et 9y com9ining &hell &et&.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le SB3
Type B
3efa-lt none

Car( 2R 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /

SB3
Set B3 of new &hell &et. 2ll &hell &et& &ho-l( have a -ni;-e &et B3.
SSB3n
The nth &hell &et B3
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A
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`SET_SHELL_INTERSECT `SET
LS-DYNA R7.0 %0#!1 CS=TD
`SET_SHELL_INTERSECT
P-rpo&e) 3efine a &hell &et a& the inter&ection, a, of a &erie& of &hell &et&. The new &hell &et, SB3,
contain& all common element& of all &hell &et& SSB3n.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le SB3
Type B
3efa-lt none

Car( 2R 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /

SB3
Set B3 of new &hell &et. 2ll &hell &et& &ho-l( have a -ni;-e &et B3.
SSB3n
The nth &hell &et B3
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A
F
T
`SET `SET_SOLID
%0#!2 CS=TD LS-DYNA R7.0
`SET_SOLID_POPTIONQ
<BLANK>
GENERATE
GENERAL
COLLECT
The >=5='2T= option will generate a 9loc7 of &oli( element B3V& 9etween a &tarting B3 an( an
en(ing B3. 2n ar9itrary n-m9er of 9loc7& can 9e &pecifie( to (efine the &et.
P-rpo&e) 3efine a &et of &oli( element&.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le SB3 SOLM='
Type B 2
3efa-lt none .=CJ
'emar7 1

Car( 2R 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /

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`SET_SOLID `SET
LS-DYNA R7.0 %0#!% CS=TD
Car( 2R 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /

Car( 2R 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le OPTBO5 =1 =2 =% =! =" =0 =7

SB3
Set B3. 2ll &oli( &et& &ho-l( have a -ni;-e &et B3.
A1
+ir&t element B3
A2
Secon( element B3
.
. .
.
. .
A/
=ighth element B3
B5B=>
+ir&t &oli( element B3 in 9loc7 5.
B5=53
La&t &oli( element B3 in 9loc7 5. 2ll (efine( B3V& 9etween an( incl-(ing
B5B=> to B5=53 are a((e( to the &et. The&e &et& are generate( after all in#
p-t i& rea( &o that gap& in the element n-m9ering are not a pro9lem.
OPTBO5
=1,...,=7
low.

D
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A
F
T
`SET `SET_SOLID
%0#!! CS=TD LS-DYNA R7.0
2LL
2ll &oli( element& will 9e incl-(e( in the &et.
=L=.
3=L=.
cl-(e(.
P2'T
3P2'T
p1, p2, p%, p!, p", p0, p7 =lement& of part& p1, p2, p%, ...previo-&ly a((e(
will 9e excl-(e(.
BOL
3BOL
will 9e excl-(e(.
Remarks:
D
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A
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`SET_SOLID_ADD `SET
LS-DYNA R7.0 %0#!" CS=TD
`SET_SOLID_ADD
P-rpo&e) 3efine a &oli( &et 9y com9ining &oli( &et&.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le SB3 SOLM='
Type B 2
3efa-lt none .=CJ
'emar7 1

Car( 2R 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /

SB3
Set B3 of new &oli( &et. 2ll &oli( &et& &ho-l( have a -ni;-e &et B3.
SSB3n
The nth &oli( &et B3.
Remarks:
D
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A
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`SET `SET_SOLID_INTERSECT
%0#!0 CS=TD LS-DYNA R7.0
`SET_SOLID_INTERSECT
P-rpo&e) 3efine a &oli( &et a& the inter&ection, a, of a &erie& of &oli( &et&. The new &oli( &et, SB3,
contain& all common element& of all &oli( &et& SSB3n.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le SB3
Type B
3efa-lt none

Car( 2R 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /

SB3
Set B3 of new &oli( &et. 2ll &oli( &et& &ho-l( have a -ni;-e &et B3.
SSB3n
The nth &oli( &et B3
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A
F
T
`SET_TSHELL `SET
LS-DYNA R7.0 %0#!7 CS=TD
`SET_TSHELL_POPTIONQ
<BLANK>
GENERATE
GENERAL
COLLECT
The la&t option, >=5='2T=, will generate a 9loc7 of thic7 &hell element B3V& 9etween a &tarting B3
an( an en(ing B3. 2n ar9itrary n-m9er of 9loc7& can 9e &pecifie( to (efine the &et.
P-rpo&e) 3efine a &et of thic7 &hell element&.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le SB3
Type B
3efa-lt none

Car( 2R 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /

Car( 2R 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /

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A
F
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`SET `SET_TSHELL
%0#!/ CS=TD LS-DYNA R7.0
Car( 2R 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le OPTBO5 =1 =2 =% =! =" =0 =7

SB3
Set B3. 2ll t&hell &et& &ho-l( have a -ni;-e &et B3.
A1
+ir&t thic7 &hell element B3
A2
Secon( thic7 &hell element B3
.
. .
.
. .
A/
=ighth thic7 &hell element B3
.
. .
.
. .
B5B=>
+ir&t thic7 &hell element B3 in 9loc7 5.
B5=53
La&t thic7 &hell element B3 in 9loc7 5. 2ll (efine( B3V& 9etween an( in#
cl-(ing B5B=> to B5=53 are a((e( to the &et. The&e &et& are generate( af#
ter all inp-t i& rea( &o that gap& in the element n-m9ering are not a pro9#
lem. B5B=> an( B5=53 may &imply 9e limit& on the B3V& an( not element
B3V&.
OPTBO5
=1,...,=7
low.

2LL 2ll thic7 &hell element& will 9e incl-(e( in the &et.
=L=. e1, e2, e%, e!, e", e0, e7 =lement& e1, e2, e%, ... will 9e incl-(e(.
D
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A
F
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`SET_TSHELL `SET
LS-DYNA R7.0 %0#! CS=TD
3=L=. e1, e2, e%, e!, e", e0, e7
=lement& e1, e2, e%, ... previo-&ly a((e( will 9e ex#
cl-(e(.
P2'T p1, p2, p%, p!, p", p0, p7 =lement& of part& p1, p2, p%, ... will 9e incl-(e(.
3P2'T p1, p2, p%, p!, p", p0, p7
=lement& of part& p1, p2, p%, ... previo-&ly a((e(
will 9e excl-(e(.
BOL 91, 92, 9%, 9!, 9", 90, 97 =lement& in&i(e 9oxe& 91, 92, ... will 9e incl-(e(.
3BOL 91, 92, 9%, 9!, 9", 90, 97
=lement& in&i(e 9oxe& 91, 92, ... previo-&ly a((e(
will 9e excl-(e(.
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D
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A
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`TERMINATION
LS-DYNA R7.0 %7#1 CT='.B52TBO5D
`TERMINATION
The 7eywor( NT='.B52TBO5 provi(e& an alternative way of &topping the calc-lation 9efore the
termination time i& reache(. The termination time i& &pecifie( on the NCO5T'OLOT='.B52TBO5
inp-t an( will terminate the calc-lation whether or not the option& availa9le in thi& &ection are active.
3ifferent type& of termination may 9e (efine()
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`TERMINATION `TERMINATION_BODY
%7#2 CT='.B52TBO5D LS-DYNA R7.0
`TERMINATION_BODY
P-rpo&e) Terminate calc-lation 9a&e( on rigi( 9o(y (i&placement&. +or NT='.B52TBO5OBO34
the analy&i& terminate& when the center of ma&& (i&placement of the rigi( 9o(y &pecifie( reache& ei#
ther the maxim-m or minim-m val-e C&top& 1, 2 or %D or the (i&placement magnit-(e of the center of
ma&& i& excee(e( C&top !D. Bf more than one con(ition i& inp-t, the analy&i& &top& when any of the
con(ition& i& &ati&fie(. Termination 9y other mean& than NT='.B52TBO5 inp-t i& controlle( 9y
the NCO5T'OLOT='.B52TBO5 control car(. 5ote that thi& type of termination i& not active (-r#
ing (ynamic relaxation.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le PB3 STOP .2LC .B5C
Type B B + +
3efa-lt none none # #

PB3
Part B3 of rigi( 9o(y, &ee NP2'TOOPTION.
STOP
Stop criterion)
=S.1) glo9al x (irection,
=S.2) glo9al y (irection,
=S.%) glo9al I (irection,
=S.!) &top if (i&placement magnit-(e i& excee(e(.
.2LC
.axim-m Cmo&t po&itiveD (i&placement, option& 1, 2, % an( !)
=S.$.$) .2LC &et to 1.$e21.
.B5C
.inim-m Cmo&t negativeD (i&placement, option& 1, 2 an( % a9ove only)
=S.$.$) .B5C &et to #1.$e21.
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`TERMINATION_CONTACT `TERMINATION
LS-DYNA R7.0 %7#% CT='.B52TBO5D
`TERMINATION_CONTACT
P-rpo&e) The analy&i& terminate& when the magnit-(e of the contact interface re&-ltant force i& Iero.
Bf more than one contact con(ition i& inp-t, the analy&i& &top& when any of the con(ition& i& &ati&fie(.
Termination 9y other mean& than NT='.B52TBO5 inp-t i& controlle( 9y the NCO5T'OL
OT='.B52TBO5 control car(. 5ote that thi& type of termination i& not active (-ring (ynamic re#
laxation an( (oe& not apply to 23 contact type&.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le CB3 2CTB. 38' TJ'=S 3O+
Type B + + + B
3efa-lt none none # $.$ $

CB3
Contact B3. The contact B3 i& (efine( 9y the or(ering of the contact inp-t
-nle&& the TBTL= option which allow& the CB3 to 9e (efine( i& -&e( in the
NCO5T2CT &ection.
2CTB.
2ctivation time.
38'
Time (-ration of n-ll re&-ltant force prior to termination. Thi& time i&
trac7e( only after the activation time i& reache( an( the contact re&-ltant
force& are Iero.
=S.$.$) Bmme(iate termination after n-ll force i& (etecte(.
TJ'=S
2ny mea&-re( force magnit-(e 9elow or e;-al to thi& &pecifie( thre&hol( i&
ta7en a& a n-ll force. 3efa-lt]$.$
3O+
Option to con&i(er only the force magnit-(e in the x, y, or I glo9al (irec#
tion& corre&pon(ing to 3O+]1,2, an( %, re&pectively.
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`TERMINATION `TERMINATION_CURVE
%7#! CT='.B52TBO5D LS-DYNA R7.0
`TERMINATION_CURVE
P-rpo&e) Terminate the calc-lation when the loa( c-rve val-e ret-rn& to Iero. Thi& termination can
9e -&e( with the contact option NCO5T2CTO28TOO.OM=. Bn thi& latter option, the loa( c-rve i&
mo(ifie( to acco-nt for the movement of the ma&ter &-rface.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le LCB3 2TB.=
Type B +
3efa-lt none 'emar7 1 #

LCB3
Loa( c-rve B3 governing termination.
2TB.=
2ctivation time. 2fter thi& time the loa( c-rve i& chec7e(. Bf Iero, &ee re#
mar7 1 9elow.
Remarks:
1. Bf 2TB.=]$.$, termination will occ-r after the loa( c-rve val-e 9ecome& nonIero an( then
ret-rn& to Iero.
D
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A
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T
`TERMINATION_DELETED_SHELLS `TERMINATION
LS-DYNA R7.0 %7#" CT='.B52TBO5D
`TERMINATION_DELETED_SHELLSOPOPTIONQ
<BLANK>
SET
P-rpo&e) Terminate the calc-lation when the n-m9er of (elete( &hell& for a &pecifie( part B3 excee(&
the val-e (efine( here. Thi& inp-t ha& no effect for a part B3 that i& left -n(efine(. >enerally, thi&
option &ho-l( 9e -&e( with the 5+2BL1 an( 5+2BL! parameter& that are (efine( in the NCO5T'OL
OSJ=LL control information.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le PB3FPSB3 53S
Type B B
3efa-lt none none

PB3FPSB3
Part B3 or if option S=T i& active, part &et B3.
53S
5-m9er of element& that m-&t 9e (elete( for the &pecifie( part B3V&, 9efore
an error termination occ-r&.
D
R
A
F
T
`TERMINATION `TERMINATION_DELETED_SOLIDS
%7#0 CT='.B52TBO5D LS-DYNA R7.0
`TERMINATION_DELETED_SOLIDSOPOPTIONQ
<BLANK>
SET
P-rpo&e) Terminate the calc-lation when the n-m9er of (elete( &oli(& for a &pecifie( part B3 excee(&
the val-e (efine( here. Thi& inp-t ha& no effect for a part B3 that i& left -n(efine(.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le PB3FPSB3 53S
Type B B
3efa-lt none 1

PB3FPSB3
Part B3 or if option S=T i& active, part &et B3.
53S
5-m9er of element& that m-&t 9e (elete( for the &pecifie( part B3V&, 9efore
an error termination occ-r&.
D
R
A
F
T
`TERMINATION_NODE `TERMINATION
LS-DYNA R7.0 %7#7 CT='.B52TBO5D
`TERMINATION_NODE
P-rpo&e) Terminate calc-lation 9a&e( on no(al point coor(inate&. The analy&i& terminate& for
NT='.B52TBO5O5O3= when the c-rrent po&ition of the no(e &pecifie( reache& either the maxi#
m-m or minim-m val-e C&top& 1, 2 or %D, or pic7& -p force from any contact &-rface C&top& !D. Ter#
mination 9y other mean& than NT='.B52TBO5 i& controlle( 9y the NCO5T'OLOT='.B52TBO5
control car(. 5ote that thi& type of termination i& not active (-ring (ynamic relaxation.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 5B3 STOP .2LC .B5C
Type B B + +

5B3
5o(e B3, &ee N5O3=OOPTION.
STOP
Stop criterion)
=S.!) &top if no(e to-che& contact &-rface.
.2LC
.axim-m Cmo&t po&itiveD coor(inate Coption& 1, 2 an( %D a9ove only.
.B5C
.inim-m Cmo&t negativeD coor(inate Coption& 1, 2 an( %D a9ove only.
D
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A
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`TERMINATION `TERMINATION_SENSOR
%7#/ CT='.B52TBO5D LS-DYNA R7.0
`TERMINATION_SENSOR
P-rpo&e) Terminate& the calc-lation when the &witch con(ition (efine( in NS=5SO'OS,BTCJ i&
met.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le S,B3
Type B
3efa-lt none

S,B3
B3 of NS=5SO'OS,BTCJ which will terminate the calc-lation when it&
con(ition i& met. Only one NT='.B52TBO5OS=5SO' i& allowe(. Bf
more than one NT='.B52TBO5OS=5SO' i& (efine(E only the la&t one i&
effective.
Remarks:
2n example allowing more than one &en&orO&witch to terminate calc-lation)
*SENSOR_DE!INE_ELEMENT
$ AA:12 5o76- o5 F-1> -2->-03 1
44HBEAMH1HA*IALH!OR#E
*SENSOR_DE!INE_ELEMENT
$ AA:12 5o76- o5 F-1> -2->-03 2
55HBEAMH21HA*IALH!OR#E
*SENSOR_SIT#,
$1 <L:36C 6o0;:3:o0 :< >-3 LC-0 3C- 1A:12 5o76- o5 F-1>'1 K5."
11HSENSORH44HGTH5.
*SENSOR_SIT#,
$1 <L:36C 6o0;:3:o0 :< >-3 LC-0 3C- 1A:12 5o76- o5 F-1>'2 K1"."
22HSENSORH55HGTH1".
*SENSOR_SIT#,
$ 1 <L:36C 6o0;:3:o0 :< >-3 LC-0 3:>- K5".
33HTIMEH H 5"
*SENSOR_SIT#,_#AL#'LOGI#
$ 1 <L:36C 6o0;:3:o0 :< >-3 :5 Fo3C 6o0;:3:o0<
$ o5 <L:36C'11 7;4 <L:36C'33 17- >-3H I.-.H
$ 1A:12 5o76- o5 F-1>'1K5." 10; 3:>-K5"
44H11H33
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`TERMINATION_SENSOR `TERMINATION
LS-DYNA R7.0 %7# CT='.B52TBO5D
$ 1 <L:36C 6o0;:3:o0 :< >-3 :5 Fo3C 6o0;:3:o0<
$ o5 <L:36C'22 7;4 <L:36C'33 17- >-3H I.-.H
$ 1A:12 5o76- o5 F-1>'2K1"." 10; 3:>-K5"
55H33H22
$ 1 <L:36C 6o0;:3:o0 :< >-3 :5 3C- 6o0;:3:o0<
$ o5 <L:36C'44 /. <L:36C'55 :< >-3H I.-.H
$ 1A:12 5o76- o5 F-1>'1K5." 10; 3:>-K5" /.
$ 1A:12 5o76- o5 F-1>'2K1"." 10; 3:>-K5"
66H44H'55
*TERMINATION_SENSOR
$ ToF L:22 F- 3-7>:013-; LC-0 3C- <L:36C 6o0;:3:o0 o5 <L:36C'66 :< >-3H I.-.H
$ 1A:12 5o76- o5 F-1>'1K5." 10; 3:>-K5" /.
$ 1A:12 5o76- o5 F-1>'2K1"." 10; 3:>-K5"
66
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`TITLE
LS-DYNA R7.0 %/#1 CTBTL=D
`TITLE
`TITLE
P-rpo&e) 3efine Ho9 title.

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le TBTL=
Type C
3efa-lt LS#3452 8S=' B5P8T

TBTL=
Jea(ing to appear on o-tp-t an( in o-tp-t file&.
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ÙSER
LS-DYNA R7.0 %#1 C8S='D
ÙSER
ÙSER_INTERFACE_OPTION
CONTROL
FRICTION
CONDUCTIVITY
P-rpo&e) 3efine -&er (efine( inp-t an( allocate &torage for -&er (efine( &-9ro-tine& for the contact
algorithm&. See al&o NCO5T'OLOCO5T2CT. The CONTROL option a9ove allow& the -&er to
ta7e information from the contact interface for f-rther action, e.g., &topping the analy&i&. 2 &ample
-&er &-9ro-tine i& provi(e( in 2ppen(ix +.
The FRICTION option may 9e -&e( to mo(ify the Co-lom9 friction coefficient& in contact type& %,
", or 1$ CNCO5T2CTOS8'+2C=OTOOS8'+2C=, NCO5T2CTO5O3=SOTOOS8'+2C=, or NCO5T2CTOO5=
O,24OS8'+2C=OTOOS8'+2C=D accor(ing to contact information or to -&e a friction coefficient (ata#
9a&e. 2 &ample -&er#(efine( friction &-9ro-tine i& provi(e( in 2ppen(ix >. +or the &-9ro-tine to
9e calle(, the &tatic friction coefficient +S on Car( 2 of NCO5T2CT m-&t 9e any nonIero val-e, an(
&hell thic7ne&& off&et& m-&t 9e invo7e( in the contact 9y &etting SJLTJA to 1 or 2 -&ing
NCO5T'OLOCO5T2CT or Opt. Car( B in NCO5T2CT. The array length 8S'+'C in
NCO5T'OLOCO5T2CT &ho-l( 9e &et to a val-e no le&& than the &-m of the n-m9er of hi&tory var#
ia9le& 5OC an( the n-m9er of -&er#(efine( inp-t parameter& in N8S='OB5T='+2C=O+'BCTBO5.
The CONDUCTIVITY option i& -&e( to (efine heat tran&fer contact con(-ctance propertie& for
thermal contact&.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le B+B3 5OC 5OCB 5JSM
Type B B B B
3efa-lt none none none O

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ÙSER
%#2 C8S='D LS-DYNA R7.0
(Use as many cards as necessary to define NOCI variables)
Car( 2R 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 8C1 8C2 8C% 8C! 8C" 8C0 8C7 8C/
Type + + + + + + + +

B+B3
Bnterface n-m9er
5OC
5-m9er of hi&tory varia9le& for interface. The n-m9er &ho-l( not excee(
the length of the array (efine( on NCO5T'OLOCO5T2CT. See 'emar7&.
5OCB
BnitialiIe the fir&t 5OCB hi&tory varia9le& in the inp-t. 5OCB m-&t 9e
&maller or e;-al to 5OC.
5JSM
5-m9er of hi&tory varia9le& per interface no(e Conly for friction an( con#
(-ctivity interfaceD.
8C1
+ir&t -&er (efine( inp-t parameter.
8C2
Secon( -&er (efine( inp-t parameter.
.
. .
.
. .
.
. .
8Cn
La&t -&er (efine( inp-t parameter, where n ] 5OCB.
Remarks:
The C5OCD interface varia9le& Cof which 5OCB are initialiIe(D are pa&&e( a& arg-ment& to the -&er
(efine( &-9ro-tine. See 2ppen(ix > for the f-ll li&t of arg-ment& pa&&e( to the &-9ro-tine.
Thi& 7eywor( i& not &-pporte( 9y &egment 9a&e( contact which i& invo7e( 9y &etting SO+T]2 on
optional car( 2 of the NCO5T2CT car(.
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ÙSER_LOADING ÙSER
LS-DYNA R7.0 %#% C8S='D
ÙSER_LOADING
P-rpo&e) Provi(e a mean& of applying pre&&-re an( force 9o-n(ary con(ition&. The 7eywor(
N8S='OLO23B5> activate& thi& option. Bnp-t here i& optional with the inp-t 9eing rea( -ntil the
next XNY 7eywor( appear&. The (ata rea( here i& to 9e &tore( in a common 9loc7 provi(e( in the -&#
er &-9ro-tine, LO2383. Thi& (ata i& &tore( an( retrieve( from the re&tart file&.

(Insert as many cards as needed. The next ` card terminates input.)
Car( 1R 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le P2'.1 P2'.2 P2'.% P2'.! P2'." P2'.0 P2'.7 P2'./
Type + + + + + + + +

P2'.n
Thi& i& the nth -&er inp-t parameter.
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ÙSER ÙSER_LOADING_SET
%#! C8S='D LS-DYNA R7.0
ÙSER_LOADING_SET
P-rpo&e) Provi(e& a mean& to apply -&er#(efine( loa(ing to a &et of no(e& or &egment&. Loa(ing
co-l( 9e no(al force, 9o(y force, temperat-re (i&tri9-tion, an( pre&&-re on &egment or 9eam.

(Insert as many cards as needed. The next ` card terminates input.)
Car( 1R 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le SB3 LT4P= LCB3 CB3 S+1 S+2 S+% B38LS
Type B 2 B B + + + B
3efa-lt none none none glo9al none none none Se;. ^

SB3
B3 of the &et to which -&er#(efine( loa(ing will 9e applie(. Set type (e#
pen(& on the type of loa(ing, &ee LT4P=.
LT4P=
Loa(ing rtpe)
=S.+O'C=5) +orce, -nit]force, will 9e applie( to no(e &et SB3,
=S.BO34+5) Bo(y force (en&ity, -nit]forceFlengthg%, will 9e applie(
to no(e &et SB3,
=S.T=.PT5) Temperat-re will 9e a&&igne( to no(e &et SB3. Thi& op#
tion cannot 9e coexi&t with NLO23OTJ='.2L
OM2'B2BL=. Bn other wor(, -&er& can only -&e either
thi& option or NLO23OTJ='.2LOM2'B2BL= to
&pecify temperat-re (i&tri9-tion, not 9oth of them,
=S.P'=SSS) Pre&&-re, -nit]forceFlengthg2, will 9e applie( to &eg#
ment &et SB3,
=S.P'=SSB) Pre&&-re, -nit]forceFlengthg1, will 9e applie( to 9eam
&et SB3.
LCB3
Loa( c-rve, a f-nction of time. Bt& c-rrent val-e, crv, i& pa&&e( to -&er &-9#
ro-tine LO23S=T83.
CB3
Optional coor(inate &y&tem along which &cale factor& S+
i
i& (efine(. >lo9#
al &y&tem i& the (efa-lt &y&tem.
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ÙSER_LOADING_SET ÙSER
LS-DYNA R7.0 %#" C8S='D
S+i
Scale factor of loa(ing magnit-(e, when LT4P LT4P=
=S.+O'C=5FBO34+5) Scale factor along iGth (irection of CB3,
=S.P'=SSS) S+1 i& -&e( a& the &cale factor, S+2 an( S+%
are ignore(,
=S.P'=SSB) Scale factor along r, &, t axi& of 9eam.
B38LS
=ach 8S='OLO23OS=T can 9e a&&igne( a -ni;-e B3, which i& pa&&e( to
-&er &-9ro-tine LO23S=T83 an( allow& m-ltiple loa(ing (efinition& 9y
-&ing a &ingle -&er &-9ro-tine, LO23S=T83. Bf no val-e i& inp-t, l&#(yna
will a&&ign a &e;-ence n-m9er to each 8S='OLO23OS=T 9a&e( on it&
(efinition &e;-ence.
Remarks:
N8S='OLO23OS=T activate& the loa(ing (efine( in -&er &-9ro-tine LO23S=T83, part of
(yn21.+. ,hen 9oth N8S='OLO23B5>OS=T an( N8S='OLO23B5> are (efine(, N8S='
OLO23B5> i& only -&e( to (efine -&er#(efine( parameter&, P2'.nE not to activate -&er &-9ro-tine
LO2383. Therefore only loa(ing (efine( in LO23S=T83 will 9e applie(.
.ore than one loa(ing (efinition& can 9e (efine( an( a&&igne( a -ni;-e B3, that ena9le& m-ltiple
loa(ing to 9e ta7en care of 9y a &ingle &-9ro-tine, LO23S=T83, a& &hown 9elow)
<8F7o83:0- 2o1;<-38;?3:>-H253H223H679H:;82<H/17>@
6
6 I0/83 ?0o3 >o;:5:1F2-@
6 A D 6oo7;:013- o5 0o;- o7 -2->-03 6-03-7
6 ; D ;:</216->-03 o5 0o;- o7 -2->-03 6-03-7
6 9 D 9-2o6:34 o5 0o;- o7 -2->-03 6-03-7
6 3->/D 3->/-71387- o5 0o;- o7 -2->-03 6-03-7
6 679 D 9128- o5 L#ID 13 6877-03 3:>-
6 :<82< D :; o5 8<-7_2o1;:0=_<-3
6 /17>D /171>-3-7< ;-5:0-; :0 *)SER_LOADING
6 O83/83 ?;-5:0-; F4 8<-7@
6 8;2 D 8<-7';-5:0-; 2o1; 9128-
:0628;- U02P/17>U
#_TAS$#OMMON ?18A82o6@
6o>>o0N18A82o6N
R A1?02P@HA2?02P@HA3?02P@H91?02P@H92?02P@H93?02P@H
R ;1?02P@H;2?02P@H;3?02P@H3->/?02P@H8;2?02P@H3>/?02PH12@
6
6 <1>/2- 6o;-
6 :5 ?:;82<.-P.1""@ 3C-0
6 ;o :.253H223
6 4o87 6o;- C-7-
6 8;2?:@...........
6 -0;;o
6 -2<-:5 ?:;82<.-P.2""@ 3C-0
6 ;o :.253H223
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ÙSER ÙSER_LOADING_SET
%#0 C8S='D LS-DYNA R7.0
6 8;2?:@...........
6 -0;;o
6 -0;:5
7-3870
-0;
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`RESTART INPUT DATA
LS-DYNA R7.0 !$#1 C'=ST2'T B5P8T 32T2D
RESTART INPUT DATA
Bn general three categorie& of re&tart action& are po&&i9le with LS#3452 an( are o-tline( in the fol#
lowing (i&c-&&ion)
aD 2 &imple re&tart occ-r& when LS#3452 wa& interactively &toppe( 9efore reaching
the termination time. Then &imply (efining the ']rtf file on the exec-tion line for
LS#3452 re&tart& the calc-lation from the termination point an( the calc-lation will
contin-e to the &pecifie( termination time#&ee B5T'O38CTBO5, =xec-tion Syntax.
5o a((itional inp-t (ec7 i& re;-ire(.
9D Bf minor mo(ification& are (e&ire( a&, e.g.,
h re&et termination time,
h re&et o-tp-t printing interval,
h re&et o-tp-t plotting interval,
h (elete contact &-rface&,
h (elete element& an( part&,
h &witch (eforma9le 9o(ie& to rigi(,
h &witch rigi( 9o(ie& to (eforma9le,
h change (amping option&.
Thi& type of re&tart i& calle( a &mall re&tart an( the corre&pon(ing inp-t (ec7 a X&mall
re&tart inp-t (ec7.Y 2ll mo(ification& to the pro9lem ma(e with the re&tart inp-t
(ec7 will 9e reflecte( in &-9&e;-ent re&tart (-mp&. 2ll the mem9er& of the file fami#
lie& are con&ec-tively n-m9ere( 9eginning from the la&t mem9er. The &mall inp-t
(ec7 replace& the &tan(ar( inp-t (ec7 on the exec-tion line which ha& at lea&t the fol#
lowing content&)
LS#3452 B]restartinput ']3!"Pnn
where 3!"Pnn Cor whatever name i& cho&en for the family mem9erD i& the nth
re&tart file from the la&t r-n where the (ata i& ta7en. LS#3452 a-tomatically (etect&
that a &mall inp-t (ec7 i& -&e( &ince the B]restartinput file may contain the 7ey#
wor(&)
`CHANGEOOPTION
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`RESTART INPUT DATA
!$#2 C'=ST2'T B5P8T 32T2D LS-DYNA R7.0
`CONTROL_SHELL
`CONTROL_TIMESTEP
`DAMPING_GLOBAL
`DATABASEOOPTION
`DATABASE_BINARYOOPTION
`DELETEOOPTION
ÌNTERFACE_SPRINGBACK_LSDYNA
`RIGID_DEFORMABLEOOPTION
`STRESS_INITIALIZATIONOPOPTIONQ
`TERMINATIONOOPTION
`TITLE
`KEYWORD C&ee B5T'O38CTBO5, =xec-tion SyntaxD
`CONTROL_CPU
`DEFINEOOPTION
`SETOOPTION
i.e., the 7eywor( NST'=SSOB5BTB2LBK2TBO5 may not 9e -&e( in the &mall re&tart.
The -&er ha& to ta7e care that nonphy&ical mo(ification& to the inp-t (ec7 are avoi(#
e(E otherwi&e, complete non&en&e may 9e the re&-lt.
cD Bf many mo(ification& are (e&ire( a &o#calle( f-ll re&tart may 9e the appropriate
choice. Then the 7eywor( NST'=SSOB5BTB2LBK2TBO5 ha& to 9e provi(e( in the
inp-t. 2& al&o o-tline( in the B5T'O38CTBO5, 'e&tart 2naly&i&, either all part&
can 9e initialiIe( with the re&tart (ata or &ome &election of part& can 9e ma(e for the
&tre&& initialiIation. See NST'=SSOB5BTB2LBK2TBO5. Bn a f-ll (ec7 re&tart, (elet#
e( element& in thi& &ection will 9e (elete( in the f-ll (ec7 a-tomatically even tho-gh
they are (efine(. Li7ewi&e, if it i& nece&&ary to change the velocity fiel(, that m-&t
al&o 9e performe( in thi& &ection -&ing the CJ25>=OM=LOCBT4O.... option&. The
velocity fiel( in the f-ll (ec7 part of the inp-t i& ignore(.
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`CHANGE RESTART INPUT DATA
LS-DYNA R7.0 !$#% C'=ST2'T B5P8T 32T2D
`CHANGEOOPTION
P-rpo&e) Change &ol-tion option&.
BOUNDARY_CONDITION
CONTACT_SMALL_PENETRATION
CURVE_DEFINITION
OUTPUT
RIGID_BODY_CONSTRAINT
RIGID_BODY_INERTIA
RIGID_BODY_STOPPER
STATUS_REPORT_FREQUENCY
THERMAL_PARAMETERS
VELOCITY
VELOCITY_NODE
VELOCITY_RIGID_BODY
VELOCITY_ZERO
+or BOUNDARY_CONDITION option (efine an ar9itrary n-m9er of car(& giving the no(al B3
an( the a((itional tran&lational (i&placement 9o-n(ary con(ition co(e. Previo-& 9o-n(ary con(ition
co(e& will contin-e to 9e impo&e(, i.e., a fixe( no(e cannot 9e free( with thi& option. Thi& inp-t ter#
minate& when the next XNY car( i& enco-ntere(.

Car( 1R 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 5B3 BCC
Type B B

5B3
5o(al point B3, &ee al&o N5O3=.
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RESTART INPUT DATA `CHANGE
!$#! C'=ST2'T B5P8T 32T2D LS-DYNA R7.0
BCC
5ew tran&lational 9o-n(ary con(ition co(e)
+or CONTACT_SMALL_PENETRATION option (efine an ar9itrary n-m9er of car(& giving a
li&t of contact &-rface B3 n-m9er& where the &mall penetration chec7 i& to 9e t-rne( on. Thi& inp-t
terminate& when the next XNY car( i& enco-ntere(. See the P=5CJA varia9le on the NCO5T2CT
(efinition.

Car( 1R 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /

B3n
Contact B3 for &-rface n-m9er n.
The CURVE_DEFINITION option allow& a loa( c-rve to 9e re(efine(. The ne* .oad /ur+e must
/ontain the same num?er o- points as the /ur+e it rep.a/es# The c-rve &ho-l( 9e (efine( in the 3=#
+B5=OC8'M= &ection of thi& man-al. Thi& inp-t terminate& when the next XNY car( i& enco-ntere(.
2ny off&et& an( &cale factor& are ignore(.

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le LCB3
Type B

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LS-DYNA R7.0 !$#" C'=ST2'T B5P8T 32T2D
LCB3
Loa( c-rve B3
The OUTPUT option may 9e -&e( to appen( to exi&ting 2SCBB o-tp-t (ata when r-nning a f-ll (ec7
re&tart. Thi& option ha& no effect on &mall re&tart& which alway& appen( to exi&ting 2SCBB o-tp-t
(ata.

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le B2SCBB
Type B

B2SCBB
+lag to control manner of o-tp-ting 2SCBB (ata re;-e&te( 9y
N32T2B2S=Ooption comman(& in a f-ll re&tart (ec7)
=S.$) +-ll re&tart overwrite& exi&ting 2SCBB o-tp-t C(efa-ltD,
=S.1) +-ll re&tart appen(& to exi&ting 2SCBB o-tp-t.

The RIGID_BODY_CONSTRAINT option allow& tran&lational an( rotational 9o-n(ary con(ition&
on a rigi( 9o(y to 9e change(. Thi& inp-t terminate& when the next XNY car( i& enco-ntere(. 2l&o,
&ee NCO5ST'2B5=3O'B>B3OBO3B=S.

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le PB3 TC 'C
Type B B B

PB3
Part B3, &ee NP2'T.
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TC
Tran&lational con&traint)
'C
The RIGID_BODY_INERTIA option allow& the ma&& an( inertia propertie& of a rigi( 9o(y to 9e
change(. Thi& inp-t terminate& when the next XNY car( i& enco-ntere(. The inertia ten&or i& (efine(
in the local &y&tem (efine( in N.2TO'B>B3 at the &tart of the calc-lation. Thi& coor(inate &y&tem,
which i& fixe( in the rigi( 9o(y, trac7& the rigi( 9o(y rotation.

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le B3 PB3 T.
Type B B +

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Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Type + + + + + +

B3
B3 for thi& change inertia inp-t.
PB3
Part B3, &ee NP2'T.
T.
Tran&lational ma&&.
BLL
B
xx
, xx component of inertia ten&or.
BL4
B
xy

BLK
B
xI

B44
B
yy
, yy component of inertia ten&or.
B4K
B
yI

BKK
B
II
, II component of inertia ten&or.
The RIGID_BODY_STOPPER option allow& exi&ting &topper& to 9e re(efine(. Thi& inp-t termi#
nate& when the next XNY car( i& enco-ntere(. See NCO5ST'2B5=3O'B>B3OBO34OSTOPP='S.
5ew &topper (efinition& cannot 9e intro(-ce( in thi& &ection. =xi&ting &topper& can 9e mo(ifie(.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le PB3 LC.2L LC.B5 PSB3.L PSB3.5 LCM.5L 3B' MB3
3efa-lt re;-ire( $ $ $ $ $ re;-ire( $

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!$#/ C'=ST2'T B5P8T 32T2D LS-DYNA R7.0
Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Type + +
3efa-lt $ 1$2/

PB3
Part B3 of ma&ter rigi( 9o(y, &ee NP2'T.
LC.2L
Loa( c-rve B3 (efining the maxim-m coor(inate a& a f-nction of time)
=S.$) no limitation of the maxim-m (i&placement. 5ew c-rve& can 9e
(efine( 9y the N3=+B5=OC8'M= within the pre&ent re&tart (ec7.
LC.B5
Loa( c-rve B3 (efining the minim-m coor(inate a& a f-nction of time)
=S.$) no limitation of the minim-m (i&placement. 5ew c-rve& can 9e
(efine( 9y the N3=+B5=OC8'M= within the pre&ent re&tart (ec7.
PSB3.L
Optional part &et B3 of rigi( 9o(ie& that are &lave( in the maxim-m coor(i#
nate (irection to the ma&ter rigi( 9o(y. Thi& option re;-ire& a((itional in#
p-t 9y the NS=TOP2'T (efinition.
PSB3.5
Optional part &et B3 of rigi( 9o(ie& that are &lave( in the minim-m coor(i#
nate (irection to the ma&ter rigi( 9o(y. Thi& option re;-ire& a((itional in#
p-t 9y the NS=TOP2'T (efinition.
LCM.5L
Loa( c-rve B3 which (efine& the maxim-m a9&ol-te val-e of the velocity
that i& allowe( within the &topper)
=S.$) no limitation of the minim-m (i&placement.
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LS-DYNA R7.0 !$# C'=ST2'T B5P8T 32T2D
3B'
3irection &topper act& in)
=S.1) x#tran&lation,
=S.2) y#tran&lation,
=S.%) I#tran&lation,
=S.!) ar9itrary, (efine( 9y vector MB3,
=S.") x#axi& rotation,
=S.0) y#axi& rotation,
=S.7) I#axi& rotation,
=S./) ar9itrary, (efine( 9y vector MB3.
MB3
Mector for ar9itrary orientation of &topper. The vector m-&t 9e (efine( 9y a
N3=+B5=OM=CTO' within the pre&ent re&tart (ec7.
BB'TJ
Time at which &topper i& activate(.
3=2TJ
Time at which &topper i& (eactivate(.
Remarks:
The optional (efinition of part &et& in minim-m or maxim-m coor(inate (irection& allow& the motion
to 9e controlle( in an ar9itrary (irection.
The STATUS_REPORT_FREQUENCY option allow& the o-tp-t &tat-& interval to 9e change(.

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le BA=3BT
Type B

BA=3BT
Pro9lem &tat-& report interval &tep& in the 3%JSP o-tp-t file)
=S.$) interval remain& -nchange(.
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!$#1$ C'=ST2'T B5P8T 32T2D LS-DYNA R7.0
The THERMAL_PARAMETERS option allow& parameter& -&e( 9y a thermal or co-ple( &tr-ct-r#
alFthermal analy&i& to 9e change(. The&e parameter& were initially (efine( on the NCO5T'OL
OTJ='.2L car(&. Two car(& are (efine( for thi& option.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le TS 3T T.B5 T.2L 3T=.P TSCP
Type B + + + + +

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le '=+.2L TOL
Type B +

TS
Thermal time &tep co(e)
=S.$) 5o change,
=S.1) +ixe( time &tep,
=S.2) varia9le time &tep.
3T
Thermal time &tep on re&tart)
=S.$) 5o change.
T.B5
.inim-m thermal time &tep)
=S.$) 5o change.
T.2L
.axim-m thermal time &tep)
=S.$) 5o change.
3T=.P
.axim-m temperat-re change in a thermal time &tep)
=S.$) 5o change.
TSCP
Time &tep control parameter C$.$ ? TSCP ? 1.$ D)
=S.$) 5o change.
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'=+.2L
.axim-m n-m9er of reformation& per thermal time &tep)
=S.$) 5o change.
TOL
5on#linear convergence tolerance)
=S.$) 5o change.
The VELOCITY_NODE an( the VELOCITY_NODE_ONLY option& allow the velocity of no(al
point& to 9e change( at re&tart. Termination of thi& inp-t i& when the next XNY car( i& rea(. 8n(e#
fine( no(e& will have their no(al velocitie& re&et to Iero if a NCJ25>=OM=LOCBT4O5O3= (efini#
tion i& enco-ntere( in the re&tart (ec7. Jowever, if any of the NCJ25>=OM=LOCBT4 or
CJ25>=OM=LOCBT4O5O3= (efinition& haveOO5L4 appen(e(, then only the &pecifie( no(e&
will have their no(al velocitie& mo(ifie(.

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 5B3 ML M4 MK ML' M4' MK'
Type B + + + + + +
3efa-lt none $. $. $. $. $. $.

5B3
5o(e B3
ML
Tran&lational velocity in x#(irection.
M4
Tran&lational velocity in y#(irection.
MK
Tran&lational velocity in I#(irection.
ML'
'otational velocity a9o-t the x#axi&.
M4'
'otational velocity a9o-t the y#axi&.
MK'
'otational velocity a9o-t the I#axi&.
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Remarks:
it& velocity, -nle&& it i& &pecifie( on a NCJ25>=OM=LOCBT4O5O3= car(.
2. Bf 9oth NCJ25>=OM=LOCBT4 an( NCJ25>=OM=LOCBT4OK='O car(& are (efine( then
all velocitie& will 9e re&et to Iero.
The VELOCITY an( VELOCITY_ONLY option& allow a new velocity fiel( to 9e impo&e( at re#
&tart. Termination of thi& inp-t i& when the next XNY car( i& rea(. 8n(efine( no(e& will have their
no(al velocitie& re&et to Iero if a NCJ25>=OM=LOCBT4 (efinition i& enco-ntere( in the re&tart
(ec7. Jowever, if any of the NCJ25>=OM=LOCBT4 (efinition& haveOO5L4 appen(e(, then only
the &pecifie( no(e& will have their no(al velocitie& mo(ifie(.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 5SB3
Type B
3efa-lt none
'emar7 1

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le ML M4 MK ML' M4' MK'
Type + + + + + +
3efa-lt $. $. $. $. $. $.

5SB3
5o(al &et B3 containing no(e& for initial velocity.
ML
Melocity in x#(irection.
M4
Melocity in y#(irection.
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LS-DYNA R7.0 !$#1% C'=ST2'T B5P8T 32T2D
MK
Melocity in I#(irection.
ML'
M4'
MK'
Remarks:
it& velocity, -nle&& it i& &pecifie( on a NCJ25>=OM=LOCBT4O5O3= car(.
2. 8n(efine( no(e& will have their no(al velocitie& &et to Iero if a NCJ25>=OM=LOCBT4
(efinition i& enco-ntere( in the re&tart (ec7.
%. Bf 9oth NCJ25>=OM=LOCBT4 an( NCJ25>=OM=LOCBT4OK='O car(& are (efine( then
all velocitie& will 9e re&et to Iero.
The VELOCITY_RIGID_BODY option allow& the velocity component& of a rigi( 9o(y to 9e
change( at re&tart. Termination of thi& inp-t i& when the next XNY car( i& rea(.

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le PB3 ML M4 MK ML' M4' MK'
Type B + + + + + +
3efa-lt none $. $. $. $. $. $.

PB3
Part B3 of rigi( 9o(y.
ML
Tran&lational velocity in x#(irection.
M4
Tran&lational velocity in y#(irection.
MK
Tran&lational velocity in I#(irection.
ML'
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!$#1! C'=ST2'T B5P8T 32T2D LS-DYNA R7.0
M4'
MK'
Remarks:
1. 'otational velocitie& are (efine( a9o-t the center of ma&& of the rigi( 9o(y.
2. 'igi( 9o(ie& not (efine( in thi& &ection will not have their velocitie& mo(ifie(.
The VELOCITY_ZERO option re&et& the velocitie& to Iero at the &tart of the re&tart. Only the
NCJ25>=OM=LOCBT4OK='O car( i& re;-ire( for thi& option witho-t any f-rther inp-t.
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`CONTROL_DYNAMIC_RELAXATION RESTART INPUT DATA
LS-DYNA R7.0 !$#1" C'=ST2'T B5P8T 32T2D
P-rpo&e) 3efine control& for (ynamic relaxation.

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 5'C4CA 3'TOL 3'+CT' 3'T='. TSS+3' B'=L2L =3TTL B3'+L>
Type B + + + + B + B
3efa-lt 2"$ $.$$1 $." infinity TSS+2C $ $.$ $
'emar7& 1 1 1 1 1 1

5'C4CA
5-m9er of iteration& 9etween convergence chec7&, for (ynamic relaxation
option C(efa-lt ] 2"$D.
3'TOL
Convergence tolerance for (ynamic relaxation option C(efa-lt ] $.$$1D.
3'+CT'
3ynamic relaxation factor C(efa-lt ] ."D.
3'T='.
Optional termination time for (ynamic relaxation. Termination occ-r& at
thi& time or when convergence i& attaine( C(efa-lt ] infinityD.
TSS+3'
Scale factor for comp-te( time &tep (-ring (ynamic relaxation. Bf Iero, the
val-e i& &et to TSS+2C (efine( on NCO5T'OLOT='.B52TBO5. 2fter
converging, the &cale factor i& re&et to TSS+2C.
B'=L2L
2-tomatic control for (ynamic relaxation option 9a&e( on algorithm of Pa#
pa(ra7a7i& T1/1U.
=3TTL
Convergence tolerance on a-tomatic control of (ynamic relaxation.
B3'+L>
3ynamic relaxation flag for &tre&& initialiIation)
=S.$) not active,
=S.1) (ynamic relaxation i& activate(.
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RESTART INPUT DATA `CONTROL_DYNAMIC_RELAXATION
Remarks:
1. Bf a (ynamic relaxation relaxation analy&i& i& 9eing re&tarte( at a point 9efore convergence
wa& o9taine(, then 5'C4CA, 3'TOL, 3'+CT', 3'T='. an( TSS+3' will (efa-lt to
their previo-& val-e&, an( B3'+L> will 9e &et to 1.
2. Bf (ynamic relaxation i& activate( after a re&tart from a normal tran&ient analy&i& LS#3452
contin-e& the o-tp-t of (ata a& it wo-l( witho-t the (ynamic relaxation 9eing active. Thi& i&
-nli7e the (ynamic relaxation pha&e at the 9eginning of the calc-lation when a &eparate (ata#
9a&e i& not -&e(. Only loa( c-rve& that are flagge( for (ynamic relaxation are applie( after
re&tarting.
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`CONTROL_SHELL RESTART INPUT DATA
`CONTROL_SHELL
P-rpo&e) Change fail-re parameter& 5+2BL1 an( 5+2BL2 if nece&&ary. The&e parameter& m-&t 9e
nonIero in the initial r-n.

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le
Type

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 5+2BL1 5+2BL!
Type B B

5+2BL1
+lag to chec7 for highly (i&torte( -n(er#integrate( &hell element&, print a
me&&age, an( (elete the element or terminate. >enerally, thi& flag i& not
nee(e( for one point element& that (o not -&e the warping &tiffne&&. 2 (i&#
torte( element i& one where a negative Haco9ian exi&t& within the (omain of
the &hell, not H-&t at integration point&. The chec7& are ma(e away from the
integration point& to ena9le the 9a( element& to 9e (elete( 9efore an in&ta#
9ility lea(ing to an error termination occ-r&. Thi& te&t will increa&e CP8
re;-irement& for one point element&.
>T.2) print me&&age an( (elete element. ,hen 5+2BL1 element& are
(elete( then write 3%38.P file an( terminate. The&e 5+2BL1
5+2BL1 i& (o-9le(, &o the r-n can imme(iately 9e contin-e( if
(e&ire(.
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RESTART INPUT DATA `CONTROL_SHELL
!$#1/ C'=ST2'T B5P8T 32T2D LS-DYNA R7.0
5+2BL!
+lag to chec7 for highly (i&torte( f-lly#integrate( &hell element&, print a
me&&age, an( (elete the element or terminate. >enerally, thi& flag i& rec#
ommen(e(. 2 (i&torte( element i& one where a negative Haco9ian exi&t&
within the (omain of the &hell, not H-&t at integration point&.
The chec7& are ma(e away from the integration point& to ena9le the 9a(
element& to 9e (elete( 9efore an in&ta9ility lea(ing to an error termination
occ-r&.
>T.2) print me&&age an( (elete element. ,hen 5+2BL! element& are
(elete( then write 3%38.P file an( terminate. The&e 5+2BL!
5+2BL! i& (o-9le(, &o the r-n can imme(iately 9e contin-e( if
(e&ire(.
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`CONTROL_TERMINATION RESTART INPUT DATA
P-rpo&e) Stop the Ho9.

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le =53TB. =53C4C
Type + B

=53TB.
Termination time)
=S.$.$) Termination time remain& -nchange(.
=53C4C
Termination cycle. The termination cycle i& optional an( will 9e -&e( if the
&pecifie( cycle i& reache( 9efore the termination time.
=S.$.$) Termination cycle remain& -nchange(.
Remarks:
Thi& i& a re(-ce( ver&ion of the NCO5T'OLOT='.B52TBO5 car( -&e( in the initial inp-t (ec7.
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RESTART INPUT DATA `CONTROL_TIMESTEP
!$#2$ C'=ST2'T B5P8T 32T2D LS-DYNA R7.0
`CONTROL_TIMESTEP
P-rpo&e) Set time &tep &iIe control -&ing (ifferent option&.

