1

CHAPTETR 1 INTRODUCTION

In

this

modern

age,

due

to

the

overgrowing

demand

of

electrical energy, thesize and complexity of power systems is growing equally.The main components of an electrical power system comprise of generating stations, transmissionlines and distributed systems apart from various other controlling equipment. The generating stations comprising of turbines and generators convert the mechanical energy in the form of water pressure or steam pressure to electrical energy.Generated electricalenergy is then transmitted to the distributed stations through the transmission lines. The transmission lines also help in connecting one power system to the other for various reasons. It forms a power transmission link between the load centres and the generating stations, which may be situated large distances apart due to various technical and economical considerations.

1.1TRANSMISSION LINES In a power system the transmission line plays an important role in transmitting electrical energy from the generating stations to the load centres.They may be viewed as the arteries of the power system withthe generating stationbeing the heart.The availability of a well developed, high capacity transmission system makes it economic and feasible to transmit large blocks of electrical energy over long distances.

It would be definitely better, if the same amount of electrical energy is transmitted over a transmission line having lesserinstallation cost or the power transmissioncapability of an transmission line is increased.

A transmission line can be represented by the various parameters like resistance, inductive reactance, shunt capacitance and shunt conductance. The shunt conductance which is mostly due to leakage currents over the insulators is almost always neglected in power transmission lines. Out of these parameters the inductive reactance of the line is the most predominant one. In a power system, where alternators are connected to the

transmissionlines, the power transfer takes place as per the equation given below: P= [V1][V2]/X. sin Hence from the above equation it can be concluded that the power transfer can be increased by 1. Increasing V1 and V2 i.e sending and receiving end voltages. 2. Increasing i.e the load angle 3. Decreasing X i.e reactance of the transmission line.

By increasing the voltage levels the problems of providing the necessary switch gears and insulators increases. At the same time the cost of transmission tower increases. For , we cannot increase it to a value as we wish because the problem of stability comes. The value of is kept within certain range.Therefore the only possibility left is by decreasing the value of X i.e the total reactance of the line. It can be done by inserting a series capacitor

in the line. Hence the value of total reactance becomes: X= Xe Xc Where Xe is the total reactance of the line and Xc is the total capacitance of the line. Power transfer capability can be increased if the series compensation is increased by increasing the value of Xc. 1.2SERIES COMPENSATED SYSTEM Series capacitor compensation of transmission lines offers an economical proposition to increase power transfer capability of the existing lines. When compared to other alternatives of increasing transmission capability via additional transmission lines. Series capacitor compensation is also better from the point of overall economics, system performance & environmental impact.consider an radial system as shown in figure1.1

Figure1.1Radial Series Compensated System

In uncompensated system,the most significant part is the voltage drop in the line reactance due to the reactive component of load current. In India the demand for power is increasing day by day. Though there is lot of power generated in power stations but most of the power is lost as transmission losses while transmitting bulk amount of power from generating station to load centers. In order to keep the voltage in the network at nearly the rated value we go for series compensated system. When the series capacitors are used to compensate the transmission line in order to improve power handling capacity

1.3EFFECT OF SERIES COMPENSATION Series capacitor compensationin AC transmission systems is an economical means to increase load carrying capability control sharing among parallel lines and enchance transient stability. however, capacitors in series with transmission lines may cause subsynchrous oscillation that can lead to turbine generator shaft failure and electrical instability at oscillation frequencies lower than the normal system frequency. Therefore, by increasing the percentage of series compensation which in turns increase subsynchrous oscillation. Subsynchronous oscillation is an electrical power system condition where the electrical network exchanges energy with turbine generator at one or more of the natural frequencies of the combined system below the synchronous

frequency.Any series electrical system comprising of resistance, inductance & capacitance possess a resonance frequency n which can be defined by the expression n=1/ (LC). An any suddenly applied disturbance will result in the

production of the circuit current, which has this frequency regardless of the

frequency of the voltage source. The electrical resonance frequency fe is given by fe = fo/ ((1/k)+Xs/(k*Xe) Where, k is degree of compensation = Xc/Xe Xe: is the reactance of series capacitor. Xs: is the subtransient reactance of generator including ransformer. Xe: is line reactance. fo: is system frequency It is to be noted that fe<fo since k<1. Due to dynamic interaction between turbine generator & series capacitor compensated system two turbine generator shaft failures occurred in

SouthernCalifornia Edison Company at Mohave generating station. These failure have s been extensively analyzed & they can be attributed to an interaction between the series capacitor compensated transmission system & one of the torsional natural frequencies of the turbine generator. Turbine-generator electromechanical interaction with series capacitors has historically been known as the phenomena of Sub synchronous oscillations.

