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Question Bank Mobile Computing (ETEC 407) B. Tech. Computer Science & Engineering VII Semester
Q1. Differentiate between signal and data.
Ans. The term data represents message or information where the signal is the representation of data, and it is also termed as information bearing signal. Q2. What is a periodic signal? Ans. In a signal if a particular signal pattern repeats over a time period systematically it is a periodic signal. Q3. What is a Aperiodic signal? Ans. In a signal if the same signal pattern does not repeat itself over a time period it is known as Aperiodic signal. Q4. Give an example for periodic and aperiodic signals. Ans. a. periodic signal x (t + T) = x(t). where - < t < + b. Aperiodic signal x (t + T) x(t). Q5. Define wavelength. Ans.The wavelength of a signal represents its distance or range it takes for one cycle. It is denoted as . Wavelength = c/f the
Q6. What is a bandwidth? Ans. Bandwidth is the range of frequencies and represented as BW = f2 f1, where f1 f2 are the first and last frequencies of the signal graph. Q7. Define attenuation. Ans. It is nothing but reduction in signal strength mainly at higher frequency ranges, and at receiving end this attenuated signal has reduced voltage levels. Q8. Draw the diagram of multiplexing. Ans. M U X D E M U X Outputs
One link
Input
Q11. What are the multiple access schemes? Ans. a) FDMA b) TDMA c) CDMA
Q12. What is personal communication? Ans The vision for the emerging mobile and personal communication services and system is to enable communication with a person, at any time, at any place, and in any form. Besides providing unlimited reach ability and accessibility, this vision for personal communication is also underlines the increasing need for users of communication services to be able to manage their individual calls, and services according to their real time needs.
Q13. What are the different kinds of mobility? Ans. Terminal mobility: Terminal mobility systems are characterized by their ability to locate and identify mobile terminals as it moves, and to allow the mobile terminal to access telecommunication services from any location-even while it is in motion. Terminal mobility is associated with wireless access and requires that the user carry a wireless terminal and be with in a radio coverage area. Personal mobility: personal mobility on the other hand , relies on a dynamic association between the terminal and the user, so that the call delivery and billing can be based on a personal identity assigned to a user. Personal mobility systems are therefore characterize by their ability to identify
Q14 . Define guard band. Ans. It is unused (dummy) frequency inserted with actual spectrum to reduce adjacent channel interference to enhance accuracy.
Q15. What are the types of spread spectrum and differentiate them? Ans. a) FHSS - Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum b) DSSS Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum..
FHSS Signal is transmitted in random series at fixed time intervals. Synchronization between transmitter and receiver is a must.
Q16. Define a cell. Ans. The smallest geographical area covered by wireless communication is said to be a cell.
Q17. What are the shapes related to a cell? Ans. In early days three shapes namely. a. Circle b. Square c. Hexagon
were suggested for a cell. But coverage of signal was very accurate with hexagonal shaped cells and in later stage it was taken as standard.
Q18. Define BTS. Ans. BTS is the base transceiver station available in each cellular region.
Q22. What is mobility management? Ans. Mobility management is one of the major functions of a GSM or a UMTS network that allows mobile phones to work. The aim of mobility management is to track where the subscribers are, allowing calls, SMS and other mobile phone services to be delivered to them. Q 23.What is frequency reuse in cellular systems? Ans. The key characteristic of a cellular network is the ability to re-use frequencies to increase both coverage and capacity. As described above, adjacent cells must utilize different frequencies, however there is no problem with two cells sufficiently far apart operating on the same frequency. The elements that determine frequency reuse are the reuse distance and the reuse factor. The reuse distance, D is calculated as
where R is the cell radius and N is the number of cells per cluster. Cells may vary in radius in the ranges (1 km to 30 km). The boundaries of the cells can also overlap between adjacent cells and large cells can be divided into smaller cells. The frequency reuse factor is the rate at which the same frequency can be used in the network. It is 1/K (or K according to some books) where K is the number of cells which cannot use the same frequencies for transmission. Common values for the frequency reuse factor are 1/3, 1/4, 1/7, 1/9 and 1/12 (or 3, 4, 7, 9 and 12 depending on notation).
