POWER QUALITY — VOLTAGE DIPS, TRANSIENT OVERVOLTAGES, HARMONICS — PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS Professor Liew Ah Choy B.E., Ph.D., P.Eng(S)., P.Eng(M)., F.LE.S., F.LE.M., Sr.M.LE.E.E. Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering National University of Singapore COURSE LECTURER Professor Liew Ah Choy B.E., PhD., P.Eng.(S), P.Eng.(M), F.LLE.M., FE.S., Sr.M.LE.E.E. Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore NUCOURSE OUTLINE 1. Overview of Power Quality Problems e@ What is power quality? e Why be concerned about power quality? e Causes of power quality problems e Terms and definitions 2. Voltage fluctuations, swells, sags (dips) and transients e Causes and characteristics of voltage fluctuations e Effects of voltage fluctuations e Equipment susceptibility COURSE OUTLINE ~ cont'd 3. Sources and effects of harmonics Sources of harmonics and their characteristics Harmonic standards and regulations Failures of capacitors Overvoltage and excessive currents Resonance phenomenon. Excessive neutral current Effects on computer, telecommunication and process equipment Overheating of transformers, electrical machines and other power equipment Nuisance tripping of circuit breakers Interference with other sensitive electronic equipment e Some case studies coeeoeeeeCOURSE OUTLINE - cont’d 4. Control and reduction of harmonics COURSE OUTLINE - cont'd Reducing harmonics at source Avoiding the conditions of resonance Balancing of 3-phase circuits Application of isolation transformers The “K” factor and derating of power equipment Passive filters Active filters 5. Countermeasures and solutions to improve power quality Network level solutions Distribution level solutions Equipment solutions Future developments Regulations and incentives 6. Power quality audit and monitoring e e ° Monitoring equipment Analysis and interpretation of results Power quality standardsCOURSE OUTLINE - cont'd 7, Case studies on solving power quality problems Countermeasures taken, adopted and tested to ride through voltage dips in a wafer fabrication facility in Singapore Excessive harmonics and neutral currents in systems with fluorescent lamps Nuisance r.c.c.b. trippings of power source with computer and electronic type loads Problem experienced on power factor correction capacitors systems in power networks with excessive harmonics Excessive temperature rise in motors and transformers and need for derating of power equipment Power system harmonic resonance Harmonics in various commercial and factory installationsCHAPTER 1: OVERVIEW OF POWER QUALITY PROBLEMS ¢ What is power quality? ¢ Terms and definitions ¢ Why be concerned about power quality? © Causes of power quality problems WHAT IS POWER QUALITY “ Any power problem manifested in voltage, current, or frequency deviations that results in failure or maloperation of customer equipment”WHAT IS POWER QUALITY - cont’d The International Electrotechnical Commission (LEC) classifies electromagnetic phenomena into the groups oe" shown below. TABLE 2.1 Disturbances as Classified by the IEC. Principal Phenomena Causing Electromagnetic ‘Conducted low-frequency phenomena Harmonics, interharmonics Signal systems (power line carrier) Voltage fluctuations Voltage dips and interruptions Voltage unbalance Power frequency variations Induced low-frequency voltages de in ac networks Radiated low-frequency phenomena Magnetic fields Flectrie fields Conducted high-frequency phenomena Induced continuous-wave (CW) voltages or currents Unidirectional transients Oscillatory transients TCNIRP Magnetic fields Electric fields Electromagnetic fields Continuous waves ‘Transients Radiated high-frequency phenomena Hlectrostatic discharge phenomena (ESD) 2 Nuclear electromagnetic pulse (NEMP) ELF mmgeetin See WHAT IS POWER QUALITY — cont’d atone 52 Harmonic ocsoom Siang 53 Interharmonies OB RH Stddy state a Notening ‘Sieady state 83 Nake Broadband Steady aint $9 Woteagefuctuations 2G Ineseenttent 1B Fowetirecuenty Beat n oe Te Eee FE EES EES EES bby ibyTERMS AND DEFINITIONS 1. Transients 1.1 Impulsive transient: a sudden, non-power frequency change in the steady-state condition of voltage, current, or both, that is unidirectional in polarity, 1.2 Oscillatory transient: a sudden, non-power frequency change in the steady-state condition of voltage, current, or both, that includes both positive and negative values. TERMS AND DEFINITIONS — cont’d 2. Short duration voltage variations 2.1 An interruption occurs when the supply voltage or load Current decreases to less than 0.1 pu for a period of time not exceeding | minute. 