CHAPTER 2 SUBSYNCHROUS OSCILLATION 2.1 INTRODUCTION Subsynchronous oscillation is an electrical power system condition where the electrical network exchanges energy with turbine generator at or more of the natural frequencies of the combined below the synchronous frequency.SSO

occurs mainly in series capacitor compensated transmission system. Subsynchronous oscillations occurs due to their interaction between

capacitors and nearby turbinegenerator. Turbinegenerators have rotating shaft systems comprised of large nertial masses that are interconnected with shafts that actas springs. These large masses and shafts create torsional resonant frequenciesIf the transmission line resonant frequency is close to the complementary mechanical system frequency of the generating machine, then the two oscillatory systems can interact with each other.SSO,which causes shaft fatigue and possible damage or failure of the generator. Hydropower units are generally considered to be at low risk of torsional mode instability due to their high generator-to-tur-bine inertia ratio and the large viscous damping torque acting on the turbine runner. Thermal power production units risk torsional instability as a result of electromechanical interaction with series capacitors or power system controllers. 2.2TYPES OF SUBSYNCHROUS OSCILLATION Subsynchronous oscillations (SSO) is a collective term for torsional oscillations, electrical oscillations or a combination of the two at frequencies below fundamental frequency.SSO occurs when a natural frequency of a series compensated transmission system coincides with system. Under such circumstances, the turbine-generator shaft system oscillates

at a frequency corresponding to the torsional mode frequency and unless corrective action is taken, the torsional oscillations can grow and may result in shaft damage in a few seconds. categorisaation of subsynchrous oscillationsrefer to the following

conditions.active power countrolling devices;multiple rotating mass elements series compensated transmission system;positive feedback of torsional

oscillations frequency in close range of a subsynchrous electrical oscillation complement frequency;electrical oscillations in the subsynchrous frequency range unfortunate clearing time of a transmission system fault;insufficient modal damping ;insufficient electrical damping.
2.3 PHENOMENON OF SSO

For the discussion of SSO a simple system, consisting of turbine-generator connected to a single series compensated transmission line is considered. The turbine-generator has only two masses connected by a shaft acting as a torsional spring. There are damping elements between the two masses and each mass has a damping element.The electrical system has a single resonant frequency, fer, and the mechanical spring-mass system has a single natural frequency, fn. The electrical system may be a complex grid with many series compensated lines resulting innumerous resonance frequencies fer1, fer2, fer3, etc. Likewise, the turbine-generator may have several masses connected by shafts (springs), resulting in several natural torsional frequencies (torsional modes) fn1, fn2, fn3, etc. Hence, the system is adequate to present the physical principles of SSR. For any electric system disturbance, there will be armature current flow in the three phases of the generator at frequency fer.

Figure2.lturbine and generator connected to a series compensated line

The positive sequence component of these currents will produce a rotating magnetic field at an angular electrical speed of 2 fer. Currents are induced in the rotor winding due to the relative speed of this rotating field and the speed of the rotor. The armature magnetic field, rotating at an angular frequency of fer, interacts with the rotors dc field, rotating at an angular frequency of fo, to develop an electromagnetic torque component on the generator rotor at an angular frequency of fo-fer. This torque component contributes to torsional interaction . 2.4TYPES OF SSO INTERACTION There are many ways in which the system and the generator may interact with sub synchronous effects. We mention three of those that are of particular interest: 2.4.1 Self Excitation Effect 2.4.2 Torsional Interaction Effect 2.4.3 Transient Torque Amplification

2.4.1SELF EXCITATION In a power system employing series capacitor compensated transmission line, elect rical sub synchronous currents entering the generator terminals produces

subsynchronous terminal voltage components. These voltagecomponents may sust ain the currents to produce the effect that is called self excitation. There are two ty pes of self excitation: one involving electrical and theother involving both electrica l and mechanical turbine generator dynamics. Accordingly to resonance phenomena can be classified into two categories: Induction generator effect Torsional interaction
INDUCTION GENERATOR EFFECT

Induction generator effect is caused by self excitation of the electrical system. The resistance of the rotor to sub synchronous current, viewed from the armature terminals, is a negative resistance. The network also presents a resistance to these same currents that is positive. However, if the negative resistance of the generator is greater in magnitude than the positive resistance of the network at the system natural frequencies, there will be sustained sub synchronous currents. This is the condition known as the "induction generator effect." Any electrical disturbance like load changes, line tripping etc. will cause natural frequency currents with frequency fe<fo flow in the lines.These subsynchronous currents flowing through the alternator armature produce a rotating magnetic field that will rotate at speed equal to (fe/fo) times the normal rotor speed. Since the rotor is moving more rapidly than this magnetic field, the induction generator action results, the slip (as far as this subsynchronous mmf is concerned) is

10

negative. Therefore when viewed from the generator terminals the rotor offfers negative resistance. When this negative resistance is equal to or greater than positive network resistance at the resonant frequency fe the currents are sustained & will grow in magnitude.

Figure 2.2 self excitation effect If the negative resistance is less than the positive resistance, the net resistance is still positive & the subsynchronous current set up by the disturbance are damped out in the course of time. This is purely an electrical phenomenon. The possiblity of self-excitation is indicated by positive real parts of eigen values of the characteristics equations.If the polynomial has a pair of complex conjugate roots with positive real parts. The components of generated voltage builds up, the frequency of which is indicated by the complement of imaginary part of the complex conjugate roots. This is referred to as Asynchronous Self-excitation. If one of the roots of the characteristic equation is positive & real, the generated voltage grows exponentially with the frequency remaining constant at the synchronous frequency. This is referred to as slow or Synchronous Selfexcitation.With no external resistance added, the maximum series compensation that can be provided without self-excitation is called Critical Compensation