Cells with the same number have the same set of frequencies. Here, because the number of available frequencies is 7, so the frequency reuse factor is 1/7. That is each cell is using 1/7 of available cellular channels. Q 24. What is cluster? Ans. A cluster is a group of cells. No channels are reused with in a cluster. Figure shows 7-cell cluster.
Q25. List all the services provided by GSM. a) Tele services. b) Bearer services. Q26. What are the services provided by supplementary services? Ans. User identification Call redirection Call forwarding Closed user groups Multiparty Communication
c) Supplementary services.
Q27. What are the different managements under GSM protocol architecture? Ans. (i) Mobility management (ii) Connection management (iii) Radio resource management (iv) Message transfer Q28. What is a TCH/H GSM channel? Ans. It is half rate traffic channel that supports traffic channels with half-rate speech coding. It can use up to 16 slots in one frame with a data rate of 11.4 kbps/sec. Q29. What are the common control channels? Ans.The common control channels (CCCH) are used for call establishment and they are basically one way channels.
Q36. What is meant by GPRS? Ans. The General Packet Radio Service provides packet mode transfer for applications that exhibit traffic patterns such as frequent transmission of small volumes. Q37. What is the function of an AuC? Ans.The authentication center (AuC) maintains copy of secret key that is stored in each and every subscribers SIM card. It is used to protect users database.
Ans.
(i) Radius of a cell = 4 miles Area covered by cell = 50 square miles. For 7 cell reuse pattern Area covered by cluster = 7*50 = 350 square miles. So, no. of cells required to cover 1300 square miles is 28. (ii)No. of channels per cell = total no. of channels/no. of cells in a cluster Available frequency = 40MHz Channel bandwidth = 60 KHz No. of channels available = 40 MHz/60KHz = 666 channels No. of channels per cell = 666/7= 95 channels per cell. (iii)total number of subscriber that can be served =666*4 = 2664 subscribers.
Q43. If a total of 33 MHz of bandwidth is allocated to a particular cellular system which uses two 25 KHz Simplex channels to provide full Duplex voice. Compute the number of channels available per cell if the system uses: (i) 4 cell reuse (ii) 7 cell reuse
Q44. What are the functions of MSC in network and switching subsystem? Ans. (i) It is like a normal switching node for PSTN fixed telephone and for cellular subscribers of the same network. (ii)It is possible to have functions like registration, location updating, and authentication, call routing etc. Q45. State the requirements of mobile IP. Ans. i. Compatibility ii. Transparency iv Security
Q46. What is COA? How is it assigned? Ans. Care-or address (COA): The COA defines the current location of the MN from an IP point of view. There are two different possibilities for the location of the COA: Foreign agent COA Co-located COA Q47. How does a MN identify that it has moved? Ans. Mobile IP describes two methods: agent advertisement and agent solicitation, which are in fact router discovery methods plus extensions. Q48. What are the contents of mobility binding? Ans. Mobility binding containing the mobile nodes home IP address and the current COA. Additionally, the mobility binding contains the lifetime of the registration which is negotiated during the registration process. Q49. Define encapsulation. List the types of encapsulation. Ans. Encapsulation is the mechanism of taking a packet consisting of packet header and data and putting it into the data part of new packet. The reverse operation, taking a packet out of the data part of another packet, is called decapsulation. IP-in-IP encapsulation 9 | Saurabh Gupta, AP - CSE
Q50. State any 4 features of IPv6. Ans. No special mechanisms as add-ons are needed for securing mobile IP registration. Every IPv6 node masters address auto configuration the mechanisms for acquiring a COA are already built in. Neighbor discovery as a mechanism mandatory for every node is also included in the specification; special foreign agents are no longer needed to advertise services. Combining the features of auto configuration and neighbor discovery means that every mobile node is able to crate or obtain a topologically correct address for the current point of attachment. Every IPv6 node can send binding updates to another node, so the MN can send its current COA directly to the CN and HA.
