Universitatea Politehnica Timioara Facultatea de Construcii Departamentul de Construcii Metalice i Mecanica Construciilor

PLCI CURBE SUBIRI

- CURS 5 Fenomene de instabilitate ale PCS

Conf dr ing Adrian CIUTINA Conf.dr.ing

INSTABILITY PHENOMENON: GENERAL

What is buckling? Buckling g is a process p by y which a structure cannot withstand loads with its original shape, so that it changes this shape in order to find a new equilibrium configuration. This is an undesired process (from the point of view of the engineer), engineer) and occurs for a welldefined value of the load. The consequences of buckling are basically geometric:
There are large displacements in the structure There may also be consequences for the material, in the sense that deflections in the tank may induce plasticity in the walls of the structure

Local buckling g of a tank

Global buckling of a wind i dt turbine bi t tower

INSTABILITY PHENOMENA: GENERAL

What is buckling? Stability and instability: Behavior of a given structure (slender!) can be controlled by design if the three characteristic ranges of loaddeformation curve are correctly y defined:
Pre-critical range Critical point (or range) Post critical range Post-critical
P( (0, Pcr] P > Pcr Structural stability y Structural instability
Pcr
Critical point Post-critical range

Buckling:

elastic plastic y dynamic

Pre-critical range

INSTABILITY PHENOMENON: MILESTONES

Probably first example of loss of stability is the collapse of the Tower of Babel (c. (c 610 B.C.), B C ) under its own weight Heron of Alexandria (c. 100 B.C.) observed thast the strength of a piece of wood reduces as its length increases Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) and Galileo Galilei (15641642) provided empirical rules for the strength of column in compression Marsenne M. (1588-1648) observed that iron, copper and other metal members, when subjected to a force or weight, curve and bend to the form of an arch before breaking breaking. Musschebroek (1692-1791) confirmed by systematic tests observations of Marsenne and proposed a qualitative low for failure in compression of a wood parallelepiped. Jacob Bernoulli (1654-1705) assumed the parabolic shape of beam deflection in establishing the relationship between bending moment and curvature

INSTABILITY PHENOMENON: MILESTONES

Pcr

Pcr = EI L

Pin ended column

L Leonard dE Euler l (1707 (1707-1783) 1783)

INSTABILITY PHENOMENON: MILESTONES

Lagrange (1736-1813) applied variation principle to elastic stability Tomas Young (1773 - 1829): lateral buckling of column of variable cross-section and influence of imperfections Hppl (1854-1924) and V. Karmann (1881-1963): equations for large deflections of thin plates with in-plane stress Timoshenko S.P. S P (1878-1972) theoretised solution for critical axial load of cylindrical shells Donnel L.H: A new theory for the buckling of thin cylinders under axial compression and bending (1934) Koiter W. (1914-1997): post-buckling theory, in 1945

INSTABILITY PHENOMENON: MILESTONES

Bifurcation instability When the p pre-critical deformations do not correspond p with the instability deformations. For instance, the portal frame (a) has a symmetrical pre-critical deformation, while the post-critical deformation is asymmetrical one; When the structure is an ideal one, without geometrical imperfections, as in case of compression bar (b), when the bar in the pre-critical state is straight while the post straight, post-critical critical form is bended; When the structure is an actual one with geometrical imperfections, but these are not similar with the post-critical deformations. As example, the arch can have a symmetrical deviation from the designed form, but the post-critical deformation is asymmetrical one (c).
P

Pcr

Bufurcation point Post-critical path Pre-critical path

INSTABILITY PHENOMENON: Bifurcation Instability Of Cylinders

sup Nx ,cr inf Nx ,cr

L L

INSTABILITY PHENOMENA: BASIC TYPES AND MODELS Divergence of equilibrium

Divergence of equilibrium

INSTABILITY PHENOMENA: BASIC TYPES AND MODELS

Instability by limitation The p post critical p path is an extension of the pre-critical one and the load-deformation curve presents a maximum value. It might be for:
The shallow structures with transversal loads, , as shallow arches (a) The actual structure with geometrical imperfections with the same form as the post-critical deformations. For i t instance, the th actual t l elastic-plastic l ti l ti compressed d bar b (b) The structure for which the pre-critical deformations contain as well the instability deformations (c)

P PlimPul

In principle principle, a structure that in theoretical ideal case (no imperfections) buckles by bifurcation, in almost all real cases (with imperfections) may b kl by buckle b limitation li it ti Thick short cylinders may buckle by limitation in post-elastic range g Elephant foot buckling of cylinders can be regarded as limitation buckling

Instability by limitation

INSTABILITY PHENOMENA: BASIC TYPES AND MODELS

Jump of Equilibrium or Snap Through Instability Affects shallow arches and shells, shells reticulated shells
EREN Exhibition hall, Bucharest 1963 Bucharest,

INSTABILITY PHENOMENA: BASIC TYPES AND MODELS

Dynamic Instability Conservative and non non-conservative conservative loads Static equivalent loads Dynamic instability under different load types: step load, impulsive load, periodic loads

Dynamic loads

INSTABILITY PHENOMENA: INFLUENCE OF INPERFECTIONS

Dynamic propagation of instability or progressive instability Domino D i effect ff t (d (double bl layer l grids) Instability yp propagation p g (single ( g layer reticulated shells)