11

At subsynchronous current, the rotor resistance is negative (seen from the armature), while the network has a positive resistance to these same currents.If the negative resistance of the generator is greater than the positive resistance of the network at the system natural frequencies, there will be sustained subsynchronous currents, causing the self-excitation of the electrical system electrical oscillations of intolerable level.Since fn < f0, slip is negative. Depending on fn, Reff can be negative. At high degrees of compensation, the apparent negative resistance of the generator may exceed the transmission network resistance,Effectively results in an RLC circuit with negative resistance will result in self-excitation causing electrical oscillations of intolerable levels. 2.4.2TORSIONAL INTERACTION Torsional interaction occurs when the induced sub synchronous torque in the generator is close to one of the torsional natural modes of the turbine generator shaft. When this happens, generator rotor oscillations will build up and this motion will induce armature voltage components at both sub synchronous and super synchronous frequencies. Moreover, the induced sub synchronous frequency voltage is phased to sustain the sub synchronous torque. If this torque equals or exceeds the inherent mechanical damping of the rotating system, the system will become self excited. This phenomenon is called "torsional interaction .Generator rotor oscillations at a torsional mode frequency (fn) induce

armature voltage component of subsynchronous and supersynchronous frequency( fen).

12

Figure 2.3torsional interaction in six masses system

The armature voltage frequency component are related to the torsional made freque ncy by their equation fen= f0 fn where fen is the supersynchrous frequency and fn is the torsional mode frequency When fen is close to fer, the subsynchronous frequencyvoltage is phased to sustain the subsynchornous torque. If the componentof subsynchronous torque in phase with rotorvelocity equals or exceeds the inherentdamping torque of therotatingsystem,thesystem will become self excited.This interplay between the electrical and mechanical system is called torsional interaction

13

EFFECT OF TORSIONAL INTERACTION AND INDUCTION GENERATOR It is important to recognize that induction generator effect and torosional inte ractin are mutually exclusive and will coexist, but are often separated for ease of a nalsis.TheTorsional interaction generally dominates when the subsynchronous Torque is close to the resonance frequency. frequency (fo fer) is close to one of the torsional modesInduction generator effect generally willdominates when the subsynchronous torque frequency(f0 fer) isseparated from the totorsional frequency. There is no clear cut criteria to indicate whichtype of selfexcitation dominates and, in fact, both effects may be significant.

2.4.3TRANSIENT TORQUES AMPLIFICATION

A sudden change of the synchronous frequency current in a series compensated system will produce transient currents at the natural frequencyof the system. If the complement of this natural frequencyis close to the torsional mode frequency of a connected machine, the shaft torque following a system fault will reach levelswhich are much larger than they would in an uncompensated system. This phenomenon is known as transient shaft torque amplication.

Transient torques is those that result from system disturbances. System disturbances cause sudden changes in the network, resulting in sudden changes in currents that will tend to oscillate at the natural frequencies of the network. In a transmission system without series capacitors, these transients are always dc transients, which decay to zero with a time constant that depends on the ratio of inductance to resistance. For networks that contain series capacitors, the transient

14

currents will be of a form similar to above equation, and will contain one or more oscillatory frequencies that depend on the network capacitance as well as the inductance and resistance. In a simple radial R-L-C system, there will be only one such natural frequency, which is exactly the situation described in above equation , but in a network with many series capacitors there will be many such Sub synchronous frequencies. If any of these sub synchronous network frequencies coincide with one of the natural modes of a turbine-generator shaft, there can be peak torques that are quite large since these torques are directly proportional to the magnitude of the oscillating current. Currents due to short circuits, therefore, can produce very large shaft torques both when the fault is applied and also when it is cleared. In a real power system there may be many different sub synchronous frequencies involved and the analysis is quite complex. 2..5FATIGUE DAMAGE Most often, the shaft response is not sinusoidal with a singlefrequency component, but contains contributions from the same peak torque level the torsional fatigue life consumption will be significantly in lower for a multimode response in comparisonto a single mode response. Transient disturbances that can occur either on uncompensated or series capacitor compensated transmissionnetwo rk can remove fatigue life from turbine generator shafts. In where the complete

fracture or separation ofcomponentwould result in a serious damage, it is common to define 100% fatigue life expenditure as the initiation of a crack, rather than gros s failure. Clearly the integrity of turbine generator shaft system falls inthis category When a fault occurs, the whole power system gets disturbed.

15

Following this disturbance, the turbine generator rotor masses will oscillates relativ e to one another at one or more of the turbine mechanical natural frequencies or tor sional modefrequencies, which depends upon the nature of the disturbance andfn conditions. when the mechanical system oscillating under steady state condition conditions at one ofthe natural frequencies, the relative amplitude andphase of the i individual turbine genear rotor elements are fixed and are called the mode shapes torsional motion. Fatigue is a cumulative process. It is not until all the fatigue life is used up that an observable defect such a crack will be obtained Hence for example, if a shaft systm is inspectedand no cracks are identified following a severe torsional duty, as the m majority of the shaft fatigue life may have been consumed. A few relatively a minor disturbances inthe future may then initiate a crack and possible gross failure. 2.5.1HIGH CYCLE FATIGUE High cycle fatique damage occurred due to a large number of low amplitude fluctuations,is characterized by elastic deformation.this fatigue is common in the thermal unit where the masses are larger as mass are larger enough and hence fatique damage is severe.

