Grammar Points from Turning Point 2

Intermediate 2

Grammar Point: Noun clauses

No one knows why
Subject verb (question word

the site became buried and lost.

subject noun clause verb)

What archeologists found Qin.

Noun clause (q. word subject verb)

was the ancient burial site of Emperor

verb com lement

Notice: A noun clause has a subject and a verb, but it is not a complete sentence. The noun clause functions as a noun. This means that it can be the subject or object of a sentence. Noun clauses usually be in with: that or if, !uestion words "who, what, etc.# or $ever words "whichever, whoever#. %e add ever to certain words, to e&pand the possibilities these words e&press. ever added to words like when-, where-, who- means 'no matter( or 'any(. %e fre!uently use these words in noun clauses. E&amples: whoever, whatever, whenever, etc.

Grammar Point: !ausative "erbs#$ave

Qin had his artisans create a massive clay army.
subject verb sf Subject have

Notice: Have is a causative verb. Have indicates that one person asked, ordered, paid or persuaded another person to do an action. Have can be in past, present, future or any form, but the second verb is in simple form.

Grammar Point: !ausative "erbs# Get

) got my dad to lend me the money.
subject verb infinitive Subject get

Notice: Get is also a causative verb. Get indicates that someone persuaded, convinced or paid another person to do the action. Get can be used in present, past, future or any form, but the principal verb is in infinitive form. Get is less formal than have.

Grammar Point: !ausative "erbs in Passive %orm

Emperor Qin had )
Subject

the army my hair

object

made cut
verb ast

for his protection. last week.

artici le

got

causative verb

Updated: September 27, 2007

Grammar Points from Turning Point 2

Intermediate 2

Notice: Have and get can be used in passive form. *ometimes, the person who actually did the action is not known, or not important. )n this case, we don+t mention the person who did the action, only the object. Have and get can be in any tense. The principal verb is in past participle form. &ctuall' or (eall') The te&t says,-to substitute for the actual humans" .ou know that lookin for co nates helps increase your understandin , but you should also know that some words are false co nates. This means that some En lish words look similar to some *panish words, but the meanin is not the same. Actual is a case in point. Actual mean real, true. No one knows the actual date. )f you want to e&press the idea of now, the present time, you would say: resent or current. !he"s currentl# working for the resident"s office. At resent, he lives with his arents. /o you know any other false co nates0

Grammar Point: &dverbs of *anner

The rapid transit system has been greatl' e&panded. These farmers have reluctantl' accepted. 1ausin the land,to slowl' collapse.
adverb verb

2e&ico 1ity is chan in slowl'.

verb adverb

Notice: Adverbs are words that we use to modify or describe verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs. %hen the adverb modifies an adjective or adverb, it is usually placed before the adjective or adverb. %hen the adverb modifies a verb, it is usually placed immediately before or after the verb. %e can form some adverbs by takin an adjective and addin the suffi& -l#.

Grammar Point: &djectives vs. &dverbs

3e is a careful driver.
adjective

3e drives carefull'.
adverb

3e was angr'.

3e spoke angril' to her.

Updated: September 27, 2007

Grammar Points from Turning Point 2

adjective adverb

Intermediate 2

Notice: %e use adjectives to describe people, places, or thin s. %e use adverbs to describe actions.

Grammar Point: +,ce tions

Not all adjectives form adverbs by addin 4l#. *ome common e&ceptions are: &djective &dverb deep deep early early far far fast fast good well hard hard hi h hi h late late low low near near
Notice: )n most of the e&ceptions, the adjective and adverb have the same form. The adverb form of good is well. The adverbs highl#, lowl#, dee l#, latel#, nearl#, and hardl# e&ist, but the meanin is different. $ow do 'ou feel) $eel is a linkin verb. This means that its function is not to show an action, but to relate the subject to the complement. %e has the same function. 5or this reason, both be and feel use an adjective, not an adverb. & feel good is correct. & feel well is not correct.

