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Important Notice
Conservation Biology
Focus on primary threats to biodiversity Habitat degradation (3/10) Habitat fragmentation (8/10) Overexploitation (15/10) Species invasion (17/10) Climate change (22/10) Approaches to solving conservation problems Protected areas (24/10) Endangered species conservation (29/10)
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Lecture Outline
Habitat destruction Patterns of habitat transformation on land and in the sea Causes of habitat destruction
Human activities Pollution
Habitat Destruction
Habitat destruction: dramatic change in natural habitat that no longer supports the species Habitat loss: extreme changes in habitat that make them unable to support more than a faction of original functions and species Habitat transformation Habitat conversion
Habitat Transformation
Deforestation
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11
Deforestation of Paraguay
12
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Grassland Threats
14
Grassland Threats
Global warming Poor agricultural practices Change in species composition Cultivation of domestic livestock Urbanization Application of pesticides
15
Freshwater Systems
Degradation of freshwater systems through water diversions, dams, and extensive wetland losses The Aral Sea story
16
Loss of Wetlands
17
Marine Ecosystems
Many populations heavily reply on marine resources for food and income Other possible threats:
River diversion Overfishing Destruction of coral reefs Pollution Climate change
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Agriculture
20
Agriculture
21
Extractive Activities
22
Urbanization
23
25
27
Chemical Pollution
Oil spill Heavy metals Endocrine disrupting chemicals
28
Eutrophication
29
30
31
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Biodiversity Hotspots
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Crisis Ecoregions
Conservation risk index (CRI) of threat
Ratio of % of habitat converted to human uses to % protected by biome/ ecoregion
Endangered Vulnerable
35
Wilderness Protection
Identify and protect the natural, intact habitat (wilderness areas) Critical importance for intact floral and faunal assemblages, ecosystem services, traditional lifestyles of tribal peoples
36
Other Approaches
Global Forest Watch: provide real-time forest monitoring system to fight against deforestation
Satellite images Mapping software On-the-ground observation
37
Summary
Habitat destruction and degradation is the largest threat to biodiversity. Habitat destruction caused by agriculture, extraction, pollution, etc. Habitat loss is reserved for severe impacts that all or nearly all species are affected, and long recovery times. Efforts to protect remaining natural habitats have centered on settling priorities to govern where conservation efforts are focused.
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References
1. Conservation Biology for All
Chapter 4: Habitat destruction: death by a thousand cuts (p.73 p87)
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