Principles of General Chemistry, 2nd ed. By M. Silberberg Chemistry, 8th ed. by W. Whitten, R. Davis, R., M. L. Peck, and G. Stanley.

Composition Stoichiometry

Mass, Moles, Molecules and Atoms

Mass, Moles, Molecules and Atoms

Sample Problem Silver (Ag) is used in jewelry and tableware but no longer in U.S. coins. How many grams of Ag are in 0.0342 mol of Ag? Solution

Mass, Moles, Molecules and Atoms

Problem Iron (Fe), the main component of steel, is the most important metal in industrial society. How many Fe atoms are in 95.8 g of Fe? Solution 95.8 g Fe x mol Fe 55.85 g Fe = 1.72 mol Fe

0.0342 mol Ag x

107.9 g Ag mol Ag

23 1.72 mol Fe x 6.022 x10 atoms Fe 1 mol Fe

= 3.69 g Ag = 1.04 x1024 atoms Fe

Derivation of Formulas from Elemental Composition

Sample Problem Elemental analysis of a sample of an ionic compound showed 2.82 g of Na, 4.35 g of Cl, and 7.83 g of O. What is the empirical formula and name of the compound? Solution Na: 2.82 g Na x 1 mol Na 22.99 g Na 1 mol Cl 35.45 g Cl 1 mol O 16.00 g O 0.123 0.123 0.123 0.123 = 0.489 mol O : 0.489 0.123 =4 =1 =1

Derivation of Formulas from Elemental Composition

Problem During physical activity, lactic acid (M = 90.08 g/mol) forms in muscle tissue and is responsible for muscle soreness. Elemental analysis

= 0.123 mol Na :

shows that this compound contains 40.0 mass % C, 6.71 mass % H, and 53.3 mass % O. (a) Determine the empirical formula of lactic acid. (b) Determine the molecular formula.

Cl: O:

4.35 g Cl x 7.83 g O x

= 0.123 mol Cl

NaClO4 is sodium perchlorate.

5 6

Derivation of Formulas from Elemental Composition

Solution 3.33 = 3.33 mol C : = 1 C: 40.0 g C x 3.33 12.01 g C 1 mol C H: 6.71 g H x 1 mol H = 6.66 mol H 1.008 g H O: 53.3 g O x 1 mol O = 3.33 mol O 16.00 g O CH2O empirical formula 6.66 : = 2 3.33

Derivation of Formulas from Elemental Composition

Solution true molar mass n= emperical molar mass = 90.08 g/mol 30.03 g/mol =3

CH2O empirical formula : 3.33 = 1 3.33 C3H6O3 is the molecular formula

Determination of Molecular Formulas

Vitamin C (MM = 176.12 g/mol) is a compound of C, H and O found in many natural sources, especially citrus fruits. When 1.000 g sample of vitamin C is placed in a combustion chamber and burned, 1.500 g of CO2 and 0.4100 g of H2O were produced. What is the molecular formula of vitamin C?

Determination of Molecular Formulas

mass of C in the compound can be calculated from C of CO2 1.50 g CO2 x 1 mol CO2 44.01 g CO2 x 1 mol C 1 mol CO2 x 12.01 g C 1 mol C = 0.409 g C

mass of H in the compound can be calculated from H of H2O 0.41 g H2O x 1 mol H2O 18.03 g H2O x 2 mol H 1 mol H2O x 1.008 g H 1 mol H = 0.046 g H

O must be the difference from the 1.000 g sample: 1.000 g - (0.409 + 0.046) = 0.545 g O

10

Determination of Molecular Formulas

0.409 g C x 1 mol C 12.01 g C = 0.0341 mol C : 0.0341 0.0341 = 1 x3= 3

Determination of Molecular Formulas

empirical formula : C3H4O3
true molar mass n= 176.12 g/mol = 88.06 g/mol =2

0.046 g H x

1 mol H 1.008 g H

= 0.0456 mol H

0.0456 = 1.33 0.0341

emperical molar mass

x3= 4

molecular formula : C6H8O6

0.545 g O x 1 mol O 16.00 g O = 0.0341 mol O : 0.0341 0.0341 = 1 x3= 3

vitamin C [ascorbic acid]

11 12

Nothing in life is to be feared, it is only to be understood.

-Marie Curie-

questions?

13