Grammar Point: !om arative &dverbs

2y dad drives carefully, but my mom drives more carefull' than he does. .ou sin well, but ) sin better. ) et up late, but you et up later.
com arative adverb

Notice: %e can compare usin adverbs. To form the comparative, we say more plus the adverb. The e&ceptions form the comparative by addin er. Two e&ceptional e&ceptions: good'well' better and far' far' farther (or further) Another e&ception: bad'badl#'worse

Grammar Point: -ntensifiers

The problem of pollution in 2e&ico 1ity is quite serious.

Updated: September 27, 2007

Grammar Points from Turning Point 2

Intermediate 2

6n some days, you can+t see smo .

ver'
intensifier

well because of the

Notice: )ntensifiers are also adverbs. %e use intensifiers to modify or !ualify an adjective or another adverb. )ntensifiers are placed before the adverb or adjective they modify. *ome intensifiers are: so, ver#, too, *uite, somewhat, reall#, rett#, fairl#, e+tremel#. "er' vs. .oo vs. So These three words are intensifiers, but their use is a little different. ,er# and too both mean a high degree, but too has a ne ative idea. )t ives the idea of an e&cessive de ree or !uantity. ) was too tired to o to the party. ) was ver# tired, but ) went to the party, anyway. !o also means to a high degree, but it is less formal than too or ver#. %e fre!uently use it for !uestions or ne ative sentences. %hy were you so late0 .oo vs. enough %e fre!uently use too with a verb in infinitive form. 3e is too youn to vote. %e can e&press this same idea usin the word enough. 3e isn7t old enough to vote. Notice that we use too before the adjective, but we use enough after the adjective. So vs. Such The te&t says: 3ow could such a proud and beautiful city become a metaphor for all that could o wron with urban development0 !uch is also an intensifier. )t has a similar meanin to so, but the use is different. %e had such a ood lunch. %e use such before nouns. 8unch was so good. %e use so before adjectives. ) ate too much.

An e&ception is !uantifyin adjectives. %e always use such with !uantifiers like: man# and much. There were so man' people at the party that we couldn7t dance. ) had so much to eat that now ) can7t move.

Grammar Point: /se of The

Updated: September 27, 2007

Grammar Points from Turning Point 2

Intermediate 2

2e&ico 1ity is runnin out of water. .he water used by the 2e9!uital farmers is polluted.
Notice: -he is the definite article. %e use the when we are talkin about somethin specific. %hen we are talkin about eneric thin s "thin s in eneral# we don+t use the article. &nother vs. other .ther and another can both be used as adjectives to !ualify a noun. The meanin similar. The difference is that another is used for the sin ular and for the plural or the specific. it is another stark reminder (not s ecific/ one of man#) the other serious roblem is the shortage of water. (singular, s ecific) deadlines for the use of other com ounds are being contem lated. ( lural0 an# com ounds) is eneral, and other

Grammar Point: ma0e vs. do

')t just went to ether , about what computers could do,) knew how radar made ima es on the oscilloscope,( Notice: 2any people confuse the usa e of the verbs make and do, because they have similar meanin s. 1o usually means to erform an activit# or a 2ob. 3ake usually means to create or roduce something. The followin is a list of some e&pressions with make and do. 1heck a dictionary to complete the e&pressions.
::::
AN A**);N2ENT

:::: ;66/ :::: 6NE+* <E*T :::: EAE=1)*E* ";=A22A=# :::: AN 655E= :::: 8A?N/=. :::: ::::
T=6?<8E

:::: :::: :::: :::: :::: :::: :::: :::: :::: :::: ::::

<=EA>5A*T 8?N13 AN E556=T A==AN;E2ENT* A ;66/ C6< A @8AN <?*)NE** 86BE %A= @EA1E A /E1)*)6N

:::: :::: :::: ::::

36?*E%6=> A 2)*TA>E EB)8 %E88 "*?11EE/#

:::: :::: :::: :::: :::: :::: :::: :::: ::::

A @=62)*E AN EA1?*E T3E <E/ *62E 13AN;E* A 5AB6= =E*EA=13 EA@E=)2ENT* AN EA1E@T)6N

:::: T3E /)*3E* :::: EAE=1)*E "@3.*)1A8# :::: A =E*E=BAT)6N ::::

N6)*E

AN ATTE2@T

A @36NE 1A88

Updated: September 27, 2007

Grammar Points from Turning Point 2

Intermediate 2

Grammar Point: S ecial verb

atterns.