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 38..4 t&&fac BS3O 38..4 3T2.S LCT.
Type + + B + + B

38..4
3-mmy fiel(, &ee remar7 1 9elow.
TSS+2C
Scale factor for comp-te( time &tep.
=S.$.$) TSS+2C remain& -nchange(.
BS3O
Ba&i& of time &iIe calc-lation for !#no(e &hell element&, BS3O %#no(e
&hell& -&e the &horte&t altit-(e for option& $,1 an( the &horte&t &i(e for op#
tion 2. Thi& option ha& no relevance to &oli( element&, which -&e a length
9a&e( on the element vol-me (ivi(e( 9y the large&t &-rface area)
=S.$) characteri&tic length]areaFClonge&t &i(eD,
=S.1) characteri&tic length]areaFClonge&t (iagonalD,
=S.2) 9a&e( on 9ar wave &pee( an( .2L T&horte&t &i(e, areaFlonge&t
&i(eU. TJBS L2ST OPTBO5 C25 >BM= 2 .8CJ L2'>='
TB.= ST=P SBK= TJ2T C25 L=23 TO B5ST2BBLBTB=S B5
SO.= 2PPLBC2TBO5S, =SP=CB2LL4 ,J=5 T'B25>8#
L2' =L=.=5TS 2'= 8S=3.
38..4
3-mmy fiel(, &ee remar7 1 9elow.
3T2.S
5ew time &tep for ma&& &cale( calc-lation&. .a&& &caling m-&t 9e active in
the time Iero analy&i&.
=S.$.$) 3T2.S remain& -nchange(.
LCT.
Loa( c-rve B3 that limit& maxim-m time &tep &iIe)
=S.$) LCT. remain& -nchange(.
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`CONTROL_TIMESTEP RESTART INPUT DATA
Remarks:
1. Thi& a re(-ce( ver&ion of the NCO5T'OLOTB.=ST=P -&e( in the initial analy&i&. The
(-mmy fiel(& are incl-(e( to maintain compati9ility. Bf -&ing free format inp-t then a $.$
&ho-l( 9e entere( for the (-mmy val-e&.
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RESTART INPUT DATA `DAMPING_GLOBAL
`DAMPING_GLOBAL
P-rpo&e) 3efine ma&& weighte( no(al (amping that applie& glo9ally to the (eforma9le no(e&.

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le LCB3 M2L3.P
Type B +
3efa-lt $ $.$

LCB3
Loa( c-rve B3 which &pecifie& no(e &y&tem (amping)
=S.n) &y&tem (amping i& given 9y loa( c-rve n. The (amping force ap#
plie( to each no(e i& f]#(CtD mv, where (CtD i& (efine( 9y loa(
c-rve n.
M2L3.P
Sy&tem (amping con&tant, ( Cthi& option i& 9ypa&&e( if the loa( c-rve n-m#
9er (efine( a9ove i& nonIeroD.
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`DATABASE RESTART INPUT DATA
LS-DYNA R7.0 !$#2% C'=ST2'T B5P8T 32T2D
`DATABASE_OPTION
Option& for 2SCBB file& incl-(e. Bf a file i& not &pecifie( in the re&tart (ec7 then the o-tp-t interval
for the file will remain -nchange(.
SECFORC Cro&& &ection force&.
RWFORC ,all force&.
NODOUT 5o(al point (ata.
ELOUT =lement (ata.
GLSTAT >lo9al (ata.
DEFORC 3i&crete element&.
MATSUM .aterial energie&.
NCFORC 5o(al interface force&.
RCFORC 'e&-ltant interface force&.
DEFGEO 3eforme( geometry file
SPCFORC Set (t for &pc reaction force&.
SWFORC 5o(al con&traint reaction force& C&pot wel(& an( rivet&D.
ABSTAT Set (t for air9ag &tati&tic&.
NODFOR Set (t for no(al force gro-p&.
BNDOUT Bo-n(ary con(ition force& an( energy
RBDOUT Set (t for rigi( 9o(y (ata.
GCEOUT Set (t for geometric contact entitie&.
SLEOUT Set (t for &li(ing interface energy.
1NTFORC Set (t for Hoint force file.
SBTOUT Set (t for &eat 9elt o-tp-t file.
AVSFLT Set (t for 2MS (ata9a&e.
MOVIE Set (t for .OMB=.
MPGS Set (t for .P>S.
TPRINT Set (t for thermal file.

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RESTART INPUT DATA `DATABASE
!$#2! C'=ST2'T B5P8T 32T2D LS-DYNA R7.0
Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 3T
Type +

3T
Time interval 9etween o-tp-t&)
=S.$.$) o-tp-t interval i& -nchange(.
Remarks:
To terminate o-tp-t to a partic-lar file &et 3T to a high val-e.
Bf B2CCOP]2 wa& &pecifie( in NCO5T'OLOO8TP8T, the 9e&t re&-lt& are o9taine( in the 5O#
3O8T file 9y 7eeping the &ame 3T on re&tart. ,hen 3T i& change( for 5O3O8T, o&cillation& may
occ-r aro-n( the re&tart time. Bf 3T i& larger than initially &pecifie( in the original inp-t file, more
memory i& re;-ire( to &tore the time &tate& for the averaging than wa& originally allocate(. 2 warn#
ing me&&age i& printe(, an( the filtering i& applie( -&ing the availa9le memory. ,hen 3T i& &maller
than initially &pecifie(, more o&cillation& may appear in the o-tp-t than earlier in the calc-lation 9e#
ca-&e the fre;-ency content of the average( o-tp-t increa&e& a& 3T (ecrea&e&.
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`DATABASE_BINARY RESTART INPUT DATA
LS-DYNA R7.0 !$#2" C'=ST2'T B5P8T 32T2D
Option& for 9inary o-tp-t file& with the (efa-lt name& given incl-(e)
D3PLOT 3t for complete o-tp-t &tate&.
D3THDT 3t for time hi&tory (ata for element &-9&et&.
D3DUMP Binary o-tp-t re&tart file&. 3efine o-tp-t fre;-ency in cycle&
RUNRSF Binary o-tp-t re&tart file. 3efine o-tp-t fre;-ency in cycle&.
INTFOR 3t for contact &-rface Bnterface (ata9a&e.

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 3TFC4CL
Type +

3T
Time interval 9etween o-tp-t&.
=S.$.$) Time interval remain& -nchange(.
C4CL
O-tp-t interval in time &tep&.
=S.$.$) o-tp-t interval remain& -nchange(.
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RESTART INPUT DATA `DELETE
`DELETE_OPTION
ALECPL
CONTACT
CONTACT_2DAUTO
ENTITY
PART
ELEMENT_BEAM
ELEMENT_SHELL
ELEMENT_SOLID
ELEMENT_TSHELL
FSI
P-rpo&e) 3elete contact &-rface&, 2L= +SB co-pling&, part&, or element& 9y a li&t of B3&. There are
two contact algorithm& for two#(imen&ional pro9lem&) the line#to#line contact an( the a-tomatic con#
tact (efine( 9y part B3G&. =ach -&e& their own n-m9ering.
+or ALECPL, CONTACT, CONTACT_2DAUTO, ENTITY, FSI, or PART option.

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /

B3B
Contact B3FCo-pling B3FPart B3
Remarks:
The +SB option corre&pon(& to 2L= co-pling& (efine( with NCO5ST'2B5=3OL2>'25>=OB5
OSOLB3. The 2L=CPL option corre&pon(& to 2L= co-pling& (efine( with N2L=OCO8PLB5>
O5O32LOCO5ST'2B5T. +or CO5T2CT, +SB, an( 2L=CPL option&, a negative B3 implie& that
the a9&ol-te val-e give& the contact &-rfaceF+SBF2L=CPL co-pling which i& to 9e activate(.
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`DELETE RESTART INPUT DATA

For the four ELEMENT options. Termination of input is when the next ~` card is read.
Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le =SB3
Type B

=SB3
=lement &et B3, &ee NS=TOSOLB3, NS=TOB=2., NS=TOSJ=LL, NS=T
OTSJ=LL.
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RESTART INPUT DATA ÌNTERFACE_SPRINGBACK
!$#2/ C'=ST2'T B5P8T 32T2D LS-DYNA R7.0
ÌNTERFACE_SPRINGBACK_LSDYNA
P-rpo&e) 3efine a material &-9&et for o-tp-t to a &tre&& initialiIation file X(ynainY. The (ynain file
contain& 7eywor( comman(& that can 9e incl-(e( in a &-9&e;-ent inp-t (ec7 to initialiIe (efor#
mation, &tre&&, an( &train in part&. Thi& file can 9e -&e(, for example, to (o an implicit &pring9ac7
analy&i& after an explicit forming analy&i&.

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le PSB3 5SJM
Type B B

Optional list of nodal points that are constrained in the dynain file. This section is terminated
by an ~
`
indicating the next input section.
Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 5B3 TC 'C
Type B + +
3efa-lt none $. $.

PSB3
Part &et B3 for &pring9ac7, &ee NS=TOP2'T.
5SJM
5-m9er of &hell or &oli( hi&tory varia9le& C9eyon( the &ix &tre&&e& an(
effective pla&tic &trainD to 9e initialiIe( in the interface file. +or &oli(&,
one a((itional &tate varia9le Cinitial vol-meD i& al&o written. Bf 5SJM i&
nonIero, the element form-lation&, calc-lational -nit&, an( con&tit-tive
mo(el& &ho-l( not change 9etween r-n&. Bf 5JSM excee(& the n-m9er
of integration point hi&tory varia9le& re;-ire( 9y the con&tit-tive mo(el,
only the n-m9er re;-ire( i& writtenE therefore, if in (o-9t, &et 5JSM to a
large n-m9er.
5B3
5o(e B3
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ÌNTERFACE_SPRINGBACK RESTART INPUT DATA
TC
Tran&lational con&traint)
'C
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RESTART INPUT DATA `RIGID_DEFORMABLE
!$#%$ C'=ST2'T B5P8T 32T2D LS-DYNA R7.0
`RIGID_DEFORMABLE_OPTION
CONTROL
D2R C3eforma9le to rigi( part &witchD
R2D C'igi( to (eforma9le part &witchD
P-rpo&e) 3efine part& to 9e &witche( from rigi( to (eforma9le an( (eforma9le to rigi( in a re&tart.
Bt i& only po&&i9le to &witch part& on a re&tart if part &witching wa& activate( in the time Iero analy#
&i&. See N3=+O'.2BL=OTOO'B>B3 for (etail& of part &witching.
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A
F
T
`RIGID_DEFORMABLE_CONTROL RESTART INPUT DATA
LS-DYNA R7.0 !$#%1 C'=ST2'T B5P8T 32T2D
`RIGID_DEFORMABLE_CONTROL

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 5'B+ 5CS+ ',+ 3T.2L
Type B B B +
3efa-lt $ $ $ none

5'B+
+lag to (elete or activate no(al rigi( 9o(ie&.
Bf no(al rigi( 9o(ie& or generaliIe(, wel( (efinition& are active in the (e#
forma9le 9o(ie& that are &witche( to rigi(, then the (efinition& &ho-l( 9e
(elete( to avoi( in&ta9ilitie&)
=S.$) no change,
=S.1) (elete,
=S.2) activate.
5CS+
+lag to (elete or activate no(al con&traint &et.
Bf no(al con&traintF&pot wel( (efinition& are active in the (eforma9le 9o(ie&
that are &witche( to rigi(, then the (efinition& &ho-l( 9e (elete( to avoi(
in&ta9ilitie&)
=S.$) no change,
=S.1) (elete,
=S.2) activate.
',+
+lag to (elete or activate rigi( wall&)
=S.$) no change,
=S.1) (elete,
=S.2) activate.
3T.2L
.axim-m permitte( time &tep &iIe after re&tart.
D
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A
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RESTART INPUT DATA `RIGID_DEFORMABLE_D2R
!$#%2 C'=ST2'T B5P8T 32T2D LS-DYNA R7.0
`RIGID_DEFORMABLE_D2R
Termination of thi& inp-t i& when the next XNY car( i& rea(.

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le PB3 .'B
Type B B
3efa-lt none $

PB3
Part B3 of the part which i& &witche( to a rigi( material.
.'B
D
R
A
F
T
`RIGID_DEFORMABLE_R2D RESTART INPUT DATA
LS-DYNA R7.0 !$#%% C'=ST2'T B5P8T 32T2D
`RIGID_DEFORMABLE_R2D
Termination of thi& inp-t i& when the next XNY car( i& rea(.

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le PB3
Type B
3efa-lt none

PB3
Part B3 of the part which i& &witche( to a (eforma9le material.
D
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A
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RESTART INPUT DATA `STRESS_INITIALIZATION
!$#%! C'=ST2'T B5P8T 32T2D LS-DYNA R7.0
`STRESS_INITIALIZATION_POPTIONQ
Thi& 7eywor( allow& a f-ll (ec7 re&tart to 9e performe( in LS#3452. +or a f-ll (ec7 re&tart a com#
plete inp-t (ec7 ha& to 9e incl-(e( in the re&tart (ec7. The &tre&& initialiIation feat-re allow& all or
&electe( part& to 9e initialiIe( on re&tart, -&ing (ata from the (%(-mp or r-nr&f (ata9a&e.
The option& that are availa9le with thi& 7eywor( are)
<BLANK>
DISCRETE
SEATBELT
`STRESS_INITIALIZATION
Bf thi& car( i& &pecifie( witho-t f-rther inp-t a& (e&cri9e( 9elow then all part& in the new inp-t (ec7
that exi&te( in the previo-& inp-t (ec7 Cwith or witho-t the &ame part B3&D are initialiIe( from the
(%(-mp or r-nr&f (ata9a&e. +-rther all &eat9elt an( (i&crete part& are initialiIe(.
Bf only a &-9&et of part& i& to 9e initialiIe( in the new analy&i& then (efine a& many of the following
car(& a& nece&&ary. Termination of thi& inp-t i& when the next XNY car( i& rea(.

Car( 1R 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le PB3O PB35
Type B B
3efa-lt none PB3O

PB3O
Ol( part B3, &ee NP2'T.
PB35
5ew part B3, &ee NP2'T)
=S.$) 5ew part B3 i& the &ame a& the ol( part B3.
Remarks:
Bf one or more of the a9ove car(& are (efine( then (i&crete an( &eat9elt element& will not 9e initial#
iIe( -nle&& the a((itional option car(& NST'=SSOB5BTB2LBK2TBO5O3BSC'=T= an( NST'=SS
OB5BTB2LBK2TBO5OS=2TB=LT are (efine(.
D
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`STRESS_INITIALIZATION RESTART INPUT DATA
LS-DYNA R7.0 !$#%" C'=ST2'T B5P8T 32T2D
`STRESS_INITIALIZATION_DISCRETE
BnitialiIe all (i&crete part& from the ol( part&. 5o f-rther inp-t i& re;-ire( with thi& car(. Thi& car(
i& not re;-ire( if NST'=SSOB5BTB2LBK2TBO5 i& &pecifie( witho-t f-rther inp-t.
`STRESS_INITIALIZATION_SEATBELT
BnitialiIe all &eat9elt part& from the ol( part&. 5o f-rther inp-t i& re;-ire( with thi& car(. Thi& car(
i& not re;-ire( if NST'=SSOB5BTB2LBK2TBO5 i& &pecifie( witho-t f-rther inp-t.
D
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A
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RESTART INPUT DATA `TERMINATION
!$#%0 C'=ST2'T B5P8T 32T2D LS-DYNA R7.0
`TERMINATION_OPTION
P-rpo&e) Stop& the Ho9 (epen(ing on &ome (i&placement con(ition&.
NODE
BODY
Caution: The inp-t& are (ifferent for the no(al an( rigi( 9o(y &top con(ition&. The no(al &top con#
(ition wor7& on the glo9al coor(inate po&ition, while the 9o(y &top con(ition wor7& on the relative
glo9al tran&lation. The n-m9er of termination con(ition& cannot excee( the maxim-m of 1$ or the
n-m9er &pecifie( in the original analy&i&.
The analy&i& terminate& for NT='.B52TBO5O5O3= when the c-rrent po&ition of the no(e &peci#
fie( reache& either the maxim-m or minim-m val-e C&top& 1, 2 or %D, or pic7& -p force from any con#
tact &-rface C&top !D. +or NT='.B52TBO5OBO34 the analy&i& terminate& when the center of ma&&
(i&placement of the rigi( 9o(y &pecifie( reache& either the maxim-m or minim-m val-e C&top& 1, 2
or %D or the (i&placement magnit-(e of the center of ma&& i& excee(e( C&top !D. Bf more than one
con(ition i& inp-t, the analy&i& &top& when any of the con(ition& i& &ati&fie(. This in!ut co"!letel#
oerrides the e*istin+ ter"ination conditions de'ined in the ti"e ,ero run-
Termination 9y other mean& i& controlle( 9y the NCO5T'OLOT='.B52TBO5 control car(.

For both options, the input is identical:
Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 5B3FPB3 STOP .2LC .B5C
Type B B + +
+or the NODE option)

5B3
5o(e B3
D
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A
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`TERMINATION RESTART INPUT DATA
LS-DYNA R7.0 !$#%7 C'=ST2'T B5P8T 32T2D
STOP
Stop criterion)
=S.!) &top if no(e to-che& contact &-rface.
.2LC
.axim-m Cmo&t po&itiveD coor(inate, option& 1, 2 an( % a9ove only.
.B5C
.inim-m Cmo&t negativeD coor(inate, option& 1, 2 an( % a9ove only.
+or the BODY option)

PB3
Part B3 of rigi( 9o(y
STOP
Stop criterion)
=S.!) &top if (i&placement magnit-(e i& excee(e(.
.2LC
.axim-m Cmo&t po&itiveD (i&placement, option& 1, 2, % an( !)
=S.$.$) .2LC &et to 1.$e21
.B5C
.inim-m Cmo&t negativeD (i&placement, option& 1, 2 an( % a9ove only)
=S.$.$) .B5C &et to #1.$e21
D
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A
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RESTART INPUT DATA `TITLE
!$#%/ C'=ST2'T B5P8T 32T2D LS-DYNA R7.0
`TITLE
P-rpo&e) 3efine Ho9 title.

Car( 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le TBTL=
Type C
3efa-lt LS#3452 8S=' B5P8T

TBTL=
Jea(ing to appear on o-tp-t.
D
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A
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`REFERENCES
LS-DYNA R7.0 !1#1 C'=+='=5C=SD
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`REFERENCES
!1#! C'=+='=5C=SD LS-DYNA R7.0
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Stein9erg, 3.:. an( ..,. >-inan, 2 Jigh#Strain#'ate Con&tit-tive .o(el for .etal&, 8niver&ity of
California, Lawrence Livermore 5ational La9oratory, 'ept. 8C'L#/$!0" C17/D.
Stein9erg, 3.:. an( C... L-n(, X2 Con&tit-tive .o(el for Strain 'ate& form 1$
#!
to 1$
0
S
#1
,Y <#
(pp.# Ph9s., 0", p. 1"2/ C1/D.
Stillman, 3.,. an( :.O. Jall;-i&t, B5>'B3) 2 Three#3imen&ional .e&h >enerator for .o(eling
5onlinear Sy&tem&, 8niver&ity of California, Lawrence Livermore 5ational La9oratory,
'ept. 8CB3#2$"$0. C1/"D.
StoH7o, S., private( comm-nication, 55C Limite(, =ngineering 3evelopment Center C1$D.
Stora7er&, B., XOn material repre&entation an( con&tit-tive 9ranching in finite compre&&i9le ela&tici#
tyY, :. .ech. Phy. Soli(&, %! 5o. 2, 12"#1!" C1/0D.
Sto-ffer an( 3ame, Bnela&tic 3eformation of .etal&, ,iley, C10D.
Sto-t, ..>., 3.=. Jelling, T.L. .artin, an( >.'. Canova, Int# <# P.asti/it9, Mol. 1, pp. 10%#17!,
C1/"D.
Str-ct-ral =ngineer& 2&&ociation of California, Tentative Lateral +orce 'e;-irement&, Sei&mology
Committee, S=2OC, 17!, 1$, 10.
S-&&man, T. an( Bathe, A.:., X2 +inite =lement +orm-lation for 5onlinear Bncompre&&i9le =la&tic
an( Bnela&tic 2naly&i&,Y 1omputers F Stru/tures, 26, 5-m9er 1F2, %"7#!$ C1/7D.
Ta9iei, 2. an( B. Bvanov, XComp-tational micro#mechanical .o(el of +lexi9le ,oven +a9ric for
+inite =lement Bmpact Sim-lation,Y B:5.=, "%, C0D, 12"#1270, C2$$2D.
Tahoe 8&er >-i(e, San(ia 5ational La9oratory, can 9e (ownloa(e( from) www.&an(ia.gov, Bnp-t
ver&ion %.!.1, C2$$%D.
Taylor, L... an( 3.P. +lanagan, P'O5TO%3 2 Three#3imen&ional Tran&ient Soli( 3ynamic&
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Taylor, '.L. +inite element analy&i& of linear &hell pro9lem&, in Ahiteman, <#&# Jed#L, Procee(ing& of
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C1/7D.
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&hell&, Pro/# o- N!"5T( 1on-eren/e, Swan&ea C1/"D.
T&ai, S.,. an( =... ,-, X2 >eneral Theory of Strength for 2ni&otropic .aterial&,Y :. Compo&ite
.aterial&, ", pp. 7%#0 C171D.
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proce&& parameter& in ela&tic#pla&tic &oli(&,Y <# o- the "e/h# (nd Ph9# o- So.ids, !$, pp1%77#
1%7, C12D
Tvergaar(, M. an( 5ee(leman, 2., X2naly&i& of the c-p#cone fract-re in a ro-n( ten&ile 9arY, (/ta
"eta..ur6i/a, %2, 1"7#10 C1/!D.
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<ourna. o- 'iome/hani/a. 5n6ineerin6, Mol.1$2, pp. 1#7 C1/$D.
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Megter, J., an( Boogaar(, 2.J. van (en, X2 plane &tre&& yiel( f-nction for ani&otropic &heet materi#
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,al7er, :.C., 'atcliffe ..B., Khang P., ,allace 2.,., +ata, B., J&- =., Saloner 3., an( >-ccione
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Circ Phy&iol 2/C2D) J02)7$$ C2$$"D.
,ang, :.T. an( O.:. 5ef&7e, X2 5ew C2L%3 2ir9ag Bnflation .o(el,Y S2= paper //$0"!, 1//.
,ang, :.T., Z2n 2nalytical .o(el for an 2ir9ag with a Jy9ri( BnflatorZ, P-9lication 'd3 /%%2,
>eneral .otor& 3evelopment Center, ,arren, .i. C1"D.
,ang, :.T., Z2n 2nalytical .o(el for an 2ir9ag with a Jy9ri( BnflatorZ, ("#Mol. 21$, '5#Mol.
%$, 2S.=, pp !07#!7, C1"D.
,ei&&, :.2., .a7er, B.5. an( >ovin(Hee, S., Z+inite =lement Bmplementation of Bncompre&&i9le,
Tran&ver&ely B&otropic Jyperela&ticityZ, 1omp# "eth# (pp.# "e/h# 5n6#, 1%", 1$7#12/
C10D.
,en, T.A. X.etho( for 'an(om Mi9ration of Jy&teretic Sy&tem&Y, <# 5n6r6# "e/h#, (S15, Mol.
1$2, 5o. =.2, Proc. Paper 12$7%, pp.2!#20% C170D.
,hirley, '. >., an( :. O. Jall;-i&t, 3452%3, 2 5onlinear, =xplicit, Three#3imen&ional +inite =l#
ement Co(e for Soli( an( Str-ct-ral .echanic&#8&er& .an-al, 'eport 5o.8C'L#.2#
1$72"! , Lawrence Livermore 5ational La9oratory, C11D.
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LS-DYNA R7.0 !1#1 C'=+='=5C=SD
,hirley, '. >., an( >.2. Jen&hall, ZCreep 3eformation Str-ct-ral 2naly&i& 8&ing 2n =fficient
5-merical 2lgorithm,Z I<N"5, Mol. %", pp. 1!27#1!!2, C12D.
,il7in&, ..L., XCalc-lation& of =la&tic Pla&tic +low,Y "eth# 1omp# Ph9s#, 3, C2ca(emic Pre&&D,
211#20% C10!D.
,il7in&, ..L., Calc-lation of =la&tic#Pla&tic +low, 8niver&ity of California, Lawrence Livermore
5ational La9oratory, 'ept. 8C'L#7%22, 'ev. B C10D.
,il7in&, ..L., The 8&e of 2rtificial Mi&co&ity in .-lti(imen&ional +l-i( 3ynamic& Calc-lation&,
8niver&ity of California, Lawrence Livermore 5ational La9oratory, 'ept. 8C'L#7/%!/
C170D
,il7in&, ..L., '.=. Bl-m, =. Cron&hagen, an( P. >rantham, 2 .etho( for Comp-ter Sim-lation of
Pro9lem& in Soli( .echanic& an( >a& 3ynamic& in Three 3imen&ion& an( Time, 8niver&ity
of California, Lawrence Livermore 5ational La9oratory, 'ept. 8C'L#"1"7! C17!D.
,il7in&, ..L., :.=. 'ea-gh, B. .oran, :.A. Sc-((er, 3.+. S-inone&, ..=. Pra(o, +-n(amental
St-(y of Crac7 Bnitiation an( Propagation 2nn-al Progre&& 'eport, 'eport 8C'L#"220,
Lawrence Livermore 5ational La9oratory, Livermore, C2. C177D.
,illiam& A. M., MaIiri '
., Po-r&artip 2., X2 Phy&ically Ba&e( Contin--m 3amage .echanic& .o(el for Thin Laminate(
Compo&ite Str-ct-re&.Y Int < So.ids Stru/t, Mol !$CD, 2207#2%$$
,il&on, =.L. Three imensiona. Stati/ and 9nami/ (na.9sis o- Stru/tures, Comp-ter& an( Str-c#
t-re&, Bnc., Ber7eley C2, C2$$$D.
,inter&, :..., ZJill#9a&e( m-&cle mo(el&) 2 &y&tem& engineering per&pective,Z Bn .-ltiple .-&cle
Sy&tem&) Biomechanic& an( .ovement OrganiIation, :. ,inter& an( SL#4 ,oo e(&,
Springer#Merlag C1$D.
,inter& :... an( Star7 L., Z=&timate( mechanical propertie& of &ynergi&tic m-&cle& involve( in
movement& of a variety of h-man Hoint&,Z < 'iome/hani/s 21)1$27#1$!2, C1//D.
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La9oratory, 'eport 8C'L#"1$7, C17%D.
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Crac7 Propagation of Ca&ting 2l-min-mY, Pre&ente( at the 2$$0 :S2= 2nn-al Congre&&,
Paper 5-m9er 2$$0"$77, C2$$0D.
4en, C.+., XBalli&tic Bmpact .o(eling of Compo&ite .aterial&,Y Procee(ing& of the 7
th
Bnternational
LS#3452 8&er& Conference, 3ear9orn, .B, .ay 1#21, 2$$2, 0.1"#0.2".
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`REFERENCES
!1#2$ C'=+='=5C=SD LS-DYNA R7.0
4o&hi(a, +. an( 8emori, T., X2 .o(el of Large#Strain Cyclic Pla&ticity an( it& 2pplication to
Spring9ac7 Sim-lation,Y Internationa. <ourna. o- "e/hani/a. S/ien/es, Mol. !", 10/7#17$2,
C2$$%D.
KaHac +.=., Z.-&cle an( ten(on) Propertie&, mo(el&, &caling, an( application to 9iomechanic& an(
motor controlZ, 1&1 1riti/a. &e+ie*s in 'iomedi/a. 5n6ineerin6 17C!D)%"#!11, C1/D.
Kaya&, M.2., Low, S.S. an( .ahin, S.2., X2 Simple Pen(-l-m Techni;-e for 2chieving Sei&mic
B&olationY, <# 5arth3ua>e Spe/tra, Mol. 0, 5o. 2, pp. %17#%%! C1$D.
Khang, S., 2pproximate Stre&& Bnten&ity +actor& an( 5otch Stre&&e& for Common Spot#,el(e(
Specimen&, ,el(ing 'e&earch S-pplement, pp. 17%&#17&, C1D.
Khang, S., .cCormic7, P.>., =&trin, 4., XThe morphology of Portevin#Le Chatelier 9an(&) +inite
element &im-lation for 2l#.g#SiY, (/ta "ateria.ia !, 1$/7#1$!, C2$$1D.
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ÀPPENDIX A
LS-DYNA R7.0 !2#1 C2PP=53BL 2D
APPENDIX A: User Defined Materials
The -&er can &-pply hi&Fher own &-9ro-tine& (efining material mo(el& in LS#3452. To invo7e a
-&er#(efine( material, one m-&t
1. ,rite a -&er material &-9ro-tine that i& calle( 9y the LS#3452 -&er material interface.
2. Create a c-&tom exec-ta9le which incl-(e& the material &-9ro-tine.
%. Bnvo7e that &-9ro-tine 9y (efining a part in the 7eywor( inp-t (ec7 that -&e& *MAT_)SER
_DE!INED_MATERIAL_MODELS with appropriate inp-t parameter&.
2ll &-9ro-tine&, incl-(ing interface, for the -&er#(efine( material& are collecte( in the file ;4021.!
C8nixFLin-xD or 2<;401.5 C,in(ow&D. 8p to ten -&er &-9ro-tine& can c-rrently 9e implemente(
&im-ltaneo-&ly to -p(ate the &tre&&e& in &oli(&, &hell&, 9eam&, (i&crete 9eam& an( tr-&& 9eam&. Thi&
text &erve& a& an intro(-ctory g-i(e to implement &-ch a mo(el. 5ote that name& of varia9le& an(
&-9ro-tine& 9elow may (iffer from the act-al one& (epen(ing on platform an( c-rrent ver&ion of LS#
3452.
General o-er-&e.
,hen the 7eywor( *MAT_)SER_DE!INED_MATERIAL_MODELS i& (efine( for a part in the 7eywor(
(ec7, LS#3452 call& the &-9ro-tine 8<7>13 with appropriate inp-t (ata for the con&tit-tive -p(ate.
Thi& ro-tine in t-rn call& 87>13C0 for 23 an( %3 &oli( element&, 87>13< for 23 plane &tre&& an( %3
&hell element&, 87>13F for 9eam element&, 87>13; for (i&crete 9eam element& an( 87>133 for tr-&&
9eam element&. Bn the&e ro-tine&, which may 9e mo(ifie( 9y the -&er if nece&&ary, the following (ata
&tr-ct-re& are initialiIe( for the p-rpo&e of 9eing &-pplie( to a &pecific s/a.ar material &-9ro-tine.
<:=?6@ Z &tre&&e& in previo-& time &tep
-/<?6@ Z &train increment&
-/</ Z effective pla&tic &train in previo-& time &tep

C<9?*@ Z hi&tory varia9le& in previo-& time &tep excl-(ing pla&tic &train
;31 Z c-rrent time &tep &iIe
3->/-7 Z c-rrent temperat-re
51:2-2 Z flag in(icating fail-re of element
Bf the +e/tori8ation flag i& active CI%E#T.1@ on the material car(, varia9le& are in general &tore( in
vector 9loc7& of length 02P, with vector in(exe& ranging from 253 to 223 , which allow& for a more
efficient exec-tion of the material ro-tine. 2& an example, the (ata &tr-ct-re& mentione( a9ove are
for the vectoriIe( ca&e exchange( for
<:=X?02P@ Z &tre&&e& in previo-& time &tep
;X?02P@ Z &train increment&
-/</<?02P@ Z effective pla&tic &train& in previo-& time &tep
C<9<?02PH*@ Z hi&tory varia9le& in previo-& time &tep
;31<:B?02P@ ' c-rrent time &tep &iIe&
3->/<?02P@ Z c-rrent temperat-re&
51:2-2<?02P@ Z flag& in(icating fail-re of element&
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ÀPPENDIX A
!2#2 C2PP=53BL 2D LS-DYNA R7.0
where X range& from 1 to 6 for the (ifferent component&. =ach entry in a vector 9loc7 i& a&&ociate(
with an integration point in the finite element me&h.
The n-m9er of entrie& in the hi&tory varia9le& array Cin(icate( 9y * in the a9oveD matche& the n-m#
9er of hi&tory varia9le& re;-e&te( on the material car( CN,%D. Jence the n-m9er N,% &ho-l( e;-al to
the n-m9er of hi&tory varia9le& excl-(ing the effective pla&tic &train &ince thi& varia9le i& given a
&pecial treatment. 2ll hi&tory varia9le&, incl-(ing the effective pla&tic &train, are initially Iero. +-r#
thermore, all -&er#(efine( material mo(el& re;-ire a 9-l7 mo(-l-& an( &hear mo(-l-& for tran&mit#
ting 9o-n(arie&, contact interface&, rigi( 9o(y con&traint&, an( time &tep calc-lation&. Thi& generally
mean& that the length of material con&tant& array LM# m-&t 9e increa&e( 9y 2 for the &torage of the&e
parameter&. Bn a((ition to the varia9le& mentione( a9ove, the following (ata can 9e &-pplie( to the
-&er material ro-tine&, regar(le&& of whether vectoriIation i& -&e( or not.
6>?*@ Z material con&tant& array
61/1 Z tran&ver&e &hear correction factor for &hell element&
33 Z c-rrent time
679?1"1H2H*@ Z array repre&entation of c-rve& (efine( in the 7eywor( (ec7
2 &pecific material ro-tine, 8>13XX in the &calar ca&e or 8>13XX9 in the vector ca&e, i& now calle(
with any nece&&ary parameter& of the one& a9ove, an( po&&i9ly other& a& well. The letter& XX &tan(&
for a n-m9er 9etween 41 an( 5" an( matche& the n-m9er MT on the material car(. Thi& &-9ro-tine i&
written 9y the -&er, an( &ho-l( -p(ate the &tre&&e& an( hi&tory varia9le& to the c-rrent time. +or
&hell& an( 9eam& it i& al&o nece&&ary to (etermine the &train increment& in the (irection& of con#
&traine( Iero &tre&&. To 9e a9le to write (ifferent &tre&& -p(ate& for (ifferent element&, the following
character &tring i& pa&&e( to the -&er#(efine( &-9ro-tine
-34/- Z character &tring that e;-al& <o2:;, <C-22, F-1>, ;F-1> or 3F-1>
2 &ample -&er &-9ro-tine of a hypo#ela&tic material in the &calar ca&e i& provi(e( 9elow. Thi& &am#
ple an( the other& 9elow are from the (yn21.+ file that i& (i&tri9-te( with ver&ion '0.1.
Sample *,er ,*(ro*t&ne %/

<8F7o83:0- 8>1341 ?6>H-/<H<:=H-/</HC<9H;31H61/1H-34/-H33H
1 3->/-7H51:2-2H679H6>1@
6
6******************************************************************
6| L:9-7>o7- So53L17- T-6C0o2o=4 #o7/o713:o0 ?LST#@ |
6| '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' |
6| #o/47:=C3 1&87'2""8 L:9-7>o7- So53L17- T-6C. #o7/ |
6| A22 7:=C3< 7-<-79-; |
6******************************************************************
6
6 :<o37o/:6 -21<3:6 >13-7:12 ?<1>/2- 8<-7 <8F7o83:0-@
6
6 %17:1F2-<
6
6 6>?1@.5:7<3 >13-7:12 6o0<3103H C-7- 4o80=U< >o;828<
6 6>?2@.<-6o0; >13-7:12 6o0<3103H C-7- /o:<<o0U< 713:o
6 .
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LS-DYNA R7.0 !2#% C2PP=53BL 2D
6 .
6 .
6 6>?0@.03C >13-7:12 6o0<3103
6
6 -/<?1@.2o612 A <371:0 :067->-03
6 -/<?2@.2o612 4 <371:0 :067->-03
6 -/<?3@.2o612 B <371:0 :067->-03
6 -/<?4@.2o612 A4 <371:0 :067->-03
6 -/<?5@.2o612 4B <371:0 :067->-03
6 -/<?6@.2o612 BA <371:0 :067->-03
6
6 <:=?1@.2o612 A <37-<<
6 <:=?2@.2o612 4 <37-<<
6 <:=?3@.2o612 B <37-<<
6 <:=?4@.2o612 A4 <37-<<
6 <:=?5@.2o612 4B <37-<<
6 <:=?6@.2o612 BA <37-<<
6
6 C<9?1@.1<3 C:<3o74 917:1F2-
6 C<9?2@.20; C:<3o74 917:1F2-
6 .
6 .
6 .
6 .
6 C<9?0@.03C C:<3o74 917:1F2-
6
6 ;31.6877-03 3:>- <3-/ <:B-
6 61/1.7-;863:o0 5163o7 5o7 3710<9-7<- <C-17
6 -34/-D
6 -P.V<o2:;V 5o7 <o2:; -2->-03<
6 -P.V<2;2;V 5o7 <C-22 5o7>< 13H 14H 10; 15 ?2D <o2:;<@
6 -P.V<C2_3V 5o7 <C-22 5o7>< 25H 26H 10; 27 ?<C-22< L:3C 3C:6Q0-<<
6 <37-36C@
6 -P.V<C-22V 5o7 122 o3C-7 <C-22 -2->-03< /28< 3C:6Q <C-22 5o7>< 1
6 10; 2
6 -P.V3<C-2V 5o7 3C:6Q <C-22 5o7>< 3 10; 5
6 -P.VCF-1>V 5o7 F-1> -2->-03 5o7>< 1 10; 11
6 -P.V3F-1>V 5o7 F-1> -2->-03 5o7> 3 ?378<<@
6 -P.V;F-1>V 5o7 F-1> -2->-03 5o7> 6 ?;:<67-3-@
6 -P.VF-1> V 5o7 122 o3C-7 F-1> -2->-03<
6
6 33.6877-03 /7oF2-> 3:>-.
6
6 3->/-7.6877-03 3->/-71387-
6
6 51:2-2.521= 5o7 51:287-H <-3 3o .378-. 3o 51:2 10 :03-=713:o0 /o:03H
6 :5 .378-. o0 :0/83 3C- :03-=713:o0 /o:03 C1< 51:2-; -172:-7
6
6 679.17714 7-/7-<-0313:o0 o5 6879-< :0 Q-4Lo7; ;-6Q
6
6 6>1.1;;:3:o012 >->o74 5o7 >13-7:12 ;131 ;-5:0-; F4 LM#A 13
6 63C 5:-2; o5 20; 671; o5 *DATA_)SER_DE!INED
6
6 A22 3710<5o7>13:o0< :03o 3C- -2->-03 2o612 <4<3-> 17-
6 /-75o7>-; /7:o7 3o -03-7:0= 3C:< <8F7o83:0-. T710<5o7>13:o0<
6 F16Q 3o 3C- =2oF12 <4<3-> 17- /-75o7>-; 153-7 -A:3:0= 3C:<
6 7o83:0-.
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ÀPPENDIX A
!2#! C2PP=53BL 2D LS-DYNA R7.0
6
6 A22 C:<3o74 917:1F2-< 17- :0:3:12:B-; 3o B-7o :0 3C- :0/83
6 /C1<-. I0:3:12:B13:o0 o5 C:<3o74 917:1F2-< 3o 0o0B-7o 9128-<
6 >14 F- ;o0- ;87:0= 3C- 5:7<3 6122 3o 3C:< <8F7o83:0- 5o7 -16C
6 -2->-03.
6
6 E0-7=4 61268213:o0< 5o7 3C- ;4013; -0-7=4 F12106- 17- ;o0-
6 o83<:;- 3C:< <8F7o83:0-.
6
:0628;- U02P/17>U
:0628;- UFQ"6.:06U
:0628;- U:o80:3<.:06U
;:>-0<:o0 6>?*@H-/<?*@H<:=?*@HC<9?*@H679?2P1H2H*@H6>1?*@
2o=:612 51:2-2
6C17163-7*5 -34/-
6
:5 ?06462-.-P.1@ 3C-0
:5 ?6>?16@.0-.1234567@ 3C-0
6122 8<-7><=?U>1341U@
-0;:5
-0;:5
6
6 6o>/83- <C-17 >o;828<H =
6
=2 .1F<?6>?1@@N?1.G6>?2@@
= ..5*=2
6
:5 ?-34/-.-P.U<o2:;U.o7.-34/-.-P.U<C2_3U.o7.
1 -34/-.-P.U<2;2;U.o7.-34/-.-P.U3<C-2U@ 3C-0
:5 ?6>?16@.-P.1234567@ 3C-0
6122 >:351:23;?6>H-/<H<:=H-/</HC<9H;31H61/1H51:2-2H33H679@
-2<-
:5 ?.0o3.51:2-2@ 3C-0
;19=.?'-/<?1@'-/<?2@'-/<?3@@N3.
/.';19=*1F<?6>?1@@N?1.'2.*6>?2@@
<:=?1@.<:=?1@G/G=2*?-/<?1@G;19=@
<:=?2@.<:=?2@G/G=2*?-/<?2@G;19=@
<:=?3@.<:=?3@G/G=2*?-/<?3@G;19=@
<:=?4@.<:=?4@G=*-/<?4@
<:=?5@.<:=?5@G=*-/<?5@
<:=?6@.<:=?6@G=*-/<?6@
:5 ?6>?1@.23.".@ 3C-0
:5 ?<:=?1@.=3.6>?5@@ 51:2-2..378-.
-0;:5
-0;:5
-0; :5
6
-2<- :5 ?-34/-.-P.U<C-22U@ 3C-0
:5 ?6>?16@.-P.1234567@ 3C-0
6122 >:351:287-?6>H-/<H<:=H-/</HC<9H;31H61/1H51:2-2H33H679@
-2<-
:5 ?.0o3.51:2-2@ 3C-0
=6 .61/1*=
P1 .1F<?6>?1@@*6>?2@N??1."G6>?2@@*?1."'2."*6>?2@@@
P3 .1.N?P1G=2@
-/<?3@.'P1*?-/<?1@G-/<?2@@*P3
;19= .?'-/<?1@'-/<?2@'-/<?3@@N3.
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/ .';19=*1F<?6>?1@@N?1.'2.*6>?2@@
<:=?1@.<:=?1@G/G=2*?-/<?1@G;19=@
<:=?2@.<:=?2@G/G=2*?-/<?2@G;19=@
<:=?3@."."
<:=?4@.<:=?4@G= *-/<?4@
<:=?5@.<:=?5@G=6*-/<?5@
<:=?6@.<:=?6@G=6*-/<?6@
:5 ?6>?1@.23.".@ 3C-0
:5 ?<:=?1@.=3.6>?5@@ 51:2-2..378-.
-0;:5
-0;:5
-0; :5
-2<-:5 ?-34/-.-P.UF-1> U @ 3C-0
P1 .6>?1@*6>?2@N??1."G6>?2@@*?1."'2."*6>?2@@@
P3 .P1G2."*=
=6 .61/1*=
;-3: .1.N?P3*P3'P1*P1@
622: . P3*;-3:
623: .'P1*;-3:
516 .?622:G623:@*P1
-/<?2@.'-/<?1@*516'<:=?2@*622:'<:=?3@*623:
-/<?3@.'-/<?1@*516'<:=?2@*623:'<:=?3@*622:
;19= .?'-/<?1@'-/<?2@'-/<?3@@N3.
/ .';19=*6>?1@N?1.'2.*6>?2@@
<:=?1@.<:=?1@G/G=2*?-/<?1@G;19=@
<:=?2@."."
<:=?3@."."
<:=?4@.<:=?4@G=6*-/<?4@
<:=?5@."."
<:=?6@.<:=?6@G=6*-/<?6@

6
-2<-:5 ?-34/-.-P.U3F-1>U@ 3C-0
P1 .6>?1@*6>?2@N??1."G6>?2@@*?1."'2."*6>?2@@@
P3 .P1G2."*=
;-3: .1.N?P3*P3'P1*P1@
622: . P3*;-3:
623: .'P1*;-3:
516 .?622:G623:@*P1
-/<?2@.'-/<?1@*516
-/<?3@.'-/<?1@*516
;19= .?'-/<?1@'-/<?2@'-/<?3@@N3.
/ .';19=*6>?1@N?1.'2.*6>?2@@
<:=?1@.<:=?1@G/G=2*?-/<?1@G;19=@
<:=?2@."."
<:=?3@."."
6
-2<-
6 L7:3-?:o334H1"@ -34/-
6 L7:3-?:oC</H1"@ -34/-
6 L7:3-?:o><=H1"@ -34/-
6 6122 1;:o<?T#_ERROR@
6-7;13?1@.-34/-
6122 2<><=?3HMSG_SOLG115"H:o122H:-7;13H7-7;13H6-7;13H"@
-0;:5
6
61" 5o7>13?N
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6 1 U *** E77o7 -2->-03 34/- UH1HU 610 0o3 F-UH
6 2 U 780 L:3C 3C- 6877-03 >13-7:12 >o;-2.U@
7-3870
-0;
A00&t&onal feat*re,
Load curves and tables
Bf the material of intere&t &ho-l( re;-ire loa( c-rve&, for in&tance a c-rve (efining yiel( &tre&& a& a
f-nction of effective pla&tic &train, the varia9le 679 &ho-l( 9e -&e(. =ach c-rve (efine( in the 7ey#
wor( (ec7 i& repre&ente( 9y point& (x
), i = 1 . . . 1uu, &tore( in the array 679 together with a

n-m9er (efining the increment& Ax &tore( in po&ition 1u1. To 9e more preci&e, the fir&t x val-e i&
&tore( in 679?1H1H*@, the fir&t y val-e in 679?1H2H*@, the &econ( x val-e in 679?2H1H*@, the &ec#
on( y val-e in 679?2H2H*@, an( &o on. The increment Ax i& &tore( in 679?1"1H1H*@. The thir( in#
(ex in the 679 array repre&ent& the internal loa( c-rve i(. There are two way& to extract the val-e&
from a loa( c-rve from a -&er (efine( material& ro-tine.
+ir&t, there are two &-9ro-tine& that can 9e calle( from within the -&er (efine( ro-tine, the&e are
<8F7o83:0- 679912?679H-:;HA912H4912H<2o/-@
an(
<8F7o83:0- 679912_9?679H-:;HA912H4912H<2o/-H253H223@
where the former ro-tine i& -&e( in the &calar context an( the latter for vectoriIe( -mat. The arg-#
ment& are the following
679 # the loa( c-rve array
-:; # external loa( c-rve B3, i.e., the loa( c-rve B3 ta7en from the 7eywor( (ec7
A912 # a9&ci&&a val-e
4912 # or(inate val-e Co-tp-t from ro-tineD
<2o/- # &lope of c-rve Co-tp-t from ro-tineD
253 # fir&t in(ex of vector
223 # final in(ex of vector
where A912, 4912 an( <2o/- are &calar& in the &calar ro-tine an( vector& of length 02P in the vector#
iIe( ro-tine. 5ote that -:; &ho-l( 9e pa&&e( a& float.
Secon(, for efficiency con&i(eration& the -&er may extract val-e& on hi&Fher own. The following few
line& of co(e &how& how to extract the or(inate val-e 4 at the a9&ci&&a A for a c-rve with external
c-rve i( Cin the 7eywor( (ec7D given 9y 679:;_-A3.