2.5.2LOW CYCLE FATIGUE Lowcyclefatiqueoccurredduetodamage due to a small number of large amplitude fluctuations characterized by elastic deformation.this fatigue is common in the

hydro unit where the masses are smaller as mass are smaller enough and hence fatique damage is not much severe.

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CHAPTER 3 ANALYSIS OF SUBSYNCHROUS OSCILLATION

3.1INTRODUCTION

Torsional interaction involves energy interchange between the turbinegenerator and the electric network. Therefore, the analysis of SSR requires the represe ntation of both the electromechanical dynamics of the generating unit and the electromagnetic dynamics of the transmission network. As a result, the

dynamic system model used for SSR studies is of a higher order and greater stiffness than the models used for stability studies.

Small-signal

analysis

using

linear

techniques

provides

valuable

information about the inherent dynamic characteristics of the power system and assists in its design. An analytical method useful in the study of small-signal analysis of subsynchronous oscillation. It is believed that by studying the smallsignal stability of the power system, the engineer will be able to find countermeasures to damp all subsynchronous torsional oscillations.
3.2SMALL-SIGNAL ANALYSIS

There are two main analytical methods for small-signal analysis, they are: frequency scanning technique and eigenvalue analysis. The former computes the equivalent impedance as seen from the internal buses of generators looking into the network, for the different values of frequency. This method is particularly suited for preliminary analysis of SSR. The latter is

17

performed with thenetwork and the generator modeled by a system of linear simultaneous differential equations. The results provide both the natural frequencies of oscillation as well as the damping of each frequency. This technique, thus, will be used for conducting the small-signal analysis to provide a comprehensive understanding of the various aspects of the SSR phenomenon. Several analytical tools are available for SSO problems.these tools are generally in the form of digital computer program.the widely used technique for sso analysis are 3.2.1 Frequency Scan Technique(FST) 3.2.2 Eigen value analysis(EVA) 3.2.3 Digital time domain Simulations(DTDS)

3.2.1 FREQUENCY SCAN TECHNIQUE

Frequency scanning studies aid in identifying potential induction generator effect torsional interaction andtransient torque amplification problems. The FST determines the system impendance asa function of frequency viewed from thew neutral of the generator under study. This impedance in conjunction with machine mechanical parameters can be used to estimate negative damping for the active machine torsional modes. This is an approximate linear method used to screen system conditions that are potential SSOproblems and identify those parts of theSystem that do not influence the SSO phenomenon. This program is cost effective as a screening tool. In this FST is been widely used as is as a advantages of detecting and identified the self excitation and transient torque amplification due to ssr phenomenon.

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3.2.2EIGEN VALUE ANALYSIS

Eigenvalue technique are used to examine the effect of different series compensation levels and system configurations on the damping of torsional modes. Eigen value studies can be used to design controllers of SSO

countermeasures and also used to be map constant damping contours for varying compensation levels. For dynamic stability studies, eigenvalue analysis is performed by deriving the linearised model of ac system in the form X=[A] X. The elements of matrix A depends upon the system parameters & operating conditions. For the system to be stable, the eigen values of [A] should lie in the left half of s plane. This method is accurate & provides information on the damping & undamping of all the modes of the system. However it is time consuming methodAlthough eigenvalue technique are extensively used in SSO analysis,they suffer from several shortcomingsThe result are valid only for small perturbations,so they cannot be used to study torque amplification problems. Physical nonlinearities such as magnetic saturation of generators,cannot be easily included in system model.Switching devices are represented by approximated linear transfer functions which neglect the possible impact the possible inmpact of switching on the system behavior.

3.2.3DIGITAL TIME DOMAIN SIMULATIONS

Digital time domain Simulations are used to analyze a broad range of machine network interaction problemsincluding sso.This programs use step by step

numerical integration to solve the set of differential equations representing the overall system.this method is most usefu for the study of torque amplification.the

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ability to accurately model nonlinear device is a distinct advantage of this analytic tool.however it is not well suited for the study of self excitation because it requires long time simulations to assess a case which has small negative damping

3.3TORSIONAL STABILITY IN HYDROUNIT Torsional stability of hydropower units, where torsion refers to the angular displacement between the generator rotor and the runner. Due turbine

to their design, thermal power production units risk

torsional instability as a result of electromechanical interaction with series capacitors or power system controllers. This interaction occurs at sub- synchronous frequencies (<50 Hz) and can be of both electrical and mechanical nature. These phenomena are grouped under the

term subsynchronous oscillations (SSO).Hydropower units are generally considered to be at low risk of torsional instability due to their comparatively high generator-to-turbine inertia ratio and the

supposedly large viscous damping torque acting on the turbine runner

Hydropower units that feed power into transmission systems may

series compensated

be exposed to power oscillations in the

subsynchronous fre- quency range. Hydropower units are more resilient to torsional interaction than for instance thermal units due to their comparatively large inertia ra- tio. However, just like for any other machine, the torsional stability of hyd- ropower units relies on sufcient electrical and mechanical damping if the orsional mode frequency would coincide with the complement frequency of a

subsynchronus power oscillation. The turbine damping does not have a

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decisive inuence on the torsional stability if the electrical damping is sufciently large. Reasonable values of the turbine damping constant can be obtained from load rejection data. A value of 1.26 (pu torque)/(pu speed

deviation) is obtained for G3 when its turbine is spinning in a closed water-lled turbine chamber. At 0.5 pu load, the damping 1.38 pu/pu is obtained. Even if a hydropower unit is operated in the stable region in terms of self excitation, it could possibly be exposed to a harmful shaft torque as a result of super imposed sub and supersynchronous fault currents following upon a fault in the series compensated grid.

