Vision of America chapter 1 Oldest traces of human life is found in Africa about 190,00 to 160,00 years ago Land

bridge from asia to north America allowed first huamns into north America Paleo Indians were ice age people who survived by hunting games and collecting ediable plants Used clovis point to huntit is a spear Hunted in groups of 20-30 people 9,00 years ago the archaic era began these archaic Indians were the first to step towards agiculture over time they learned how to collect and plant seeds by 5000 BCE fixed agicutlral appeared in what we now call mexico planting, tending and defending crops is what led to creation of permanent settlements and it lead to urbanization the creation of towns and cities combination of agriculture, urbanism, and increasing social complexicity set the foundation for civilzations to come the foundation of the azetc pyramid started with an emperor, then behind him were a class of nobles, priest, warrior, and a administrative class that collected taxes. This foundation comprised merchants, artisans, and farmers. At the bottom were slaves, POW, and Aztec born to be punished for crime eastern wood land society were neither urban or stratified they all had different languages, religion, and created political models to govern themselves. First contact was in 1400s

Silk and cotton were sought after Europeans by the asains also spices Trade routes were controlled by muslims For almost 300 years Christianity waged a holy war with Muslims Blackdeath wiped out half of europs population in 1347-1352

Printing transformed the way knowledge was produced because a scribe hand wrote 2-3 books a year with the print they were making between 100-1,000 Made easier to preserve knowledge Created new industries Scholars known as humanist, study of the masters of their world and obligated to study it. The renaissances would inspire explorers to seek out new lands and trade routes. Placed high value on public art, architecture, and philosophy Martian Luther attacked church saying they dont need to rely on clergy for gods word but they can read it themselves. Translated the bible to different languages and used printing press to make them avible . Luthers supporters were called protestants and they began a movement for religious reform known as the reformation. Calvinism is formed by john calvin and stressed the idea of pre destination that god had destined people since their birth salvation no matter what they have done. By 1500 fran England Portugal and spain have evolved into soverign nation states King henry declared him self king of church and broke away from the catholic church. Ferdinand and Isabella rulers of spain in 1469 limited powers of noblitity and strength own contro over military. They strength power of church giving them Spanish inquisition that allowed church to charge people with hersy or unorthodox belifs among chirstians, muslims, jews from spain,

Colmbus sailed for 33 days and reached the carribean islands. Captured Indians, plants and gold and was hailed hero at home in 1492

But was not first European to sail their. The Vikings did 400 years earlier Columbian exchange- involed plants,animals, food, and diseases The improvement of technology led to the Improvements of map making ship building, guns

People in west Africa practiced animal religion. They considered aspects of nature such as sun wind animals to be spirits and gods.

The pope blessed the enslavement of guanche because he said they were infidels and savages. Slave trade started after 1600 because of the demand of labor in Americas. Europeans started racist conception and declared if u have dark skin that you are inferor . Benin a well oragsnized nation managed to fend of the slave trade and traded slaves captured but gradually withdrew from it. Black legend- incidment towards the native people efers to a style of historical writing or propaganda that demonizes the Conquistadores and in particular the Spanish Empire in a politically motivated attempt to incite animosity against Spain. Spain devolped a system of labor called encomienda. And it stated Indians who owed their labor to noblemen were required to provide for the Indians spiritual welfare. And this theory demonstrated spain commitement to save souls of Indians by converting them. AUG 27 lecture notes Settlement began between 60,00 to 15,00 yrs ago o Land bridge from Siberia to Alaska Extinction of large mammals, the paleo-indian most important food source o Global warming o Over hunting Adaptions o Reliance on small game o Development of agriculture Aztecs o Vegan to rise in 1325 o Brutal culture based on war and human sacrifice o Elebatorate city of Tenochtitlan ( now mexico city) pop of 250,000 Incas o Sophisticated culture o Perhaps 12,000,000 people Mississippi and ohio valley ( mound builders) Great plains Pacific coasts Northeast Rise of settlements in southwest (200 a,d to 1400 a.d) o Anasazi,Hohokam, mogollon,etc Native cultures