:03-=-7 679:;_:03
6
6 oF31:0 :03-7012 6879- :;
6
679:;_:03.26:;<?0:03?679:;_-A3@@
6
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6 /7o6--; :5 6879- :; :< 912:;
6
:5 ?679:;_:03.=3."@ 3C-0
6
6 oF31:0 :067->-03 :0 A 10; 5:7<3 A 9128-
6
A:06.679?2P1H1H679:;_:03@
AF=0.679?1H1H679:;_:03@
6
6 5:0; :03-7912 :0 LC:6C A :< <:3813-;
6
:0;.1:03??A'AF=0@NA:06@G1
:0;.>:0?:0;H2P&@
:0;.>1A?:0;H1@
6
6 5:0; <2o/- o5 3C13 /173:68217 <-=>-03
6
51/:=%F2.BF3;4N1M2M2.B34_3;8G2.BF3;4M2M2.B34_3;8GGU
1 ?679?:0;G1H1H679:;_:03@'679?:0;H1H679:;_:03@@
6
6 -912813- o7;:013- 9128- 4
6
4.679?:0;H2H679:;_:03@G<2o/-*?A'679?:0;H1H679:;_:03@@
6
-0;:5
+or ta9le&, two &-9ro-tine& are availa9le for extracting val-e&. 2 &calar ver&ion i&
<8F7o83:0- 31F912?679H-:;H;A912H4912H;<2o/-HA912H<2o/-@
an( a vector ver&ion i&
<8F7o83:0- 31F912_9?679H-:;H;A912H4912H;<2o/-H253H223HA912H<2o/-@
where
crv # c-rve array
ei( # external c-rve i(, i.e., c-rve i( ta7en from 7eywor( (ec7
(xval # a9&ci&&a val-e Cx2#axi&D
yval # or(inate val-e Cy#axi&, o-tp-t from ro-tineD
(&lope# &lope of c-rve C(yF(x2, o-tp-t from ro-tineD
xval # a9&ci&&a val-e Cx1#axi&D
&lope # &lope of c-rve C(yF(x1, o-tp-t from ro-tineD
lft # vector in(ex
llt # vector in(ex
Bn the &calar ro-tine, (xval, yval, (&lope, xval an( &lope are all &calar& wherea& in the vector ro-tine
they are vector& of length nl;.
Local coordinate system
Bf the material mo(el ha& (irectional propertie&, &-ch a& compo&ite& an( ani&otropic pla&ticity mo(#
el&, the local coor(inate &y&tem option can 9e invo7e(. Thi& i& (one 9y p-tting IORT,O e;-al to 1 on
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the material car(. Thi& al&o re;-ire& two a((itional car(& with val-e& for how the coor(inate &y&tem
i& forme( an( -p(ate(. ,hen thi& option i& -&e(, all (ata pa&&e( to the con&tit-tive ro-tine 8>13XX or
8>13XX9 i& in the local &y&tem an( the tran&formation 9ac7 to the glo9al &y&tem i& (one o-t&i(e thi&
-&er#(efine( ro-tine. There i& one exception however, &ee the &ection on the (eformation gra(ient.
Temperature
+or a material with thermal propertie&, temperat-re& are ma(e availa9le 9y p-tting the flag IT,ERMAL
e;-al to 1 on the material car(. The temperat-re& in the element& are then availa9le in the 3->/-7
varia9le for a &calar an( 3->/< array for the vectoriIe( implementation. +or a co-ple( thermal &tr-c#
t-ral analy&i&, the thermal pro9lem i& &olve( fir&t an( temperat-re& at the c-rrent time are availa9le
in the -&er#(efine( &-9ro-tine. Calc-lation of (i&&ipate( heat in the pre&ence of pla&tic (eformation
i& ta7en care of 9y LS#3452 an( nee(& not 9e con&i(ere( 9y the -&er. Bf the time (erivative of the
temperat-re i& nee(e( for the &tre&& -p(ate, a hi&tory varia9le that contain& the temperat-re in the
previo-& time &tep &ho-l( 9e re;-e&te(. The time (erivative can then 9e o9taine( 9y a 9ac7war( fi#
nite (ifference e&timate.
Failure
Bt i& po&&i9le to incl-(e fail-re in the material mo(el, re&-lting in the (eletion of element& that f-lfill
a certain fail-re criterion. To accompli&h thi&, the flag I!AIL m-&t 9e &et to 1 on the material car(.
+or a &calar implementation, the varia9le 51:2-2 i& &et to .378-. when a fail-re criterion i& met. +or
a vectoriIe( implementation, the corre&pon(ing entry in the 51:2-2< array i& &et to .378-.
Deformation gradient
+or &ome material&, the &tre&&e& are not o9taine( from incremental &train&, 9-t are expre&&e( in term&
of the (eformation gra(ient F. Thi& i& the ca&e for hyper#ela&ticC#pla&ticD material&. To ma7e the (e#
formation gra(ient availa9le for 9ric7& an( &hell& in the -&er#(efine( material &-9ro-tine&, the varia#
9le I,YPER on the material car( &ho-l( 9e &et to 1. The (eformation gra(ient component& F
11
, F
21
,
F
31
, F
12
, F
22
, F
32
, F
13
, F
23
an( F
33
can then 9e fo-n( in the hi&tory varia9le& array in po&ition& N,%G1
to N,%G&, i.e., the po&ition& coming right after the re;-e&te( n-m9er of hi&tory varia9le&.
+or &hell element&, the component& of the (eformation gra(ient are with re&pect to the co#rotational
&y&tem for the element c-rrently -&e(. Bn thi& ca&e the thir( row of the (eformation gra(ient, i.e., the
component& F
31
, F
32
an( F
33
, will not 9e properly -p(ate( when entering the -&er#(efine( material
ro-tine. The&e component& (epen( on the thic7ne&& &train increment which in t-rn m-&t 9e (eter#
mine( &o that the normal &tre&& in the &hell vani&he&. +or a given thic7ne&& &train increment ;3, the&e
three component&, 531, 532 an( 533, can 9e (etermine( 9y calling the &-9ro-tine
<8F7o83:0- 6o>/83-_53<?531H532H533H;3@
for a &calar implementation an(
<8F7o83:0- 6o>/83-_53?531H532H533H;3H253H223@
for a vector implementation. The fir&t fo-r arg-ment& are array& of length 02P for the vector ro-tine
an( &calar& for the &calar ro-tine.
+or hyper#ela&tic material& there are p-&h forwar( operation& that can 9e calle( from within the -&er
(efine( &-9ro-tine&. The&e are
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<8F7o83:0- /8<C_5o7L17;_2?<:=1H<:=2H<:=3H<:=4H<:=5H<:=6H
511H521H531H512H522H532H513H523H533H253H223@
which perform& a p-&h forwar( operation on the &tre&& ten&or, an( the corre&pon(ing &calar ro-tine
<8F7o83:0- /8<C_5o7L17;_2<?<:=1H<:=2H<:=3H<:=4H<:=5H<:=6H
511H521H531H512H522H532H513H523H533@
Bn the latter &-9ro-tine all arg-ment& are &calar& wherea& the corre&pon(ing entrie& in the vectoriIe(
ro-tine are vector& of length 02P. The <:=1 to <:=6 are component& of the &tre&& ten&or an( 511 to
533 are component& of the (eformation gra(ient.
Bf the local coor(inate &y&tem option i& invo7e( CIORT,O.1D, then the (eformation gra(ient i& tran&#
forme( to thi& local &y&tem prior to entering the -&er#(efine( material ro-tine accor(ing to
F
=
k
s
F
k

where
s
refer& to a tran&formation 9etween the c-rrent glo9al an( material frame&. +or IORT,O
e;-al to 1 one can choo&e to p-t I,YPER e;-al to Z1 which re&-lt& in that the (eformation gra(ient i&
tran&forme( accor(ing to
F
= F
k

where
i& the tran&formation 9etween the reference glo9al an( material an( frame&. +or thi& latter
option the &patial frame remain& the glo9al one &o the &tre&&e& &ho-l( 9e expre&&e( in thi& frame of
reference -pon exiting the -&er (efine( ro-tine&. The &-ita9le choice of I,YPER (epen(& on the for#
m-lation of the material mo(el.
+or &hell&, there i& al&o the option of &etting I,YPER.3 which will ma7e the (eformation gra(ient
comp-te( from the no(al coor(inate& an( in the glo9al coor(inate &y&tem. ,ith thi& option the -&er
m-&t comp-te the &tre&& in the local &y&tem of intere&t, whence a tran&formation matrix 9etween the
glo9al an( thi& local &y&tem i& pa&&e( to the -&er material ro-tine&. The col-mn& in thi& matrix corre#
&pon( to local 9a&i& vector& expre&&e( in glo9al coor(inate&, an( thi& i& the &y&tem that &tre&& nee(&
to 9e comp-te( in. The -&er m-&t 9e aware that &ince the (eformation gra(ient i& calc-late( (irectly
from the element (eformation it may not 9e con&i&tent with the theory of the element that i& -&e( for
the material. 2l&o, the thic7ne&& -&e( in the calc-lation& are con&tant an( there i& c-rrently no thic7#
ne&& change treatment for thi& option.
Bn the following, a 5eo#Joo7ean material i& -&e( a& an example of the -&age of the (eformation gra#
(ient in -&er#(efine( material&. ,ith z an( p 9eing the Lame parameter& in the lineariIe( theory, the
&train energy (en&ity for thi& material i& given 9y
=
1
2
z(ln(uetF))
2
-pln(uetF) +
1
2
p(ti(F
F) -S)
meaning that the Ca-chy &tre&& can 9e expre&&e( a&
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!2#1$ C2PP=53BL 2D LS-DYNA R7.0
o =
1
dctF
(zln(uetF)I +p(FF
-I)).
Sample *,er ,*(ro*t&ne %+

<8F7o83:0- 8>1345 ?6>H-/<H<:=H-/</HC<9H;31H61/1H
. -34/-H3:>-H3->/H51:2-2H679H6>1@
6
6******************************************************************
6| L:9-7>o7- So53L17- T-6C0o2o=4 #o7/o713:o0 ?LST#@ |
6| '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' |
6| #o/47:=C3 1&87'2""8 L:9-7>o7- So53L17- T-6C. #o7/ |
6| A22 7:=C3< 7-<-79-; |
6******************************************************************
6
6 N-o',ooQ-10 >13-7:12 ?<1>/2- 8<-7 <8F7o83:0-@
6
6 %17:1F2-<
6
6 6>?1@.5:7<3 >13-7:12 6o0<3103H C-7- 4o80=U< >o;828<
6 6>?2@.<-6o0; >13-7:12 6o0<3103H C-7- /o:<<o0U< 713:o
6 .
6 .
6 .
6 6>?0@.03C >13-7:12 6o0<3103
6
6 -/<?1@.2o612 A <371:0 :067->-03
6 -/<?2@.2o612 4 <371:0 :067->-03
6 -/<?3@.2o612 B <371:0 :067->-03
6 -/<?4@.2o612 A4 <371:0 :067->-03
6 -/<?5@.2o612 4B <371:0 :067->-03
6 -/<?6@.2o612 BA <371:0 :067->-03
6
6 <:=?1@.2o612 A <37-<<
6 <:=?2@.2o612 4 <37-<<
6 <:=?3@.2o612 B <37-<<
6 <:=?4@.2o612 A4 <37-<<
6 <:=?5@.2o612 4B <37-<<
6 <:=?6@.2o612 BA <37-<<
6
6 C<9?1@.1<3 C:<3o74 917:1F2-
6 C<9?2@.20; C:<3o74 917:1F2-
6 .
6 .
6 .
6 .
6 C<9?0@.03C C:<3o74 917:1F2-
6
6 ;31.6877-03 3:>- <3-/ <:B-
6 61/1.7-;863:o0 5163o7 5o7 3710<9-7<- <C-17
6 -34/-D
6 -P.V<o2:;V 5o7 <o2:; -2->-03<
6 -P.V<2;2;V 5o7 <C-22 5o7>< 13H 14H 10; 15 ?2D <o2:;<@
6 -P.V<C2_3V 5o7 <C-22 5o7>< 25H 26H 10; 27 ?<C-22< L:3C 3C:6Q0-<<
6 <37-36C@
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6 -P.V<C-22V 5o7 122 o3C-7 <C-22 -2->-03< /28< 3C:6Q <C-22 5o7>< 1
6 10; 2
6 -P.V3<C-2V 5o7 3C:6Q <C-22 5o7>< 3 10; 5
6 -P.VCF-1>V 5o7 F-1> -2->-03 5o7>< 1 10; 11
6 -P.V3F-1>V 5o7 F-1> -2->-03 5o7> 3 ?378<<@
6 -P.V;F-1>V 5o7 F-1> -2->-03 5o7> 6 ?;:<67-3-@
6 -P.VF-1> V 5o7 122 o3C-7 F-1> -2->-03<
6
6 3:>-.6877-03 /7oF2-> 3:>-.
6 3->/.6877-03 3->/-71387-
6
6 6>1.1;;:3:o012 >->o74 5o7 >13-7:12 ;131 ;-5:0-; F4 LM#A 13
6 63C 5:-2; o5 20; 671; o5 *DATA_)SER_DE!INED
6
6 A22 3710<5o7>13:o0< :03o 3C- -2->-03 2o612 <4<3-> 17-
6 /-75o7>-; /7:o7 3o -03-7:0= 3C:< <8F7o83:0-. T710<5o7>13:o0<
6 F16Q 3o 3C- =2oF12 <4<3-> 17- /-75o7>-; 153-7 -A:3:0= 3C:<
6 7o83:0-.
6
6 A22 C:<3o74 917:1F2-< 17- :0:3:12:B-; 3o B-7o :0 3C- :0/83
6 /C1<-. I0:3:12:B13:o0 o5 C:<3o74 917:1F2-< 3o 0o0B-7o 9128-<
6 >14 F- ;o0- ;87:0= 3C- 5:7<3 6122 3o 3C:< <8F7o83:0- 5o7 -16C
6 -2->-03.
6
6 E0-7=4 61268213:o0< 5o7 3C- ;4013; -0-7=4 F12106- 17- ;o0-
6 o83<:;- 3C:< <8F7o83:0-.
6
:0628;- U02P/17>U
:0628;- U:o80:3<.:06U
:0628;- UFQ"6.:06U
6C17163-7*5 -34/-
;:>-0<:o0 6>?*@H-/<?*@H<:=?*@HC<9?*@H679?2P1H2H*@H6>1?*@
2o=:612 51:2-2
6
:5 ?06462-.-P.1@ 3C-0
6122 8<-7><=?U>1345U@
-0;:5
6
6 6o>/83- 21>- /171>-3-7<
6
A21>F;1.6>?1@*6>?2@N??1.G6>?2@@*?1.'2.*6>?2@@@
A>8..5*6>?1@N?1.G6>?2@@
6
:5 ?-34/-.-P.U<o2:;U.o7.-34/-.-P.U<C2_3U.o7.
1 -34/-.-P.U<2;2;U.o7.-34/-.-P.U3<C-2U@ 3C-0
6
6 ;-5o7>13:o0 =71;:-03 <3o7-; :0 C<9?1@H...HC<9?&@
6
6 6o>/83- T16oF:10
6
;-35.C<9?1@*?C<9?5@*C<9?&@'C<9?6@*C<9?8@@
1 'C<9?2@*?C<9?4@*C<9?&@'C<9?6@*C<9?7@@
2 GC<9?3@*?C<9?4@*C<9?8@'C<9?5@*C<9?7@@
6
6 6o>/83- 2-53 6186C4'=7--0 3-0<o7
6
F1.C<9?1@*C<9?1@GC<9?4@*C<9?4@GC<9?7@*C<9?7@
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F2.C<9?2@*C<9?2@GC<9?5@*C<9?5@GC<9?8@*C<9?8@
F3.C<9?3@*C<9?3@GC<9?6@*C<9?6@GC<9?&@*C<9?&@
F4.C<9?1@*C<9?2@GC<9?4@*C<9?5@GC<9?7@*C<9?8@
F5.C<9?2@*C<9?3@GC<9?5@*C<9?6@GC<9?8@*C<9?&@
F6.C<9?1@*C<9?3@GC<9?4@*C<9?6@GC<9?7@*C<9?&@
6
6 6o>/83- 6186C4 <37-<<
6
;-35:09.1.N;-35
;>8.A>8'A21>F;1*2o=?;-35@
<:=?1@.;-35:09*?A>8*F1';>8@
<:=?2@.;-35:09*?A>8*F2';>8@
<:=?3@.;-35:09*?A>8*F3';>8@
<:=?4@.;-35:09*A>8*F4
<:=?5@.;-35:09*A>8*F5
<:=?6@.;-35:09*A>8*F6
6
-2<- :5 ?-34/-.-P.U<C-22U@ 3C-0
6
6 ;-5o7>13:o0 =71;:-03 <3o7-; :0 C<9?1@H...HC<9?&@
6
6 6o>/83- /173 o5 2-53 6186C4'=7--0 3-0<o7
6 :0;-/-0;-03 o5 3C:6Q0-<< <371:0 :067->-03
6
F1.C<9?1@*C<9?1@GC<9?4@*C<9?4@GC<9?7@*C<9?7@
F2.C<9?2@*C<9?2@GC<9?5@*C<9?5@GC<9?8@*C<9?8@
F4.C<9?1@*C<9?2@GC<9?4@*C<9?5@GC<9?7@*C<9?8@
6
6 <-6103 :3-713:o0< 5o7 B-7o 0o7>12 <37-<<
6
;o :3-7.1H5
6
6 5:7<3 3C:6Q0-<< <371:0 :067->-03 :0:3:12 =8-<<
6 1<<8>:0= Po:<<o0U< 713:o ;:55-7-03 57o> B-7o
6
:5 ?:3-7.-P.1@ 3C-0
-/<?3@.'A21>F;1*?-/<?1@G-/<?2@@N?A21>F;1G2.*A>8@
6
6 <-6o0; 3C:6Q0-<< <371:0 :067->-03 :0:3:12 =8-<<
6
-2<- :5 ?:3-7.-P.2@ 3C-0
<:=o2;.<:=?3@
-/<o2;.-/<?3@
-/<?3@.".
6
6 <-6103 8/;13- o5 3C:6Q0-<< <371:0 :067->-03
6
-2<- :5 ?1F<?<:=?3@'<:=o2;@.=3."."@ 3C-0
;-/<.'?-/<?3@'-/<o2;@N?<:=?3@'<:=o2;@*<:=?3@
<:=o2;.<:=?3@
-/<o2;.-/<?3@
-/<?3@.-/<?3@G;-/<
-0;:5
6
6 6o>/83- 21<3 7oL o5 ;-5o7>13:o0 =71;:-03
6
6122 6o>/83-_53<?C<9?3@HC<9?6@HC<9?&@H-/<?3@@
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LS-DYNA R7.0 !2#1% C2PP=53BL 2D
6
6 6o>/83- T16oF:10
6
;-35.C<9?1@*?C<9?5@*C<9?&@'C<9?6@*C<9?8@@
1 'C<9?2@*?C<9?4@*C<9?&@'C<9?6@*C<9?7@@
2 GC<9?3@*?C<9?4@*C<9?8@'C<9?5@*C<9?7@@
6
6 6o>/83- 0o7>12 6o>/o0-03 o5 2-53 6186C4'=7--0 3-0<o7
6
F3.C<9?3@*C<9?3@GC<9?6@*C<9?6@GC<9?&@*C<9?&@
6
6 6o>/83- 0o7>12 <37-<<
6
;-35:09.1.N;-35
;>8.A>8'A21>F;1*2o=?;-35@
<:=?1@.;-35:09*?A>8*F1';>8@
<:=?2@.;-35:09*?A>8*F2';>8@
<:=?3@.;-35:09*?A>8*F3';>8@
<:=?4@.;-35:09*A>8*F4
6
6 -A:3 :5 0o7>12 <37-<< :< <855:6:-0324 <>122
6
:5 ?1F<?<:=?3@@.2-.1.-'5*
1 ?1F<?<:=?1@@G1F<?<:=?2@@G1F<?<:=?4@@@@ =o3o 1"
-0;;o
6
6 6o>/83- 7->1:0:0= 6o>/o0-03< o5 2-53 6186C4'=7--0 3-0<o7
6
1" F5.C<9?2@*C<9?3@GC<9?5@*C<9?6@GC<9?8@*C<9?&@
F6.C<9?1@*C<9?3@GC<9?4@*C<9?6@GC<9?7@*C<9?&@
6
6 6o>/83- 7->1:0:0= <37-<< 6o>/o0-03<
6
<:=?5@.;-35:09*A>8*F5
<:=?6@.;-35:09*A>8*F6
6
6 >13-7:12 >o;-2 o024 191:21F2- 5o7 <o2:;< 10; <C-22<
6
-2<-
6-7;13?1@.-34/-
6122 2<><=?3HMSG_SOLG1151H:o122H:-7;13H7-7;13H6-7;13H"@
-0;:5
7-3870
-0;
Impl&c&t analy,&,
+or 9ric7, an( &hell, an( thic7 &hell element&, a -&er#(efine( material mo(el can al&o 9e r-n with
implicit analy&i&. ,hen an implicit analy&i& i& re;-e&te( in the inp-t 7eywor( (ec7, LS#3452 call&
the &-9ro-tine 87310C for 9ric7& an( 87310< for &hell& with appropriate inp-t (ata for the calc-lation
of the material tangent mo(-l-&. +or a &calar implementation, thi& ro-tine in t-rn call& 8310XX with
all nece&&ary inp-t parameter& incl-(ing
-<?6H6@ Z material tangent mo(-l-&
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!2#1! C2PP=53BL 2D LS-DYNA R7.0
2gain, XX i& the n-m9er that matche& MT on the material car(. +or a vectoriIe( implementation, the
ro-tine 8310XXv i& calle(, thi& time with the corre&pon(ing vector 9loc7
;<19-?02PH6H6@ Z material tangent mo(-l-&
Thi& &-9ro-tine 9-il(& the tangent mo(-l-& to 9e -&e( for a&&em9ling the tangent &tiffne&& matrix
an( m-&t 9e provi(e( 9y the -&er. Thi& matrix i& e;-al to the Iero matrix when entering the -&er#
(efine( ro-tine, it m-&t 9e &ymmetric an( if the local coor(inate &y&tem option i& invo7e( for 9ric7&,
then it &ho-l( 9e expre&&e( in thi& local &y&tem. +or &hell element&, it &ho-l( 9e expre&&e( in the co#
rotational &y&tem (efine( for the c-rrent &hell element. 2ll tran&formation& 9ac7 to the glo9al &y&tem
are ma(e after exiting the -&er#(efine( ro-tine.
Bf the material i& hyper#ela&tic, there are p-&h forwar( operation& of tangent mo(-l-& ten&or availa9le
in
<8F7o83:0- /8<C_5o7L17;_4?;<19-H
. 511H521H531H512H522H532H513H523H533H253H223@
which perform& a p-&h forwar( operation on the tangent mo(-l-& ten&or, an( the corre&pon(ing &ca#
lar ro-tine
<8F7o83:0- /8<C_5o7L17;_4<?-<H
. 511H521H531H512H522H532H513H523H533@
Bn the latter &-9ro-tine all arg-ment& are &calar& wherea& the corre&pon(ing entrie& in the vectoriIe(
ro-tine are vector& of length 02P. The 511 to 533 are component& of the (eformation gra(ient.
The following &ample -&er &-9ro-tine ill-&trate& how to implement the tangent &tiffne&& mo(-l-& for
the 5eo#Joo7ean material a9ove. The material tangent mo(-l-& i& for thi& material given 9y
C =
1
dctF
(zI I +2(p -zln(uetF))I).
Sample *,er ,*(ro*t&ne %12 tan'ent mo0*l*,
<8F7o83:0- 831042?6>H-/<H<:=H-/</HC<9H;31H61/1H
. -34/-H33H3->/-7H-<H679@
6******************************************************************
6| 2:9-7>o7- <o53L17- 3-6C0o2o=4 6o7/o713:o0 ?2<36@ |
6| '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' |
6| 6o/47:=C3 1&87'1&&& |
6| 122 7:=C3< 7-<-79-; |
6******************************************************************
6
6 N-o',ooQ-10 >13-7:12 310=-03 >o;828< ?<1>/2- 8<-7 <8F7o83:0-@
6
6 %17:1F2-<
6
6 6>?1@.5:7<3 >13-7:12 6o0<3103H C-7- 4o80=U< >o;828<
6 6>?2@.<-6o0; >13-7:12 6o0<3103H C-7- /o:<<o0U< 713:o
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LS-DYNA R7.0 !2#1" C2PP=53BL 2D
6 .
6 .
6 .
6 6>?0@.03C >13-7:12 6o0<3103
6
6 -/<?1@.2o612 A <371:0 :067->-03
6 -/<?2@.2o612 4 <371:0 :067->-03
6 -/<?3@.2o612 B <371:0 :067->-03
6 -/<?4@.2o612 A4 <371:0 :067->-03
6 -/<?5@.2o612 4B <371:0 :067->-03
6 -/<?6@.2o612 BA <371:0 :067->-03
6
6 <:=?1@.2o612 A <37-<<
6 <:=?2@.2o612 4 <37-<<
6 <:=?3@.2o612 B <37-<<
6 <:=?4@.2o612 A4 <37-<<
6 <:=?5@.2o612 4B <37-<<
6 <:=?6@.2o612 BA <37-<<
6
6 -/</.-55-63:9- /21<3:6 <371:0
6
6 C<9?1@.1<3 C:<3o74 917:1F2-
6 C<9?2@.20; C:<3o74 917:1F2-
6 .
6 .
6 .
6 .
6 C<9?0@.03C C:<3o74 917:1F2-
6
6 ;31.6877-03 3:>- <3-/ <:B-
6 61/1.7-;863:o0 5163o7 5o7 3710<9-7<- <C-17
6 -34/-D
6 -P.VF7:6QV 5o7 <o2:; -2->-03<
6 -P.V<C-22V 5o7 122 <C-22 -2->-03<
6 -P.VF-1>V 5o7 122 F-1> -2->-03<
6 -P.V;F-1>V 5o7 122 ;:<67-3- F-1> -2->-03<
6
6 33.6877-03 /7oF2-> 3:>-.
6
6 3->/-7.6877-03 3->/-71387-
6
6 -<.>13-7:12 310=-03 >o;828<
6
6 679.17714 7-/7-<-0313:o0 o5 6879-< :0 Q-4Lo7; ;-6Q
6
6 TC- >13-7:12 310=-03 >o;828< :< <-3 3o " /7:o7 3o -03-7:0=
6 3C:< 7o83:0-. I3 <Co82; F- -A/7-<<-; :0 3C- 2o612 <4<3->
6 8/o0 -A:3:0= 3C:< 7o83:0-. A22 3710<5o7>13:o0< F16Q 3o 3C-
6 =2oF12 <4<3-> :< >1;- o83<:;- 3C:< 7o83:0-.
:0628;- U02P/17>U
6C17163-7*?*@ -34/-
;:>-0<:o0 6>?*@H-/<?*@H<:=?*@HC<9?*@H679?2P1H2H*@
;:>-0<:o0 -<?6H*@
6
6 0o C:<3o74 917:1F2-<H N,%."
6 ;-5o7>13:o0 =71;:-03 <3o7-; :0 C<9?1@H...HC<9?&@
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6
6 6o>/83- T16oF:10
6
;-35.C<9?1@*?C<9?5@*C<9?&@'C<9?6@*C<9?8@@
1 'C<9?2@*?C<9?4@*C<9?&@'C<9?6@*C<9?7@@
2 GC<9?3@*?C<9?4@*C<9?8@'C<9?5@*C<9?7@@
6
6 6o>/83- 21>- /171>-3-7<
6
A21>F;1.6>?1@*6>?2@N??1.G6>?2@@*?1.'2.*6>?2@@@
A>8..5*6>?1@N?1.G6>?2@@
6
6 6o>/83- 310=-03 <3:550-<<
6 <1>- 5o7 Fo3C <C-22< 10; F7:6Q<
6
;-35:09.1.N;-35
;>8.A>8'A21>F;1*2o=?;-35@
-<?1H1@.;-35:09*?A21>F;1G2.*;>8@
-<?2H2@.;-35:09*?A21>F;1G2.*;>8@
-<?3H3@.;-35:09*?A21>F;1G2.*;>8@
-<?4H4@.;-35:09*;>8
-<?5H5@.;-35:09*;>8
-<?6H6@.;-35:09*;>8
-<?2H1@.;-35:09*A21>F;1
-<?3H2@.;-35:09*A21>F;1
-<?3H1@.;-35:09*A21>F;1
-<?1H2@.-<?2H1@
-<?2H3@.-<?3H2@
-<?1H3@.-<?3H1@
6
7-3870
-0;
3,er4Def&ne0 #ater&al, .&t5 E6*at&on, of State
The following example -mat!!v i& &et -p to 9e -&e( with an e;-ation of &tate C=OSD. 8nli7e &tan(#
ar( mo(el&, it -p(ate& only the (eviatoric &tre&& an( it a&&ign& a val-e to P1, the pre&&-re c-t#off.
The pre&&-re c-t#off limit& the amo-nt of hy(ro&tatic pre&&-re that can 9e carrie( in ten&ion Ci.e.,
when the pre&&-re i& negativeD. The (efa-lt val-e i& Iero, an( a large negative n-m9er will allow the
material to carry an -nlimite( pre&&-re loa( in ten&ion. Bt i& calc-late( within the material mo(el 9e#
ca-&e it i& typically a f-nction of the c-rrent &tate of the material an( varie& with time. Bn thi& exam#
ple, however, it i& a con&tant val-e for &implicity. The pre&&-re c-t#off array i& pa&&e( thro-gh the
name( common 9loc7 -o<;2o6. 3epen(ing on the comp-ting environment, compiler (irective&
may 9e re;-ire( Ce.g., the ta&7 common (irective in the exampleD for correct S.P exec-tion.
Bn a((ition, the n-m9er of hi&tory varia9le&, 5JM, m-&t 9e increa&e( 9y ! in the inp-t file to allocate
the extra &torage re;-ire( for the =OS. The &torage i& the la&t ! varia9le& in C<9<, an( it m-&t not 9e
altere( 9y the -&er#(efine( material mo(el.
<8F7o83:0- 8>13449?6>H;1H;2H;3H;4H;5H;6H<:=1H<:=2H
. <:=3H<:=4H<:=5H<:=6H-/<HC<9<H253H223H;31<:BH61/1H
. -34/-H33H3->/<H51:2-2<H02P1H679@
/171>-3-7 ?3C:7;.1."N3."@
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:0628;- U02P/17>U
6
6*** :<o37o/:6 /21<3:6:34 L:3C 2:0-17 C17;-0:0=
6
6*** 8/;13-< o024 3C- ;-9:13o7:6 <37-<< <o 3C13 :3 610 F- 8<-; L:3C
6 10 -P813:o0 o5 <313-
6
6C17163-7*5 -34/-
2o=:612 51:2-2<
6
#_TAS$#OMMON ?-o<;2o6@
6o>>o0N-o<;2o6N/6?02P@
6
;:>-0<:o0 6>?*@H;1?*@H;2?*@H;3?*@H;4?*@H;5?*@H;6?*@H
R <:=1?*@H<:=2?*@H<:=3?*@H<:=4?*@H<:=5?*@H<:=6?*@H
R -/<?*@HC<9<?02P1H*@H;31<:B?*@H3->/<?*@H679?2P1H2H*@H
R 51:2-2<?*@
6
6*** <C-17 >o;828<H :0:3:12 4:-2; <37-<<H C17;-0:0=H 10; /7-<<87- 683'o55
= .6>?1@
<4" .6>?2@
C .6>?3@
/683.6>?4@
6
o516.1."N?3."*=GC@
3Lo=.2."*=
6
;o :.253H223
6
6*** 37:12 -21<3:6 ;-9:13o7:6 <37-<<
;19=.3C:7;*?;1?:@G;2?:@G;3?:@@
<19=.3C:7;*?<:=1?:@G<:=2?:@G<:=3?:@@
<:=1?:@.<:=1?:@'<19=G3Lo=*?;1?:@';19=@
<:=2?:@.<:=2?:@'<19=G3Lo=*?;2?:@';19=@
<:=3?:@.<:=3?:@'<19=G3Lo=*?;3?:@';19=@
<:=4?:@.<:=4?:@G=*;4?:@
<:=5?:@.<:=5?:@G=*;5?:@
<:=6?:@.<:=6?:@G=*;6?:@
6
6*** 71;:12 7-3870
1T2.<P73?1.5*?<:=1?:@**2G<:=2?:@**2G<:=3?:@**2@G
R 3."*?<:=4?:@**2G<:=5?:@**2G<:=6?:@**2@@
<4.<4"GC*-/<?:@
-/<?:@.-/<?:@Go516*>1A?"."H1T2'<4@
<40-L.<4"GC*-/<?:@
<612-.<40-LN>1A?<40-LH1T2@
6
6*** <612:0= 5o7 71;:12 7-3870. 0o3- 3C13 3C- <37-<< :< 0oL ;-9:13o7:6.
<:=1?:@.<612-*<:=1?:@
<:=2?:@.<612-*<:=2?:@
<:=3?:@.<612-*<:=3?:@
<:=4?:@.<612-*<:=4?:@
<:=5?:@.<612-*<:=5?:@
<:=6?:@.<612-*<:=6?:@
6
6*** <-3 /7-<<87- 683'o55
/6?:@./683
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!2#1/ C2PP=53BL 2D LS-DYNA R7.0
6
-0;;o
6
7-3870
-0;
Po,t4proce,,&n' a *,er40ef&ne0 mater&al
Po&t#proce&&ing a -&er#(efine( material i& very &imilar to po&t#proce&&ing a reg-lar LS#3452 mate#
rial. There are however &ome thing& that are worth 9eing &tre&&e(, all (ealing with how to po&t#
proce&& hi&tory varia9le&.
+ir&t, the effective pla&tic &train i& alway& written to the (%plot (ata9a&e an( th-& nee( not 9e re#
;-e&te( 9y the -&er. Bt i& in LS#P'=FPOST treate( H-&t a& it i& for any other LS#3452 material.
The n-m9er of a((itional hi&tory varia9le& written to the (%plot (ata9a&e m-&t 9e re;-e&te( a& the
parameter NEIP, Cfor 9ric7&D or NEIPS Cfor &hell&D on *DATABASE_E*TENT_BINARY. +or in&tance, if
NEIP, ?NEIPS@ e;-al& 2 the fir&t two hi&tory varia9le& in the hi&tory varia9le& array are o9taine( a&
hi&tory var^1 an( hi&tory var^2 in the (%plot (ata9a&e. By p-tting NEIP, ?NEIPS@ e;-al to N,%, all
hi&tory varia9le& are written to the (%plot (ata9a&e. +-rthermore, if the material -&e& the (eformation
gra(ient CI,YPER.1D an a((itional varia9le& m-&t 9e re;-e&te( to ma7e thi& availa9le for po&t#
proce&&ing, i.e., p-t NEIP, ?NEIPS@ e;-al to N,%G&. Thi& ma7e& the (eformation gra(ient availa9le
in the (%plot (ata9a&e a& hi&tory varia9le& N,%G1 to N,%G&, note however that for &hell& it i& ex#
pre&&e( in the co#rotational &y&tem. Bf the local coor(inate &y&tem option CIORT,O.1D i& -&e(, then
the (eformation gra(ient i& expre&&e( in thi& local &y&tem. To ma7e the (eformation gra(ient in the
glo9al &y&tem for 9ric7& an( co#rotational &y&tem for &hell& availa9le an( &tore( a& hi&tory varia9le&
N,%G1" to N,%G18, NEIP, ?NEIPS@ i& p-t e;-al to N,%G&G&?.N,%G18@.
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ÀPPENDIX B
LS-DYNA R7.0 !%#1 C2PP=53BL BD
APPENDIX B: User Defined Equation of State
The -&er can &-pply hi&Fher own &-9ro-tine& (efining e;-ation of &tate C=OSD mo(el& in LS#3452.
To invo7e a -&er#(efine( =OS, one m-&t
1. ,rite a -&er =OS &-9ro-tine that i& calle( 9y the LS#3452 -&er =OS interface.
2. Create a c-&tom exec-ta9le which incl-(e& the =OS &-9ro-tine.
%. Bnvo7e that &-9ro-tine 9y (efining a part in the 7eywor( inp-t (ec7 that -&e& *EOS_)SER
_DE!INED with the appropriate inp-t parameter&.
2ll &-9ro-tine&, incl-(ing the interface, for the -&er#(efine( material& are collecte( in the file
;4021.! C8nixFLin-xD or 2<;401.5 C,in(ow&D. 8p to ten -&er &-9ro-tine& can c-rrently 9e im#
plemente( &im-ltaneo-&ly to -p(ate the pre&&-re in &oli(& an( &hell&. Thi& text &erve& a& an intro(-c#
tory g-i(e to implementing &-ch a mo(el. 5ote that name& of varia9le& an( &-9ro-tine& 9elow may
(iffer from the act-al one& (epen(ing on platform an( c-rrent ver&ion of LS#3452.
General o-er-&e.
,hen the 7eywor( *EOS_)SER_DE!INED i& (efine( for a part in the 7eywor( (ec7, LS#3452 call&
the &-9ro-tine 8-o<2:F with the appropriate inp-t (ata for the =OS -p(ate. Thi& &-9ro-tine i&
calle( twice for each integration point in each element. The fir&t call re;-ire& the =OS to calc-late
the 9-l7 mo(-l-&, an( the &econ( -p(ate& the pre&&-re an( internal energy. Bn the&e ro-tine&, which
may 9e mo(ifie( 9y the -&er if nece&&ary, the following (ata &tr-ct-re& are initialiIe( for the p-rpo&e
of 9eing &-pplie( to a &pecific s/a.ar material &-9ro-tine.
:521= Z ]$ for calc-lating the 9-l7 mo(-l-&, ]1 for the pre&&-re an( energy -p(ate
6F W 9-l7 mo(-l-&
/0-L W the new pre&&-re
7Co" Z reference (en&ity
C:<3 Z array of -&er#(efine( hi&tory varia9le& N,% in length
</-6-0 Z internal energy per -nit reference vol-me
;5 Z vol-me ratio, MFM$
9" Z the initial vol-me.
;9o2 Z vol-me increment
/6 Z pre&&-re c-t#off
Bf the +e/tori8ation flag i& active CI%E#T.1@ on the =OS car(, varia9le& are, in general, &tore( in vec#
tor 9loc7& of length 02P, with vector in(ice& ranging from 253 to 223 , which allow& for a more effi#
cient exec-tion of the =OS ro-tine. 2& an example, the (ata &tr-ct-re& mentione( a9ove for the vec#
toriIe( ca&e are
6F?02P@ W 9-l7 mo(-l-&
P0-L?02P@ W the new pre&&-re
C:<3?02PH*@ Z array of -&er#(efine( hi&tory varia9le& with 5JM col-mn&
</-6-0?02P@ Z internal energy per -nit reference vol-me
;5?02P@ Z vol-me ratio, MFM$
9"?02P@ Z the initial vol-me
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ÀPPENDIX B
!%#2 C2PP=53BL BD LS-DYNA R7.0
;9o2?02P@ Z vol-me increment
/6?02P@ Z pre&&-re c-t#off
The val-e of 02P i& &et a& a parameter in the incl-(e file 02P/17>, :0628;-; at the top of the &-9ro-#
tine, an( varie& 9etween machine& an( operating &y&tem&. =ach entry in a vector 9loc7 i& a&&ociate(
with an integration point in the finite element me&h. The n-m9er of entrie& in the hi&tory varia9le&
array Cin(icate( 9y * in the a9oveD matche& the n-m9er of hi&tory varia9le& re;-e&te( on the material
car( CN,%D. 2ll hi&tory varia9le& are initially Iero an( are initialiIe( within the =OS on the fir&t time
&tep, when the logical varia9le 5:7<3, pa&&e( thro-gh the arg-ment li&t, i& .TR)E. +-rthermore, all
-&er#(efine( =OS mo(el& re;-ire a 9-l7 mo(-l-&, 6F, for tran&mitting 9o-n(arie&, contact interface&,
rigi( 9o(y con&traint&, an( time &tep calc-lation&. Bn a((ition to the varia9le& mentione( a9ove, the
following (ata can 9e &-pplie( to the -&er material ro-tine&, regar(le&& of whether vectoriIation i&
-&e( or not.
-o</?*@ Z array of material con&tant& from the inp-t file
33 Z c-rrent time
679?1"1H2H*@ Z array repre&entation of c-rve& (efine( in the 7eywor( (ec7.
2 &pecific material ro-tine, 8-o<XXs in the &calar ca&e or 8-o<XX9 in the vector ca&e, i& now calle(
with any nece&&ary parameter& of the one& a9ove, an( po&&i9ly other& a& well. The -&e of c-rve& i&
(i&c-&&e( in 2ppen(ix 2. The letter& XX &tan(& for a n-m9er 9etween 21 an( 3" an( matche& the
n-m9er EOST on the =OS car(. Thi& &-9ro-tine i& written 9y the -&er, an( &ho-l( calc-late the 9-l7
mo(-l-& when :521=.", an( -p(ate the pre&&-re, internal energy an( hi&tory varia9le& to the c-rrent
time when :521=.1. 3-ring the inp-t pha&e, the =OS i& calle( with :521=.'1 to permit the initiali#
Iation of any (e&ire( con&tant& in -o</. 2ltho-gh fewer than !/ con&tant& may 9e rea( into -o</
(-ring the inp-t, the -&er may -&e all !/ within the =OS &-9ro-tine&.
2 &ample &calar -&er &-9ro-tine for a >r-nei&en =OS i& provi(e( 9elow an( it i& imme(iately fol#
lowe( 9y it& vector co-nterpart.
Sample *,er ,*(ro*t&ne 1/
<8F7o83:0- 8-o<21<?:521=H6FH/0-LHC:<3H7Co"H-o</H</-6-0H
R ;5H;9o2H9"H/6H;3H33H679H5:7<3@
:0628;- U02P/17>U
6
6*** -A1>/2- <61217 8<-7 :>/2->-0313:o0 o5 3C- G780-:<-0 EOS
6
6*** 917:1F2-<
6 :521= ''''' ." 61268213- F82Q >o;828<
6 .1 8/;13- /7-<<87- 10; -0-7=4
6 6F '''''''' F82Q >o;828<
6 /0-L '''''' 0-L /7-<<87-
6 C:<3 '''''' C:<3o74 917:1F2-<
6 7Co" '''''' 7-5-7-06- ;-0<:34
6 -o</ '''''' EOS 6o0<3103<
6 </-6-0 '''' -0-7=4N7-5-7-06- 9o28>-
6 ;5 '''''''' 9o28>- 713:oH 9N9" . 7Co"N7Co
6 ;9o2 '''''' 6C10=- :0 9o28>- o9-7 3:>- <3-/
6 9" '''''''' 7-5-7-06- 9o28>-
6 /6 '''''''' /7-<<87- 683'o55
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ÀPPENDIX B
LS-DYNA R7.0 !%#% C2PP=53BL BD
6 ;3 '''''''' 3:>- <3-/ <:B-
6 33 '''''''' 6877-03 3:>-
6 679 ''''''' 6879- 17714
6 5:7<3 ''''' 2o=:612 .378-. 5o7 33H679H5:7<3 3:>- <3-/
6 ?5o7 :0:3:12:B13:o0 o5 3C- C:<3o74 917:1F2-<@
6
2o=:612 5:7<3
6
;:>-0<:o0 C:<3?*@H-o</?*@H679?1"1H2H*@
6
6 .-o</?1@
<1 .-o</?2@
<2 .-o</?3@
<3 .-o</?4@
=" .-o</?5@
<1 .-o</?6@
<11.<1'1.
<22.2.*<2
<33.3.*<3
<32.2.*<3
<1;2..5*<1
=";2.1.'.5*="
7o62.7Co"*6**2
6
6*** 61268213- 3C- F82Q >o;828< 5o7 3C- EOS 6o037:F83:o0 3o 3C- <o80; </--;
:5 ?:521=.-P."@ 3C-0
A>8.1."N;5'1.
;5>8.;5*A>8
516/..5*?1.G<:=0?1.HA>8@@
5160.1.'516/
A08>.1.GA>8*?G=";2'<1;2*A>8@
A;->.1.'A>8*?<11G;5>8*?<2G<3*;5>8@@
3>/.516/N?A;->*A;->@
1.7o62*A>8*?5160G3>/*A08>@
F.="G<1*A>8
/08>.7o62*?5160G516/*?A08>GA>8*?=";2'<1*A>8@@@
/;-0.2.*A;->*?'<11 G;5>8*?'<22G;5>8*?<2'<33G<32*;5>8@@@
6F./08>*?5160G3>/@'3>/*1*/;-0G<1*</-6-0G
R F*;5**2*>1A?/6H?1GF*</-6-0@@
6
6*** 8/;13- 3C- /7-<<87- 10; :03-7012 -0-7=4
-2<-
A>8.1."N;5'1.
;5>8.;5*A>8
516/..5*?1.G<:=0?1.HA>8@@
5160.1.'516/
A08>.1.GA>8*?G=";2'<1;2*A>8@
A;->.1.'A>8*?<11G;5>8*?<2G<3*;5>8@@
3>/.516/N?A;->*A;->@
1.7o62*A>8*?5160G3>/*A08>@
F.="G<1*A>8
;9o9".".5*;9o2N9"
;-0o>.1.G F*;9o9"
/0-L.?1G</-6-0*F@N>1A?1.-'6H;-0o>@
/0-L.>1A?/0-LH/6@
</-6-0.</-6-0'/0-L*;9o9"
-0;:5
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!%#! C2PP=53BL BD LS-DYNA R7.0
6
7-3870
-0;
<8F7o83:0- 8-o<219?253H223H:521=H6FH/0-LHC:<3H7Co"H-o</H</-6-0H
R ;5H;9o2H9"H/6H;3H33H679H5:7<3@
:0628;- U02P/17>U
6
6*** -A1>/2- 9-63o7:B-; 8<-7 :>/2->-0313:o0 o5 3C- G780-:<-0 EOS
6
6*** 917:1F2-<
6 253H223 ''' 33H679H5:7<3 10; 21<3 :0;:6-< :03o 17714<
6 :521= ''''' ." 61268213- F82Q >o;828<
6 .1 8/;13- /7-<<87- 10; -0-7=4
6 6F '''''''' F82Q >o;828<
6 /0-L '''''' 0-L /7-<<87-
6 C:<3 '''''' C:<3o74 917:1F2-<
6 7Co" '''''' 7-5-7-06- ;-0<:34
6 -o</ '''''' EOS 6o0<3103<
6 </-6-0 '''' -0-7=4N7-5-7-06- 9o28>-
6 ;5 '''''''' 9o28>- 713:oH 9N9" . 7Co"N7Co
6 ;9o2 '''''' 6C10=- :0 9o28>- o9-7 3:>- <3-/
6 9" '''''''' 7-5-7-06- 9o28>-
6 /6 '''''''' /7-<<87- 683'o55
6 ;3 '''''''' 3:>- <3-/ <:B-
6 33 '''''''' 6877-03 3:>-
6 679 ''''''' 6879- 17714
6 5:7<3 ''''' 2o=:612 .378-. 5o7 33H679H5:7<3 3:>- <3-/
6 ?5o7 :0:3:12:B13:o0 o5 3C- C:<3o74 917:1F2-<@
6
2o=:612 5:7<3
6
;:>-0<:o0 6F?*@H/0-L?*@HC:<3?02PH*@H-o</?*@H
R </-6-0?*@H;5?*@H;9o2?*@H/6?*@H9"?*@
6
6 .-o</?1@
<1 .-o</?2@
<2 .-o</?3@
<3 .-o</?4@
=" .-o</?5@
<1 .-o</?6@
<11.<1'1.
<22.2.*<2
<33.3.*<3
<32.2.*<3
<1;2..5*<1
=";2.1.'.5*="
7o62.7Co"*6**2
6
6*** 61268213- 3C- F82Q >o;828< 5o7 3C- EOS 6o037:F83:o0 3o 3C- <o80; </--;
:5 ?:521=.-P."@ 3C-0
;o :.253H223
A>8.1."N;5?:@'1.
;5>8.;5?:@*A>8
516/..5*?1.G<:=0?1.HA>8@@
5160.1.'516/
A08>.1.GA>8*?G=";2'<1;2*A>8@
A;->.1.'A>8*?<11G;5>8*?<2G<3*;5>8@@
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LS-DYNA R7.0 !%#" C2PP=53BL BD
3>/.516/N?A;->*A;->@
1.7o62*A>8*?5160G3>/*A08>@
F.="G<1*A>8
/08>.7o62*?5160G516/*?A08>GA>8*?=";2'<1*A>8@@@
/;-0.2.*A;->*?'<11 G;5>8*?'<22G;5>8*?<2'<33G<32*;5>8@@@
6F?:@./08>*?5160G3>/@'3>/*1*/;-0G<1*</-6-0?:@G
R F*;5?:@**2*>1A?/6?:@H?1GF*</-6-0?:@@@
-0;;o
6
6*** 8/;13- 3C- /7-<<87- 10; :03-7012 -0-7=4
-2<-
;o :.253H223
A>8.1."N;5?:@'1.
;5>8.;5?:@*A>8
516/..5*?1.G<:=0?1.HA>8@@
5160.1.'516/
A08>.1.GA>8*?G=";2'<1;2*A>8@
A;->.1.'A>8*?<11G;5>8*?<2G<3*;5>8@@
3>/.516/N?A;->*A;->@
1.7o62*A>8*?5160G3>/*A08>@
F.="G<1*A>8
;9o9".".5*;9o2?:@N9"?:@
;-0o>.1.GF*;9o9"
/0-L?:@.?1G</-6-0?:@*F@N>1A?1.-'6H;-0o>@
/0-L?:@.>1A?/0-L?:@H/6?:@@
</-6-0?:@.</-6-0?:@'/0-L?:@*;9o9"
-0;;o
-0;:5
6
7-3870
-0;
The >r-nei&en =OS implemente( in the example &-9ro-tine& ha& the &ame form a& N=OS
O>'85=BS=5, =OS +orm !. Bt& -p(ate of the pre&&-re an( the internal energy are typical for an
=OS that i& linear in the internal energy,
P = A(p) +(p)E
where ( an( ' corre&pon( to the varia9le& 1 an( F in the example &-9ro-tine&, an( 5 i& </-6-0. Bn#
tegrating the energy e;-ation with the trapeIoi(al r-le give&
E
n+1
= E
n
+
1
2
(o'
n
+o'
n+1
)Ae -
1
2
(P
n
+q
n
+P
n+1
+q
n+1
)
AI
I
0

where the &-per&cript& refer to the time &tep, AI i& the change in the vol-me a&&ociate( with the
>a-&& point an( %
I
i& the reference vol-me. Collecting all the energy contri9-tion& on the right han(
&i(e except for the contri9-tion from the new pre&&-re give& a &imple linear relation&hip 9etween the
new internal energy an( pre&&-re,
E
n+1
= E
-
P
n1
Av
2v
0
.
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ÀPPENDIX B
!%#0 C2PP=53BL BD LS-DYNA R7.0
The val-e of </-6-0 pa&&e( to 8-o<** for the pre&&-re an( energy -p(ate corre&pon(& toE
. S-9&ti#
t-ting thi& relation into the =OS an( &olving for the new pre&&-re give&
P
n+1
=
(
n1
)+B(
n1
)L
1+
BAv
2v
0
.
The final -p(ate of the new energy i& calc-late( -&ing the new pre&&-re. +or a more general =OS,
the nonlinear e;-ation in the new pre&&-re,
P
n+1
= P(p
n+1
E
-
P
n+1
AI
2I
0
)
i& &olve( iteratively -&ing 5ewton iteration or &-cce&&ive &-9&tit-tion.
The pre&&-re c-t#off, /6, i& -&e( to limite( the amo-nt of pre&&-re that can 9e generate( 9y ten&ile
loa(ing, /0-L.>1A?/0-LH/6@. Bt& val-e i& -&-ally &pecifie( in the N.2T inp-t, e.g., N.2T
O:OJ5SO5OCOOA. Bt i& not enforce( o-t&i(e of the =OS &-9ro-tine&, an( it i& -p to the -&er to (e#
termine whether or not to enforce the pre&&-re c-t#off in 8-o<**. Bf the -&er (oe& enforce it, the pre&#
&-re c-t#off &ho-l( 9e applie( 9efore the final -p(ate to the internal energy otherwi&e the energy will
9e incorrect.
.any of the calc-lation& performe( to calc-late the 9-l7 mo(-l-& are the &ame a& tho&e for -p(ating
the pre&&-re an( energy. Since the 9-l7 mo(-l-& calc-lation alway& prece(e& the pre&&-re -p(ate, the
val-e& may 9e &ave( in a 6o>>o0 9loc7 (-ring the 9-l7 mo(-l-& calc-lation to re(-ce the co&t of the
pre&&-re -p(ate. The array& -&e( to &tore the val-e& in the vectoriIe( &-9ro-tine& &ho-l( 9e (imen#
&ione( 9y 02P.
One of the mo&t common error& in implementing an =OS from a paper or 9oo7 i& the -&e of the
wrong internal energy. There are three internal energie& in common -&e) the energy per -nit
ma&&,c
, the energy per -nit c-rrent vol-me,c

v
, an( the energy per -nit reference vol-me, 5. LS#
3452 alway& -&e& the energy per -nit reference vol-me. Some -&ef-l relation& for converting 9e#
tween =OS in the literat-re an( the varia9le& in LS#3452 are
c
v
= E
I
0
I
= specenuf
c
= E
I
0
H
= specenihou
p = p
0
I
0
I
= ihouuf
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LS-DYNA R7.0 !!#1 C2PP=53BL CD
APPENDIX C: User Defined Element Interface for Solids and Shells
Bn thi& appen(ix the -&er#(efine( element interface for &oli(& an( &hell& i& (e&cri9e(. The interface
can accommo(ate either an integrate( or a re&-ltant element. +or the integrate( element, the -&er
nee(& to &-pply two matrice& (efining the 7inematical propertie& of the element, an( choo&e 9etween
-&ing &tan(ar( LS#3452 ho-rgla&& &ta9iliIation, a -&er#(efine( &ta9iliIation, or no &ta9iliIation
when Iero energy mo(e& are not pre&ent. The n-m9er an( location of the integration point& i& ar9i#
trary, i.e., -&er#(efine(. +or the re&-ltantF(i&crete element form-lation&, the force an( &tiffne&& a&#
&em9ly m-&t al&o 9e implemente(. Ji&tory varia9le& can 9e a&&ociate( with the -&er (efine( ele#
ment&. Bf (e&ire(, the element may -tiliIe more than the conventional % Cfor 9ric7&D an( 0 Cfor
&hell&D (egree&#of#free(om per no(e.
USER DEFINED ELEMENTS
The -&er element i& implemente( accor(ing to how &tan(ar( element& are implemente( in LS#3452
with the exception that two -&er ro-tine& are calle( for &etting -p the matrice& of intere&t. Bn the en(,
the gra(ient#(i&placement matrix
k
i& con&tr-cte( with the property that
k
u
k
=
o:
ox

where u
k
i& the vector of velocity no(al (egree& of free(om an( the right han( &i(e i& the velocity
gra(ient. .oreover, the (eterminant [ of the Haco9ian matrix (etermining the mapping from the i&o#
parametric to phy&ical (omain i& nee(e( for n-merical integration. +rom the&e expre&&ion&, the
&train& are (etermine( a& the &ymmetric part of the velocity gra(ient an( the &pin a& the corre&pon(#
ing anti&ymmetric part. The &tre&&e& are eval-ate( -&ing the con&tit-tive mo(el& in LS#3452 an(
the internal force& are o9taine( from
k
= o
k
JI
where o
are the &tre&&e&. +-rthermore, the geometric an( material tangent &tiffne&&e& are o9taine(
thro-gh
I]
mut
= C
kImn
kII
mn]
JI
an(
I]
gco
= o
mn
kmI
kn]
JI
where C
kImn
i& the tangent mo(-l-& for the material. The integral& are eval-ate( -&ing -&er#(efine(
;-a(rat-re -&ing the (eterminant [.
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ÀPPENDIX C
!!#2 C2PP=53BL CD LS-DYNA R7.0
+or -&er#(efine( ho-rgla&& control, the -&er m-&t provi(e the corre&pon(ing internal force an( &tiff#
ne&& contri9-tion in a &eparate -&er ro-tine. There i& al&o the option to provi(e the force an( &tiffne&&
matrix (irectly for the entire element.
To invo7e a -&er#(efine( element one m-&t (o the following)
1. ,rite -&er element &-9ro-tine that (efine& the 7inematic& or 7inetic& of the element.
2. Create a c-&tom exec-ta9le which incl-(e& the&e &-9ro-tine&.
%. Bnvo7e the element 9y &pecifying thi& on the corre&pon(ing *SE#TION car(.
The (-mmy &-9ro-tine& for the -&er (efine( element& are provi(e( to the -&er in a +O'T'25 &o-rce
file for yo- to mo(ify along with the nece&&ary o9Hect file& to compile a new exec-ta9le. Contact
LSTC or yo-r local (i&tri9-tor for information a9o-t how to o9tain the&e file& a& well a& what compil#
erFver&ion to -&e for yo-r &pecific platform. 8p to five -&er element& can &im-ltaneo-&ly 9e -&e( for
9ric7& an( &hell& Ci.e. a total of tenD. Thi& text &erve& a& an intro(-ctory g-i(e on how to implement
&-ch an element.
General o-er-&e.
To activate a -&er#(efine( element, it i& nece&&ary to &et EL!ORM to a n-m9er 9etween 1"1 an( 1"5
on the *SE#TION (efinition. By (oing &o, the 7inematic& of the element& in the corre&pon(ing part
will 9e (etermine( from calling the &-9ro-tine
<8F7o83:0- 8XXX_FYYY?F>37AH=>37AH=T16HO
;:>-0<:o0 F>37A?02PH3H3H*@H=>37A?02PH3H3@H=T16?*@
where XXX i& &-9&tit-te( for <C2 for a &hell#&ection an( <2; for a &oli(#&ection an( YYY i& the n-m9er
&pecifie( in po&ition EL!ORM. 3epen(ing on the choice of ITAM in the inp-t, the -&er &ho-l( &et the
matrice& a& follow&.
Bf ITAM.", then &et the i&oparametric gra(ient#(i&placement matrix, repre&ente( 9y the array F>37A ,
an( Haco9ian matrix, repre&ente( 9y the array =>37A. Jere, the fir&t in(ex corre&pon(& to the LS#
3452 9loc7 loop in(ex where 02P i& the 9loc7 &iIe. +or a more convenient notation in the follow#
ing, we a&&ign a corre&pon(ence 9etween the array& =>37A an( F>37A in the &-9ro-tine& to matri#
ce&Ften&or& a& follow&
=>37A?*H:HT@ # g

F>37A?*H:HTHQ@ # b
k

The&e matrice& &ho-l( 9e (etermine( &o that at the c-rrent integration point)
g
=
ox

b
k
u
k
=
o:
At
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ÀPPENDIX C
LS-DYNA R7.0 !!#% C2PP=53BL CD
Bn the a9ove, &-mmation over repeate( in(ice& i& a&&-me(. ,e -&e the following notation
x
(
1

2

3
t) = ith component of the cuiient position vectoi
at isopaiametiic cooiuinate (
1

2

3
)anu time t.