3.3.1TORISONAL MECHANICS

The torsional mode of the turbine-generator subsystem is what can accumulate and exchange energy with the electrical subsystem. The mechanical mode shape is largely determined by the generator-to-turbine inertia ratio

where Hg and Ht are the generator and turbine inertia constants, respectively. The node of the oscillation moves closer to the generator as increases. In the absence of damping, the angular deflection is times larger at the turbine end of the shaft than at the generator end . The effective modal inertia is obtained as

21

If frictional losses and material damping (hysteresis) is neglected, the only source of mechanical damping is the speed de- viation between the turbine runner and the surrounding water. Then, the modal damping from mechanical sources can becalculated approximately as

where D n is the turbine damping coefficient . The reason for this square relation is that the energy dissipation per unit time at the runner is proportional to angular velocity deviation times damping torque. The angular velocity deviation is proportional to the amplitude in the angular deflection, i.e., to n . The damping torque is assumed to occur due to viscous forces, which are proportional to the shear stress in the fluid, hence to (angular) velocity deviation, and hence also to n The modal damping can be calculated from the rate of decay of a damped torsional oscillation as

Instead of decrement factor some use the logarithmic decrement which is been given by

logarithmic decrement is more suitable for comparison of the damping contribution between different modes since it is not proportional to the oscillatory frequency.

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3.4MITIGATION OF SUBSYNCHROUS OSCILLATION subsynchrous oscillation will grow when an system is connected to series compensated systemand hence cauce severe damage to the system which cause shaft damage inorder to overcome winding and damping resistor 3.4.1DAMPER WINDING Amortisseur windings on the pole faces of the generator are been dampered Damping is nothing but the process of restricting the oscillations in a system. Torsi onal modedamping quantifies the rate of decay of torsional oscillations at a torsion al mode frequency and can be expressed in several ways. The most easily measured quantity is the ratio of successive peaks of oscillations: the natural logarithm of this ratio is known as the logarithmic decrement or logdec . For slow decay, the logdec is approximately equal to the fraction of decay per cycle. An alternative measure is the time in seconds for the value envelope of decay to decrease to the fraction 1/e of its value from an earlier point inthe time. This measure is the time constant is defined as the decreme nt factor ( n) and is equal to the mode frequency in hertz multiplied by the logde Damping measured by test includes the combined effect of both the mechanical as well as the electrical system damping. In the course of system studies mechanical and electrical system damping are normally represented reduce the oscillation is done by damper

separately. Several factors affect the apparent damping of the torsional modes of vibration.By increasing the damper winding of the generator the the synchrous current induce in the generator is reduced thereby the sso presented between the masses of the system is reduced

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3.4.2 DAMPING RESISTOR

As the size of the electrical network is smallself excitation may occurred.the stability criterion is determined by the total effective resistance of the electrical circuit at the resonance frequency.transmission line are long enough to prevent self excitation even if the complement of the electrical resonance would coincide with the torsional mode frequency. the overall networkresistance is increased and hence self excitation effect is decreased.

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CHAPTER 4 PSCAD SOFTWARE

4.1 INTRODUCTION

PSCAD is the professional's simulation tool for analyzing power systems transients. It is also known as PSCAD. EMTDC is the simulation engine, which is now the integral part of PSCAD. PSCAD is most suitable for simulating the time domain instantaneous responses, also popularly known as electromagnetic transients of electrical systems.The PSCAD Graphical Interface greatly enhances the power and efficiency of your simulation. It allows the user to schematically construct a circuit, run a simulation, analyze the results, and manage the data in a completely integrated graphical environment. 4.2FEATURES IN PSCAD PSCAD Graphical User Interface. Hierarchical: Circuits assembled using basic building blocks can be contained inside modules (also called pages), which can in turn contain more such modules. Simply double-click on one these modules to see the circuit inside. Graphical environment called the Component Workshop. This is the tool used to write/edit all of the components in the Master libraryraphical

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Component Design Tool: You can design your PSCAD components in a completely. Sequencer Components : You can now monitor and control a sequence of events easily using the library of Sequence Components. They can be used to set up complex sequences to control the application of faults, opening/closing of breakers, and waiting for events (such as a zero crossing). The sequences visually indicate their progress during a run. Faster Solution and Memory Efficient Storage: Computationally intensive parts of EMTDC are rewritten to maximize the speed. Network branch models and transmission line models are internally reorganized to provide memory efficient storage Frequency Scan of a Network: Users now can get a impedance profile of a network over a frequency range by using interface to harmonic impedance solution.