*ome verbs are always followed by the erund form of a verb. 5or e&ample: 3# father en2o#s hiking. The verb en2o# is always followed by a erund. *ome verbs are always followed by the infinitive form. 5or e&ample: 4ou romised to arrive earl#. The verb romise is always followed by an infinitive. *ome verbs can use either an infinitive or a erund: 5or e&ample: & refer to have a light dinner. & refer eating little at night. 5refer can use either a erund or an infinitive. 3owever, there are some verbs that are followed neither by a erund nor by an infinitive. 8ook at these e&amples. )7ve seen that movie three times, but it still ma0es me cr'. The last <eatles album was called Let it Be. $el 'our mom ut the books away. %hat pattern do you see for these three verbs0 2ake 8et D ::::::::::::::::::::: D :::::::::::::::::::: 3elp Berbs of perception, like see, watch, hear, and feel follow a pattern of their own. 1ompare these sentences: ) slept badly last ni ht. All ni ht lon ) could hear a dog bar0ing. )s someone there0 ) heard the door o en. ) ot so mad when ) saw that man hitting his dog. %e saw when the blue car hit the red one. %hen do we use simple "or base form# and when do we use 4in form0 Berb D object D simple form E ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: Berb D object D $in form E :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

Grammar Point: Subjunctive form of the verb

6&ford recommends that 'ou give yourself rewards. 6&ford suggests that 'ou a' attention to how you feel.

-t is also im ortant that 'ou get plenty of rest Notice:

%hen we use certain verbs or e&pressions, we use the verb in a special form that is called present subjunctive.

Updated: September 27, 2007

Grammar Points from Turning Point 2

Intermediate 2

The present subjunctive looks the same as the simple form.

%e use subjunctive present with certain e&pressions: ) recommend that, ) su est that, )t7s important that, )t7s necessary that , )t7s indispensable that,

) demand that ,

Note: %e say: He recommended that & go. He recommended me to go is incorrect. This is *panish construction.

Grammar Point: Partici ial

hrases &ctive !onstruction

3e wanted to et a raise, so he talked to his boss. Wanting to get a raise, he talked to his boss. 3e didn7t want to arrive late, so he took a ta&i. Not wanting to arrive late, he took a ta&i. Notice:

These are participial phrases with active construction. /o you have passive construction in the first e&ample0 :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: %hat happens to the verb0 :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: /o the two subjects refer to the same person0 :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 1an we use this construction if the subjects are different0 ::::::::::::::::::::::::::: %hat happens to the au&iliary in the ne ative0 ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

Grammar Point: 1efining relative clauses

These were innovations
relative ronoun (subject)

that

now allowed nation2wide distribution.

verb

Notice: A definin relative clause describes the noun immediately before it. %ithout a definin relative clause, the sentence is complete, but the idea isn+t. =elative clauses be in with relative pronouns: who or whom for peopleF which for thin s: that for people or thin sF whose for possessions, where for places. )n some cases, the relative pronoun is the subject of the relative clause. *ometimes, it is the object. 6hom is used to substitute the object. )t is used in formal En lish.

Where)

Updated: September 27, 2007

Grammar Points from Turning Point 2

7lan %ator, where & lived for three months, is hot and humid. )n this sentence you refer to the place as a location. 7lan %ator, which is the ca ital of 3ongolia, is hot and humid. )n this sentence you refer to the place as a thin .