:
(
1

2

3
t) = ith component of the velocity vectoi
at isopaiametiic cooiuinate (
1

2

3
)anu time t.

At = cuiient time step
u
k
= kth component of the geneialieu local uisplacements

= ith component of the isopaiametiic cooiuinate ianging fiom-1 to 1,

+or &hell&, there i& an option to get all varia9le& in either the LS#3452 local coor(inate &y&tem
CILO#."D or in the glo9al coor(inate &y&tem CILO#.1D. The matrix for the coor(inate &y&tem tran&#
formation i& al&o pa&&e( to the -&er ro-tine& where the col-mn& repre&ent the local -nit 9a&e vector&.
The re&-lting &train& m-&t alway& 9e in the local coor(inate &y&tem for the con&tit-tive eval-ation&.
+or no extra (egree& of free(om C&ee 9elowD, the in(ex k in the (i&placement expre&&ion i& (eter#
mine( from the form-la
k = n(m-1) +J
where n = S if only tran&lational (egree& of free(om are pre&ent Ctypical for &oli(&D an( n = 6 if ro#
tational (egree& of free(om are pre&ent Ctypical for &hell&D, m i& the local no(e n-m9er Cm = 12 . ..D
an( J i& the (egree of free(om. The tran&lational (egree& of free(om corre&pon( to J S an( the
rotational (egree& of free(om to 4 J 6.
Bf ITAM.1, the -&er &ho-l( &et -p the phy&ical gra(ient#(i&placement matrix, repre&ente( 9y the array
F>37A, an( Haco9ian (eterminant, repre&ente( 9y the array =T16. 2gain, we a&&ign a corre&pon(ence
9etween the array& =T16 an( F>37A in the &-9ro-tine& to matrice&Ften&or& a& follow&
=T16?*@ # [
F>37A?*H:HTHQ@ # b
k

The&e matrice& &ho-l( 9e (etermine( &o that at the c-rrent integration point)
[]uet
0x
i
0{
]

b
k
u
k
]
0
i
0x
]
At
To 9e a9le to &et -p the&e matrice&, a &et of a((itional a-xiliary varia9le& are pa&&e( to the -&er ele#
ment &-9ro-tine&. The&e incl-(e the i&oparametric coor(inate, the element thic7ne&&, an( the &hape
f-nction val-e&, an( (erivative&. 2gain, for &hell& the&e are expre&&e( in either the local or glo9al
coor(inate &y&tem (epen(ing on the -&erV& choice. +or more information on the&e varia9le&, the -&er
i& referre( to the comment& in the &-9ro-tine&.
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ÀPPENDIX C
!!#! C2PP=53BL CD LS-DYNA R7.0
The integrate( element& can -&e -p to a total of 1$$ integration point& Cin the plane for &hell&D at ar#
9itrary location&. The&e m-&t 9e &pecifie( in term& of i&oparametric coor(inate& an( weight& follow#
ing the fir&t of the -&er#(efine( car(& in the *SE#TION_O inp-t. The i&oparametric coor(inate& &ho-l(
range from W1 to 1 an( the weight& &ho-l( &-m -p to ! for &hell& an( / for &oli(&.
Bt may 9e nece&&ary to incorporate ho-rgla&& &ta9iliIation to &-ppre&& Iero energy mo(e&, thi& i&
(one 9y p-tting I,G!.GT." in the inp-t. +or I,G!.E(.1, the LS#3452 ho-rgla&& ro-tine& are -&e(
a-tomatically an( for I,G!.E(.2 or I,G!.E(.3 the -&er m-&t provi(e ho-rgla&& force an( &tiffne&&
in a &pecific -&er#(efine( ro-tine. Bf I,G!.E(.3, phy&ical &ta9iliIation 9ecome& availa9le &ince the
re&-ltant material tangent mo(-li are pa&&e( to the ho-rgla&& ro-tine to provi(e the c-rrent mem#
9rane, 9en(ing an( co-ple( mem9rane#9en(ing &tiffne&& of the material. ,ith C
(enoting the mate#

rial tangent mo(-l-& in matrix form, the re&-ltant tangent mo(-li are expre&&e( a&
C
0
= C
JI (membiane)
C
1
=
1
C
JI (membiane -benuing)
C
2
=
2
C
JI (benuing)

where i& the thic7ne&& coor(inate for &hell&. +or &oli(&, only the fir&t re&-ltant mo(-l-& i& pa&&e(.
Bn thi& ca&e the array ha& 21 entrie& that corre&pon( to the &-9(iagonal term& of the 0 9y 0 re&-ltant
matrix. +or the matrix in(ex (i ) in the material tangent mo(-l-& matrix, where i , the in(ex I of
the array pa&&e( to the ro-tine i& given 9y
I = i(i -1)2 +
i.e., the &-9(iagonal term& are &tore( row#wi&e in the array. +or &hell&, all three mo(-li are pa&&e( in
the local coor(inate &y&tem where each array ha& 1" entrie& corre&pon(ing to the &-9(iagonal term&
of the " 9y " re&-ltant matrice&. The thro-gh thic7ne&& (irection i& here eliminate( from the plane
&tre&& a&&-mption. The form-la for the array in(ice& tran&formation a9ove hol(&. Thi& &-9ro-tine i&
calle(
<8F7o83:0- 8XXX_-YYY?5o76-H<3:55H0;3o3HO
;:>-0<:o0 5o76-?02PH*@H<3:55?02PH0;3o3H*@
where again XXX an( YYY &ho-l( 9e &-9&tit-te( a& (e&cri9e( for the other &-9ro-tine& in the a9ove.
The varia9le& in the &-9ro-tine corre&pon(& to the force an( &tiffne&& a&
5o76-?*H:@ '

<3:55?*H:HT@ '

where the in(ice& corre&pon(& to no(e an( (egree of free(om n-m9er& exactly a& for the (i&place#
ment&. +or &hell& the force an( &tiffne&& i& &et -p in the local element &y&tem CILO#."D or glo9al &y&#
tem CILO#.1D. The varia9le 0;3o3 i& the total n-m9er of (egree& of free(om for the element. Pa&&e(
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ÀPPENDIX C
LS-DYNA R7.0 !!#" C2PP=53BL CD
to thi& &-9ro-tine are al&o the property parameter& an( hi&tory varia9le& a&&ociate( with the element.
The val-e& of the property parameter& are (efine( in the inp-t of a -&er#(efine( element. 5o more
than !$ property parameter& an( 1$$ hi&tory varia9le& can 9e -&e( for each -&er#(efine( element.
The hi&tory varia9le& m-&t 9e -p(ate( in thi& ro-tine 9y the -&er.
Resultant/discrete elements
By p-tting NIP?P@ e;-al to $ in the inp-t, a re&-ltantF(i&crete element i& a&&-me( -n(er&too(. +or
thi& option Cwhich i& incompati9le with I,G!.GT."D the -&er m-&t provi(e force an( &tiffne&& in the
&ame -&er#(efine( ro-tine a& for the -&er#(efine( ho-rgla&& control. Thi& mean& that no material ro-#
tine i& calle( to -p(ate &tre&&e& an( hi&tory varia9le&, 9-t all that m-&t 9e acco-nte( for in the -&er
element ro-tine. 5everthele&&, the -&er &ho-l( (efine *MAT_ELASTI# a& the material for the corre#
&pon(ing part with &-ita9le val-e& of the 4o-ngV& mo(-l-& an( Poi&&onV& ratio. The&e material prop#
ertie& are -&e( for time &tep calc-lation& an( for contact &tiffne&&e&. 2gain, property parameter& an(
hi&tory varia9le& are pa&&e( to the ro-tine, an( for &hell& al&o the thic7ne&&e& of the element&. +or the
&hell thic7ne&& -p(ate option CIST)PD.GT." on *#ONTROL_S,ELLD it i& -p to the -&er to -p(ate the
thic7ne&&e& in thi& ro-tine.
Bn what follow&, a &hort (e&cription of the a((itional feat-re& a&&ociate( with the -&er element& i&
given.
Nodal fiber vectors
Bf a -&er#(efine( &hell element form-lation -&e& the no(al fi9er vector&, thi& m-&t 9e &pecifie( 9y
p-tting I)N!.1 on the *SE#TION_S,ELL car(. ,ith thi& option the no(al fi9er vector& are proce&&e(
in the element ro-tine& an( can 9e -&e( a& inp-t for (etermining the b
k
, g
F[,
an(
ten#
&or&Fmatrice& in the -&er ro-tine&. Bf not, it i& a&&-me( that the fi9er (irection i& normal to the plane
of the &hell at all time&. The&e are expre&&e( in either the local or glo9al &y&tem (epen(ing on the
-&erV& choice. See comment& in the &-9ro-tine& for more information.
Extra degrees of freedom
=xotic element form-lation& may re;-ire extra (egree&#of#free(om per no(e 9e&i(e& the tran&lational
Can( rotationalD (egree&#of#free(om. C-rrently, -p to % extra (egree& of free(om per no(e can 9e
-&e( for -&er#(efine( element&. To -&e extra (egree& of free(om, a &calar no(e m-&t 9e (efine( for
each no(e that ma7e& -p the connectivity of the -&er element. 2 &calar no(e i& (efine( -&ing the
7eywor( *NODE_S#ALAR_%AL)E, in which the -&er al&o pre&cri9e initial an( 9o-n(ary con(ition& a&#
&ociate( with the extra varia9le&. The connectivity of the -&er element& m-&t then 9e &pecifie( with
the option *ELEMENT_SOLID_DO! or *ELEMENT_S,ELL_DO!, where an extra line i& -&e( to connect
the &calar no(e& to the element. 2& an example) D
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ÀPPENDIX C
*NODE_S#ALAR_%AL)E
$ NID %1 %2 %3 ND!
11 1." 1
12 1." 1
13 1." 1
14 1." 1
*ELEMENT_S,ELL_DO!
$ EID PID N1 N2 N3 N4
1 1 1 2 3 4
$ NS1 NS2 NS3 NS4
11 12 13 14
(efine& an element with one extra (egree of free(om. The initial val-e of the corre&pon(ing varia9le
i& 1." an( it i& -ncon&traine(. +inally, the -&er &et& the parameter N*DO! on the *SE#TION_O car( to
1, 2 or 3 (epen(ing on how many extra (egree& of free(om that &ho-l( 9e -&e( in the -&er#(efine(
element. 2n array A;o5 containing the c-rrent val-e& of the&e extra varia9le& are pa&&e( to the -&er
ro-tine& for &etting -p the correct 7inematical propertie&, &ee comment& in the ro-tine& for more in#
formation. The form-la for the (i&placement in(ex change& to
k = (n +n
xdo]
)(m -1) +J
where n
xdo]
i& the n-m9er of extra (egree& of free(om. The extra (egree& of free(om for each no(e
corre&pon(& to n +1 J n +n
xdo]
. +or (ynamic &im-lation&, the ma&& corre&pon(ing to the&e
extra no(e& are (efine( -&ing *ELEMENT_INERTIA or *ELEMENT_MASS.
Related keywords
The following i& a li&t of 7eywor(& that apply to the -&er (efine( element&
The `SECTION_SHELL card
2 thir( car( with accompanying optional car(& of the *SE#TION_S,ELL 7eywor( m-&t 9e a((e( if
the -&er (efine( element option i& invo7e(

Card 3 and accompanying cards
Define if and only if ELFORM101,102,103,104 or 105
Maria9le 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
3efa-lt $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $

Define NIPP cards according to the following format.
Maria9le 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Type + + +

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ÀPPENDIX C
Maria9le 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Type + + + + + + + +

=L+O'.
>T.1$$.253.LT.1$0) 8&er#(efine( &hell
5BPP
5-m9er of in#plane integration point& for -&er#(efine( &hell C$ if re&-ltant
elementD
5L3O+
5-m9er of extra (egree& of free(om per no(e for -&er#(efine( &hell
B85+
+lag for -&ing no(al fi9er vector& in -&er#(efine( &hell
=S.$) 5o(al fi9er vector& are not -&e( .
=S.1) 5o(al fi9er vector& are -&e(
BJ+>
+lag for -&ing ho-rgla&& &ta9iliIation C5BPP.>T.$D
BT2:
+lag for &etting -p finite element matrice& C5BPP.>T.$D
L.C
5JSM
BLOC
Local coor(inate &y&tem option
=S.$) 2ll varia9le& are pa&&e( in the local element &y&tem
=S.1) 2ll varia9le& are pa&&e( in the glo9al &y&tem
LB
=T2
,>T
PB
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ÀPPENDIX C
!!#/ C2PP=53BL CD LS-DYNA R7.0
+or more information on the varia9le& the -&er may con&-lt the previo-& &ection& in thi& appen(ix.
The `SECTION_SOLID card
2 &econ( car( with accompanying optional car(& of the *SE#TION_SOLID 7eywor( m-&t 9e a((e( if
the -&er (efine( element& option i& invo7e(.

Card 2
Define if and only if ELFORM101,102,103,104 or 105
Maria9le 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Type B B B B B B
3efa-lt $ $ $ $ $ $

Define NIP cards according to the following format.
Maria9le 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Type + + + +

Maria9le 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Type + + + + + + + +

=L+O'.
>T.1$$.253.LT.1$0) 8&er#(efine( &oli(
5BP
5-m9er of integration point& for -&er#(efine( &oli( C$ if re&-ltant elementD
5L3O+
5-m9er of extra (egree& of free(om per no(e for -&er#(efine( &oli(
BJ+>
+lag for -&ing ho-rgla&& &ta9iliIation C5BP.>T.$D
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LS-DYNA R7.0 !!# C2PP=53BL CD
BT2:
+lag for &etting -p finite element matrice& C5BP.>T.$D
L.C
5JSM
LB
=T2
K=T2
Thir( i&oparametric coor(inate
,>T
PB
+or more information on the varia9le& the -&er may con&-lt the previo-& &ection& in thi& appen(ix.
Sample User Shell Element 101 (Belytschko-Tsay shell)
The geometry of the Belyt&ch7o#T&ay element in local coor(inate& can 9e written
x
= (x
I
+
t
2
3
o
3
)N
I
(
1

2
)
:
= (:
I
+
t
2
3
c
3
I
)N
I
(
1

2
)

where

x
I
= ith component of cooiuinate of noueI
:
I
= ith component of tianslational velocity of noueI
I
= th component of iotational velocity of noueI
t = thickness of element
c
k
= peimutation tensoi
N
I
= shape function localieu at noue I
o
3
= Kioneckei uelta

Ta7ing the (erivative of the&e expre&&ion& with re&pect to the i&oparametric coor(inate yiel(&
ox
o
1
= (x
I
+
t
2
3
o
3
)
oN
I
o
1
ox
o
2
= (x
I
+
t
2
3
o
3
)
oN
I
o
2
ox
o
3
=
t
2
o
3

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!!#1$ C2PP=53BL CD LS-DYNA R7.0
an(
o:
o
1
= (:
I
+
t
2
3
c
3
I
)
oN
I
o
1
o:
o
2
= (:
I
+
t
2
3
c
3
I
)
oN
I
o
2
o:
o
3
=
t
2
c
3
I
N
I

re&pectively. 8&ing the&e expre&&ion& the element i& implemente( a& a -&er#(efine( &hell a& follow&.
<8F7o83:0- 8<C2_F1"1?F>37AH=>37AH=T16H
1 A:H-31HB-31H
2 01H02H03H04H
3 ;01;A:H;02;A:H;03;A:H;04;A:H
4 ;01;-31H;02;-31H;03;-31H;04;-31H
5 A1HA2HA3HA4H41H42H43H44HB1HB2HB3HB4H
6 A;o5H
7 3C:6QH3C6Q1H3C6Q2H3C6Q3H3C6Q4H
8 5A1H5A2H5A3H5A4H
& 541H542H543H544H
. 5B1H5B2H5B3H5B4H
. =211H=221H=231H=212H=222H=232H=213H=223H=233H
. 253H223@
:0628;- U02P/17>U
6
6 #o>/83- F 10; = >137:A 5o7 8<-7';-5:0-; <C-22 1"1
6
;:>-0<:o0 F>37A?02PH3H3H*@H=>37A?02PH3H3@H=T16?02P@
REAL 01H02H03H04
;:>-0<:o0 A1?02P@HA2?02P@HA3?02P@HA4?02P@
;:>-0<:o0 41?02P@H42?02P@H43?02P@H44?02P@
;:>-0<:o0 B1?02P@HB2?02P@HB3?02P@HB4?02P@
;:>-0<:o0 3C:6Q?02P@
;:>-0<:o0 3C6Q1?02P@H3C6Q2?02P@H3C6Q3?02P@H3C6Q4?02P@
;:>-0<:o0 A;o5?02PH8H3@
;:>-0<:o0 5A1?02P@H5A2?02P@H5A3?02P@H5A4?02P@
;:>-0<:o0 541?02P@H542?02P@H543?02P@H544?02P@
;:>-0<:o0 5B1?02P@H5B2?02P@H5B3?02P@H5B4?02P@
;:>-0<:o0 =211?02P@H=221?02P@H=231?02P@H
. =212?02P@H=222?02P@H=232?02P@H
. =213?02P@H=223?02P@H=233?02P@
6
;o :.253H223
6
=>37A?:H1H1@.
1 A1?:@*;01;A:GA2?:@*;02;A:G
2 A3?:@*;03;A:GA4?:@*;04;A:
=>37A?:H2H1@.
1 41?:@*;01;A:G42?:@*;02;A:G
2 43?:@*;03;A:G44?:@*;04;A:
=>37A?:H3H1@.
1 ".
=>37A?:H1H2@.
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ÀPPENDIX C
1 A1?:@*;01;-31GA2?:@*;02;-31G
2 A3?:@*;03;-31GA4?:@*;04;-31
=>37A?:H2H2@.
1 41?:@*;01;-31G42?:@*;02;-31G
2 43?:@*;03;-31G44?:@*;04;-31
=>37A?:H3H2@.
1 ".
=>37A?:H1H3@.
1 ".
=>37A?:H2H3@.
1 ".
=>37A?:H3H3@.
1 .5*3C:6Q?:@
6
6o-5..5*3C:6Q?:@*B-31
6
F>37A?:H1H1H1@ .;01;A:
F>37A?:H1H1H7@ .;02;A:
F>37A?:H1H1H13@.;03;A:
F>37A?:H1H1H1&@.;04;A:
6
F>37A?:H1H1H5@ .6o-5*;01;A:
F>37A?:H1H1H11@.6o-5*;02;A:
F>37A?:H1H1H17@.6o-5*;03;A:
F>37A?:H1H1H23@.6o-5*;04;A:
6
F>37A?:H1H2H1@ .;01;-31
F>37A?:H1H2H7@ .;02;-31
F>37A?:H1H2H13@.;03;-31
F>37A?:H1H2H1&@.;04;-31
6
F>37A?:H1H2H5@ .6o-5*;01;-31
F>37A?:H1H2H11@.6o-5*;02;-31
F>37A?:H1H2H17@.6o-5*;03;-31
F>37A?:H1H2H23@.6o-5*;04;-31
6
F>37A?:H2H1H2@ .;01;A:
F>37A?:H2H1H8@ .;02;A:
F>37A?:H2H1H14@.;03;A:
F>37A?:H2H1H2"@.;04;A:
6
F>37A?:H2H1H4@ .'6o-5*;01;A:
F>37A?:H2H1H1"@.'6o-5*;02;A:
F>37A?:H2H1H16@.'6o-5*;03;A:
F>37A?:H2H1H22@.'6o-5*;04;A:
6
F>37A?:H1H3H5@ ..5*3C:6Q?:@*01
F>37A?:H1H3H11@..5*3C:6Q?:@*02
F>37A?:H1H3H17@..5*3C:6Q?:@*03
F>37A?:H1H3H23@..5*3C:6Q?:@*04
6
F>37A?:H3H1H3@ .;01;A:
F>37A?:H3H1H&@ .;02;A:
F>37A?:H3H1H15@.;03;A:
F>37A?:H3H1H21@.;04;A:
6
F>37A?:H2H2H2@ .;01;-31
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ÀPPENDIX C
F>37A?:H2H2H8@ .;02;-31
F>37A?:H2H2H14@.;03;-31
F>37A?:H2H2H2"@.;04;-31
6
F>37A?:H2H2H4@ .'6o-5*;01;-31
F>37A?:H2H2H1"@.'6o-5*;02;-31
F>37A?:H2H2H16@.'6o-5*;03;-31
F>37A?:H2H2H22@.'6o-5*;04;-31
6
F>37A?:H2H3H4@ .'.5*3C:6Q?:@*01
F>37A?:H2H3H1"@.'.5*3C:6Q?:@*02
F>37A?:H2H3H16@.'.5*3C:6Q?:@*03
F>37A?:H2H3H22@.'.5*3C:6Q?:@*04
6
F>37A?:H3H2H3@ .;01;-31
F>37A?:H3H2H&@ .;02;-31
F>37A?:H3H2H15@.;03;-31
F>37A?:H3H2H21@.;04;-31
6
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-0;

To -&e the element for a part the &ection car( can 9e written a&
*SE#TION_S,ELL
$ SE#ID EL!ORM
1 1"1
$ T1 T2 T3 T4

$ NIPP N*DO! I)N! I,G!
1 " " 1
$ *I ETA GT
". ". 4.
Sample User Solid Element 101 (constant stress solid)
The geometry for the con&tant &tre&& &oli( i& given a&
x
= x
I
N
I
(
1

2
)
:
= :
I
N
I
(
1

2
)

where
x
I
= ith component of cooiuinate of noue I
:
I
= ith component of tianslational velocity of noue I
N
I
= shape function localieu at noue I

The matrice& nece&&ary for implementing thi& element a& a -&er#(efine( &oli( are (erive( from the
expre&&ion& given 9y
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ÀPPENDIX C
LS-DYNA R7.0 !!#1% C2PP=53BL CD
ox
o
1
= x
I
oN
I
o
1
ox
o
2
= x
I
oN
I
o
2
ox
o
3
= x
I
oN
I
o
3

an(
o:
o
1
= :
I
oN
I
o
1
o:
o
2
= :
I
oN
I
o
2
o:
o
3
= :
I
oN
I
o
3

The -&er element implementation i& given 9y
<8F7o83:0- 8<2;_F1"1?F>37AH=>37AH=T16H
1 A:H-31HB-31H
2 01H02H03H04H05H06H07H08H
3 ;01;A:H;02;A:H;03;A:H;04;A:H
4 ;05;A:H;06;A:H;07;A:H;08;A:H
5 ;01;-31H;02;-31H;03;-31H;04;-31H
6 ;05;-31H;06;-31H;07;-31H;08;-31H
7 ;01;B-31H;02;B-31H;03;B-31H;04;B-31H
8 ;05;B-31H;06;B-31H;07;B-31H;08;B-31H
& A1HA2HA3HA4HA5HA6HA7HA8H
. 41H42H43H44H45H46H47H48H
. B1HB2HB3HB4HB5HB6HB7HB8H
. A;o5H
. 253H223@
:0628;- U02P/17>U
6
6 #o>/83- F 10; = >137:A 5o7 8<-7';-5:0-; <o2:; 1"1
6
;:>-0<:o0 F>37A?02PH3H3H*@H=>37A?02PH3H3@H=T16?02P@
REAL 01H02H03H04H05H06H07H08
;:>-0<:o0 A1?02P@HA2?02P@HA3?02P@HA4?02P@
;:>-0<:o0 A5?02P@HA6?02P@HA7?02P@HA8?02P@
;:>-0<:o0 41?02P@H42?02P@H43?02P@H44?02P@
;:>-0<:o0 45?02P@H46?02P@H47?02P@H48?02P@
;:>-0<:o0 B1?02P@HB2?02P@HB3?02P@HB4?02P@
;:>-0<:o0 B5?02P@HB6?02P@HB7?02P@HB8?02P@
;:>-0<:o0 A;o5?02PH8H3@
6
;o :.253H223
6
=>37A?:H1H1@.A1?:@*;01;A:GA2?:@*;02;A:G
1 A3?:@*;03;A:GA4?:@*;04;A:G
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!!#1! C2PP=53BL CD LS-DYNA R7.0
2 A5?:@*;05;A:GA6?:@*;06;A:G
3 A7?:@*;07;A:GA8?:@*;08;A:
=>37A?:H2H1@.41?:@*;01;A:G42?:@*;02;A:G
1 43?:@*;03;A:G44?:@*;04;A:G
2 45?:@*;05;A:G46?:@*;06;A:G
3 47?:@*;07;A:G48?:@*;08;A:
=>37A?:H3H1@.B1?:@*;01;A:GB2?:@*;02;A:G
1 B3?:@*;03;A:GB4?:@*;04;A:G
2 B5?:@*;05;A:GB6?:@*;06;A:G
3 B7?:@*;07;A:GB8?:@*;08;A:
=>37A?:H1H2@.A1?:@*;01;-31GA2?:@*;02;-31G
1 A3?:@*;03;-31GA4?:@*;04;-31G
2 A5?:@*;05;-31GA6?:@*;06;-31G
3 A7?:@*;07;-31GA8?:@*;08;-31
=>37A?:H2H2@.41?:@*;01;-31G42?:@*;02;-31G
1 43?:@*;03;-31G44?:@*;04;-31G
2 45?:@*;05;-31G46?:@*;06;-31G
3 47?:@*;07;-31G48?:@*;08;-31
=>37A?:H3H2@.B1?:@*;01;-31GB2?:@*;02;-31G
1 B3?:@*;03;-31GB4?:@*;04;-31G
2 B5?:@*;05;-31GB6?:@*;06;-31G
3 B7?:@*;07;-31GB8?:@*;08;-31
=>37A?:H1H3@.A1?:@*;01;B-31GA2?:@*;02;B-31G
1 A3?:@*;03;B-31GA4?:@*;04;B-31G
2 A5?:@*;05;B-31GA6?:@*;06;B-31G
3 A7?:@*;07;B-31GA8?:@*;08;B-31
=>37A?:H2H3@.41?:@*;01;B-31G42?:@*;02;B-31G
1 43?:@*;03;B-31G44?:@*;04;B-31G
2 45?:@*;05;B-31G46?:@*;06;B-31G
3 47?:@*;07;B-31G48?:@*;08;B-31
=>37A?:H3H3@.B1?:@*;01;B-31GB2?:@*;02;B-31G
1 B3?:@*;03;B-31GB4?:@*;04;B-31G
2 B5?:@*;05;B-31GB6?:@*;06;B-31G
3 B7?:@*;07;B-31GB8?:@*;08;B-31
6
F>37A?:H1H1H1@ .;01;A:
F>37A?:H1H1H4@ .;02;A:
F>37A?:H1H1H7@ .;03;A:
F>37A?:H1H1H1"@.;04;A:
F>37A?:H1H1H13@.;05;A:
F>37A?:H1H1H16@.;06;A:
F>37A?:H1H1H1&@.;07;A:
F>37A?:H1H1H22@.;08;A:
6
F>37A?:H2H1H2@ .;01;A:
F>37A?:H2H1H5@ .;02;A:
F>37A?:H2H1H8@ .;03;A:
F>37A?:H2H1H11@.;04;A:
F>37A?:H2H1H14@.;05;A:
F>37A?:H2H1H17@.;06;A:
F>37A?:H2H1H2"@.;07;A:
F>37A?:H2H1H23@.;08;A:
6
F>37A?:H3H1H3@ .;01;A:
F>37A?:H3H1H6@ .;02;A:
F>37A?:H3H1H&@ .;03;A:
F>37A?:H3H1H12@.;04;A:
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ÀPPENDIX C
LS-DYNA R7.0 !!#1" C2PP=53BL CD
F>37A?:H3H1H15@.;05;A:
F>37A?:H3H1H18@.;06;A:
F>37A?:H3H1H21@.;07;A:
F>37A?:H3H1H24@.;08;A:
6
F>37A?:H1H2H1@ .;01;-31
F>37A?:H1H2H4@ .;02;-31
F>37A?:H1H2H7@ .;03;-31
F>37A?:H1H2H1"@.;04;-31
F>37A?:H1H2H13@.;05;-31
F>37A?:H1H2H16@.;06;-31
F>37A?:H1H2H1&@.;07;-31
F>37A?:H1H2H22@.;08;-31
6
F>37A?:H2H2H2@ .;01;-31
F>37A?:H2H2H5@ .;02;-31
F>37A?:H2H2H8@ .;03;-31
F>37A?:H2H2H11@.;04;-31
F>37A?:H2H2H14@.;05;-31
F>37A?:H2H2H17@.;06;-31
F>37A?:H2H2H2"@.;07;-31
F>37A?:H2H2H23@.;08;-31
6
F>37A?:H3H2H3@ .;01;-31
F>37A?:H3H2H6@ .;02;-31
F>37A?:H3H2H&@ .;03;-31
F>37A?:H3H2H12@.;04;-31
F>37A?:H3H2H15@.;05;-31
F>37A?:H3H2H18@.;06;-31
F>37A?:H3H2H21@.;07;-31
F>37A?:H3H2H24@.;08;-31
6
F>37A?:H1H3H1@ .;01;B-31
F>37A?:H1H3H4@ .;02;B-31
F>37A?:H1H3H7@ .;03;B-31
F>37A?:H1H3H1"@.;04;B-31
F>37A?:H1H3H13@.;05;B-31
F>37A?:H1H3H16@.;06;B-31
F>37A?:H1H3H1&@.;07;B-31
F>37A?:H1H3H22@.;08;B-31
6
F>37A?:H2H3H2@ .;01;B-31
F>37A?:H2H3H5@ .;02;B-31
F>37A?:H2H3H8@ .;03;B-31
F>37A?:H2H3H11@.;04;B-31
F>37A?:H2H3H14@.;05;B-31
F>37A?:H2H3H17@.;06;B-31
F>37A?:H2H3H2"@.;07;B-31
F>37A?:H2H3H23@.;08;B-31
6
F>37A?:H3H3H3@ .;01;B-31
F>37A?:H3H3H6@ .;02;B-31
F>37A?:H3H3H&@ .;03;B-31
F>37A?:H3H3H12@.;04;B-31
F>37A?:H3H3H15@.;05;B-31
F>37A?:H3H3H18@.;06;B-31
F>37A?:H3H3H21@.;07;B-31
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ÀPPENDIX C
F>37A?:H3H3H24@.;08;B-31
6
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7-3870
-0;
To -&e the element for a part the &ection car( can 9e written a&
*SE#TION_SOLID
$ SE#ID EL!ORM
1 1"1
$ NIP N*DO! I,G!
1 " 1
$ *I ETA +ETA GT
". ". ". 8."
Examples

,e pre&ent three te&t example&.
+ig-re !!#1. Soli( me&h for -&er element te&t.
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ÀPPENDIX C
One example wa& a &imple ten&ion#compre&&ion te&t of a &oli( cylin(er. The geometry i& &hown in
+ig-re !!#1. The pro9lem i& -&ing the &ample implementation& of -&er element& an( compare( the
re&-lt& an( performance with &tan(ar( LS#3452 element&. 2& for the comp-tational efficiency, we
note that the performance i& wor&e 9-t thi& i& expecte( &ince there i& little room for optimiIation of
the co(e while retaining a -&er frien(ly interface. The implicit performance compare& well with the
other element& in LS#3452.
The &econ( example wa& a com9ine( 9en(ing an( &tretching example with the geometry &hown in
+ig-re !!#2. 2gain we ran the pro9lem with the -&er element implementation& an( compare( the re#
&-lt& an( performance with &tan(ar( LS#3452 element&. ,e co-l( &ee the &ame ten(encie& a& for
the &oli( element&.

+ig-re !!#2. Shell me&h for the -&er element te&t.
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ÀPPENDIX C
!!#1/ C2PP=53BL CD LS-DYNA R7.0