4.3SIMULATION DESIGN

4.3.1SYNCHRONOUS MACHINE This component includes an option to model two damper windings in the Qaxis and hence, it can be used as either a round rotor machine or a salient pole machine. The speed of the machine may be controlled directly by inputting a positive value into the w input of the machine, or a mechanical torque may be applied to the Tm input. There are many advanced options included in this component for modeling a synchronous machine. For general use, those parameters identified as 'Advanced' can be left to default values, without changing

26

the expected performance of the machine. These features are aimed mainly at initializing the simulation and to reach the desired steady state quickly.

Figure 4.1 synchrous machine model

The desired steady-state conditions may be known from a load flow. Once the steady-state is reached in the simulation, faults, disturbances etc. may be applied to see the transient response

4.3.2 INTERFACING TO THE MULTI-MASS TORSIONAL SHAFT

If turbine and generator inertial masses and shaft torsional effects are required for your study, the synchrous machine can be easily interfaced with the multimass torsional shaft component as illustrated below

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figure4.2 Multi mass turbine

The multi-mass component is configured for use with the induction machine (For Use With... input parameter set to Sync_Machine), and the machine component is set to enable the multi-mass interface (Multimass Interface input parameter set to ENABLE). Here, the machine is automatically operated in speed control mode supplying the multi-mass component with a calculated electrical torque Te and an mechanical torque signal Tm. The speed control signal w is then generated by the multi-mass component, for input into the machine.

Figure 4.3 INTERFACING TO THE MULTI-MASS TORSIONAL SHAFT

If you want to control the speed of the machine directly, you may enable the multimass interface and connect your speed signal directly to the w input signal. 4.3.3TURBINE MODEL

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In large synchrous machine interact with a power system network. The result can be a sub-synchronous resonance (SSR), which can (and has) literally torn machines shafts apart. The cause of this disaster is the interaction between the mechanical torque placed on turbines and the opposite electrical torque produced by the power system. The resulting torsional stresses on the mechanical connecting shaft, combined with the effect of many masses oscillating back and forth, can be very destructive. A very detailed model of the turbine, generator, and the mechanical shaft, which couples the mechanical and electrical systems, is required to study such phenomena. Turbine model have been developed which can accurately represent the dynamics of many masses connected to a single rotating shaft. The models are presently dimensioned to accommodate 5 masses which comprises 4 turbines, 1 generator and masses can easily be added if the program is re-dimensioned. inaddition, two damping coefficients are included: The self-damping coefficient creates a torque on the specified mass, which is proportional to its own speed. Thus, the self-damping feature could be used to represent friction and windage for each mass. This torque is applied in steady state as well as in transient conditions.

The mutual damping coefficient creates a torque, which is proportional to the difference in speed from one mass to the next. Thus, this coefficient will not produce torques in steady state, but will damp out oscillations between masses. Each mass has its own associated inertia constant which reflects the actual size of the mass on the shaft. The total mechanical torque applied to the shaft can be proportioned among each turbine mass. The electrical torque produced by the electrical power system is applied to the generator mass only and opposes the

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mechanical input torque. In the model a positive electrical torque corresponds to the generation of electrical power.

4.3.4SAMPLE AND HOLD The operation of this block is quite straightforward. The real input in is passed to the output when hold is 0. When hold becomes 1, the output is frozen at its previous output state. In the case of 2 hold inputs, both signals must be 1 for the output to be frozen

Figure4.4sample and hold model

4.3.5TIMED FAULT LOGIC

The output of this component is used specifically for controlling the fault state and duration of fault.The Timed Fault Logic component may be linked to a single phase fault three phase fault

In single phase fault This component simulates a single-phase fault operation, which can be a single-phase-to-ground or a line-to-line fault. The Single-Phase Fault is controlled through a named input signal (default is Fault), where the fault logic is:0 = Cleared,1= faulted.

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FIGURE 4.5 TIMED FAULT LOGIC BLOCK

In three phase fault,This component is used for generating faults on a three phase AC circuit. Line-to-line as well as line-to-neutral faults are available and fault current variable names can be specified in each phase and monitored via output channels if desired. An external connection is supplied to the component so that the user may connect any type of external fault circuit directly to the fault common point
4.3.6SERIES COMPENSATION THROUGH SLIDER

The Variable Real/Integer Input Slider is part of a family of specialized, user-interface controls, where the user can manually adjust the output during a simulation run. This family of components also includes the rotary switch dial, the two state switchand the push button. This component outputs a manually adjustable real or integer type value between a specified maximum and minimum limit. In order to control this component interactively, the user must link it to a Control Panel user-interface.

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CHAPTER 5 SIMULATION

5.1SIMULATION OF MULTI HYDRO UNIT

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5.2SUBSYSTEM OF HYDRO UNIT

Simulation of multi hydro unit is carried out in pscad software three hydro units are connected to the bus through their subsystems hydro unit one is connect to the main unit through their main enable node and similarly the hydro unit two is

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connect to the main unit

through their main enable node.The hydro units are

connect to the series compensated system and byVarying the level of series compensation the output real power and reactive Power of hydro units are simulated. 5.3SIMULATION RESULTS for 50% series compesation of line 5.3.1POWER AND VOLTAGE WAVEFORM OF HYDRO UNIT As the series capacitor level is increased contol.the unit rmsvoltage to50% level through the slider

is been oscillating and when fault occurred the

oscillation is further amplified as shown in the figure5.3

FIGURE5.3 RMS VOLTAGE AND POWER AT FAULT CONDITION

5.3.2REAL AND REACTIVE POWER OF MULTI HYDRO UNIT

As the series capacitor level is increased to50% level through the slider contol real power and reactive power of the unit are been oscillating as as shown in the figure5.4

