CAPITOLUL 3 http://info.smf.ktu.lt/Edukin/zurnalas/archi !/pdf/"#$#%"#&%"#'(#)/*%"#+aprana iciut !,P!rminas,+inkiaro a.pdf http://---.cor-in.com/upm.data/33/0/,And!rson.pdf Th! 1!n!tics of cr!ati it2. Andrea Kuszewski: 3 Th!r! is anoth!

r commonalit2 4!t-!!n th! famous 3cr!ati !s5 m!ntion!d !arli!r. 6ot onl2 -!r! th!2 all !7tr!m!l2 tal!nt!d and inno ati !8 4ut th!2 all had familial links to ps2chopatholo92.Einst!in:s son -as +chizophr!nic8 as -as Picasso:s moth!r. ;ir9inia <oolf committ!d suicid!8 and it -as susp!ct!d that +chizophr!nia or =ipolar >isord!r -as pr!s!nt in h!r famil2 tr!!. On! could -ond!r ho- such cr!ati ! 9!nius!s had a si4lin9 -ith +chizophr!nia8 or moth!rs -ith =ipolar >isord!r. ?o- could that 9!n! pool produc! such !ff!cti !l2 and succ!ssfull2 cr!ati ! indi iduals@ 3
As was discussed at the beginning of the chapter, early interest in the relationship between genius and madness centered on the possibility that schizophrenia is the form of madness connected with creativity. This assumption was derived from Freudian theory, which assumed that schizophrenic thought was based more directly on primary process than is ordinary thinking. Therefore, to the degree that creative thinking also depends on primaryprocess thinking, it was hypothesized that there might be a link between the presence of schizophrenia and creativity. As already discussed, over the last ! years researchers concentrated instead on the relationship between bipolar disorder and creativity, in part because empirical fi ndings indicated that the thought processes in normal creative individuals were more similar to those of persons with bipolar disorder than those of schizophrenics. "n addition, we have seen that studies have indicated that relatives of bipolar patients produced high levels of creative accomplishment in their lives. #ore recently, however, interest has turned again to the possibility that aspects of schizophrenia may be related to creativity. The Schizophrenia Spectrum $ike bipolar disorder, schizophrenia is now looked upon as being a spectrum of disorders %&chuldberg, '!!!('!!)*, ranging from less+ severe levels of mental disorder to full+ blown psychosis. &chizophrenic psychosis is characterized by a cutting off of the individual from reality: "ndividuals suffering from schizophrenia are often withdrawn from the world, with fl at affect,a lack of emotional responsiveness or inappropriate emotional responsiveness to events,and what can be a lack of general responsiveness to e-ternal events. &chizophrenics also e-perience hallucinations and delusions, further cutting them off from the world. &chizophrenia has, in the history of research

on mental illness, usually been characterized as a disorder based on problems in thinking. Two kinds of thought disorder can be seen in schizophrenics: disorders in the content and in the form of thought. .isordered content of thought is seen in ideas that are false, delusional, deviant, and bizarre %&chuldberg, '!!!('!!)*. "t should be noted that delusions are not limited to persons with schizophrenia/ some individuals with bipolar disorder also e-perience delusions. The disordered form of schizophrenic thought is seen when one e-am %pag. 0)* ines how thoughts fl ow: how thoughts occur in se1uence, how they are linked one to another, and how they are communicated linguistically. &chizophrenic thought has several distinguishing formal characteristics, among which are illogical patterns in thinking. A male schizophrenic might reason as follows: 2ou are a beautiful woman/ " am beautiful as well/ therefore, " am a woman. &chizophrenic thought is also characterized by loose associations, where the link from one thought to another cannot be followed by another person, and impoverished speech, which is accompanied by unusual and idiosyncratic language, including the making up of new words. Thought disorder is also seen in bipolar patients, which raises the 1uestion of whether different conditions are involved, but presently it is believed that the thought disorder in bipolarity is of a different type from that in schizophrenia. Among other differences, bipolar individuals produce speech that is more comprehensible to the listener, and the structure of their thinking usually can be followed. &chizophrenia is characterized by thinking that is uni1ue to each individual. #ilder disorders along the schizophrenia spectrum are seen as schizotypal and schizoid personality disorders %&ass, '!!!('!!)*. "ndividuals with these disorders show such characteristics as emotional coldness and diffi culty in maintaining intimacy in human relationships, which sometimes manifests itself as social an-iety/ they also show unconventionality or eccentricity in behavior, which may manifest itself as a belief in special powers, such as the ability to sense events before they occur or to read others3 thoughts. Schizophrenia and Creativity 4ecent e-aminations of the relationship between schizophrenia and creativity have followed the lead of studies of bipolarity and creativity by concentrating on milder forms of the disorder. Full+ blown schizophrenia, with its delusions, hallucinations, and lack of engagement with the world, would seem to be antithetical to creative thinking. Kinney and colleagues %'!!!('!!)* used the $ifetime 5reativity &cales to e-amine creative accomplishment in a uni1ue set of individuals: 6ach was a normal person with one parent who suffered from schizophrenia, and each had also been adopted and raised by nonschizophrenic individuals. "t has been concluded that, like bipolarity, schizophrenia has a strong genetic component %e.g., Kinney et al., '!!!('!!)/ &traube et al., )778/ but see 9oseph, )777, for a dissenting view*. Thus, as in the research on bipolarity, it was assumed that the set of adopted individuals with one schizophrenic parent carried some of the genes for schizophrenia but not the full complement, since they, unlike the parent, did not present with the disorder. The adopted individuals with