The thir( an( final example i& an impact 9etween a &oli( 9ar an( &hell 9eam. Both part& are mo(ele(
with -&er#(efine( element&. The re&-lt& were very &imilar to the one& o9taine( 9y &-9&tit-ting the
&ection& for &tan(ar( LS#3452 &ection&, 9-t the &im-lation time wa& a9o-t %#! time& longer.
+ig-re !!#%. Bmpact 9etween a -&er#(efine( &hell an( -&er#(efine( &oli( part.
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ÀPPENDIX D
LS-DYNA R7.0 !"#1 C2PP=53BL 3D
APPENDIX D: User Defined Airbag Sensor
The a((ition of a -&er &en&or &-9ro-tine into LS#3452 i& relatively &imple. The &en&or i& mo-nte(
on a rigi( 9o(y which i& attache( to the &tr-ct-re. The motion of the &en&or i& provi(e( in the local
coor(inate &y&tem (efine( for the rigi( 9o(y in the (efinition of material mo(el 2$Wthe rigi( materi#
al. ,hen the -&er (efine( criterion i& met for the (eployment of the air9ag, a flag i& &et an( the (e#
ployment 9egin&. 2ll loa( c-rve& relating to the ma&& flow rate ver&-& time are then &hifte( 9y the
initiation time. The -&er &-9ro-tine i& given 9elow with all the nece&&ary information containe( in
the comment car(&.
S)BRO)TINE AIR)SR ?RB)HRB%HRBAHTIMEHDT1HDT2HPARAMH,ISTHITRNONH
. RB)GHRB%GHRBAG@
#********************************************************************
# LI%ERMORE SO!TARE TE#,NOLOGY #ORPORATION ?LST#@
# ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
# #OPYRIG,T 1&87H 1&88H 1&8& MO,N O. ,ALL()ISTH LST#
# ALL RIG,TS RESER%ED
#********************************************************************
#
# )SER S)BRO)TINE TO INITIATE T,E IN!LATION O! T,E AIRBAG
#
# %ARIABLES
#
# DISPLA#EMENTS ARE DE!INED AT TIME NG1 IN LO#AL SYSTEM
# %ELO#ITIES ARE DE!INED AT TIME NG1N2 IN LO#AL SYSTEM
# A##ELERATIONS ARE DE!INED AT TIME N IN LO#AL SYSTEM
#
# RB)?1'3@ TOTAL DISPLA#EMENTS IN T,E LO#AL *Y+ DIRE#TIONS
# RB)?3'6@ TOTAL ROTATIONS ABO)T T,E LO#AL *Y+ A*ES
# RB%?1'3@ %ELO#ITIES IN T,E LO#AL *Y+ DIRE#TIONS
# RB%?3'6@ ROTATIONAL %ELO#ITIES ABO)T T,E LO#AL *Y+ A*ES
# RBA?1'3@ A##ELERATIONS IN T,E LO#AL *Y+ DIRE#TIONS
# RBA?3'6@ ROTATIONAL A##ELERATIONS ABO)T T,E LO#AL *Y+ A*ES
# TIME IS T,E #)RRENT TIME
# DT1 IS TIME STEP SI+E AT N'1N2
# DT2 IS TIME STEP SI+E AT NG1N2
# PARAM IS )SER DE!INED INP)T PARAMETERS ?MA* 25@
# ,IST IS )SER DE!INED ,ISTORY %ARIABLES ?MA* 25@
# ITRNON IS !LAG TO T)RN ON T,E AIRBAG IN!LATION
# RB)GHRB%GHRBAGH ARE SIMILAR TO RB)HRB%HRBA B)T ARE DE!INED
# GLOBALLY.
#
# T,E )SER S)BRO)TINE SETS T,E %ARIABLE ITRNON TOD
#
# ITRNON." BAG IS NOT IN!LATED
# ITRNON.1 BAG IN!LATION BEGINS AND T,IS S)BRO)TINE IN NOT
# #ALLED AGAIN
#
DIMENSION RB)?6@HRB%?6@HPARAM?25@H,IST?25@H
. RB)G?6@HRB%G?6@HRBAG?6@
RET)RN
END
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ÀPPENDIX E
LS-DYNA R7.0 !0#1 C2PP=53BL =D
APPENDIX E: User Defined Solution Control
Thi& &-9ro-tine may 9e provi(e( 9y the -&er to control the BFO, monitor the energie& an( other &ol-#
tion norm& of intere&t, an( to &h-t (own the pro9lem whenever he plea&e&. The arg-ment& are (e#
fine( in the li&ting provi(e( 9elow. Thi& &-9ro-tine i& calle( each time &tep an( (oe& not nee( any
control car( to operate.
S)BRO)TINE )#TRL1 ?N)MNPHNDO!HTIMEHDT1HDT2HPRT#HPLT#H!R#IHPRTOH
. PLTOH!R#OH%TH%RHATHARH)TH)RH*MSTH*MSRHIRBODYHRBDYNH)SR,%H
. MESSAGHTOTALMH#Y#LHIDRINT@
#********************************************************************
# ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
#********************************************************************
#
#,ARA#TER*?*@ MESSAG
INTEGER #Y#LE
#
#
# )SER S)BRO)TINE !OR SOL)TION #ONTROL
#
# NOTED LS'DYNA )SED AN INTERNAL N)MBERING SYSTEM TO
# A##OMMODATE ARBITRARY NODE N)MBERING. TO A##ESS
# IN!ORMATION !OR )SER NODE NH ADDRESS ARRAY LO#ATION MH
# M.L(!?NH1@. TO OBTAIN )SER NODE N)MBERH NH
# #ORRESPONDING TO ARRAY ADDRESS MH SET N.L(!IN%?MH1@
#
# ARG)MENTSD
# N)MNP.N)MBER O! NODAL POINTS
# NDO!.N)MBER O! DEGREES I! !REEDOM PER NODE
# TIME.#)RRENT SOL)TION TIME
# PRT#.O)TP)T INTER%AL !OR LS'DYNA TIME ,ISTORY DATA
# PLT#.O)TP)T INTER%AL !OR LS'DYNA STATE DATA
# !R#I.O)TP)T INTER%AL !OR LS'DYNA INTER!A#E !OR#E DATA
# PRTO.O)TP)T TIME !OR TIME ,ISTORY !ILE
# PLTO.O)TP)T TIME !OR STATE DATA
# !R#O.O)TP)T TIME !OR !OR#E DATA
# %T?3HN)MNP@ .NODAL TRANSLATIONAL %ELO#ITY %E#TOR
# %R?3HN)MNP@ .NODAL ROTATIONAL %ELO#ITY %E#TOR. T,IS ARRAY
# IS DE!INED I! AND ONLY I! NDO!.6
# AT?3HN)MNP@ .NODAL TRANSLATIONAL A##ELERATION %E#TOR
# AR?3HN)MNP@ .NODAL ROTATIONAL A##ELERATION %E#TOR. T,IS
# ARRAY IS DE!INED I! AND ONLY I! NDO!.6
# )T?3HN)MNP@ .NODAL TRANSLATIONAL DISPLA#EMENT %E#TOR
# )R?3HN)MNP@ .NODAL ROTATIONAL DISPLA#EMENT %E#TOR. T,IS ARRAY
# IS DE!INED I! AND ONLY I! NDO!.6
# *MST?N)MNP@ .RE#IPRO#AL O! NODAL TRANSLATIONAL MASSES
# *MSR?N)MNP@ .RE#IPRO#AL O! NODAL ROTATIONAL MASSES. T,IS
# ARRAY IS DE!INED I! AND ONLY I! NDO!.6
# IRBODY .!LAG !OR RIGID BODY NODAL POINTS
# I! DE!ORMABLE NODE T,EN SET TO 1."
# I! RIGID BODY NODE T,EN SET TO "."
# DE!INED I! AN ONLY I! RIGID BODY ARE PRESENT
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ÀPPENDIX E
!0#2 C2PP=53BL =D LS-DYNA R7.0
# I.E.HIRBODY.NE." I! NO RIGID BODY ARE PRESENT
# )SR,%?LEN,%@ .)SER DE!INED ,ISTORY %ARIABLES T,AT ARE STORED
# IN T,E RESTART !ILE. LEN,%.1""G)*N)MMAT ,ERE
# N)MMAT IS T,E # O! MATERIALS IN T,E PROBLEM.
# ARRAY )SR,% IS )PDATED ONLY IN T,IS S)BRO)TINE.
# MESSAG .!LAG !OR DYNA3D ,I#, MAY BE SET TOD
# [S1.\ LS'DYNA TERMINATES IT, RESTART !ILE
# [S3.\ LS'DYNA RITES A RESTART !ILE
# [S4.\ LS'DYNA RITES A PLOT STATE
# TOTALM .TOTAL MASS IN PROBLEM
# #Y#LE .#Y#LE N)MBER
# IDRINT .!LAG !OR DYNAMI# RELA*ATION P,ASE
# .NE."D DYNAMI# RELA*ATION IN PROGRESS
# .E(."D SOL)TION P,ASE
#
#OMMONNPTIMESN PRTIMS?32@HPRTLST?32@HIGMPRT
#
# PRTIMS?32@.O)TP)T INTER%ALS !OR AS#II !ILES
#
# AS#II !ILES
# ? 1@.#ROSS SE#TION !OR#ES
# ? 2@.RIGID ALL !OR#ES
# ? 3@.NODAL DATA
# ? 4@.ELEMENT DATA
# ? 5@.GLOBAL DATA
# ? 6@.DIS#RETE ELEMENTS
# ? 7@.MATERIAL ENERGIES
# ? 8@.NODAL INTER!A#E !OR#ES
# ? &@.RES)LTANT INTER!A#E !OR#ES
# ?1"@.SM)G ANIMATOR
# ?11@.SP# REA#TION !OR#ES
# ?12@.NODAL #ONSTRAIN RES)LTANT !OR#ES
# ?13@.AIRBAG STATISTI#S
# ?14@.A%S DATABASE
# ?15@.NODAL !OR#E GRO)PS
# ?16@.O)TP)T INTER%ALS !OR NODAL BO)NDARY #ONDITIONS
# ?17@Z?32@.)N)SED AT T,IS TIME
#
# PRTLST?32@.O)TP)T TIMES !OR AS#II !ILES ABO%E. ,EN SOL)TION TIME
# E*#EEDS T,E O)TP)T TIME A PRINT STATE IS D)MPED.
#
#OMMONNRB$ENGNENRBDYHRBDY*HRBDYYHRBDY+
#
# TOTAL RIGID BODY ENERGIES AND MOMENT)MSD
# ENRBDY.RIGID BODY $INETI# ENERGY
# RBDY* .RIGID BODY *'MOMENT)M
# RBDYY .RIGID BODY Y'MOMENT)M
# RBDY+ .RIGID BODY +'MOMENT)M
#
#OMMONNRB$ENGNENRBDYHRBDY*HRBDYYHRBDY+
#
# TOTAL RIGID BODY ENERGIES AND MOMENT)MSD
# S*MOM.STONEALL *'MOMENT)M
# SYMOM.STONEALL Y'MOMENT)M
# S+MOM.STONEALL +'MOMENT)M
# ENRBDY.STONEALL $INETI# ENERGY
#
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ÀPPENDIX E
LS-DYNA R7.0 !0#% C2PP=53BL =D
#OMMONNDEENGSNDEENG
#
# DEENG.TOTAL DIS#RETE ELEMENT ENERGY
#
#OMMONNENERGYN*PE
#
# *PE .TOTAL INTERNAL ENERGY IN T,E !INITE ELEMENTS
#
DIMENSION %T?3H*@H%R?3H*@HAT?3H*@HAR?3H*@H)T?3H*@H)R?3H*@
*MST?*@H*MSR?*@HRBDYN?*@H)SR,%?*@
#
# SAMPLE MOMENT)M AND $INETI# ENERGY #AL#)LATIONS
#
# REMO%E ALL #OMMENTS IN #OL)MN 1 BELO TO A#TI%ATE
##
##
## INITIALI+E $INETI# ENERGYH *$EH AND *HYH+ MOMENT)MS.
##
# *$E.2.*S$ENGG2.*ENRBDY
# *M'S*MOMGRBDY*
# YM.SYMOMGRBDYY
# +M.S+MOMGRBDY+
##
# N)MNP2.N)MNP
# I! ?NDO!.E(.6@ T,EN
# N)MNP2.N)MNPGN)MNP
# ENDI!
# PRINT *HNDO!
# I!?IRBODY.E(."@ T,EN
##
##
## NO RIGID BODIES PRESENT
##
## NOTE IN BLAN$ #OMMENT %R !OLLOS %T. T,IS !A#T IS )SED BELO.
# DO 1" N.1HN)MNP2
# *MSN.1.N*MST?N@
# %N1.%T?1HN@
# %N2.%T?2HN@
# %N3.%T?3HN@
# *M.*MG*MSN*%N1
# YM.YMG*MSN*%N2
# +M.+MG*MSN*%N3
# *$E.*$EG*MSN*?%N1*%N1G%N2*%N2G%N3*%N3@
# 1" #ONTIN)E
##
# ELSE
##
## RIGID BODIES PRESENT
##
# DO 2" N.1HN)MNP
# *MSN.1.N*MST?N@
# %N1.RBDYN?N@*%T?1HN@
# *M.*MG*MSN*%N1
# YM.YMG*MSN*%N2
# +M.+MG*MSN*%N3
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ÀPPENDIX E
!0#! C2PP=53BL =D LS-DYNA R7.0
# *$E.*$EG*MSN*?%N1*%N1G%N2*%N2G%N3*%N3@
# 2" #ONTIN)E
# I! ?NDO!.E(.6@ T,EN
# DO 3" N.1HN)MNP
# *MSN.1.N*MSR?N@
# %N1.RBDYN?N@*%R?1HN@
# *M.*MG*MSN*%N1
# YM.YMG*MSN*%N2
# +M.+MG*MSN*%N3
# *$E.*$EG*MSN*?%N1*%N1G%N2*%N2G%N3*%N3@
# 3" #ONTIN)E
# ENDI!
##
# ENDI!
RET)RN
END
##
##.....TOTAL $INETI# ENERGY
# *$E..5**$E
##.....TOTAL INTERNAL ENERGY
# *IE..*PEGDEENG
##.....TOTAL ENERGY
# *TE.*$EG*PEGDEENG
##.....TOTAL *'RIGID BODY %ELO#ITY
# *RB%.*MNTOTALM
##.....TOTAL Y'RIGID BODY %ELO#ITY
# YRB%.YMNTOTALM
##.....TOTAL +'RIGID BODY %ELO#ITY
# +RB%.+MNTOTALM
#
RET)RN
END
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ÀPPENDIX F
LS-DYNA R7.0 !7#1 C2PP=53BL +D
APPENDIX F: User Defined Interface Control
Thi& &-9ro-tine may 9e provi(e( 9y the -&er to t-rn the interface& on an( off. Thi& option i& activat#
e( 9y the N8S='OB5T='+2C=OCO5T'OL 7eywor(. The arg-ment& are (efine( in the li&ting
provi(e( 9elow.
S)BRO)TINE )#TRL2 ?NSIHNTYHTIMEH#Y#LEHMSRHNMNHNS%HNSNH
1 T,MRHT,S%H%TH*IH)THIS$IPHIDRINTHN)MNPHDT2HNINP)TH)A@
#********************************************************************
# ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
#********************************************************************
#
INTEGER #Y#LE
#
#
# )SER S)BRO)TINE !OR INTER!A#E #ONTROL
#
# NOTED LS'DYNA )SED AN INTERNAL N)MBERING SYSTEM TO
# A##OMMODATE ARBITRARY NODE N)MBERING. TO A##ESS
# IN!ORMATION !OR )SER NODE NH ADDRESS ARRAY LO#ATION MH
# M.L(!?NH1@. TO OBTAIN )SER NODE N)MBERH NH
# #ORRESPONDING TO ARRAY ADDRESS MH SET N.L(!IN%?MH1@
#
# ARG)MENTSD
# NSI .N)MBER O! SLIDING INTER!A#E
# NTY .INTER!A#E TYPE.
# .E(.4DSINGLE S)R!A#E
# .NE.4DS)R!A#E TO S)R!A#E
# TIME .#)RRENT SOL)TION TIME
# #Y#LE .#Y#LE N)MBER
# MSR?NMN@ .LIST O! MASTER NODES N)MBERS IN INTERNAL
# N)MBERING S#,EME
# NMN .N)MBER O! MASTER NODES
# NS%?NSN@ .LIST O! SLA%E NODES N)MBERS IN INTERNAL
# N)MBERING S#,EME
# NSN .N)MBER O! SLA%E NODES
# T,MR?NMN@ .MASTER NODE T,I#$NESS
# T,S%?NSN@ .SLA%E NODE T,I#$NESS
# %T?3HN)MNP@ .NODAL TRANSLATIONAL %ELO#ITY %E#TOR
# *I?3HN)MNP@ .INITIAL #OORDINATES AT TIME."
# )T?3HN)MNP@ .NODAL TRANSLATIONAL DISPLA#EMENT %E#TOR
# IDRINT .!LAG !OR DYNAMI# RELA*ATION P,ASE
# .NE."DDYNAMI# RELA*ATION IN PROGRESS
# .E(."DSOL)TION P,ASE
# N)MNP .N)MBER O! NODAL POINTS
# DT2 .TIME STEP SI+E AT NG1N2
# NINP)T .N)MBER O! %ARIABLES INP)T INTO )A
# )A?*@ .)SER\S ARRAYH !IRST NINP)T LO#ATIONS
# DE!INED BY )SER. T,E LENGT, O! T,IS
# ARRAY IS DE!INED ON #ONTROL #ARD 1".
# T,IS ARRAY IS )NI()E TO INTER!A#E NSI.
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ÀPPENDIX F
!7#2 C2PP=53BL +D LS-DYNA R7.0
#
# SET !LAG !OR A#TI%E #ONTA#T
# IS$IP." A#TI%E
# IS$IP.1 INA#TI%E
#
#********************************************************************
DIMENSION MSR?*@HNS%?*@HT,MR?*@HT,S%?*@H%T?3H*@H*I?3H*@H
)T?3H*@)A?*@
#
# T,E !OLLOING SAMPLE O! #ODEING IS PRO%IDED TO ILL)STRATE ,O
# T,IS S)BRO)TINE MIG,T BE )SED. ,ERE E #,E#$ TO SEE I! T,E
# S)R!A#ES IN T,E S)R!A#E TO S)R!A#E #ONTA#T ARE SEPARATED. I!
# SO T,E IS$IP.1 AND T,E #ONTA#T TREATMENT IS S$IPPED.
#
I! ?NTY.E(.4@ RET)RN
DT2,L!.DT2N2.
*MINS. 1.E2"
*MA*S.'*MINS
YMINS. 1.E2"
YMA*S.'YMINS
+MINS. 1.E2"
+MA*S.'+MINS
*MINM. 1.E2"
*MA*M.'*MINM
YMINM. 1.E2"
YMA*M.'YMINM
+MINM. 1.E2"
+MA*M.'+MINM
T,$S."."
T,$M."."
DO 1" I.1HNSN
DSP1.)T?1HNS%?I@@GDT2,L!*%T?1HNS%?I@@
*1.*I?1HNS%?I@@GDSP1
T,$S .MA*?T,S%?I@HT,$S@
*MINS.MIN?*MINSH*1@
*MA*S.MA*?*MA*SH*1@
YMINS.MIN?YMINSH*2@
YMA*S.MA*?YMA*SH*2@
+MINS.MIN?+MINSH*3@
+MA*S.MA*?+MA*SH*3@
1" #ONTIN)E
DO 2" I.1HNMN
DSP1.)T?1HMSR?I@@GDT2,L!*%T?1HMSR?I@@
*1.*I?1HMSR?I@@GDSP1
T,$M .MA*?T,MR?I@HT,$S@
*MINS.MIN?*MINMH*1@
*MA*S.MA*?*MA*MH*1@
YMINS.MIN?YMINMH*2@
YMA*S.MA*?YMA*MH*2@
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ÀPPENDIX F
LS-DYNA R7.0 !7#% C2PP=53BL +D
+MINS.MIN?+MINMH*3@
+MA*S.MA*?+MA*MH*3@
2" #ONTIN)E
I! ?*MA*SGT,$S.LT.*MINM'T,$M@ GO TO 4"
I! ?YMA*SGT,$S.LT.YMINM'T,$M@ GO TO 4"
I! ?+MA*SGT,$S.LT.+MINM'T,$M@ GO TO 4"
I! ?*MA*SGT,$M.LT.*MINS'T,$S@ GO TO 4"
I! ?YMA*SGT,$M.LT.YMINS'T,$S@ GO TO 4"
I! ?+MA*SGT,$M.LT.+MINS'T,$S@ GO TO 4"
IS$IP."
RET)RN
4" IS$IP.1
RET)RN
END
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ÀPPENDIX G
LS-DYNA R7.0 !/#1 C2PP=53BL >D
APPENDIX G: User Defined Interface Friction and Conductivity
2n ea&y#to#-&e -&er contact interface i& provi(e( in LS#3452 where the -&er ha& the po&&i9ility to
(efine the frictional coefficient& C&tatic an( (ynamicD a& well a& contact heat tran&fer con(-ctance a&
f-nction& of contact pre&&-re, relative &li(ing velocity, &eparation an( temperat-re. To 9e a9le to -&e
thi& feat-re, an o9Hect ver&ion of the LS#3452 co(e i& re;-ire( an( the -&er m-&t write hi&Fher own
+ortran Cor CD co(e to (efine the contact parameter& of intere&t.
Bn the text file (yn21.f that come& with the o9Hect ver&ion of LS#3452, the &-9ro-tine& of intere&t
are
<8F7o83:0- 8<7576?5<33H5;40HO@
for (efining the frictional coefficient& f&tt C&taticD an( f(yn C(ynamicD an(
&-9ro-tine -&rhconCh,RD
for (efining the heat tran&fer contact con(-ctance h.
,e empha&iIe at thi& point that the -&er friction interface (iffer& 9etween LS#3452 CS.PD an(
.PP#3452 C.PPD, for rea&on& that have to (o with how the contact& are implemente( in general.
Bn LS#3452 CS.PD the -&er i& re;-ire( not only to (efine the frictional coefficient& 9-t al&o to a&#
&em9le an( &tore contact force& an( hi&tory, wherea& in .PP#3452 C.PPD only the frictional coef#
ficient& have to 9e (efine(.
+or the friction interface CS.P an( .PPD the -&er may a&&ociate hi&tory varia9le& with each contact
no(e. 8nfort-nately the -&er friction interface i& c-rrently not &-pporte( 9y all availa9le contact& in
LS#3452 an( .PP#3452, 9-t &ho-l( cover the mo&t intere&ting one&. 8pon re;-e&t 9y c-&tomer&
new contact type& can 9e &-pporte(.
One of the arg-ment& to the -&er contact ro-tine& i& the c-rve array 679, al&o availa9le in the -&er
material interface. 5ote that when -&ing thi& array, the c-rve i(entity m-&t 9e converte( to an inter#
nal n-m9er or the &-9ro-tine 679912 may 9e -tiliIe(. +or more information, &ee the appen(ix 2 on
-&er material&.
+or (efinition of -&er contact parameter& the -&er m-&t (efine the 7eywor(&
ÙSER_INTERFACE_FRICTION
or
ÙSER_INTERFACE_CONDUCTIVITY
The car( format for the&e two 7eywor(& are i(entical an( can 9e fo-n( in other &ection& in thi& man#
-al.
There i& an alternate ro-te to (efining the con(-ctivity parameter& for a -&er (efine( thermal contact.
On the NCO5T2CTO...OTJ='.2LO+'BCTBO5 optional car( the parameter +O'.8L2 may 9e
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ÀPPENDIX G
!/#2 C2PP=53BL >D LS-DYNA R7.0
&et to a negative n-m9er. Thi& will a-tomatically create a -&er (efine( con(-ctivity interface an( in#
vo7e rea(ing of W+O'.8L2 contact parameter& imme(iately following the car( incl-(ing the
+O'.8L2 parameter. 5ote that +O'.8L2 i& relate( to 5OC an( 5OCB in the N8S='
OB5T='+2C=OCO538CTBMBT4 7eywor( a&
W+O'.8L2]5OC]5OCB.
5ote that the pre&&-re i& a-tomatically comp-te( for each -&er con(-ctivity interface, i.e., the 7ey#
wor( NLO23OS8'+2C=OST'=SS i& not nece&&ary.
2 &ample friction &-9ro-tine i& provi(e( 9elow for S.P.
<8F7o83:0- 8<7576?0o<2H3:>-H06462-H;32H:0<9H17-1<HA<H4<HB<H
. 2<9H:A1H:A2H:A3H:A4H17-1>HAA1HAA2HAA3H<350H<35H50:H
. ;AH;4H;BH5;32H0:0/83H81H<:;-H::<95H0::<95H01H02H03H57:61H
. 57:62H57:63H57:64HF:=08>H5;13H:<-=H5A:<H54:<H5B:<H<<H33H
. :2F<9H<35QH576H08>0/H0/6H/2;H265<3H265;3H3->/H3->/_Fo3H
. 3->/_3o/H:<87516-@
6
6******************************************************************
6| LI%ERMORE SO!TARE TE#,NOLOGY #ORPORATION ?LST#@ |
6| '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' |
6| #OPYRIG,T ] 1&87'2""7 MO,N O. ,ALL()ISTH LST# |
6| ALL RIG,TS RESER%ED |
6******************************************************************
6
6 8<-7 <8F7o83:0- 5o7 :03-7516- 57:63:o0 6o037o2
6
6 0o3-D LS'DYNA 8<-< 10 :03-7012 08>F-7:0= <4<3-> 3o
6 166o>o;13- 17F:37174 0o;- 08>F-7:0=. 3o 166-<<
6 :05o7>13:o0 5o7 8<-7 0o;- 0H 1;;7-<< 17714 2o613:o0 >H
6 >.2P5?0H1@. 3o oF31:0 8<-7 0o;- 08>F-7H 0H
6 6o77-</o0;:0= 3o 17714 1;;7-<< >H <-3 0.2P5:09?>H1@
6
6 17=8>-03<D
6
6 0o<2 .08>F-7 o5 <2:;:0= :03-7516-
6 3:>- .6877-03 <o283:o0 3:>-
6 06462- .06462- 08>F-7
6 ;32 .3:>- <3-/ <:B- 13 0G1N2
6 :0<9 .<219- 0o;- 17714 LC-7- 3C- 0o;-< 17- <3o7-;
6 :0 2<';4013; :03-7012 08>F-7:0=. )<-7 08>F-7<
6 17- =:9-0 F4 58063:o0D 2P5:09?:0<9?::@H1@
6 5o7 <219- 0o;- ::.
6 17-1<?::@ .<219- 0o;- 17-1 ?:03-7516- 34/-< 5R1" o024@ 5o7
6 <219- 0o;- ::
6 A<?::@ .A'6oo7;:013- <219- 0o;- :: ?/7oT-63-;@
6 4<?::@ .4'6oo7;:013- <219- 0o;- :: ?/7oT-63-;@
6 B<?::@ .B'6oo7;:013- <219- 0o;- :: ?/7oT-63-;@
6 2<9?::@ .>1<3-7 <-=>-03 08>F-7 5o7 <219- 0o;- ::
6 :A1?::@H :A2?::@H :A3?::@H :A4?::@
6 .>1<3-7 <-=>-03 0o;-< :0 2<';4013; :03-7012
6 08>F-7:0= 5o7 <219- 0o;- ::
6 17-1>?::@ .>1<3-7 <-=>-03 17-1 5o7 <219- 0o;- ::.
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LS-DYNA R7.0 !/#% C2PP=53BL >D
6 AA1?::H4@ .A'6oo7;:013-< >1<3-7 <87516- ?/7oT-63-;@ 5o7
6 <219- 0o;- ::
6 AA2?::H4@ .4'6oo7;:013-< >1<3-7 <87516- ?/7oT-63-;@ 5o7
6 <219- 0o;- ::
6 AA3?::H4@ .B'6oo7;:013-< >1<3-7 <87516- ?/7oT-63-;@ 5o7
6 <219- 0o;- ::
6 <350 .<219- 0o;- /-01234 <3:550-<<
6 <35 .>1<3-7 <-=>-03 /-01234 <3:550-<<
6 50: .0o7>12 5o76-
6 ;AH;4H;B .7-213:9- AH4HB';:</216->-03 F-3L--0 <219- 0o;- 10;
6 >1<3-7 <87516-. M823:/2:0= F4 5;32 ;-5:0-< 3C-
6 7-213:9- 9-2o6:34.
6 01H02H03 .AH4H 10; B 6o>/o0-03< o5 >1<3-7 <-=>-03< 0o7>12
6 9-63o7
6
6***********************************************************************
6 57:63:o012 6o-55:6:-03< ;-5:0-; 5o7 3C- 6o03163 :03-7516-
6
6 57:61 .<313:6 57:63:o0 6o-55:6:-03
6 57:62 .;401>:6 57:63:o0 6o-55:6:-03
6 57:63 .;-614 6o0<3103
6 57:64 .9:<6o8< 57:63:o0 6o-55:6:-03 ?<-33:0= 57:64."
6 3870< 3C:< o/3:o0 o55@
6
6***********************************************************************
6
6 F:=08> ."." 5o7 o0- L14 <87516- 3o <87516- 10;
6 5o7 <87516- 3o <87516-H 10; 1.-G1" 5o7 0o;-<
6 3o <87516- 6o03163
6 0:0/83 .08>F-7 o5 917:1F2-< :0/83 :03o 81
6 81?*@ .8<-7<U 17714H 5:7<3 0:0/83 2o613:o0<
6 ;-5:0-; F4 8<-7. 3C- 2-0=3C o5 3C:<
6 17714 :< ;-5:0-; o0 6o037o2 617; 1".
6 3C:< 17714 :< 80:P8- 3o :03-7516- 0o<2.
6
6 <:;- .U>1<3-7U 5o7 5:7<3 /1<<. 3C- >1<3-7
6 <87516- :< 3C- <87516- ;-<:=013-; :0 3C-
6 :0/83
6 .U<219-U 5o7 <-6o0; /1<< 153-7 <219- 10;
6 >1<3-7 <87516-< C19- F- <L:36C-; 5o7
6 3C- 34/- 3 <4>>-37:6 :03-7516- 37-13>-03.
6
6 ::<95 .10 17714 =:9:0= 3C- /o:03-7< 3o 3C- 163:9- 0o;-<
6 :0 3C- 17714<.
6
6 0::<95 .08>F-7 o5 163:9- 0o;-<
6
6 5;13 .6o03163 C:<3o74 ;131 17714
6 :<-= .6o03163 >1<3-7 <-=>-03 57o> /7-9:o8< <3-/.
6 5A:< .<219- 0o;- 5o76- 6o>/o0-03 :0 =2oF12 A ;:7.
6 3o F- 8/;13-; 3o :0628;- 57:63:o0
6 54:< .<219- 0o;- 5o76- 6o>/o0-03 :0 =2oF12 4 ;:7.
6 3o F- 8/;13-; 3o :0628;- 57:63:o0
6 5B:< .<219- 0o;- 5o76- 6o>/o0-03 :0 =2oF12 B ;:7.
6 3o F- 8/;13-; 3o :0628;- 57:63:o0
6 <<?::@ .< 6o03163 /o:03 ?'1 3o 1@ :0 /171>-37:6 6oo7;:013-<
6 5o7 <219- 0o;- ::.
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!/#! C2PP=53BL >D LS-DYNA R7.0
6 33?::@ .3 6o03163 /o:03 ?'1 3o 1@ :0 /171>-37:6 6oo7;:013-<
6 5o7 <219- 0o;- ::.
6 :2F<9?::@ ./o:03-7 5o7 0o;- :: :03o =2oF12 17714<.
6 <35Q?::@ ./-01234 <3:550-<< 5o7 <219- 0o;- :: LC:6C L1< 8<-;
6 3o 6o>/83- 0o7>12 :03-7516- 5o76-.
6 576?1H2<9?::@@
6 .#o82o>F 57:63:o0 <612- 5163o7 5o7 <-=>-03 2<9?::@
6 576?2H2<9?::@@
6 .9:<6o8< 57:63:o0 <612- 5163o7 5o7 <-=>-03 2<9?::@
6
6***********************************************************************
6 /171>-3-7< 5o7 1 6o8/2-; 3C-7>12'>-6C10:612 6o03163
6
6 08>0/ . 08>F-7 o5 0o;12 /o:03< :0 3C- >o;-2
6 0/6 . 2o1; 6879- /o:03-7
6 /2; . 2o1; 6879- ?AH4@ ;131
6 265<3?0o<2@. 2o1; 6879- 08>F-7 5o7 <313:6 6o-55:6:-03 o5
6 57:63:o0 9-7<8< 3->/-7387- 5o7 6o03163
6 <87516- 0o<2
6 265;3?0o<2@. 2o1; 6879- 08>F-7 5o7 ;401>:6 6o-55:6:-03 o5
6 57:63:o0 9-7<8< 3->/-7387- 5o7 6o03163
6 <87516- 0o<2
6 3->/?T@ . 3->/-71387- 5o7 0o;- /o:03 T
6 3->/_Fo3?T@. 3->/171387- 5o7 3C:6Q 3C-7>12 <C-22 Fo33o>
6 <87516-
6 3->/_3o/?T@. 3->/171387- 5o7 3C:6Q 3C-7>12 <C-22 3o/
6 <87516-
6 08><C12 . 08>F-7 o5 3C:6Q 3C-7>12 <C-22<
6 :3o/1B?1@ . &&& ..K 3C-7>12'>-6C10:612 10124<:<
6 :<87516- . 3C:6Q 3C-7>12 <C-22 <87516- /o:03-7
6
6***********************************************************************
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ÀPPENDIX H
LS-DYNA R7.0 !#1 C2PP=53BL JD
APPENDIX H: User Defined Thermal Material Model
The a((ition of a thermal -&er material ro-tine into LS#3452 i& fairly &traightforwar(. The thermal
-&er material i& controlle( -&ing the 7eywor( N.2TOTJ='.2LO8S='O3=+B5=3, which i& (e#
&cri9e( at the appropriate place in the man-al.
The thermal -&er material can 9e -&e( alone or in conH-nction with any given mechanical material
mo(el in a co-ple( thermal#mechanical &ol-tion. 2 heat#&o-rce can 9e incl-(e( an( the &pecific heat
-p(ate( &o that it po&&i9le to mo(el e.g. pha&e tran&formation& incl-(ing melt energy.
Bf for the &ame part C&hell or &oli( element&D 9oth a thermal an( mechanical -&er material mo(el i&
(efine( then the two -&er material mo(el& have CoptionallyD rea( acce&& to each otherV& hi&tory vari#
a9le&. Bf the integration point& of the thermal an( mechanical element& not are coinci(ent then inter#
polation or extrapolation i& -&e( when rea(ing hi&tory varia9le&. Linear interpolation or extrapolation
-&ing hi&tory (ata from the two clo&e&t integration point& i& -&e( in all ca&e& except when rea(ing
hi&tory varia9le& from the thic7 thermal &hell CTJSJ=L]1 on NCO5T'OLOSJ=LLD. +or the latter
thermal &hell, the &hape f-nction& of the element are -&e( for the interpolation or extrapolation.
The thermal -&er material& are thermal material type& 11#1". The&e thermal -&er material &-9ro-tine&
are (efine( in file (yn21.f a& &-9ro-tine& th-mat11, R , th-mat1". The latter &-9ro-tine& are calle(
from the &-9ro-tine th-&rmat. The &o-rce co(e of &-9ro-tine th-&rmat i& al&o in file (yn21.f. 2((i#
tional -&ef-l information i& availa9le in the comment& of &-9ro-tine& th-&rmat, th-mat12, an(
-mat!0 that all re&i(e in the &o-rce file (yn21.f
Thermal history variables
Thermal hi&tory varia9le& can 9e -&e( 9y &etting 5MJ greater that $. Thermal hi&tory varia9le& are
o-tp-t to the tprint file, &ee N32T2B2S=OTP'B5T.
Interchange of history variables with mechanical user material
Bn a co-ple( thermo#mechanical &ol-tion there i& for each mechanical &hell, thic7 &hell, or &oli( ele#
ment a corre&pon(ing thermal element. 2 pair con&i&ting of a mechanical an( a corre&pon(ing ther#
mal element 9oth have integration point& an( po&&i9ly hi&tory varia9le&. The mechanical an( thermal
element& (o not nece&&arily have the &ame n-m9er of integration point&.
By &etting BJM= to 1, a thermal -&er material mo(el can rea(, 9-t not write, the hi&tory varia9le&
from a mechanical -&er material mo(el an( vice ver&a.
Bf the location& of the point& where the hi&tory varia9le& are locate( (iffer 9etween the mechanical
an( thermal element (iffer interpolation or extrapolation i& -&e( to calc-late the hi&tory val-e. .ore
information i& availa9le in the comment& to the &-9ro-tine& th-&rmat an( th-mat11.
Limitations
C-rrently there are a few limitation& of the thermal -&er material implementation. LS#3452 will in
mo&t ca&e& give an appropriate warning or error me&&age when &-ch a limit i& violate(. The limita#
tion& incl-(e)
1. Option BJM=.=S.1 i& only &-pporte( for a limite( range of mechanical element&)
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ÀPPENDIX H
!#2 C2PP=53BL JD LS-DYNA R7.0
Soli( element&) =L+O'.]1, 2, 1$, 1%.
Shell element&) =L+O'.]2, %, !, 10. 5ote that -&er#(efine( integration r-le& are not
&-pporte(.
2. Thermal hi&tory varia9le& limitation&)
Thermal hi&tory varia9le& are not o-tp-t to (%plot.
%. The thermal &olver incl-(e& not only the pla&tically (i&&ipate( energy a& a heat &o-rce 9-t
al&o wrongly the ela&tic energy. The latter however i& in mo&t ca&e& not of practical im#
portance.
Example source code
=xample &o-rce co(e for thermal -&er material mo(el& i& availa9le in th-mat11 an( th-mat12 a& well
a& in -mat!0. 5ote that there i& &pace for -p to 0! material parameter& in rOmatp Cmaterial parameter
arrayD 9-t only %2 can 9e rea( in from the N.2TOTJ='.2LO8S='O3=+B5=3 car(. The material
parameter& in rOmatpCiD, i]!1#0!, which are initially &et to $.$, may 9e -&e( 9y the -&er to &tore a((i#
tional (ata.
S-9ro-tine crvval eval-ate& loa( c-rve&. 5ote that when -&ing crvval the loa( c-rve& are fir&t re#
interpolate( to 1$$ e;-i(i&tant point&. See 2ppen(ix 2 for more information on &-9ro-tine crvval.
+ollowing i& a &hort thermal -&er material mo(el. The car( format i& in thi& ca&e, if ena9ling ortho#
tropic con(-ction, an( with &ample inp-t in SB#-nit&)
`MAT_THERMAL_USER_DEFINED

Car( 1 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le .B3 'O .T L.C 5MJ 2OPT BO'TJO BJM=
Type 21 7/$$.$ 12.$ 0.$ %.$ $.$ 1.$ $.$

Car( 2 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le LP 4P KP 21 22 2%
Type $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$ $.$

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ÀPPENDIX H
LS-DYNA R7.0 !#% C2PP=53BL JD
Car( % 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le 31 32 3%
Type $.$ $.$ $.$

Car( ! 1 2 % ! " 0 7 /
Maria9le C1 C2 C% JC JS'C JC+2C
Type 2".$ 2".$ 2$.$ !7$.$ 11.$ 12.$

C1#C%
Jeat con(-ction in 11, 22, an( %% (irection of material coor(inate &y&tem.
JC
Jeat capacity
JS'C
Loa( c-rve B3 of loa( c-rve giving a heat &o-rce o-tp-t C,Fm%D a& a f-nc#
tion of time.
JC+2C
Loa( c-rve B3 of loa( c-rve giving a &caling of the heat capacity a& f-nc#
tion of time.
The &o-rce co(e i&)
<8F7o83:0- 3C8>1312?61H62H63H692H;69;32HC<762H;C<76;32H
1 C<9HC<9>H0>-6o0H7_>13/H679H
2 0-2H0-/H:-/H-234/-H;3H13:>-H:C<762@
6C17163-7*?*@ -234/-
;:>-0<:o0 C<9?*@HC<9>?*@H7_>13/?*@H679?1"1H2H*@
:0628;- U:o80:3<.:06U
6
6 TC-7>12 8<-7'>13-7:12 08>F-7 12.
6
6 S-- 6o>>-03< 13 3C- F-=:00:0= o5 <8F7o83:0- 3C8<7>13
6 5o7 :0<37863:o0<.
6
6 EA1>/2-D :<o37o/:6No73Co37o/:6 >13-7:12 L:3C Q1.P1 10;
6 692.P2 5o7 <o2:; 10; <C-22 -2->-03< :0628;:0= o/3:o012
6 6C10=- o5 C-13 61/16:34 10; 1 C-13 <o876-H Fo3C 58063:o0<
6 o5 3:>- :0/83 1< 2o1; 6879-<.
6
6 P7:03 o83 <o>- :05o o0 <3173'8/H 8<- >13-7:12 /171>-3-7 64
6 1< 1 521=.
:5?0:03?7_>13/?64@@.-P."@ 3C-0
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ÀPPENDIX H
!#! C2PP=53BL JD LS-DYNA R7.0
7_>13/?64@.1.
L7:3-? *H12""@ ?7_>13/?8G:@H:.1H6@
L7:3-?:oC</H12""@ ?7_>13/?8G:@H:.1H6@
L7:3-?5&H12""@ ?7_>13/?8G:@H:.1H6@
-0;:5
6
6 #1268213- 7-</o0<-
61.7_>13/?8G1@
62.7_>13/?8G2@
63.7_>13/?8G3@
692.7_>13/?8G4@
;69;32."."
-:;.0:03?7_>13/?8G6@@
:5?0:03?-:;@.=3."@ 3C-0
6122 679912?679H-:;H13:>-H692516H3>/1@
692.692*692516
;69;32."."
-0;:5
6
6 I5 528A o7 3:>- <3-/ 61268213:o0 3C-0 L- 17- ;o0-.
:5?-234/-.-P.U<o2:;;3U.o7.-234/-.-P.U528AU.o7.
. -234/-.-P.U<C-22;3U@ 7-3870
-:;.0:03?7_>13/?8G5@@
:5?0:03?-:;@.=3."@ 3C-0
:C<762.1
6122 679912?679H-:;H13:>-HC<762H3>/1@
;C<76;32."."
-0;:5
6
6 )/;13- C:<3o74 917:1F2-<
C<9?1@.692
C<9?2@.13:>-
C<9?3@.C<9?3@G1."
6
6 Do0-
7-3870
12"" 5o7>13?NUTC:< :< 3C-7>12 8<-7 ;-5:0-; >13-7:12 #12. UN
1 NU M13-7:12 /171>-3-7 61'63 D UH3E1".3
2 NU M13-7:12 /171>-3-7 C6 D UHE1".3
3 NU ,-13 <o876- 2o1; 6879- D UH!1"."
4 NU C6 <612- 5163o7 2o1; 6879- D UH!1"."
5 NU TC-7>12 ,:<3o74 917:1F2- 1 D 69U
6 NU TC-7>12 ,:<3o74 917:1F2- 2'3 D D8>>4UN@
7-3870
-0;
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ÀPPENDIX I
LS-DYNA R7.0 "$#1 C2PP=53BL BD
APPENDIX I: Occupant Simulation Including the Coupling to Programs
CAL3D and MADYMO
INTRODUCTION
LS#3452 i& co-ple( to occ-pant &im-lation co(e& to generate &ol-tion& in a-tomotive cra&hworthi#
ne&& that incl-(e occ-pant& interacting with the a-tomotive &tr-ct-re. Bn &-ch application& LS#
3452 provi(e& the &im-lation of the &tr-ct-ral an( (eforma9le a&pect& of the mo(el an( the OSP
COcc-pant Sim-lation ProgramD &im-late& the motion of the occ-pant. There i& &ome overlap 9e#
tween the two program& which provi(e& flexi9ility in the mo(eling approach. +or example, 9oth the
OSP an( LS#3452 have the capa9ility of mo(eling &eat 9elt& an( other (eforma9le re&traint&. The
a(vantage of -&ing the OSP i& relate( to the con&i(era9le (ata9a&e& an( experti&e that have 9een (e#
velope( in the pa&t for &im-lating (-mmy 9ehavior -&ing the&e program&.
The (evelopment of the interface provi(e( LSTC a n-m9er of po&&i9le approache&. The approach
&electe( i& con&i&tent with the LSTC philo&ophy of provi(ing the mo&t flexi9le an( -&ef-l interface
po&&i9le. Thi& i& important 9eca-&e the fiel( of non#linear mechanic& i& evolving rapi(ly an( tech#
ni;-e& which are -&e( to(ay are fre;-ently ren(ere( o9&olete 9y improve( metho(ologie& an( lower
co&t comp-ting which allow& more rigoro-& techni;-e& to 9e -&e(. Thi& (oe& ma7e the learning
&omewhat more (iffic-lt a& there i& not any &ingle proce(-re for performing a co-pling.
One characteri&tic of LS#3452 i& the large n-m9er of capa9ilitie&, partic-larly tho&e a&&ociate(
with rigi( 9o(ie&. Thi& create& 9oth an opport-nity an( a (iffic-lty) LS3452%3 ha& many way&
approximating (ifferent a&pect& of pro9lem&, 9-t they are fre;-ently not o9vio-& to -&er& witho-t
con&i(era9le experience. Therefore, in thi& 2ppen(ix we empha&iIe mo(eling metho(& rather than
&imply li&ting capa9ilitie&.
THE LS-DYNA/OCCUPANT SIMULATION PROGRAM LINK
Co-pling 9etween the OSP an( LS#3452 i& performe( 9y com9ining the program& into a &ingle
exec-ta9le. Bn the ca&e of C2L%3, LS#3452 call& C2L%3 a& a &-9ro-tine, 9-t in the ca&e of
.234.O, LS#3452 i& calle( a& a &-9ro-tine. The two program& are then integrate( in parallel
with the re&-lt& 9eing pa&&e( 9etween the two -ntil a -&er (efine( termination time i& reache(.
The OSP an( LS#3452 have (ifferent approache& to the time integration &cheme&. The OSP time
integrator& are 9a&e( on acc-rate implicit integrator& which are vali( for large time &tep& which are
on the or(er of a milli&econ( for the partic-lar application& of intere&t here. 2n iterative &ol-tion i&
-&e( to in&-re that the pro9lem remain& in e;-ili9ri-m. The implicit integrator& are extremely goo(
for &moothly varying loa(&, however, &harp nonlinear p-l&e& can intro(-ce con&i(era9le error. 2n
a-tomatic time &tep &iIe control which (ecrea&e& the time &tep &iIe ;-ic7ly re&tore& the acc-racy for
&-ch event&. The LS#3452 time integrator i& 9a&e( on an explicit central (ifference &cheme. Sta#
9ility re;-ire& that the time &tep &iIe 9e le&& than the highe&t fre;-ency in the &y&tem. +or a coar&e
air9ag me&h, thi& n-m9er i& on the or(er of 1$$ micro&econ(& while an act-al car cra&h &im-lation i&
on the or(er of 1 micro&econ(. The &malle&t LS#3452 mo(el& have at lea&t 1,$$$ element&. =xpe#
rience in(icate& that the co&t of a &ingle LS#3452 time &tep for a &mall mo(el i& at lea&t a& great a&
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ÀPPENDIX I
"$#2 C2PP=53BL BD LS-DYNA R7.0
the co&t of a time &tep in the OSP. Therefore, in the co-pling, the LS#3452 time &tep i& -&e( to
control the entire &im-lation incl-(ing the OSP part. Thi& approach ha& negligi9le co&t penaltie& an(
avoi(& ;-e&tion& of &ta9ility an( acc-racy that wo-l( re&-lt 9y -&ing a &-9cycling &cheme 9etween
the two program&. Optionally, a &-9cycling &cheme can 9e -&e(, however, the re&-lt& of the analy&i&
have to 9e chec7e( with care.
LS#3452 ha& a highly (evelope( rigi( 9o(y capa9ility which i& -&e( in (ifferent part& of a-tomo#
9ile cra&h &im-lation. Bn partic-lar, component& &-ch a& the engine are ro-tinely mo(ele( with rigi(
9o(ie&. The&e rigi( 9o(ie& have 9een mo(ifie( &o that they form the 9a&i& of the co-pling proce(-re
in LS#3452 to the OSP.
Bn LS#3452, the geometry of a mo(el i& 9ro7en (own into no(al point& which i(entify po&ition& in
&pace. The&e no(e& are then connecte( 9y element& &o that the vol-me of a &tr-ct-re i& i(entifie(.
=ach element ha& a XmaterialY a&&ociate( with it. Bf the element i& (eforma9le, then the material will
&pecify it& characteri&tic& &-ch a& (en&ity an( 4o-ngV& .o(-l-&. 2 cra&h mo(el can con&i&t of 1$$
or more &eparate material& which are each a&&igne( a Xmaterial n-m9er,Y an( each material n-m9er
ha& an a&&ociate( Xmaterial typeY which (etermine& if it i& ela&tic, pla&tic, vi&coela&tic, orthotropic,
etc.
The material type may al&o &pecify that it i& a rigi( 9o(y. Bn thi& ca&e, all element& of the &ame ma#
terial n-m9er are treate( a& a &ingle rigi( 9o(y. The&e element& are integrate( to (etermine the
ma&&, centroi( an( moment& of inertia for the gro-p. Thi& gro-p i& then treate( a& a rigi( 9o(y with
&ix (egree&#of#free(om incl-(ing three tran&lation& an( three rotation&. The po&ition& of the rigi(
9o(ie& are -p(ate( in LS#3452 9y a time integrator which wor7& together with the central (iffer#
ence time integration.
There i& an a((itional flag which &pecifie& that the LS#3452 rigi( 9o(y i& co-ple( to an OSP rigi(
9o(y. Thi& flag can 9e fo-n( in the (e&cription of the rigi( 9o(y material N.2TO'B>B3 Cformerly
material type 2$D. Bn co-ple( -p(ate&, the OSP rigi( 9o(y time integrator ta7e& over control of the
LS#3452 rigi( 9o(y an( the normal LS#3452 -p(ate& are 9ypa&&e(. The time integration proce#
(-re i& then a& follow&)
1. 2t the 9eginning of a &tep, LS#3452 (etermine& the location& an( -p(ate& the po&ition&
of all of the rigi( 9o(ie& which are co-ple( to the OSP. Thi& information i& o9taine(
from common 9loc7 information in the OSP.
2. 8&ing the information on rigi( 9o(y location&, LS#3452 procee(& to -p(ate the &tre&&e&
an( hi&tory varia9le& of all of the (eforma9le &tr-ct-re& an( comp-te& the re&-ltant force&
acting on all rigi( 9o(ie&.
%. The re&-ltant force& are &tore( into an OSP common 9loc7 along with the c-rrent time
&tep. Control i& then ret-rne( to the OSP &o that the &tep can 9e complete( 9y the OSP
(etermining the new po&ition& of the rigi( 9o(ie& 9a&e( on the applie( force&.
2t the en( of the calc-lation LS#3452 terminate& normally, clo&ing it& file&, an( then control i& re#
t-rne( to OSP which will al&o terminate normally. The termination time for the co-ple( r-n i& ta7en
a& the minim-m of the termination time provi(e( to LS#3452 an( the termination time provi(e( to
the OSP.
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ÀPPENDIX I
LS-DYNA R7.0 "$#% C2PP=53BL BD
The exec-ta9le for the co-pling with .234.O c-rrently nee(& to 9e &pecially create( at each &ite.
T5O provi(e& all of the appropriate loa( mo(-le& with their li9rarie&, an( the appropriate loa( mo(#
-le& for LS#3452 may 9e o9taine( 9y the corporate contact point at the LS#3452 (i&tri9-tor. 2
complete exec-ta9le m-&t then 9e ma(e 9y lin7ing the two li9rarie&. 2 revi&e( pa&&wor( file m-&t
9e o9taine( from T5O prior to r-nning the co-ple( co(e. Co-pling with C2L%3 re;-ire& &pecial
on#&ite mo(ification of the clientV& C2L%3 ver&ion to eliminate conflicting BFO -nit n-m9er& an( to
en&-re that the common 9loc7 length& 9etween the co(e& are con&i&tent. LSTC (oe& not (i&tri9-te or
&-pport C2L%3.
To ma7e the co-ple( program r-n, an inp-t (ec7 m-&t 9e provi(e( to 9oth the OSP an( LS#3452.
The two inp-t (ec7& m-&t 9e provi(e( in the &ame &et of con&i&tent -nit&. Thi& can potentially re#
;-ire a maHor conver&ion to either the OSP inp-t or the LS#3452 inp-t. ,ith two legitimate an(
con&i&tent inp-t (ec7&, the co-ple( program &ho-l( r-n to completion with no pro9lem&. 2((itional
inp-t& are re;-ire( to ma7e the mo(el& interact 9etween the OSP an( LS#3452 portion& of the r-n.
The &imple&t form of a co-ple( &im-lation i& &imply to incl-(e a &ingle 9o(y in an OSP r-n. 5o
&pecial mo(ification& are nee(e( to the OSP inp-t (ec7 for -&e in the co-ple( &im-lation. =llip&oi(&
an( plane& in the OSP are -&-ally attache( to X&egment&Y which corre&pon( to LS#3452 Xrigi(
9o(ie&.Y Beca-&e the co-pling proce(-re wor7& on the 9a&i& of &hare( information on LS#3452
rigi( 9o(ie& with the OSP &egment&, the ellip&oi(&Fplane& li&te( in the OSP &ection m-&t corre&pon(
to the &egment& which are to 9e co-ple(. The&e ellip&oi(& an( plane& may 9e act-al geometry which
i& -&e( for contact, or they may 9e &imply artificial &hape& to permit the (ata tran&fer 9etween the
OSP an( LS#3452.
DUMMY MODELING
The (-mmy i& typically mo(ele( entirely within the OSP. The co-pling of the (-mmy into LS#
3452 re;-ire& the creation of a &eparate LS#3452 rigi( 9o(y material for each &egment of the
OSP. The ea&ie&t way to create a me&h for the mo(el i& to &et the LS#3452 rigi( 9o(y co-pling
option to 2.$. Thi& ca-&e& LS#3452 to &earch all of the ellip&oi(& connecte( to the appropriate
&egment an( generate me&he& which are then &lave( to the OSP (-mmy. Th-&, with minimal inp-t,
a complete (-mmy may 9e generate( an( the 7inematic& may 9e trace( in LS#3452 an( (i&playe(
in the LS#3452 po&t#proce&&or, LS#P'=POST.
Once the 9a&ic (-mmy co-pling ha& 9een accompli&he(, the (eforma9le finite element &tr-ct-re can
9e a((e(. 2&&-ming that an ellip&oi( i& availa9le for the &teering wheel, a flat air9ag can 9e a((e( in
the proper location. One or more no(e& m-&t 9e attache( to the &teering wheel. Thi& i& (one 9y
i(entifying the attache( no(e& a& X=xtra 5o(e& for 'igi( Bo(yY which i& inp-t in LS#3452 9y
NCO5ST'2B5=3O=LT'2O5O3=SOOption. The no(e& are &lave( to the LS#3452 material
which ha& 9een co-ple( to the .234.O &teering wheel mo(el. Contact m-&t now 9e i(entifie(
9etween the air9ag an( the &teering wheel, the win(&hiel(, an( the vario-& 9o(y part& which may 9e
affecte(. Thi& re;-ire& the -&e of one geometric contact entity C&ee NCO5T2CTO=5TBT4D for each
plane or ellip&oi( which may interact with the air9ag. 2 control vol-me &pecifying inflation proper#
tie& for the air9ag m-&t 9e &pecifie( C&ee N2B'B2>OOPTIOND to complete the mo(el.
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"$#! C2PP=53BL BD LS-DYNA R7.0
AIRBAG MODELING
.o(eling of air9ag& i& accompli&he( 9y -&e of &hell or mem9rane element& in conH-nction with a
control vol-me C&ee N2B'B2>OOPTIOND an( po&&i9ly a &ingle &-rface contact algorithm to elimi#
nate interpenetration& (-ring the inflation pha&e C&ee NCO5T2CTOOPTIOND. The contact type&
&howing an XaY in front are mo&t &-ite( for air9ag analy&i&. C-rrent recommen(e( material type& for
the air9ag& are)
N.2TO=L2STBC ] Type 1. =la&tic
N.2TOCO.POSBT=O32.2>= ] Type 22. Layere( orthotropic ela&tic for compo&ite&
N.2TO+2B'BC ] Type %!. +a9ric mo(el for fol(e( air9ag&
.o(el %! i& a Xfa9ricY mo(el which can 9e -&e( for flat 9ag&. 2& a -&er option thi& mo(el may or
may not &-pport compre&&ion.
The element& which can 9e -&e( are a& follow&)
Belyt&ch7o#T&ay ;-a(rilateral with 1 point ;-a(rat-re. Thi& element 9ehave& rather well for
fol(e( an( -nfol(e( ca&e& with only a &mall ten(ency to ho-rgla&&. The element ten(& to 9e
a little &tiff. Stiffne&& form ho-rgla&& control i& recommen(e(.
Belyt&ch7o#T&ay mem9rane. Thi& mo(el i& &ofter than the normal Belyt&ch7o#T&ay element
an( can ho-rgla&& ;-ite 9a(ly. Stiffne&& form ho-rgla&& i& recommen(e(. 2& a 9etter option,
the f-lly integrate( Belyt&ch7o#T&ay mem9rane element can 9e cho&en.
C$ Triang-lar element. The C$ triangle i& very goo( for flat 9ag inflation an( ha& no ten#
(ency to ho-rgla&&.
The 9e&t choice i& a &pecially (evelope( air9ag mem9rane element with ;-a(rilateral &hape.
Thi& i& an a-tomatic choice when the fa9ric material i& -&e(.
2& an air9ag inflate&, a con&i(era9le amo-nt of energy i& tran&ferre( to the &-rro-n(ing air. Thi& en#
ergy tran&fer (ecrea&e& the 7inetic energy of the 9ag a& it inflate&. Bn the control vol-me logic, thi& i&
&im-late( either 9y -&ing either a ma&& weighte( (amping option or a 9ac7 pre&&-re on the 9ag 9a&e(
on a &tagnation pre&&-re. Bn 9oth ca&e&, the energy that i& a9&or9e( i& a f-nction of the fa9ric veloci#
ty relative to a rigi( 9o(y velocity for the 9ag. +or the ma&& weighte( ca&e, the (amping force on a
no(e i& proportional to the ma&& time& the (amping factor time& the velocity vector. Thi& i& ;-ite
effective in maintaining a &ta9le &y&tem, 9-t ha& little phy&ical H-&tification. The latter approach -&#
ing the &tagnation pre&&-re metho( e&timate& the pre&&-re nee(e( to accelerate the &-rro-n(ing air to
the &pee( of the fa9ric. The form-la for thi& i&)
P = Arco o (I
-I
cg
) n
2