Intermediate 2

Grammar Point: Non2defining relative clauses

2erchants employed -town criers-, who shouted the merchant3s wares. )n the GHIJs came television, which quic0l' became the number one advertising medium. *ome of the first brands were firms like 1oca 1ola, whose trademar0 is the best 0nown in the world toda'.
Notice: A non$definin relative clause ives e&tra information about a noun. A non$definin relative clause be ins with who or whom, if it describes a personF which if it describes a thin F whose if it describes possessionsF or where if it describes a place. A non$definin relative clause cannot be in with that. The non$definin relative clause can describe a subject or an object. )f it is describin an object, and that object is a person, whom is used in formal En lish. The non$definin relative clause is separated from the rest of the sentence by commas.

raises of the

Grammar Point: *odals for uncertaint' in the

ast

After more than one hundred years, the mystery persists: who was >aspar 3auser0 %hy was he kept in captivity for GK years0 %hy was he killed0 *ome people have speculated: 3e might have been 3e must have learned the son of an important persona e. to speak as a youn boy.

3e ma' have been 0illed because he could identify someone.

%hat au&iliaries do we use to speculate about the past0::::::::::::::::::::::::: :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: )n what form is the verb0 ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: *a'# might have the same meanin . %hat about must0
::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

Updated: September 27, 2007

Grammar Points from Turning Point 2

Intermediate 2

Grammar Point: (efle,ive Pronouns

The boy himself could write two words ) will tell you m'self
Notice:

3imself and myself are refle&ive pronouns. %e use refle&ive pronouns when the subject and the object of the sentence refer to the same person.

Grammar Point: Partici ial Phrases Passive !ontruction

Named (osetta after the town where it was found4 the stone paved the way to the interpretation of hiero lyphs.
Notice:

Named 8osetta is what we call a participial phrase. )t be ins with the past participle form of the verb. %e use participial phrases in formal writin to avoid repeatin . The subject of the two ideas must be the same. The construction must use @assive Boice.

Grammar Point: (educed &dverb !lauses

While e,tending a fortress near =osetta, a youn 5rench officer named @ierre$ 5rancois <ouchard found a block of black basalt stone. This sentence means: 6hile he was e+tending a fortress 5efore eating dinner, ) took the do for a walk. This sentence means: <efore ) ate dinner, ) took the do for a walk. Notice:

%e can also reduce adverb clauses. <ecause the subject is the same in both parts of the sentence, it7s possible to reduce by eliminatin the repeated subject and the au&iliary be. )f the sentence doesn7t have be, we can chan e the verb to ing form. %e can only reduce adverb clauses that be in with: while, since, after and before.

Grammar Point: .hird !onditional

-f *cott faster. had ta0en do s, he could have traveled

-f 6 subject 6 7777777777774

subject 6 777777777777777

6 verb in 777777 form.

:::::::::::::::: ::::::::::::::::
Notice: This is the Third 1onditional %e use the Third 1onditional to talk about how thin s would or could have been different. %e can use first the condition, then the result, or vice$versa.

Updated: September 27, 2007

Grammar Points from Turning Point 2

Intermediate 2

)n the condition, the verb is in :::::::::::::::::::: tense. )n the result, we use the au&iliaries ::::::::::::::, ::::::::::::::, or :::::::::::::: and the verb in ::::::::::::::::::: form. %e can use unless instead of if not.

Grammar Point: +, ressing (egret

=obert *cott should have lanned his journey more carefully. ought to have 3e shouldn8t have ta0en five men with him. ought not to have Notice:

%e use the au&iliary should have to e&press re ret about somethin we did or didn+t do. The verb is always in :::::::::::::::: form. The contraction is pronounced ::::::::::::::::::::.

Grammar Point: +, ressing (egret with Wish

Another way to e&press re ret is to use wish 0 ) wish ) hadn8t said that. S 6 wish 6 S 6 had 6 Notice:

verb

ast

artici le

%e can e&press re ret with the verb wish. The verb wish is in the present, the second verb is in @ast @erfect Tense.

Grammar Point: /ntil

%e won8t 0now the results of the test until tomorrow. ) will be waiting for you until tomorrow. Notice:

?ntil is a time marker. %hen we use it in affirmative sentences, it tells us when the action finished "or will finish.# %hen we use it in ne ative sentences, it tells us when the action be an "or will be in.#

Updated: September 27, 2007