one schizophrenic parent were each matched for age, se-, age at adoption, %pag 0'* and socioeconomic status with an adopted individual who had no family history of schizophrenia, who served as a control. 5ompared with the matched control group, the adopted offspring of one schizophrenic parent e-hibited higher levels of peak creative accomplishment on the $ifetime 5reativity &cales %Kinney et al., '!!!('!!)*. Furthermore, when the creativity levels of the adopted+ out children of one schizophrenic parent were e-amined further, it was found that those individuals who e-hibited more schizophrenic traits, but who, it must be emphasized, were not schizophrenic, e-hibited the highest levels of creativity. That is, the highest levels of creative accomplishment were shown by those adoptees who e-hibited the schizophrenic symptoms of magical thinking, odd thinking, and recurring illusions. To the surprise of Kinney and colleagues, the relationship between schizophrenic tendencies and creative accomplishment also held in the normal control group: :ormal individuals in the matched control group who e-hibited milder symptoms of schizophrenia were more creative than control+ group members who did not. Kinney and colleagues also found that the pattern of creative accomplishment in the schizophrenic adoptee group was different in one important way from that found in the relatives of bipolar individuals. As noted earlier, relatives of bipolar individuals showed more creative achievement in their professional lives/ in contrast, the adopted offspring of the schizophrenic parents showed more creative achievement in their avocations, such as their hobbies. Kinney and colleagues e-plained this pattern with the assumption that the personality characteristics of the adoptees of one schizophrenic parent,most importantly, social an-iety,probably interfered with professional careers in areas re1uiring creative thinking: They were concerned about receiving negative evaluation from others. Avocational interests, on the other hand, can be pursued on one3s own, with little fear of evaluation by others, so the adoptees with one schizophrenic parent would feel more comfortable pursuing such activities in their private lives. &ass %'!!!('!!)* has recently e-amined the broader 1uestion of what factors play a role in determining why psychopathological symptoms might be related to creative achievement. ;e has proposed that there are certain characteristics of the postmodern and post+ postmodern movements in the arts that might increase the likelihood that individuals who e-hibit some schizophrenic symptoms might participate in them. Those movements, which developed during the second half of the twentieth century, are noted for a <coolness= and an ironic posture, as the artist maintains an attitude of remove from the world so as to comment on it as an outsider. A clear e-ample of an individual taking such a position would be Andy >arhol. Those characteristics,coolness, irony, and remove,also describe the %pag )0 * individual who has the schizotypal or schizoform personality, so it is possible that such individuals would fi nd the postmodern art world a comfortable

environment. This postmodernist philosophy of aesthetics opens for &ass the possibility of a relationship between creativity and the schizophrenic spectrum based on the particular characteristics of the spectrum of schizophrenic disorders. Those conditions have in common a lack of affect or peculiar e-pressions of affect/ apathy and withdrawal from the world/ and an indifference to events in the world %&ass, '!!!('!!), p. ?)*. "t seems that the person e-periencing such symptoms might feel comfortable in postmodern artistic activity. Thus, in addition to characteristics of thinking that might contribute to creative accomplishment, there is also a broader issue concerning personality characteristics that play a role in determining whether an individual is comfortable in such a career in the fi rst place. The differing value systems advocated by different historical movements in art would change the selection factors that infl uence who would be attracted to a career in art. As a further e-ample of the relationship between an artistic movement and personality factors, &ass notes that the artists whom 9amison %e.g., )77 * discusses as probably suffering from bipolar disorder are typically members of the 4omantic movement, in which a passionate involvement in one3s art was an e-pected characteristic of the artist. @eople with the high degrees of energy, emotional outfl ow, and fl amboyance characteristic of the bipolar spectrum might have been attracted to the artistic milieu of the 4omantic era. @ursued further, &ass3s reasoning would mean that the personality characteristics found in creative individuals might change depending on the prevailing philosophy of the arts, which might emphasize different personal aspects of the artist. &ass also notes that the schizophrenia spectrum of disorders has often been looked upon by researchers as being akin to dementia, with an accompanying belief that those individuals are capable of little or nothing in terms of intellectual achievement. ;e takes the work demonstrating a possible connection between characteristics of schizophrenia and creative accomplishment as evidence that such individuals are not incapable in such domains. A study by $udwig %)77A* provides some fascinating data that can be taken as support for &ass3s %'!!!('!!)* hypothesis concerning the relationship between creativity and psychopathology, and, more specifi cally, as evidence of a relationship between psychopathology and the content of a creative domain. $udwig studied the biographies of eminent individuals in a broad range of creative fi elds and used them to determine whether the individual had some form of mental disorder at some point in life. $udwig %pag 08* concluded that if one differentiates fi elds into <logical, obBective, and formal= versus <intuitive, subBective, and emotional= %e.g., science versus art*, one fi nds clear differences in the fre1uencies of psychopathology: &cientists are much less likely to suffer from psychopathology than are artists. Furthermore, the same pattern holds within the sciences and arts themselves: "f one compares the <harder= or more obBective sciences with the <softer= social sciences, for e-ample, one fi nds higher rates of psychopathology in