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LS-DYNA R7.0 "$#" C2PP=53BL BD
Thi& form-la accompli&he& a &imilar f-nction an( ha& a phy&ical H-&tification. Mal-e& of the (amp#
ing factor, , are limite( to the range of $ to 1, 9-t a val-e of $.1 or le&& i& more li7ely to 9e a goo(
val-e.
KNEE BOLSTER
The 7nee#to#7nee 9ol&ter interaction& are characteriIe( 9y the &tiffne&& of the 7nee 9eing compara9le
to that of the 7nee 9ol&ter. Therefore, mo(eling the 7nee a& a rigi( 9o(y may pro(-ce large error& in
the interaction force&. Cali9rate( force#(eflection c-rve& co-l( 9e (etermine(, 9-t they wo-l( have
no pre(ictive val-e for &light change& to 7nee 9ol&ter (e&ign&. +or thi& rea&on, a more acc-rate mo(#
eling of the compliance of the 7nee 9ol&ter an( the 7nee i& re;-ire(.
The 7nee can 9e mo(ele( a& a com9ine( rigi(F(eforma9le 9o(y. The rigi( 9o(y i& co-ple( to the
OSP. Overlaying the rigi( 9o(y are 9ric7 element& which mo(el the X&7inY that exi&t& over the
7nee& of the (-mmy. The&e 9ric7 element& -&e material type 0 CN.2TOMBSCO=L2STBCD which i&
a vi&coela&tic mo(el that (oe& a rea&ona9le Ho9 of approximating the hy&teretic 9ehavior of r-99er&.
The inner layer of the 9ric7 element& i& attache( to the rigi( 9o(y thro-gh the NCO5ST'2B5=3
O=LT'2O5O3=S Option. Between the 7nee 9ol&ter i& a S8'+2C=#TO#S8'+2C= contact (efini#
tion.
COMMON ERRORS
1. Improper airbag inflation or no inflation.
The mo&t common pro9lem i& incon&i&tency in the -nit& -&e( for the inp-t con&tant&. 2n in#
flation loa( c-rve m-&t al&o 9e &pecifie(. The normal& for the air9ag &egment& m-&t all 9e
con&i&tent an( facing o-twar(&. Bf a negative vol-me re&-lt&, thi& can &ometime& 9e ;-ic7ly
c-re( 9y -&ing the XflipY flag on the control vol-me (efinition to force inwar( facing nor#
mal& to face o-twar(&.
2. Excessive airbag distortions.
Chec7 the material con&tant&. Triang-lar element& &ho-l( have le&& (i&tortion pro9lem&
than ;-a(rilateral&. Overlappe( element& at time Iero can ca-&e loc7ing to occ-r in the
contact lea(ing to exce&&ive (i&tortion&. The con&i(era9le energy inp-t to the 9ag will cre#
ate n-merical noi&e an( &ome (amping i& recommen(e( to avoi( pro9lem&.
3. The dummy passes through the airbag.
2 mo&t li7ely pro9lem i& that the contact& are improperly (efine(. 2nother po&&i9ility i& that
the mo(el& were (evelope( in an incompati9le -nit &y&tem. The extra chec7 for penetration
flag if &et to 1 on the contact control car(& varia9le P=5CJA in the NCO5T2CTO... (efini#
tion& may &ometime& ca-&e no(e& to 9e premat-rely relea&e( (-e to the &oftne&& of the penal#
tie&. Bn thi& ca&e the flag &ho-l( 9e t-rne( off.
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ÀPPENDIX I
"$#0 C2PP=53BL BD LS-DYNA R7.0
4. The OSP fails to converge.
Thi& may occ-r when exce&&ively large force& are pa&&e( to the OSP. +ir&t, chec7 that -nit
&y&tem& are con&i&tent an( then loo7 for improperly (efine( contact& in the LS#3452 inp-t.
5. Time step approaches zero.
Thi& i& almo&t alway& in the air9ag. Bf ela&tic or orthotropic CN.2TO=L2STBC or N.2T
OCO.POSBT= material 1 or 22D i& 9eing -&e(, then &witch to fa9ric material N.2T
O+2B'BC which i& le&& time &tep &iIe &en&itive an( -&e the f-lly integrate( mem9rane ele#
ment. Bncrea&ing the (amping in the control vol-me -&-ally help& con&i(era9ly. 2l&o, chec7
for Xc-t&Y in the air9ag where no(e& are not merge(. The&e can allow element& to (eform
freely an( c-t the time &tep to Iero.
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LS-DYNA R7.0 "1#1 C2PP=53BL :D
APPENDIX 1: Interactive Graphics Commands
Only the fir&t fo-r or le&& character& of comman( are &ignificant. The&e comman(& are availa9le in
the interactive pha&e of LS#3452. The interactive graphic& are availa9le 9y -&ing the XS,".Y
comman( after invo7ing the Ctrl#C interr-pt. The .=58 comman( 9ring& -p a p-&h 9-tton men-.
Only availa9le in 8nix an( Lin-x.
25B.2T= 2nimate &ave( &e;-ence, &top with &witch 1.
B2CA 'et-rn to previo-& (i&play &iIe after Ioom, then li&t (i&#
play attri9-te&.
B>C Change (i&play 9ac7gro-n( color '>B proportion& B>C
?re(@ ?green@ ?9l-e@.
BBP Select 9eam integration point for conto-rE BBP ?^@.
C=5T=' Center mo(el, center on no(e, or center with mo-&e, i.e.,
center cent ?val-e@ or cent gin.
CL Cla&&ification la9el& on (i&playE cla&& commercialOin
Oconfi(ence.
C.2 Color material& on limite( color (i&play&.
COLO' Set or -n&et &ha(e( coloring of material&.
CO5TO8' Miew with colore( conto-r line&E conto-r ?component ^@
?li&t mat ^@E &ee T28'8S man-al.
COO' >et no(e information with mo-&e.
COP Jar(copy of (i&play on the PC copy ?la&erH paintH te7col
colHet or ep&on@.
C' 'e&tore& c-tting plane to (efa-lt po&ition.
C8T C-t away mo(el o-t&i(e of Ioom win(owE -&e mo-&e to
&et Ioom win(ow &iIe.
CL 'otate &lice plane at Imin a9o-t x axi&.
C4 'otate &lice plane at Imin a9o-t y axi&.
CK 'otate &lice plane at Imin a9o-t I axi&.
3B+ Change (iff-&e( light level for materialE 3B+ ?mat ^, #1
for all@ ?val-e@.
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"1#2 C2PP=53BL :D LS-DYNA R7.0
3BST25C= Set (i&tance of mo(el from viewerE 3BST ?val-e in nor#
maliIe( mo(el (imen&ion&@.
3.2T='B2LS 3elete (i&play of material in &-9&e;-ent view&E 3.2T
?2LL or li&t of n-m9er&@.
3'2, 3i&play o-t&i(e e(ge& of mo(el.
3SC2L= Scale c-rrent (i&placement from initial &hape.
345 2fter -&ing T28'8S comman( will re&et (i&play to rea(
c-rrent 3452%3 &tate (ata.
=LPLT Set or -n&et element n-m9ering in &-9&e;-ent view&.
=53 3elete (i&play an( ret-rn to exec-tion.
=SC2P= =&cape& from men- pa( mo(e.
=L=C8T= 'et-rn to exec-tion an( 7eep (i&play active.
+CL +ix or -nfix c-rrent conto-r level&.
+OM Set (i&play fiel( of view angleE +OM ?val-e in (egree&@.
+'B5>= Miew with colore( conto-r fringe&E fringe ?component ^@
?li&t mat ^@E &ee T28'8S man-al.
>=T+'2.= 3i&play a &ave( frameE >=T+ ?frame ^@.
J2'3,2'= Jar(ware mo(eE wor7&tation har(ware call& are -&e( to
(raw, move an( color mo(elE repeat comman( to re&et to
normal mo(e.
J=LP
JKB Switch on or off har(ware I9-ffer for a &-9&e;-ent view,
(raw or conto-r comman(E rotation& an( tran&lation& will
9e in har(ware.
LB.BT Set range of no(e n-m9er& &-9&e;-ent view&E limit ?fir&t
no(e ^@ ?la&t no(e ^@.
.2T 'e#ena9le (i&play of (elete( material& mat ?all or li&t of
n-m9er&@.
.=58 B-tton men- pa( mo(e.
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LS-DYNA R7.0 "1#% C2PP=53BL :D
.OTBO5 .otion of mo(el thro-gh mo-&e movement or -&e of a
(ial 9ox. The left 9-tton (own ena9le& tran&lation in the
plane, mi((le 9-tton rotation a9o-t axe& in the planeE an(
with right 9-tton (own in the o-t of plane axi&E left an(
mi((le 9-tton (own ;-it thi& mo(e.
.OM 3rag pic7e( part to new po&ition &et with mo-&e.
53PLT Set or -n&et no(e n-m9ering in &-9&e;-ent view&.
5O+'2.= Set an( -n&et (rawing of a frame aro-n( the pict-re.
P28S= 2nimation (i&play pa-&e in &econ(&
PJS2 or TJBSTO'4 Time hi&tory plotting pha&e. Similar to LS#T28'8S.
PBCA >et element information with mo-&e.
POST =na9le or (i&a9le po&t&cript mo(e on the PC an( ep& file
i& written a& pict-re i& (rawnE remove eof& an( init#
graphic& for ep& -&e.
S8BT Same a& exec-te.
'25>= Set fix range for conto-r level&E range ?minval-e@
?maxval-e@.
'2L 'eflect mo(el a9o-t xy planeE re&tore comman( will
&witch#off reflection&.
'24 'eflect mo(el a9o-t yI planeE re&tore comman( will
'2K 'eflect mo(el a9o-t Ix plane, re&tore comman( will
'=STO'= 'e&tore& mo(el to original po&ition, al&o &witche& off el#
ement an( no(e n-m9er&, &lice capper, reflection& an( c-t
mo(el.
'=T8'5 =xit.
'>B Change color re( green 9l-e element ?mat ^@ ?re(@
?green@ ?9l-e@.
'L 'otate mo(el a9o-t x axi&.
'4 'otate mo(el a9o-t y axi&.
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'K 'otate mo(el a9o-t I axi&.
S2M= Set or -n&et &aving of (i&play for animation.
S=S8=5C= Perio(ic plot (-ring exec-tionE S=S ?^ of cycle&@
?comman(&@ =L=.
SJ' Shrin7 element facet& towar(& centroi(& in &-9&e;-ent
view&, &hrin7 ?val-e@.
SBP Select &hell integration point for conto-rE SBP ?^@.
SLBC= Slice mo(el a I#minim-m planeE &lice ?val-e in normal#
iIe( mo(el (imen&ion@ thi& feat-re i& remove( after -&ing
re&tore. Slice ena9le& internal (etail& for 9ric7 element&
to 9e -&e( to generate new polygon& on the &lice plane.
S5O'.2L Set or -n&et (i&play of &hell (irection normal& to in(icate
topology or(er.
SPOT 3raw no(e n-m9er& on mo(el &pot ?fir&t ^@ ?la&t ^ for
range@.
T28'8S LS#3452 (ata9a&e, T28 ?&tate ^@, or &tate ?&tate ^@,
rea(& LS#T28'8S file to extract previo-& &tate (ata.
T'B23 Set or -n&et (i&play of axi& tria(.
TSJ=LL Set or -n&et &hell element thic7ne&& &im-lation in &-9&e#
;-ent view&.
TM Change (i&play type.
TL Tran&late& mo(el along x axi&.
T4 Tran&late& mo(el along y axi&.
TK Tran&late& mo(el along I axi&.
M 3i&play mo(el -&ing painter& algorithm.
M=CTO' v or ( Miew with vector arrow& of velocity or (i&placementE ?v@
or ?(@.
KB Switch on or off I9-ffer algorithm for &-9&e;-ent viewE
or (raw comman(&.
KB5 Koom in -&ing mo-&e to &et (i&play &iIe an( po&ition.
K.2 Set po&ition of Imax planeE K.2L ?val-e in normaliIe(
mo(el (imen&ion&@.
K.B Set po&ition of Imin planeE K.B5 ?val-e in normaliIe(
mo(el (imen&ion&@.
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LS-DYNA R7.0 "1#" C2PP=53BL :D
KO8T Koom o-t -&ing mo-&e to &et (i&play& &iIe expan&ion an(
po&ition.
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ÀPPENDIX K
LS-DYNA R7.0 "2#1 C2PP=53BL AD
APPENDIX K: Interactive Material Model Driver
INTRODUCTION
The interactive material mo(el (river in LS#3452 allow& calc-lation of the material con&tit-tive
re&pon&e to a &pecifie( &train path. Since the con&tit-tive mo(el &-9ro-tine& in LS#3452 are (irect#
ly calle( 9y thi& (river, the 9ehavior of the con&tit-tive mo(el i& preci&ely that which can 9e ex#
pecte( in act-al application&. Bn the c-rrent implementation the con&tit-tive &-9ro-tine& for 9oth
&hell element& an( &oli( element& can 9e examine(.
INPUT DEFINITION
The material mo(el (river i& invo7e( when no N5O3= or N=L=.=5T comman(& are pre&ent in a
&tan(ar( LS#3452 inp-t file. The n-m9er of material mo(el (efinition& &ho-l( 9e &et to one, the
n-m9er of loa( c-rve& &ho-l( 9e nine, an( the termination time to the (e&ire( length of the (river
r-n. The complete &tate (-mp interval a& given in N32T2B2S=OBB52'4O3%PLOT &erve& a& the
time &tep to 9e -&e( in the material mo(el (river r-n. Plotting information i& &ave( in core for the
interactive plotting pha&e.
The inp-t (ec7 typically con&i&t& only of NA=4,O'3, N32T2B2S=OBB52'4O3%PLOT,
NCO5T'OLOT='.B52TBO5, one each of NP2'TFN.2TFNS=CTBO5, an( nine loa( c-rve&
CN3=+B5=OC8'M=D (e&cri9ing the &train path. The&e nine c-rve& (efine the time hi&tory of the (i&#
placement gra(ient component& &hown in Ta9le A.1.
The velocity gra(ient matrix, L
iH
, i& approximate( 9y ta7ing the time (erivative of the component& in
Ta9le A.1. Bf the&e component& are con&i(ere( to form a ten&or S
iH
, then
I
(t) =
S
i]
(t)-S
i]
(t
-1
)
(t-t
)

an( the &train rate ten&or i& (efine( a&
J
=
L
i]
+L
i]
2

an( the &pin ten&or a&

=
L
i]
-L
i]
2

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"2#2 C2PP=53BL AD LS-DYNA R7.0
Load Curve Number Component Definition
1
o u
o x

2
o :
o y

%
o w
o

!
o u
o y

"
o :
o x

0
o u
o

7
o w
o x

/
o :
o

o w
o y

Table K.1 Loa( C-rve 3efinition& ver&-& Time
INTERACTIVE DRIVER COMMANDS
2fter rea(ing the inp-t file an( completing the calc-lation&, LS#3452 give& a comman( prompt to
the terminal. 2 &-mmary of the availa9le interactive comman(& i& given 9elow. 2n on#line help
pac7age i& availa9le 9y typing J=LP. Only availa9le in 8nix an( Lin-x.
2CCL Scale all a9&ci&&a (ata 9y f. 3efa-lt i& f]1.
2S=T amin omax Set min an( max val-e& on a9&ci&&a to amin an( amax,
re&pectively. Bf amin]amax]$, &caling i& a-tomatic.
CJ>L n Change la9el for component n. LS#3452 prompt& for
new la9el.
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LS-DYNA R7.0 "2#% C2PP=53BL AD
CO5TB58= 'e#analyIe material mo(el.
C'OSS c
1
c
2
Plot component c
1
ver&-& c
2
.
=CO.P 3i&play component n-m9er& on the graphic& (i&play)
1 x#&tre&&,
2 y#&tre&&,
% I#&tre&&,
! xy#&tre&&,
" yI#&tre&&,
0 Ix#&tre&&,
7 effective pla&tic &train,
/ pre&&-re,
von .i&e& CeffectiveD &tre&&,
1$ 1&t principal (eviatoric &tre&&,
11 2n( principal (eviatoric &tre&&,
12 %r( principal (eviatoric &tre&&,
1% maxim-m &hear &tre&&,
1! 1&t principal &tre&&,
1" 2n( principal &tre&&,
10 %r( principal &tre&&,
17 ln Cv y v$D,
1/ relative vol-me,
1 v$ y v # 1.$,
2$ 1&t hi&tory varia9le,
21 2n( hi&tory varia9le.

2((ing 1$$ or !$$ to component n-m9er& 1#10 yiel(&
&train& an( &train rate&, re&pectively.
+BL= name Change pamper& filename to name for printing.
>'B3 >raphic& (i&play& will 9e overlai( 9y a gri( of orthogonal
line&.
5O>'B3 >raphic& (i&play& will not 9e overlai( 9y a gri( of or#
thogonal line&.
OSCL Scale all or(inate (ata 9y f. 3efa-lt i& f]1.
OS=T omin omax Set min an( max val-e& on or(inate to omin an( omax,
re&pectively. Bf omin]omax]$, &caling i& a-tomatic.
P'B5T Print plotte( time hi&tory (ata into file Xpamper&.Y Only
(ata plotte( after thi& comman( i& printe(. +ile name can
9e change( with the XfileY comman(.
S8BT, =53, T =xit the material mo(el (river program.
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"2#! C2PP=53BL AD LS-DYNA R7.0
'3LC m n r
1
I
1
... r
n
I
n
'e(efine loa( c-rve m -&ing n coor(inate pair& Cr
1
,I
1
D
Cr
2
,I
2
D,...Cr
n
,I
n
D.
TB.= c Plot component c ver&-& time.
TM n 8&e terminal o-tp-t (evice type n. LS#3452 provi(e& a
li&t of availa9le (evice&.
Pre&ently, the material mo(el (rive i& implemente( for &oli( an( &hell element material mo(el&. The
(river (oe& not yet &-pport material mo(el& for 9eam element&.
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ÀPPENDIX L
LS-DYNA R7.0 "%#1 C2PP=53BL LD
APPENDIX L: VDA Database
M32 &-rface& (e&cri9e the &-rface of geometric entitie& an( are -&ef-l for the &im-lation of &heet
forming pro9lem&. The >erman a-tomo9ile an( a-tomotive &-pplier in(-&try CM32D ha& (efine(
the M32 g-i(eline& TM32 1/7U for a proper &-rface (efinition -&e( for the exchange of &-rface
(ata information. Bn LS#3452, thi& format can 9e rea( an( -&e( (irectly. Some file& have to 9e
provi(e( for proper lin7age to the motion of the correlation part&Fmaterial& in LS#3452.
Lin7ing i& performe( via name&. To the&e name& &-rface& are attache(, which in t-rn can 9e lin7e(
together from many file& externally to LS#3452. Th-&, ar9itrary &-rface& can 9e provi(e( 9y a
preproce&&or an( then can 9e written to vario-& file&. The &o#calle( M32 file given on the
LS#3452 exec-tion line via M]vda contain& reference& to all other file&. Bt al&o contain& &everal
other parameter& affecting the treatment in the contact &-9ro-tine&E &ee 9elow.
The proce(-re i& a& follow&. Bf M32 &-rface& are to 9e -&e(, the file &pecifie( 9y vda m-&t have the
following form. The file i& free formatte( with 9lan7& a& (elimiter&. 5ote that the character& XQY
an( XPY m-&t 9e &eparate( from the other inp-t 9y &pace& or new line&. The vda file may contain
any n-m9er of inp-t file &pecification& of the form)
file afile bfile P
alia& (efinition&
Q
alia& (efinition&
followe( 9y optional r-ntime parameter& an( a final en( &tatement.
The file, afile, i& optional, an( if given m-&t 9e the name of an 2SCBB inp-t file formatte( in accor(#
ance with the M32 S-rface Bnterface 3efinition& a& (efine( 9y the >erman a-tomo9ile an( a-tomo#
tive &-pply in(-&try. bfile i& re;-ire(, an( i& the name of a 9inary M32 file. Bn a fir&t r-n afile i&
given an( bfile i& create(. Bn any f-rther r-n, if the (efinition& have not change(, afile can 9e
(roppe( an( only bfile i& nee(e(. The p-rpo&e of bfile i& that it allow& for m-ch fa&ter initialiIation
if the &ame M32 &-rface& are to 9e -&e( in a f-t-re LS#3452 r-n.
Bf afile i& given, bfile will alway& 9e create( or overwritten. The alia& (efinition& are -&e( for lin7#
ing to LS#3452 an( 9etween the vario-& &-rface (efinition& in the file& (efine( 9y afile an( bfile.
The alia& (efinition& are of the form
alia& name P el1 el2 ... eln Q
where name i& any &tring of -p to 12 character&, an( el1,...,eln are the name& of M32 element& a&
&pecifie( in afile. The li&t of element& can 9e empty, in which ca&e all the S8'+ an( +2C= M32
element& in afile will 9e -&e(. Care &ho-l( 9e ta7en to en&-re that the alia& name i& -ni;-e, not only
among the other alia&e&, 9-t among the M32 element name& in afile. Thi& collection of M32 ele#
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"%#2 C2PP=53BL LD LS-DYNA R7.0
ment& can later 9e in(icate( 9y the alia& name. Bn partic-lar, name may appear in later alia& (efini#
tion&.
Often it i& re;-ire( that a p-nch or (ie 9e create( 9y a &imple off&et. Thi& can 9e achieve( in the vda
file& in two way&, either on M32 element& (irectly, or on part& (efine( 9y alia&e&. Thi& feat-re of#
fer& great capa9ility in generating an( -&ing &-rface (ata information.
Offset version 1:
2& an option, the 7eywor( offset may appear in the alia& li&t which allow& a new &-rface to 9e creat#
e( a& a normal off&et Cpl-& tran&lationD of a M32 element in the file. The 7eywor( offset my 9e ap#
plie( to M32 element& only, not alia&e&. The -&age of offset follow& the form
off&et elem normal x y z
where normal i& the amo-nt to off&et the &-rface along the normal (irection, an( x,y,z are the tran&#
lation& to 9e applie(. The (efa-lt normal (irection i& given 9y the cro&& pro(-ct of the local - an( v
(irection& on the M32 &-rface, ta7en in that or(er. normal can 9e negative.
Offset version 2:
+re;-ently, it i& convenient to create a new alia& name 9y off&etting an( tran&lating an exi&ting
name. The 7eywor( goffset provi(e& thi& f-nction)
goff&et alias_name x
c
y
c
z
c
normal x y z P previo-& alias_name Q
where normal, x, y, an( z are (efine( a& in the off&et 7eywor(. 2 reference point x
c
, y
c
, an( z
c
(e#
fine& a point in &pace which (etermine& the normal (irection to the M32 &-rface, which i& a vector
from the origin to PCx
c
,y
c
,I
c
D. See example 9elow.
-
v w
element 1$
", normal
1]I
off&et 1$ ".$ $ $ 1.$
x
y
I
-
v w
(ieol(
".$
1.$
off&et alia& (ie 1.$ 2.$ 1.$ ".$ $.$ 1.$
x
y
I
P
(ie
P previo-& alia& (ieol( Q

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ÀPPENDIX L
LS-DYNA R7.0 "%#% C2PP=53BL LD
+inally, &everal parameter& affecting the M32 &-rface iteration ro-tine& can 9e re&et in the file vda.
The&e parameter&, an( their (efa-lt val-e& in &;-are 9rac7et& T U, are)
gap T".$U The maxim-m allowa9le &-rface gap to 9e fille( in (-ring the iteration&. Point&
following the &-rface will effectively exten( the e(ge& of &-rface& if nece&&ary to
7eep them from falling thro-gh crac7& in the &-rface &maller than thi&. Thi&
n-m9er &ho-l( 9e &et a& &mall a& po&&i9le while &till allowing correct re&-lt&. Bn
partic-lar, if yo-r M32 &-rface& are well forme( Chaving no gap&D, thi& parameter
can 9e &et to $.$. The (efa-lt val-e i& ".$.
track T2.$U 2 point m-&t 9e within thi& (i&tance of contact to 9e contin-ally trac7e(. ,hen a
point not 9eing trac7e( come& clo&e to a &-rface, a glo9al &earch i& performe( to
fin( the near &-rface point. ,hile a point i& 9eing trac7e(, iteration& are per#
forme( every cycle. The&e iteration& are m-ch fa&ter, 9-t if the point i& far away it
i& fa&ter to occa&ionally (o the glo9al &earch. The (efa-lt val-e i& 2.$.
track2 T".$U =very M32 &-rface i& &-rro-n(e( 9y a 9o-n(ing 9ox. ,hen a glo9al &earch
nee(& to 9e performe( 9-t the (i&tance from a point to thi& 9ox i& @ track2, the ac#
t-al glo9al &earch i& not performe(. Thi& will re;-ire another glo9al &earch to 9e
performe( &ooner than if the act-al (i&tance to the &-rface were 7nown, 9-t al&o
allow& many glo9al &earche& to 9e &7ippe(. The (efa-lt val-e i& ".$.
ntrack T!U The n-m9er of M32 &-rface& for which each point maintain& act-al (i&tance in#
formation. 2 glo9al lower 9o-n( on (i&tance i& maintaine( for all remaining &-r#
face&. ,henever the point move& far eno-gh to violate thi& glo9al lower 9o-n(,
all M32 &-rface& m-&t have the glo9al &earch performe( for them. Jence, thi& pa#
rameter &ho-l( 9e &et to the maxim-m n-m9er of &-rface& that any point can 9e
expecte( to 9e near at one time Cthe large&t n-m9er of &-rface& that come together
at one pointD. Setting ntrack higher will re;-ire more memory 9-t re&-lt in fa&ter
exec-tion. Bf ntrack i& too low, performance may 9e -naccepta9ly &low. The (e#
fa-lt val-e i& !.$.
toroid T.$1U 2ny &-rface with oppo&ing e(ge& which are within (i&tance TtU of each other i& a&#
&-me( to 9e cylin(rical. Contact& occ-rring on one e(ge can pa&& to the a(Hacent
e(ge. The (efa-lt val-e i& $.$1.
converge T.$1U ,hen &-rface iteration& are performe( to locate the near point, iteration i& contin#
-e( -ntil convergence i& (etecte( to within thi& (i&tance Call M32 coor(inate& are
in mmD. The (efa-lt val-e i& $.$1.
iterate T/U .axim-m n-m9er of &-rface iteration& allowe(. Since point& 9eing trac7e( are
chec7e( every cycle, if convergence fail& it will 9e trie( again next cycle, &o &et#
ting thi& parameter high (oe& not nece&&arily help m-ch. On the other han(, a
point converging to a crea&e in the M32 &-rface Ca crea&e 9etween patche& with
(i&contin-o-& (erivative, for exampleD may 9o-nce 9ac7 an( forth 9etween patch#
e& -p to thi& many time&, witho-t act-ally moving. Jence, thi& val-e &ho-l( not
9e too large. The (efa-lt val-e i& /.
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ÀPPENDIX L
"%#! C2PP=53BL LD LS-DYNA R7.0
el_size Tt mx mnU
Control& the generation of element& where)
t ]&-rface tolerance for me&h generation,
mx]maxim-m element &iIe to generate,
mn]minim-m element &iIe to generate.
The (efa-lt val-e& are T$.2" 1$$. 1.$U
aspect s1 s2U Control& the generation of element& where)
&1]maxim-m (ifference in a&pect ratio 9etween element& generate( in
neigh9oring M32 patche&,
&2]maxim-m a&pect ratio for any generate( element.
The (efa-lt val-e& are T1." !.$U
cp_space T1$U 3etermine& the &pacing aro-n( the 9o-n(arie& of part& at which the &iIe of ele#
ment& i& controlle(. Bn the interior of the part, the element &iIe i& a weighte( f-nc#
tion of the&e control point& a& well a& a((itional control point& in the interior of the
region. Bf there are too few control point& aro-n( the 9o-n(ary, element& generat#
e( along or near &traight 9o-n(arie&, 9-t 9etween control point&, may 9e too &mall.
The (efa-lt val-e i& 1$.
meshonly The exi&tence of thi& 7eywor( ca-&e& LS#3452 to generate a file containing the
me&h for the M32 &-rface& an( then terminate.
onepatch The exi&tence of thi& 7eywor( ca-&e& LS#3452 to generate a &ingle element on
each M32 patch.
somepatch n] Li7e onepatch, 9-t generate& an element for 1 o-t of every TnU patche&.
=xample for file M]vda. Bt contain& the following (ata)

file v(a1 v(a1.9in P
alia& (ie P
&-r$$$1
&-r$$$%
off&et fce$$$0 1." $ $ 12$
Q
alia& hol(er1 P &-r$$/ Q
Q
file v(a2 v(a2.9in P
alia& hol(er2 P &-r$$% Q
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ÀPPENDIX L
LS-DYNA R7.0 "%#" C2PP=53BL LD
Q
alia& hol(er P hol(er1 hol(er2 Q
ntrac7 0
gap $."
en(
Explanation:
vda1 Thi& file contain& the &-rface&Fface element& &-r$$$1,&-r$$$%, fce$$$0, an(
&-r$$$/.
alias die face Com9ine& the &-rfaceFface element& &-r$$$1, &-r$$$%, an( the off&ette( fce$$$0
to a glo9al &-rface.
alias holder1 3efine& the &-rfaceFface element &-r$$$/ a& hol(er1.
vda2 Thi& file contain& the &-rfaceFface element &-r$$$%.
alias holder2 3efine& the &-rfaceFface element &-r$$$% a& hol(er2.
alias holder Com9ine& the &-rface& hol(er1 an( hol(er2 into a com9ine( &-rface hol(er.
ntrack 6 +or each point the act-al (i&tance& to 0 M32 &-rface& are maintaine(.
gap 0.5 S-rface gap& of $."mm or le&& are fille(.
end Clo&e& rea(ing of thi& file.

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ÀPPENDIX M
LS-DYNA R7.0 "!#1 C2PP=53BL .D
APPENDIX M: Commands for Two-Dimensional Rezoning
The reIoner in LS#3452 contain& many comman(& that can 9e 9ro7en (own into the following cat#
egorie&)
h general,
h termination of interactive reIoning,
h re(efinition of o-tp-t interval& for (ata,
h graphic& win(ow control&,
h graphic& win(ow control& for x ver&-& y plot&,
h me&h (i&play option&,
h me&h mo(ification&,
h 9o-n(ary mo(ification&,
h .2K= line (efinition&,
h calc-lation graphic& (i&play control parameter&,
h calc-lation graphic& (i&play,
h c-r&or comman(&.
The -&e of the reIoner i& ;-ite &imple. Comman(& for reIoning material n-m9er n can 9e invo7e(
after the material i& &pecifie( 9y the X. nY comman(. To view material n, the comman( XMY i&
availa9le. The interior me&h can 9e &moothe( with the XSY comman( an( the 9o-n(ary no(e& can 9e
a(H-&te( after the XBY comman( i& -&e( to (i&play the part &i(e an( 9o-n(ary no(e n-m9er&. Com#
man(& that are availa9le for a(H-&ting 9o-n(ary no(e& following the XBY comman( incl-(e)
=', =K, =S, MS, B3, ='S, =KS, =SS, MSS, B3S, SL5, SL5S
'eIoning i& performe( material 9y material. 2n example i& &hown.
3o not incl-(e the graphic& (i&play type n-m9er C&ee the XTMY comman( 9elowD when &etting -p a
comman( file for perio(ic noninteractive reIoning. 5o plotting i& (one when the reIoner i& -&e( in
thi& mo(e.
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ÀPPENDIX M
"!#2 C2PP=53BL .D LS-DYNA R7.0
REZONING COMMANDS BY FUNCTION
Interactive Real Time Graphics
S=S n comman(& =L= =very n time &tep& exec-te the graphic& comman(& which follow.
+or example the line &e; 1$$ g exe wo-l( ca-&e the gri( to 9e -p#
(ate( on the graphic& (i&play (evice every 1$$ cycle&. The real
time graphic& can 9e terminate( 9y -&ing ctrl#c an( typing X&w7.Y
General
C Comment # procee( to next line.
+'2.= +rame plot& with a reference gri( C(efa-ltD.
J=LP =nter J=LP pac7age an( (i&play all availa9le comman(&. 3e#
&cription of each comman( i& availa9le in the J=LP pac7age.
J=LPFcomman(name 3o not enter J=LP pac7age 9-t print o-t the (e&cription on the
terminal of the comman( following the &la&h.
LO>O P-t LL5L logo on all plot& C(efa-ltD. 'etyping thi& comman(
remove& the logo.
5O+'2.= 3o not plot a reference gri(.
PJP an& Print help pac7age # Bf an&wer e;-al& nyV the pac7age i& printe( in
the high &pee( printer file.
'=SO n
x
n
y
Set the x an( y re&ol-tion& of plot& to n
x
an( n
y
, re&pectively. ,e
(efa-lt 9oth n
x
an( n
y
to 1$2!.
TM n 8&e graphic& o-tp-t (evice type n. The type& are in&tallation (e#
pen(ent an( a li&t will 9e provi(e( after thi& comman( i& invo7e(.
T' t 2t time t, LS#3452 will &top an( enter interactive reIoning
pha&e.
Termination of Interactive Rezoning
+ Terminate interactive pha&e, remap, contin-e in exec-tion pha&e.
+' Terminate interactive pha&e, remap, write re&tart (-mp, an( call
exit.
T or =53 Terminate.
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ÀPPENDIX M
LS-DYNA R7.0 "!#% C2PP=53BL .D
Redefinition of Output Intervals for Data
PLTB t 'e&et the no(e an( element (ata (-mp interval t.
P'TB t 'e&et the no(e an( element printo-t interval t.
T='. t 'e&et the termination to t.
Graphics Window Controls
=S=T n Center pict-re at element n with a r 9y I win(ow. Thi& win#
(ow i& &et -ntil it i& relea&e( 9y the -nfix comman( or re&et with
another win(ow.
++ =ncircle pict-re with reference gri( with tic7mar7&. 3efa-lt gri(
i& plotte( along 9ottom an( left &i(e of pict-re.
+BL Set the (i&play to it& c-rrent win(ow. Thi& win(ow i& &et -ntil it
i& re&et 9y the X>S=T, X+S=TY, or XS=T+Y comman(& or relea&e(
9y the X85+BLY comman(.
+S=T n r I Center (i&play at no(e n with a rectang-lar r / I win(ow.
Thi& win(ow i& &et -ntil it i& re&et with or the X85+BLY comman(
i& type(.
>S=T r I l Center (i&play pict-re at point Cr,ID with &;-are win(ow of wi(th
l. Thi& win(ow i& &et -ntil it i& re&et or the X85+BLY comman(
i& type(.
>'B3 Overlay graphic& (i&play& with a gri( of orthogonal line&.
5O>'B3 3o not overlay graphic& (i&play& with a gri( of orthogonal line&
C(efa-ltD.
S=T+ r I r I Center (i&play at point Cr,ID with a rectang-lar r I win(ow.
Thi& win(ow i& &et -ntil it i& re&et or the X85+BLY comman( i&
type(.
85+BL 'elea&e c-rrent (i&play win(ow &et 9y the X+BLY, X>S=TY,
X+S=TY or XS=T+Y comman(&.
8K a 9 l Koom in at point Ca,9D with win(ow l

where a, 9, an( l are
n-m9er& 9etween $ an( 1. The pict-re i& a&&-me( to lie in a -nit
&;-are.
8K> Cover c-rrently (i&playe( pict-re with a 1$ 9y 1$ &;-are gri( to
ai( in Iooming with the -nity Ioom, X8KY, comman(.
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ÀPPENDIX M
"!#! C2PP=53BL .D LS-DYNA R7.0
8KO8 a 9 l Koom o-t at point Ca,9D with win(ow l where a, 9, an( l are
n-m9er& 9etween $ an( 1. The c-rrent win(ow i& &cale( 9y the
factor 1yl.The pict-re i& a&&-me( to lie in a -nit &;-are.
K r I l Koom in at point Cr,ID with win(ow l.
KO8T r I l Koom o-t at point Cr,ID with win(ow l. The win(ow i& enlarge(
9y the ratio of the c-rrent win(ow an( l. The c-r&or may 9e
-&e( to Ioom o-t via the c-r&or comman( 3KO8 an( entering
two point& with the c-r&or to (efine the win(ow. The ratio of the
c-rrent win(ow with the &pecifie( win(ow (etermine& the pict-re
&iIe re(-ction. 2n alternative c-r&or comman(, 3KKO, may 9e
-&e( an( only nee(& one point to 9e entere( at the location where
the re(-ction C2D i& expecte(.
Graphics Window Controls for x versus y plots
The following comman(& apply to line plot&, interface plot&, etc.
2SCL f
a
Scale all a9&ci&&a (ata 9y f
a
. The (efa-lt i& f
a
] 1.
2S=T amin amax Set minim-m an( maxim-m val-e& on a9&ci&&a to amin an(
amax, re&pectively. Bf amin]amax]$.$ C(efa-ltD LS#3452 (e#
termine& the minim-m an( maxim-m val-e&.
OSCL f
o
Scale all or(inate (ata 9y f
o
. The (efa-lt i& f
o
] 1.
OS=T omin omax Set minim-m an( maxim-m val-e& on or(inate to omin an(
omax, re&pectively. Bf omin]omax]$.$ C(efa-ltD LS#3452 (e#
termine& the minim-m an( maxim-m val-e&.
S.OOTJ n Smooth a (ata c-rve 9y replacing each (ata point 9y the average
of the 2n a(Hacent point&. The (efa-lt i& n]$.
Mesh Display Options
=LPLT Plot element n-m9er& on me&h of material n.
+SO++ T-rn off the X+SO5Y comman(.
+SO5 Plot only free &-rface& an( &li(eline interface& with XOY com#
man(. C.-&t 9e -&e( 9efore XOY comman(.D
> Miew me&h.
>O Miew me&h right of centerline an( o-tline left of centerline.
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ÀPPENDIX M
LS-DYNA R7.0 "!#" C2PP=53BL .D
>S Miew me&h an( &oli( fill element& to i(entify material& 9y color.
. n .aterial n i& to 9e reIone(.
.5O++ 3o not plot material n-m9er& with the XOY, X>Y, an( X>OY
comman(& C(efa-ltD.
.5O5 Plot material n-m9er& with XOY, X>Y, an( X>OY comman(&.
53PLT Plot no(e n-m9er& on me&h of material n.
O Plot o-tline& of all material.
'PJ2 'eflect me&h, conto-r, fringe, etc., plot& a9o-t horiIontal axi&.
'etyping X'PJ2Y t-rn& thi& option off.
'PM2 'eflect me&h, conto-r, fringe, etc., plot& a9o-t vertical axi&. 'e#
typing X'PM2Y t-rn& thi& option off.
T5 r I l Type no(e n-m9er& an( coor(inate& of all no(e& within win(ow
Cr p ly2, I p ly2D.
8> 3i&play -n(eforme( me&h.
M 3i&play material n on graphic& (i&play. See comman( ..
MS+ 3i&play material n on graphic& (i&play an( &oli( fill element&.
Mesh Modifications
B2CA8P 'e&tore me&h to it& previo-& &tate. Thi& comman( -n(oe& the re#
&-lt of the la&t comman(.
BL=5 & Smooth option where &]$ an( &]1 corre&pon( to e;-ipotential
an( i&oparametric &moothing, re&pectively. By letting $ j & j 1 a
com9ine( 9len(ing i& o9taine(.
C5 m r I 5o(e m ha& new coor(inate Cr,ID.
3=B n f
1
l
1
... f
n
l
n
3elete n element 9loc7& con&i&ting of element n-m9er& f
1
to l
1
,
f
2
to l
2
... , an( f
o
l
n
incl-&ive. The&e element& will 9e inactive
when the calc-lation re&-me.
3= e
1
e
2
3elete element& e
1
to e
2
.
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ÀPPENDIX M
3.B n m
1
m
2
... m
n
3elete n material 9loc7& con&i&ting of all element& with material
n-m9er& m
1
, m
2
,..., an( m
n
. The&e material& will 9e inactive
when the calc-lation& re&-me.
3. n m
1
m
2
... m
n
3elete n material& incl-(ing m
1
, m
2
,..., an( m
n
.
3K=' 7 ( incr nrow 3elete element row where 7 i& the 7ept element, ( i& the (elete(
element, incr i& the increment, an( nrow i& the n-m9er of ele#
ment& in the row.
3KL5 n-m9er n
1
n
2
n
%
...n
la&t
3elete no(al row where n-m9er i& the n-m9er of no(e& in the
row an( n
1
, n
2
, ... n
la&t
are the or(ere( li&t of (elete( no(e&.
3K5' l H incr 3elete no(al row where l i& the fir&t no(e in the row, H i& the la&t
no(e in the row, an( incr i& the increment.
' 'e&tore original me&h.
S Smooth me&h of material n. To &mooth a &-9&et of element&, a
win(ow can 9e &et via the X>S=TY, X+S=TY, O' XS=T+Y com#
man(&. Only the element& lying within the win(ow are
&moothe(.
Boundary Modifications
2 3i&play all &li(eline&. Slave &i(e& are plotte( a& (a&he( line&.
B 3etermine 9o-n(ary no(e& an( &i(e& of material n an( (i&play
9o-n(ary with no(e& an( &i(e n-m9er&.
B3 m n 3e7in7 9o-n(ary from 9o-n(ary no(e m to 9o-n(ary no(e n
Cco-ntercloc7wi&eD.
B3S & 3e7in7 &i(e &.
3SL n l
1
l
2
...l
n
3elete n &li(eline& incl-(ing &li(eline n-m9er& l
1
l
2
..., an( l
n
.
=' m n =;-al &pace in r#(irection 9o-n(ary no(e& m to n Cco-ntercloc7#
wi&eD.
='S & =;-al &pace in the r#(irection 9o-n(ary no(e& on &i(e &.
=S m n =;-al &pace along 9o-n(ary, 9o-n(ary no(e& m to n Cco-nter#
cloc7wi&eD.
=SS & =;-al &pace along 9o-n(ary, 9o-n(ary no(e& on &i(e &.
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ÀPPENDIX M
=K m n =;-al &pace in I#(irection 9o-n(ary no(e& m to n Cco-ntercloc7#
wi&eD.
=KS & =;-al &pace in the I#(irection 9o-n(ary no(e& on &i(e &.
.C n Chec7 ma&ter no(e& of &li(eline n an( p-t any no(e& that have
penetrate( thro-gh the &lave &-rface 9ac7 on the &lave &-rface.
.3 n 3e7in7 ma&ter &i(e of &li(eline n. 2fter -&ing thi& comman(, the
SC or .C comman( i& &ometime& a(vi&a9le.
.5 n 3i&play &li(eline n with ma&ter no(e n-m9er&.
SC n Chec7 &lave no(e& of &li(eline n an( p-t any no(e& that have pen#
etrate( thro-gh the ma&ter &-rface 9ac7 on the ma&ter &-rface.
S3 n 3e7in7 &lave &i(e of &li(eline nE after -&ing thi& comman(, the SC
or .C comman( i& &ometime& a(vi&a9le.
SL5 m n =;-al &pace 9o-n(ary no(e& 9etween no(e& m to n on a &traight
line connecting no(e m to n.
SL5S n =;-al &pace 9o-n(ary no(e& along &i(e n on a &traight line con#
necting the corner no(e&.
S5 n 3i&play &li(eline n with &lave no(e n-m9er&.
MS m n r Mary the &pacing of 9o-n(ary no(e& m to n &-ch that r i& the ratio
of the fir&t &egment length to the la&t &egment length.
MSS & r Mary the &pacing of 9o-n(ary no(e& on &i(e & &-ch that r i& the
ratio of the fir&t &egment length to the la&t &egment length.
MAZE Line Definitions
B 3etermine 9o-n(ary no(e& an( &i(e& of material n an( (i&play
9o-n(ary with no(e& an( &i(e n-m9er&. See comman( X.Y.
L3 n 7 l Line (efinition n for .2K= incl-(e& 9o-n(ary no(e& 7 to l
L3S n l Line (efinition n for .2K= con&i&t& of &i(e n-m9er l#
. n .aterial n i& active for the 9o-n(ary comman( B.
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ÀPPENDIX M
"!#/ C2PP=53BL .D LS-DYNA R7.0
Calculation Graphics Display Control Parameters
.OLP Overlay the me&h on the conto-r, fringe, principal &tre&&, an(
principal &train plot&. 'etyping X.OLPY t-rn& thi& option off.
5LOC 3o not plot letter& on conto-r line&.
58.CO5 n Plot n conto-r level&. The (efa-lt i& .
PLOC Plot letter& on conto-r line& to i(entify their level& C(efa-ltD.
'25>= r
1
r
2
Set the range of level& to 9e 9etween r
1
an( r
2
in&tea( of in the
range cho&en a-tomatically 9y LS#3452. To (eactivate thi&
comman(, type '25>= $ $.
Calculation Graphics Display
CO5TO8' c n m
1
m
2
...m
n
Conto-r component n-m9er c on n material& incl-(ing material&
m
1
, m
2
, ..., m
n
. Bf n i& Iero, only the o-tline of material m
1
with
conto-r& i& plotte(. Component n-m9er& are given in Ta9le ..1.
+'B5>= c n m
1
m
2
...m
n
+ringe component n-m9er c on n material& incl-(ing m
1
,
m
2
,...,m
n
1
with con#
to-r& i& plotte(. Component n-m9er& are given in Ta9le ..1.
B+3 n Begin (efinition of interface n. Bf interface n ha& 9een previo-&ly
(efine(, thi& comman( ha& the effect of (e&troying the ol( (efini#
tion.
B+5 l m Bncl-(e 9o-n(ary no(e& l to m Cco-ntercloc7wi&eD in the interface
(efinition. Thi& comman( m-&t follow the XBY comman(.
B+P c m Plot component c of interface m. Component n-m9er& are given
in Ta9le ..2.
B+S m Bncl-(e &i(e m in the interface (efinition. Si(e m i& (efine( for
material n 9y the XBY comman(.
B+M2 r
c
I
c
Plot the ang-lar location of the interface 9a&e( on the center point
Cr
c
,I
c
D along the a9&ci&&a. Po&itive angle& are mea&-re( co-nter#
cloc7wi&e from the y#axi&.
B+MS Plot the (i&tance along the interface from the fir&t interface no(e
along the a9&ci&&a C(efa-ltD.
LB5= c n m
1
m
2
...m
n
Plot variation of component c along line (efine( with the
X5L3+Y, XPL3+Y, X5S3+Y, or the X5SS3+Y comman(& given
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ÀPPENDIX M
LS-DYNA R7.0 "!# C2PP=53BL .D
9elow. Bn (etermining variation, con&i(er n material& incl-(ing
material n-m9er m
1
, m
2
,...m
n
.
5COL n 5-m9er of color& in fringe plot& i& n. The (efa-lt val-e for n i& 0
which incl-(e& color& magenta, 9l-e, cyan, green, yellow, an(
re(. 2n alternative val-e for n i& " which eliminate& the mini#
m-m val-e magenta.
5L3+ n n
1
n
2
...n
%
3efine line for XLB5=Y comman( -&ing n no(e& incl-(ing no(e
n-m9er& n
1
, n
2
,...n
n
. Thi& line move& with the no(e&.
5S3+ m 3efine line for XLB5=Y comman( a& &i(e m. Si(e m i& (efine(
for material n 9y the XBY comman(.
5SS3+ l m 3efine line for XLB5=Y comman( an( that incl-(e& 9o-n(ary
no(e& l to m Cco-ntercloc7wi&eD in the interface (efinition&. Thi&
comman( m-&t follow the XBY comman(.
PL3+ n r
1
I
1
...r
n
I
n
3efine line for XLB5=Y comman( -&ing n coor(inate pair& Cr
1
,I
1
D,
Cr
2
,I
2
D, ...Cr
n
,I
n
D. Thi& line i& fixe( in &pace.
P'B5 c n m
1
m
2
...m
n
Plot line& of principal &tre&& an( &train in the yI plane on n mate#
rial& incl-(ing material& m
1
, m
2
,...,m
n
. Bf n i& Iero, only the o-t#
line of material m
1
i& plotte(. The line& are plotte( in the princi#
pal &tre&& an( &train (irection&. Permi&&i9le component n-m9er&
in Ta9le ..1 incl-(e $, ", 0, 1$$, 1$", 1$0,...,etc. Orthogonal
line& of 9oth maxim-m an( minim-m &tre&& are plotte( if compo#
nent& $, 1$$, 2$$, etc. are &pecifie(.
P'O+BL= c n m
1
m
2
...m
n
Plot component c ver&-& element n-m9er for n material& incl-(#
ing material& m
1
, m
2
,...,m
n
. Bf n i& $F then component c i& plotte(
for all element&. Component n-m9er& are given in Ta9le ..1.
M=CTO' c n m
1
m
2
...m
n
.a7e a vector plot of component c on n material& incl-(ing mate#
rial& m
1
, m
2
,...,m
n
1

with vector& i& plotte(. Component c may 9e &et to X3Y an( XMY
for vector plot& of (i&placement an( velocity, re&pectively.