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FIGURE5.4REAL AND REACTIVE POWERP OF HYDRO UNI

5.3.POWER ANGLE AND MECHANICAL TORQUE OF HYDRO UNIT

As the series capacitor level is increased to50% level through the slider contol power angle and mechanical torque of the unit are been oscillating as as shown in the figure5.4

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FIGURE5.5REAL AND REACTIVE POWERP OF HYDRO UNIT

the real power and reactive power of the hydo unit are been oscilating for different level of compensation.for 50%series compensation the results were obtained

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5.4 SIMULATION OF THERMAL UNIT

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5.5 SIMULATION RESULTS

5.5.1FOR 10% SERIES COMPESATION OF LINE for 10% percentage of series compensation of line the output voltage of the system is increased.during the fault condition the output voltage is futher increased is shown in the figure5.7

Figure5.7voltage waveform for 10% series compensationline for 10% percentage of series compensation of line the capacitor voltage of the system is increased.during the fault condition the capacitor voltage is further increased is shown in the figure5.7

Figure5.7capacitor voltage waveform for 10% series compensation line

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for 10% percentage of series compensation of line torque of the generator becomes negative is increased.during the fault condition the negative torque is further increased is shown in the figure5.8

Figure5.8Electric Torque Waveform for 10% series compensation line

for 10% percentage of series compensation of line the masses of generator and exciter will being the oscillating mode during the fault condition occurred at1.5sec is shown in figure5.9

Figure5.9Generator to exciter waveform for 10% series compensation line

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5.5.2ADDING DAMPER WINDING for 10% percentage of series compensation of line the output voltage of the system is decreased.during the fault condition the output voltage is futher decreased by increased the damper winding is shown in the figure5.10

Figure5.10 voltage waveform with damper winding for 10% percentage of series compensation of line the capacitor voltage of the system is decreasedduring the fault condition the capacitor voltage is further increased which is decrease by increased the damper winding is shown in the figure

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Figure5.11capacitor voltage waveform with damper winding for 10% percentage of series compensation of line torque of the generator becomes negative isdecreased.during the fault condition the negative torque is further decreased by increased the damper winding is shown in the figure.

Figure5.12Electric Torque Waveform with damper winding for 10% percentage of series compensation of line the masses of generator and exciter will being the oscillating modeduring the fault condition occurred at1.5sec is decreased by increased the damper winding is shown in figure5.13

Figure5.13Generator to exciter waveform with damper winding

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for 25% percentage of series compensation of line the output voltage of the system is increased.during the fault condition the output voltage is futher increased is shown in the figurethe capacitor voltage of the system is increased.during the fault condition the capacitor voltage figure5.14 is further increased is shown in the

Figure5.14 capacitor and voltage waveform for 25% series compensation line for 25% percentage of series compensation of line torque of the generator becomes negative is increased.during the fault condition the negative torque is further increased is shown in the figure5.15

Figure5.15Electric Torque Waveform for 10% series compensation line

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for 25% percentage of series compensation of line the masses of generator and exciter will being the oscillating modeduring the fault condition occurred at1.5sec is shown in figure5.16

Figure5.16Generator to exciter torque for 25% series compensation line for 25% percentage of series compensation of line the capacitor voltage of the system is decreasedduring the fault condition the capacitor voltage is further increased which is decrease by increased the damper winding is shown in the figure5.17

Figure5.17 capacitor and voltage waveform with damper winding

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for 25% percentage of series compensation of line torque of the generator becomes negative isdecreased.during the fault condition the negative torque is further decreased by increased the damper winding is shown in the figure5.18

Figure5.18Electric Torque Waveform with damper winding For25% percentage of series compensation of line the masses of generator and exciter will being the oscillating modeduring the fault condition occurred at1.5sec is decreased by increased the damper winding is shown in figure5.19

Figure5.19Generator to exciter waveform with damper winding

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for 75% percentage of series compensation of line the output voltage of the system isincreased.during the fault condition the output voltage is futher increased is shown in the figure

Figure5.20voltage waveform for 75% series compensationline for 75% percentage of series compensation of line the capacitor voltage of the system is increased.during the fault condition the capacitor voltage is further increased is shown in the figure 5.20

Figure5.20 capacitor voltage for 75% series compensationline

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For75% percentage of series compensation of line torque of the generator becomes negative is increased.during the fault condition the negative torque is further increased is shown in the figure5.20

Figure5.20Electric Torque for 75% series compensation line for 75% percentage of series compensation of line the masses of generator and exciter will being the oscillating modeduring the fault condition occurred at1.5sec is shown in figure5.21

Figure5.21Generator to exciter torque for 75% series compensation line

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for 75% percentage of series compensation of line the output voltage of the system is decreased.during the fault condition the output voltage is futher decreased by increased the damper winding is shown in the figure5.22

Figure5.23 voltage waveform with damper winding for 75% percentage of series compensation of line the capacitor voltage of the system is decreasedduring the fault condition the capacitor voltage is further increased which is decrease by increased the damper winding is shown in the figure5.23