Relations based on trade, diplomacy and war Diversity Little sense of unity: absence shared identity Common characteristics Spiritual Property relations Material equality Gender relations Conflicting visions of freedom o Indian Collective identity, self-determination o European Religious obligation Hierarchical society European expansion o Aims Route to asia Eliminate Islamic middlemen o Eastward expansion Led by Portuguese Slavery and Africa o Acceleration of slave trade after European intervention o First slaves to western hemisphere in 1502 European westward expansion o Christopher Columbus First Spanish settlement at Hispaniola (1493) o Followed by English in 1497 Spanish conquest o Motitvations Gold, glory, god o The conquistadores Balboa Magellan Cortes Pizzarro Consequences of Columbian exchange o Enormous transfer of wealth to Spain o Ecological transformation o Devastation of Indian population War, enslavement Disease As much as 90% of American population may have been destroyed Nature of Spanish conquest and rule o Dominant global imperial power o o o o

o Colonial government est. to control conquistador violence o Exploitation of Indian labor o Spanish emigration Spanish people were always outnumbered by indigenous people Development of hybrid culture o Justifications for conquest Cultural superiority Old world precedents for violent conquest Papal bull dividing new world between Spain and Portugal Need to spread Catholicism Writing assignement for benjanmin franklin Analyze What were the fice most signifanct issues, attitudes, events, etc. that wood described in context of franklins life. These should subject that concern politic, society, or culture in the 18th century. You should be able to articulate them without mentioning franklins name What did wood mean by Americanization? What else would franklin have become? What have the citzens of us done to Americanize franklin Was their a tipping pont in the process of Americanization One of woods arguments is that the historic franklin is very different than the symbolic franklin and the image of franklin had changed over tim What do I make of the argument? How did franklin who lived in 18th century differ from the franklin that lived in the minds of Americans How would an image like that be altered by passage of time WHAT WAS wood purpose to write a bio on franklin after theres been hundreds of more before him. Did he achive the objectives DO NOT SUMMARIZE FRANKLINS LIFE 12 point font, double space, with one inch margin no cover page or title but have name is upper right hand corner worth 18 points, grade based on following directions regarding format, and crafting a coherent, comprehensive, and creative response . proofread own paper

IT IS NOT A NOVEL First contact The Americas were not an empty space when Europeans arrived o America was full of vibrant, sophisticated civilizations in placr well before discovery The settlement of America was part of global process Nature of Spanish conquest and rule Evolution of Spanish-indian relations o Saving souls, exploiting labor o So brutal that external restraints were necessary Ban on indian slavement Bartolome de las casass destruction of the Indians Eventual reform of labor systems Emergence of the black legend Spanish exploratory expeditions o Motivated by search for richs Devastion of indian communities Est, of Spanish settlements o Southeast o Southwest Pueblo revolt in what is now new mexico (1680) o UNITY OF PUEBLO REBELs The French empire Looking for gold and short-cut to asia Sparse settlements Quebec (1608) claimed Mississippi valley in 1643 Relations with Indians was based on mutual alluances and need o Fur trade drew Indians into trans-Atlantic system o Balance of power politics The dutch empire Claimed new Netherlands in 1609 Before English arrived Other European nation had est. diverse imperial presences Spanish French dutch took diff approrachs o All were Christian o All had new technology o All had new legal and commercial systems o Were capable of brutal warfare o All spread disease among defenseless Indians o All engaged in conflicts over territory England and the new world