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ÀPPENDIX M
"!#1$ C2PP=53BL .D LS-DYNA R7.0
5o. Component 5o. Component
1 y 21N ln CMyMoD Cvol-metric &trainD
2 I 22N y#(i&placement
% hoop 2%N I#(i&placement
! yI 2!N maxim-m (i&placement
" maxim-m principal 2"N y#velocity, y#heat fl-x
0 minim-m principal 20N I#velocity, y#heat fl-x
7 von .i&e& C2ppen(ix 2D 27N maxim-m velocity, maxim-m
heat fl-x
/ pre&&-re or average &train 2/ iH normal
maxim-m principal#minim-m 2 H7 normal
principal
1$ y min-& hoop %$ 7l normal
11 maxim-m &hear %1 li normal
12 iH an( 7l normal C2ppen(ix 3D %2 iH &hear
1% H7 an( li normal %% H7 &hear
1! iH an( 7l &hear %! 7l &hear
1" H7 an( li &hear %" li &hear
10 y#(eviatoric %0N relative vol-me MyMo
17 I#(eviatoric %7N MoyM#1
1/ hoop#(eviatoric %/N 9-l7 vi&co&ity, S
1N effective pla&tic &train %N P [ S
2$N temperat-reFinternal energy !$N (en&ity
(en&ity
!1N#7$N element hi&tory varia9le&
71N r#pea7 acceleration 70N pea7 val-e of min in plane
prin. &tre&&
72N I#pea7 acceleration 77N pea7 val-e of maxim-m hoop &tre&&
7%N r#pea7 velocity 7/N pea7 val-e of minim-m hoop&tre&&
7!N I#pea7 velocity 7N pea7 val-e of pre&&-re
7"N pea7 val-e of max. in plane prin. &tre&&
Table M.1. Component n-m9er& for element varia9le&. By a((ing 1$$, 2$$ %$$, !$$, "$$ an( 0$$
to the component n-m9er& not followe( 9y an a&teri&7, component n-m9er& for infini#
te&imal &train&, lagrange &train&, alman&i &train&, &train rate&, exten&ion&, an( re&i(-al
&train are o9taine(. .axim-m an( minim-m principal &tre&&e& an( &train& are in the rI
plane. The corre&pon(ing hoop ;-antitie& m-&t 9e examine( to (etermine the overall
extrem-m. iH, H7, etc. normal component& are normal to the iH, H7, etc &i(e. The pea7
val-e (ata9a&e m-&t 9e flagge( on Control Car( ! in col-mn& 0#1$ or component& 71#
7 will not 9e availa9le for plotting.
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ÀPPENDIX M
5o. Component
1 pre&&-re
2 &hear &tre&&
% normal force
! tangential force
" y#force
0 I#force
Table M.2. Component n-m9er& for interface varia9le&. Bn axi&ymmetric ge#
ometrie& the force i& per ra(ian.
Cursor Commands
3B3 a 9 8&e c-r&or to (efine point& a an( 9 on 9o-n(ary. 3e7in7 9o-n(ary
&tarting at a, moving co-ntercloc7wi&e, an( en(ing at 9.
3C5 a 9 8&e c-r&or to (efine point& a an( 9. The no(e clo&e&t to point a will
9e move( to point 9.
3CS5 n a .ove no(al point n to point a (efine( 9y the c-r&or.
3C5. a 9 8&e c-r&or to (efine point& a an( 9. The no(e at point a i& given the
coor(inate at point 9.
3=' a 9 8&e c-r&or to (efine point& a an( 9 on 9o-n(ary. =;-al &pace
no(e& in r#(irection along 9o-n(ary &tarting at a, moving co-nter#
cloc7wi&e, an( en(ing at 9.
3=S a 9 8&e c-r&or to (efine point& a an( 9 on 9o-n(ary. =;-al &pace
no(e& along 9o-n(ary &tarting at a, moving co-ntercloc7wi&e, an(
en(ing at 9.
3=K a 9 8&e c-r&or to (efine point& a an( 9 on 9o-n(ary. =;-al &pace
no(e& in I#(irection along 9o-n(ary &tarting at a, moving co-nter#
cloc7wi&e, an( en(ing at 9.
3T= a 9 8&e c-r&or to (efine point& a an( 9 on the (iagonal of a win(ow.
The element n-m9er& an( coor(inate& of element& lying within the
win(ow are type( on the terminal.
3T5 a 9 8&e c-r&or to (efine point& a an( 9 on the (iagonal of a win(ow.
The no(e n-m9er& an( coor(inate& of no(al point& lying within the
win(ow are type( on the terminal.
3T5C a 8&e c-r&or to (efine point a. The no(al point n-m9er an( no(al
coor(inate& of the no(e lying clo&e&t to point a will 9e printe(.
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ÀPPENDIX M
3MS a 9 r 8&e c-r&or to (efine point& a an( 9 on 9o-n(ary. Maria9le &pace
no(e& along 9o-n(ary &tarting at a, moving co-nterwi&e, an( en(#
ing at 9. The ratio of the fir&t &egment length to the la&t &egment
length i& give 9y r Cvia terminalD.
3K a 9 8&e c-r&or to (efine point& a an( 9 on the (iagonal of a win(ow for
Iooming.
3KO8T a 9 =nter two point& with the c-r&or to (efine the win(ow. The ratio of
the c-rrent win(ow with the &pecifie( win(ow (etermine& the pic#
t-re &iIe re(-ction.
3KK a 8&e c-r&or to (efine point a an( Ioom in at thi& point. The new
win(ow i& .1" a& large a& the previo-& win(ow. The Ioom factor
can 9e re&et 9y the crIf comman( for the .1" (efa-lt.
3KKO a Koom o-t at point a 9y enlarging the pict-re two time&.
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ÀPPENDIX N
LS-DYNA R7.0 ""#1 C2PP=53BL 5D
APPENDIX N: Rigid Body Dummies
The two varietie& of rigi( 9o(y (-mmie& availa9le in LS#3452 are (e&cri9e( in thi& appen(ix.
The&e are generate( internally 9y incl-(ing the appropriate NCO.PO5=5T 7eywor(. 2 (e&cription
of the >=BO3 (-mmie& 9egin& on thi& page an( the J4B'B3 BBB family on page 5.7.
GEBOD Dummies
'igi( 9o(y (-mmie& can 9e generate( an( &im-late( within LS#3452 -&ing the 7eywor(
NCO.PO5=5TO>=BO3. Phy&ical propertie& of the&e (-mmie& (raw -pon the >=BO3 (ata9a&e
TCheng et al. 1!U which repre&ent& an exten&ive mea&-rement program con(-cte( 9y ,right#
Patter&on 2+B an( other agencie&. The (ifferential e;-ation& governing motion of the (-mmy are
integrate( within LS#3452 &eparate from the finite element mo(el. Bnteraction 9etween the (-m#
my an( finite element &tr-ct-re i& achieve( -&ing contact interface& C&ee NCO5T2CTO>=BO3D#
The (ynamical &y&tem repre&enting a (-mmy i& compri&e( of fifteen rigi( 9o(ie& C&egment&D an(
incl-(e) lower tor&o, mi((le tor&o, -pper tor&o, nec7, hea(, -pper arm&, forearm&Fhan(&, -pper leg&,
lower leg&, an( feet. =llip&oi(& are -&e( for vi&-aliIation an( contact p-rpo&e&. Shown in +ig-re
""#1 i& a "$th percentile male (-mmy generate( -&ing the 7eywor( comman( NCO.PO5=5T
O>=BO3O.2L=. 5ote that the ellip&oi(& repre&enting the &ho-l(er& are con&i(ere( to 9e part of
the -pper tor&o &egment an( the han(& are rigi(ly attache( to the forearm&.

+ig-re ""#1. "$th percentile male (-mmy in the nominal po&ition.
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ÀPPENDIX N
""#2 C2PP=53BL 5D LS-DYNA R7.0
=ach of the rigi( &egment& which ma7e -p the (-mmy i& connecte( to it& neigh9or with a Hoint
which permit& vario-& relative motion& of the &egment&. Li&te( in the Ta9le 5.1 are the Hoint& an(
their applica9le (egree& of free(om.
1oint Name Degree(s) of Freedom
1
&t
2n( %r(
pelvi& lateral flexion CxD forwar( flexion CyD tor&ion CID
wai&t lateral flexion CxD forwar( flexion CyD tor&ion CID
lower nec7 lateral flexion CxD forwar( flexion CyD tor&ion CID
-pper nec7 lateral flexion CxD forwar( flexion CyD tor&ion CID
&ho-l(er& a9(-ction#a((-ction
CxD
internal#external rotation
CID
flexion#exten&ion CyD
el9ow& flexion#exten&ion CyD nFa nFa
hip& a9(-ction#a((-ction
CxD
me(ial#lateral rotation CID flexion#exten&ion CyD
7nee& flexion#exten&ion CyD nFa nFa
an7le& inver&ion#ever&ion CxD (or&i#plantar flexion CyD me(ial#lateral rotation CID
Ta9le ""#2 :oint& an( a&&ociate( (egree& of free(om. Local axe& are in parenthe&e&.
Orientation of a &egment i& effecte( 9y performing &-cce&&ive right#han(e( rotation& of that &egment
relative to it& parent &egment # each rotation corre&pon(& to a Hoint (egree of free(om. The&e rota#
tion& are performe( a9o-t the local &egment axe& an( the &e;-ence i& given in Ta9le 5.1. +or exam#
ple, the left -pper leg i& connecte( to the lower tor&o 9y the left hip HointE the lim9 i& fir&t a9(-cte(
relative to lower tor&o, it then -n(ergoe& lateral rotation, followe( 9y exten&ion. The remain(er of
the lower extremity Clower leg an( footD move& with the -pper leg (-ring thi& orientation proce&&.
By (efa-lt all Hoint& are a&&igne( &tiffne&&e&, vi&co-& characteri&tic&, an( &top angle& which &ho-l(
give rea&ona9le re&-lt& in a cra&h &im-lation. One or all (efa-lt val-e& of a Hoint may 9e altere( 9y
applying the NCO.PO5=5TO>=BO3O:OB5TOOPTION comman( to the Hoint of intere&t. The (e#
fa-lt &hape of the re&i&tive tor;-e loa( c-rve -&e( 9y all Hoint& i& &hown in +ig-re ""#!. 2 &cale fac#
tor i& applie( to thi& c-rve to o9tain the proper &tiffne&& relation&hip. Li&te( in Ta9le 5.2 are the (e#
fa-lt val-e& of Hoint characteri&tic& for (-mmie& of all type& an( &iIe&. The&e val-e& are given in the
=ngli&h &y&tem of -nit&E the appropriate -nit& are -&e( if a (ifferent &y&tem i& &pecifie( in car( 1 of
NCO.PO5=5TO>=BO3OOPTION.
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ÀPPENDIX N
LS-DYNA R7.0 ""#% C2PP=53BL 5D
Hoint (egree&
of free(om
loa( c-rve
&cale factor
Cin#l9fD
(amping coef.
Cin#l9f#&Fra(D
low &top an#
gle
C(egree&D
high &top an#
gle
C(egree&D
ne-tral angle
C(egree&D
pelvi& # 1 0"$$$ ".77 #2$ 2$ $
pelvi& # 2 0"$$$ ".77 #2$ 2$ $
pelvi& # % 0"$$$ ".77 #" " $
wai&t # 1 0"$$$ ".77 #2$ 2$ $
wai&t # 2 0"$$$ ".77 #2$ 2$ $
wai&t # % 0"$$$ ".77 #%" %" $
lower nec7 # 1
1$$$$ ".77 #2" 2" $
lower nec7 # 2
1$$$$ ".77 #2" 2" $
lower nec7 # %
1$$$$ ".77 #%" %" $
-pper nec7 # 1
1$$$$ ".77 #2" 2" $
-pper nec7 # 2
1$$$$ ".77 #2" 2" $
-pper nec7 # %
1$$$$ ".77 #%" %" $
l. &ho-l(er # 1
1$$ ".77 #%$ 17" $
r. &ho-l(er # 1
1$$ ".77 #17" %$ $
&ho-l(er # 2 1$$ ".77 #0" 0" $
&ho-l(er # % 1$$ ".77 #17" 0$ $
el9ow # 1 1$$ ".77 1 #1!$ $
l. hip # 1 1$$$$ ".77 #2" 7$ $
r. hip # 1 1$$$$ ".77 #7$ 2" $
hip # 2 1$$$$ ".77 #7$ 7$ $
hip # % 1$$$$ ".77 #1!$ !$ $
7nee # 1 1$$ ".77 #1 12$ $
l. an7le # 1 1$$ ".77 #%$ 2$ $
l. an7le # 1 1$$ ".77 #2$ %$ $
an7le # 2 1$$ ".77 #2$ !" $
an7le # % 1$$ ".77 #%$ %$ $
Table N.2 3efa-lt Hoint characteri&tic& for all (-mmie&.
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ÀPPENDIX N
""#! C2PP=53BL 5D LS-DYNA R7.0
tor;-e
rotation Cra(ian&D
C#%.1!,2.$D
C%.1!,#2.$D
C$.",#$.1D
C#$.",$.1D
C$,$D

+ig-re ""#% Characteri&tic tor;-e c-rve &hape -&e( 9y all Hoint&.
The (-mmy (epicte( in +ig-re ""#1 appear& in what i& referre( to a& it& ZnominalZ po&ition. Bn thi&
po&ition the (-mmy i& &tan(ing -pright facing in the po&itive x (irection an( the toe#to#hea( (irec#
tion point& in po&itive I. 2((itionally, the (-mmyG& han(& are at the &i(e& with palm& facing inwar(
an( the centroi( of the lower tor&o i& po&itione( at the origin of the glo9al coor(inate &y&tem. =ach
of the (-mmyG& &egment& ha& a local coor(inate &y&tem attache( to it an( in the nominal po&ition all
of the local axe& are aligne( with the glo9al axe&.
,hen performing a &im-lation involving a NCO.PO5=5TO>=BO3 (-mmy, a po&itioning file
name( Zge9o(.didZ m-&t re&i(e in the (irectory with the LS#3452 inp-t fileE here the exten&ion did
i& the (-mmy B3 n-m9er, &ee car( 1 of NCO.PO5=5TO>=BO3OOPTION# The content& of a typ#
ical po&itioning file i& &hown in Ta9le 5.%E it con&i&t& of !$ line& formatte( a& C"a1,e%$.$D. 2ll of
the ang-lar mea&-re& are inp-t a& (egree&, while the lower tor&o glo9al po&ition& (epen( on the
choice of -nit& in car( 1 of NCO.PO5=5TO>=BO3OOPTION. Setting all of the val-e& in thi& file
to Iero yiel(& the &o#calle( ZnominalZ po&ition.
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ÀPPENDIX N
LS-DYNA R7.0 ""#" C2PP=53BL 5D
lower tor&o centroi( glo9al x po&ition
$.$
lower tor&o centroi( glo9al y po&ition
$.$
lower tor&o centroi( glo9al I po&ition
$.$
total 9o(y glo9al x rotation
$.$
total 9o(y glo9al y rotation
#2$.$
total 9o(y glo9al I rotation
1/$.$
pelvi& lateral flexion [ ] tilt right
$.$
pelvi& forwar( flexion [ ] lean fw(
$.$
pelvi& tor&ion [ ] twi&t left
$.$
wai&t lateral flexion [ ] tilt right
$.$
wai&t forwar( flexion [ ] lean fw(
$.$
wai&t tor&ion [ ] twi&t left
$.$
lower nec7 lateral flexion [ ] tilt right
$.$
lower nec7 forwar( flexion [ ] no( fw(
$.$
lower nec7 tor&ion [ ] twi&t left
$.$
-pper nec7 lateral lexion [ ] tilt right
$.$
-pper nec7 forwar( flexion [ ] no( fw(
$.$
-pper nec7 tor&ion [ ] twi&t left
$.$
left &ho-l(er a9(-ction#a((-ction [ ] a9(-ction
%$.$
left &ho-l(er internal#external rotation [ ] external
#1$.$
left &ho-l(er flexion#exten&ion # ] fw( rai&e
#!$.$
right &ho-l(er a9(-ction#a((-ction # ] a9(-ction
#%$.$
right &ho-l(er internal#external rotation # ] external
1$.$
right &ho-l(er flexion#exten&ion # ] fw( rai&e
#!$.$
left el9ow flexion#exten&ion [ ] exten&ion
#0$.$
right el9ow flexion#exten&ion [ ] exten&ion
#0$.$
left hip a9(-ction#a((-ction [ ] a9(-ction
$.$
left hip me(ial#lateral rotation [ ] lateral
$.$
left hip flexion#exten&ion [ ] exten&ion
#/$.$
right hip a9(-ction#a((-ction # ] a9(-ction
$.$
right hip me(ial#lateral rotation # ] lateral
$.$
right hip flexion#exten&ion [ ] exten&ion
#/$.$
left 7nee flexion#exten&ion [ ] flexion
"$.$
right 7nee flexion#exten&ion [ ] flexion
"$.$
left an7le inver&ion#ever&ion [ ] ever&ion
$.$
left an7le (or&i#plantar flexion [ ] plantar
$.$
left an7le me(ial#lateral rotation [ ] lateral
$.$
right an7le inver&ion#ever&ion # ] ever&ion
$.$
right an7le (or&i#plantar flexion [ ] plantar
$.$
right an7le me(ial#lateral rotation # ] lateral
$.$
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ÀPPENDIX N
""#0 C2PP=53BL 5D LS-DYNA R7.0
Table N.3 Typical content& of a (-mmy po&itioning file.
Bn +ig-re ""#! the "$th percentile male (-mmy i& &hown in a &eate( po&ition an( &ome of it& Hoint&
are la9ele(. The file li&te( in Ta9le 5.% wa& -&e( to p-t the (-mmy into the po&ition &hown. 5ote
that the (-mmy wa& fir&t 9ro-ght into general orientation 9y &etting nonIero val-e& for two of the
lower tor&o local rotation&. Thi& i& accompli&he( 9y performing right#han(e( rotation& &-cce&&ively
a9o-t local axe& fixe( in the lower tor&o, the &e;-ence of which follow&) the fir&t a9o-t local x, next
a9o-t local y, an( the la&t a9o-t local I. The (-mmy in +ig-re ""#! wa& ma(e to pitch 9ac7war( 9y
&etting Ztotal 9o(y glo9al y rotationZ e;-al to #2$. Setting the Ztotal 9o(y glo9al I rotationZ e;-al to
1/$ ca-&e( the (-mmy to rotate a9o-t the glo9al I#axi& an( face in the #x (irection.
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LS-DYNA R7.0 ""#7 C2PP=53BL 5D

+ig-re ""#!. 3-mmy &eate( -&ing the file li&te( in Ta9le 5.%.
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""#/ C2PP=53BL 5D LS-DYNA R7.0
HYBRID III Dummies
2 li&ting of applica9le Hoint (egree& of free(om of the Jy9ri( BBB (-mmy i& given 9elow.
1oint Name Degree(s) of Freedom
1
&t
2n( %r(
l-m9ar flexion CyD tor&ion CID
lower nec7 flexion CyD tor&ion CID
-pper nec7 flexion CyD tor&ion CID
&ho-l(er& flexion#exten&ion CyD a9(-ction#a((-ction CxD nFa
el9ow& flexion#exten&ion CyD nFa nFa
wri&t& flexion#exten&ion CxD nFa nFa
hip& a9(-ction#a((-ction
CxD
me(ial#lateral rotation CID flexion#exten&ion CyD
7nee& flexion#exten&ion CyD nFa nFa
an7le& inver&ion#ever&ion CxD me(ial#lateral rotation CID (or&i#plantar flexion CyD
&tern-m tran&lation CxD rotation CyD rotation CID
7nee &li(er& tran&lation CID
Table N.4 :oint& an( a&&ociate( (egree& of free(om. Local axe& are in parenthe&e&.
:oint &pring& of the NCO.PO5=5TOJ4B'B3BBB (-mmie& are form-late( in the following manner.
I = o
Io
(q -q
Io
) +b
Io
(q -q
Io
)
3
3R3
.o

I = o
h
(q -q
h
) +b
h
(q -q
h
)
3
3\3
hi

I = u 3
.o
]3]3
hi
where
T i& the Hoint tor;-e
3 i& the Hoint generaliIe( coor(inate
a
.o
an( ?
.o
are the linear an( c-9ic coefficient&, re&pectively, for the low regime

a
hi
an( ?
hi
are the linear an( c-9ic coefficient&, re&pectively, for the high regime
3
.o
an( 3
hi
are the activation val-e& for the low an( high regime&, re&pectively
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ÀPPENDIX O
LS-DYNA R7.0 "0#1 C2PP=53BL OD
APPENDIX O: LS-DYNA MPP User Guide
Thi& i& a &hort -&erV& g-i(e for the .PP ver&ion of LS#3452. +or a general g-i(e to the capa9ili#
tie& of LS#3452 an( a (etaile( (e&cription of the inp-t, con&-lt the LS#3452 8&erG& .an-al. Bf
yo- have ;-e&tion& a9o-t thi& g-i(e, fin( error& or omi&&ion& in it, plea&e email man-al<l&tc.com.
Supported Features
The only inp-t format& c-rrently &-pporte( are 2$ an( later, incl-(ing 7eywor(. .o(el& in any of
the ol(er format& will nee( to 9e converte( to one of the&e inp-t format& 9efore they can 9e r-n with
the c-rrent ver&ion of LS#3452 for ma&&ively parallel proce&&or&, mpp.
The large maHority of LS#3452 option& are availa9le on .PP comp-ter&. Tho&e that are not &-p#
porte( are 9eing &y&tematically a((e(. 8nle&& otherwi&e note( here, all the option& of LS#3452
ver&ion %x are &-pporte( 9y .PPFLS#3452.
Jere i& the li&t of unsupported feat-re&)
NBO8532'4OTJ='.2LO,=L3
NBO8532'4O8S2OS8'+2C=
NCO5T2CTO13
N32T2B2S=O2MS
N32T2B2S=O.OMB=
N32T2B2S=O.P>S
N32T2B2S=OT'2C='
NLO23OS8P='PL2STBCOOPTION
N8S='
NT='.B52TBO5O5O3=
Contact Interfaces
.PPFLS#3452 -&e& a completely re(e&igne(, highly parallel contact algorithm. The contact op#
tion& c-rrently unsupported incl-(e)
NCO5T2CTO+O'C=OT'25S38C='OCO5ST'2B5T
Beca-&e the&e option& are all &-pporte( via the new, parallel contact algorithm&, &light (ifference& in
re&-lt& may 9e o9&erve( a& compare( to the &erial an( S.P ver&ion& of LS#3452. ,or7 ha& 9een
(one to minimiIe the&e (ifference&, 9-t they may &till 9e evi(ent in &ome mo(el&.
+or each of the &-pporte( CO5T2CTOcontrol car(&, there i& an optional &tringO.PP which can 9e
appen(e( to the en(. 2((ing the&e character& trigger& the rea(ing of a new control car( imme(iately
following C9-t after the TBTL= car(, if anyD. See the &ection on NCO5T2CT for (etail& of the pa#
rameter& an( their meaning&.
Output Files and Post-Processing
+or performance rea&on&, many of the 2SCBB o-tp-t file& normally create( 9y LS#3452 have 9een
com9ine( into a new 9inary format -&e( 9y .PPFLS#3452. There i& a po&t#proce&&ing program
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ÀPPENDIX O
"0#2 C2PP=53BL OD LS-DYNA R7.0
l2a, which rea(& thi& 9inary (ata9a&e of file& an( pro(-ce& a& o-tp-t the corre&pon(ing 2SCBB file&.
The new 9inary file& will 9e create( in the (irectory &pecifie( a& the glo9al (irectory in the pfile CSee
&ection pfileD. The file& C-p to one per proce&&orD are name( 9ino-tnnnn, where nnnn i& replace( 9y
the fo-r#(igit proce&&or n-m9er. To convert the&e file& to 2SCBB &imply fee( them to the l2a pro#
gram li7e thi&)
l2a binout`
LS#P'=POST i& a9le to rea( the 9ino-t file& (irectly, &o conver&ion i& not re;-ire(, it i& pro#
vi(e( for 9ac7war( compati9ility.
The supported 2SCBB file& are)
N32T2B2S=OS=C+O'C
N32T2B2S=O',+O'C
N32T2B2S=O5O3O8T
N32T2B2S=O5O3O8TJ+
N32T2B2S=O=LO8T
N32T2B2S=O>LST2T
N32T2B2S=O3=+O'C
N32T2B2S=O.2TS8.
N32T2B2S=O5C+O'C
N32T2B2S=O'C+O'C
N32T2B2S=OSPC+O'C
N32T2B2S=OS,+O'C
N32T2B2S=O3=+>=O
N32T2B2S=O2BST2T
N32T2B2S=O5O3O+'
N32T2B2S=OB53O8T
N32T2B2S=O>C=O8T
N32T2B2S=O'B3O8T
N32T2B2S=OSL=O8T
N32T2>2S=O:5T+O'C
N32T2B2S=OSBTO8T
N32T2B2S=OSPJO8T
N32T2B2S=OTP'B5T
Some of the normal LS#3452 file& will have corre&pon(ing collection& of file& pro(-ce( 9y
.PPFLS#3452, with one per proce&&or. The&e incl-(e the (%(-mp file& Cnew name& ]
(%(-mp.nnnnD, the me&&ag file& Cnow me&nnnnD an( other&. .o&t of the&e will 9e fo-n( in the local
(irectory &pecifie( in the pfile.
The format of the (%plot file ha& not 9een change(. Bt will 9e create( in the glo9al (irectory, an( can
9e (irectly han(le( with yo-r c-rrent graphic& po&t#proce&&or.
Parallel Specific Options
There are a few new comman( line option& that are &pecific to the .PP ver&ion of LS#3452.
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LS-DYNA R7.0 "0#% C2PP=53BL OD
Bn the &erial an( S.P ver&ion& of LS#3452, the amo-nt of memory re;-ire( to r-n the pro9lem can
9e &pecifie( on the comman( line -&ing the 7eywor( memor9=CCC, where CCC i& the n-m9er of
wor(& of memory to 9e allocate(. +or the .PP co(e, thi& will re&-lt in each proce&&or allocating
CCC wor(& of memory. Bf pre#(ecompo&ition ha& not 9een performe(, one proce&&or m-&t perform
the (ecompo&ition of the pro9lem. Thi& can re;-ire &-9&tantially more memory than will 9e re;-ire(
once exec-tion ha& &tarte(. +or thi& rea&on, there i& a &econ( memory comman( line option,
memor92=444. Bf -&e( together with the memory 7eywor(, the (ecompo&ing proce&&or will allocate
CCC wor(& of memory, an( all other proce&&or& will allocate 444 wor(& of memory.
+or example, in or(er to r-n a 2"$,$$$ element cra&h pro9lem on ! proce&&or&, yo- might nee(
memor9=QIm an( memor92=2Im. To r-n the &ame pro9lem on 10 proce&&or&, yo- &till nee(
memor9=QIm, 9-t can &et memor92=6m. The val-e for memor92 (rop& nearly linearly with the
n-m9er of proce&&or& -&e( to r-n the program, which wor7& well for &hare(#memory &y&tem&.
=xec-tion of the implicit &olver in .PP re;-ire& a 9alance of memory acro&& all of the proce&&e&.
The -&er &ho-l( not -&e memor92= &pecification for r-n& involving the implicit &olver. Bf the mo(el
(ecompo&ition cannot 9e performe( for the given memor9= &pecification, one can try a pre#
(ecompo&ition 9-t the -&er wo-l( 9e a(vi&e( to -&e a comp-te cl-&ter with more real memory. Bt i&
&-gge&te( that the memor9= &pecification 9e &-ch to -&e no more than 7"b of the real memory
availa9le to that proce&&. On a comp-te cl-&ter with each comp-te no(e having !/ >9yte& of
memory an( -&ing / .PB proce&&e&, there i& only 0 >9yte& of real memory per proce&&. Converting
to / 9yte wor(& an( -&ing only the &-gge&te( 7"b wo-l( have memor9=56I" a& the maxim-m
&pecification.
The f-ll (ec7 re&tart capa9ility i& &-pporte( 9y the .PP ver&ion of LS#3452, 9-t in a manner
&lightly (ifferent than the S.P co(e. =ach time a re&tart (-mp file i& written, a &eparate re&tart file
i& al&o written with the 9a&e name 3%+8LL. +or example, when the thir( re&tart file (%(-mp$% i&
written Cone for each proce&&or, (%(-mp$%.$$$$, (%(-mp$%.$$$1, etcD, there i& al&o a &ingle file
written name( (%f-ll$%. Thi& file i& re;-ire( in or(er to (o a f-ll (ec7 re&tart an( the (%(-mp file&
are not -&e( in thi& ca&e 9y the .PP co(e. Bn or(er to perform a f-ll (ec7 re&tart with the .PP co(e,
yo- fir&t m-&t prepare a f-ll (ec7 re&tart inp-t file a& for the &erialFS.P ver&ion. Then, in&tea( of
giving the comman( line option r=d3dumpI3 yo- wo-l( -&e the &pecial option n=d3-u..I3. The
pre&ence of thi& comman( line option tell& the .PP co(e that thi& i& a re&tart, not a new pro9lem, an(
that the file (%f-ll$% contain& the geometry an( &tre&& (ata carrie( over from the previo-& r-n.
PFILE
There i& a new comman( line option) p]pfile. pfile contain& .PP &pecific parameter& that affect the
exec-tion of the program. The file i& &plit into &ection&, with &everal option& in each &ection. C-r#
rently, the&e &ection&) directory, decomposition, contact, an( general are availa9le. +ir&t, here i& a
&ample pfile)
directory
global rundir
local /tmp/rundir
]
contact
inititer 3
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"0#! C2PP=53BL OD LS-DYNA R7.0
]
The file i& ca&e in&en&itive an( free format inp-t. The &ection& an( option& c-rrently &-pporte( are)
directory. Jol(& (irectory &pecific option&
transfer_files
Bf thi& 7eywor( i& given, then proce&&or $ will write all o-tp-t an( re&tart file& to the global
(irectory C&ee Xglo9alY 9elowD, an( &cratch file& to the local (irectory. 2ll other proce&&or&
will write all (ata to their local (irectory. 2t normal termination, all re&tart an( o-tp-t file&
will 9e copie( from the proce&&or &pecific local (irectorie& to the global (irectory. 2l&o, if
thi& i& a re&tart from a (-mp file, the (-mp file& will 9e (i&tri9-te( to the proce&&or& from the
global (irectory. ,ith thi& option ena9le(, there i& no nee( for the proce&&or& to have &hare(
acce&& to a &ingle (i&7 for o-tp-t W all file& will 9e tran&ferre( a& nee(e( to an( from the
global (irectory.
Default disabled.
global !ath
Path to a (irectory where program o-tp-t &ho-l( 9e written. Bf transfer_files i& not given,
thi& (irectory nee(& to 9e acce&&i9le to all proce&&or& W otherwi&e it i& only acce&&e( 9y pro#
ce&&or $. Thi& (irectory will 9e create( if nece&&ary.
Default current working directory
global_message_files
Bf thi& 7eywor( appear&, the me&&age file& are written in the glo9al (irectory rather than the
local (irectory
Default disabled (message files go in the local directory)
local !ath
Path to a proce&&or &pecific local (irectory for &cratch file&. Thi& (irectory will 9e create( if
nece&&ary. Thi& &ho-l( 9e a local (i&7 on each proce&&or, for performance rea&on&.
Default global path
rmlocal
Bf thi& 7eywor( i& given an( transfer_files i& active, the program attempt& to clean -p the lo-
cal (irectorie& on each proce&&or. Bn partic-lar, it (elete& file& that are &-cce&&f-lly tran&#
ferre( 9ac7 to the global (irectory, an( remove& the local (irectory if it wa& create(. Bt will
not (elete any file& if there i& a fail-re (-ring file copying, nor will it (elete (irectorie& it (i(
not create.
Default disabled
repository !ath
Path to a &afe (irectory acce&&i9le from proce&&or $. Thi& (irectory will 9e create( if nece&#
&ary. Thi& i& inten(e( to 9e -&e( a& a &afe7eepingF9ac7-p of file& (-ring exec-tion an(
&ho-l( only 9e -&e( if transfer_files i& al&o given. Bf thi& (irectory i& &pecifie( then the fol#
lowing action& occ-r)
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ÀPPENDIX O
LS-DYNA R7.0 "0#" C2PP=53BL OD
# 2t program &tart -p, any re;-ire( file& C(%(-mp, 9ino-t, etcD that cannot 9e locate( in
the global (irectory are loo7e( for in the repository for copying to the local proce&&or
(irectorie&.
# Bmportant o-tp-t file& C(%(-mp, r-nr&f, (%plot, 9ino-t an( other&D are &ynchroniIe( to
the repo&itory reg-larly. That i&, every time one of the&e file& i& -p(ate( on the no(e lo#
cal or the glo9al (irectorie&, a &ynchroniIe( copy i& -p(ate( in the repo&itory.
The intention i& that the repo&itory 9e on a re(-n(ant (i&7, &-ch a& 52S, to allow re&tarting
the pro9lem if a har(ware fail-re &ho-l( occ-r on the machine r-nning the pro9lem. Bt m-&t
9e note( that &ome performance penalty m-&t 9e pai( for the extra comm-nication an( BFO.
=ffort ha& 9een ma(e to minimiIe thi& overhea(, 9-t thi& option i& not recommen(e( for gen#
eral -&e.
Default unspecified
decomposition Jol(& (ecompo&ition &pecific option&
file 'ilena"e
The name of the file that hol(& the (ecompo&ition information. Thi& file will 9e create( in
the c-rrent wor7ing (irectory if it (oe& not exi&t. Bf thi& option i& not &pecifie(, .PPFLS#
3452 will perform the (ecompo&ition.
Default None
numproc n
The pro9lem will 9e (ecompo&e( for n proce&&or&. Bf n @ 1 an( yo- are r-nning on 1 proce&#
&or, or if the n-m9er of proce&&or& yo- are r-nning on (oe& not evenly (ivi(e n, then exec-#
tion terminate& imme(iately after (ecompo&ition. Otherwi&e, the (ecompo&ition file i& writ#
ten an( exec-tion contin-e&. +or a (ecompo&ition only r-n, 9oth numproc an( file &ho-l(
9e &pecifie(.
Default the number of processors you are running on.
method na"e
C-rrently, there are two (ecompo&ition metho(& &-pporte(, namely r/? an( 6reed9. .etho(
r/? i& 'ec-r&ive Coor(inate Bi&ection. .etho( 6reed9 i& a &imple neigh9orhoo( expan&ion
algorithm. The impact on overall r-ntime i& pro9lem (epen(ent, 9-t rc9 generally give& the
9e&t performance.
Default rcb
region rx ry rz sx sy sz c2r s2r 3vec mat
See the &ection 9elow on Special 3ecompo&ition& for (etail& a9o-t the&e (ecompo&ition op#
tion&.
show
Bf thi& 7eywor( appear& in the (ecompo&ition &ection, the (%plot file i& (octore( &o that the
(ecompo&ition can 9e viewe( with the po&t proce&&or. 3i&playing material 1 will &how that
portion of the pro9lem a&&igne( to proce&&or $, an( &o on. The pro9lem will not act-ally 9e
r-n, 9-t the co(e will terminate once the initial (%plot &tate ha& 9een written.
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ÀPPENDIX O
rcblog 'ilena"e
Thi& option i& ignore( -nle&& the (ecompo&ition metho( i& 'CB. 2 recor( i& written to the
in(icate( file recor(ing the &tep& ta7en (-ring (ecompo&ition. Thi& i& an a&cii file giving
each (ecompo&ition region C&ee the &ection on Special 3ecompo&ition&D an( the location of
each &-9(ivi&ion for that region. =xcept for the a((ition of thi& (ecompo&ition information,
the file i& otherwi&e e;-ivalent to the c-rrent pfile. Th-& it can 9e -&e( (irectly a& the pfile
for a &-9&e;-ent pro9lem, which will re&-lt in a (ecompo&ition a& &imilar a& po&&i9le 9e#
tween the two r-n&. +or example, &-ppo&e a &im-lation i& r-n twice, 9-t the &econ( time
with a &lightly (ifferent me&h. Beca-&e of the (ifferent me&he& the pro9lem& will 9e (i&tri9#
-te( (ifferently 9etween the proce&&or&, re&-lting in &lightly (ifferent an&wer& (-e to
ro-n(off error&. Bf an rc9log i& -&e(, then the re&-lting (ecompo&ition& wo-l( 9e a& &imilar
a& po&&i9le.
vspeed
Bf thi& option i& &pecifie( a 9rief mea&-rement i& ta7en of the performance of each proce&&or
9y timing a &hort floating point calc-lation. The re&-lting information i& -&e( (-ring the (e#
compo&ition to (i&tri9-te the pro9lem accor(ing to the relative &pee( of the proce&&or&. Thi&
might 9e of &ome -&e if the cl-&ter ha& machine& of &ignificantly (ifferent &pee(.
automatic
Bf thi& option i& given, an attempt i& ma(e to a-tomatically (etermine a rea&ona9le (ecompo#
&ition, primarily 9a&e( on the initial velocity of no(e& in the mo(el. 8&e of the show option
i& recommen(e( to verify a rea&ona9le (ecompo&ition.
aledist
3i&tri9-te 2L= element& to all proce&&or&.
dcmem n
Bt may 9e in &ome ca&e& that the memory re;-irement& (-ring the fir&t pha&e of (ecompo&i#
tion are too high. Bf that i& fo-n( to 9e the ca&e Cif yo- get o-t of memory error& (-ring (e#
compo&ition pha&e 1D, then thi& may provi(e a wor7 aro-n(. Specifying a val-e n here will
ca-&e &ome ro-tine& to proce&& the mo(el in 9loc7& of n item&, when normal proce&&ing
wo-l( rea( the whole &et Cof no(e&, element&, whateverD all at once. Thi& will re(-ce
memory re;-irement& at the co&t of greater comm-nication overhea(. .o&t -&er& will not
nee( thi& option. Mal-e& in the range of 1$,$$$ to "$,$$$ wo-l( 9e rea&ona9le.
timing_start n
Begin timing of element calc-lation& on cycle n. The appearance of thi& 7eywor( will trig#
ger the generation of a file name( 3=CO.POTB.B5>S.O8T (-ring normal termination.
Thi& file will contain information a9o-t the act-al time &pent (oing element calc-lation&,
9ro7en (own 9y part.
timing_end n
=n( timing of element calc-lation& on cycle n. 2 rea&ona9le val-e i& pro9a9ly timing_start
[ "$ or 1$$.
timing_file 'ilena"e
The file 'ilena"e i& a&&-me( to 9e the o-tp-t file 3=CO.POTB.B5>S.O8T from a previ#
o-& r-n of thi& or a &imilar mo(el. The comp-tational co&t of each part that appear& in thi&
file i& then -&e( (-ring the (ecompo&ition in&tea( of the 9-ilt in internal val-e for that part.
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ÀPPENDIX O
.atching i& 9a&e( &trictly on the -&er part B3. The fir&t two line& of the file are &7ippe(, an(
only the fir&t two entrie& on each of the remaining line& are relevant Cthe part B3 an( the co&t
per elementD.
contact
Thi& &ection ha& 9een largely replace( 9y theO.PP option on the normal contact car(. The only re#
maining -&ef-l option here i&)
alebkt n
Set& the 9-c7et &ort fre;-ency for +SB Cfl-i( &tr-ct-re interactionD to once every n cycle&.
default 50
general Jol(& general option&
lstc_reduce
Bf thi& 7eywor( appear&, LSTCV& own re(-ce ro-tine i& -&e( to get con&i&tent &-mmation of
floating point (ata among proce&&or&. See al&o, NCO5T'OLO.PPOBOOLSTCO'=38C= which
ha& the &ame effect..
nodump
Bf thi& 7eywor( appear&, all re&tart (-mp file writing will 9e &-ppre&&e() (%(-mp, r-nr&f, an(
(%f-ll file& will not 9e written
nofull
Bf thi& 7eywor( appear&, writing of (%f-ll Cf-ll (ec7 re&tartD file& will 9e &-ppre&&e(.
nod3dump
Bf thi& 7eywor( appear&, writing of (%(-mp an( r-nr&f file& will 9e &-ppre&&e(.
runrsfonly
Bf thi& 7eywor( appear&, writing of (%(-mp file& will not occ-r W r-nr&f file& will 9e witten
in&tea(. 2ny time a (%(-mp O' r-nr&f file wo-l( normally 9e written, a r-nr&f file will 9e
written.
nofail
Bf thi& 7eywor( appear&, the chec7 for faile( element& in the contact ro-tine& will 9e &7ippe(.
Thi& can improve efficiency if yo- (o not have element fail-re in the mo(el.
swapbytes
Bf thi& 7eywor( appear&, the (%plot an( interface component analy&i& file& are written in
&wappe( 9yte or(ering.
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"0#/ C2PP=53BL OD LS-DYNA R7.0
nobeamout
>enerally, whenever a 9eam, &hell, or &oli( element fail&, an( element fail-re report i& writ#
ten to the (%h&p an( me&&age file&. Thi& can generate a lot of o-tp-t. Bf thi& 7eywor( ap#
pear&, the element fail-re report i& &-ppre&&e(.
Special Decompositions
The&e option& appear in the Z(ecompo&itionZ &ection of the pfile an( are only vali( if the (ecompo&i#
tion metho( i& rcb. The rc9 (ecompo&ition metho( wor7& 9y rec-r&ively (ivi(ing the mo(el in half,
each time &licing the c-rrent piece of the mo(el perpen(ic-larly to one of the three coor(inate axe&.
Bt choo&e& the axi& along which the c-rrent piece of the mo(el i& longe&t. The re&-lt i& that it ten(& to
generate c-9e &hape( (omain& aligne( along the coor(inate axe&. Thi& i& inherent in the algorithm,
9-t i& often not the 9ehavior (e&ire(.
Thi& &it-ation i& a((re&&e( 9y provi(ing a &et of coor(inate tran&formation f-nction& which are ap#
plie( to the mo(el 9efore it i& (ecompo&e(. The re&-lting (eforme( geometry i& then pa&&e( to the
(ecompo&ition algorithm, an( the re&-lting (omain& are mappe( 9ac7 to the -n(eforme( mo(el. 2&
a &imple example, &-ppo&e yo- wante( rectang-lar (omain& aligne( along a line in the xy plane, %$
(egree& from the x axi&, an( twice a& long along thi& line a& in the other two (imen&ion&. Bf yo- ap#
plie( the&e tran&formation&)
&x $."
rI #%$
then yo- wo-l( achieve the (e&ire( effect.
+-rthermore, it may 9e (e&irea9le for (ifferent portion& of the mo(el to 9e (ecompo&e( (ifferently.
Bt i& now po&&i9le to &pecify (ifferent region& of the mo(el to 9e (ecompo&e( with (ifferent tran&#
formation&. The general form for a &pecial (ecompo&ition wo-l( loo7 li7e thi&)
(ecompo&ition P
region P ?region &pecifier&@ ?tran&formation@ ?gro-ping@ Q
region P ?region &pecifier&@ ?tran&formation@ ?gro-ping@ Q
?tran&formation@
Q
,here the region &pecifier& are logical com9ination& of box, sphere, clinder, parts, an( silist.
The tran&formation i& a &erie& of sx, sy, sz, rx, ry, rz, c2r, s2r, 3vec, an( mat. The gro-ping i& either
lumped or empty. The portion of the mo(el falling in the fir&t region will 9e (ecompo&e( accor(ing
to the given tran&formation. 2ny remaining part of the mo(el in the &econ( region will then 9e treat#
e(, an( finally anything left over will 9e (ecompo&e( accor(ing to the final tran&formation. 2ny
n-m9er of region& may 9e given, incl-(ing $. 2ny n-m9er of tran&formation& may 9e &pecifie(.
They are applie( to the region in the or(er given.
The region &pecifier& are)
box xmin xmax ymin ymax zmin zmax
2 9ox with the given extent&.
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LS-DYNA R7.0 "0# C2PP=53BL OD
sphere xc yc zc r
The &phere centere( at Cxc,yc,zcD an( having ra(i-& r. Bf r i& negative it i& treate( a& infinite.
cylinder xc yc zc ax ay az r d
2 cylin(er with center at Cxc,yc,zcD an( ra(i-& r, exten(ing o-t in the (irection of Cax,ay,azD
for a (i&tance of d. Bf d i& $, the cylin(er i& infinte in 9oth (irection&.
parts n1 n2 n3 n4..
2ll part& who&e -&er i( matche& one of the given val-e& are incl-(e( in the region. 2ny n-m#
9er of val-e& may 9e given.
silist n1 n2 n3 n4..
2ll element& involve( in a contact interface who&e -&er i( matche& one of the given val-e& are
incl-(e( in the region.
The tran&formation& availa9le are)
sx t
&cale the c-rrent : coor(inate& 9y t.
sy t
&cale the c-rrent 9 coor(inate& 9y t.
sz t
&cale the c-rrent 8 coor(inate& 9y t.
rx t
rotate aro-n( the c-rrent : axi& 9y t (egree&#
ry t
rotate aro-n( the c-rrent 9 axi& 9y t (egree&#
rz t
rotate aro-n( the c-rrent 8 axi& 9y t (egree&#
mat m11 m12 m13 m21 m22 m23 m31 m32 m33
tran&form the coor(inate& 9y matrix m-ltiplication)
tran&forme( original
x m11 m12 m1% x
y ] m21 m22 m2% y
I m%1 m%2 m%% I
3vec v11 v12 v13 v21 v22 v23 v31 v32 v33
Tran&form the coor(inate& 9y the inver&e of the tran&po&e matrix)
original tran&forme(
x v11 v21 v%1 x
y ] v12 v22 v%2 y
I v1% v2% v%% I
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"0#1$ C2PP=53BL OD LS-DYNA R7.0
Thi& appear& complicate(, 9-t in practice i& very int-itive) in&tea( of (ecompo&ing into c-9e&
aligne( along the coor(inate axe&, rc9 will (ecompo&e into parallelipipe(& who&e e(ge& are
aligne( with the three vector& Cv11, v12, v1%D, Cv21, v22, v2%D, an( Cv%1, v%2, v%%D. +-r#
thermore, the relative length& of the e(ge& of the (ecompo&ition (omain& will corre&pon( to the
relative length& of the&e vector&.
C2R x0 y0 z0 vx1 vy1 vz1 vx2 vy2 vz2
The part i& converte( into a cylin(rical coor(inate &y&tem with origin at Cx$, y$, I$D, cylin(er
axi& Cvx1, vy1, vI1D an( theta]$ along the vector Cvx2, vy2, vI2D. 4o- can thin7 of thi& a&
tearing the mo(el along the Cvx2, vy2, vI2D vector an( -nwrapping it aro-n( the Cvx1, vy1,
vI1D axi&. The effect i& to create (ecompo&ition (omain& that are Zc-9e&Z in cylin(rical coor#
(inate&) they are portion& of cylin(rical &hell&. The act-al tran&formation i&)
new Cx,y,ID ] cylin(rical coor(inate& Cr,theta,ID
Anowing the or(er of the coor(inate& i& important if com9ining tran&formation&, a& in the ex#
ample 9elow.
S2R x0 y0 z0 vx1 vy1 vz1 vx2 vy2 vz2
:-&t li7e the a9ove, 9-t for &pherical coor(inate&. The Cvx1,vy1,vI1D vector i& the phi]$ axi&.
5ew Cx,y,ID ] &pherical coor(inate& Crho, theta, phiD
The gro-ping ;-alifier i&)
lumped
>ro-p all element& in the region on a &ingle proce&&or. Bf thi& ;-alifier i& not given, the ele#
ment& in the region are (i&tri9-te( acro&& all proce&&or&.
Examples:
rI !"
will generate (omain& rotate( #!" (egree& aro-n( the I axi&.
C2' $ $ $ $ $ 1 1 $ $
will generate cylin(rical &hell& of (omain&. They will have their axi& along the vector
C$,$,1D, an( will &tart at the vector C1,$,$D 5ote that the part will 9e c-t at C1,$,$D, &o no (o#
main& will cro&& thi& 9o-n(ary. Bf there i& a nat-ral 9o-n(ary or opening in yo-r part, the
Ztheta]$Z vector &ho-l( point thro-gh thi& opening. 5ote al&o that if the part i&, &ay, a cylin#
(er 1$$ -nit& tall an( "$ -nit& in ra(i-&, after the C2' tran&formation the part will fit in&i(e
the 9ox x]T$,"$U, y]T$, 2PBD, I]T$,1$$U. Bn partic-lar, the new y coor(inate& CthetaD will 9e
very &mall compare( to the other coor(inate (irection&. Bt i& therefore li7ely that every (e#
compo&ition (omain will exten( thro-gh the complete tran&forme( y (irection. Thi& mean&
that each (omain will 9e a &hell completely aro-n( the original cylin(er. Bf yo- want to &plit
the (omain& along ra(ial line&, try thi& pair of tran&formation&)
C2' $ $ $ $ $ 1 1 $ $
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ÀPPENDIX O
S4 "$$$
Thi& will (o the a9ove C2', 9-t then &cale y 9y "$$$. Thi& will re&-lt in the part appearing
to 9e a9o-t %$,$$$ long in the y (irection ## long eno-gh that every (ecompo&ition (omain
will (ivi(e the part in thi& Ctran&forme(D y (irection. The re&-lt will 9e (ecompo&ition (o#
main& that are ra(ial Zwe(ge&Z in the original part.
>eneral com9ination& of tran&formation& can 9e &pecifie(, an( they are applie( in or(er)
SL " S4 .2 'K %$
will &cale x, then y, then rotate.
2 more general (ecompo&ition might loo7 li7e)
(ecompo&ition P rx !" &I 1$
region P part& 1 2 % ! " an( &phere $ $ $ 2$$ l-mpe( Q
region P 9ox $ 1$$ W1.e[/ 1.e[/ $ "$$ or &phere 1$$ $ 2$$ 2$$ rx 2$ Q
Q
Thi& wo-l( ta7e element& that have -&er B3 1, 2, %, !, or " for their part, 253 that lie in the &phere
of ra(i-& 2$$ centere( at C$,$,$D, an( place them all on one proce&&or.
Then, any remaining element& that lie in the given 9ox O' the &phere of ra(i-& 2$$ centere( at
C1$$,$,2$$D wo-l( 9e rotate( 2$ (egre&& in x then (ecompo&e( acro&& all proce&&or&. +inally, any#
thing remaining wo-l( 9e rotate( !" (egree& in x, &cale( 1$ in I, an( (i&tri9-te( to all proce&&or&. Bn
general, region ;-alifier& can 9e com9ine( -&ing the logical operation& and, or, an( not. >ro-ping
-&ing parenthe&e& i& al&o &-pporte(.
Execution of MPP/LS-DYNA
.PPFLS#3452 r-n& -n(er a parallel environment which provi(e( 9y the har(ware ven(or. The
exec-tion of the program therefore varie& from machine to machine. On &ome platform&, comman(
line parameter& can 9e pa&&e( (irectly on the comman( line. +or other&, the -&e of the name& file i&
re;-ire(. The name& file i& &-pporte( on all &y&tem&.
The &erialFS.P co(e &-pport& the -&e of the SB>B5T &ignal C-&-ally Ctrl#CD to interr-pt the exec-#
tion an( prompt for -&er inp-t, generally referre( to a& Z&en&e &witche&.Z The .PP co(e al&o &-p#
port& thi& capa9ility. Jowever, on many &y&tem& a &hell &cript or front en( program Cgenerally Zmpi#
r-nZD i& re;-ire( to &tart .PB application&. Pre&&ing Ctrl#C on &ome &y&tem& will 7ill thi& proce&&,
an( th-& 7ill the r-nning .PP#3452 exec-ta9le. 2& a wor7aro-n(, when the .PP co(e 9egin&
exec-tion it create& a file Z9gO&witchZ in the c-rrent wor7ing (irectory. Thi& file contain& the fol#
lowing &ingle line)
r&h ?machine name@ 7ill #B5T ?PB3@
where ?machine name@ i& the ho&tname of the machine on which the root .PP#3452 proce&& i&
r-nning, an( ?PB3@ i& it& proce&& i(. Con JP &y&tem&, Zr&hZ i& replace( 9y Zrem&hZD. Th-&, &imply
exec-ting thi& file will &en( the appropriate &ignal.
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Jere i& a &imple ta9le to &how how to r-n the program on vario-& platform&. Of co-r&e, &cript& are
often written to ma&7 the&e (ifference&.
Platform Execution Command
3=C 2lpha (mpir-n Wnp n mpp$d9na
+-Hit&- Ho9exec Wvp n ^mem m
mpp$d9na
Jitachi mpir-n Wnp n mpp$d9na
JP mpp$d9na Wnp n
BB. ^xF9in.F7&h
export .POP'OC]n
export .POL2B=LBO]no
export .PO=8BLBB]-&
export .PBO=8B3=MBC=]c&&$
poe mpp$d9na
5=C mpir-n Wnp n mpp$d9na
S>B mpir-n Wnp n mpp$d9na
S-n tmr-n Wnp n mpp$d9na
,here n i& the n-m9er of proce&&or&, "!!.d#na i& the name of the .PPFLS#3452 exec-ta9le, an(
" i& the .B of real memory.
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ÀPPENDIX P
LS-DYNA R7.0 "7#1 C2PP=53BL PD
APPENDIX P: Implicit Solver
INTRODUCTION
The term& implicit an( explicit refer to time integration algorithm&. Bn the explicit approach, internal
an( external force& are &-mme( at each no(e point, an( a no(al acceleration i& comp-te( 9y (ivi(ing
9y no(al ma&&. The &ol-tion i& a(vance( 9y integrating thi& acceleration in time. The maxim-m
time &tep &iIe i& limite( 9y the Co-rant con(ition, pro(-cing an algorithm which typically re;-ire&
many relatively inexpen&ive time &tep&.
,hile explicit analy&i& i& well &-ite( to (ynamic &im-lation& &-ch a& impact an( cra&h, it can 9e#
come prohi9itively expen&ive to con(-ct long (-ration or &tatic analy&e&. Static pro9lem& &-ch a&
&heet metal &pring9ac7 after forming are one application area for implicit metho(&.
Bn the implicit metho(, a glo9al &tiffne&& matrix i& comp-te(, inverte(, an( applie( to the no(al o-t#
of#9alance force to o9tain a (i&placement increment. The a(vantage of thi& approach i& that time
&tep &iIe may 9e &electe( 9y the -&er. The (i&a(vantage i& the large n-merical effort re;-ire( to
form, &tore, an( factoriIe the &tiffne&& matrix. Bmplicit &im-lation& therefore typically involve a rela#
tively &mall n-m9er of expen&ive time &tep&.
The implicit analy&i& capa9ility wa& fir&t relea&e( in Mer&ion "$. Bnitially targete( at metal forming
&pring9ac7 &im-lation, thi& new capa9ility allowe( &tatic &tre&& analy&i&. Mer&ion 7$ a((& many
a((itional implicit feat-re&, incl-(ing new element form-lation& for linear an( mo(al analy&i&.
+or 9e&t implicit performance, it i& important to provi(e eno-gh memory to allow the &tiffne&& ma#
trix factoriIation to r-n in#core. Bn mo&t ca&e&, the (efa-lt memory &iIe m-&t 9e increa&e(. See the
Linear =;-ation Solver &ection 9elow.
SETTING UP AN IMPLICIT SIMULATION
The 7eywor( NCO5T'OLOB.PLBCBTO>=5='2L i& -&e( to activate the implicit metho(. LS#
3452 can con(-ct either a linear or a nonlinear implicit analy&i&. The 7eywor( NCO5T'OL
OB.PLBCBTOSOL8TBO5 i& -&e( to &elect 9etween the&e implicit analy&i& type&. Bn a((ition, an im#
plicit eigenval-e analy&i& can 9e performe( to extract fre;-encie& an( mo(e &hape&.
To perform a linear implicit analy&i&, -&e the NCO5T'OLOB.PLBCBTO>=5='2L 7eywor( to acti#
vate the implicit metho( an( to &pecify the time &tep &iIe. =nter the termination time -&ing the
NCO5T'OLOT='.B52TBO5 7eywor(. +or a &ingle &tep analy&i&, &elect the &tep &iIe to 9e e;-al
to the termination time. 8&e the NCO5T'OLOB.PLBCBTOSOL8TBO5 7eywor( to re;-e&t a linear
analy&i&. Select linear element form-lation& -&ing the NS=CTBO5OSOLB3 an(For NS=CTBO5
OSJ=LL 7eywor(&. +or 9e&t acc-racy, a (o-9le preci&ion ver&ion of LS#3452 &ho-l( 9e -&e( for
linear analy&i&.
To perform an eigenval-e analy&i&, -&e the NCO5T'OLOB.PLBCBTO>=5='2L 7eywor( to acti#
vate the implicit metho( an( to &pecify a time &tep &iIe. =nter the termination time -&ing the
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ÀPPENDIX P
"7#2 C2PP=53BL PD LS-DYNA R7.0
NCO5T'OLOT='.B52TBO5 7eywor( Cthe time &tep &iIe an( termination time m-&t 9e nonIero,
9-t will otherwi&e 9e ignore( a& LS#3452 will pre&ently H-&t comp-te the eigenval-e& an( &top.D
8&e the NCO5T'OLOB.PLBCBTO=B>=5M2L8= 7eywor( to in(icate the (e&ire( n-m9er of eigen#
val-e& an( fre;-ency range& of intere&t. +or 9e&t acc-racy, a (o-9le preci&ion ver&ion of LS#3452
&ho-l( 9e -&e( for eigenval-e analy&i&.
2 nonlinear implicit &im-lation i& typically (ivi(e( into &everal &tep&. Bn a (ynamic &im-lation,
the&e are time steps. Bn a &tatic &im-lation, the&e are .oad steps. .-ltiple &tep& may 9e -&e( to (i#
vi(e the nonlinear 9ehavior into managea9le piece&, to o9tain re&-lt& at interme(iate &tage& (-ring
the &im-lation, or perhap& to re&olve a partic-lar fre;-ency of motion in (ynamic &im-lation&. Bn
each &tep, an e;-ili9ri-m geometry i& &o-ght which 9alance& internal an( external force& in the mo(#
el. The non.inear e3uation so.+er perform& an iterative &earch -&ing one of &everal 5ewton 9a&e(
metho(&. 1on+er6en/e of thi& iterative proce&& i& o9taine( when norm& of (i&placement an(For en#
ergy fall 9elow -&er#pre&cri9e( tolerance&.
Control parameter& for the nonlinear e;-ation &olver are inp-t -&ing the 7eywor( NCO5T'OL
OB.PLBCBTOSOL8TBO5. By (efa-lt, the progre&& of the e;-ili9ri-m &earch i& not &hown to the
&creen. Thi& o-tp-t can 9e activate( either -&ing the 5LP'B5T inp-t parameter, or interactively
toggle( on an( off 9y entering X?ctrl#c@ nlprintY. The 9ox 9elow &how& a typical iteration &e;-ence,
where the norm& of (i&placement C(-F-D an( energy C=iF=$D are (i&playe(. ,hen the&e norm& are
re(-ce( 9elow -&er pre&cri9e( tolerance& C(efa-lt 1.$e#% an( 1.$e#2, re&pectivelyD, e;-ili9ri-m i&
reache( within &-fficient acc-racy, the iteration proce&& i& &ai( to have /on+er6ed, an( the &ol-tion
procee(& to the next time &tep.
BEGIN 3:>- <3-/ 3
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3:>- . 1.5""""E'"1
6877-03 <3-/ <:B- . 5."""""E'"2
I3-713:o0D 1 *|;8|N|8| . 3.4483847E'"1 *E:NE" . 1."""""""EG""
I3-713:o0D 2 *|;8|N|8| . 1.77"6435E'"1 *E:NE" . 2.&3&543&E'"1
I3-713:o0D 3 *|;8|N|8| . 1.6631174E'"3 *E:NE" . 3.7"3"&"4E'"2
I3-713:o0D 4 *|;8|N|8| . &.7"88516E'"5 *E:NE" . &.674&731E'"8
2 ty*i#al *rint1+ut s"+-ing t"e *r+gress +0 t"e n+nlinear eKuati+n s+l/er. By de0ault; t"e *r+1
gress +0 t"e eKuili,rium sear#" is n+t s"+-n t+ t"e s#reen. T"is +ut*ut #an ,e a#ti/ated eit"er
using t"e 3L!)&3T in*ut *arameter; +r intera#ti/ely t+ggled +n and +00 ,y enteringD LM#trl1#@
nl*rintN.
LINEAR EQUATION SOLVER
,ithin each e;-ili9ri-m iteration, a linear &y&tem of e;-ation& of the form KAu = R m-&t 9e &olve(.
To (o thi&, the &tiffne&& matrix K i& inverte( an( applie( to the o-t#of#9alance loa( or re&i(-al R,
yiel(ing a (i&placement increment Au. Storing an( &olving thi& linear &y&tem repre&ent& a large por#
tion of the memory an( CP8 co&t& of an implicit analy&i&.
Control parameter& for &olving the linear &y&tem KAu = R are inp-t -&ing the 7eywor( NCO5T'OL
OB.PLBCBTOSOLM='. Several (ifferent linear e;-ation &olver& are availa9le, incl-(ing (irect
C>a-&&ian eliminationD an( iterative CconH-gate gra(ient, LancIo&D metho(&. 2 &par&e &torage
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ÀPPENDIX P
LS-DYNA R7.0 "7#% C2PP=53BL PD
&cheme i& -&e( to minimiIe memory re;-irement&, which are &till often &-9&tantial. Two option& are
availa9le for matrix reor(ering, allowing no(e& an( element& to 9e n-m9ere( ar9itrarily 9y the -&er.
Bt i& very important to allow eno-gh memory for the &tiffne&& matrix factoriIation to r-n incore.
2ltho-gh the (irect &olver& can r-n o-t#of#core, -&ing (i&7 file& for &cratch &pace, thi& can &low per#
formance 9y 1$$x or more. To view memory re;-irement& for a partic-lar mo(el, &elect LP'B5T]1
on NCO5T'OLOB.PLBCBTOSOLM=', or interactively type X?ctrl#c@ lprintY. S-mmary infor#
mation will 9e printe( to the &creen an( me&&ag file&. 8&e the comman( line option Xmemory]...Y to
increa&e memory -ntil thi& &-mmary report& that the TOT2L 2M2BL2BL= memory i& large eno-gh
that the &olver r-n& XB5CO'=Y. The memory &iIe may al&o 9e &pecifie( on NA=4,O'3.
NONLINEAR EQUATION SOLVER
Several (ifferent nonlinear e;-ation &olver& are availa9le for fin(ing e;-ili9ri-m within each &tep.
2ll are iterative in nat-re. Bn the -u.. Ne*ton method, a new &tiffne&& matrix i& forme( an( inverte(
each e;-ili9ri-m iteration. Thi& i& the mo&t co&tly metho(, 9-t can re;-ire fewer iteration& to reach
e;-ili9ri-m. Bn the modi-ied Ne*ton method, &everal iteration& are performe( -&ing the &ame &tiff#
ne&& matrix. 2fter each iteration, the geometry i& -p(ate( -&ing Au an( a new R i& comp-te(. Thi&
approach re(-ce& co&t 9y avoi(ing &ome forming an( factoring of the &tiffne&& matrix K, 9-t -&-ally
re;-ire& more iteration& to reach e;-ili9ri-m.
The (efa-lt nonlinear e;-ation &olver i& the B+>S &olver, which -&e& a 3uasi$Ne*ton method. Bn
thi& metho(, the inverte( &tiffne&& matrix K i& -&e( for &everal iteration&, 9-t i& improve( after each
iteration -&ing an inexpen&ive ran7 two -p(ate. Bf convergence i& not reache( after 1$ iteration&, or
if di+er6en/e Cincrea&ing RD i& (etecte(, then a new &tiffne&& matrix i& a-tomatically forme( an( in#
verte(. Thi& hy9ri( metho( com9ine& the efficiency of the mo(ifie( 5ewton metho( with the relia#
9ility of the f-ll 5ewton metho(. The n-m9er of iteration& 9etween &tiffne&& matrix reformation& i&
a -&er inp-t, (efa-lting to 1$. Bf a val-e of one i& cho&en, then the f-ll 5ewton metho( i& recovere(.
BEGIN 3:>- <3-/ 1
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3:>- . 1."""""EG""
6877-03 <3-/ <:B- . 1."""""EG""