Figure5.23 capacitor waveform with damper winding

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for 75% percentage of series compensation of line torque of the generator becomes negative isdecreased.during the fault condition the negative torque is further decreased by increased the damper winding is shown in the figure5.24

Figure5.24Generator to exciter waveform with damper winding For75% percentage of series compensation of line the masses of generator and exciter will being the oscillating modeduring the fault condition occurred at1.5sec is decreased by increased the damper winding is shown in figure5.25

Figure5.25Generator to exciter waveform with damper winding

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5.5.3For50% series compensation of line Resisance at 6.0832 ohm For50% percentage of series compensation of line the resistance of the transmission line is6.0832 ohm the output voltage of the system isincreased.during the fault condition the output voltage is further figure5.26 increased is shown in the

figure 5.26output and capacitor voltage at Resisance at 6.0832 ohm For50% percentage of series compensation of line the resistance of the transmission line is6.0832 ohm torque of the generator becomes negative is increased.during the fault condition the negative torque is further increased is shown in the figure5.27

figure 5.27Electric Torque at Resisance at 6.0832 ohm

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For50% percentage of series compensation of line the resistance of the transmission line is6.0832 ohm he masses of generator and exciter will being the oscillating the fault modeduring condition at1.5sec in figure5.28 is

occurred shown

Figure5.28 Generator to exciter torque at Resisance

at 6.0832 ohm

5.5.4For50% series compensation of line Resisance at 95 ohm For50% percentage of series compensation of line the resistance of the transmission line is95 ohm. the output voltage of the system is decreased.during the fault condition the output voltage is futher resistance of the network is shown in the figure5.29 decreased by increased the

figure 5.29output and capacitor voltage at Resisance at 95 ohm

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For50% percentage of series compensation of line the resistance of the transmission line is 95ohm. torque of the generator becomes negative

isdecreased.during the fault condition the negative torque is further decreased. by increased the resistance of the network is shown in the figure5.30

figure 5.30Electric Torque at Resisance at 95ohm For50% percentage of series compensation of line the resistance of the transmission line is 95ohm. the masses of generator and exciter will being the

oscillating modeduring the fault condition occurred at1.5sec is decreased. by increased the resistance of the network is shown in the figure5.31

Figure5.28 Generator to exciter torque at Resisance

at 95 ohm

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CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSION 6.1THESIS WORK As the level of compensation is increased the subsynchrous oscillation will be higher .SSOis more predominant in the thermal unit as the masses of the thermal unit are larger.subsynchrous oscillation will be comparatively insensitive to the hydro units because the moment of turbine generator ratio are high.self excitation effect caused by sso are prevented by increasing the lengthof transmission line or by increasing the transmission network resistance.simulation of thermal unit and hydro unit are carried out result were compared. 6.2FUTURE
WORK

Torsional interaction between the system and power system controllers such as HVDC systemwill be analysed.Torsional relay is an special relay which is mainly used to reduce the subsynchrous oscillation in the system. This relay will be

designed using pscad. Sso study in fixed and variable wind speed will be analysed.

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REFERENCES 1.C. Bowler, D. Ewart, and C. Concordia, Self excited torsional fre- quency oscillations with series capacitors, IEEE Trans. Power App. Syst., vol. PAS92, no. 5, pp. 1688 1695, Sep. 1973. 2 . L. Kilgore, D. Ramey, and M. Hall, Simplified transmission and generation system analysis procedures for subsynchronous resonance problems, IEEE Trans. Power App. Syst., vol. PAS-96, no. 6, pp. 18401846, Nov. 1977. 3 . A. Fouad and K. Khu, Damping of torsional oscillations in power systems with series-compensated lines, IEEE Trans. Power App. Syst., vol. PAS-97, no. 3, pp. 744 753, May 1978. 4 . I. Canay, A novel approach to the torsional interaction and electrical damping of the synchronous machine part I: Theory, IEEE Trans. Power App. Syst., vol. PAS-101, no. 10, pp. 36303638, Oct. 1982. 5 . I. Canay, A novel approach to the torsional interaction and electrical damping of the synchronous machine part II: Application to an arbi- trary network, IEEE Trans. Power App. Syst., vol. PAS-101, no. 10, pp. 3639 3647, Oct. 1982. 6.IEEE Subsynchronous Resonance Working Group of the System Dynamic Performance Subcommittee Power System Engineering Committee, Terms, definitions and symbols for subsynchronous oscillations, IEEE Trans. Power App. Syst., vol. PAS- 104, no. 6, pp. 13261334, Jun. 1985. 7 . First benchmark model for computer simulation of subsynchronous resonance, IEEE Trans. Power App. Syst., vol. PAS-96, no. 5, pp. 15651572, Sep. 1977.

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8. Readers guide to subsynchronous resonance, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 7, no.1, pp. 150157, Feb. 1992. 9 . P. Kundur, Power Systems Stability and Control. New York, NY, USA: McGraw- Hill, 1994. 1 0. G. Andersson, R. Atmuri, R. Rosenqvist, and S. Torseng, Influence of hydro units generator-to-turbine inertia ratio on damping of subsynchronous oscillations, IEEE Trans. Power App. Syst., vol. PAS-103, pp. 23522361, Aug. 1984.