John cabot landed on newfoundland in 1497 but there was no immediate follow up on behalf of british Why were English so late? Internal religious strife o English reformation begins around 1530 o Fears that Catholicism would return Problems colonizing in Ireland England turns towards north America Rivalry with Spain Sense of divine mission Possibility of material riches The founding of Plymouth colony Some English puritans were separatists some were non The pilgrims were separatist o Believed church of England was so corrupt that true believers had to leave England Mirgrated to Netherlands in 1608 o Left because of fear of assimilation 102 barked for new world ended up in Massachusetts Settled on land that was vacant because Indian tribe died from disease Helped from Indians allowed them to survive First thanksgiving celebrated in 1621 Plymouth operated as an independent colony until 1691; never more than 7,000 colonists Puritans were non seperatists Massachusetts bay colony company was est. in 1629 o Commercial enterprise with a religious mission great migration began in 1629 general characterstics o most come in/with families o concerned about religious turmoil in England o interested in commercial prospects o mature, fairly prosperous o men and women in roughly equal numbers o healthier conditions than in the Chesapeake o maintained and expanded population escape persecution, but the puritans were not interested in religious freedom for anyone but themselves motivated by their religion o led by governor john Winthrop o sought to est. a city upon a hill o intended to est. church,state, and society based on religious

puritan family life RIG stable better enviorment conditions women defined by family role family was basis of society patriarchal, replicated life gov and society in mass o individualism discouraged o towns and chuch were locally organized and governed o ownership of lland based on grants from colonial gov. o importance of educatiin o cologinal gov little interference from English crown took the charter with them o emphasis on principle of consent o only church members could vote only visable saints could be church members o hierarchical society but not ridgly stratified o not a theocracy dissent in new England o roger Williams advocated voluntary devotion, tolerance hartfod and new haven colonies anne Hutchinson Colonist had numerical supremacy Indians had no central organization English need to justify approtation of land Indians seen as barbaric Rising tensions Pequot war of 1637 New England econmy The settlers of new England had economic motives along with religious aims o Immirgrants were generally fairly well off, few came as indentured servants o Aspirations for commercial success o Family based agriculture Rights of English men Magna carta (1215) English civil war (1642-1651) Repercussion of English civil war in new world o Rigts possed bhy all English men were central to english identfity o The puritans disputed religious toleration Persecutated quakers o Problems in Maryland

Creating Anglo- America Late 17th century colonial scial turmoil o Conflicts emerge Between classes,races, religions Between colonists and natives o King philips war (1675) Expansion of the English empire Mercantilism New Netherlands become new york (1664) Creation of Carolina (1670) o Conquest of the yamasees and the greek o Creation of vast plantations growing rice Est. of Pennsylvania (1681) Orgins for American slavery Growing demand for plantation labor English cultural perceptions o English sense of superiority to aliens and pagans Unique chacrter of slavery in the new world o Based on plantation system o Eventually associated with race Slavery in the west indies o Sugar plantations o Saint Dominique (Haiti) is the most important French colony The rise to plantation slavery in the Chesapeake o First Africans slaves in 1619 o Blurred lines bectween slavery and indentured servitude o Slave codes were enforced o By the mid 1600s there was some gradual split between status of whites and status of blacks o Devolpment of racial ideology Bacons rebellion (1676) o The Virginia government favored wealthy plantation owners o Dimishing prospects for those without property o Attempts at appropriating indian land Refusal of vir. Governor to support efforts o Rebels mobilized by Nathaniel bacon Various grievance Destruction of Jamestown by james forces o Rebellion suppressed by English o Accelerated shift from indentured servitude to slavery Slavery in the early 18th century o Legal codification o Devolpment of racist ideology o Societies with slaves become slave societies o Slav e resistance

Tensions in tbe empire o Various crises in the colonies o Glorious revolution (1688) In America Little interference from crown before 1675 Attempts to reign in colonies Glorious revolution inspires colonist to challenge English rule o Salem with trials Widespread belief in supernatural in Europe and America Most episodes in America occur in new England Accusations of withcraft in salem begin in late 1691 General aspect Most cases involve women Samuel sewall Public repentance of judge Samuel sewall for his action in the witchcraft trials