I3-713:o0D 1 *|;8|N|8| . 2.5517753EG"" *E:NE" . 1."""""""EG""

DI%ERGEN#E ?:067-1<:0= 7-<:;812 0o7>@ ;-3-63-;D
|X!-Y'X!:Y| ? 7.542626&EG"3@ -A6--;< |X!-Y| ? 5."""""""EG""@
183o>13:61224 RE!ORMING <3:550-<< >137:A...

I3-713:o0D 2 *|;8|N|8| . 6."812&35E'"1 *E:NE" . 4."526413E'"1
I3-713:o0D 4 *|;8|N|8| . 1."&741&1E'"2 *E:NE" . 2.3&"7781E'"4
I3-713:o0D 5 *|;8|N|8| . 1."&78787E'"2 *E:NE" . 1.7&1"7&5E'"4
I3-713:o0D 6 *|;8|N|8| . 4.22"1181E'"3 *E:NE" . 4.2557768E'"5
I3-713:o0D 7 *|;8|N|8| . 4.114221&E'"3 *E:NE" . 3."658711E'"5
I3-713:o0D 8 *|;8|N|8| . 1.&7&4757E'"3 *E:NE" . &.1215551E'"6
I3-713:o0D & *|;8|N|8| . 1.7&57653E'"3 *E:NE" . 6.166&48"E'"6
I3-713:o0D 1" *|;8|N|8| . 1.2"2283"E'"3 *E:NE" . 2.&"31284E'"6
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"7#! C2PP=53BL PD LS-DYNA R7.0

ITERATION LIMIT 7-16C-;H 183o>13:61224 RE!ORMING <3:550-<< >137:A...

I3-713:o0D 11 *|;8|N|8| . 5.4"11414E'"4 *E:NE" . 1."553"1&E'"6
The print#o-t a9ove &how& typical 9ehavior of the (efa-lt B+>S nonlinear e;-ation &olver. Two
a-tomatic &tiffne&& reformation& are performe(, initially (-e to (ivergence, an( later when the (e#
fa-lt limit of 1$ iteration& i& excee(e(. By (efa-lt, the progre&& of the e;-ili9ri-m &earch i& not
&hown to the &creen. Thi& o-tp-t can 9e activate( either -&ing the 5LP'B5T inp-t parameter, or in#
teractively toggle( on an( off 9y entering X?ctrl#c@ nlprintY.

K
n+1
-1
= (I +wv
)K
n
-1
(I +vw
)
The B+>S -p(ate) 2 new &tiffne&& matrix inver&e i& approximate( 9y the ol(
&tiffne&& matrix inver&e, an( the o-ter pro(-ct of two caref-lly cho&en vector&.

ELEMENT FORMULATIONS FOR IMPLICIT ANALYSIS
The (efa-lt element form-lation& in LS#3452 are highly efficient, -&ing &ingle point integration.
+or implicit analy&i& it i& generally more effective to -&e more expen&ive element form-lation&
which are le&& &-&cepti9le to ho-rgla&& in&ta9ility. The J-ghe&#Li- 9ric7 element ^2 an( &hell ele#
ment ^0, an( the fa&t &hell ^10 are goo( choice& for implicit analy&i&. Stiffne&& form& of ho-rgla&&
control are recommen(e(, with ho-rgla&& type ^0 re;-ire( for -&e with implicit &oli( element&.
APPLYING LOADS DURING IMPLICIT ANALYSIS
Loa(ing i& applie( -&ing the &ame 7eywor(& a& in explicit analy&i&. Loa( c-rve& are -&e( to control
the magnit-(e of each loa( a& the &im-lation procee(&. Typically, the magnit-(e of each loa( 9egin&
at Iero, an( i& increa&e( to it& f-ll val-e at the en( of the la&t &tep in the &im-lation. Bn thi& ca&e, the
loa( c-rve may 9e (efine( -&ing only two point&.
+or example, con&i(er a &tatic analy&i& where a pre&&-re of 1$$ p&i. i& to 9e applie( in ! &tep&. Since
the analy&i& i& &tatic, the &tep &iIe can 9e cho&en ar9itrarily. +or convenience, choo&e a &tep &iIe of
$.2", giving a termination time of 1.$. +or thi& pro9lem, the loa( c-rve ha& only two point&) C$.$,
$.$D an( C1.$, 1$$.$D. LS#3452 will a-tomatically -&e linear interpolation to (etermine the loa(
magnit-(e at each of the interme(iate &tep&.
Bn a more complex example, con&i(er a &tatic pro9lem with two type& of loa(ing. +ir&t, a &tatic pre&#
&-re of 1$$ p&i. i& to 9e applie(, followe( 9y a pre&cri9e( (i&placement of inche&. Two loa(
c-rve& are -&e( for thi& pro9lem, one to control the pre&&-re, an( one for the (i&placement, a& &hown
9elow. 5otice that the (i&placement i& pre&cri9e( to 9e Iero while the pre&&-re i& applie(, then the
pre&&-re i& hel( con&tant while the (i&placement i& applie(.
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ÀPPENDIX P
LS-DYNA R7.0 "7#" C2PP=53BL PD
1.0
100.0
Problem Time, t
P
r
e
s
s
u
r
e

(
p
s
i
.
)
0.0
2.0
1.0
9.0
Problem Time, t
D
i
s
p
l
a
c
e
m
e
n
t

(
i
n
.
)
0.0
2.0

Loa( c-rve& for a &tatic &im-lation with two loa(ing event&. +or convenience in thi& &tatic
&im-lation, the pre&&-re loa(ing i& &pecifie( to 9egin at time $.$ an( en( at time 1.$, an( the
(i&placement 9egin& at time 1.$ an( en(& at time 2.$.
AUTOMATIC TIME STEP SIZE CONTROL
Bn the mo&t &imple m-lti#&tep nonlinear implicit analy&i&, the -&er &pecifie& the termination time -&#
ing the NCO5T'OLOT='.B52TBO5 7eywor(, an( the time step si8e -&ing the NCO5T'OL
OB.PLBCBTO>=5='2L 7eywor(, an( each &tep i& the &ame &iIe. B-t for many &im-lation&, the
(egree of nonlinearity varie& thro-gh the co-r&e of the analy&i&. Bn thi& ca&e the &tep &iIe &ho-l( i(e#
ally 9e varie( &-ch that &olving for e;-ili9ri-m in each &tep i& e;-ally (iffic-lt. Thi& i& accom#
pli&he( 9y invo7ing a-tomatic time &tep control, -&ing the NCO5T'OLOB.PLBCBTO28TO 7ey#
wor(.
There are two a(vantage& to -&ing a-tomatic time &tep control. +ir&t, the time &tep &iIe i& a-tomati#
cally increa&e( an(For (ecrea&e( in re&pon&e to the nonlinearity of the analy&i&. 5onlinearity i&
mea&-re( &imply 9y the n-m9er of iteration& re;-ire( to reach e;-ili9ri-m. 2n a((itional a(vantage
i& that if the e;-ili9ri-m &earch fail& (-ring a time &tep, LS#3452 (oe& not terminate. Bn&tea(, the
&tep i& a-tomatically repeate( -&ing a (ifferent &tep &iIe. Thi& proce&& of 9ac7ing -p an( retrying
(iffic-lt &tep& len(& m-ch per&i&tence to the analy&i&, an( i& often the only proce(-re for &olving
highly nonlinear pro9lem& &hort of a(H-&ting the &tep &iIe man-ally.
The inp-t parameter& for a-tomatic time &tep control allow &pecification of the optimum num?er o-
e3ui.i?rium iterations per step. Thi& in(icate& how har( LS#3452 &ho-l( wor7 in each time &tep.
Bf e;-ili9ri-m i& reache( in fewer than optim-m iteration&, the &iIe of the next &tep i& increa&e(, an(
li7ewi&e if the e;-ili9ri-m &earch re;-ire& more than the optim-m n-m9er of iteration&, then the
next &tep &iIe i& (ecrea&e(. .inim-m an( maxim-m limit& for &tep &iIe are al&o inp-t.
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ÀPPENDIX P
"7#0 C2PP=53BL PD LS-DYNA R7.0
IMPLICIT STRESS INITIALIZATION
2 common application of the implicit metho( i& to perform &tatic &tre&& initialiIation for an explicit
(ynamic calc-lation. Thi& can 9e (one -&ing two in(ivi(-al calc-lation&, or 9y &witching metho(&
(-ring a calc-lation. Bn the fir&t approach, the 7eywor( NB5T='+2C=OSP'B5>B2CAOLS3452
i& -&e( to generate a Z(ynainZ o-tp-t file at the en( of the &im-lation. Thi& file i& written in 7eywor(
format at the en( of the &im-lation, an( contain& N5O3=, N=L=.=5T, an( NB5BTB2LOST'=SS
(ata The (ynain file can 9e incl-(e( into a &econ( inp-t (ec7 to initialiIe the explicit (ynamic
analy&i&.
LS#3452 can &witch Zon#the#flyZ 9etween the implicit an( explicit metho(&. To -&e thi& feat-re,
(efine a c-rve which in(icate& which form-lation to -&e a& a f-nction of &im-lation time. +orm-la#
tion &witching inc-r& no overhea(, an( may 9e performe( &everal time& (-ring a &im-lation. See the
B.+L2> parameter on the NCO5T'OLOB.PLBCBTO>=5='2L 7eywor( for more information.
TROUBLESHOOTING CONVERGENCE PROBLEMS
Convergence of the nonlinear e;-ili9ri-m iteration proce&& pre&ent& one of the greate&t challenge& to
-&ing the implicit mo(e of LS#3452. Below are &ome -&ef-l tro-9le&hooting approache&)
=igenval-e 2naly&i&
.any convergence pro9lem& in &tatic implicit analy&i& are ca-&e( 9y -ncon&traine( rigi( 9o(y
mo(e&. The&e are create( when an in&-fficient n-m9er of con&traint& are applie( to the mo(el, or
when in(ivi(-al mo(el part& are left (i&connecte(. =igenval-e analy&i& i& an excellent (iagno&tic
tool to chec7 for the&e pro9lem&.
To perform an eigenval-e analy&i&, &imply a(( the NCO5T'OLOB.PLBCBTO=B>=5M2L8= 7ey#
wor( to an implicit inp-t (ec7. 8&e the fir&t parameter 5=B>M]2$ to comp-te the lowe&t 2$ mo(e&.
Then view the fre;-encie& in the o-tp-t text file Xeigo-tY an( animate the mo(e &hape& in the 9inary
o-tp-t file (%eigv -&ing LS#P'=POST. Loo7 for fre;-encie& which are nearly Iero. 2(( con#
&traint& a& nece&&ary to eliminate -ncon&traine( motion.
3%BT=' Plot 3ata9a&e
To (iagno&e convergence tro-9le which (evelop& in the mi((le of a &im-lation, get a pict-re of the
(eforme( me&h. 2(H-&t the (%plot o-tp-t interval to pro(-ce an o-tp-t &tate after every &tep lea(ing
-p to the pro9lematic time.
2n a((itional 9inary plot (ata9a&e name( X(%iterY i& availa9le which &how& the (eforme( me&h (-r#
ing each e;-ili9ri-m iteration. Thi& o-tp-t i& activate( an( (e#activate( interactively 9y entering
Z?ctrl#c@ iterationZ. Miew thi& (ata9a&e -&ing LS#P'=POST. 5ote that &tre&& (ata i& not incl-(e(.
+re;-ently the pro9lem will 9ecome o9vio-&, e&pecially a& (eformation i& magnifie(.
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ÀPPENDIX P
LS-DYNA R7.0 "7#7 C2PP=53BL PD
Pre&cri9e( .otion with 3eath Time
2 common &tatic analy&i& pro9lem occ-r& when &mall contact gap& exi&t 9etween part& at time]$.
2n example i& a loa(#(riven p-nch which (eform& a panel, with a &mall initial contact gap. Thi&
create& in&tantaneo-& -ncon&traine( rigi( 9o(y mo(e& -ntil contact 9etween part& i& e&ta9li&he(.
CThe&e mo(e& will 9e o9vio-& in an eigenval-e analy&i&, a& (e&cri9e( a9ove.D To overcome thi&
pro9lem, apply a pre&cri9e( motion 9o-n(ary con(ition to move the part& into contact. Once contact
i& e&ta9li&he(, -&e the optional (eath time to X7illY the pre&cri9e( motion, an( allow the applie(
force or pre&&-re to provi(e f-rther loa(ing. .onitor reaction force& from the pre&cri9e( motion,
an( a(H-&t the applie( loa(& to match rea&ona9ly well at the (eath time.
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ÀPPENDIX Q
LS-DYNA R7.0 "/#1 C2PP=53BL SD
APPENDIX Q: User Defined Weld Failure
The a((ition of a -&er wel( fail-re &-9ro-tine into LS#3452 i& relatively &imple. The 8,=L3+2BL
&-9ro-tine i& calle( every time &tep when OPT]2 i& &pecifie( in .2TOSPOT,=L3. 2& (ata, the
i(entification n-m9er for the &potwel( material, &ix con&tant& &pecifie( in the inp-t 9y thfe location&
5'' thro-gh .TT, the ra(i-& of the cro&& &ection of the &potwel(&, the c-rrent time, an( the c-rrent
val-e& of the re&-ltant& for the &potwel(&, which are &tore( in array ST'', are pa&&e( to the &-9ro-#
tine. The &-9ro-tine loop& over the wel(& from L+T thro-gh LLT, an( &et& the val-e& of the fail-re
flag array +L2>.
S)BRO)TINE )ELD!AIL?IDELDHSTRRH!AILH!IBLH#MHTTHL!THLLT@
#******************************************************************
#| LI%ERMORE SO!TARE TE#,NOLOGY #ORPORATION ?LST#@ |
#| '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' |
#| #OPYRIG,T 2""2 MO,N O. ,ALL()ISTH LST# |
#| ALL RIG,TS RESER%ED |
#******************************************************************
#
#*** SPOTELD !AIL)RE RO)TINE
#
#*** LO#AL #OORDINATESD * IS TANGENT TO BEAMH Y R + ARE NORMAL
#
#*** %ARIABLES
# IDELD '''' ELD ID N)MBER
# STRR '''''' STRESS RES)LTANTS
# ?1@ A*IAL ?* DIRE#TION@ !OR#E
# ?2@ Y S,EAR !OR#E
# ?3@ + S,EAR !OR#E
# ?4@ MOMENT ABO)T +
# ?5@ MOMENT ABO)T Y
# ?6@ TORSIONAL RES)LTANT
# !AIL '''''' !AIL)RE !LAG
# ." NOT !AILED
# .1 !AIL ELEMENT
# !IBL '''''' LO#ATION ?1H*@ GI%ES T,E SPOTELD DIAMETER
# #M '''''''' 6 #ONSTANTS S)PPLIED BY )SER
# TT '''''''' #)RRENT SIM)LATION TIME
# L!THLLT ''' DO'LOOP RANGE !OR STRR
#
DIMENSION IDELD?*@HSTRR?6H*@H!AIL?*@H#M?*@H!IBL?5H*@
#
#
RET)RN
END
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ÀPPENDIX R
LS-DYNA R7.0 "#1 C2PP=53BL 'D
APPENDIX R: User Defined Cohesive Model
The a((ition of a -&er cohe&ive material &-9ro-tine into LS#3452 i& relatively &imple. The
8.2TiC &-9ro-tine i& calle( every time &tep where i range& from !1 to "$. Bnp-t for the material
mo(el follow& the N.2TO8S='O3=+B5=3O.2T='B2L (efinition. The -&er ha& the option of
provi(ing either a &calar or vectoriIe( &-9ro-tine. 2& (i&c-&&e( in the 'emar7& for the -&er#(efine(
material, the fir&t two material parameter& are re&erve( to &pecify how the (en&ity i& treate( an( the
n-m9er of integration point& re;-ire( for the fail-re of the element.
The cohe&ive mo(el calc-late& the traction& on the mi(#&-rface of the element a& a f-nction of the
(ifference& of the (i&placement& an( velocitie& of the -pper C(efine( 9y no(e& "#0#7#/D an( lower
&-rface& C(efine( 9y no(e& 1#2#%#!D. The (i&placement&, velocitie&, an( the calc-late( traction& are in
the local coor(inate &y&tem of the element, where the fir&t two component& of the vector& are in the
plane of the mi(#&-rface an( the thir( component i& normal to the mi(#&-rface.
2 &tiffne&& m-&t al&o 9e calc-late( 9y the -&er for the explicit time &tep calc-lation in LS#3452.
Thi& &tiffne&& m-&t provi(e an -pper 9o-n( on the &tiffne&& in all three (irection&.
The material fail& at an integration point when :51:2..378-. +or an element to 9e (elete( from the
calc-lation, the n-m9er of integration point& &pecifie( 9y the &econ( material parameter m-&t fail. Bf
the &econ( parameter i& Iero, element& cannot fail regar(le&& of the &pecification of B+2BL in the -&#
er#(efine( material inp-t.
The following example i& a vectoriIe( mo(el with two ela&tic con&tant& an( fail-re)
<8F7o83:0- 8>13416?:;/173H6>H253H223H56H;AH;A;3H18AH-QH
R :51:2H;31<:BH679@
:0628;- U02P/17>U
6
6*** 9-63o7 6oC-<:9- >13-7:12 8<-7 >o;-2 -A1>/2-
6
6*** 917:1F2-<
6 :;/173 '''' P173 ID
6 6> '''''''' >13-7:12 6o0<3103<
6 253H223 ''' <3173 10; -0; o5 F2o6Q
6 56 '''''''' 6o>/o0-03< o5 3C- 6oC-<:9- 5o76-
6 ;A '''''''' 6o>/o0-03< o5 3C- ;:</216->-03
6 ;A;3 '''''' 6o>/o0-03< o5 3C- 9-2o6:34
6 18A ''''''' C:<3o74 <3o71=-
6 -Q '''''''' >1A. <3:550-<<N17-1 5o7 3:>- <3-/ 61268213:o0
6 :51:2 ''''' ..512<-. 0o3 51:2-;
6 ..378-. 51:2-;
6 ;31<:B '''' 3:>- <3-/ <:B-
6 679 ''''''' 6879- 17714
6
6*** ;AH ;A;3H 10; 56 17- :0 3C- 2o612 6oo7;:013- <4<3->D
6 6o>/o0-03< 1 10; 2 17- :0 3C- /210- o5 3C- 6oC-<:9- <87516-
6 6o>/o0-03 3 :< 0o7>12 3o 3C- /210-
6
6*** 6> <3o71=- 6o09-03:o0
6 ?1@ ." ;-0<:34 :< /-7 17-1
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ÀPPENDIX R
"#2 C2PP=53BL 'D LS-DYNA R7.0
6 .1 ;-0<:34 :< /-7 9o28>-
6 ?2@ 08>F-7 o5 :03-=713:o0 /o:03< 5o7 -2->-03 ;-2-3:o0
6 ." 0o ;-2-3:o0
6 ?3D48@ >13-7:12 >o;-2 6o0<3103<
6
2o=:612 :51:2
;:>-0<:o0 6>?*@H56?02PH*@H;A?02PH*@H;A;3?02PH*@H
R 18A?02PH*@H-Q?*@H:51:2?*@H;31<:B?*@H679?1"1H2H*@

6
-3.6>?3@
-0.6>?4@
-Q:.>1A?-3H-0@
5651:2.6>?5@
6
;o :.253H223
56?:H1@.-3*;A?:H1@
56?:H2@.-3*;A?:H2@
56?:H3@.-0*;A?:H3@
-Q?:@.-Q:
:51:2?:@.56?:H3@.=3.5651:2
-0;;o
6
7-3870
-0;
The &econ( example implement& the Tveergar(#J-tchin&on cohe&ive mo(el with fail-re in 9oth the
vectoriIe( C8.2T!2CD an( &calar C8.2T!%CD form&. 5ote the L+T an( LLT are pa&&e( to the
&calar ver&ion, however their val-e i& Iero.
<8F7o83:0- 8>13426?:;/173H/171><H253H223H5T7163:o0HT8>/_8H;A;3H
R 18AH-QH:51:2H;31<:BH679@
:0628;- U02P/17>U
6
6*** 9-63o7 6oC-<:9- >13-7:12 8<-7 >o;-2 -A1>/2-
6
6*** 917:1F2-<
6 :;/173 '''' /173 ID
6 /171>< '''' >13-7:12 6o0<3103<
6 253H223 ''' <3173 10; -0; o5 F2o6Q
6 5T7163:o0 ' 6o>/o0-03< o5 3C- 6oC-<:9- 5o76-
6 T8>/_8 '''' 6o>/o0-03< o5 3C- ;:</216->-03
6 ;A;3 '''''' 6o>/o0-03< o5 3C- 9-2o6:34
6 18A ''''''' C:<3o74 <3o71=-
6 -Q '''''''' >1A. <3:550-<<N17-1 5o7 3:>- <3-/ 61268213:o0
6 :51:2 ''''' ..512<-. 0o3 51:2-;
6 ..378-. 51:2-;
6 ;31<:B '''' 3:>- <3-/ <:B-
6 679 ''''''' 6879- 17714
6
6*** T8>/_8H ;A;3H 10; 5T7163:o0 17- :0 3C- 2o612 6oo7;:013- <4<3->D
6 6o>/o0-03< 1 10; 2 17- :0 3C- /210- o5 3C- 6oC-<:9- <87516-
6 6o>/o0-03 3 :< 0o7>12 3o 3C- /210-
6
6*** 6> <3o71=- 6o09-03:o0
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LS-DYNA R7.0 "#% C2PP=53BL 'D
6 ?1@ ." ;-0<:34 :< /-7 17-1
6 .1 ;-0<:34 :< /-7 9o28>-
6 ?2@ 08>F-7 o5 :03-=713:o0 /o:03< 5o7 -2->-03 ;-2-3:o0
6 ." 0o ;-2-3:o0
6 ?3D48@ >13-7:12 >o;-2 6o0<3103<
6
6 T9--7=17;',836C:0<o0 >o;-2 F1<-; o0D
6 31Co-N<76N-2->-03<N6oC-<:9-_<87516-N6oC-<:9-_>o;-2<NT9-7=,836C3DT.6//

6 3C- ;-621713:o0 F-2oL :< /7o6-<<-; F4 3C- # /7-/7o6-<<o7 10;
6 :< 7-12*4 o7 7-12*8 ;-/-0;:0= o0 LC-3C-7 LS'DYNA :< <:0=2- o7 ;o8F2-
6 /7-6:<:o0
REAL LHT8>/_8

2o=:612 :51:2
;:>-0<:o0 /171><?*@H5T7163:o0?02PH*@HT8>/_8?02PH*@H
R ;A;3?02PH*@H18A?02PH*@H-Q?*@H:51:2?*@H;31<:B?*@H
R 679?1"1H2H*@

5<:=>1_>1A./171><?3@
5;_6_0./171><?4@
5;_6_3./171><?5@
5L_1./171><?6@
5L_2./171><?7@
5/-01234./171><?8@

5$.5/-01234*5<:=>1_>1AN?5L_1*5;_6_0@

516.>:0?5;_6_0N5;_6_3**2H1.N5;_6_0@

;o :.253H223
8_31 . T8>/_8?:H1@
8_32 . T8>/_8?:H2@
8_0 . T8>/_8?:H3@

7_31 . 8_31N5;_6_3
7_32 . 8_32N5;_6_3
7_0 . 8_0N5;_6_0
L . <P73?7_31*7_31 G 7_32*7_32 G 7_0*7_0@

:5 ?L .23. 5L_1@ 3C-0
<:=F4L.5<:=>1_>1AN5L_1
-2<- :5 ?L .23. 5L_2@ 3C-0
<:=F4L . 5<:=>1_>1ANL
-2<- :5 ?L .23. 1.@ 3C-0
<:=F4L . 5<:=>1_>1A*?1. ' L@N?1. ' 5L_2@NL
-2<-
<:=F4L . "."
:51:2?:@..378-.
-0;:5

5T7163:o0?:H1@ . <:=F4L*7_31*?5;_6_0N5;_6_3@
5T7163:o0?:H2@ . <:=F4L*7_32*?5;_6_0N5;_6_3@
5T7163:o0?:H3@ . <:=F4L*7_0

6 /-0-3713:o0
:5 ?8_0 .23. "@ 5T7163:o0?:H3@.5T7163:o0?:H3@G5$*8_0
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"#! C2PP=53BL 'D LS-DYNA R7.0

6 1//7oA:>13- <3:550-<< 5o7 3:>- <3-/
:5 ?8_0 .23. "@ 3C-0
-Q?:@.516*<:=F4LG5$
-2<-
-Q?:@.516*<:=F4L
-0;:5

-0;;o

7-3870
-0;
<8F7o83:0- 8>13436?:;/173H/171><H253H223H5T7163:o0HT8>/_8H;A;3H
R 18AH-QH:51:2H;31<:BH679@
6
6*** <61217 6oC-<:9- >13-7:12 8<-7 >o;-2 -A1>/2-
6
6*** 917:1F2-<
6 :;/173 '''' /173 ID
6 /171>< '''' >13-7:12 6o0<3103<

6 253H223 ''' <3173 10; -0; o5 F2o6Q
6 5T7163:o0 ' 6o>/o0-03< o5 3C- 6oC-<:9- 5o76-
6 T8>/_8 '''' 6o>/o0-03< o5 3C- ;:</216->-03
6 ;A;3 '''''' 6o>/o0-03< o5 3C- 9-2o6:34
6 18A ''''''' C:<3o74 <3o71=-
6 -Q '''''''' >1A. <3:550-<<N17-1 5o7 3:>- <3-/ 61268213:o0
6 :51:2 ''''' ..512<-. 0o3 51:2-;
6 ..378-. 51:2-;
6 ;31<:B '''' 3:>- <3-/ <:B-
6 679 ''''''' 6879- 17714
6
6*** T8>/_8H ;A;3H 10; 5T7163:o0 17- :0 3C- 2o612 6oo7;:013- <4<3->D
6 6o>/o0-03< 1 10; 2 17- :0 3C- /210- o5 3C- 6oC-<:9- <87516-
6 6o>/o0-03 3 :< 0o7>12 3o 3C- /210-
6
6*** 6> <3o71=- 6o09-03:o0
6 ?1@ ." ;-0<:34 :< /-7 17-1
6 .1 ;-0<:34 :< /-7 9o28>-
6 ?2@ 08>F-7 o5 :03-=713:o0 /o:03< 5o7 -2->-03 ;-2-3:o0
6 ." 0o ;-2-3:o0
6 ?3D48@ >13-7:12 >o;-2 6o0<3103<
6
6 T9--7=17;',836C:0<o0 >o;-2 F1<-; o0D
6 31Co-N<76N-2->-03<N6oC-<:9-_<87516-N6oC-<:9-_>o;-2<NT9-7=,836C3DT.6//

6 3C- ;-621713:o0 F-2oL :< /7o6-<<-; F4 3C- # /7-/7o6-<<o7 10;
6 :< 7-12*4 o7 7-12*8 ;-/-0;:0= o0 LC-3C-7 LS'DYNA :< <:0=2- o7 ;o8F2-
6 /7-6:<:o0
REAL LHT8>/_8

2o=:612 :51:2
;:>-0<:o0 /171><?*@H5T7163:o0?*@HT8>/_8?*@H
R ;A;3?*@H18A?*@H679?1"1H2H*@

5<:=>1_>1A./171><?3@
5;_6_0./171><?4@
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ÀPPENDIX R
LS-DYNA R7.0 "#" C2PP=53BL 'D
5;_6_3./171><?5@
5L_1./171><?6@
5L_2./171><?7@
5/-01234./171><?8@

5$.5/-01234*5<:=>1_>1AN?5L_1*5;_6_0@

516.>:0?5;_6_0N5;_6_3**2H1.N5;_6_0@

8_31 . T8>/_8?1@
8_32 . T8>/_8?2@
8_0 . T8>/_8?3@

7_31 . 8_31N5;_6_3
7_32 . 8_32N5;_6_3
7_0 . 8_0N5;_6_0
L . <P73?7_31*7_31 G 7_32*7_32 G 7_0*7_0@

:5 ?L .23. 5L_1@ 3C-0
<:=F4L.5<:=>1_>1AN5L_1
-2<- :5 ?L .23. 5L_2@ 3C-0
<:=F4L . 5<:=>1_>1ANL
-2<- :5 ?L .23. 1.@ 3C-0
<:=F4L . 5<:=>1_>1A*?1. ' L@N?1. ' 5L_2@NL
-2<-
<:=F4L . "."

:51:2..378-.
-0;:5

5T7163:o0?1@ . <:=F4L*7_31*?5;_6_0N5;_6_3@
5T7163:o0?2@ . <:=F4L*7_32*?5;_6_0N5;_6_3@
5T7163:o0?3@ . <:=F4L*7_0

6 /-0-3713:o0
:5 ?8_0 .23. "@ 5T7163:o0?3@.5T7163:o0?3@G5$*8_0

6 1//7oA:>13- <3:550-<< 5o7 3:>- <3-/
:5 ?8_0 .23. "@ 3C-0
-Q.516*<:=F4LG5$
-2<-
-Q.516*<:=F4L
-0;:5

7-3870
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ÀPPENDIX S
LS-DYNA R7.0 0$#1 C2PP=53BL SD
APPENDIX S: User Defined Boundary Flux
2 -&er (efine( 9o-n(ary fl-x interface i& provi(e( in LS#3452 where it i& po&&i9le to (efine the
thermal heat fl-x Cpower per &-rface areaD in or o-t of a &-rface &egment a& an ar9itrary f-nction of
temperat-re an( hi&tory. The -&er may a&&ociate hi&tory varia9le& with each in(ivi(-al fl-x interface
an( al&o -&e loa( c-rve&.
The -&er fl-x interface i& invo7e( -&ing the 7eywor( NBO8532'4O+L8LOOPTION# Thi& i& ac#
compli&he( with the parameter 5JBSM. ,hen it i& (efine( with a val-e greater than $, the -&er &-9#
ro-tine
<8F7o83:0- 8<7528A?52H52/HO@
i& calle( to comp-te the fl-x C52@ (efine( a& heat CenergyD per time an( per &-rface area.
Other parameter& that are pa&&e( to the -&er fl-x &-9ro-tine incl-(e the &egment no(al temperat-re&
at the previo-& CT
$
D an( c-rrent time CT
1
D, the &egment no(al coor(inate& an( the time integration
parameter _. 2l&o, the c-rrent thermal &im-lation time t, the time &tep t an( average &egment tem#
perat-re CT
_
D at time t[_t i& provi(e( together with the c-rve array for acce&&ing (efine( loa(
c-rve& in the 7eywor( inp-t file. +or comp-ting loa( c-rve val-e&, note that loa( c-rve B3& nee( to
9e tran&forme( to internal n-m9er& or the &-9ro-tine crvval &ho-l( 9e -&e(, &ee the appen(ix on -&er
(efine( material& for (etail&.
The &egment coor(inate& availa9le in the &-9ro-tine are &-ch that the o-twar( normal vector follow&
the well#7nown right#han( r-le, th-& &egment& corre&pon(ing to the lower &-rface of thic7 thermal
&hell& are rever&e( 9efore pa&&e( to the &-9ro-tine. +or &hell& in general, the &egment connectivity
&ho-l( follow the connectivity of the act-al &hell element to avoi( pro9lem&.
Optionally, the -&er may (efine the (erivative of the fl-x 52 with re&pect to the average &egment
temperat-re CT
_
D at time t[_t, 52/. Thi& val-e i& -&e( in the nonlinear thermal &olver for a&&em#
9ling the correct &tiffne&& matrix an( m-&t 9e &et 9y the -&er. Bf po&&i9le, it i& recommen(e( to -&e a
val-e that reflect& the nonlinearity of the fl-x mo(el, otherwi&e the val-e $ &ho-l( 9e -&e(.
2n array of hi&tory varia9le&, i(entical with the inp-t parameter& (efine( in the 7eywor( inp-t file,
are pa&&e( to the &-9ro-tine that can 9e -p(ate( with time or 7ept con&tant thro-gho-t the &im-la#
tion. 2n example of -&age wo-l( 9e to integrate the fl-x with time to 7eep trac7 of the (i&&ipate(
energy per &-rface area in or(er to &im-late the effect& of &pray cooling in hot#&tamping.
<8F7o83:0- 8<7528A?52H52/HAH30/2H302H0o;-<H
. 12/C1H13:>-H13->/H;3H3:>-H5C<9H05C<9H679@
#******************************************************************
#| LI%ERMORE SO!TARE TE#,NOLOGY #ORPORATION ?LST#@ |
#| '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' |
#| #OPYRIG,T ] 2""7 MO,N O. ,ALL()ISTH LST# |
#| ALL RIG,TS RESER%ED |
#******************************************************************
6
6 )<-7 <8F7o83:0- 5o7 Fo80;174 3C-7>12 528A
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0$#2 C2PP=53BL SD LS-DYNA R7.0
6
6 P87/o<-D To ;-5:0- 3C-7>12 528A /171>-3-7 ?C-13 /-7 <87516- 17-1 10;
6 3:>-@
6
6 %17:1F2-<D
6
6 52 . 528A :03-0<:34 ?o83/83@
6 52/ . 528A :03-0<:34 ;-7:913:9- L73 13->/ ?o83/83@
6 A?3H0o;-<@ . =2oF12 <-=>-03 6oo7;:013-< ?:0/83@
6 30/2?0o;-<@ . 3->/-71387-< 13 3:>- 3:>- ?:0/83@
6 302?0o;-<@ . 3->/-71387-< 13 3:>- 3:>-';3 ?:0/83@
6 0o;-< . 08>F-7 o5 0o;-< :0 <-=>-03 ?3H4 o7 6@ ?:0/83@
6 12/C1 . 3:>- :03-=713:o0 /171>-3-7 ?:0/83@
6 13:>- . 3:>-G?12/C1'1@*;3
6 13->/ . 19-71=- <-=>-03 3->/-71387- 13 3:>- 13:>-
6 ;3 . 3:>- <3-/ <:B- ?:0/83@
6 3:>- . 3:>- 13 LC:6C 3C- 0-L 3->/-71387- :< <o8=C3 ?:0/83@
6 5C<9?05C<9@ . 528A C:<3o74 917:1F2-< ?:0/83No83/83@
6 05C<9 . 08>F-7 o5 528A C:<3o74 917:1F2-< 5o7 3C:< <-=>-03
6 ?:0/83@
6 679 . 6879- 17714 ?:0/83@
6
:0628;- U02P/17>U
;:>-0<:o0 A?3H*@H30/2?*@H302?*@
;:>-0<:o0 5C<9?*@H679?2P1H2H*@
6
6 D-5:0- 528A F4 2:0-17 6o09-63:o0
6 3C13 o/3:o01224 ;-614< ?:0 10 1;'Co6 L14@ 1< /oL-7
6 ;:<<:/13-< 57o> <87516-
6
6 5C<9?1@ . 6o09-63:o0 6o-55:6:-03
6 5C<9?2@ . 1>F:-03 3->/-71387-
6 5C<9?3@ . 3o312 1>o803 o5 -0-7=4 /-7 <87516- 17-1 191:21F2-
6 5C<9?4@ . ;:<<:/13-; -0-7=4 /-7 <87516- 17-1 13 6877-03
6
C6o0.5C<9?1@
3:05.5C<9?2@
52:0.C6o0*?3:05'13->/@
:5 ?05C<9.=3.2@ 3C-0
P.?1.'5C<9?4@N5C<9?3@@N
. ?1.G.5*;3*52:0N5C<9?3@@
52/.'P*C6o0
:5 ?P.=3.1.@ 3C-0
P.1.
52/.'C6o0
-2<-:5 ?P.23.".@ 3C-0
P.".
52/.".
-0;:5
52.P*52:0
5C<9?4@.5C<9?4@G;3*.5*52
5C<9?4@.>:0?5C<9?3@H5C<9?4@@
-2<-
52.52:0
52/.'C6o0
-0;:5
6
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ÀPPENDIX S
LS-DYNA R7.0 0$#% C2PP=53BL SD
7-3870
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LS-DYNA Manual Vol1 971R700

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LS-DYNA Manual Vol1 971R700

Cargado por

Copyright:

Formatos disponibles

LS-DYNA

KEYWORD USER'S MANUAL

i& the velocity for a no(e, :

relate& to the velocity of the Het centerline, :

= u , in the &ame way a& the &tan(ar( LS#3452

= u, at the (i&tance, , from the foc-& of the Het i& calc-late(

Mol-me of fl-i( in -ncompre&&e( &tate,

-niver&al ga& con&tant C/.%1! 5m F mole AD

an( the total angle o will have the following rela#

(t) an( :cl(t) c-rve& in the NS=CTBO5OPOB5T

(t) CLCB3 1 i& from control vol-me mo(el inp-tD.

. CPlea&e rea( the 9egin#

can 9e either con#

ver&-& time, &ee N3=+B5=OC8'M=)

ver&-& time, &ee N3=+B5=OC8'M=)

(e p) i& a vi&co-& coefficient of the =rg-n#type poro-& flow e;-ation in the i

(e p) i& an inertial coefficient of the =rg-n#type poro-& flow e;-ation in the i

(e p)D are re;-ire( inp-t for poro-& &oli( co-pling.

) an( the appropriate weighting factor& (w

i& the ith fre;-ency Cra(ian&F-nit timeD an(

i& the corre&pon(ing mo(al (amping parame#

i& the (eformation gra(ient. o

= 1 i& written to the o-tp-t

= u i& written to the o-tp-t

(0). The -&er &pecifie& the val-e for r with '3B++'.

(0). The -&er &pecifie& the val-e for r with '3B++T.

) of the ma&ter element CN=L=.=5T

). The interpolation i&

) of the ma&ter element CN=L=.=5T

). The interpolation i&

i& the (eforme( config-ration an( X

i& the -n(eforme( config-ration. By -&ing thi& option,

i& the fl-i( velocity

. 3epen(ing on the (efinition of LCB3 thi& val-e i&

, where i& the &ectorial area.

(t), an( :cl(t). The&e %

D an( inlet velocity.

) i& the &-m of internal

, then ga& mixt-re average &tatic temperat-re i& relate( to the

), i = 1 . . . 1uu, &tore( in the array 679 together with a

, the energy per -nit c-rrent vol-me,c

= ith component of the isopaiametiic cooiuinate ianging fiom-1 to 1,

(enoting the mate#

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