the latter. &imilarly, if one differentiates between more+ and less+ formal or more+ and less+ emotional domains within the arts, one sees less lifetime psychopathology in the more+ formal, less+ emotional domain: For e-ample, less psychopathology is evident in architecture than in the performing arts %e.g., music, dance* or e-pressive arts %e.g., literature, visual arts*. And if one goes still deeper, one sees the same pattern within each domain: "n painting, say, those who practice more emotional styles show more psychopathology than painters working in more formal styles. $udwig concluded on the basis of his analysis that there is a relationship between psychopathology and forms of creative e-pression: The more a profession relies on emotion, subBectivity, and personal e-pression, the greater the chances that members of that profession will e-hibit psychopathology. $udwig believes that his results show that people who are less emotionally stable may be drawn to certain professions %or to certain subdomains within a given profession*. This conclusion is consistent with &ass3s view, although $udwig3s analysis does not focus on schizophrenia. Schizophrenia and Creativity: Conclusions 4ecent work on the possible relationship between schizophrenia and creativity represents a return to a hypothesis that was investigated a number of years ago and then set aside. ;owever, recent research has approached the 1uestion from a different perspective: "nstead of building on the assumption that creative thought processes might be facilitated by schizophrenic tendencies, the present work e-amines the possibility that personality characteristics might play a role in an individual3s choice of an artistic career. &o the postulated connection between schizophrenia and creativity has changed drastically over the years. %pag 0C*
'PA1 &)

This has carri!d o !r to th!ir pr!s!nc! -ithin th! Aa9ical Id!ation +cal!8 a scal! that ass!ss!s positi ! dim!nsions of schizot2p2 and -as d!si9n!d to 4! an indicator of lat!r ps2chotic 4r!akdo-n in thos! -ho ar! curr!ntl2 ps2cholo9icall2 h!alth2 'Eck4lad B Chapman8 $0C3). E7tr!m! scor!rs on th! Aa9ical Id!ation +cal! ma2 ind!!d 4! at risk of ps2chosis8 4ut thos! -ho attain a4o ! a !ra9! scor!s ma2 r!fl!ct an 3anomal2.pron! p!rsonalit25. L2nn !t al. '$00*) su99!st!d that th! o !rlap 4!t-!!n fantas2 pron!n!ss and ma9ical id!ation indicat!s that ma9ical id!ation is not patholo9ical per se and ma2 r!fl!ct ima9inati ! t!nd!nci!s8 -hich -! consid!r could 4! associat!d mor! -ith cr!ati it2. Ind!!d8 ma9ical id!ation has pr! iousl2 4!!n associat!d -ith cr!ati it2

'=E6I16 +C?IDOTIPE. ?OLT)

FELATIA >I6TFE CFEATI;ITATE +I TFA+ATUFA +C?IDOTIPALA >E PEF+O6ALITATE:

Pa9 33 'schizot2p2:s shap!)

In addition8 a factor anal2sis of an old!r m!asur! of fantas2 pron!n!ss su99!st!d that a compon!nt charact!riz!d 42 ima9ination that 4lurs th! lin! 4!t-!!n r!alit2 and da2dr!amin9 is r!lat!d much mor! stron9l2 to m!asur!s of schizot2p2 'as -!ll as oth!r m!asur!s of ps2chopatholo92 and th! CEG) than a compon!nt charact!riz!d 42 childhood fantas2 and curr!nt cr!ati it2 'Hlin9!r8 ?!nnin98 B Ianss!n8 "##0). In total8 th! findin9s r! i!-!d a4o ! su99!st that a4sorption and fantas2.pron!n!ss it!ms ha ! a plac! in th! schizot2p2 domain8 at l!ast at th! p!riph!r28 particularl2 in th! ar!a of ma9ical thinkin9 and unusual p!rc!ptual !7p!ri!nc!s.