2.2 A sag (dip) is a decrease to between 0.1 and 0.9 pu in rms volage or current at power frequency for durations from 0.5 cycle to 1 minute. 2.3 A swell is defined as an increase to between 1.1 and 1.8 pu in rms voltage or current at power frequency for durations from 0.5 cycle to 1 minute,TERMS AND DEFINITIONS - cont’d 3. Long duration voltage variations 3.1 An overvoltage is an increase in the rms ac voltage to greater than 110% at power frequency for a duration longer than 1 minute 3.2 An undervoltage is an decrease in the rms ac voltage to less than 90% at power frequency for a duration longer than 1 minute. 3.3 A sustained interruption occurs when the supply voltage has been zero for a period of time in excess of 1 minute. 4. Voltage unbalance : the maximum percentage deviation from the average of the three-phase voltages or currents, divided by the average of the three-phase voltages or currents. TERMS AND DEFINITIONS - cont’d ‘ 5. Waveform distortion: steady-state deviation from an ideal sine wave of power frequency principally characterized by the spectral content of the deviation. 5.1. de offset : presence of de voltage or curent in an ac power system. 5.2. Harmonies are sinusoidal voltage or currents having frequencies that are negra multiples of the fundamental supply frequency (50 or 7) 5.3 Interharmonics are voltages and currents having frequency components that are not integral multiples of the fundamental supply frequency. 5.4. Notching: a periodic voltage disturbance caused by the normal operation of power electronics devices when current is commuted from one phase to another. 5.5 Noise: unwanted electrical signals with broadband spectral content Jower than 200 kHz superimposed upon the power system voltage or current,TERMS AND DEFINITIONS — cont'd ee 6. Voltage fluctuations: are systematic variations of the voltage envelope or a series of random voltage changes, the magnitude of which does not normally exceed the voltage ranges specified by ANSI C84.1-1982 of 0.9 to 1.1 pu. 7. Power frequency variations: are deviations of the power system fundamental frequency from its specified nominal value (50 or 60 Hz) > s/s Me Integrated approach to solving power quality problems Disturbance Possible Cause Utility-Side Customer-Side Solution Solution Voltage sag Lightning strike Dynamic voltage Line conditioner Tree or animal restorer ‘UPS sontae Sati tondonr Overvoltage Foult on another Dynamic voltage Line conditioner phase renorr Volto enor Loadrecton | Fou'Suom | Ul Umer High eneray L | soln or = Interruption Blown fuse Solid state circuit UPS Bremer poration | Sete Motor gon se le condos _———————. - == f] le Trvwiont ighiing suike | Chg energy tieeondianay "7 Utility switching { surge arrestor surge st cage tay Harmonic Nonlinear loads Filter Gor detorion Fororeserance | Stitceondensor | Omari Volose Electrical Improper Grounding nce conihe rng Shang or grounding ‘ine coneitonor 7 erPOWER CONDITIONING TECHNOLOGY celal GE{EE [eal te POWER @UaAurTY CONDITION 3 swan pnt oom < hewoenesuarca {ace LATOR eseesoua NL) wees = AN sorenne { NU Sain MW sae AAA onoenveraae AN AV BSERROST On ona WAN css | + WBE ESRRESHRE OY A EWRIESTET SOURS SRSA NS ETT [i] BERRA Sgr nsse nr cerven ecg Sra URNS PRES Fig 8-1 Summary of Performance Features tor Various Types of Power Conditioning Equipment TERMS AND DEFINITIONS — cont’d Time (us) oo 20 40 60 gs 100 «120 ~=140 Currant (kA) \ a 8 25. Figure 2.1. Lightning stroke current impulsive tran- sient.