Domino effect for double-layer grids I Instability bili propagation i f for single-layer i l l reticulated shells

INSTABILITY PHENOMENA: INFLUENCE OF INPERFECTIONS

Agreement of theoretical and experimental values: a) bars; b) shells

INSTABILITY PHENOMENA: INFLUENCE OF INPERFECTIONS

Types of bifurcation and influence of imperfections: a) Eulers type; b) unsymmetrical; c) stable-symmetrical; stable symmetrical; d)unstable-symmetrical d)unstable symmetrical

INSTABILITY PHENOMENA: Structure Classification According g to the Instability y Type yp

Symmetrical stable bifurcation Double - symmetrical cross-section compressed bar with fixed ends Lateral buckling of bending members Symmetrical frames Ring under radial, hydrostatic or constant direction pressure Rectangular and circular compressed plate Sphere with concentrated loads

Stable post-critical behavior Low sensitivity to imperfections

INSTABILITY PHENOMENA: Structure Classification According g to the Instability y Type yp

Symmetrical unstable bifurcation Bar with elastically fixed ends Bar and ring g on elastic bed Ring under variable pressure Double-hinged and double-restrained arch Axially symmetrical buckling of the axially loaded cylinder Axially symmetrical buckling of the sphere under uniform pressure

Unstable post-critical behavior Moderate sensitivity to imperfections

INSTABILITY PHENOMENA: Structure Classification According g to the Instability y Type yp

Unsymmetrical y bifurcation Unsymmetrical cross-section compressed p bar with fixed ends Three-hinged arch Unsymmetrical frame Truss Latticed planar space structure
Very V unstable t bl post-critical t iti l b behavior h i Very high sensitivity to imperfections and their sign

POST-CRITICAL BEHAVIOUR OF ELASTIC STRUCTURES

P u
length (unloaded)

w P u length (unloaded)

Perfect bar
length (unloaded)

P w

Perfect cylinder

P
u

Perfect plate

P Pcr

Perfect bar

Perfect plate

P Pcr

Perfect cylindrical shell

Pcr Imperfect plate

A
Imperfect bar
Imperfect cylindrical shell

w0

w
w0
w
w0 w

) a)

b)

c)

Post-critical behaviour of elastic structures: a) columns: indifferent post-critical path; b) cylinders: unstable post-critical path; c) plates: stable post-critical path

FAVORABLE AND UNFAVORABLE EFFECTS OF SPATIALITY

2E t cr, p = 3(1 2 ) b

2E t E b cr,c = + 3(1 2 ) b 4 2 r
2

Stable Unstable component component

Curvature effect in axial compression: a) increase in critical load; b) increase in sensitivity to geometrical imperfections

FAVORABLE AND UNFAVORABLE EFFECTS OF SPATIALITY

Curvature effect in axis-symmetrical compression: a) increase in critical load; b) increase in sensitivity to geometrical imperfections

FACTORS INTRODUCING UNSTABLE COMPONENTS

Factors which introduce unstable components: a) extensional deformations; b) lateral movable supports; c) coupled instabilities; d) plastic deformations

SINGLE AND COUPLED BUCKLING MODES. IMPERFECTION SENSITIVITY.

Erosion of theoretical buckling strength Single and multi-modal buckling modes. Interactive buckling
xt

16 x S.S a k 8 4 y 12 S.S S.S b x

b

m=1 m=2 m=3 m=4

S.S

x
xt

k 0 1 2 3 a/b 4

Rectangular simply supported thin plate subjected to compression stress

Multimodal buckling of rectangular plate (Garland curve)

Pattern change for plate

SINGLE AND COUPLED BUCKLING MODES. IMPERFECTION SENSITIVITY.

Erosion of theoretical buckling strength Single g and multi-modal buckling g modes. Interactive buckling g
Buckling modes for a lipped channel in compression: Single modes: (a) local (L); (b) distortional (D); (c) flexural (F); (d) torsional (T); (e) flexural-torsional (FT).

a)

b)

c)

d)

e)

Coupled (interactive) modes: (f) L + D; (g) F + L; (h) F + D; (i) FT + L; (j) FT + D; (k) F + FT

f)

g)

h)

i)

j)

k)

COUPLED INSTABILITIES FOR PLATE AND SHELL ELEMENTS

W weak interaction M moderate interaction S strong interaction VS very strong interaction

OVERALL AND LOCAL BUCKLING FOR STIFFENED CYLINDRICAL SHELLS

EROSION CLASSES AND IMPERFECTIONS DUE TO INTERACTION OF BUCKLING MODES

Class 1 strong interaction high erosion 0.5 Class 2 moderate interaction moderate erosion 0.3<0.5 Class 3 weak interaction low erosion 0.3 = Pu / Pcr

Class 3 structure can be evaluated with design code methods Class 2 and Class 1 need for advanced numerical models and appropriate methods

MODELS AND METHODS

Generic classification of structures in terms of characteristic i instability bili types and d sensitivity i i i to imperfections i f i Linear, nonlinear, elastic, plastic models
Linear buckling g analysis y (eigen-buckling) ( g g) LBA Geometrical nonlinear imperfection analysis GNIA Geometrical material nonlinear imperfection analysis GMNIA

Pre-critical solver methods (Newton Raphson) or Postcritical solver methods (Arc-length); Designed load checking or load-deformation curve