Q51. State the layers in WAP architecture. Ans. Transport layer Security layer Transaction layer Session layer Application layer Q52. What are the different security levels offered by WTLS? Ans. (i) Privacy (ii) data integrity (iii) authentication Q53. How is reliability achieved in WTP? Ans. (i) duplicate removed (ii) retransmission (iii) acknowledgements (iv) unique transaction identifier. Q54. What are the functions of WSP? Ans. (i) session management (iii)content encoding
Q55. List any 4 basic features of WML. Ans. (i) Text and images representation. (ii) User interaction (ii) Navigation (iv) Context management.
Q59. What is a GEO? Ans. The communication satellite (GEO) orbits in geo stationary orbit which is at 36000 km above earth's surface. The satellite revolves with same speed as that of the earth (1 Rev / day) that revolves around sun.
Q60. What are examples of global mobile satellite system? Ans. (i) Iridium (ii) Teledesic (iii) Global star Q61. Give three specifications of Global star and Iridium systems. Ans. Characteristic System type Data speed Launched year Global star LEO 7.2 kbps 1999 Iridium LEO 2.4 kbps 1998
DSSS,FHSS
6,9,12,18,24,36,48,54 1 7.2, 14.4, 21.7, 28.9, 43.3, 57.8, 65, 72.2/ 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 135, 150 4
Q68. What is WLL? Draw the WLL setup diagram. Ans. WLL is a system that connects subscribers to the local telephone station wirelessly. It is based on: Cellular Satellite (specific and adjunct) Microcellular Its Other names: Radio In The Loop (RITL) Fixed-Radio Access (FRA). A general WLL Setup
Q69. State the modes possible when the slave is in connection state in Bluetooth. Ans. (i) Active (ii) Sniff (iii) Hold (iv) Park
Q70. What are elements available under link security of Bluetooth technology? Ans. (i) Authentication (ii) Key management (iii) Encryption Q71. What is a LMP? List three security services under LMP. Ans. It is link manager specification that is responsible for radio link between the master and slave in Bluetooth. This protocol also involves message exchanges in the form of LMP-PDUs. a) Authentication b) Change link key c) Encryption Q72. What is Bluetooth? List few functions of Bluetooth. Ans. It is a low power short range wireless standard and it can operate in situations where several users are involved. At the maximum eight different devices can communicate in a network using this standard.
(i) It can make call from a headset (wireless) to a mobile phone which is at a distant place. (ii) It can trigger MP3 players on some other machines to download audio signals like music in wireless environment. (iv) It mainly eliminates cables in many user applications. Q73. Differentiate piconet and scatternet in Bluetooth technology. Ans. (i) Piconet It is a basic network supported by Bluetooth standard where one master and seven slaves (total eight devices) can interact. (ii) Scatternet A device in one piconet either a master or slave can interact with other device that is overlapping of one piconet on other piconet is possible and termed as a Scatternet. Q74. What is an IrDA standard? Ans. IrDA is a standard that is specified by Infrared Data Association formed in the year 1993. It was developed mainly to enhanced point-to-point or point-to-multipoint communication. It is dependant on line of sight (LOS) operation. The infrared rays can be used wherever LOS is preferred and useful for this indoor consumer applications. Q75. What are the specifications of IrDA? Ans. The IrDA standard 1.0 supports the data rate up to 115.2 kb/sec. for the range up to 1m and next version IrDA 1.1 developed later supports data transfers up to 35 times faster when compared to IrDA 1.0.
Q76. What are the new specifications supported by current Bluetooth? Ans. The short range Bluetooth technology is improved for meeting the distance of 100m in open air and 30 m within building infrastructures for its operation. It works with data rate of 1 Kbps. Q77. What re the two kinds of profiles in Bluetooth 1.1 version? Ans. The two main profile classification is nine application profiles and four system profile and as a whole thirteen profiles are supported by Bluetooth 1.1 version. Q78. What are the system profiles used in Bluetooth 1.1 version? Ans. The system profiles are generic object exchange, object push, file transfer and synchronization profiles.